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### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Evolution and seed dormancy shape plant genotypic structure through a successional cycle ### Response:	Dormancy has repeatedly evolved in plants, animals, and microbes and is hypothesized to facilitate persistence in the face of environmental change. Yet previous experiments have not tracked demography and trait evolution spanning a full successional cycle to ask whether early bouts of natural selection are later reinforced or erased during periods of population dormancy. In addition, it is unclear how well short-term measures of fitness predict long-term genotypic success for species with dormancy. Here, we address these issues using experimental field populations of the plant Oenothera biennis, which evolved over five generations in plots exposed to or protected from insect herbivory. While populations existed above ground, there was rapid evolution of defensive and life-history traits, but populations lost genetic diversity and crashed as succession proceeded. After >5 y of seed dormancy, we triggered germination from the seedbank and genotyped >3,000 colonizers. Resurrected populations showed restored genetic diversity that reduced earlier responses to selection and pushed population phenotypes toward the starting conditions of a decade earlier. Nonetheless, four defense and life-history traits remained differentiated in populations with insect suppression compared with controls. These findings capture key missing elements of evolution during ecological cycles and demonstrate the impact of dormancy on future evolutionary responses to environmental change.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Taxonomic and Functional Metrics of Ciliates and Amoeboid Protists in Response to Stream Revitalization ### Response:	Tufa-depositing streams provide great microhabitat complexity and are therefore inhabited by various periphytic phagotrophic organisms such as ciliates and amoeboid protists. Recent removal of invasive plant species Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swinge from the Skradinski buk tufa barrier (Krka National Park, Croatia) resulted in changes in the barrier hydromorphology including the reactivation (revitalization) of dry streams. The objective of this study was to investigate: (1) the taxonomic and functional response of periphytic ciliates and amoeboid protists to stream revitalization by comparing taxonomic (i.e., abundance, species richness and diversity) and functional (i.e., functional diversity) metrics between revitalized (N) and control sites (C) during 1 and 2-months immersion period; (2) which environmental and (3) periphyton-associated factors shape the taxonomic and functional metrics and to what extent; (4) how duration of immersion affects taxonomic and functional metrics at revitalized sites. Our results showed that taxonomic and functional metrics of ciliates and amoeboid protists responded to the prevailing conditions characteristic of revitalized tufa-depositing streams: changing hydrology (occasional high flow or drought), soil drainage, and extensive inorganic matter, i.e., tufa deposition, although their responses were somewhat different. The two assemblages also showed different responses of taxonomic and functional metrics with respect to immersion duration: while the taxonomic and functional diversity of ciliates at N sites increased with longer immersion, indicating niche diversification, those of amoeboid protists hardly changed with time. Our results suggest that a comprehensive analysis of taxonomic and functional metrics of ciliates and amoeboid protists could be a good proxy for assessing revitalization of tufa-depositing streams. However, the temporal component should always be considered when conducting such studies, as the colonization processes of ciliates and amoeboid protists are quite complex, especially in tufa-depositing streams.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: The Vision of Managing for Pest-Resistant Landscapes: Realistic or Utopic? ### Response:	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Forest managers have long suggested that forests can be made more resilient to insect pests by reducing the abundance of hosts, yet this has rarely been done. The goal of our paper is to review whether recent scientific evidence supports forest manipulation to decrease vulnerability. To achieve this goal, we first ask if outbreaks of forest insect pests have been more severe in recent decades. Next, we assess the relative importance of climate change and forest management–induced changes in forest composition/structure in driving these changes in severity. RECENT FINDINGS: Forest structure and composition continue to be implicated in pest outbreak severity. Mechanisms, however, remain elusive. Recent research elucidates how forest compositional and structural diversity at neighbourhood, stand, and landscape scales can increase forest resistance to outbreaks. Many recent outbreaks of herbivorous forest insects have been unprecedented in terms of duration and spatial extent. Climate change may be a contributing factor, but forest structure and composition have been clearly identified as contributing to these unprecedented outbreaks. SUMMARY: Current research supports using silviculture to create pest-resistant forest landscapes. However, the precise mechanisms by which silviculture can increase resistance remains uncertain. Further, humans tend to more often create pest-prone forests due to political, economic, and human resistance to change and a short-sighted risk management perspective that focuses on reactive rather than proactive responses to insect outbreak threats. Future research efforts need to focus on social, political, cultural, and educational mechanisms to motivate implementation of proven ecological solutions if pest-resistant forests are to be favoured by management.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Impact of Environmental Enrichment Devices on NTP In Vivo Studies. ### Response:	The goal of this study was to determine whether the use of nesting material or polycarbonate shelters as enrichment devices would have an impact on end points commonly measured during the conduct of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) 13-week studies. The study design was consistent with the NTP 13-week toxicity studies. Harlan Sprague-Dawley (HSD) rats and their offspring and B6C3F1/N mice were assigned to control (unenriched) and enriched experimental groups. Body weight, food and water consumption, behavioral observations, fecal content, clinical pathology, gross pathology, organ weights, and histopathology were evaluated. Enriched male mice and male and female rats exhibited decreased feed intake without a subsequent decrease in body weight; this may have been the result of the nesting material reducing the effect of cold stress, thereby allowing for more efficient use of feed. There were statistical differences in some hematological parameters; however, these were not considered physiologically relevant since all values were within the normal range. Gross pathology and histopathological findings were background changes and were not considered enrichment-related. Nesting material and shelters were used frequently and consistently and allowed animals to display species-typical behavior. There was no significant impact on commonly measured end points in HSD rats and B6C3F1/N mice given enrichment devices.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Estimating the age of Calliphora vicina eggs (Diptera: Calliphoridae): determination of embryonic morphological landmarks and preservation of egg samples ### Response:	Blow fly eggs may sometimes be the only entomological evidence recovered in a forensic case, especially in cooler weather when hatching might take several days: hence, a method for estimating their age is greatly needed. However, developmental data on blow fly eggs are mainly limited to records of the time to larval hatching. The current paper describes the morphological changes occurring during embryogenesis of the blow fly Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy and their timing in relation to temperature, in order to determine those characters which can be used for simple egg age estimation using light microscopy. At 7.3 and 25 °C, 15 easily visualised morphological landmarks were determined in C. vicina living embryos, allowing for their age estimation with a resolution of 10–20 % of total egg developmental time. The observed age intervals were compared to the embryonic stages described for the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, which are used as reference data in multiple developmental studies. Moreover, current guidelines for preservation of egg samples, which recommend the placement of living eggs directly into 80 % ethanol, were tested against the hot water killing (HWK) method prior to preservation in 80 % ethanol, recommended for larval and pupal specimens. Direct placement of eggs into 80 % ethanol caused marked decomposition of samples, and no morphological landmarks were discernible. On the other hand, HWK fixation prior to preservation in 80 % ethanol enabled visualisation of 11 of the 15 age-specific morphological landmarks that were discernible in living embryos. Therefore, HWK fixation prior to preservation in 80 % ethanol is recommended for egg samples, thus unifying the protocols for collecting entomological evidence.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Ciclo de desenvolvimento da nogueira-pecã Escala fenológica/ Development cycle of pecan-Phenological scale ### Response:	O conhecimento da fenologia permite identificar o momento fisiológico ao qual se encontram associadas as necessidades do vegetal que, uma vez atendidas, possibilitarão definir períodos propícios para a realização dos tratos culturais e de manejo. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi descrever a escala BBCH para nogueira-pecã, de forma a padronizar os estudos realizados sobre o tema e auxiliar no reconhecimento dos principais estádios fenológicos da espécie no Rio Grande do Sul Brasil e Uruguai. Para a descrição da escala fenológica utilizou-se diferentes cultivares para representar a média de cada estádio fenológico da cultura em dois locais e em dois ciclos. Com base na escala BBCH original, foi descrito a escala fenológica para nogueira-pecã totalizando 34 estádios que permitem identificar as principais fases do desenvolvimento, através de uma abordagem precisa e simplificada.Essa escala permite, através da codificação utilizada, padronizar e uniformizar os estudos sobre a cultura.(AU)
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: The decay of airborne bacteria and fungi in a constant temperature and humidity test chamber. ### Response:	Despite substantial research to profile the microbial characteristics in the atmosphere, the changing metabolism underpinning microbial successional dynamics remains ambiguous. Herein, we applied qPCR, high-throughput sequencing of the genes encoding 16S and ITS rRNA to render the bacterial/fungal dynamics of ambient PM2.5 filters maintained at constant conditions of temperature (20 ± 2 °C) and humidity (50 ± 5%). The incubation experiments which lasted for 50 days aim to simulate a metabolic process of microbe in two types PM2.5 (polluted and non-polluted). The results show that microbial community species in polluted PM2.5 had faster decay rates, more bacterial diversity and less fungal community compared to the non-polluted ones. For bacteria, the proportion of anaerobic species is higher than aerobic ones, and their performance of contain mobile elements, form-biofilms, and pathogenic risks declined rapidly as times went by. Whereas for fungi, saprotroph species occupied about 70% of the population, resulting in a specified peak of abundance due to the adequacy nutrients supplied by the apoptosis cells. Combining the classified microbial species, we found stable community structure and the volatile ones related to the various metabolic survival strategies during different time. Without the input of peripheral environment, the health risks of airborne microbe descend to a healthy level after 20 days, implying their biologic effectiveness was about 20 days no matter the air is polluted or not. This study provided new insights into the different metabolic survival of airborne microorganisms in ideal and stable conditions.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: PlantOne: An Arduino-based Ph and Moisture Based Soil Plant Identifier ### Response:	PlantOne application presents smart farming innovative tool which is powered by Arduino microcontroller and mobile application technology. This system innovation is equally important in today's modern agriculture. These technologies were integrated to help people with the best farming practices during CoVID19 outbreak. People explore growing plants in their backyard to supplement their food supply while others consider planting as avenue to one's mental and physical health. The study is motivated to design and develop a farming application that will monitor the soil pH and moisture content providing accurate and reliable knowledge management to farming enthusiast. The study utilized a qualitative and experimental research design to attain the objectives of the study. An Iterative Waterfall model was employed in the system development to attain user and business requirements. Researchers utilized Arduino microcontroller on its features to perform hardware and software integration. Powered by integrated development environment multiple sensors were utilized in the project application such as pH sensor, moisture sensor and ESP WiFi 8266 module. Android Studio, JAVA, Node.js, Android Kitkat and DB Browser for SQL was used in the robust development of a secured and reliable mobile application. The results of the study proves the PlantOne application to be an scalable and intelligent farming application tool in providing knowledge management on best farming practices. PlantOne was consistent 'PASS' on the system evaluation of agriculture experts in the Regional Soil Laboratory of a PASS or FAIL rating. Finally, PlantOne is recommended to funding agencies as an innovative tool to smart farming. © 2020 IEEE.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Soil application of manganese sulfate effectively reduces Cd bioavailability in Cd-contaminated soil and Cd translocation and accumulation in wheat ### Response:	Cadmium (Cd) pollution in wheat fields has caused serious food safety issues in China. Manganese (Mn)-containing materials have been widely used in paddy fields to reduce Cd accumulation in rice. However, the remediation effects of MnSO4 in wheat fields have not been well studied and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Our field experiment showed that the application of 0.1% and 0.2% MnSO4 in soil reduced Cd concentrations significantly in wheat root, stem, leaf, and grain by 26.67-30.76%, 15.78-29.30%, 22.03-30.66%, and 30.57-50.55%, respectively, while increasing Mn concentrations significantly in these wheat tissues. MnSO4 application significantly increased soil available Mn content by 3.78-6.19 times, the free Mn oxides and amorphous Mn oxides by 1.72-10.38 times, and Mn oxides bound Cd contents by 10.23-39.55%, resulting in a reduction of Cd availability by 30.11-40.78%. Simultaneously, MnSO4 treatment altered the chemical forms of Cd and Mn, promoted the soluble protein concentration, and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in wheat roots. Additionally, soil application of MnSO4 down-regulated the expression of TaNramp5, TaHMA2, and TaLCT1 in wheat roots, mediating the reduction of wheat root Cd concentration, and increased the sequestration of Cd into vacuoles by up-regulating the expression of TaHMA3. These findings add to the current knowledge of how MnSO4 affects Cd mobilization and absorption via different mechanisms occurring both in the soil medium and at the plant level. This research indicates that soil application of MnSO4 has great potential to remediate Cd-contaminated wheat fields.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Potential utilization of terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter by aquatic microbial communities in saline lakes ### Response:	Lakes receive large amounts of terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter (tDOM). However, little is known about how aquatic microbial communities interact with tDOM in lakes. Here, by performing microcosm experiments we investigated how microbial community responded to tDOM influx in six Tibetan lakes of different salinities (ranging from 1 to 358 g/l). In response to tDOM addition, microbial biomass increased while dissolved organic carbon (DOC) decreased. The amount of DOC decrease did not show any significant correlation with salinity. However, salinity influenced tDOM transformation, i.e., microbial communities from higher salinity lakes exhibited a stronger ability to utilize tDOM of high carbon numbers than those from lower salinity. Abundant taxa and copiotrophs were actively involved in tDOM transformation, suggesting their vital roles in lacustrine carbon cycle. Network analysis indicated that 66 operational taxonomic units (OTUs, affiliated with Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidia, Bacilli, Gammaproteobacteria, Halobacteria, Planctomycetacia, Rhodothermia, and Verrucomicrobiae) were associated with degradation of CHO compounds, while four bacterial OTUs (affiliated with Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia and Gammaproteobacteria) were highly associated with the degradation of CHOS compounds. Network analysis further revealed that tDOM transformation may be a synergestic process, involving cooperation among multiple species. In summary, our study provides new insights into a microbial role in transforming tDOM in saline lakes and has important implications for understanding the carbon cycle in aquatic environments.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Soil survey laboratory grain count data to substantiate the rarity of mineral grains in forensic soil reports of examination ### Response:	The Natural Resources Conservation Service-Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory has a large publicly available database of laboratory analyses of soil horizons collected from soil profiles largely from the United States. Among these soil properties are mineral grain counts from selected sand and silt fractions of soil horizons, performed by polarized light microscopy (PLM). These grain counts of over 20,000 fractions from 7534 sites provide a substantial reference that a forensic soil examiner could use to substantiate the rarity or commonness of a mineral species. The statement of the rarity or commonness of various minerals provide juries with additional context for the interpreting the results of a forensic soil comparison within the framework of a trial. The grain count data at specific locations can also be assessed to aid in soil provenance investigations, for cases where there are grain-counted sites in relevant locations. Two examples of application of these to data to soil evidence are included, one relating soil the rarity of a mineral (andalusite) to provide context in a soil comparison and one to aid in narrowing target regions in a soil provenance investigation.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Phase partitioning effects on seasonal compositions and distributions of terrigenous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along the South China Sea and East China Sea. ### Response:	Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have posed serious risk to marine ecosystems due to their carcinogenic properties, and persistence in the environment and elevated bioaccumulation. It, therefore, becomes essential to examine spatial distribution, composition, and sources of PAHs. In this study, we have examined these PAH variations in the South China Sea (SCS) and East China Sea (ECS), that are experiencing rapid population and economic growth by the surrounding developing countries. It revealed high seasonal variations that significantly differ between dissolved and particulate PAHs concentrations. Spatial variations of PAHs across sites remain relatively insignificant. Persistently high particulate concentrations of the Naphthalene (Nap) were observed, whereas the dissolved concentrations of Fluorene (Flu) and Phenanthrene (Phen) remained prevalent across all the seasons. The result of non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) strongly reflects the weak dispersions of PAHs across the seasons and the contrasting effects of the phase partitioning. Principal component analysis indicates that the primary source of PAH contamination is coal tar or petroleum distillation. However, estimated risk quotient (RQ) values of both the dissolved and particulate PAHs in all the seasons are far below the high-risk levels, while dissolved PAHs displayed relatively higher values. This study signifies the importance of phase petitioning for PAHs monitoring and potential risk assessments.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Environmental heterogeneity in human health studies. A compositional methodology for Land Use and Land cover data. ### Response:	The use of Land use and Land cover (LULC) data is gradually becoming more widely spread in studies relating the environment to human health. However, little research has acknowledged the compositional nature of these data. The goal of the present study is to explore, for the first time, the independent effect of eight LULC categories (agricultural land, bare land, coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest, sclerophyll forest, grassland and shrubs, urban areas, and waterbodies) on three selected common health conditions: type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), asthma and anxiety, using a compositional methodological approach and leveraging observational health data of Catalonia (Spain) at area level. We fixed the risk exposure scenario using three covariates (socioeconomic status, age group, and sex). Then, we assessed the independent effect of the eight LULC categories on each health condition. Our results show that each LULC category has a distinctive effect on the three health conditions and that the three covariates clearly modify this effect. This compositional approach has yielded plausible results supported by the existing literature, highlighting the relevance of environmental heterogeneity in health studies. In this sense, we argue that different types of environment possess exclusive biotic and abiotic elements affecting distinctively on human health. We believe our contribution might help researchers approach the environment in a more multidimensional manner integrating environmental heterogeneity in the analysis.