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XII : Issue: 1 (January, 2021) SPIRITUALITY AND ENVIRONMENT: SIGNIFICANCE OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS IN AFRICA AND CHALLENGES 64 13 AN APPRAISAL OF TABAN ABIDI'S BEAUTIFUL POETIC INSIGHT Dr. Farhat Fatima, Visiting Faculty in Communication Skills, School of Planning and Architecture, Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University, Mahaveer Marg, Masab Tank, Hyderabad Abstract: Taban Abidi was an Urdu versifier and mainly wrote poetry on Hussain Ibn Ali(the youngest grandson of Prophet Mohammad, peace be upon him) in the Battle of Karbala. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
He has left his touch in poetry through different styles like Salaams, Soz, Nohas, Marsias, Manqabat and Sehre.
He also penned down poetry on Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) and his wonderful family also known as Ahl Al-Bayt.
Some of his contemporaries were Abbas Yar Jung, Murtuza Saleem Moosavi, Sayeed Shaheedi, Captain Abbas Ali Abedi andAkhtar Zaidi.
This paper explores some of the affirmative aspects of Versifier Taban Abidi's poetry. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Keywords: Battle of Karbala, Sehre, Soz, Salaam, Marsia, Manqabat, Noha, Alaihis Salaam (means 'peace be upon him' in Arabic).
Proem Syed Ali Murtuza Abidi Alias Taban Abidi(Taban means resplendent in Arabic) was born in 1915 th and expired on 29 January 2001.His father's name was Hakim Syed Ali Irteza Abidi and mothers name was Syeda SadarUnnisa Fatima Abidi.
He received his B.A.
degree and later M. A. degree from Osmania University and L.L.B from Aligarh Muslim University. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Taban Abidi was born in a modest, simple, down to earth family.
He was basically a native of Bahera Sadat, Khaga, Zillah Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh.
His father relocated to Hyderabad in search of a job and better living.
Taban Abidi's basic education was done in Hyderabad.
He was married to Syeda Anees Khatoon and after the demise of his first wife he remarried Syeda Sayeed Fatima. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
He had one daughter and six sons and their names are Syeda Khurshid Fatima, Syed Ali Mustafa Abidi, Syed Ali Mujhtaba Abidi, Syed Ali Muqteda Abidi alias Gulzar Abidi, Syed Ali Iqteda Abidi, Syed Ali Abbas Abidi and Syed Ali Zaheer Abidi.
He retired as Assistant Registrar from the High Court of Andhra Pradesh.
Hyderabad.
He was a dedicated and hard-working person and held his prestigious position with dignity and never misused his position. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
By nature, He was a very simple, humble and down to earth person.
He had a jovial temperament.
Whenever anyone seeked His help, He went out of His way to help them but He never unnecessarily interfered in other's affairs.
Some of his contemporaries were Sayeed Shaheedi, Murtuza Saleem Moosavi, Akhtar Zaidi, Abbas Yar Jung, and Captain Abbas Ali Abedi.
He often attended Mushairas in Amaravati and Raipur. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Some of the contemporaries he had in those Mushairas were Saaqib, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Shakeel Badayouni, Saad Lucknowi, Suleiman Khateeb and Janisar Akhtar. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
He has written Salaams (A Lyrical Salutation), Soz (poetic verses on Ahl Al Bait that burn the heart due to its melancholy), Nohas (a lyrical dirge), Marsias (an elegiac epic written to observe the martyrdom of Hussain Ibn Ali, the younger grandson of Prophet Mohammad, peace be upon him), Manqabat (a Sufi devotional poem, in praise of Ali Ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and later Son-in-Lawof Prophet Mohammad or a Sufi Saint) and Sehre (a lyrical wedding poem, usually a sonnet with praise and blessings of family members and it has the rhyming pattern as Literary Endeavour (ISSN 0976-299X) : Vol. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
XII : Issue: 1 (January, 2021) www.literaryendeavour.org 65 'abab', 'bcbc', 'cdcd' or 'ee' Poesy Analysis It is an acknowledged fact that when power corrupts, poetry cleanses, for art establishes the basic human element which must serve the criterion of our judgement.
