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The [university] runs a number of [academic institutions] and [programs] apart from its [undergraduate] and [postgraduate schools]. It operates the [University of Chicago Laboratory Schools] (a [private day school] for [K-12 students] and [day care]), the [Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School] (a [residential treatment program] for those with [behavioral and emotional problems]), and [four public charter schools] on the [South Side of Chicago] administered by the [university's Urban Education Institute]. In addition, the [Hyde Park Day School], a [school] for students with [learning disabilities], maintains a location on the [University of Chicago campus]. Since [1983], the [University of Chicago] has maintained the [University of Chicago School Mathematics Project], a [mathematics program] used in [urban primary and secondary schools]. The [university] runs a program called the [Council on Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and Humanities], which administers [interdisciplinary workshops] to provide a [forum] for [graduate students], [faculty], and [visiting scholars] to present [scholarly work] in progress. The [university] also operates the [University of Chicago Press], the [largest university press] in the [United States].

The university runs a number of academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools. It operates the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools (a private day school for K-12 students and day care), the Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School (a residential treatment program for those with behavioral and emotional problems), and four public charter schools on the South Side of Chicago administered by the university's Urban Education Institute. In addition, the Hyde Park Day School, a school for students with learning disabilities, maintains a location on the University of Chicago campus. Since 1983, the University of Chicago has maintained the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project, a mathematics program used in urban primary and secondary schools. The university runs a program called the Council on Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and Humanities, which administers interdisciplinary workshops to provide a forum for graduate students, faculty, and visiting scholars to present scholarly work in progress. The university also operates the University of Chicago Press, the largest university press in the United States.

[He] insisted that, since [forgiveness] was [God's alone to grant], those who claimed that [indulgences] [absolved] [buyers] from all [punishments] and [granted] them [salvation] were in [error]. [Christians], he said, must not [slacken] in [following Christ] on account of such [false assurances].

He insisted that, since forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances.

The [American Broadcasting Company] (ABC) (stylized in its logo as abc since 1957) is an [American] [commercial broadcast television network] that is [owned by] the [Disney–ABC Television Group], a [subsidiary] of [Disney Media Networks division] of The [Walt Disney Company]. The [network] is part of the [Big Three television networks]. The [network] is [headquartered] on [Columbus Avenue] and [West 66th Street] in [Manhattan], with [additional major offices] and [production facilities] in [New York City], [Los Angeles] and [Burbank], [California].

The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) (stylized in its logo as abc since 1957) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Disney–ABC Television Group, a subsidiary of Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company. The network is part of the Big Three television networks. The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, with additional major offices and production facilities in New York City, Los Angeles and Burbank, California.

Though [John Wesley] originally wanted the [Methodists] to stay within the [Church of England], the [American Revolution] decisively separated the [Methodists] in the [American colonies] from the [life] and [sacraments] of the [Anglican Church]. In [1784], after unsuccessful attempts to have the [Church of England] send a [bishop] to start a new church in the [colonies], [Wesley] decisively appointed fellow priest [Thomas Coke] as [superintendent] (bishop) to organize a separate [Methodist Society]. Together with [Coke], [Wesley] sent a [revision] of the [Anglican Prayerbook] and the [Articles of Religion] which were received and adopted by the [Baltimore Christmas Conference] of [1784], officially establishing the [Methodist Episcopal Church]. The [conference] was held at the [Lovely Lane Methodist Church], considered the [Mother Church] of American Methodism.

Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American Revolution decisively separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church. In 1784, after unsuccessful attempts to have the Church of England send a bishop to start a new church in the colonies, Wesley decisively appointed fellow priest Thomas Coke as superintendent (bishop) to organize a separate Methodist Society. Together with Coke, Wesley sent a revision of the Anglican Prayerbook and the Articles of Religion which were received and adopted by the Baltimore Christmas Conference of 1784, officially establishing the Methodist Episcopal Church. The conference was held at the Lovely Lane Methodist Church, considered the Mother Church of American Methodism.

To remedy the causes of the fire, changes were made in the [Block II spacecraft] and [operational procedures], the most important of which were use of a [nitrogen/oxygen mixture] instead of [pure oxygen] before and during launch, and removal of [flammable cabin] and [space suit materials]. The Block II design already called for replacement of the [Block I plug-type hatch cover] with a [quick-release], [outward opening door]. [NASA] discontinued the [manned Block I program], using the [Block I spacecraft] only for [unmanned Saturn V flights]. [Crew members] would also exclusively wear [modified], [fire-resistant Block II space suits], and would be designated by the [Block II titles], regardless of whether a [LM] was present on the flight or not.

To remedy the causes of the fire, changes were made in the Block II spacecraft and operational procedures, the most important of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials. The Block II design already called for replacement of the Block I plug-type hatch cover with a quick-release, outward opening door. NASA discontinued the manned Block I program, using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights. Crew members would also exclusively wear modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits, and would be designated by the Block II titles, regardless of whether a LM was present on the flight or not.

After [al-Nimeiry] was overthrown in [1985] the party did [poorly] in [national elections], but in [1989] it was able to overthrow the elected [post-al-Nimeiry government] with the help of the [military]. [Turabi] was noted for proclaiming his support for the [democratic process] and a [liberal government] before coming to power, but [strict application] of [sharia law], [torture] and [mass imprisonment] of the [opposition], and an [intensification] of the [long-running war] in [southern Sudan], once in power. The [NIF regime] also [harbored] [Osama bin Laden] for a time (before [9/11]), and worked to [unify] [Islamist opposition] to the [American attack] on [Iraq] in the [1991 Gulf War].

After al-Nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections, but in 1989 it was able to overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military. Turabi was noted for proclaiming his support for the democratic process and a liberal government before coming to power, but strict application of sharia law, torture and mass imprisonment of the opposition, and an intensification of the long-running war in southern Sudan, once in power. The NIF regime also harbored Osama bin Laden for a time (before 9/11), and worked to unify Islamist opposition to the American attack on Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War.

[Guo Shoujing] applied [mathematics] to the construction of [calendars]. He was one of the [first mathematicians] in [China] to work on [spherical trigonometry]. [Gou] derived a [cubic interpolation formula] for his [astronomical calculations]. His calendar, the [Shoushi Li] (授時暦) or [Calendar for Fixing the Seasons], was [disseminated] in [1281] as the [official calendar] of the [Yuan dynasty]. The calendar may have been influenced [solely] by the work of [Song dynasty astronomer] [Shen Kuo] or possibly by the work of [Arab astronomers]. There are no [explicit signs] of [Muslim influences] in the [Shoushi calendar], but [Mongol rulers] were known to be interested in [Muslim calendars]. [Mathematical knowledge] from the [Middle East] was introduced to [China] under the [Mongols], and [Muslim astronomers] brought [Arabic numerals] to [China] in the [13th century].

Guo Shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars. He was one of the first mathematicians in China to work on spherical trigonometry. Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations. His calendar, the Shoushi Li (授時暦) or Calendar for Fixing the Seasons, was disseminated in 1281 as the official calendar of the Yuan dynasty. The calendar may have been influenced solely by the work of Song dynasty astronomer Shen Kuo or possibly by the work of Arab astronomers. There are no explicit signs of Muslim influences in the Shoushi calendar, but Mongol rulers were known to be interested in Muslim calendars. Mathematical knowledge from the Middle East was introduced to China under the Mongols, and Muslim astronomers brought Arabic numerals to China in the 13th century.

Prince Albert appears within the main arch above the twin entrances, [Queen Victoria] above the frame around the arches and entrance, sculpted by [Alfred Drury]. These [façades] surround [four levels] of [galleries]. Other areas designed by [Webb] include the [Entrance Hall] and [Rotunda], the [East] and [West Halls], the areas occupied by the [shop] and [Asian Galleries] as well as the [Costume Gallery]. The interior makes much use of [marble] in the [entrance hall] and [flanking staircases], although the galleries as originally designed were [white] with [restrained classical detail] and [mouldings], very much in [contrast] to the [elaborate decoration] of the [Victorian galleries], although much of this [decoration] was [removed] in the [early 20th century].