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Detecting signals of chronic shedding to explain pathogen persistence: Leptospira interrogans in California sea lions ### Response:	1. Identifying mechanisms driving pathogen persistence is a vital component of wildlife disease ecology and control. Asymptomatic, chronically infected individuals are an oft‐cited potential reservoir of infection, but demonstrations of the importance of chronic shedding to pathogen persistence at the population‐level remain scarce. 2. Studying chronic shedding using commonly collected disease data is hampered by numerous challenges, including short‐term surveillance that focuses on single epidemics and acutely ill individuals, the subtle dynamical influence of chronic shedding relative to more obvious epidemic drivers, and poor ability to differentiate between the effects of population prevalence of chronic shedding vs. intensity and duration of chronic shedding in individuals. 3. We use chronic shedding of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) as a case study to illustrate how these challenges can be addressed. Using leptospirosis‐induced strands as a measure of disease incidence, we fit models with and without chronic shedding, and with different seasonal drivers, to determine the time‐scale over which chronic shedding is detectable and the interactions between chronic shedding and seasonal drivers needed to explain persistence and outbreak patterns. 4. Chronic shedding can enable persistence of L. interrogans within the sea lion population. However, the importance of chronic shedding was only apparent when surveillance data included at least two outbreaks and the intervening inter‐epidemic trough during which fadeout of transmission was most likely. Seasonal transmission, as opposed to seasonal recruitment of susceptibles, was the dominant driver of seasonality in this system, and both seasonal factors had limited impact on long‐term pathogen persistence. 5. We show that the temporal extent of surveillance data can have a dramatic impact on inferences about population processes, where the failure to identify both short‐ and long‐term ecological drivers can have cascading impacts on understanding higher order ecological phenomena, such as pathogen persistence.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: A Framework for Simulating Ecosystem Effects in Data-Poor Small-Scale Fisheries Using Science-Based and Local Ecological Knowledge-Based Models ### Response:	The constant demand for seafood products and the undeniable effects of fishing on marine ecosystems make it urgent to implement an ecosystem approach, even in data-poor scenarios such as small-scale fisheries. Understanding the impacts of fishing is essential for promoting management strategies that prevent irreversible damage to marine ecosystems. Thus, ecosystem quantitative science-based models have been frequently used to evaluate the effects of fishing, although fishers’ local ecological knowledge (LEK) can aid the implementation of qualitative models, particularly in data-poor conditions. Here, we present a framework for simulating and assessing the effects of fishing following two strategies: 1) for both types of models, we simulated species removal scenarios, and 2) for quantitative science-based models, we fitted time series to dynamically assessed impacts. The impacts were analyzed through ecological indicators commonly used for quantitative models, and because these indicators cannot be easily estimated for qualitative models, we propose the use of topological indicators in both types of models. The approach was applied to three case studies of small-scale finfish fisheries in northwestern Mexico. We found that the ecosystem response to species removal was different in each case study and that the target species can play an important role in ecosystems, but their removal does not generate abrupt changes in the ecosystem structure. The quantitative science-based models were able to reproduce the historical catch trends, which allowed us to reveal that changes in ecosystems appear to be mostly influenced by primary productivity rather than fishing effort. Furthermore, topological and ecological indicators showed similar trends in the quantitative models, which suggests that the former could be useful when data-poor conditions allow only qualitative models. This result confirms the relevance of the participation of fishers in generating qualitative models and their decisive role in the discussion of co-management strategies and risk scenarios in a better-informed manner.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Influences of oxidation ability on precision in nitrogen isotope measurements of organic reference materials by EA-IRMS. ### Response:	RATIONALE The precision of reference materials (RMs) standard measurements is critical to normalize the raw δ15 N values of samples to the international scale. Since the measurement configuration is requested to moderate the properties of both RMs and samples for obtaining an ideal measurement precision, therefore it is of importance to determine the appropriate measurement configurations of RMs to achieve accurate nitrogen isotope compositions of samples. Therefore, it is urgent to systematically examine RMs for optimizing the configurations and further improve the measurement precision. METHODS Gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) coupled with an online elemental analyzer (EA) equipped with a single quartz reactor was performed to analyze the nitrogen isotope compositions. Some adjustments were executed as follows: (1) as the in-house working standard, urea was used to investigate the influences of the combustion through moderating the different oxygen injections (0~20 mL) and sample delay times (10~12 s), and optimize the combustion conditions in order to enhance the oxidation ability; (2) CO2 from the sample gas stream was removed to prevent interferences between CO2 and N2 ; (3) international RMs including USGS40 (L-glutamic), IAEA600 (caffeine), and soil standard (B2153) with a low organic content, were systematically analyzed under the optimized configurations, and their precisions of the δ15 N values were furthermore examined. RESULTS Our results showed that sufficient oxygen should be injected to improve the sample combustion when analyzing δ15 N in natural samples such as soil or marine sediment with low organic content. In addition, the measurement precision of δ15 N was affected by the tailing of the CO2 peak from the GC column into the subsequent sample measurement if the EA is equipped with a single quartz reactor column. Our adjustments can produce an optimized repeatability and accuracy of the δ15 N value, especially for RMs with low organic content, and the uncertainty of the measurements is improved better than 0.1‰ under optimized configurations. CONCLUSIONS The analytical conditions such as the oxygen flow rate and injection time or sample introduction time into EA, need to be adjusted depending on the combustion conditions of the RMs and samples to obtain a reliable accuracy of measurement. We recommend that when analyzing δ15 N of natural samples such as soil or marine sediment samples with low organic content, more oxygen should be injected to improve the combustion of the samples. In addition, CO2 should be removed from the sample gas stream before introducing into the IRMS when EA is equipped with a single quartz reactor.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Identification of key gene networks controlling vernalization development characteristics of Isatis indigotica by full-length transcriptomes and gene expression profiles ### Response:	Isatis indigotica Fort., as a common Chinese medicinal raw material, will lose its medicinal value if it blooms early, so it is highly valuable to clarify the induction mechanism of the vernalization of I. indigotica at low temperature. In this study, the concentrations of soluble sugar, proline, glutathione and zeatin in two germplasms of I. indigotica with different degrees of low temperature tolerance (Y1 and Y2) were determined at 10 days, 20 days and 30 days of low-temperature treatment, and the full-length transcriptome of 24 samples was sequenced by Nanopore sequencing with Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). After that, the data of transcripts involved in the vernalization of I. indigotica at low temperature were obtained, and these transcripts were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The results revealed the massive accumulation of soluble sugar and proline in Y1 and Y2 after low temperature induction. A total of 18,385 new transcripts, 6168 transcription factors and 470 lncRNAs were obtained. Differential expression analysis showed that gibberellin, flavonoids, fatty acids and some processes related to low temperature response were significantly enriched. Eight key transcripts were identified by WGCNA, among which ONT.14640.1, ONT.9119.1, ONT.13080.2 and ONT.16007.1 encodes a flavonoid transporter, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3 (NCED3), growth factor gene and L-aspartate oxidase in plants, respectively. It indicated that secondary metabolites such as hormones and flavonoids play an important role in the vernalization of I. indigotica. qRT-PCR proved the reliability of transcriptome results. These results provide important insights on the low-temperature vernalization of I. indigotica, and provide a research basis for analyzing the vernalization mechanism of I. indigotica. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01110-2.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Is anaerobic digestion a reliable barrier for deactivation of pathogens in biosludge? ### Response:	As World Health Organization advocates, the global burden of sanitation related disease and access to safely managed sanitation and safely treated wastewater should be monitored strictly. However, the spread of pathogens through various agricultural applications or direct discharge of sewage sludge generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants poses a serious challenge on the environment and public health. Anaerobic digestion (AD), the principal method of stabilizing biosolids, can efficiently and largely deactivate viable pathogens, including parasite, virus, and the pathogens harboring antibiotic resistance genes. This review aims to provide a critical overview regarding the deactivation of sludge-associated pathogens by AD, through which a serious concern on the effectiveness and rationality of AD towards sludge pathogens control was raised. Meanwhile, the underlying deactivation mechanisms and affecting factors were all discussed, with the focus on pathogen-associated modeling, engineering design and technological aspects of AD. Lastly, a matric method incorporating the operating strategy of AD with the risk assessment was proposed for evaluating the reliability of AD-based pathogen deactivation, while the research agenda forward was also outlined.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Sustentabilidade Ecológica Da Ictiofauna Capturada Pela Pesca De Covo No Litoral Norte De Pernambuco ### Response:	A pesca de covo é um dos métodos de pesca mais antigos utilizados e em Pernambuco, essa arte de pesca iniciou na década de 70 com a pesca da lagosta. Porém, devido ao seu declínio, a pesca mudou seu direcionamento para a captura de peixes ósseos, tendo como alvo o saramunete. O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo analisar a composição de peixes capturados pela pesca de covo, suas características morfológicas, sazonais e espaciais e indicar a vulnerabilidade destas. Ao todo, foram coletados 528 indivíduos de 25 espécies, das quais o Haemulon aurolineatum foi a espécie mais abundante, seguido do Lutjanus synagris e Pseudupeneus maculatus. Dados da composição de captura indicaram que o saramunete e o ariocó apresentaram um alto índice de indivíduos abaixo do L50 e que sua maioria foi capturada pela pesca em Jaguaribe, que atua em profundidades inferiores a 40m. A análise de produtividade-susceptibilidade apontou que as espécies-alvo (L. synagris e P. maculatus) ainda são as mais vulneráveis à pesca de covo, devido a uma produtividade relativamente baixa e um alto direcionamento da pesca para ambas, que aumenta sua susceptibilidade.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Festuca drakensbergensis (Poaceae): A common new species in the F. caprina complex from the Drakensberg Mountain Centre of Floristic Endemism, southern Africa, with key and notes on taxa in the complex including the overlooked F. exaristata ### Response:	We present taxonomic notes on the Festuca caprina complex from southern Africa that includes description and illustration of the new species F. drakensbergensis from the Drakensberg Mountain Centre of Floristic Endemism of South Africa and Lesotho. Festuca drakensbergensis can be differentiated from F. caprina s.l. by forming lax short tufts with extravaginally-branching tillers and lateral-tending cataphyllous shoots or rhizomes present, basal foliage reaching < ½ the length of the culms, with generally shorter leaves and shorter anthers, 0.8−1.6(−1.8) mm long. The species also differs from the overlooked species F. exaristata – currently known from two collections from Lesotho − by its fibrous basal sheaths, usually sharp, keel-like leaf blade midrib, drooping panicle with lightly to densely scabrous pendent panicle branches, longer lemmas, 4.5−5.8 mm long, with awns usually present, 0.5–3 mm long, ovary apices sparsely to densely hairy and anthers 0.8−1.6(−1.8) mm long. Taxonomic notes on the different taxa of the F. caprina complex in southern Africa are also provided, including images, key, and lectotypification of F. caprina var. curvula. This research adds a further two endemic species (F. drakensbergensis and F. exaristata) and two endemic varieties (F. caprina var. irrasa and F. caprina var. macra) to the Drakensberg Mountain Centre of Floristic Endemism.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Unprecedented Migratory Bird Die‐Off: A Citizen‐Based Analysis on the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Mass Mortality Events in the Western United States ### Response:	Extensive, severe wildfires, and wildfire‐induced smoke occurred across the western and central United States since August 2020. Wildfires resulting in the loss of habitats and emission of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds pose serious threatens to wildlife and human populations, especially for avian species, the respiratory system of which are sensitive to air pollutions. At the same time, the extreme weather (e.g., snowstorms) in late summer may also impact bird migration by cutting off their food supply and promoting their migration before they were physiologically ready. In this study, we investigated the environmental drivers of massive bird die‐offs by combining socioecological earth observations data sets with citizen science observations. We employed the geographically weighted regression models to quantitatively evaluate the effects of different environmental and climatic drivers, including wildfire, air quality, extreme weather, drought, and land cover types, on the spatial pattern of migratory bird mortality across the western and central US during August‐September 2020. We found that these drivers affected the death of migratory birds in different ways, among which air quality and distance to wildfire were two major drivers. Additionally, there were more bird mortality events found in urban areas and close to wildfire in early August. However, fewer bird deaths were detected closer to wildfires in California in late August and September. Our findings highlight the important impact of extreme weather and natural disasters on bird biology, survival, and migration, which can provide significant insights into bird biodiversity, conservation, and ecosystem sustainability.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Dead-reckoning elucidates fine-scale habitat use by European badgers Meles meles ### Response:	BACKGROUND: Recent developments in both hardware and software of animal-borne data loggers now enable large amounts of data to be collected on both animal movement and behaviour. In particular, the combined use of tri-axial accelerometers, tri-axial magnetometers and GPS loggers enables animal tracks to be elucidated using a procedure of ‘dead-reckoning’. Although this approach was first suggested 30 years ago by Wilson et al. (1991), surprisingly few measurements have been made in free-ranging terrestrial animals. The current study examines movements, interactions with habitat features, and home-ranges calculated from just GPS data and also from dead-reckoned data in a model terrestrial mammal, the European badger (Meles meles). METHODS: Research was undertaken in farmland in Northern Ireland. Two badgers (one male, one female) were live-trapped and fitted with a GPS logger, a tri-axial accelerometer, and a tri-axial magnetometer. Thereafter, the badgers’ movement paths over 2 weeks were elucidated using just GPS data and GPS-enabled dead-reckoned data, respectively. RESULTS: Badgers travelled further using data from dead-reckoned calculations than using the data from only GPS data. Whilst once-hourly GPS data could only be represented by straight-line movements between sequential points, the sub-second resolution dead-reckoned tracks were more tortuous. Although there were no differences in Minimum Convex Polygon determinations between GPS- and dead-reckoned data, Kernel Utilisation Distribution determinations of home-range size were larger using the former method. This was because dead-reckoned data more accurately described the particular parts of landscape constituting most-visited core areas, effectively narrowing the calculation of habitat use. Finally, the dead-reckoned data showed badgers spent more time near to field margins and hedges than simple GPS data would suggest. CONCLUSION: Significant differences emerge when analyses of habitat use and movements are compared between calculations made using just GPS data or GPS-enabled dead-reckoned data. In particular, use of dead-reckoned data showed that animals moved 2.2 times farther, had better-defined use of the habitat (revealing clear core areas), and made more use of certain habitats (field margins, hedges). Use of dead-reckoning to provide detailed accounts of animal movement and highlight the minutiae of interactions with the environment should be considered an important technique in the ecologist’s toolkit.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Atmospheric CO2 data from the Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment (AGFACE) facility ### Response:	Within the Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment (AGFACE) research program, several facilities were established at different field sites near the towns of Horsham (36.752 S, 142.114 E; 127 m elevation), and Walpeup (35.121 S, 142.005 E; 94 m elevation) in the state of Victoria Australia from 2007 - 2017. These included: TraitFACE, SoilFACE, WalpeupFACE, VegeFACE, and NFACE. These facilities were designed to answer a range of research questions to understand the impacts of elevated CO2 (e[CO2]) on crop physiology and production. To this end, FACE 'rings' (octagons) were built to elevate atmospheric CO2 to 550 µmol/mol expected by 2050. These rings were open structures allowing crops to grow freely, without enclosures. Each side of an octagonal ring was individually controlled by a ring-side controller that injected CO2 over crops as per the control program. Infrared Gas Analysers (IRGAs) placed at ring centres sampled air continuously from 10 cm above the crop canopy, while CO2 was injected at a height 15 cm above the crop canopy. Infrared Gas Analysers (IRGAs) measured atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) during the cropping season and provided feedback to the controller to maintain ring-centre [CO2] at 550 µmol/mol. The [CO2] data were collected from the centre of each FACE ring from 2007 until 2017. The [CO2] within a ring was measured each second using calibrated IRGAs. Wind direction and speed were monitored continuously at 2 m above the soil surface at the centre of each ring. These measurements were also collected at the centres of a couple of ambient experimental areas (control - no rings) using the same IRGA and wind sensors. A wireless ethernet local area network (LAN) and a Visual Basic program were used to monitor and transmit data from the individual rings and control areas for data logging. Data at every 4th second and one-minute average (A_MN_CO2) from each ring were logged to daily files, and only A_MN_CO2 data were combined into a seasonal cumulative file. All data recorded during the IRGA warmup period and due to equipment malfunction were removed from cleaned data files. Only A_MN_CO2 data from the rings are uploaded in the Mendeley Data Repository for this article because these data are principally used by scientists and researchers. Data columns in an individual clean file are labelled with abbreviated column names and each file includes: 1) RING, 2) DATE, 3) TIME, 4) A_MN_CO2, 5) REGULAT, 6) WIND_SPD, 7) WIND_DIR and 8) RING_SEC. A limited amount of data (2007 CO2 data at ring centres from 8 TraitFACE rings) was published previously [1].