Thus, whenever power corruption occurs in society, the poetry written on Imam Hussain ibn Ali's sacrifice establishes the basic human truth of humility and sacrifice.
It becomes a guiding light for us to identify the truth from falsehood. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
It serves us to understand not to bend down before oppression and always follow the path of morality and piousness.
The 'Battle of Karbala” occurred as the power of Yazid's rule corrupted the religion and society, and Imam Hussain ibn Ali's sacrifice established the basic human truth of humility and sacrifice.
The given lines are in the genre of Salaam (A Lyrical Salutation). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
The Majalis or mourning gathering starts with a note of respect and Salutation to the honourable souls of Karbala, the martyrs and family members of Prophet Mohammad, peace be upon them. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Transliteration Zindagi ka mudduwa yaade ghame shabbir hai Dil ki dhadkan ek mussalsil maatam e Shabbir hai Karbala ka maaraka hai aur ek Shabbir hai La fatah Illa Ali ki dusrii tasvir hai The Aim of life is remembering the Tragedy of Shabbir Mourning of Shabbir is a continuous Heartbeat Karbala is a fatal incident and in it Shabbir (also known as Hussain Ibn Ali) is alone There is none (bravest) like Ali and He (Shabbir) is his second image (Translated by Fatima, Farhat) The versifier Taban Abidi in the first two lines of the Salaam conveys that the aim of life is to remember Shabbir (also known as Hussain Ibn Ali, the youngest grandson of Prophet Mohammed, peace be upon him) and every heartbeat recalls the grief and mourning of Shabbir. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
The word Karbala is a combination of two Arabic words 'Karb' means the land which causes many agonies and 'Bala'means afflictions.
The mandate given to Yazid Ibn Muawiya (Umayyad Caliph) by his unscrupulous father to lead the Muslim Ummah, in truth was to liquify the Islamic existence.
But the unwavering Islamic followers, headed by Hussain Ibn Ali (Alaihis Salaam) came to comprehend to the point of certainty, the goal line of this Un-Islamic character. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Yazid Ibn Muawiya wrote to the Governor of Medina to take pledge of Allegiance from Hussain Ibn Ali, Alaihis Salaam.
Imam Hussain Ibn Ali rose against an illegitimate ruler who was innovating faith and misguiding people of faith.
He could not win the battle but he won the revolution. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Author Alamdar H. Razvi describes the loneliness of Hussain Ibn Ali in his last moments at the battle of Karbala and says “A great spiritual leader stood upon the blood-stained sands of Kerbala, a towering giant exhausted and weary as a result of a massive attack launched by an army consisting of thousands of merciless and barbaric men” (Rizvi, 2) Thus, the versifier Taban Abidi says in the third line of the Salaam that in the incident of Karbala, Shabbir stood alone against oppressors. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
To understand the fourth line of the Salaam, let us go back to the era of Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him), After his Hijrath (Migration) from Mecca to Madina, Prophet Mohammad, peace be upon him was forced to defend himself and his followers against oppressive forces and was thus forced to fight many battles. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
In the second such defensive battle 'Uhud' by Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him) against Meccans led by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb in December 624 CE, Ali Ibn Abi Talib, saved the life of the Holy Prophet.
Thus, 'The Holy Prophet declared that the Angel Gabriel was loud in the Praises of Ali and Literary Endeavour (ISSN 0976-299X) : Vol. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
XII : Issue: 1 (January, 2021) AN APPRAISAL OF TABAN ABIDI'S BEAUTIFUL POETIC INSIGHT 66 had said, 'there is nobraver youth than Ali…' (Jafery 29) which spells in Arabic as La FataIlla Ali.
This virtue has been branded by Angel Gabrielbecause of his (Ali Ibn Abi Talib) sacrifice and gallantry. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Thus, the versifier Taban Abidi in the fourth line of Salaam says that, Hussain Ibn Ali is the image of his father, Ali Ibn Abi Talib (Cousin and later son-In-Law of Prophet Mohammad, peace be upon him) as both of them in their capacity tried to save the rules of Islam.