Prince Albert appears within the main arch above the twin entrances, Queen Victoria above the frame around the arches and entrance, sculpted by Alfred Drury. These façades surround four levels of galleries. Other areas designed by Webb include the Entrance Hall and Rotunda, the East and West Halls, the areas occupied by the shop and Asian Galleries as well as the Costume Gallery. The interior makes much use of marble in the entrance hall and flanking staircases, although the galleries as originally designed were white with restrained classical detail and mouldings, very much in contrast to the elaborate decoration of the Victorian galleries, although much of this decoration was removed in the early 20th century.

The [Norman dynasty] had a major [political], [cultural] and [military] impact on medieval [Europe] and even the [Near East]. The Normans were famed for their [martial spirit] and eventually for their [Christian piety], becoming exponents of the [Catholic orthodoxy] into which they assimilated. They adopted the [Gallo-Romance language] of the [Frankish land] they settled, their dialect becoming known as [Norman], [Normaund] or [Norman French], an important [literary language]. The [Duchy of Normandy], which they formed by treaty with the [French crown], was a great [fief] of medieval [France], and under [Richard I of Normandy] was forged into a [cohesive] and [formidable principality] in feudal tenure. The Normans are noted both for their [culture], such as their unique [Romanesque architecture] and [musical traditions], and for their [significant military accomplishments] and [innovations]. Norman adventurers founded the [Kingdom of Sicily] under [Roger II] after conquering southern [Italy] on the [Saracens] and [Byzantines], and an expedition on behalf of their duke, [William the Conqueror], led to the [Norman conquest of England] at the [Battle of Hastings] in [1066]. Norman cultural and military influence spread from these new European centres to the [Crusader states] of the Near East, where their prince [Bohemond I] founded the [Principality of Antioch] in the Levant, to [Scotland] and [Wales] in Great Britain, to [Ireland], and to the coasts of north [Africa] and the [Canary Islands].

The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of the Frankish land they settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French, an important literary language. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with the French crown, was a great fief of medieval France, and under Richard I of Normandy was forged into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure. The Normans are noted both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture and musical traditions, and for their significant military accomplishments and innovations. Norman adventurers founded the Kingdom of Sicily under Roger II after conquering southern Italy on the Saracens and Byzantines, and an expedition on behalf of their duke, William the Conqueror, led to the Norman conquest of England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Norman cultural and military influence spread from these new European centres to the Crusader states of the Near East, where their prince Bohemond I founded the Principality of Antioch in the Levant, to Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, to Ireland, and to the coasts of north Africa and the Canary Islands.

There have been instances of [actors returning] at later dates to reprise the role of their specific [Doctor]. In 1973's [The Three Doctors], [William Hartnell] and [Patrick Troughton] returned alongside [Jon Pertwee]. For 1983's [The Five Doctors], [Troughton] and [Pertwee] returned to star with [Peter Davison], and [Tom Baker] appeared in [previously unseen footage] from the uncompleted [Shada] episode. For this episode, [Richard Hurndall] replaced [William Hartnell]. [Patrick Troughton] again returned in 1985's [The Two Doctors] with [Colin Baker]. In 2007, [Peter Davison] returned in the [Children in Need short] "Time Crash" alongside [David Tennant], and most recently in 2013's [50th anniversary special episode], "The Day of the Doctor", [David Tennant]'s Tenth Doctor appeared alongside [Matt Smith] as the Eleventh Doctor and [John Hurt] as the War Doctor, as well as [brief footage] from all of the [previous actors]. In addition, the Doctor has occasionally encountered himself in the form of his own [incarnation], from the [near future] or [past]. The [First Doctor] encounters himself in the story [The Space Museum] (albeit [frozen] and as an [exhibit]), the [Third Doctor] encounters and [interacts] with himself in the story [Day of the Daleks], the [Fourth Doctor] encounters and [interacts] with the [future incarnation] of himself (the 'Watcher') in the story [Logopolis], the [Ninth Doctor] observes a former [version] of his current incarnation in "Father's Day", and the [Eleventh Doctor] briefly comes [face to face] with himself in "The Big Bang". In "The Almost People" the Doctor comes [face-to-face] with himself although it is found out that this incarnation is in fact just a [flesh replica]. In "The Name of the Doctor", the [Eleventh Doctor] meets an [unknown incarnation] of himself, whom he refers to as "his secret" and who is subsequently revealed to be the [War Doctor].

There have been instances of actors returning at later dates to reprise the role of their specific Doctor. In 1973's The Three Doctors, William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton returned alongside Jon Pertwee. For 1983's The Five Doctors, Troughton and Pertwee returned to star with Peter Davison, and Tom Baker appeared in previously unseen footage from the uncompleted Shada episode. For this episode, Richard Hurndall replaced William Hartnell. Patrick Troughton again returned in 1985's The Two Doctors with Colin Baker. In 2007, Peter Davison returned in the Children in Need short "Time Crash" alongside David Tennant, and most recently in 2013's 50th anniversary special episode, "The Day of the Doctor", David Tennant's Tenth Doctor appeared alongside Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor and John Hurt as the War Doctor, as well as brief footage from all of the previous actors. In addition, the Doctor has occasionally encountered himself in the form of his own incarnation, from the near future or past. The First Doctor encounters himself in the story The Space Museum (albeit frozen and as an exhibit), the Third Doctor encounters and interacts with himself in the story Day of the Daleks, the Fourth Doctor encounters and interacts with the future incarnation of himself (the 'Watcher') in the story Logopolis, the Ninth Doctor observes a former version of his current incarnation in "Father's Day", and the Eleventh Doctor briefly comes face to face with himself in "The Big Bang". In "The Almost People" the Doctor comes face-to-face with himself although it is found out that this incarnation is in fact just a flesh replica. In "The Name of the Doctor", the Eleventh Doctor meets an unknown incarnation of himself, whom he refers to as "his secret" and who is subsequently revealed to be the War Doctor.

The [Saturn IB] was an upgraded version of the [Saturn I]. The [S-IB] first stage increased the thrust to [1,600,000 pounds-force] (7,120 kN), and the second stage replaced the [S-IV] with the [S-IVB-200], powered by a single [J-2 engine] burning [liquid hydrogen] fuel with [LOX], to produce [200,000 lbf] (890 kN) of thrust. A [restartable version] of the [S-IVB] was used as the third stage of the [Saturn V]. The [Saturn IB] could send over [40,000 pounds] (18,100 kg) into [low Earth orbit], sufficient for a partially fueled [CSM] or the [LM]. [Saturn IB launch vehicles] and flights were designated with an [AS-200 series] number, "[AS]" indicating "Apollo Saturn" and the "2" indicating the [second member] of the [Saturn rocket] family.

The Saturn IB was an upgraded version of the Saturn I. The S-IB first stage increased the thrust to 1,600,000 pounds-force (7,120 kN), and the second stage replaced the S-IV with the S-IVB-200, powered by a single J-2 engine burning liquid hydrogen fuel with LOX, to produce 200,000 lbf (890 kN) of thrust. A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V. The Saturn IB could send over 40,000 pounds (18,100 kg) into low Earth orbit, sufficient for a partially fueled CSM or the LM. Saturn IB launch vehicles and flights were designated with an AS-200 series number, "AS" indicating "Apollo Saturn" and the "2" indicating the second member of the Saturn rocket family.