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Molecular phylogenetics of the African horseshoe bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae): expanded geographic and taxonomic sampling of the Afrotropics ### Response:	BACKGROUND: The Old World insectivorous bat genus Rhinolophus is highly speciose. Over the last 15 years, the number of its recognized species has grown from 77 to 106, but knowledge of their interrelationships has not kept pace. Species limits and phylogenetic relationships of this morphologically conservative group remain problematic due both to poor sampling across the Afrotropics and to repeated instances of mitochondrial-nuclear discordance. Recent intensive surveys in East Africa and neighboring regions, coupled with parallel studies by others in West Africa and in Southern Africa, offer a new basis for understanding its evolutionary history. RESULTS: We investigated phylogenetic relationships and intraspecific genetic variation in the Afro-Palearctic clade of Rhinolophidae using broad sampling. We sequenced mitochondrial cytochrome-b (1140 bp) and four independent and informative nuclear introns (2611 bp) for 213 individuals and incorporated sequence data from 210 additional individuals on GenBank that together represent 24 of the 33 currently recognized Afrotropical Rhinolophus species. We addressed the widespread occurrence of mito-nuclear discordance in Rhinolophus by inferring concatenated and species tree phylogenies using only the nuclear data. Well resolved mitochondrial, concatenated nuclear, and species trees revealed phylogenetic relationships and population structure of the Afrotropical species and species groups. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple well-supported and deeply divergent lineages were resolved in each of the six African Rhinolophus species groups analyzed, suggesting as many as 12 undescribed cryptic species; these include several instances of sympatry among close relatives. Coalescent lineage delimitation offered support for new undescribed lineages in four of the six African groups in this study. On the other hand, two to five currently recognized species may be invalid based on combined mitochondrial and/or nuclear phylogenetic analyses. Validation of these cryptic lineages as species and formal relegation of current names to synonymy will require integrative taxonomic assessments involving morphology, ecology, acoustics, distribution, and behavior. The resulting phylogenetic framework offers a powerful basis for addressing questions regarding their ecology and evolution. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1485-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Potential of the microalgae Chlorella fusca (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) for biomass production and urban wastewater phycoremediation ### Response:	ABSTRACT: The present work focuses on: (1) the evaluation of the potential of Chlorella fusca to grow and synthesize metabolites of biotechnological interest, after being exposed for fourteen days to urban wastewater (UW) from Malaga city (UW concentrations: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%); (2) the study of the capacity of C. fusca to bioremediate UW in photobioreactors at laboratory scale; and (3) the evaluation of the effect of UW on the physiological status of C. fusca, as photosynthetic capacity by using in vivo Chl a fluorescence related to photosystem II and the production of photosynthetic pigments. C. fusca cell density increased in treatments with 50% UW concentration, followed by the treatment with 100% UW, 75% UW, the control, and finally 25% UW. Protein content increased to 50.5% in 75% UW concentration. Stress induced to microalgal cultures favored the increase of lipid production, reaching a maximum of 16.7% in 100% UW concentration. The biological oxygen demand (BOD(5)) analysis indicated a 75% decrease in 100% UW concentration. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels decreased by 41% and 40% in 50% UW and 100% UW concentration, and total nitrogen (TN) decreased by 55% in 50% UW concentration. The physiological status showed the stressful effect caused by the presence of UW on photosynthetic activity, with increasing impact as UW concentration grew. In the framework of circular economy, we seek to deepen this study to use the biomass of C. fusca to obtain metabolites of interest for biofuel production and other biotechnological areas. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: On-site eDNA detection of species using ultra-rapid mobile PCR ### Response:	Molecular methods, including environmental DNA (eDNA) methods, provide essential information for biological and conservation sciences. Molecular measurements are often performed in the laboratory, which limits their scope, especially for rapid on-site analysis. eDNA methods for species detection provide essential information for the management and conservation of species and communities in various environments. We developed an innovative novel method for on-site eDNA measurements using an ultra-rapid mobile PCR platform. We tested the ability of our method to detect the distribution of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, an invasive fish in Japanese rivers and lakes. Our method reduced the measurement time to 30 min and provided high detectability of aquatic organisms compared to the national observation surveys using multiple fishing nets and laboratory extraction/detection using a benchtop qPCR platform. Our on-site eDNA method can be immediately applied to various taxa and environments.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: The Moss Biomonitoring Method and Neutron Activation Analysis in Assessing Pollution by Trace Elements in Selected Polish National Parks ### Response:	The concentrations of trace elements in feather moss Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. were used to indicate the relative levels of air pollution by trace elements in Polish national parks. Pleurozium schreberi was collected from nine national parks. The highest concentrations were recorded in the moss samples from the southern and most industrialised part of the country; the lowest from northern and north-eastern Poland. A comparison of data obtained from Polish national parks in the 1970s and 1990s showed a significant decrease in the concentrations of heavy metals. In the linear covariability estimation, the t quantile approach was used for multi-element comparison. A number of positive covariabilities were observed. This is a result of anthropogenic activity and the geochemical characteristics of the local environment, including crust composition to which soil composition is related. The statistical approach of t quantile to study common relationships between element concentrations can be used in the interpretation of biomonitoring research results in similar studies.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: First Insights Into Trace Element Accumulation by Philoscia affinis (Crustacea, Isopoda): a Novel Tracer to Assess Soil Contamination in Lowland Plains? ### Response:	Isopods are terrestrial invertebrates that accumulate trace elements in large quantities, thus providing information on levels of soil contamination. However, the accumulation pattern seems to be species dependent. For this study, specimens of Philoscia affinis (Isopoda, Oniscidea) and soil samples were collected from both a protected area (site 1) and urban roadside (site 2) in the low plain of Friuli-Venezia Giulia (northeast Italy) to determine whether P. affinis could serve as a potential candidate for monitoring soil contamination. To do this, the following objectives were achieved: a) the level of trace elements (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn) were detected in soils and isopods; 2) the difference in trace elements accumulation was compared in the two sampling sites; 3) the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was calculated for each element. With some exceptions, trace element concentrations were higher in both isopods and soil samples from the urban roadside compared to the protected area. Furthermore, except for Cd, Cu, and Zn, trace element levels were higher in the soil than in the isopod samples. The higher mean BAF values were recorded for Cd (6.169 and 6.974 for site 1 and 2, respectively), Cu (10.324 and 11.452 for site 1 and 2, respectively), and Zn (1.836 and 2: 1.943 for site 1 and 2, respectively), whereas BAF values <1 were recorded for the other elements. Philoscia affinis was found to be a potential candidate to monitor soil contamination as a macro-concentrator of Cu and Cd and a micro-concentrator of Zn.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Triclosan Weakens the Nitrification Process of Activated Sludge and Increases the Risk of the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance Genes ### Response:	The usage of triclosan (TCS) may rise rapidly due to the COVID-19 pandemic TCS usually sinks in the activated sludge However, the effects of TCS in activated sludge remain largely unknown The changes in nitrogen cycles and the abundances of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) caused by TCS were investigated in this study The addition of 1000μg/L TCS significantly inhibited nitrification since the ammonia conversion rate and the abundance of nitrification functional genes decreased by 12 14% The other nitrogen cycle genes involved in nitrogen fixation and denitrification were also suppressed The microbial community shifted towards tolerance and degradation of phenols The addition of 100μg/L TCS remarkably increased the total abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements by 33 1%, and notably, the tetracycline and multidrug resistance genes increased by 54 75% and 103 42%, respectively The co-occurrence network revealed that Flavobacterium might have played a key role in the spread of ARGs The abundance of this genus increased 92-fold under the addition of 1000μg/L TCS, indicating that Flavobacterium is potent in the tolerance and degradation of TCS This work would help to better understand the effects ofTCS in activated sludge and provide comprehensive insight into TCS management during the pandemic era
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Detecting Arsenic Contamination Using Satellite Imagery and Machine Learning ### Response:	Arsenic, a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin, affects over 200 million people globally. Current detection methods are laborious, expensive, and unscalable, being difficult to implement in developing regions and during crises such as COVID-19. This study attempts to determine if a relationship exists between soil’s hyperspectral data and arsenic concentration using NASA’s Hyperion satellite. It is the first arsenic study to use satellite-based hyperspectral data and apply a classification approach. Four regression machine learning models are tested to determine this correlation in soil with bare land cover. Raw data are converted to reflectance, problematic atmospheric influences are removed, characteristic wavelengths are selected, and four noise reduction algorithms are tested. The combination of data augmentation, Genetic Algorithm, Second Derivative Transformation, and Random Forest regression ([Formula: see text] and normalized root mean squared error (re-scaled to [0,1]) = [Formula: see text]) shows strong correlation, performing better than past models despite using noisier satellite data (versus lab-processed samples). Three binary classification machine learning models are then applied to identify high-risk shrub-covered regions in ten U.S. states, achieving strong accuracy (=0.693) and F1-score (=0.728). Overall, these results suggest that such a methodology is practical and can provide a sustainable alternative to arsenic contamination detection.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Application of image processing to evidence for the persistence of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) ### Response:	Image processing is used to enhance apparent field marks in video footage that was obtained during three encounters with birds that were identified in the field as Ivory-billed Woodpeckers (Campephilus principalis). Previous analysis of the videos was based on characteristics that are resolved in the raw footage, such as flight path, wing motion, flap rate, behaviors, field marks, and body proportions. Adjusting parameters such as brightness, contrast, and color reveals features consistent with the left dorsal stripe, black leading edges on the dorsal surfaces of the wings, and a red crest that would be consistent with a male of the species. It may be possible to extract additional features from other parts of the videos by applying more advanced processing that allows greater control and analysis of the parameters.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Anything left for animal disease insurance? A choice experiment approach ### Response:	Animal disease insurance plays only a minor role in public activities related to animal diseases in animal production in Europe, and the current situation is likely to persist as long as producers place strong faith on public compensation schemes. In this study, we undertook a farm survey in Finland employing a choice experiment to study the willingness to pay for animal disease insurance products. We found that producers’ willingness to pay for animal disease insurance is relatively low, even if consequential losses are covered. However, attributes of the insurance products which increased the likelihood of the producer wishing to purchase the product in a statistically significant manner were identified. The most important attribute was a low deductible. Using latent class analysis, four classes of producers were identified, those who were (1) not interested, (2) weakly interested or (3) strongly interested in insurance, and additionally, (4) a group who emphasised biosecurity measures but was not willing to purchase insurance. Those primarily interested in insurance were typically young, well-educated producers from large farms, and they already had a good level of biosecurity on their farms. However, the majority of the respondents preferred not to purchase insurance. The analysis suggests that commercial production animal disease insurance may need to be subsidised or otherwise made more attractive to producers, and even so, many producers might consider it unnecessary.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Evidence of Pathogen-Induced Immunogenetic Selection across the Large Geographic Range of a Wild Seabird ### Response:	Over evolutionary time, pathogen challenge shapes the immune phenotype of the host to better respond to an incipient threat. The extent and direction of this selection pressure depend on the local pathogen composition, which is in turn determined by biotic and abiotic features of the environment. However, little is known about adaptation to local pathogen threats in wild animals. The Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) is a species complex that lends itself to the study of immune adaptation because of its circumpolar distribution over a large latitudinal range, with little or no admixture between different clades. In this study, we examine the diversity in a key family of innate immune genes—the Toll-like receptors (TLRs)—across the range of the Gentoo penguin. The three TLRs that we investigated present varying levels of diversity, with TLR4 and TLR5 greatly exceeding the diversity of TLR7. We present evidence of positive selection in TLR4 and TLR5, which points to pathogen-driven adaptation to the local pathogen milieu. Finally, we demonstrate that two positively selected cosegregating sites in TLR5 are sufficient to alter the responsiveness of the receptor to its bacterial ligand, flagellin. Taken together, these results suggest that Gentoo penguins have experienced distinct pathogen-driven selection pressures in different environments, which may be important given the role of the Gentoo penguin as a sentinel species in some of the world’s most rapidly changing environments.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Relative contributions of various endogenous and exogenous factors to the mosquito microbiota ### Response:	BACKGROUND: The commensal microbiota of mosquitoes impacts their development, immunity, and competency, and could provide a target for alternative entomological control approaches. However, despite the importance of the mosquito/microbiota interactions, little is known about the relative contribution of endogenous and exogenous factors in shaping the bacterial communities of mosquitoes. METHODS: We used a high-throughput sequencing-based assay to characterize the bacterial composition and diversity of 665 individual field-caught mosquitoes, as well as their species, genotype at an insecticide resistance locus, blood-meal composition, and the eukaryotic parasites and viruses they carry. We then used these data to rigorously estimate the individual effect of each parameter on the bacterial diversity as well as the relative contribution of each parameter to the microbial composition. RESULTS: Overall, multivariate analyses did not reveal any significant contribution of the mosquito species, insecticide resistance, or blood meal to the bacterial composition of the mosquitoes surveyed, and infection with parasites and viruses only contributed very marginally. The main driver of the bacterial diversity was the location at which each mosquito was collected, which explained roughly 20% of the variance observed. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis shows that when confounding factors are taken into account, the site at which the mosquitoes are collected is the main driver of the bacterial diversity of wild-caught mosquitoes, although further studies will be needed to determine which specific components of the local environment affect bacterial composition. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Personalised ecology and detection functions ### Response:	Direct interactions with nature are important for people's health, well-being and support for pro-nature policies There is an urgent need better to understand the structure and dynamics of these interactions, and how they differ among individual people, human populations and the communities to which they belong The determinants of these interactions have two components First are the factors that influence whether someone undertakes actions that may lead to interactions with nature (e g looking through a window, going for a walk, travelling to the countryside) These factors have attracted significant attention Second are the factors that influence what nature interactions are obtained when someone is present in a situation in which these could occur These have received little explicit attention One way of formalizing understanding, and identifying gaps in knowledge, of the second group of factors is to consider human?nature interactions in terms of detection functions Rather than using such functions for the estimation of species abundances, the purpose for which they were originally developed, they can be reorganized as descriptors of influences on people's nature interactions This paper considers how the different variables contained within detection functions influence human?nature interactions, and in particular how the number of nature interactions a person has in a given place and time is shaped both by clearly ?nature?-associated variables, such as the number of organisms present, and also by variables that are strongly influenced by characteristics of the observer, such as how they use or explore an area and their personal nature detection abilities Many issues explored in the context of human?nature interactions are then seen to concern these component variables of detection functions, and approaches to improving the frequency of interactions seen, in effect, to be targeted at affecting change in different ones of these variables A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: The ‘thanato-resistome’ - The funeral industry as a potential reservoir of antibiotic resistance: Early insights and perspectives ### Response:	Abstract The funeral industry is a potential reservoir of antibiotic resistance. The occurrence, human exposure and health risks of antibiotic resistance in the funeral industry were examined. The funeral industry harbours antibiotic resistance to multiple common and last-resort antibiotics, hence constitutes the ‘thanato-resistome’. Hydrological processes, air-borne particulates and vectors disseminate antibiotic resistance, while horizontal gene transfer circulates antibiotic resistance among resistomes, forming a complex network. Ingestion, inhalation of air-borne particulates, dermal intake and clothes of workers contribute to human exposure. Human health risks include; development of drug resistance in previously susceptible pathogens, and increased morbidity and mortality caused by increased pathogenicity and outbreaks of multi-drug resistant infections. Ecological risks include the proliferation of resistant organisms at the expense of susceptible ones, thereby disrupting ecosystem structure and function, including biogeochemical cycles. Barring inferential data, quantitative evidence linking antibiotic resistance to human infections is weak. This reflects the lack of systematic quantitative studies, rather than the absence of such health risks. Quantitative risk assessment is constrained by lack of quantitative data on antibiotic resistance in various reservoirs and exposure routes. A framework for risk assessment and mitigation is proposed. Finally, ten hypotheses and emerging tools such as genomics, in silico techniques and big data analytics are highlighted.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: A demographic approach to understanding the effects of climate on population growth ### Response:	Amphibian life history traits are affected by temperature and precipitation. Yet, connecting these relationships to population growth, especially for multiple populations within a species, is lacking and precludes our understanding of how amphibians are distributed. Therefore, we constructed Integral Projection Models (IPM) for five populations along an elevational gradient to determine how climate and season affects population growth of a terrestrial salamander Plethodon montanus and the importance of demographic vital rates to population growth under varying climate scenarios. We found that population growth was typically higher at the highest elevation compared to the lower elevations whereas varying inactive season conditions, represented by the late fall, winter and early spring, produced a greater variation in population growth than varying active season conditions (late spring, summer, and early fall). Furthermore, survival and growth was consistently more important, as measured by elasticity, compared to fecundity and large females had the greatest elasticity compared to all other sizes. Our results suggest that changing inactive season conditions, especially those that would affect the survival of large individuals, may have the greatest impact on population growth. Therefore, we recommend experimental studies focused on the inactive season to determine the mechanism by which these conditions can affect survival.