In the following lines of the Salam (a lyrical Salutation) each couplet describes a heart rendering tale of the martyrs of the battle of Karbala. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Poet Taban Abidi uses simple, lucid and clear language in the arrangement of words which appear lovely to perceive and has lyrical goodness in them. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Transliteration Be zaban ka muskuradena jawaab e teer hai Iss tabassum mein adaye naraye takbir hai Jawan Bete ki mayyat kitne armano ki mayyat hai Udhar Shabbir rotein hai idhar taqdeer roti hai Kis qadar bhai behen mein hain masayab mushtarak Be kafan Bhai agar hai berida hum sheer hai Naheef wa Nizar Abid aur hain Jakde salasal mein Tapakta hai lahu yaan pao ki zanjeer roti hai The smile of the infant is the answer for the arrow In this smile is the magnification of God The corpse of a young son, how many longings are attached to it Over there Shabbir cries and here destiny cries How much afflictions are common in the brother and sister? | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
If the brother is without shroud then the sister is without veil. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Ailing Abid is gripped in chains Blood is dripping here and the chains of the feet are crying (Translated by Fatima, Farhat) In the first couplet of the Salaam, the poet had sketched a picture of the Battle of Karbala, when all his friends, relatives and family members left to a destination of no return, by sacrificing their lives in the cause of saving Islam, Hussain Ibn Ali (the youngest grandson of Prophet Mohammad, peace be upon him) was left alone. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
He rode towards the battlefield all alone and raised his voice and called out 'Halmin Nasirin Yansurana' Is there anyone to help me?
No one from tyrant Yazid's army replied to Hussain Ibne Ali's call for help.
But he heard the sound of crying coming from his camp.
He returned back to his camp and told his sister Zainab; I am still alive why are you crying?
She replied brother on your call for help your infant son Ali Asghar has thrown himself from his cradle and is inconsolable. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Hussain Ibne Ali told his wife Rubab bint Imra' Al-Qays, the mother of Ali Asghar (also called Abdallah) to get him ready so that he couldtake the infant to the battlefield and try to get some water for him.
Hussain Ibne Ali carried the infant Abdallah and went near the forces of Yazid's army,'Abdallah was crying from severe thirst. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Hussain (Alaihis Salaam) lifted him up in his hand and said, “O people, if you have no mercy on me, atleast have mercy on the infant.” (Abu Mikhnaf, 138) O soldiers of Yazid, if according to you I have wronged you what has this infant done to you, give him some water he is dying of thirst' There was a revolt in Yazid's army when they saw an infant dying of thirst thus Umar Ibn Saad (the Commander of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziad's Army)told his best archer Hurmula ibn Kahl Al Asadi Al Koofi to strike the infant with an arrow. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Thus, the tyrant Hurmula aimed a three headed arrow at the neck of the infant which brought him quick death.
When the arrow struck Ali Asghar, it brought a smile on his face and Literary Endeavour (ISSN 0976-299X) : Vol. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
XII : Issue: 1 (January, 2021) AN APPRAISAL OF TABAN ABIDI'S BEAUTIFUL POETIC INSIGHT 67 the poet says in his poetry line that the smile on the face of infant Ali Asghar is his reply to the arrow shot at him and the second line of Salaam portrays that in his smile is the retaliation of the little soldier to Yazid's soldiers.
His smile was so innocent that it hit the hearts of Yazid's soldiers and they started to cry and became restless with anguish and guilt. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
The third and fourth lines of the Salaam portray the grief of a father, Hussain Ibne Ali in the battle of Karbala when his eighteen years son Ali Ibn Al-Hussain(also known as Ali Akber) is martyred with a spear by Murrah Ibn Munqad a tyrant of Yazid ibnMuawiya (Umayyad caliph)'s army.
The poet portrays that for a father to see the corpse of a young son with whom he has so many wishes (to see him grow and cherish) is heart-breaking. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
He further portrays that Shabbir (also known as Hussain Ibn Ali) cries 'there' near the corpse of his son and 'here' destiny cries on his woes.
In the subsequent lines of the Salaam poet portrays that Hussain Ibne Ali and his sister Zainab's inflictions were of similar nature.
When Hussain Ibne Ali, Alaihis Salaam was martyred his head was severed from his body, soldiers looted his belongings and trampled his body under horse hoofs and he was lying on the hot sands of Karbala shroudless. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
In similar way, his sister Zainab had to face the inflictions of the army, her camp was burnt and she was unveiled by the disgusting soldiers.