Many major classes of [organic molecules] in [living organisms], such as [proteins], [nucleic acids], [carbohydrates], and [fats], contain [oxygen], as do the major [inorganic compounds] that are constituents of [animal shells], [teeth], and [bone]. Most of the mass of [living organisms] is [oxygen] as it is a part of [water], the major constituent of [lifeforms]. [Oxygen] is used in [cellular respiration] and released by [photosynthesis], which uses the [energy] of [sunlight] to produce [oxygen] from [water]. It is too [chemically reactive] to remain a [free element] in [air] without being continuously [replenished] by the [photosynthetic action] of [living organisms]. Another form (allotrope) of [oxygen], [ozone] ([O3]), strongly absorbs [UVB radiation] and consequently the [high-altitude ozone layer] helps protect the [biosphere] from [ultraviolet radiation], but is a [pollutant] near the [surface] where it is a [by-product] of [smog]. At even [higher] [low earth orbit altitudes], [sufficient atomic oxygen] is present to cause [erosion] for [spacecraft].

Many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that are constituents of animal shells, teeth, and bone. Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water, the major constituent of lifeforms. Oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis, which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water. It is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone (O 3), strongly absorbs UVB radiation and consequently the high-altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation, but is a pollutant near the surface where it is a by-product of smog. At even higher low earth orbit altitudes, sufficient atomic oxygen is present to cause erosion for spacecraft.

The [Newcastle Beer Festival], organized by [CAMRA], takes place in [April]. In [May], [Newcastle] and [Gateshead] host the [Evolution Festival], a music festival held on the [Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides] over the [Spring bank holiday], with performances by acts from the world of [Rock], [Indie] and [Dance music]. The biennial [AV Festival] of international electronic art, featuring [exhibitions], [concerts], [conferences] and [film screenings], is held in [March]. The [North East Art Expo], a festival of [art] and [design] from the regions professional artists, is held in [late May]. [EAT! NewcastleGateshead], a festival of [food] and [drink], runs for [2 weeks] each year in [mid June].

The Newcastle Beer Festival, organized by CAMRA, takes place in April. In May, Newcastle and Gateshead host the Evolution Festival, a music festival held on the Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides over the Spring bank holiday, with performances by acts from the world of Rock, Indie and Dance music. The biennial AV Festival of international electronic art, featuring exhibitions, concerts, conferences and film screenings, is held in March. The North East Art Expo, a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists, is held in late May. EAT! NewcastleGateshead, a festival of food and drink, runs for 2 weeks each year in mid June.

[CBS] broadcast [Super Bowl 50] in the [U.S.], and charged an average of [$5 million] for a [30-second commercial] during the [game]. The [Super Bowl 50 halftime show] was headlined by the [British rock group Coldplay] with [special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars], who headlined the [Super Bowl XLVII] and [Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows], respectively. It was the [third-most watched] [U.S. broadcast] ever.

CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows, respectively. It was the third-most watched U.S. broadcast ever.

If the [input size] is n, the [time taken] can be expressed as a [function] of n. Since the [time taken] on [different inputs] of the [same size] can be different, the [worst-case time complexity] T(n) is defined to be the [maximum time taken] over all inputs of [size n]. If T(n) is a [polynomial] in n, then the [algorithm] is said to be a [polynomial time algorithm]. [Cobham's thesis] says that a [problem] can be [solved] with a [feasible amount] of [resources] if it admits a [polynomial time algorithm].

If the input size is n, the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. Since the time taken on different inputs of the same size can be different, the worst-case time complexity T(n) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n. If T(n) is a polynomial in n, then the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm. Cobham's thesis says that a problem can be solved with a feasible amount of resources if it admits a polynomial time algorithm.

Even before [Washington] returned, [Dinwiddie] had sent a company of [40 men] under [William Trent] to that point, where in the [early months] of [1754] they began [construction] of a [small stockaded fort]. [Governor Duquesne] sent additional [French forces] under [Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur] to [relieve] [Saint-Pierre] during the [same period], and [Contrecœur] led [500 men] [south] from [Fort Venango] on [April 5, 1754]. When these forces arrived at the fort on [April 16], [Contrecœur] [generously] allowed Trent's small company to withdraw. He purchased their [construction tools] to [continue building] what became [Fort Duquesne].

Even before Washington returned, Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point, where in the early months of 1754 they began construction of a small stockaded fort. Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur to relieve Saint-Pierre during the same period, and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 1754. When these forces arrived at the fort on April 16, Contrecœur generously allowed Trent's small company to withdraw. He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne.

The idea was to create a network of wholly and partially owned channels, and affiliates to rebroadcast the network's programs. [In 1959], this [rerun activity] was [completed] with [program syndication], with [ABC Films] [selling programs] to [networks] not [owned] by ABC. The [arrival] of [satellite television] ended the need for ABC to [hold interests] in [other countries]; many governments also [wanted] to [increase] their [independence] and [strengthen legislation] to [limit foreign ownership] of [broadcasting properties]. As a result, ABC was [forced] to [sell all] of its [interests] in [international networks], mainly in [Japan] and [Latin America], [in the 1970s].

The idea was to create a network of wholly and partially owned channels, and affiliates to rebroadcast the network's programs. In 1959, this rerun activity was completed with program syndication, with ABC Films selling programs to networks not owned by ABC. The arrival of satellite television ended the need for ABC to hold interests in other countries; many governments also wanted to increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties. As a result, ABC was forced to sell all of its interests in international networks, mainly in Japan and Latin America, in the 1970s.

In the fall of [1937], after midnight one night, [Tesla] left the [Hotel New Yorker] to make his regular commute to the [cathedral] and the [library] to feed the [pigeons]. While crossing a [street] a couple of blocks from the hotel, Tesla was unable to dodge a moving [taxicab] and was thrown heavily to the ground. Tesla's [back] was severely wrenched and [three] of his [ribs] were broken in the [accident] (the full extent of his [injuries] will never be known; Tesla refused to consult a [doctor]—an almost lifelong [custom]). Tesla didn't raise any [question] as to who was at [fault] and refused [medical aid], only asking to be taken to his hotel via [cab]. Tesla was [bedridden] for some [months] and was unable to continue feeding pigeons from his [window]; soon, they failed to come. In early [1938], Tesla was able to get up. He at once resumed the pigeon-feeding walks on a much more [limited] scale, but frequently had a [messenger] act for him.

In the fall of 1937, after midnight one night, Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons. While crossing a street a couple of blocks from the hotel, Tesla was unable to dodge a moving taxicab and was thrown heavily to the ground. Tesla's back was severely wrenched and three of his ribs were broken in the accident (the full extent of his injuries will never be known; Tesla refused to consult a doctor—an almost lifelong custom). Tesla didn't raise any question as to who was at fault and refused medical aid, only asking to be taken to his hotel via cab. Tesla was bedridden for some months and was unable to continue feeding pigeons from his window; soon, they failed to come. In early 1938, Tesla was able to get up. He at once resumed the pigeon-feeding walks on a much more limited scale, but frequently had a messenger act for him.

[Established] originally by the [Massachusetts legislature] and soon thereafter named for [John Harvard] (its first benefactor), [Harvard] is the [United States'] oldest [institution] of [higher learning], and the [Harvard Corporation] (formally, the [President and Fellows of Harvard College]) is its first [chartered corporation]. Although [never formally affiliated] with any [denomination], the [early College] primarily [trained] [Congregationalist] and [Unitarian clergy]. Its [curriculum] and [student body] were gradually [secularized] during the [18th century], and by the [19th century] Harvard had emerged as the central [cultural establishment] among [Boston elites]. Following the [American Civil War], [President Charles W. Eliot]'s long [tenure] (1869–1909) [transformed] the [college] and affiliated [professional schools] into a modern [research university]; Harvard was a founding member of the [Association of American Universities] in [1900]. [James Bryant Conant] led the university through the [Great Depression] and [World War II] and began to [reform] the [curriculum] and [liberalize] [admissions] after the war. The [undergraduate college] became [coeducational] after its [1977 merger] with [Radcliffe College].

Established originally by the Massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for John Harvard (its first benefactor), Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning, and the Harvard Corporation (formally, the President and Fellows of Harvard College) is its first chartered corporation. Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and by the 19th century Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's long tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College.