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Spatiotemporal Genetic Diversity of Lions Reveals the Influence of Habitat Fragmentation Across Africa. ### Response:	Direct comparisons between historical and contemporary populations allow for detecting changes in genetic diversity through time and assessment of the impact of habitat fragmentation. Here, we determined the genetic architecture of both historical and modern lions to document changes in genetic diversity over the last century. We surveyed microsatellite and mitochondrial genome variation from 143 high-quality museum specimens of known provenance, allowing us to directly compare this information with data from several recently published nuclear and mitochondrial studies. Our results provide evidence for male-mediated gene flow and recent isolation of local subpopulations, likely due to habitat fragmentation. Nuclear markers showed a significant decrease in genetic diversity from the historical (HE=0.833) to the modern (HE=0.796) populations, while mitochondrial genetic diversity was maintained (Hd = 0.98 for both). While the historical population appears to have been panmictic based on nDNA data, hierarchical structure analysis identified four tiers of genetic structure in modern populations and was able to detect most sampling locations. Mitogenome analyses identified 4 clusters: Southern, Mixed, Eastern, and Western; and were consistent between modern and historically sampled haplotypes. Within the last century, habitat fragmentation caused lion subpopulations to become more geographically isolated as human expansion changed the African landscape. This resulted in an increase in fine-scale nuclear genetic structure and loss of genetic diversity as lion subpopulations became more differentiated, while mitochondrial structure and diversity were maintained over time.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Enhanced Arthrospira platensis Biomass Production Combined with Anaerobic Cattle Wastewater Bioremediation ### Response:	Microalgae biomasses offer important benefits regarding macromolecules that serve as promising raw materials for sustainable production. In the present study, the microalgae Arthrospira platensis DHR 20 was cultivated in horizontal photobioreactors (HPBR), with and without temperature control, in batch mode (6 to 7 days), with anaerobically digested cattle wastewater (ACWW) as substrate. High dry biomass concentrations were observed (6.3–7.15 g L(−1)). Volumetric protein, carbohydrate, and lipid productivities were 0.299, 0.135, and 0.108 g L(−1) day(−1), respectively. Promising lipid productivities per area were estimated between 22.257 and 39.446 L ha(−1) year(−1). High CO(2) bio-fixation rates were recorded (875.6–1051 mg L(−1) day(−1)), indicating the relevant potential of the studied microalgae to mitigate atmospheric pollution. Carbon concentrations in biomass ranged between 41.8 and 43.6%. ACWW bioremediation was satisfactory, with BOD(5) and COD removal efficiencies of 72.2–82.6% and 63.3–73.6%. Maximum values of 100, 95.5, 92.4, 80, 98, and 94% were achieved concerning the removal of NH(4)(+), NO(3)(−), P(t), SO(4)(2−), Zn, and Cu, respectively. Total and thermotolerant coliform removals reached 99–99.7% and 99.7–99.9%. This microalgae-mediated process is, thus, promising for ACWW bioremediation and valuation, producing a microalgae biomass rich in macromolecules that can be used to obtain friendly bio-based products and bioenergy. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12155-021-10258-4.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Environmental Spread of Antibiotic Resistance ### Response:	Antibiotic resistance represents a global health concern. Soil, water, livestock and plant foods are directly or indirectly exposed to antibiotics due to their agricultural use or contamination. This selective pressure has acted synergistically to bacterial competition in nature to breed antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacteria. Research over the past few decades has focused on the emergence of AR pathogens in food products that can cause disease outbreaks and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), but One Health approaches have lately expanded the focus to include commensal bacteria as ARG donors. Despite the attempts of national and international authorities of developed and developing countries to reduce the over-prescription of antibiotics to humans and the use of antibiotics as livestock growth promoters, the selective flow of antibiotic resistance transmission from the environment to the clinic (and vice-versa) is increasing. This review focuses on the mechanisms of ARG transmission and the hotspots of antibiotic contamination resulting in the subsequent emergence of ARGs. It follows the transmission of ARGs from farm to plant and animal food products and provides examples of the impact of ARG flow to clinical settings. Understudied and emerging antibiotic resistance selection determinants, such as heavy metal and biocide contamination, are also discussed here.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Evaluating the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission to bats in the context of wildlife research, rehabilitation, and control ### Response:	Preventing wildlife disease outbreaks is a priority for natural resource agencies, and management decisions can be urgent, especially in epidemic circumstances. With the emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2, wildlife agencies were concerned whether the activities they authorize might increase the risk of viral transmission from humans to North American bats, but had a limited amount of time in which to make decisions. We describe how decision analysis provides a powerful framework to analyze and reanalyze complex natural resource management problems as knowledge evolves. Coupled with expert judgment and avenues for the rapid release of information, risk assessment can provide timely scientific information for evolving decisions. In April 2020, the first rapid risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the risk of transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 from humans to North American bats. Based on the best available information and relying heavily on expert judgment, the risk assessment found a small possibility of transmission during summer work activities. Following that assessment, additional knowledge and data emerged, such as bat viral challenge studies, that further elucidated the risks of human‐to‐bat transmission and culminated in a second risk assessment in the fall of 2020. We updated the first SARS‐CoV‐2 risk assessment with new management alternatives and new estimates of little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) susceptibility, using findings from the fall 2020 assessment and other empirical studies. We found that new knowledge led to an 88% decrease in the median number of bats estimated to be infected per 1,000 encountered when compared to earlier results. The use of facemasks during, or a negative COVID‐19 test or vaccination prior to, bat encounters further reduced those risks. Using a combination of decision analysis, expert judgment, rapid risk assessment, and efficient modes of information distribution, we provided timely science‐based support to decision makers for summer bat work in North America.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: A mini-review on the impact of common gorse in its introduced ranges ### Response:	It is indisputable that invasive plant species strongly impact the ecosystems they invade. Many of such impacts can be negative and threaten the local species through competition, environmental change, or habitat loss. However, introduced plants may also have positive roles in the ecosystems they invade. This review extracted information from reports on common gorse (Ulex europaeus), one of the top 100 invasive plants on the earth, including its detrimental effects and potential beneficial roles in invaded ecosystems. The reduction of native fauna and flora are the main harmful effects of common gorse identified by the literature review. Soil impoverishment and fire hazards are other negative impacts reported for common gorse that could affect agricultural systems and local economies. Despite the negative impacts, reports of positive ecological services provided by common gorse also exist, e.g., as a nursery plant or habitat for endangered native animals. We also reviewed the known human uses of this plant that could support management strategies through harvest and benefit the local communities, including its use as biofuel, raw matter for xylan extraction, medicine, and food. Finally, our review identified the gaps in the literature regarding the understanding of the beneficial role of common gorse on native ecosystems and potential human uses, especially in the tropics.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Insights into aphid prey consumption by ladybirds: Optimising field sampling methods and primer design for high throughput sequencing. ### Response:	Elucidating the diets of insect predators is important in basic and applied ecology, such as for improving the effectiveness of conservation biological control measures to promote natural enemies of crop pests. Here, we investigated the aphid diet of two common aphid predators in Central European agroecosystems, the native Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus) and the invasive Harmonia axyridis (Pallas; Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) by means of high throughput sequencing (HTS). For acquiring insights into diets of mobile flying insects at landscape scale minimizing trapping bias is important, which imposes methodological challenges for HTS. We therefore assessed the suitability of three field sampling methods (sticky traps, pan traps and hand-collection) as well as new aphid primers for identifying aphid prey consumption by coccinellids through HTS. The new aphid primers facilitate identification to species level in 75% of the European aphid genera investigated. Aphid primer specificity was high in silico and in vitro but low in environmental samples with the methods used, although this could be improved in future studies. For insect trapping we conclude that sticky traps are a suitable method in terms of minimizing sampling bias, contamination risk and trapping success, but compromise on DNA-recovery rate. The aphid diets of both field-captured ladybird species were dominated by Microlophium carnosum, the common nettle aphid. Another common prey was Sitobion avenae (cereal aphid), which got more often detected in C. septempunctata compared to H. axyridis. Around one third of the recovered aphid taxa were common crop pests. We conclude that sampling methodologies need constant revision but that our improved aphid primers offer currently one of the best solutions for broad screenings of coccinellid predation on aphids.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Effects of forest fragmentation on bird communities/ Efeitos da fragmentação florestal sobre as comunidades de aves - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v25i2.2030 ### Response:	Effects of forest fragmentation on bird communities and considerations for avifauna conservation are discussed here. Forest area, isolation, habitat diversity, and edge effect are the main environmental factors that determine bird richness in forests, and they undergo alterations during forest fragmentation. Several studies have shown different results regarding to fragmentation effects on the avifauna, and some of them are noticeable, such as: (1) selective extinction within the fragments, i. e., some groups are more susceptible than others to the process and some other groups are even benefited by fragmentation; (2) compensatory density, meaning that there is a density increase of some species in relation to their density in continuous forests. It has been enforced that it is necessary to preserve large extensions of forests instead of preserving several small fragments
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Conservation Genetics of the Cheetah: Lessons Learned and New Opportunities ### Response:	The dwindling wildlife species of our planet have become a cause célèbre for conservation groups, governments, and concerned citizens throughout the world. The application of powerful new genetic technologies to surviving populations of threatened mammals has revolutionized our ability to recognize hidden perils that afflict them. We have learned new lessons of survival, adaptation, and evolution from viewing the natural history of genomes in hundreds of detailed studies. A single case history of one species, the African cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, is here reviewed to reveal a long-term story of conservation challenges and action informed by genetic discoveries and insights. A synthesis of 3 decades of data, interpretation, and controversy, capped by whole genome sequence analysis of cheetahs, provides a compelling tale of conservation relevance and action to protect this species and other threatened wildlife.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Weights and percentages of extra carcass components and commercial cuts of Santa Ines lambs, off spring ewes supplemented of different stages of pregnancy, finished in drylot/ Componentes extra carcaça e cortes comerciais de cordeiros Santa Inês filhos de ovelhas suplementadas em diferentes fases de gestação, terminadas em confinamento ### Response:	The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the qualitative characteristics of the lamb carcass, offspring of Santa Inês ewe, supplemented at different stages of pregnancy, finished in drylot. Forty eight Santa Ines ewe were distributed in four treatments using supplied food in different stages of pregnancy, in other words, to the third initial: pasture and cassava bagasse + supplement from the 1 the 50th day of pregnancy; to the third average: pasture and cassava bagasse + supplement from the 50th to the 100th day of pregnancy and to third end: pasture and cassava bagasse + supplement of the 100th day of pregnancy until the birth. The lambs after being weaned, were slaughtered at live weight of 30 kg. The live weight components of the lambs: blood, skin, digestive full and empty, reproducing organs with bladder, dull, liver, heart, respiratory organs with windpipe, kidneys with outlying renal fat, head and foot, weren´t influenced (P>0,05) by ewe supplementation in the different stages of pregnancy. Differences were not observed for yields of carcass cuts: leg, loin, shoulder, ribs, discovered ribs, bass and neck, in relation to the studied treatments.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: The resilient frugivorous fauna of an urban forest fragment and its potential role in vegetation enrichment ### Response:	Anthropocentric defaunation affects critical ecological processes, such as seed dispersal, putting ecosystems and biomes at risk, and leading to habitat impoverishment. Diverse restoration techniques could reverse the process of habitat impoverishment. However, in most of the restoration efforts, only vegetation cover is targeted. Fauna and flora are treated as isolated components, neglecting a key component of ecosystems’ functioning, the ecological interactions. We tested whether the resilient frugivorous generalist fauna can improve habitat quality by dispersing native plant species through the use of fruit feeders as in a semideciduous seasonal urban forest fragment. A total of 32 sampling points was selected at a heavily degraded 251-ha urban forest fragment, with feeders installed at two heights monitored by camera-traps. Variable quantities of native fruits of 27 zoochorous species were offered alternately in the feeders. Based on more than 36,000 h of video records, Turdus leucomelas (Class Aves), Sapajus nigritus (Class Mammalia), and Salvator merianae (Class Reptilia) were recorded ingesting the highest fruit species richness. Didelphis albiventris (Class Mammalia) was the most frequent visitor but consumed only pulp in most of the visits. The frugivorous birds were recorded at a high visitation rate and consumed a wider variety of fruits. Our study opens a new avenue to combine the traditional approach of ecosystems recovery and ecological interactions restauration in an urban forest fragment. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11252-020-01080-5.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Species prioritization for monitoring and management in regional multiple species conservation plans ### Response:	Successful conservation plans are not solely achieved by acquiring optimally designed reserves. Ongoing monitoring and management of the biodiversity in those reserves is an equally important, but often neglected or poorly executed, part of the conservation process. In this paper we address one of the first and most important steps in designing a monitoring program – deciding what to monitor. We present a strategy for prioritizing species for monitoring and management in multispecies conservation plans. We use existing assessments of threatened status, and the degree and spatial and temporal extent of known threats to link the prioritization of species to the overarching goals and objectives of the conservation plan. We consider both broad and localized spatial scales to capture the regional conservation context and the practicalities of local management and monitoring constraints. Spatial scales that are commensurate with available data are selected. We demonstrate the utility of this strategy through application to a set of 85 plants and animals in an established multispecies conservation plan in San Diego County, California, USA. We use the prioritization to identify the most prominent risk factors and the habitats associated with the most threats to species. The protocol highlighted priorities that had not previously been identified and were not necessarily intuitive without systematic application of the criteria; many high‐priority species have received no monitoring attention to date, and lower‐priority species have. We recommend that in the absence of clear focal species, monitoring threats in highly impacted habitats may be a way to circumvent the need to monitor all the targeted species.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Geochemical characteristics and growth suitability assessment of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in the Earth’s critical zone of North China ### Response:	Geochemical differentiation of soils has a series of consequences on plant and places pressure on the ecological environment. The quantitative evaluation of element migration in the Earth’s critical zone is a challenging task. In this study, two demonstration study areas of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were selected, and multiple chemical weathering indexes, chemical loss fraction, mass migration coefficients and biological enrichment coefficient method were used to assess the ecological and geochemical suitability. The results show that for the element of Fe, Zn, Se, Cu, Co, Ni, Mo and Ge, the degree of weathering and soil maturation, were greater in the rhyolitic tuff area than in the Plagioclase gneiss area. In both research sites, the heavy metal level of samples in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi did not exceed the standard limits. The plagioclase gneiss region’s surface soil environment was more alkaline, and the content of soil organic matter was lower, resulting in a higher bioenrichment intensity of Ge, Co, Cu, and Se elements in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi than in the rhyolite-tuff area. The elements of Cd, Nb, Mo, Pb and As are considerably enriched in the soil of the plagioclase gneiss area but lost by leaching in the soil of the rhyolite tuff area, which is connected to the interplay of elemental abundance and human impact in the parent materials. This study provides a good example of how to assess growth suitability of Chinese medicinal materials in the Earth’s critical zone. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: Supplementary material (Appendix 1) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s11629-021-7015-9.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Local and continental-scale controls of the onset of spring phytoplankton blooms - conclusions from a proxy-based model. ### Response:	A key phenological event in the annual cycle of many pelagic ecosystems is the onset of the spring algal bloom (OAB). Descriptions of the factors controlling the OAB in temperate to polar lakes have been limited to isolated studies of single systems and conceptual models. Here we present a validated modelling approach that, for the first time, enables a quantitative prediction of the OAB and a systematic assessment of the processes controlling its timing on a continental scale. We used a weather-driven, 1-dimensional lake model to simulate the seasonal dynamics of the underwater light climate in 16 lake types characterized by the factorial combination of 4 lake depths with 4 levels of water transparency. We did so at 1,962 locations across western Europe and over 31 years (1979-2009). Assuming that phytoplankton production is light-limited in winter, we identified four patterns of OAB control across lake types and climate zones. OAB timing is controlled by (i) the timing of ice-off in ice-covered clear or shallow lakes, (ii) the onset of thermal stratification in sufficiently deep and turbid lakes, and (iii) the seasonal increase in incident radiation in all other lakes, except for (iv) ice-free, shallow and clear lakes in the south, where phytoplankton is not light-limited. The model predicts that OAB timing should respond to two pervasive environmental changes, global warming and browning, in opposite ways. OAB timing should be highly sensitive to warming in lakes where it is controlled by either ice-off or the onset of stratification, but resilient to warming in lakes where it is controlled by incident radiation. Conversely, OAB timing should be most sensitive to browning where it is controlled by incident radiation, but resilient to browning where it is controlled by ice-off or the onset of stratification. Available lake data are consistent with our findings.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Nutritional value of the Tifton 85 pasture exclusive and overseeded with cool season grasses/ Valor nutritivo do pasto de capim-Tifton 85 exclusivo e sobressemeado com forrageiras de inverno ### Response:	The experiment was carried out at FCAV Campus de Jaboticabal in the period of winter-spring-summer of the 2001-2002 and 2002-2003, to determine the crude protein (CP), cell wall (NDF ADF, lignin) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of the Tifton 85 pasture overseeded with winter species. The treatments were: bristle oat; yellow oat; triticale; bristle oat + yellow oat; bristle oat + triticale; yellow oat + triticale; bristle oats + yellow oats + triticale, overseeded in the area of the Tifton 85 grass; and, T-85: area only with the grass-Tifton 85. The plants were cut at 20 cm (presence of annual winter grasses) and 10 cm (absence of the annual winter grasses) of the soil level. The protein content was highest in the first year of evaluation compared to the second experimental year. The same behavior was observed, in the two years, on the cell wall content. The NDF content increased, and the ADF and lignin decreased lightly. The IVOMD presented variation in function of the botanical and morphologic composition on the different evaluations in the growth periods.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Differential reporting of biodiversity in two citizen science platforms during COVID-19 lockdown in Colombia ### Response:	The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the potential of using data from long-term citizen science projects to answer questions about the impacts of unexpected events on biodiversity We evaluate the suitability of data from the citizen science platforms iNaturalist and eBird to describe the effects of the “anthropause” on biodiversity observation in Colombia We compared record distribution according to human footprint, sampling behaviors, overall and conservation priority species composition during the strictest phase of the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 to the same periods in 2015–2019 Overall participation in both platforms during the lockdown was high when compared to previous years, but records were concentrated on highly-transformed regions, had lower sampling efforts, and fewer species were recorded For eBird, species composition was similar to that observed in previous years, and records of species of conservation concern declined in proportion to the decrease in overall species richness across samples For iNaturalist, the species pool sampled each year remained too dissimilar for comparisons Once differences in observer behaviors are accounted for, data from these platforms can be used in unplanned comparisons of relatively common species, in regions with high levels of human transformation, and at narrowly defined geographical contexts To increase the potential of citizen science to monitor rarer species, more natural areas, or be used in large-scale analyses, we need to build and strengthen more diverse networks of observers that can further promote decentralization, democratization, and cost-effectiveness in biodiversity research