If Hussain Ibn Ali was without shroud then his sister was without veil.
In the last couplet of Salaam, the poet sketches a picture of what happened after the martyrdom of th Hussain Ibn Aliin the Battle of Karbala on 10 October 680 CE.
Yazid's cruel forces took Hussain ibn Ali's elder son Ali Zayn Al-Abidin, women and children as prisoners. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Ali Zayn Al-Abidin could not take part in the Battle of Karbala because of his illness.
He was forcibly thrown from his bed and shackled in heavy chain fritters.
Then he was made to walk for miles to Kufa forcibly, thus the poet in forlorn words portrays the condition of Zayn Al-Abidin he says,the weak and ailing worshipper of God was shackled in chains and the blood was oozing fromhis feet and seeing his plight even the chains of his feet were crying. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
On his return back to Medina after his captivity Ali Zayn Al-Abedin was heard to say, “Had the Prophet positively commanded them to kill us, even he had charged them by his last will and testament to be kind to us, they could not have injured us more than they did at Karbala.” (Mohani 5) The next genre of poetry written by Taban Abidi is in Manqabat style which is a devotional poem in praise of Ali Ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and later Son-in-Law of Prophet Mohammad. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Transliteration Ali ko dekhkar soya huwa Ahmed ke Bistar par Dare Rahmath pe marziye Khuda tehri huwii hogi Seeing at Ali sleeping on the bed of Ahmed On the threshold of mercy (i.e., Prophet Mohammad) the will of God was abounding (translated by Fatima, Farhat) The Poet here refers to the service of Ali Ibn Abi Talib towards Islam and Holy Prophet, on this occasion Prophet Mohammad was forced to leave Mecca, making somebody stay in his place in such a way that his enemies would believe that he was still in the house and thus he might safely go away in the darkness of the night. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Because of their hatred towards Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him), forty men of different clans of Quraish formed a strong conspiracy and surrounded the Holy Prophet's house to kill him.
Prophet Mohammad(peace be upon him) apprised Ali, of the impending danger and his intention to leave the house at once for good. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Prophet Mohammad(peace be upon him) informed Ali in detail of the whole plan and of the positive danger of lying down in his place and covering himself with his (the Prophet's) well known green mantle, saying that he might be killed or tortured by his enemies.
'Ali asked “If I take your place and leave you alone to go through the gathered enemies will your life be safe?” “Yes” replied the Holy Prophet. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
“God has promised me a safe passage through them.” (Jafery, 27) Literary Endeavour (ISSN 0976-299X) : Vol.
XII : Issue: 1 (January, 2021) AN APPRAISAL OF TABAN ABIDI'S BEAUTIFUL POETIC INSIGHT 68 He (Ali Ibn Abi Talib) lay down on the bed of Holy Prophet and covered himself with the Prophet's coverlet. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
“The task Muhammad entrusted to Ali was a major one, and no small an understanding for a youth of hardly twenty-three years; but the way in which he carried it out, showed Ali's astonishing capacity.” (Lalljee, 15) Prophet Mohammad(peace be upon him) was able to leave Mecca for Madina.
“Thus, Ali Ibn Abi Talib (Alaihis Salaam) sold his life to seek 'Marzatillah' the Raza or pleasure of Allah” (Askari, 160).This departure to Madina is called Hijrath and the Muslim era is named after this event. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
It took place during the month of September, 662 A. D. thirteen years after the Holy Prophet started Preaching Islam.
(Jafery, 26) Thus, the poet portrays in the above verse that, when Ali Ibn Abi Talib was sleeping on the bed of Mercy or Rahmat, (Prophet Mohammad is also called as Rahmat) on the door; the will of God was standing.
That it was the intention of Allah. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
That it was the intention of Allah.
Conclusion Marne ki tamanna dil mein hain Jeene ka irada kaun kare Sunte hai ke turbath mein Taban Maula ki ziyarath hoti hai The Desire to die is in the heart, who intends to live?