To help reduce [consumption], in [1974] a [national maximum speed limit] of [55 mph] (about [88 km/h]) was imposed through the [Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act]. [Development] of the [Strategic Petroleum Reserve] began in [1975], and in [1977] the [cabinet-level Department of Energy] was created, followed by the [National Energy Act] of [1978]. [citation needed] On [November 28, 1995], [Bill Clinton] signed the [National Highway Designation Act], ending the [federal 55 mph (89 km/h) speed limit], allowing [states] to restore their [prior maximum speed limit].

To help reduce consumption, in 1974 a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph (about 88 km/h) was imposed through the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act. Development of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve began in 1975, and in 1977 the cabinet-level Department of Energy was created, followed by the National Energy Act of 1978.citation needed On November 28, 1995, Bill Clinton signed the National Highway Designation Act, ending the federal 55 mph (89 km/h) speed limit, allowing states to restore their prior maximum speed limit.

In [July 1977], [General Zia-ul-Haq] overthrew [Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]'s regime in [Pakistan]. Ali Bhutto, a [leftist] in democratic competition with [Islamists], had announced [banning alcohol] and [nightclubs] within six months, shortly before he was overthrown. Zia-ul-Haq was much more committed to [Islamism], and ["Islamization"] or [implementation of Islamic law], became a [cornerstone] of his [eleven-year military dictatorship] and Islamism became his ["official state ideology"]. Zia ul Haq was an admirer of [Mawdudi] and Mawdudi's party [Jamaat-e-Islami] became the ["regime's ideological and political arm"]. In Pakistan this [Islamization from above] was "probably" more complete "than under any other regime except those in [Iran] and [Sudan]," but Zia-ul-Haq was also criticized by many Islamists for imposing ["symbols"] rather than [substance], and using Islamization to [legitimize his means of seizing power]. Unlike neighboring Iran, Zia-ul-Haq's policies were intended to ["avoid revolutionary excess"], and not to strain relations with his [American] and [Persian Gulf state] allies. Zia-ul-Haq was killed in [1988] but Islamization remains an [important element] in [Pakistani society].

In July 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq overthrew Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's regime in Pakistan. Ali Bhutto, a leftist in democratic competition with Islamists, had announced banning alcohol and nightclubs within six months, shortly before he was overthrown. Zia-ul-Haq was much more committed to Islamism, and "Islamization" or implementation of Islamic law, became a cornerstone of his eleven-year military dictatorship and Islamism became his "official state ideology". Zia ul Haq was an admirer of Mawdudi and Mawdudi's party Jamaat-e-Islami became the "regime's ideological and political arm". In Pakistan this Islamization from above was "probably" more complete "than under any other regime except those in Iran and Sudan," but Zia-ul-Haq was also criticized by many Islamists for imposing "symbols" rather than substance, and using Islamization to legitimize his means of seizing power. Unlike neighboring Iran, Zia-ul-Haq's policies were intended to "avoid revolutionary excess", and not to strain relations with his American and Persian Gulf state allies. Zia-ul-Haq was killed in 1988 but Islamization remains an important element in Pakistani society.

[Prevenient grace], or the grace that "goes before" us, is given to [all people]. It is that [power] which enables us to [love] and [motivates] us to [seek a relationship] with [God] through [Jesus Christ]. This grace is the [present work] of God to [turn us] from our [sin-corrupted human will] to the [loving will] of the [Father]. In this work, God [desires] that we might [sense] both our [sinfulness] before God and God's [offer of salvation]. [Prevenient grace] allows those [tainted by sin] to nevertheless make a [truly free choice] to [accept] or [reject] God's [salvation] in [Christ].

Prevenient grace, or the grace that "goes before" us, is given to all people. It is that power which enables us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with God through Jesus Christ. This grace is the present work of God to turn us from our sin-corrupted human will to the loving will of the Father. In this work, God desires that we might sense both our sinfulness before God and God's offer of salvation. Prevenient grace allows those tainted by sin to nevertheless make a truly free choice to accept or reject God's salvation in Christ.

In [April 1970], [Congress] passed the [Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act] which banned cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks, including [ABC], when it took effect on [January 2, 1971]. Citing [limited profitability] of its [cinemas], [ABC Great States], the [Central West division] of [ABC Theatres], was sold to [Henry Plitt] in [1974]. On [January 17, 1972], [Elton Rule] was named [President] and [Chief Operating Officer] of [ABC] a few months after [Goldenson] reduced his role in the company after suffering a [heart attack].

In April 1970, Congress passed the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act which banned cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks, including ABC, when it took effect on January 2, 1971. Citing limited profitability of its cinemas, ABC Great States, the Central West division of ABC Theatres, was sold to Henry Plitt in 1974. On January 17, 1972, Elton Rule was named President and Chief Operating Officer of ABC a few months after Goldenson reduced his role in the company after suffering a heart attack.

The [UMC] is also a member of the [Wesleyan Holiness Consortium], which seeks to [reconceive] and [promote] [Biblical holiness] in today's [Church]. It is also active in the [World Methodist Council], an [interdenominational group] composed of various [churches] in the tradition of [John Wesley] to [promote] the [Gospel] throughout the world. On [July 18, 2006], [delegates] to the [World Methodist Council] voted [unanimously] to adopt the "Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of [Justification]", which was [approved] in [1999] by the [Vatican] and the [Lutheran World Federation].

The UMC is also a member of the Wesleyan Holiness Consortium, which seeks to reconceive and promote Biblical holiness in today's Church. It is also active in the World Methodist Council, an interdenominational group composed of various churches in the tradition of John Wesley to promote the Gospel throughout the world. On July 18, 2006, delegates to the World Methodist Council voted unanimously to adopt the "Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification", which was approved in 1999 by the Vatican and the Lutheran World Federation.

In [2010] the [Amazon rainforest] experienced another severe [drought], in some ways more [extreme] than the [2005 drought]. The [affected region] was approximate [1,160,000 square miles] ([3,000,000 km2]) of [rainforest], compared to [734,000 square miles] ([1,900,000 km2]) in [2005]. The [2010 drought] had [three epicenters] where [vegetation] [died off], whereas in [2005] the [drought] was focused on the [southwestern part]. The [findings] were published in the journal [Science]. In a [typical year] the [Amazon] [absorbs] [1.5 gigatons] of [carbon dioxide]; during [2005] instead [5 gigatons] were [released] and in [2010] [8 gigatons] were [released].

In 2010 the Amazon rainforest experienced another severe drought, in some ways more extreme than the 2005 drought. The affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of rainforest, compared to 734,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) in 2005. The 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off, whereas in 2005 the drought was focused on the southwestern part. The findings were published in the journal Science. In a typical year the Amazon absorbs 1.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide; during 2005 instead 5 gigatons were released and in 2010 8 gigatons were released.

In [October] 1529, [Philip I], [Landgrave] of [Hesse], convoked an assembly of [German] and [Swiss theologians] at the [Marburg Colloquy], to establish [doctrinal unity] in the emerging [Protestant states]. [Agreement] was achieved on [fourteen points] out of [fifteen], the [exception] being the [nature] of the [Eucharist] – the [sacrament] of the [Lord's Supper]—an [issue crucial] to [Luther].

In October 1529, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the Marburg Colloquy, to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging Protestant states. Agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen, the exception being the nature of the Eucharist – the sacrament of the Lord's Supper—an issue crucial to Luther.

[France] took control of [Algeria] in [1830] but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after [1850], concentrating chiefly in [North and West Africa], as well as [South-East Asia], with other conquests in [Central and East Africa], as well as the [South Pacific]. [Republicans], at first hostile to [empire], only became supportive when [Germany] started to build her own colonial empire. As it developed, the new empire took on roles of [trade] with [France], supplying [raw materials] and purchasing [manufactured items], as well as lending [prestige] to the [motherland] and spreading [French civilization] and [language] as well as [Catholicism]. It also provided crucial [manpower] in both [World Wars].