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: The Molecular Basis of Host Selection in a Crucifer-Specialized Moth. ### Response:	Glucosinolates (GSs) are sulfur-containing secondary metabolites characteristic of cruciferous plants [1, 2]. Their breakdown products, isothiocyanates (ITCs), are released following tissue disruption by insect feeding or other mechanical damages [3, 4]. ITCs repel and are toxic to generalist herbivores, while specialist herbivores utilize the volatile ITCs as key signals for localizing host plants [5, 6]. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying detection of ITCs remain open. Here, we report that in the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, a crucifer specialist, ITCs indeed drive the host preference for Arabidopsis thaliana, and the two olfactory receptors Or35 and Or49 are essential for this behavior. By performing gene expression analyses, we identified 12 (out of 59 in total) female-biased Ors, suggesting their possible involvement in oviposition choice. By ectopically expressing these Ors in Xenopus oocytes and screening their responses with 49 odors (including 13 ITCs, 25 general plant volatiles, and 11 sex pheromone components), we found that Or35 and Or49 responded specifically to three ITCs (iberverin, 4-pentenyl ITC, and phenylethyl ITC). The same ITCs also exhibited highest activity in electroantennogram recordings with female antennae and were the strongest oviposition stimulants. Knocking out either Or35 or Or49 via CRISPR-Cas9 resulted in a reduced oviposition preference for the ITCs, while double Or knockout females lost their ITC preference completely and were unable to choose between wild-type A. thaliana and a conspecific ITC knockout plant. We hence conclude that the ITC-based oviposition preference of the diamondback moth for its host A. thaliana is governed by the cooperation of two highly specific olfactory receptors.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Photocontrol of Axillary Bud Outgrowth by MicroRNAs: Current State-of-the-Art and Novel Perspectives Gained From the Rosebush Model ### Response:	Shoot branching is highly dependent on environmental factors. While many species show some light dependence for branching, the rosebush shows a strict requirement for light to allow branching, making this species an excellent model to further understand how light impinges on branching. Here, in the first part, we provide a review of the current understanding of how light may modulate the complex regulatory network of endogenous factors like hormones (SL, IAA, CK, GA, and ABA), nutrients (sugar and nitrogen), and ROS to control branching. We review the regulatory contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) to branching in different species, highlighting the action of such evolutionarily conserved factors. We underline some possible pathways by which light may modulate miRNA-dependent regulation of branching. In the second part, we exploit the strict light dependence of rosebush for branching to identify putative miRNAs that could contribute to the photocontrol of branching. For this, we first performed a profiling of the miRNAs expressed in early light-induced rosebush buds and next tested whether they were predicted to target recognized regulators of branching. Thus, we identified seven miRNAs (miR156, miR159, miR164, miR166, miR399, miR477, and miR8175) that could target nine genes (CKX1/6, EXPA3, MAX4, CYCD3;1, SUSY, 6PFK, APX1, and RBOHB1). Because these genes are affecting branching through different hormonal or metabolic pathways and because expression of some of these genes is photoregulated, our bioinformatic analysis suggests that miRNAs may trigger a rearrangement of the regulatory network to modulate branching in response to light environment.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Comparative Expression Profiling and Sequence Characterization of ATP1A1 Gene Associated with Heat Tolerance in Tropically Adapted Cattle ### Response:	SIMPLE SUMMARY: An understanding of the way that animals respond to heat stress is key to the development of adaptation and mitigation strategies for a changing climate. The response of mammals to heat exposure involves changes at every level of organization from molecular and cellular to systemic and behavioral. The concert of events involves many genes and gene products. The Na+/K+ ATPase ∝1 (ATP1A1), a product of the ATP1A1 gene, is important for the response to heat because it determines the activity of the Na(+)/K(+) pump that is ubiquitous in cell membranes. It was shown recently that ATP1A1 is important in combating the oxidative stress that a cell faces and that it modulates the Src signaling pathway that is involved in the response to many stressors. Vechur cattle (dwarf Bos taurus indicus) are well known for their adaptability to the tropical heat and humidity that persists in their native state of Kerala, India. We here analyze the comparative expression profile of the ATP1A1 gene in heat-tolerant Vechur and Kasaragod (another dwarf B. t. indicus) cattle and a heat-intolerant crossbreed (B. t. taurus × B. t. indicus) and characterize the sequence of ATP1A1 mRNA in the Vechur genotype. Environmental stress and heat tolerance were measured. Expression profiling indicated that ATP1A1 was differentially expressed in the phenotypically disparate cattle breeds. A molecular evolutionary genetic analysis revealed that the divergent origin of dwarf cattle was adaptive in response to heat stress and suggests the potential use of ATP1A1 as a marker for heat tolerance. ABSTRACT: Climate change is an imminent threat to livestock production. One adaptation strategy is selection for heat tolerance. While it is established that the ATP1A1 gene and its product play an important role in the response to many stressors, there has been no attempt to characterize the sequence or to perform expression profiling of the gene in production animals. We undertook a field experiment to compare the expression profiles of ATP1A1 in heat-tolerant Vechur and Kasaragod cattle (Bos taurus indicus) with the profile of a heat-susceptible crossbreed (B. t. taurus × B. t. indicus). The cattle were exposed to heat stress while on pasture in the hot summer season. The environmental stress was quantified using the temperature humidity index (THI), while the heat tolerance of each breed was assessed using a heat tolerance coefficient (HTC). The ATP1A1 mRNA of Vechur cattle was amplified from cDNA and sequenced. The HTC varied significantly between the breeds and with time-of-day (p < 0.01). The breed–time-of-day interaction was also significant (p < 0.01). The relative expression of ATP1A1 differed between heat-tolerant and heat-susceptible breeds (p = 0.02). The expression of ATP1A1 at 08:00, 10:00 and 12:00, and the breed–time-of-day interaction, were not significant. The nucleotide sequence of Vechur ATP1A1 showed 99% homology with the B. t. taurus sequence. The protein sequence showed 98% homology with B. t. taurus cattle and with B. grunniens (yak) and 97.7% homology with Ovis aries (sheep). A molecular clock analysis revealed evidence of divergent adaptive evolution of the ATP1A1 gene favoring climate resilience in Vechur cattle. These findings further our knowledge of the relationship between the ATP1A1 gene and heat tolerance in phenotypically incongruent animals. We propose that ATP1A1 could be used in marker assisted selection (MAS) for heat tolerance.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction ### Response:	The ongoing sixth mass species extinction is the result of the destruction of component populations leading to eventual extirpation of entire species. Populations and species extinctions have severe implications for society through the degradation of ecosystem services. Here we assess the extinction crisis from a different perspective. We examine 29,400 species of terrestrial vertebrates, and determine which are on the brink of extinction because they have fewer than 1,000 individuals. There are 515 species on the brink (1.7% of the evaluated vertebrates). Around 94% of the populations of 77 mammal and bird species on the brink have been lost in the last century. Assuming all species on the brink have similar trends, more than 237,000 populations of those species have vanished since 1900. We conclude the human-caused sixth mass extinction is likely accelerating for several reasons. First, many of the species that have been driven to the brink will likely become extinct soon. Second, the distribution of those species highly coincides with hundreds of other endangered species, surviving in regions with high human impacts, suggesting ongoing regional biodiversity collapses. Third, close ecological interactions of species on the brink tend to move other species toward annihilation when they disappear—extinction breeds extinctions. Finally, human pressures on the biosphere are growing rapidly, and a recent example is the current coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic, linked to wildlife trade. Our results reemphasize the extreme urgency of taking much-expanded worldwide actions to save wild species and humanity’s crucial life-support systems from this existential threat.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Population Genomics of American Mink Using Whole Genome Sequencing Data ### Response:	Characterizing the genetic structure and population history can facilitate the development of genomic breeding strategies for the American mink. In this study, we used the whole genome sequences of 100 mink from the Canadian Centre for Fur Animal Research (CCFAR) at the Dalhousie Faculty of Agriculture (Truro, NS, Canada) and Millbank Fur Farm (Rockwood, ON, Canada) to investigate their population structure, genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the variation among color-types was significant (p < 0.001) and accounted for 18% of the total variation. The admixture analysis revealed that assuming three ancestral populations (K = 3) provided the lowest cross-validation error (0.49). The effective population size (Ne) at five generations ago was estimated to be 99 and 50 for CCFAR and Millbank Fur Farm, respectively. The LD patterns revealed that the average r(2) reduced to <0.2 at genomic distances of >20 kb and >100 kb in CCFAR and Millbank Fur Farm suggesting that the density of 120,000 and 24,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) would provide the adequate accuracy of genomic evaluation in these populations, respectively. These results indicated that accounting for admixture is critical for designing the SNP panels for genotype-phenotype association studies of American mink.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Tillering dynamics of Tanzania guinea grass under nitrogen levels and plant densities - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i4.13382 ### Response:	This study evaluated the influence of nitrogen levels (N) and plant density (D) on the tillering dynamics of Tanzania guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.). Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 12 treatments and two replicates in a factorial scheme (4 × 3) with four levels of N (0, 80, 160 or 320 kg ha-1 N) and three plant densities (9, 25, and 49 plant m-²). Higher number of tillers was observed in the treatment with 9 plants m-² and under higher levels of N, especially in the second and third generations. Still, the N influenced quadratically the appearance rate of basal and total tillers, which were also affected by plant density and interaction N × D. However, the appearance rate of aerial tiller was not influenced by factors evaluated. The mortality rate of total tiller was influenced quadratically by the nitrogen levels and plant densities. The mortality rate of basal tiller responded quadratically to plant density, whereas the mortality rate of aerial tiller increased linearly with fertilization. Pastures with low or intermediate densities fertilized with nitrogen, presented a more intense pattern of tiller renewal.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Age‐specific, population‐level pedigree of wild black bears provides insights into reproduction, paternity, and maternal effects on offspring apparent survival ### Response:	Wildlife pedigrees provide insights into ecological and evolutionary processes. DNA obtained from noninvasively collected hair is often used to determine individual identities for pedigrees and other genetic analyses. However, detection rates associated with some noninvasive DNA studies can be relatively low, and genetic data do not provide information on individual birth year. Supplementing hair DNA stations with video cameras should increase the individual detection rate, assuming accurate identification of individuals via video data. Video data can also provide birth year information for individuals captured as young of the year, which can enrich population‐level pedigrees. We placed video cameras at hair stations and combined genetic and video data to reconstruct an age‐specific, population‐level pedigree of wild black bears during 2010–2020. Combining individual birth year with mother–offspring relatedness, we also estimated litter size, interlitter interval, primiparity, and fecundity. We used the Cormack‐Jolly‐Seber model in Program Mark to evaluate the effect of maternal identity on offspring apparent survival. We compared model rankings of apparent survival and parameter estimates based on combined genetic and video data with those based on only genetic data. We observed 42 mother–offspring relationships. Of these, 21 (50%) would not have been detected had we used hair DNA alone. Moreover, video data allowed for the cub and yearling age classes to be determined. Mean annual fecundity was 0.42 (95% CI: 0.27, 0.56). Maternal identity influenced offspring apparent survival, where offspring of one mother experienced significantly lower apparent survival (0.39; SE = 0.15) than that of offspring of four other mothers (0.89–1.00; SE = 0.00–0.06). We video‐documented cub abandonment by the mother whose offspring experienced low apparent survival, indicating individual behaviors (e.g., maternal care) may scale up to affect population‐level parameters (e.g., cub survival). Our findings provide insights into evolutionary processes and are broadly relevant to wildlife ecology and conservation.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Long-Term Changes in Four Populations of the Spiny Toad, Bufo spinosus, in Western France;Data from Road Mortalities ### Response:	Habitat fragmentation is widely recognized as a contributor to the decline of biodiversity, with amphibians one of the key groups impacted. To understand the effects of habitat fragmentation on amphibian populations requires long-term data sets showing population trends. In this paper, road mortalities were employed as proxies to describe long-term numbers of four populations of the spiny toad Bufo spinosus in western France during a 17-year period. Road mortalities were found during all months in all populations but were most frequent during October, November and December, the main migratory period. Large females were found significantly more frequently during these migration months, forming 45% of the total sample, compared with their presence from January to September (34.4%). The long-term trends were evaluated using regression analysis of the logarithmic (loge) transforms of annual counts as dependent variables against year as the independent variables. All coefficients showed no significant departure from the 0 hypothetical coefficients, indicative of population stability. This was supported by jackknife analysis, which showed good agreement of the pseudo-regression coefficients with the true equations. Stepwise regression of potential climate impacts on toad numbers suggested rainfall levels in October adjusted to 2- and 3-year lags were involved in driving population change. Road mortality counts were also made during 2020 and 2021 when human movement restrictions were in place due to the COVID-19 pandemic. To estimate the potential impact on this disturbance in the methodology, the Poisson distribution was used to estimate potential differences between what would have been expected counts and the observed counts. The results indicate that the observed mortalities were significantly lower than expected in all four populations.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Invasive alien plant species: Their impact on environment, ecosystem services and human health ### Response:	Abstract Ecological perturbations caused by biotic invasion have been identified as a growing threat to global sustainability. Invasive alien plants species (IAPS) are considered to be one of the major drivers of biodiversity loss and thereby altering the ecosystem services and socio-economic conditions through different mechanisms. Although the ecological impacts of IAPS are well documented, there is a dearth of studies regarding their economic quantification, livelihood considerations, biotechnological prospects (phytoremediation, bioenergy, phyto-synthesis of nanoparticles, biomedical, industrial applications etc.) and human health risk assessments of IAPS. In this context, the current panoramic review aimed to investigate the environmental, socio-ecological and health risks posed by IAPS as well as the compounded impact of IAPS with habitat fragmentation, climate and land use changes. To this end, the need of an integrated trans-disciplinary research is emphasized for the sustainable management of IAPS. The management prospects can be further strengthened through their linkage with geo-spatial technologies (remote sensing and GIS) by mapping and monitoring the IAPS spread. Further, the horizon of IAPS management is expanded to ecological indicator perspectives of IAPS, biosecurity, and risk assessment protocols with critical discussion. Moreover, positive as well as negative implications of the IAPS on environment, health, ecosystem services and socio-economy (livelihood) are listed so that a judicious policy framework could be developed for the IAPS management in order to mitigate the human health implications.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Hydrocarbon biodegradation potential of microbial communities from high Arctic beaches in Canada's Northwest Passage. ### Response:	Sea ice loss is opening shipping routes in Canada's Northwest Passage, increasing the risk of an oil spill. Harnessing the capabilities of endemic microorganisms to degrade oil may be an effective remediation strategy for contaminated shorelines; however, limited data exists along Canada's Northwest Passage. In this study, hydrocarbon biodegradation potential of microbial communities from eight high Arctic beaches was assessed. Across high Arctic beaches, community composition was distinct, potential hydrocarbon-degrading genera were detected and microbial communities were able to degrade hydrocarbons (hexadecane, naphthalene, and alkanes) at low temperature (4 °C). Hexadecane and naphthalene biodegradation were stimulated by nutrients, but nutrients had little effect on Ultra Low Sulfur Fuel Oil biodegradation. Oiled microcosms showed a significant enrichment of Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus. Nutrient-amended microcosms showed increased abundances of key hydrocarbon biodegradation genes (alkB and CYP153). Ultimately, this work provides insight into hydrocarbon biodegradation on Arctic shorelines and oil-spill remediation in Canada's Northwest Passage.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Seleção De Isolados De Bacillus Thuringiensis Berliner Para Tetranychus Urticae Koch ### Response:	ABSTRACT The two-spotted spider mite is the most important pest to Brazilian crops. The incorrect use of chemical control leads to serious consequences, such as the presence of residues in fruits and the emergence of resistant populations. There is a need for alternative methods for managing the mite, such as biological control, which has been used as a tool in the management of various pests of agricultural importance in the world. Bioassays were carried out to analyze 120 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner in regard to their pathogenicity to Tetranychus urticae Koch. Suspensions were prepared of the different strains, containing 3 × 108 spores/mL of distilled water, and applied on Jack-bean (Canavalia ensiformes DC) leaf disks. Each strain constituted a treatment, with 8 repetitions, each containing 10 adult Tetranychus urticae females. The tests in laboratory conditions showed that mortality was significantly, ranging from 6.7% (strains LMJ7A) to 54.9% (strains 1077B and 886f).