Heard that in grave Taban, Masters visitation occurs (Translated by Fatima, Farhat) Taban Abidi says in the above verses of poetry that, he had an ardent desire to die therefore, why will he think to live? | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
The reason behind this desire is spiritual; as he has heard from his elders and it is a Shia Muslims' belief that Ali Ibn Abi Talib (Cousin and Later Son in Law of Prophet Mohammad, Peace be upon him) comes in the grave of a deceased person to meet him.
This humble and bright luminary left this mortal th world on 29 January 2001.
He is buried in a graveyard of Hyderabad known as Daire Mir Momin. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
He left behind him, his seven children among whom one son was a poet and was recognised by the name of Gulzar Abidi.
Versifier Taban Abidi's poetry is a wonderful reminder to us to follow always the path of righteousness and be human, brave and never to bend down before oppression.
His poetry will always be present among the anthologies of Ahl Al-Bayt (family of Prophet Mohammad, Peace be upon him).
References 1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
References 1.
Razvi, Syed Alamdar Hussain The Instituition of Azadari, Delivering the Universal Message of Kerbala to the Modern World, Maula Ali Printing Works, Chaderghat, Hyderabad 2 Print 2.
Trans.
Jafery, Askari Peak of Eloquence Nahjul Balagha Sixth Edition (1979) Islamic Seminary for World Shia Muslim Organisation, U.S.A. 29 Print 3.
Abu Mikhnaf Kitab Maqtal al-Husayn (2009) Jafari Propagation Centre, Mumbai 138 Print 4. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Mohani, Syed Ahmad Ali The Sahifat=ul=Kamilah “The Psalms of the Children of Muhammad” (re- printed by Syed Wasi Mustafa Hasan in 2011) Digital Press, Hyderabad 5 Print 5.
Trans.
Jafery, Askari Peak of Eloquence Nahjul Balagha Sixth Edition (1979) Islamic Seminary for World Shia Muslim Organisation, U.S.A. 27 Print 6.
Comp.
N. Lallijee, Yousuf Ali the Magnificent (1978) Haji Gulamhusein Haji Bachooali Foundation, Printed by P.H.
Hamid Bombay 15 Print 7. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Hamid Bombay 15 Print 7.
Askari, Sakina Hasan AZA E MASOOMEEN A Collection of Salams, Marsias, Hadees & Nohas (2001), Liverpool, U.K 160 Print 8.
Trans.
Jafery, Askari Peak of Eloquence Nahjul Balagha Sixth Edition (1979) Islamic Seminary for World Shia Muslim Organisation, U.S.A. 26 Print Literary Endeavour (ISSN 0976-299X) : Vol. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
XII : Issue: 1 (January, 2021) AN APPRAISAL OF TABAN ABIDI'S BEAUTIFUL POETIC INSIGHT 69 14 INTERCULTURAL CONFLICT IN LAN CAO'S MONKEY BRIDGE Dr. Rajashri Barvekar, Assistant Professor, Department of English, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra Santosh G. Chougule, Research Scholar, Department of English, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra Abstract: Intercultural conflict is an emerging issue in the immigrant fiction as migration from all over the world has been an inevitable part of today's global economy. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
It exhibits manifold and differentiated viewpoints and perceptions of individuals or societies of two different cultures as culture is multi-layered and heterogeneous in nature.
The present research paper attempts to explore such intercultural conflict in Lan Cao's Monkey Bridge published in 1997.Lan Cao is a Vietnamese American writer who depictsthe Vietnamese immigrants' struggle to detach themselves from their native Vietnamese culture to assimilate into American culture. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
However, their desire to assimilate into a new culture causes them to experience the intercultural conflict which impacts their cultural and ethnic identity.
Their endevaour to resolve also reveals the incompatibility between Vietnamese and American culture as they differ in their cultural values, norms, and practices.
Cultural differences or distance between two individuals or groups, thus, leads to intercultural conflict causing them to rethink and reconstruct their identity in the host land. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
The present paper is divided into three sections.
The first section is concerned with the substantial theoretical framework of intercultural conflict, the second section deals with the analysis of intercultural conflict in the lives of Vietnamese Americans in the novel and the final section concludes the paper with research findings. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Thus, the present paper is a modest attempt to analyze how Lan Cao depicts the intercultural conflict in the lives of Asian immigrants in America who are considered as 'Others' in the new host land.