France took control of Algeria in 1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia, with other conquests in Central and East Africa, as well as the South Pacific. Republicans, at first hostile to empire, only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire. As it developed, the new empire took on roles of trade with France, supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items, as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language as well as Catholicism. It also provided crucial manpower in both World Wars.

[Western medicine], [Nestorian Christians], [Yuan court], [huihui], [Muslim medicine], [Nestorian physician], [Jesus the Interpreter], [Office of Western Medicine], [1263], [reign of Kublai], [Huihui doctors], [imperial hospitals], [treating], [imperial family], [members of the court], [Chinese physicians], [humoral system], [contradicted], [yin-yang], [wuxing philosophy], [traditional Chinese medicine], [Chinese translation], [Western medical works], [known], [possible], [Chinese had access], [Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine]

Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine. The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai. Huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court. Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine. No Chinese translation of Western medical works is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access to Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine.

The [zeta function] is closely related to [prime numbers]. For example, the aforementioned fact that there are [infinitely many primes] can also be seen using the [zeta function]: if there were only [finitely many primes] then [ζ(1)] would have a [finite value]. However, the [harmonic series] [1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ...] [diverges] (i.e., [exceeds any given number]), so there must be [infinitely many primes]. Another example of the richness of the [zeta function] and a glimpse of [modern algebraic number theory] is the following [identity] ([Basel problem]), due to [Euler].

The zeta function is closely related to prime numbers. For example, the aforementioned fact that there are infinitely many primes can also be seen using the zeta function: if there were only finitely many primes then ζ(1) would have a finite value. However, the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... diverges (i.e., exceeds any given number), so there must be infinitely many primes. Another example of the richness of the zeta function and a glimpse of modern algebraic number theory is the following identity (Basel problem), due to Euler,

Genghis Khan is regarded as one of the [prominent leaders] in [Mongolia]'s history. He is responsible for the [emergence] of the [Mongols] as a [political] and [ethnic identity] because there was no [unified identity] between the [tribes] that had [cultural similarity]. He reinforced many [Mongol traditions] and provided [stability] and [unity] during a time of [almost endemic warfare] between [tribes]. He is also given [credit] for the [introduction] of the [traditional Mongolian script] and the [creation] of the [Ikh Zasag] (Great Administration), the [first written Mongolian law]. "Ikh Zasag law adopted during Genghis Khan’s time in Mongolia had [points] to [punish] [illegal matters] related to [corruption] and [bribery] [very heavily]," [Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj] noted. President Elbegdorj sees Genghis Khan as a [leader] from whom to learn for [anti-corruption efforts] as Genghis Khan sought [equal protection] under the law for all [citizens] regardless of [status] or [wealth]. "Chinggis (Genghis Khan)...was a man who deeply realized that the [justice] begins and [consolidates] with the [equality of law], and not with the [distinctions] between [people]. He was a man who knew that the [good laws] and [rules] lived longer than [fancy palaces]," Elbegdorj said in his [speech] on the [850th anniversary] of Chinggis Khaan's birth. In [summary], [Mongolians] see him as the [fundamental figure] in the [founding] of the [Mongol Empire] and therefore the [basis] for [Mongolia] as a [country].

Genghis Khan is regarded as one of the prominent leaders in Mongolia's history. He is responsible for the emergence of the Mongols as a political and ethnic identity because there was no unified identity between the tribes that had cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during a time of almost endemic warfare between tribes. He is also given credit for the introduction of the traditional Mongolian script and the creation of the Ikh Zasag (Great Administration), the first written Mongolian law. "Ikh Zasag law adopted during Genghis Khan’s time in Mongolia had points to punish illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily," Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj noted. President Elbegdorj sees Genghis Khan as a leader from whom to learn for anti-corruption efforts as Genghis Khan sought equal protection under the law for all citizens regardless of status or wealth. "Chinggis (Genghis Khan)...was a man who deeply realized that the justice begins and consolidates with the equality of law, and not with the distinctions between people. He was a man who knew that the good laws and rules lived longer than fancy palaces," Elbegdorj said in his speech on the 850th anniversary of Chinggis Khaan's birth. In summary, Mongolians see him as the fundamental figure in the founding of the Mongol Empire and therefore the basis for Mongolia as a country.

A study in England showed [a 0.3% prevalence] of [sexual abuse] by [any professional], a group that included [priests], [religious leaders], and [case workers] as well as [teachers]. It is [important] to [note], however, that the [British study] referenced above is [the only one] of [its kind] and consisted of "a [random] ... [probability sample] of [2,869 young people] between the [ages] of [18] and [24] in a [computer-assisted study]" and that the [questions] referred to "sexual abuse with a professional," not necessarily a [teacher]. It is therefore [logical] to [conclude] that [information] on the [percentage] of [abuses] by [teachers] in the [United Kingdom] is [not explicitly available] and therefore [not necessarily reliable]. The [AAUW study], however, posed [questions] about [fourteen types] of [sexual harassment] and various degrees of [frequency] and included only [abuses] by [teachers]. "The [sample] was drawn from a [list] of [80,000 schools] to create a [stratified two-stage sample design] of [2,065 8th to 11th grade students]"Its [reliability] was gauged at [95%] with a [4% margin of error].

A study in England showed a 0.3% prevalence of sexual abuse by any professional, a group that included priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers. It is important to note, however, that the British study referenced above is the only one of its kind and consisted of "a random ... probability sample of 2,869 young people between the ages of 18 and 24 in a computer-assisted study" and that the questions referred to "sexual abuse with a professional," not necessarily a teacher. It is therefore logical to conclude that information on the percentage of abuses by teachers in the United Kingdom is not explicitly available and therefore not necessarily reliable. The AAUW study, however, posed questions about fourteen types of sexual harassment and various degrees of frequency and included only abuses by teachers. "The sample was drawn from a list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students"Its reliability was gauged at 95% with a 4% margin of error.

[People] who climb [mountains] or fly in [non-pressurized fixed-wing aircraft] sometimes have [supplemental O2 supplies]. [Passengers] traveling in [(pressurized) commercial airplanes] have an [emergency supply] of O2 automatically supplied to them in case of [cabin depressurization]. [Sudden cabin pressure loss] activates [chemical oxygen generators] above each seat, causing [oxygen masks] to drop. [Pulling] on the masks "to start the flow of oxygen" as [cabin safety instructions] dictate, forces [iron filings] into the [sodium chlorate] inside the canister. A [steady stream] of [oxygen gas] is then produced by the [exothermic reaction].

People who climb mountains or fly in non-pressurized fixed-wing aircraft sometimes have supplemental O 2 supplies.h Passengers traveling in (pressurized) commercial airplanes have an emergency supply of O 2 automatically supplied to them in case of cabin depressurization. Sudden cabin pressure loss activates chemical oxygen generators above each seat, causing oxygen masks to drop. Pulling on the masks "to start the flow of oxygen" as cabin safety instructions dictate, forces iron filings into the sodium chlorate inside the canister. A steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the exothermic reaction.

Daytime programming is also provided from [11:00 a.m.] to [3:00 p.m.] weekdays (with a [one-hour break] at [12:00 p.m.] [Eastern/Pacific] for stations to air [newscasts], [other locally produced programming] such as [talk shows], or [syndicated programs]) featuring the [talk/lifestyle shows] [The View] and [The Chew] and the [soap opera] [General Hospital]. [ABC News programming] includes [Good Morning America] from [7:00 to 9:00 a.m.] weekdays (along with [one-hour weekend editions]); [nightly editions] of [ABC World News Tonight] (whose [weekend editions] are occasionally subject to [abbreviation] or [preemption] due to [sports telecasts overrunning] into the program's [timeslot]), the [Sunday political talk show] [This Week], [early morning news programs] [World News Now] and [America This Morning] and the [late night newsmagazine] [Nightline]. [Late nights] feature the [weeknight talk show] [Jimmy Kimmel Live!].