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: An Overview of Soil and Soilless Cultivation Techniques—Chances, Challenges and the Neglected Question of Sustainability ### Response:	Resources such as fertile soil and clean water are already limited in many parts of the world. Additionally, the conventional use of arable land is becoming increasingly difficult, which is further exacerbated by climate change. Soilless cultivation systems do not only offer the opportunity to save water and cultivate without soil but also the chance to open up urban areas such as residential rooftops for food production in close proximity to consumers. In this review, applications of soilless farming systems are identified and compared to conventional agriculture. Furthermore, aspects of economic viability, sustainability and current developments are investigated. An insight into the most important soilless farming systems—hydroponics, aquaponics and vertical farming—is provided. The systems are then differentiated from each other and, as far as possible, evaluated in terms of their environmental impact and compared with conventional cultivation methods. Comparing published data analyzing the yield of hydroponic cultivation systems in comparison to soil-based cultivation methods enables a basic overview of the profitability of both methods and, thus, lays the foundation for future research and practical applications. The most important inert substrates for hydroponic applications are presented, and their degree of sustainability is compared in order to emphasize environmental impacts and affect substrate selections of future projects. Based on an assessment of the most important soilless cultivation systems, the challenges and developments of current techniques are highlighted and discussed.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Study of impacts of brickkiln emanations on soil quality of agriculture lands in selected areas of District Bhimber, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan ### Response:	The pollution is hot issue of current era in world and the current study was carried to explore impacts of brickkilns' emanations on physiochemical properties of agricultural lands from District Bhimber of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) Pakistan. In this research, various edaphic characteristics: pH, soil organic matter, organic carbon, water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity and heavy metal contamination in soils nearby of brickkilns were determined. The pH of soil ranged from 5.55 to 7.50, soil organic matter was 0.35-0.90% and organic carbon content was 0.65-1.40%. The water holding capacity ranged from 2.10 to 3.20 mgL-1 and carbon exchange capacity was 1250 to 4202 meq/100g. The contamination profile of heavy metal depicted that Pb showed highest conc. 0.065 mg/g followed by Co (0.053 mg/g) and Ni with 0.52 mg/g in the soil. Pb and Cr had high conc. in soil samples around brickkilns due to burning of coal and rubber tyres as fuel. The conc. of sulphate and nitrate ranged from 0.90±0.50 mol L-1 to 4.25±0.65 mol L-1 and 2.30±0.50 mol L-1 to 6.55±0.25 mol L-1, respectively. The fertility of agriculture lands was depicted that edaphic properties were directly related while nutritive features were inversely commensurate to distance from brickkilns. The research proved that emanations of brickkilns causes severe impact on quality of agriculture land, plant growth and its yield. Hence, reclamation measures should be taken to mitigate and/or eradicate nuisance of brickkilns emanations by using environmental friendly strategies.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Tracing bacterial and fungal necromass dynamics of municipal sludge in landfill bioreactors using biomarker amino sugars ### Response:	The dynamics of microbial necromass of municipal solid waste over long-term landfill remain unknown. This study presents the first investigation on the dynamics of bacterial and fungal necromass of municipal sludge in non-aeration versus alternating aeration landfill bioreactors by using amino sugar biomarkers. Results showed that under non-aeration treatment, the decomposition rate of muramic acid derived from bacteria is higher than that of fungal-derived glucosamine. The relative change in glucosamine and muramic acid in the early period of landfills under the alternating aeration treatment is consistent with that under non-aeration treatment. However, with the increase in alternating aeration cycles, bacterial necromass muramic acid exerts a lower decomposition rate than fungal necromass glucosamine. Throughout the entire landfill period, galactosamine is the amino sugar with the slowest decomposition rate under non-aeration mode but the amino sugar with the fastest decomposition rate under alternating aeration mode. The present work fills the knowledge gap of microbial necromass dynamics of municipal solid waste in landfills.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Sensitivity of bats to urbanization: a review ### Response:	In this article we review the current knowledge of the effects of urban expansion on bats and assess the potential of these mammals as bioindicators of urbanization. The response of bats to this process is highly species-specific: some species tolerate urban habitat or are even favoured by its roosting or foraging opportunities, others are affected by the loss or fragmentation of key natural habitat, or by the physical and chemical pollution associated with urbanization. Species responses generally translate into altered community structures, with few markedly dominating species. We propose different hypothetical models of bat fitness along an urbanization gradient and discuss why bat population density may not be an effective fitness proxy to assess the reactions of these mammals to urban expansion. We also suggest that urban habitat may act as an ecological trap even for apparently synurbic species. Overall, bat sensitivity to urbanization makes these mammals promising candidates to track the effects of this process of land use change on the biota, but more studies, specifically tailored to explore this role, are needed.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Gross and histological morphology of the cervical gill slit gland of the pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps). ### Response:	Odontocete cetaceans have undergone profound modifications to their integument and sensory systems and are generally thought to lack specialized exocrine glands that in terrestrial mammals function to produce chemical signals (Thewissen & Nummela, 2008). Keenan-Bateman et al. (2016, 2018), though, introduced an enigmatic exocrine gland, associated with the false gill slit pigmentation pattern in Kogia breviceps. These authors provided a preliminary description of this cervical gill slit gland in their helminthological studies of the parasitic nematode, Crassicauda magna. This study offers the first detailed gross and histological description of this gland and reports upon key differences between immature and mature individuals. Investigation reveals it is a complex, compound tubuloalveolar gland with a well-defined duct that leads to a large, and expandable central chamber, which in turn leads to two caudally projecting diverticula. All regions of the gland contain branched tubular and alveolar secretory regions, although most are found in the caudal diverticula, where the secretory process is holocrine. The gland lies between slips of cutaneous muscle, and is innervated by lamellar corpuscles, resembling Pacinian's corpuscles, suggesting that its secretory product may be actively expressed into the environment. Mature K. breviceps display larger gland size, and increased functional activity in glandular tissues, as compared to immature individuals. These results demonstrate that the cervical gill slit gland of K. breviceps shares morphological features of the specialized, chemical signaling, exocrine glands of terrestrial members of the Cetartiodactyla.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Black Soldier Fly-Composted Organic Fertilizer Enhances Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Quality of Three Key Vegetable Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa ### Response:	Worldwide, French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and kales (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) are considered economically important food crops. There is a rapid decline in their yield due to severe soil degradation. Thus, high commercial fertilizer inputs are crucial, though they remain expensive and inaccessible to resource poor farmers. We investigated the comparative performance of composted black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF), conventionally composted brewer's spent grain (BSG), commercial organic fertilizer (Evergrow), and mineral [nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)] fertilizer on growth, yield, N use efficiency, and nutritional quality (crude protein, crude fiber, crude fats, ash, and carbohydrate concentrations) of tomatoes, kales, and French beans under greenhouse and open-field conditions for two seasons. The fertilizers were applied at rates equivalent to 371 kg of N ha(−1). For each crop, the plots were treated with sole rates of BSFFF, BSG, Evergrow, and NPK to supply 100% of the N required. Additional treatments included a combination of BSFFF and NPK, and BSG and NPK so that each fertilizer supplies 50% of the N required. The control treatment consisted of unfertilized soil. Results show that vegetable yields achieved using a combination of BSFFF and NPK were 4.5, 2.4, and 5.4-folds higher than the yield from the control treatment for tomatoes, kales, and French beans, respectively. The combined application of BSFFF and NPK produced 22–135%, 20–27%, and 38–50% higher yields than sole NPK for tomatoes, kales, and French beans, respectively, under both greenhouse and open-field conditions. The highest agronomic N use efficiency was achieved in sole BSFFF-treated plots compared to sole BSG and Evergrow. The N taken up by the vegetables was significantly higher when BSFFF and NPK were integrated. Vegetables grown using a combination of BSFFF and NPK had the highest crude protein and ash concentrations. Our findings demonstrate that the integration of BSFFF and NPK in vegetable cropping systems at the recommended rate of 1.24 t ha(−1) BSFFF and 322 kg ha(−1) NPK would improve soil health, boost yield, and nutritional quality of vegetable crops.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: The hog-badger is not an edentate: systematics and evolution of the genus Arctonyx (Mammalia: Mustelidae) ### Response:	Hog-badgers (mustelid carnivorans classified in the genus Arctonyx) are distributed throughout East and Southeast Asia, including much of China, the eastern Indian Subcontinent, Indochina and the large continental Asian island of Sumatra. Arctonyx is usually regarded as monotypic, comprising the single species A. collaris F. Cuvier, 1825, but taxonomic boundaries in the genus have never been revised on the basis of sizeable series from throughout this geographical range. Based on a review of most available specimens in world museums, we recognize three distinctive species within the genus, based on craniometric analyses, qualitative craniodental features, external comparisons, and geographical and ecological considerations. Arctonyx albogularis (Blyth, 1853) is a shaggy-coated, medium-sized badger widely distributed in temperate Asia, from Tibet and the Himalayan region to eastern and southern China. Arctonyx collaris F. Cuvier, 1825, is an extremely large, shorter-haired badger, distributed throughout Southeast Asia, from eastern India to Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. The world's largest extant badger, A. collaris co-occurs with A. albogularis in eastern India and probably in southern China, and fossil comparisons indicate that its geographical range may have extended into central China in the middle Pleistocene. The disjunctly distributed species Arctonyx hoevenii (Hubrecht, 1891), originally described within the order ‘Edentata’ by a remarkable misunderstanding, is the smallest and darkest member of the genus and is endemic to the Barisan mountain chain of Sumatra. Apart from A. hoevenii, no other Arctonyx occurs on the Sunda Shelf below peninsular Thailand. The natural history of each species of Arctonyx, so far as is known, is briefly reviewed. No claim to original US Government works.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: From trend to threat? Assessing the sustainability of wild edible plant foraging by linking local perception to ecological inference ### Response:	Wild edible plants as culturally-appropriate sources of nutrition and for food security are now well-recognised. In Europe, the use of wild edible plants is shifting from a subsistence activity to an emerging trend in high-end gastronomy. The environmental impacts of this shift are poorly known. Foraging is increasingly popular for personal consumption and commercially, not least in the Nordic countries where popularity is fuelled by the New Nordic Food movement. Here, we evaluate if this trend entails biodiversity conservation risks in Norway. In collaboration with the Norwegian Association for Mycology and Foraging, we conducted 18 face-to-face interviews with key stakeholders and we published an online questionnaire filled by 219 recreational and professional foragers. We enquired on what species are harvested, by whom and how, where do foragers learn and what are their perspectives on the sustainability of foraging. We combined these data with an assessment of foraging impact based on foraging pressure, ecological traits and conservation assessments. Our results show that 272 different wild edible plants are foraged and that this is mostly sustainable. However, some risks arise from the harvest of threatened plants, the potential spread of invasive species, and the overharvesting of extremely popular or ‘fashionable’ species. Foraging fosters a strong connection with the natural environment and the majority of foragers report to forage as part of a sustainable lifestyle. We suggest that careful encouragement to forage and the participatory development of local guidelines for sustainable foraging in Norway can enhance people-nature relationships while safeguarding foraged plant populations.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Nitrogen has a greater influence than phosphorus on the diazotrophic community in two successive crop seasons in Northeast China ### Response:	Fertilizer-induced changes in soil nutrients regulate nitrogen (N) fixation in the terrestrial biosphere, but the influences of N and phosphorus (P) fertilization on the diazotroph communities in successive crop seasons were unclear. In this study, we assessed the effects of N and P (high vs. low doses) on the abundance and structure of N2-fixation communities after wheat and soybean harvest in a long-term (34 and 35 years) fertilization experiment. In both seasons, long-term N addition significantly decreased the abundance of nifH genes and 16S rDNA; in addition, high doses of N and P fertilizer decreased the richness of diazotrophs, whereas low doses did not. The proportion of the dominant genus, Bradyrhizobium, in the soybean season (86.0%) was higher than that in the wheat season (47.9%). Fertilization decreased diazotroph diversity and the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobium in the wheat season, but had insignificant effects in the soybean season. The addition of N, but not P, significantly changed the communities of both diazotrophs (at the genus level) and rhizobia (at the species level) in the two seasons. Soil pH was positively associated with nifH abundance and diazotrophic richness; soil NO3- content was negatively correlated with diazotrophic richness and positively correlated with diversity. Soil pH and NO3- content were the two main drivers shaping the soil diazotrophic community. Overall, long-term inorganic N had a greater influence than P on both diazotrophic abundance and community composition, and diazotrophic diversity was more clearly affected by fertilization in the wheat season than in the soybean season.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Changes in Bulk and Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Diversity and Composition Along an Age Gradient of Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolate) Plantations in Subtropical China ### Response:	Soil microorganisms play key roles in biogeochemical cycling in forest ecosystems. However, whether the responses of microbial community with stand development differed in rhizosphere and bulk soils remains unknown. We collected rhizosphere and bulk soil in Chinese fir plantations with different stand ages (7a, 15a, 24a, and 34a) in subtropical China, and determined bacterial and fungal community variation via high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that soil bacterial, but not fungal, community diversity significantly differed among stand ages and between rhizosphere and bulk soils (p < 0.05). The differences in Shannon-Wiener and Simpson's indices between rhizosphere and bulk soil varied with stand age, with significant higher soil bacterial diversity in rhizosphere than bulk soils in 7a and 34a plantations (p < 0.05), but there were no significant difference in soil bacterial diversity between rhizosphere and bulk soils in 15a and 24a plantations (p > 0.05). Soil microbial community composition varied significantly with stand age but not between the rhizosphere and bulk soil. The dominant bacterial phyla at all ages were Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria, while the dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota in both rhizosphere and bulk soil. They showed inconsistent distribution patterns along stand age gradient (7-34a) in the rhizosphere and bulk soil, suggesting distinct ecological strategy (r-strategist vs. k-strategist) of different microbial taxa, as well as changes in the microenvironment (i.e., nutrient stoichiometry and root exudates). Moreover, bacterial and fungal community composition in rhizosphere and bulk soil were governed by distinct driving factors. TP and NH4 +-N are the two most important factors regulating bacterial and fungal community structure in rhizosphere soil, while pH and NO3 --N, DON, and TN were driving factors for bacterial and fungal community structure in bulk soil, respectively. Collectively, our results demonstrated that the changes in microbial diversity and composition were more obvious along stand age gradients than between sampling locations (rhizosphere vs. bulk soil) in Chinese fir plantations.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Edible Insect Farming in the Context of the EU Regulations and Marketing—An Overview ### Response:	SIMPLE SUMMARY: Insects have been identified as an alternative in the development of food systems and as a response to the growing demand for protein in the world. Edible insects have been recognized as an important innovation in the food sector. In the past, insects have been consumed in many cultures, and they are presently being introduced to Europe as a novel food and livestock. This article comprehensively reviews the use of edible insects in relation to their breeding, production technology, legal and socio-economic aspects. The role of food safety and legislation in implementing insects as food and feed is discussed. Moreover, the article introduces the breeding of edible insects as a developing and future-oriented business sector. In conclusion, the consumption of insects by humans and animals can significantly contribute to better diversification and security of the global food chain. The low acceptance of insect-based foods, in particular in Western societies, is an important problem that has been identified in this article. Consumer acceptance of insects as a rich source of nutrients is required for the further development of the sector. Consumer education and appropriate marketing strategies are required to promote the growth of the edible insect industry. ABSTRACT: Insects are increasingly being considered as an attractive source of protein that can cater to the growing demand for food around the world and promote the development of sustainable food systems. Commercial insect farms have been established in various countries, mainly in Asia, but in Europe, edible insects have not yet emerged as a viable alternative to traditional plant- and animal-based sources of protein. In this paper, we present an interdisciplinary overview of the technological aspects of edible insect farming in the context of the EU regulations and marketing. Based on a review of the literature, we have concluded that edible insect farming can be a viable business sector that significantly contributes to the overall sustainability of food systems if the appropriate regulations are introduced and food safety standards are guaranteed. However, the success of the edible insect industry also requires consumer acceptance of entomophagy, which is rather low in Western societies. Therefore, targeted marketing strategies are indispensable to support the implementation of edible insect programs.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Identification and molecular mapping of Rps14, a gene conferring broad-spectrum resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean. ### Response:	KEY MESSAGE A soybean landrace carries broad-spectrum resistance to Phytophthora sojae, which is conferred by a single gene, designated Rps14, on the short arm of chromosome 3. Phytophthora sojae is the causative agent for Phytophthora root and stem rot in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and can be managed by deployment of resistance to P. sojae (Rps) genes. PI 340,029 is a soybean landrace carrying broad-spectrum resistance to the pathogen. Analysis of an F2 population derived from a cross between PI 340,029 and a susceptible cultivar 'Williams' reveals that the resistance to P. sojae race 1 is conferred by a single gene, designated Rps14, which was initially mapped to a 4.5-cM region on the short arm of chromosome 3 by bulked segregant analysis (BSA), and subsequently narrowed to a 1.48 cM region corresponding to 229-kb in the Williams 82 reference genome (Wm82 v2.a1), using F3:4 families derived from the F2 population. Further analysis indicates that the broad-spectrum resistance carried by PI 340,029 is fully attributable to Rps14. The genomic sequences corresponding to the defined Rps14 region from a set of diverse soybean varieties exhibit drastic NBS-LRR gene copy number variation, ranging from 3 to 17 copies. Ultimate isolation of Rps14 would be critical for precise selection and deployment of the gene for soybean protection.