Keywords: Intercultural conflict, assimilation, alienation, immigration, cultural identity, hybridity.
The present research paper attempts to analyze intercultural conflict in Lan Cao's novel Monkey Bridge (1997). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Apprehending the intercultural conflict is emerging as a key problem in the lives of many Asian immigrants in America.
Ting-Toomy and Oetzel define intercultural conflict as, “the perceived or actual incompatibility of cultural values, situational norms, goals, face orientations, scare resources, styles/processed, and/or outcomes in a face-to-face (or mediated context” (217). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
They point out that intercultural conflict generally arises when individuals from one culture are influenced by another different culture when they attempt to assimilate into or alienate from it.
It, thus, manifests the experiences of emotional despondency and incongruous expectations between individuals or groups from diverse cultural backgrounds who identify in congruity between their cultural norms, values, beliefs, customs, and traditions when they interact together. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
It also exhibits the Asian immigrants' inability to confront with the host culture based conflicts in their personal, social, and even professional lives in the host land.
Lan Cao is a Vietnamese American writer who has immigrated to America before the Fall of Saigon in 1975.
Her fiction mostly deals with the Vietnamese immigrants' experiences of cross-cultural conflicts in America which are largely influenced by the Vietnam War. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Her semi-autobiographical novel, Monkey Bridge (1997), set in New York in 1978, is narrated by the protagonist Mai Nguyen and her mother Thanh, Literary Endeavour (ISSN 0976-299X) : Vol.
XII : Issue: 1 (January, 2021) www.literaryendeavour.org 70 the refugees of the Vietnam War, who fled to America to start their life anew leaving their unpleasant past behind, at the end of Vietnam War. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
However, they soon realize that their immigration and interdependent relationships with white natives are actually causing many troubles for them as they are unable to adjust themselves in a new culture.
It eventually leads them to face cultural collusion which impels them to experience the misunderstandings or disagreements between these two different cultures. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
They, thus, must build a bridge, to resolve their cultural dilemma and disintegrated identity as a Vietnamese American by comprehending and interpreting both the native Vietnamese and new American culture.
It demonstrates that intercultural conflict, for many Asian's immigrants, is actually a cultural challenge or opportunity to absorb the diverse approaches to overcome conflict situations and to assimilate into new cultures. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Cao, aptly, delineates the intercultural conflict of both Mai and Thanh thorough their mother- daughter relationship that impel them to confront the emotional struggle and traumatic experiences in the host land. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Both of them struggle to assimilate into American culture to which they perceive as incongruent with their past Vietnamese culture as Mai asserts, “My dilemma was that, seeing both sides to everything, I belonged to neither” (88).It shows that she is torn between two contradictory perceptions about herself.
It is more evident in her relationship with her mother, Thanh, who also views herself as a displaced refugee in the host land. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Both mother and daughter's exile in the alien land causes them to grieve for their personal as well as national losses through the rites and rituals of Vietnamese culture as Edward Said points out the effects of exile on immigrants in his Reflections on Exile and Other Essays (2000), “Exile is strangely compelling to think about but terrible to experience. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
It is the unhealable rift forced between a human being and a native place, between the self and its true home; its essential sadness can never be surmounted” (173).
The American daughter, Mai also lives in exile and experiences her childhood and early adolescent years alone in America as she was moved with her family friend, Uncle Michael before her mother's departure to America to accompany her. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
She, thus, couldn't get her mother's guidance in the alien land and her reminiscences of past life with her motherin Vietnam are conflicted with her present life in America. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
She then feels incompetent to experience the emotional connection with her mother as Lisa Suhair Majaj states, “Memory plays a familiar role in the assertion of identity by members of ethnic and minority groups; family stories frequently ground ethnic identification, and the popularized search for 'roots' is often articulated as 'remembering who you are” (266).
In the novel, the mother-daughter bond plays a crucial role as it embodies Mai's attachment to the motherland itself. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Though Mai and her mother, Thanh were able to escape from their traumatic past in Vietnam, they soon experiences alienation in the United the host land of America.