Daytime programming is also provided from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. weekdays (with a one-hour break at 12:00 p.m. Eastern/Pacific for stations to air newscasts, other locally produced programming such as talk shows, or syndicated programs) featuring the talk/lifestyle shows The View and The Chew and the soap opera General Hospital. ABC News programming includes Good Morning America from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays (along with one-hour weekend editions); nightly editions of ABC World News Tonight (whose weekend editions are occasionally subject to abbreviation or preemption due to sports telecasts overrunning into the program's timeslot), the Sunday political talk show This Week, early morning news programs World News Now and America This Morning and the late night newsmagazine Nightline. Late nights feature the weeknight talk show Jimmy Kimmel Live!.

In [2014], [economists] with the [Standard & Poor's rating agency] concluded that the [widening disparity] between the [U.S.'s wealthiest citizens] and the [rest of the nation] had [slowed] its [recovery] from the [2008-2009 recession] and made it more [prone] to [boom-and-bust cycles]. To [partially remedy] the [wealth gap] and the resulting [slow growth], [S&P] recommended [increasing access] to [education]. It [estimated] that if the [average United States worker] had [completed] just [one more year] of [school], it would add an additional [$105 billion] in [growth] to the [country's economy] over [five years].

In 2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles. To partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth, S&P recommended increasing access to education. It estimated that if the average United States worker had completed just one more year of school, it would add an additional $105 billion in growth to the country's economy over five years.

Wesleyan theology stands at a unique [cross-roads] between [evangelical] and [sacramental], between [liturgical] and [charismatic], and between [Anglo-Catholic] and [Reformed theology] and [practice]. It has been characterized as [Arminian theology] with an emphasis on the work of the [Holy Spirit] to bring [holiness] into the life of the participating believer. The [United Methodist Church] believes in [prima scriptura], seeing the [Holy Bible] as the primary authority in the Church and using [sacred tradition], [reason], and [experience] to interpret it, with the aid of the [Holy Spirit] (see [Wesleyan Quadrilateral]). Therefore, according to [The Book of Discipline], [United Methodist theology] is at once ["catholic"], [evangelical], and [reformed]. Today, the UMC is generally considered one of the more [moderate] and [tolerant] denominations with respect to [race], [gender], and [ideology], though the denomination itself actually includes a very wide spectrum of attitudes. Comparatively, the UMC stands to the right of [liberal] and [progressive Protestant groups] such as the [United Church of Christ] and the [Episcopal Church] on certain issues (especially regarding [sexuality]), but to the left of historically [conservative evangelical traditions] such as the [Southern Baptists] and [Pentecostalism], in regard to [theological matters] such as [social justice] and [Biblical interpretation]. However, it should be noted that the UMC is made up of a [broad diversity] of thought, and so there are many [clergy] and [laity] within the UMC that hold differing viewpoints on such theological matters.

Wesleyan theology stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical and charismatic, and between Anglo-Catholic and Reformed theology and practice. It has been characterized as Arminian theology with an emphasis on the work of the Holy Spirit to bring holiness into the life of the participating believer. The United Methodist Church believes in prima scriptura, seeing the Holy Bible as the primary authority in the Church and using sacred tradition, reason, and experience to interpret it, with the aid of the Holy Spirit (see Wesleyan Quadrilateral). Therefore, according to The Book of Discipline, United Methodist theology is at once "catholic, evangelical, and reformed." Today, the UMC is generally considered one of the more moderate and tolerant denominations with respect to race, gender, and ideology, though the denomination itself actually includes a very wide spectrum of attitudes. Comparatively, the UMC stands to the right of liberal and progressive Protestant groups such as the United Church of Christ and the Episcopal Church on certain issues (especially regarding sexuality), but to the left of historically conservative evangelical traditions such as the Southern Baptists and Pentecostalism, in regard to theological matters such as social justice and Biblical interpretation. However, it should be noted that the UMC is made up of a broad diversity of thought, and so there are many clergy and laity within the UMC that hold differing viewpoints on such theological matters.

[In the United States] especially, several [high-profile cases] such as [Debra LaFave], [Pamela Rogers], and [Mary Kay Letourneau] have caused increased scrutiny on [teacher misconduct].

In the United States especially, several high-profile cases such as Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.

[Paul Revere] was descended from [Huguenot refugees], as was [Henry Laurens], who signed the [Articles of Confederation] for [South Carolina]; [Jack Jouett], who made the ride from [Cuckoo Tavern] to warn [Thomas Jefferson] and others that [Tarleton] and his men were on their way to arrest him for [crimes against the king]; [Francis Marion], and a number of other [leaders] of the [American Revolution] and later [statesmen]. The last active [Huguenot congregation] in [North America] worships in [Charleston], [South Carolina], at a [church] that dates to [1844]. The [Huguenot Society of America] maintains [Manakin Episcopal Church] in [Virginia] as an [historic shrine] with [occasional services]. The Society has [chapters] in [numerous states], with the one in [Texas] being the [largest].

Paul Revere was descended from Huguenot refugees, as was Henry Laurens, who signed the Articles of Confederation for South Carolina; Jack Jouett, who made the ride from Cuckoo Tavern to warn Thomas Jefferson and others that Tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for crimes against the king; Francis Marion, and a number of other leaders of the American Revolution and later statesmen. The last active Huguenot congregation in North America worships in Charleston, South Carolina, at a church that dates to 1844. The Huguenot Society of America maintains Manakin Episcopal Church in Virginia as an historic shrine with occasional services. The Society has chapters in numerous states, with the one in Texas being the largest.

The [2007 Lisbon Treaty] explicitly recognised [fundamental rights] by providing in [Article 6(1)] that "The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the [Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union] of [7 December 2000], as adopted at [Strasbourg] on [12 December 2007], which shall have the same legal value as the Treaties." Therefore, the [Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union] has become an [integral part] of [European Union law], [codifying] the [fundamental rights] which were previously considered [general principles] of [European Union law]. In [effect], after the [Lisbon Treaty], the [Charter] and the [Convention] now [co-exist] under [European Union law], though the [former] is [enforced] by the [European Court of Justice] in relation to [European Union measures], and the [latter] by the [European Court of Human Rights] in relation to [measures] by [member states].

The 2007 Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in Article 6(1) that "The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 7 December 2000, as adopted at Strasbourg on 12 December 2007, which shall have the same legal value as the Treaties." Therefore, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has become an integral part of European Union law, codifying the fundamental rights which were previously considered general principles of European Union law. In effect, after the Lisbon Treaty, the Charter and the Convention now co-exist under European Union law, though the former is enforced by the European Court of Justice in relation to European Union measures, and the latter by the European Court of Human Rights in relation to measures by member states.

The revived series has received recognition from critics and the public, across various awards ceremonies. [It won five BAFTA TV Awards], including [Best Drama Series], [the highest-profile and most prestigious British television award] for which the series has ever been nominated. [It was very popular at the BAFTA Cymru Awards], with [25 wins overall] including [Best Drama Series] (twice), [Best Screenplay/Screenwriter] (thrice) and [Best Actor]. [It was also nominated for 7 Saturn Awards], [winning the only Best International Series] in the ceremony's history. In [2009], [Doctor Who] was voted the [3rd greatest show of the 2000s] by [Channel 4], [behind Top Gear and The Apprentice]. [The episode "Vincent and the Doctor"] was [shortlisted for a Mind Award] at [the 2010 Mind Mental Health Media Awards] for its ["touching" portrayal of Vincent van Gogh].