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Integrating and updating wildlife conservation in China ### Response:	China has about 11% of the world's total wildlife species, so strengthening China's wildlife conservation is of great significance to global biodiversity. Despite some successful cases and conservation efforts, 21.4% of China's vertebrate species are threatened by human activities. The booming wildlife trade in China has posed serious threat to wildlife in China and throughout the world, while leading to a high risk of transmission of infectious zoonotic diseases. China's wildlife conservation has faced a series of challenges, two of which are an impractical, separated management of wildlife and outdated protected species lists. Although the Wildlife Protection Law of China was revised in 2016, the issues of separated management remain, and the protected species lists are still not adequately revised. These issues have led to inefficient and overlapping management, waste of administrative resources, and serious obstacles to wildlife protection. In this article, we analyze the negative effects of current separated management of wildlife species and outdated protected species lists, and provide some suggestions for amendment of the laws and reform of wildlife management system.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Assessment of Key Feeding Technologies and Land Use in Dairy Sheep Farms in Spain ### Response:	Familiar mixed dairy sheep farm is the most widespread system in the Mediterranean basin, in Latin America and in developing countries (85%). There is a strong lack of technological adoption in packages of feeding and land use in small-scale farms. To increase competitiveness, it would be of great interest to deepen the knowledge of how innovation was selected, adopted, and spread. The objective of this research was to select strategic feeding and land use technologies in familiar mixed dairy sheep systems and later assess dairy sheep farms in Spain. This objective was assessed by combining qualitative and quantitative methodologies. In the first stage, with the aim to identify and select the appropriate technologies, a panel of 107 experts in dairy sheep production was used. A questionnaire was applied to all of them with successive rounds using Delphi methodology. Later, these technologies were grouped by principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). In a second stage the technological results from a random sample of 157 farms in the Center of Spain were collected. The technologies selected were linked to the technological adoption level of the farms in Castilla la Mancha by a multiple regression model. Ten technologies were selected by the 107 experts. Four factors were retained by PCA that explained at 67.11% of variance. The first factor is related to feeding strategies, the second to land use for livestock production, the third to efficient management of land resources or ecoefficiency and the fourth to by-products use. The expert evaluation was grouped in three clusters using the Ward’s method and the squared Euclidean distance measure, where the second showed higher values in the adoption level of each technology. The multiple regression model explained the relationship between the technologies and the technological level of the farms (R2 73.53%). The five technologies selected were: use of unifeed (1), supplemental feeding (5), grazing (6), raw materials production (7) and sustainable use of water and soil (10). These ten technologies identified can be directly extended to small-scale dairy farms from other countries in the Mediterranean basin and Latin America. This technological selection was supported from the broad and diverse panel of experts used. Besides, five technologies identified by the quantitative model will be able to be taken into account for the development of public innovation policies. They are direct technologies and easy to apply on the farm and seeking increased viability through innovation vs. intensification.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: The impact of WWTP size and sampling season on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater and the river system. ### Response:	There is a growing concern about the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during wastewater treatment and their potential impacts on the receiving water bodies. We hypothesised that the quantity of ARGs in effluents may be related to the size of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and sampling season. To date, only several attempts have been made to investigate the impact of the above factors at the catchment scale. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to explore possible differences in the quantity of ARGs in treated wastewater from small, medium-sized and large WWTPs in the catchment of the Pilica River (9258 km2). The impact of treated wastewater on the concentration of ARGs was also determined along the river continuum from upland to lowland segments to the point of confluence with the Vistula (342 km). Treated effluent was sampled in 17 WWTPs, and river water was sampled in 7 sampling sites in four seasons. The concentrations of blaTEM, tet(A), ermF, sul1 and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes, the integrase gene intI1 and the 16S rRNA gene were analysed by quantitative PCR. The physical and chemical parameters and nutrient concentrations (23 various parameters) in the analysed samples were determined. The highest absolute concentrations of the studied genes were noted in effluent samples from small WWTPs (p < 0.01). The concentration of ARGs (gene copies/mL) peaked in winter and spring samples (p < 0.04). The results of statistical analyses indicate that in small WWTPs, the absolute concentration of ARGs can be predicted based on the biochemical oxygen demand, in routine water analyses. However, none of the studied parameters supported predictions of ARG abundance in medium-sized and large WWTPs or in river water.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Campaign-Based Citizen Science for Environmental Mycology: the “Science Solstice” and “Summer Soil-stice” Projects to Assess Drug Resistance in Air and Soilborne Aspergillus fumigatus ### Response:	Citizen science projects are often undertaken for ecological and environmental research purposes but also have great potential for use in microbiology research to track the emergence and spread of pathogens in the environment. ‘Science Solstice’ and ‘Summer Soil-stice’ are mycology citizen science projects aimed at assessing drug resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus fungal spores found in air and soil, respectively, in the United Kingdom (UK). A. fumigatus plays an important role in the environment as a decomposer of plant material, but is also an opportunistic human lung pathogen. Infection with drug-resistant spores can lead to a worse clinical outcome for the patient. On the first four solstice and equinox days between June 2018 and June 2019, volunteers were asked to collect air samples from their homes and workplaces and return them to our lab in Freepost envelopes. An additional round of samples was requested from volunteer’s gardens and/or compost on the June 2019 solstice. In total, 787 volunteers returned 2,132 air samples and 509 soil samples, which grew a total of 7,991 A. fumigatus colonies. The estimated total cost of the study was £2,650; the equivalent of 33 pence per A. fumigatus colony grown. Incorporating citizen science into the environmental surveillance of drug-resistant A. fumigatus allowed for the simultaneous collection of hundreds of environmental samples across the entire UK on the same day. The insights generated from this study would not be practical in the absence of public participation and offers opportunities to ask scientific questions that were previously unaskable.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Degradation of 4-fluorophenol by Arthrobacter sp. strain IF1 ### Response:	A Gram-positive bacterial strain capable of aerobic biodegradation of 4-fluorophenol (4-FP) as the sole source of carbon and energy was isolated by selective enrichment from soil samples collected near an industrial site. The organism, designated strain IF1, was identified as a member of the genus Arthrobacter on the basis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis. Arthrobacter strain IF1 was able to mineralize 4-FP up to concentrations of 5 mM in batch culture. Stoichiometric release of fluoride ions was observed, suggesting that there is no formation of halogenated dead-end products during 4-FP metabolism. The degradative pathway of 4-FP was investigated using enzyme assays and identification of intermediates by gas chromatography (GC), GC–mass spectrometry (MS), high-performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography–MS. Cell-free extracts of 4-FP-grown cells contained no activity for catechol 1,2-dioxygenase or catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, which indicates that the pathway does not proceed through a catechol intermediate. Cells grown on 4-FP oxidized 4-FP, hydroquinone, and hydroxyquinol but not 4-fluorocatechol. During 4-FP metabolism, hydroquinone accumulated as a product. Hydroquinone could be converted to hydroxyquinol, which was further transformed into maleylacetic acid and β-ketoadipic acid. These results indicate that the biodegradation of 4-FP starts with a 4-FP monooxygenase reaction that yields benzoquinone, which is reduced to hydroquinone and further metabolized via the β-ketoadipic acid pathway.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: First Report of Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora acerina on Metasequoia glyptostroboides in China ### Response:	Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & W. C. Cheng (Taxodiaceae), commonly called the Chinese redwood or dawn redwood, is a well-known "living fossil" and rare relict plant species endemic to China, which has been successfully cultivated throughout the world (Ma 2007). In July to September 2020, trees of Chinese redwood which were more than thirty years-old, showed symptoms of decline and death associated with branch dieback, root and collar rot (Fig. 1) in Yangtze River shelter-forests of Jiangling County in Hubei Province, China (112°15'19â³E, 30°11'56â³N; 40m). Diseased roots and rhizosphere soils were collected in September 2020 and April 2021. Using the baiting method, a homothallic Phytophthora sp. was recovered consistently from diseased roots and soil samples of Chinese redwood. All the isolates of this Phytophthora sp. formed similar colonies on V8 agar and corn meal agar (Fig. 2), and then three representative isolates (L4-5-4, L4-5-5 and L4-5-6) were randomly selected for morphological and molecular identification. In distilled water, semipapillate persistent sporangia were borne in simple sympodial branched sporangiophores. Sporangia were predominantly ovoid (Fig. 3a, d and f), but other shapes were observed including subglobose (Fig. 3b), limoniform (Fig. 3c) or distorted shapes (Fig. 3e), averaging 44.1 ± 7.7 µm (n=102) in length and 32.8 ± 5.2 µm (n=102) in width, with narrow exit pores of 8.0 ± 1.4 µm (n=93) and a length/breadth ratio of 1.3 ± 0.10 (n=102). Chlamydospores were not observed. Oogonia were globose or subglobose, 20.51 to 40.15 µm (av. 33.1 ± 3.9 µm) (n=119) in diameter, with smooth walls and paragynous antheridium (Fig. 3g-i). Oospores were globose or subglobose in elongated oogonia with medium wall thickness of 1.9 ± 0.5 µm (n=36), aplerotic or plerotic and 16.9 to 32.6 µm in diameter (av. 26.6 ± 3.8 µm) (n=40). According to the above morphological characteristics, this Phytophthora sp. was placed in Waterhouse's (1963) group III. The sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA of each isolate (GenBank Accession No. OK087320, OK087321 and OK087322) was 760 bp and had identity of 99.84% with three P. acerina isolates (JX951285, JX951291 and JX951296), while the 800 bp ß-tubulin (BTUB) sequences (OK140540, OK140541 and OK140542) showed 99.97% homology to the sequence of P. acerina (KC201283) (Ginetti, Moricca and Squires 2014) (Table 1). The ML phylogenetic trees were established by comparing ITS and BTUB sequences of three Phytophthora strains (L4-5-4, L4-5-5 and L4-5-6) with reference sequences of isolates of Phytophthora in ITS and BTUB in GenBank (Fig. 4-5). Based on the morphological and molecular characteristics, the strains were identified as namely P. acerina. In addition, pathogenicity assays were performed with one of the three strains (L4-5-4) on M. glyptostroboides using both one year old and three years old seedlings. Inoculum was prepared by subculturing agar plugs from edges of CMA cultures into V8 medium plates, incubating at 20 â in darkness for 10 days. Six seedlings planted in pots filled with sterilized soil were inoculated by mycelium plug at root collar and stem wounded by a 8 mm diameter puncher. Six control seedlings were inoculated in the same manner as above, and sterile agar plugs were used. After 35 days, inoculated seedlings all had necrotic lesions at the inoculation sites, and some seedlings had the symptoms of foliage blight and dieback, whereas control seedlings remained healthy (Fig. 6). The number of fibrous roots after inoculation was significantly less than the control, and the roots of inoculated seedlings blackened or even rotted, while there were no obvious symptoms in the control (Fig. 7). Phytophthora isolates recovered from the symptomatic tissues of artificially inoculated plants were identical to isolate L4-5-4 in morphological characters and ITS sequencing. This is the first report of P. acerina causing root rot on the Chinese redwood in China. As only the seedlings were inoculated, further research is needed to address the epidemiology and pathogenicity of P. acerina to adult trees of Chinese red wood. References: Ginetti, B. et al. 2014. Plant Pathology, 63(4): 858-876. Ma, J. S. 2007. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 48(2): 235-253. Waterhouse, G. M. 1963. Mycological Papers 92:1-22.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: GIGANTEA confers susceptibility to plants during spot blotch attack by regulating salicylic acid signalling pathway. ### Response:	Plants throughout their development are challenged by different abiotic and biotic stresses. Growth and developmental plasticity of a plant is under the strict surveillance of the diurnal and circadian control mechanism, fine-tuned by the biological clock. Success of plant life-cycle resides on the continual battle against pathogen that they encounter at different developmental stages. GIGANTEA (GI), a higher plant specific nuclear protein, has been shown to play a major role in shaping plant development by coupling clock function to the circadian phasing of gene expression in Arabidopsis. Despite the central role of GI in regulating light signalling, clock function, flowering time control and in abiotic stress tolerance, its possible function in pathogen defence is not well known. Here we show that, GI expression positively correlates with susceptibility of plants to the spot blotch pathogen infection in both Arabidopsis and bread wheat. Furthermore, we also show that GI expression promotes disease severity by down regulating the salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and alters the phenylpropanoid pathway, thereby suppressing PR gene expression. It is possible that GI-mediated regulation of SA signalling may be one of the possible ways of coupling the light-temperature input pathway to pathogen defence through circadian clock. Our results indicate that the down-regulation of GI could be beneficial in generating disease tolerant crop plants for sustainable agriculture.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Soil bacterial communities in three rice-based cropping systems differing in productivity ### Response:	Soil microorganisms play an important role in determining productivity of agro-ecosystems. This study was conducted to compare diversity, richness, and structure (relative abundance at the phylum level) of soil bacterial communities among three rice-based cropping systems, namely, a winter fallow-rice-rice (FRR), green manure (Chinese milk vetch)-rice-rice (MRR), and oilseed rape-rice-rice (ORR), in which MRR and ORR had significantly higher productivity than FRR. A 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that no significant differences were observed in diversity and richness indices (observed species, Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, abundance-based coverage estimators, and phylogeny-based metrics) of soil bacterial communities among the three cropping systems. However, relative abundances of dominant phyla in soil bacterial communities, including Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Nitrospirae, Gemmatimonadetes, and Verrucomicrobia, were significantly different among the three cropping systems. In particular, a significant reduction in the relative abundance of Nitrospirae was observed in both MRR and ORR compared with FRR. These results indicate that bacterial community structure was affected by cropping systems in the tested paddy soils. Based on the results of our studies and existing knowledge bases, we speculate that benefits to rice yield may be obtained by reducing the relative abundance of Nitrospirae and increasing the ratio of abundances of Proteobacteria/Acidobacteria in paddy soils.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Temporal and spatial variable in-stream attenuation of selected pharmaceuticals. ### Response:	Organic micropollutants enter rivers mainly with discharges of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and pose a risk to aquatic ecosystems and water quality. A considerable knowledge gap exists for disentangling overlapping processes and driving conditions that control the fate of these pollutants. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the driving parameters for attenuation of selected pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, diclofenac, tramadol and venlafaxine) under field conditions. The presented study was performed at a small river (Ammer River, mean discharge 0.87 m3 s-1) which is hydrologically complex due to karstification, numerous artificial discharges, and engineered modifications of the channel. We applied a Lagrangian sampling scheme at two sequential river reaches. In general, for the investigated compounds and over the length of the tested reaches, the absolute net attenuation representative for 24 h was low (≤ 23% net attenuation), yet calculated half-lives were comparable to literature. Photodegradation is specifically relevant for the first river reach characterized by a higher net attenuation of the photosensitive compound diclofenac (14.5% ±11.3%) compared to the second section (9.8% ±13.7%). This is likely due to a spatial difference in canopy shading, which is supported by significant correlations (R2 ≥ 0.8) of the temporally changing 'temperature' and 'solar radiation' with time-specific degradation rate constants of photosensitive compounds for consecutive hourly water parcels. In general, the presented spatially and temporally resolved approach is a suitable tool to determine the attenuation of organic micropollutants and to narrow down the interpretation of net attenuation to a few reasonable processes.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prospects for the Future ### Response:	The COVID-19 pandemic is adversely impacting food and nutrition security and requires urgent attention from policymakers Sustainable intensification of agriculture is one strategy that attempts to increase food production without adversely impacting the environment, by shifting from water-intensive crops to other climate-resistant and nutritious crops This paper focuses on the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh by studying the impact of shifting 20% of the area under paddy and cotton cultivation to other crops like millets and pulses Using FAO’s CROPWAT model, along with monsoon forecasts and detailed agricultural data, we simulate the crop water requirements across the study area We simulate a business-as-usual base case and compare it to multiple crop diversification strategies using various parameters—food, calories, protein production, as well as groundwater and energy consumption Results from this study indicate that reduced paddy cultivation decreases groundwater and energy consumption by around 9–10%, and a calorie deficit between 4 and 8%—making up this calorie deficit requires a 20–30% improvement in the yields of millets and pulses We also propose policy interventions to incentivize the cultivation of nutritious and climate-resistant crops as a sustainable strategy towards strengthening food and nutrition security while lowering the environmental footprint of food production