They seem to become homesick and mourn for their native Vietnamese relatives, home and cultural practices as they cannot completely obliterate their past in Vietnam. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
However, Mai attempts to form a bridge between her Vietnamese and American life to deal with her exile and intends to find the secrets of her Vietnamese past whereas her mother, Thanh endeavours to hide her family's perfidious acts as prostitution and illegitimate births in the family from her daughter. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Thanh's such act of hiding her past secrets can be interpreted as an effort to facilitate her daughter's present life easier in the host land as she cannot uncage herself from her old Vietnamese way of life and the dreadful memories of her discarded father Baba Quan, his act of murdering the landlord and even the funeral of her own mother.
Thanh's attempt to hide her family's secrets impels Mai to uncover these truths to comprehend her true identity. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Eventually she succeeds to unveil her Vietnamese family's past by reading the journals of her mother and discovers her Vietnamese cultural heritage as Michelle Balaev points out, “Mai's search for the Literary Endeavour (ISSN 0976-299X) : Vol.
XII : Issue: 1 (January, 2021) INTERCULTURAL CONFLICT IN LAN CAO'S MONKEY BRIDGE 71 'truth' of her mother' past becomes a search not only for an articulation of her own identity, but also an exploration of the contours of her relationship to her mother” (41). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
She is then determined to help her mother to get rid of her traumatic past in Vietnam, but her mother, Thanh attempts suicide believing her sacrifice will rescue her daughter from the curses of the bad karma of her family. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
The cultural and generational gap between Mai and Thanh, thus, exemplifies the intercultural conflict of many ethnic- minorities in America as Mai experiences detachment from her mother when she asserts, “I was still not accustomed to the peculiar way she revealed her world to me” (201).She realizes her mother's inability to resolve her intercultural conflict in America is significantly caused by her traumatic past in Vietnam as she confides, “Both Mrs. Bay and my mother had seemed unreal since the first day they arrived together in this country…In many ways, they continued to live in a geography of thoughts defined by the map of a country that no longer existed in terms I could understand” (66). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Thanh's desire to retain her identity as a Vietnamese is actually ignited by her alienation in the new land as “She had no claim to American space, no desire to stake her future in this land” (91). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
It reflects her emotional frustration that gradually leads her to confront the cultural dilemma as Stuart Hall in Cultural Identity and Diaspora points out that immigration to a new land causes the intercultural conflict as, “Individuals gradually internalize the values and customs held by the society in which they live and develop as people.
An individual's acculturation is, therefore, an unending process, but one that becomes more selective as a person matures.” (112). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Alike Thanh, Mai's experiences of a stressful life in America also eventually lead her to dejection or depression, particularly in her adolescence age.
She becomes rebellious against her own Vietnamese mother, Thanh and undervalues her motherland, Vietnamese's cultural practices, values, norms, and traditions.
Moreover, her discernment of the Vietnamese War also causes identity crisis leading it to the intercultural conflict. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
She succumbs to discrimination on the basis of race, class, and gender in the new culture of America and strives to comprehend her native land's Vietnamese culture through her interactions with her Vietnamese mother and the Native Americans and their biased media.
She says, Eyes, we all ended up staring at, as if we were passerby caught among the accumulated wreckage, the blunders and pile up by the roadside.
It was on TV…that I witnessed my own untranslatable world unfold to Americans half a globe away. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
(98) She is, thus, unable to comprehend her present life in America which is torn between the contradictory images of her motherland generated by both her mother and the American media. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
She further expresses her grief as, “Ours after all, was an inescapable history that continued to be dissected and remodeled by a slew of commentators and experts.” (42) She is strongly aware of the intercultural conflict in her life as she realizes her Vietnamese name and heritage distinguishes herself as 'Other' in the United States.
She expresses it as, “It felt, in fact, like a borrowed name, on loan to satisfy my teachers' insistence on rhyme and order. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
“Mai Nguyen” was my American name, or at least the American spin of my name.
But it sounded unnatural.
After all, tradition dictated that “Nguyen”, a family name, be granted pride of place, a position at the beginning.
“Mai” an individual name, should tag a few respectful steps behind.” (125) Mai's frustration due to intercultural conflict is evident as she realizes the differences between her native Vietnamese culture and the American culture. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
She experiences her inability to belong to any one Literary Endeavour (ISSN 0976-299X) : Vol.