The revived series has received recognition from critics and the public, across various awards ceremonies. It won five BAFTA TV Awards, including Best Drama Series, the highest-profile and most prestigious British television award for which the series has ever been nominated. It was very popular at the BAFTA Cymru Awards, with 25 wins overall including Best Drama Series (twice), Best Screenplay/Screenwriter (thrice) and Best Actor. It was also nominated for 7 Saturn Awards, winning the only Best International Series in the ceremony's history. In 2009, Doctor Who was voted the 3rd greatest show of the 2000s by Channel 4, behind Top Gear and The Apprentice. The episode "Vincent and the Doctor" was shortlisted for a Mind Award at the 2010 Mind Mental Health Media Awards for its "touching" portrayal of Vincent van Gogh.

In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an [experiment] conducted by the [British clergyman] [Joseph Priestley] focused [sunlight] on [mercuric oxide] (HgO) inside a [glass tube], which [liberated] a [gas] he named "dephlogisticated air". He [noted] that [candles] [burned brighter] in the gas and that a [mouse] was [more active] and [lived longer] while [breathing] it. After [breathing] the gas [himself], he wrote: "The feeling of it to my [lungs] was not [sensibly different] from that of [common air], but I [fancied] that my [breast] felt [peculiarly light] and [easy] for [some time] [afterwards]." Priestley [published] his [findings] in 1775 in a [paper] titled "An Account of Further [Discoveries] in Air" which was included in the [second volume] of his [book] titled [Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air]. Because he [published] his [findings] first, Priestley is usually given [priority] in the [discovery].

In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air". He noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while breathing it. After breathing the gas himself, he wrote: "The feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of common air, but I fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards." Priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled "An Account of Further Discoveries in Air" which was included in the second volume of his book titled Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air. Because he published his findings first, Priestley is usually given priority in the discovery.

Tension forces can be modeled using [ideal strings] that are [massless], [frictionless], [unbreakable], and [unstretchable]. They can be combined with [ideal pulleys], which allow [ideal strings] to switch [physical direction]. [Ideal strings] transmit [tension forces] instantaneously in [action-reaction pairs] so that if two objects are connected by an [ideal string], any [force] directed along the string by the first object is accompanied by a [force] directed along the string in the opposite direction by the second object. By connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses [movable pulleys], the [tension force] on a [load] can be multiplied. For every string that acts on a [load], another factor of the [tension force] in the string acts on the [load]. However, even though such machines allow for an increase in [force], there is a corresponding increase in the [length of string] that must be displaced in order to move the [load]. These tandem effects result ultimately in the [conservation of mechanical energy] since the [work] done on the [load] is the same no matter how complicated the machine.

Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are connected by an ideal string, any force directed along the string by the first object is accompanied by a force directed along the string in the opposite direction by the second object. By connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys, the tension force on a load can be multiplied. For every string that acts on a load, another factor of the tension force in the string acts on the load. However, even though such machines allow for an increase in force, there is a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load. These tandem effects result ultimately in the conservation of mechanical energy since the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine.

Although [Kenya] is the most [industrially developed country] in the [African Great Lakes region], [manufacturing] still accounts for only [14%] of the [GDP]. [Industrial activity], concentrated around the [three largest urban centres], [Nairobi], [Mombasa] and [Kisumu], is dominated by [food-processing industries] such as [grain milling], [beer production], and [sugarcane crushing], and the fabrication of [consumer goods], e.g., [vehicles] from [kits]. There is a [cement production industry].[citation needed] Kenya has an [oil refinery] that processes [imported crude petroleum] into [petroleum products], mainly for the [domestic market]. In addition, a [substantial] and [expanding informal sector] commonly referred to as [Jua Kali] engages in [small-scale manufacturing] of [household goods], [motor-vehicle parts], and [farm implements].[citation needed]

Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts for only 14% of the GDP. Industrial activity, concentrated around the three largest urban centres, Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu, is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling, beer production, and sugarcane crushing, and the fabrication of consumer goods, e.g., vehicles from kits. There is a cement production industry.citation needed Kenya has an oil refinery that processes imported crude petroleum into petroleum products, mainly for the domestic market. In addition, a substantial and expanding informal sector commonly referred to as Jua Kali engages in small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements.citation needed

On 23 June 2005, [Rep. Joe Barton], chairman of the [House Committee on Energy and Commerce] wrote joint letters with [Ed Whitfield], Chairman of the [Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations] demanding [full records] on [climate research], as well as [personal information] about their [finances] and [careers], from [Mann], [Bradley] and [Hughes]. [Sherwood Boehlert], chairman of the [House Science Committee], said this was a "misguided and illegitimate investigation" apparently aimed at [intimidating scientists], and at his request the [U.S. National Academy of Sciences] arranged for its [National Research Council] to set up a [special investigation]. The [National Research Council]'s report agreed that there were some [statistical failings], but these had [little effect] on the [graph], which was generally [correct]. In a 2006 [letter] to [Nature], [Mann], [Bradley], and [Hughes] pointed out that their [original article] had said that "more widespread [high-resolution data] are needed before more [confident conclusions] can be reached" and that the [uncertainties] were "the point of the article".

On 23 June 2005, Rep. Joe Barton, chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce wrote joint letters with Ed Whitfield, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations demanding full records on climate research, as well as personal information about their finances and careers, from Mann, Bradley and Hughes. Sherwood Boehlert, chairman of the House Science Committee, said this was a "misguided and illegitimate investigation" apparently aimed at intimidating scientists, and at his request the U.S. National Academy of Sciences arranged for its National Research Council to set up a special investigation. The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some statistical failings, but these had little effect on the graph, which was generally correct. In a 2006 letter to Nature, Mann, Bradley, and Hughes pointed out that their original article had said that "more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached" and that the uncertainties were "the point of the article".

[There would be] no more [scoring] in the [third quarter], but [early] in the [fourth], the [Broncos] drove to the [Panthers] [41-yard line]. On the [next play], [Ealy] knocked the [ball] [out of] [Manning]'s [hand] as he was [winding up] for a [pass], and then [recovered] it for [Carolina] on the [50-yard line]. A [16-yard reception] by [Devin Funchess] and a [12-yard run] by [Stewart] then [set up] [Gano]'s [39-yard field goal], [cutting] the [Panthers] [deficit] to [one score] at [16–10]. The [next three drives] of the [game] would [end] in [punts].

There would be no more scoring in the third quarter, but early in the fourth, the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line. On the next play, Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina on the 50-yard line. A 16-yard reception by Devin Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart then set up Gano's 39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16–10. The next three drives of the game would end in punts.

The [Panthers defense] gave up just 308 points, ranking [sixth] in the [league], while also leading the [NFL] in [interceptions] with 24 and boasting [four] [Pro Bowl] selections. [Pro Bowl] defensive [tackle] [Kawann Short] led the team in [sacks] with 11, while also forcing [three] [fumbles] and recovering [two]. Fellow [lineman] [Mario Addison] added [6½] [sacks]. The [Panthers] [line] also featured [veteran] defensive [end] [Jared Allen], a [5-time] [pro bowler] who was the [NFL's] [active] [career] [sack] [leader] with 136, along with defensive [end] [Kony Ealy], who had [5] [sacks] in just [9] [starts]. Behind them, two of the [Panthers] [three] [starting linebackers] were also selected to play in the [Pro Bowl]: [Thomas Davis] and [Luke Kuechly]. [Davis] compiled [5½] [sacks], [four] [forced fumbles], and [four] [interceptions], while [Kuechly] led the team in [tackles] ([118]) forced [two] [fumbles], and intercepted [four] [passes] of his own. [Carolina's] [secondary] featured [Pro Bowl] [safety] [Kurt Coleman], who led the team with a [career high] [seven] [interceptions], while also racking up [88] [tackles] and [Pro Bowl] [cornerback] [Josh Norman], who developed into a [shutdown] [corner] during the season and had [four] [interceptions], [two] of which were returned for [touchdowns].