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Threat of cercarial dermatitis in Hungary: A first report of Trichobilharzia franki from the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and European ear snail (Radix auricularia) using molecular methods ### Response:	Cercarial dermatitis in humans is a re-emerging zoonotic disease caused by infectious larvae of avian blood flukes within the Schistosomatidae family. Upon water contact, these avian schistosome larvae directly penetrate human skin and cause irritation. Between September 2018 and September 2020, carcasses of 94 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), two green-winged teals (Anas crecca) along with one ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca) were examined. Birds were collected within 12 regions of Hungary, representative of 9 different counties. Inspecting both morphological characters and molecular data, the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) sequences, Bilharziella polonica and Dendritobilharzia pulverulenta were each identified. Most importantly, Trichobilharzia franki was found for the first time in Hungary and in 5 dispersed counties in conjunction with of 3 counties where other avian schistosomes were found. Of note, these avian blood flukes were predominately encountered in wild mallards (â¼50%) and not in birds reared for hunting (â¼1%). In total, 245 European ear snails (Radix auricularia), a known intermediate host of Trichobilharzia spp., were collected from an urban pond in Eger, Hungary. Five snails (â¼2%) consistently shed numerous furcocercariae of T. franki that were confirmed by molecular methods. Our findings help to pinpoint a contemporary life cycle of this avian schistosome within an urban environment, a location regularly visited by various wild waterfowl and the possible species of avian schistosomes responsible for cercarial dermatitis in Hungary. Taken as a whole, we demonstrate the actual and potential risk zone for cercarial dermatitis, particularly with reference to R. auricularia distributions, within Hungary and across Central Europe.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Strategies of cellular energy allocation to cope with paraquat-induced oxidative stress: Chironomids vs Planarians and the importance of using different species ### Response:	Paraquat (PQ) is still used in several countries worldwide as an herbicide for weed control in agricultural production, ponds, reservoirs and irrigation canals. Thus, PQ is frequently found in surface water systems and is potentially toxic to aquatic organisms, since it can cause mitochondrial dysfunction altering in the redox state of cells. This study aimed to investigate the chronic effects of PQ to Chironomus riparius and Girardia tigrina, and compare their physiological strategies to cope with environmental stress. The mean emergence time was the most sensitive endpoint for Chironomids, with the lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) being 0.02 for males and 0.1 mg PQ L-1 for females. Moreover, PQ reduced the body weight of male and female imagoes, with LOECs of 0.5 and 2.5 mg PQ L-1, respectively. Paraquat also decreased the respiration rate (LOEC = 2.5 mg PQ L-1) and total glutathione (tGSH) content (LOEC = 0.5 mg PQ L-1). Thus, the aerobic production of energy was not affected and allowed chironomids to cope with oxidative stress induced by PQ, but with consequent physiological costs in terms of development rates and weight of adults. In planarians, PQ decreased the locomotion and feeding activity, and delayed photoreceptor regeneration (LOECs = 2.5 mg PQ L-1 for all endpoints). Despite increased aerobic energy production (LOEC = 0.5 mg PQ L-1), planarians were not able to cope with oxidative stress induced by the highest PQ concentrations, since lipid peroxidation levels were significantly increased (LOEC = 2.5 mg PQ L-1) concomitantly with a significant decrease of tGSH (LOEC = 2.5 mg PQ L-1). These results showed that planarians were unable to cope with oxidative stress induced by PQ with consequent impairments of behavior and regeneration despite an increased aerobic energy production.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Human and Aquatic Toxicity Potential of Petroleum Biodegradation Metabolite Mixtures in Groundwater from Fuel Release Sites. ### Response:	the potential toxicity to human and aquatic receptors of petroleum fuel biodegradation metabolites (oxygen containing organic compounds; OCOCs) in groundwater has been investigated as part of a multi-year research program. Whole mixtures collected from locations upgradient and downgradient of multiple fuel release sites were tested using (1) in vitro screening assays for human genotoxicity (the gamma-h2ax assay) and estrogenic effects (estrogen receptor transcriptional activation assay) and (2) chronic aquatic toxicity tests in 3 species (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Raphidocelis subcapitata, and Pimephales promelas). In vitro screening assay results demonstrated that the mixtures did not cause genotoxic or estrogenic effects. No OCOC-related aquatic toxicity was observed and, when aquatic toxicity did occur, upgradient samples typically had the same response as samples downgradient of the release, indicating that background water quality was impacting the results. This information provides additional support for previous work that focused on the individual compounds and, taken together, indicates that OCOCs from petroleum degradation at fuel release sites are unlikely to cause toxicity to human or freshwater receptors at the concentrations present. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Poleward bound: adapting to climate-driven species redistribution ### Response:	One of the most pronounced effects of climate change on the world’s oceans is the (generally) poleward movement of species and fishery stocks in response to increasing water temperatures. In some regions, such redistributions are already causing dramatic shifts in marine socioecological systems, profoundly altering ecosystem structure and function, challenging domestic and international fisheries, and impacting on human communities. Such effects are expected to become increasingly widespread as waters continue to warm and species ranges continue to shift. Actions taken over the coming decade (2021–2030) can help us adapt to species redistributions and minimise negative impacts on ecosystems and human communities, achieving a more sustainable future in the face of ecosystem change. We describe key drivers related to climate-driven species redistributions that are likely to have a high impact and influence on whether a sustainable future is achievable by 2030. We posit two different futures—a ‘business as usual’ future and a technically achievable and more sustainable future, aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. We then identify concrete actions that provide a pathway towards the more sustainable 2030 and that acknowledge and include Indigenous perspectives. Achieving this sustainable future will depend on improved monitoring and detection, and on adaptive, cooperative management to proactively respond to the challenge of species redistribution. We synthesise examples of such actions as the basis of a strategic approach to tackle this global-scale challenge for the benefit of humanity and ecosystems. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11160-021-09641-3.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Genetic Diversity and Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) Prevalence Within a Remnant Population of Regal Fritillary, Argynnis idalia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), in South-Central Pennsylvania ### Response:	Eastern populations of the North American regal fritillary, Argynnis idalia Drury (1773), have been largely extirpated over the past half century. Here we report on the last remaining population of eastern regal fritillaries, located within a military installation in south-central Pennsylvania. Samples were obtained from field specimens during two years of annual monitoring, and from females collected for captive rearing over a five year period. Nuclear microsatellite and mitochondrial sequence data do not suggest subdivision within this population, but excess nuclear homozygosity indicates negative impacts on genetic diversity likely due to small population size and potential inbreeding effects. Molecular assays did not detect Wolbachia endosymbionts in field specimens of regal fritillary, but sympatric Argynnis sister species showed high prevalence of Wolbachia infected individuals. Our results inform ongoing conservation and reintroduction projects, designed to protect the last remaining regal fritillary population from extirpation in the eastern United States.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Parameters that Motivate Table Olive Farmers To Buy Agricultural Insurance: The Case of Western Turkey ### Response:	Defining components that affect agricultural insurance contract decisions is indispensable to the sustainability of table olive cultivation in the region. The Akhisar district is located within the borders of Manisa province, a region in Turkey in which traditional, and the most famous, table olive varieties are grown. This study explores parameters that predict the decisions of farmers in this district to purchase agricultural insurance and identifies perceptions of agricultural insurance in the region. A survey was conducted among 121 purposefully selected farmers. Some farmers’ sociodemographic characteristics and their households were identified using basic descriptive statistics, such as arithmetic means and percentage rates, and factors that affect farmers’ decisions to buy agricultural insurance were defined using binary logistic regression. Although table olive farmers could insure their products against risk by buying full hail and frost packages within the scope of crop insurance, the desired success with agricultural insurance has not been achieved. Although the agricultural insurance that covers farmers who grow table olives remains insufficient, it still plays a role in patterns of agricultural production in the region, results in greater income than other agricultural products, and contributes to the government’s premiums for agricultural insurance. Future studies should expand insurance practices to improve farmers’ perceptions of agricultural insurance, especially regarding drought yield insurance for perennial fruit trees, including table olives.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Diving into the unknown: identification of antimicrobial resistance hotspots in a tropical urban estuary. ### Response:	Antimicrobial resistance is widely studied and well-characterized from a clinical perspective. However, considerably less information is available regarding resistance in environmental settings, especially in aquatic habitats. This study presents data regarding the occurrence, distribution, and the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from Guanabara Bay, a heavily polluted tropical urban estuary and an important tourist attraction in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Water samples from sites characterized by growing degrees of pollution were analyzed by culture-dependent methods, revealing the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and clinically relevant indicators of antimicrobial resistance, such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Isolates were identified by mass spectrometry, which indicated the presence of potential human pathogens such as Aeromonas spp. and Vibrio spp. Bacteria harboring beta-lactam resistance genes were also detected. Although Guanabara Bay is widely used as a recreational and fishing area, there is a substantial knowledge gap regarding the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and the risk that exposure to these waters poses to public health. Thus, this study reveals new information that calls for better comprehension of antimicrobial resistance in aquatic environments, especially those used for recreational purposes.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Lambda-cyhalothrin-loaded nanocapsules pose an unacceptable acute toxicological risk to zebrafish (Danio rerio) at the adult and larval stages but present an acceptable risk to embryos. ### Response:	Recently, size-controlled pesticide microcapsule (MC) delivery systems have played an important role in precision farming development; however, the potential environmental hazards of MCs with different particle sizes have not been fully characterized. In this study, we prepared a series of lambda-cyhalothrin (LC)-MCs with nano and micron-scale capsule sizes (average diameters of 209.4 nm, MC-N; 2.41 µm, MC-S; 4.87 µm, MC-M; and 12.41 µm, MC-L). The assessment results showed that the release and sedimentation behavior of LC-MCs in water and toxicity to zebrafish at three life stages were all particle size-dependent. As the diameter distribution of approximately 100 nm extended to the micron scale (~27 µm), the capsules released more slowly and sunk more quickly in water. In addition, micron-sized LC-MC exposure resulted in significantly less fish mortality and malformations of larvae and embryos compared with nanosized LC-MC exposure. The highest accumulation of MC-N in the gill and the severest toxicity to larvae suggested that the smaller size and stronger permeability of nanocapsules would pose unpredictable consequences for nontargeted organisms. The obvious toxicological differences of LC-MCs toward aquatic organisms implies that regulating MC production in an appropriate size range is an important prerequisite for achieving efficient but safe pesticide applications.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Genomic Diversity of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in the United States ### Response:	Azole resistance in pathogenic Aspergillus fumigatus has become a global public health issue threatening the use of medical azoles. The environmentally occurring resistance mutations, TR(34)/L98H (TR(34)) and TR(46)/Y121F/T289A (TR(46)), are widespread across multiple continents and emerging in the United States. We used whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis on 179 nationally represented clinical and environmental A. fumigatus genomes from the United States along with 18 non-U.S. genomes to evaluate the genetic diversity and foundation of the emergence of azole resistance in the United States. We demonstrated the presence of clades of A. fumigatus isolates: clade A (17%) comprised a global collection of clinical and environmental azole-resistant strains, including all strains with the TR(34)/L98H allele from India, The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and clade B (83%) consisted of isolates without this marker mainly from the United States. The TR(34)/L98H polymorphism was shared among azole-resistant A. fumigatus strains from India, The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States, suggesting the common origin of this resistance mechanism. Six percent of azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates from the United States with the TR(34) resistance marker had a mixture of clade A and clade B alleles, suggestive of recombination. Additionally, the presence of equal proportions of both mating types further suggests the ongoing presence of recombination. This study demonstrates the genetic background for the emergence of azole resistance in the United States, supporting a single introduction and subsequent propagation, possibly through recombination of environmentally driven resistance mutations.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: The Critical Importance of Old World Fruit Bats for Healthy Ecosystems and Economies ### Response:	Despite extensive documentation of the ecological and economic importance of Old World fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) and the many threats they face from humans, negative attitudes towards pteropodids have persisted, fuelled by perceptions of bats as being pests and undesirable neighbours Such long-term negativity towards bats is now further exacerbated by more recent disease-related concerns, particularly associated with the current COVID-19 pandemic There remains an urgent need to investigate and highlight the positive and beneficial aspects of bats across the Old World While previous reviews have summarised these extensively, numerous new studies conducted over the last 36 years have provided further valuable data and insights which warrant an updated review Here we synthesise research on pteropodid-plant interactions, comprising diet, ecological roles, and ecosystem services, conducted during 1985-2020 We uncovered a total of 311 studies covering 75 out of the known 201 pteropodid species (37%), conducted in 47 countries The majority of studies documented diet (52% of all studies;67 pteropodid species), followed by foraging movement (49%;50 pteropodid species), with fewer studies directly investigating the roles played by pteropodids in seed dispersal (24%;41 pteropodid species), pollination (14%;19 pteropodid species), and conflict with fruit growers (12%;11 pteropodid species) Pteropodids were recorded feeding on 1072 plant species from 493 genera and 148 families, with fruits comprising the majority of plant parts consumed, followed by flowers/nectar/pollen, leaves, and other miscellaneous parts Sixteen pteropodid species have been confirmed to act as pollinators for a total of 21 plant species, and 29 pteropodid species have been confirmed to act as seed dispersers for a total of 311 plant species Anthropogenic threats disrupting bat-plant interactions in the Old World include hunting, direct persecution, habitat loss/disturbance, invasive species, and climate change, leading to ecosystem-level repercussions We identify notable research gaps and important research priorities to support conservation action for pteropodids © Copyright © 2021 Aziz, McConkey, Tanalgo, Sritongchuay, Low, Yong, Mildenstein, Nuevo-Diego, Lim and Racey
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Worming the Circular Economy for Biowaste and Plastics: Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio Molitor and Zophobas morio (preprint) ### Response:	The negative impact of the modern-day lifestyle on the environment is aggravated during the COVID-19 pandemic through the increased use of single-use plastics from food takeaways to medical supplies. Similarly, the closure of food outlets and disrupted supply chains have also resulted in significant food wastage. As the pandemic rages on, the aggravation of increased waste becomes an increasingly urgent problem that threatens the biodiversity, ecosystems, and human health worldwide through pollution. While there are existing methods to deal with the organic and plastic waste, many of the solutions also cause additional problems. Increasingly proposed as a natural solution to man-made unnatural problems, there are insect solutions for dealing with the artificial and organic waste products towards a circular economy, making the use of natural insect solutions commercially sustainable. This review discusses the findings and how some of these insects, particularly the Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio molitor, and Zophobas morio, can play an increasing important role in food and plastics, with a focus on the latter.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Bee Stressors from an Immunological Perspective and Strategies to Improve Bee Health ### Response:	Honeybees are the most prevalent insect pollinator species; they pollinate a wide range of crops. Colony collapse disorder (CCD), which is caused by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors, incurs high economic/ecological loss. Despite extensive research to identify and study the various ecological stressors such as microbial infections, exposure to pesticides, loss of habitat, and improper beekeeping practices that are claimed to cause these declines, the deep understanding of the observed losses of these important insects is still missing. Honeybees have an innate immune system, which includes physical barriers and cellular and humeral responses to defend against pathogens and parasites. Exposure to various stressors may affect this system and the health of individual bees and colonies. This review summarizes and discusses the composition of the honeybee immune system and the consequences of exposure to stressors, individually or in combinations, on honeybee immune competence. In addition, we discuss the relationship between bee nutrition and immunity. Nutrition and phytochemicals were highlighted as the factors with a high impact on honeybee immunity.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Discriminating larvae of two syntopic Cychramus species (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) by means of bar-HRM analysis ### Response:	Molecular genetic methods are increasingly used to supplement or substitute classical morphology-based species identification. Here, we employ a COI mini-barcode coupled high-resolution melting analysis to quickly, cost-efficiently and reliably determine larvae of two closely related Cychramus (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) species. Euclidean distance comparison (p < 0.01) and a Welch t-test of the melting point temperatures (p < 0.01) provide highly significant statistical evidence for species specific differences in melting and fluorescence curves, thus allowing the assignment of larvae to either of the two species. This protocol serves as a fast, low-cost and low-tech method to discriminate between pairs or groups of closely related species and can be adapted and applied to various ecological research questions.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Identification of yield-related genes through genome-wide association: case study of weeping forsythia, an emerging medicinal crop ### Response:	KEY MESSAGE: This study identified candidate genes related to fruit yield for an emerging medicinal crop, weeping forsythia. ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The genetic basis of crop yield is an agricultural research hotspot. Identifying the genes related to yield traits is the key to increase the yield. Weeping forsythia is an emerging medicinal crop that currently lacks excellent varieties. The genes related to fruit yield in weeping forsythia have not been identified. OBJECTIVE: Thus, we aimed to screen the candidate genes related to fruit yield of weeping forsythia by using genome-wide association analysis. METHODS: Here, 60 samples from the same field and source of weeping forsythia were collected to identify its yield-related candidate genes. Association analysis was performed on the variant loci and the traits related to yield, i.e., fruit length, width, thickness, and weight. RESULTS: Results from admixture, neighbor-joining, and kinship matrix analyses supported the non-significant genetic differentiation of these samples. Significant association was found between 2 variant loci and fruit length, 8 loci and fruit width, 24 loci and fruit thickness, and 13 loci and fruit weight. Further search on the 20 kb up/downstream of these variant loci revealed 1 gene related to fruit length, 16 genes related to fruit width, 12 genes related to fruit thickness, and 13 genes related to fruit weight. Among which, 4 genes, namely, WRKY transcription factor 35, salicylic acid-binding protein, auxin response factor 6, and alpha-mannosidase were highly related to the fruit development of weeping forsythia. CONCLUSION: This study identify four candidate genes related to fruit development, which will provide useful information for the subsequent molecular-assisted and genetic breeding of weeping forsythia. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13258-021-01186-w.
### Instruction: Please summerize the given abstract to a title ### Response: Anthropogenic chemicals and their impacts on microbes living in buildings ### Response:	Humans spend the vast majority of their time indoors where complex interactions occur among indoor anthropogenic chemicals, indoor microbiomes and human occupants. This paper summarizes previous work addressing interactions between anthropogenic chemicals associated with indoor household products and building materials, and microorganisms found within the built environment. Water availability seems to determine the extent to which microbes are impacted by anthropogenic chemicals, since desiccation remains one of the primary stressors regulating microbial viability indoors. Several lines of evidence suggest that both fungi and bacteria are capable of transforming biodegradable ingredients originating from various products used indoors when water is present. Previous research also establishes positive and significant correlations between anthropogenic chemicals that are antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance gene abundance. As researchers move towards understanding complex indoor environments as well as the role of anthropogenic chemicals in shaping microbiomes, in situ activities associated with the viable indoor microbial population merit more attention.

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