XII : Issue: 1 (January, 2021) INTERCULTURAL CONFLICT IN LAN CAO'S MONKEY BRIDGE 72 culture as her present life is, in fact, the product of her hybrid identity.
She attempts to be an American by rejecting her mother's teachings as she points out that her mother, “believed in the infinite, untouchable forces that made up the hidden universe: hexes and curses, destiny and Karma.” (24). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
She, moreover, fails to comprehend her native Vietnamese culture and eventually tries to detach herself from the Vietnamese culture as she admits, “I could see this community as a riot of adolescents, obstreperous, awkward, out of sync with the subscribed norms of American life, and beyond the reach of my authority. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
I could feel for them, their sad shuffles and anachronistic modes of behavior, the peculiar and timid way they held their bodies and occupied the physical space, the unfailing well-manneredness with which they conducted themselves in public their foreigner's ragged edges.
Here, in one corner, was a grouping of elderly women and men too unattached to the ways of the United Sates even to be unaware of their differences. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
(146) On the contrary, she accepts the logical and scientific American philosophy to resolve her conflict.
She endeavours to imbibe the host American culture by learning their ways of living as she wishes to speak English like the Native Americans.
She insists Aunt Mary and Uncle Michael to teach her English, “Only with Aunt Mary and Uncle Michael could I give myself an inheritance my parents never give me: the gift of language.
The story of English was nothing less than the poetry of sound and motion. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
To this day, Aunt Mary's voice remains my standard for perfection”.
(36) Herattempts to assimilate in host American culture, thus, clearly manifest that she seems to belong to two different cultures at the same time.On the contrary, her mother, Thanh is still attached to her Vietnamese heritage and doesn't desire to adopt the American ways of living.
She strives to protect her daughter, Mai from the cultural and racial discrimination by the white natives in the alien land of America. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
However, Mai views her mother's possessiveness about her as an obstacle that leads her to confront intercultural conflict as she says, “That was why she thought she had to be with me, or at least near me, all the time, to deflect their powers, since I was too ignorant to detect danger myself” (24).
She feels that her Vietnamese mother, Thanh is also a victim of intercultural conflict like her as she fails to manage her day to day to life in America. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
She states that their roles as mother and daughter have been reversed to resolve their conflicts, “We are going life in reverse, I was the one who would help my mother through the hard scrutiny of ordinary suburban life.
I would have to forgo the luxury of adolescent experiments and temper tantrums, so that I could scoop my mother out of harm's way and give her sanctuary. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Now, when we stepped into the exterior world, I was the one who told my mother what was acceptable or unacceptable behavior” (35) She also tries to save her mother from her traumatic past by visiting Vietnam and bringing her grandfather, Baba Quan to America.
Though she is firm about her decision, she is afraid of losing her new American identity if she visits Vietnam.
She expresses her fear as, “I felt a tightening in my chest. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Americans, rumours had it, could forbid us to return if we stuck so much as half a foot outside the perimeters of their country…Besides, I knew from my own reading that refugees were burden to the economy” (14-15).
She then abandons her plan of visiting Vietnam, and ponders over her place in the American culture and society. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
She is, thus, confronted with cultural clash which leaves her perplexed about her true identity in the host culture and struggles to resolve this conflict by comprehending two different cultures, Literary Endeavour (ISSN 0976-299X) : Vol.
XII : Issue: 1 (January, 2021) INTERCULTURAL CONFLICT IN LAN CAO'S MONKEY BRIDGE 73 Vietnamese and American. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |
Her attempts to read the history of Vietnam and Vietnamese War also reveal her desire to desire to be connected with her Vietnamese heritage, and feels to be known as Vietnamese American, rather than only Vietnamese or American.
In conclusion, it can be stated that 'intercultural conflict' in the lives of many immigrants, like Mai and Thanh in the novel, manifests the persistent struggle between individuals or groups from two different cultural backgrounds. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715698230843.pdf | https://www.literaryendeavour.org/files/cxllzcyjy50v3sddghfs/2021-01%2020%20COMPLETE%20JOURNAL.pdf | Belarus |