The Panthers defense gave up just 308 points, ranking sixth in the league, while also leading the NFL in interceptions with 24 and boasting four Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11, while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two. Fellow lineman Mario Addison added 6½ sacks. The Panthers line also featured veteran defensive end Jared Allen, a 5-time pro bowler who was the NFL's active career sack leader with 136, along with defensive end Kony Ealy, who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts. Behind them, two of the Panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the Pro Bowl: Thomas Davis and Luke Kuechly. Davis compiled 5½ sacks, four forced fumbles, and four interceptions, while Kuechly led the team in tackles (118) forced two fumbles, and intercepted four passes of his own. Carolina's secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Kurt Coleman, who led the team with a career high seven interceptions, while also racking up 88 tackles and Pro Bowl cornerback Josh Norman, who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions, two of which were returned for touchdowns.

Following [the series revival] in [2005], [Derek Jacobi] provided [the character's re-introduction] in [the 2007 episode "Utopia"]. During [that story] [the role] was then [assumed] by [John Simm] who [returned] to [the role] [multiple times] through [the Tenth Doctor's tenure]. As of [the 2014 episode "Dark Water,"] it was [revealed] that [the Master] had become [a female incarnation] or ["Time Lady,"] going by [the name of "Missy"] (short for [Mistress], [the feminine equivalent] of ["Master"]). [This incarnation] is played by [Michelle Gomez].

Following the series revival in 2005, Derek Jacobi provided the character's re-introduction in the 2007 episode "Utopia". During that story the role was then assumed by John Simm who returned to the role multiple times through the Tenth Doctor's tenure. As of the 2014 episode "Dark Water," it was revealed that the Master had become a female incarnation or "Time Lady," going by the name of "Missy" (short for Mistress, the feminine equivalent of "Master"). This incarnation is played by Michelle Gomez.

Along with advancements in [communication], Europe also continued to advance in [military technology]. European [chemists] made deadly [explosives] that could be used in [combat], and with [innovations] in [machinery] they were able to manufacture improved [firearms]. By the [1880s], the [machine gun] had become an effective [battlefield weapon]. This technology gave European [armies] an advantage over their opponents, as armies in [less-developed countries] were still fighting with [arrows], [swords], and [leather shields] (e.g. the [Zulus] in [Southern Africa] during the [Anglo-Zulu War] of [1879]).

Along with advancements in communication, Europe also continued to advance in military technology. European chemists made deadly explosives that could be used in combat, and with innovations in machinery they were able to manufacture improved firearms. By the 1880s, the machine gun had become an effective battlefield weapon. This technology gave European armies an advantage over their opponents, as armies in less-developed countries were still fighting with arrows, swords, and leather shields (e.g. the Zulus in Southern Africa during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879).

The [Mongol army] under [Genghis Khan], [generals] and his [sons] crossed the [Tien Shan mountains] by entering the area controlled by the [Khwarezmian Empire]. After compiling [intelligence] from many sources [Genghis Khan] carefully prepared his [army], which was divided into [three groups]. His [son Jochi] led the [first division] into the [northeast] of [Khwarezmia]. The [second division] under [Jebe] marched secretly to the [southeast] part of [Khwarzemia] to form, with the [first division], a [pincer attack] on [Samarkand]. The [third division] under [Genghis Khan] and [Tolui] marched to the [northwest] and attacked [Khwarzemia] from that direction.

The Mongol army under Genghis Khan, generals and his sons crossed the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the Khwarezmian Empire. After compiling intelligence from many sources Genghis Khan carefully prepared his army, which was divided into three groups. His son Jochi led the first division into the northeast of Khwarezmia. The second division under Jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of Khwarzemia to form, with the first division, a pincer attack on Samarkand. The third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest and attacked Khwarzemia from that direction.

The [Rankine cycle] is sometimes referred to as a [practical Carnot cycle] because, when an efficient [turbine] is used, the [TS diagram] begins to resemble the [Carnot cycle]. The main difference is that [heat addition] (in the [boiler]) and [rejection] (in the [condenser]) are [isobaric] (constant pressure) processes in the [Rankine cycle] and [isothermal] (constant temperature) processes in the [theoretical Carnot cycle]. In this cycle a [pump] is used to [pressurize] the [working fluid] which is received from the [condenser] as a [liquid] not as a [gas]. [Pumping] the [working fluid] in [liquid] form during the cycle requires a [small fraction] of the [energy] to [transport] it compared to the [energy] needed to [compress] the [working fluid] in [gaseous] form in a [compressor] (as in the [Carnot cycle]). The [cycle] of a [reciprocating steam engine] differs from that of [turbines] because of [condensation] and [re-evaporation] occurring in the [cylinder] or in the [steam inlet passages].

The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical Carnot cycle because, when an efficient turbine is used, the TS diagram begins to resemble the Carnot cycle. The main difference is that heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser) are isobaric (constant pressure) processes in the Rankine cycle and isothermal (constant temperature) processes in the theoretical Carnot cycle. In this cycle a pump is used to pressurize the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas. Pumping the working fluid in liquid form during the cycle requires a small fraction of the energy to transport it compared to the energy needed to compress the working fluid in gaseous form in a compressor (as in the Carnot cycle). The cycle of a reciprocating steam engine differs from that of turbines because of condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder or in the steam inlet passages.

A regulation of the Rhine was called for, with an [upper canal] near [Diepoldsau] and a [lower canal] at [Fußach], in order to counteract the [constant flooding] and [strong sedimentation] in the [western Rhine Delta]. The [Dornbirner Ach] had to be diverted, too, and it now flows [parallel] to the [canalized Rhine] into the [lake]. Its [water] has a [darker color] than the Rhine; the latter's [lighter suspended load] comes from [higher up] the [mountains]. It is expected that the [continuous input] of [sediment] into the [lake] will [silt up] the [lake]. This has already happened to the former [Lake Tuggenersee].

A regulation of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fußach, in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner Ach had to be diverted, too, and it now flows parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake. Its water has a darker color than the Rhine; the latter's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains. It is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee.

The [basic unit] of territorial division in [Poland] is a [commune] ([gmina]). A [city] is also a commune – but with the [city charter]. Both cities and communes are governed by a [mayor] – but in the communes the mayor is [vogt] ([wójt] in Polish), however in the cities – [burmistrz]. Some bigger cities obtain the [entitlements], i.e. [tasks] and [privileges], which are possessed by the units of the [second level] of the territorial division – [counties] or [powiats]. An example of such entitlement is a [car registration]: a gmina cannot register cars, this is a powiat's task (i.e. a registration number depends on what powiat a car had been registered, not gmina). In this case we say about [city county] or [powiat grodzki]. Such cities are for example [Lublin], [Kraków], [Gdańsk], [Poznań]. In [Warsaw], its [districts] additionally have some of powiat's entitlements – like already mentioned car registration. For example, the district [Wola] has its own evidence and the district [Ursynów] – its own (and the cars from Wola have another type of registration number than these from Ursynów). But for instance the districts in [Kraków] do not have entitlements of powiat, so the registration numbers in Kraków are of the same type for all districts.

The basic unit of territorial division in Poland is a commune (gmina). A city is also a commune – but with the city charter. Both cities and communes are governed by a mayor – but in the communes the mayor is vogt (wójt in Polish), however in the cities – burmistrz. Some bigger cities obtain the entitlements, i.e. tasks and privileges, which are possessed by the units of the second level of the territorial division – counties or powiats. An example of such entitlement is a car registration: a gmina cannot register cars, this is a powiat's task (i.e. a registration number depends on what powiat a car had been registered, not gmina). In this case we say about city county or powiat grodzki. Such cities are for example Lublin, Kraków, Gdańsk, Poznań. In Warsaw, its districts additionally have some of powiat's entitlements – like already mentioned car registration. For example, the district Wola has its own evidence and the district Ursynów – its own (and the cars from Wola have another type of registration number than these from Ursynów). But for instance the districts in Kraków do not have entitlements of powiat, so the registration numbers in Kraków are of the same type for all districts.

Howard Zinn writes, "[There may be many times] when [protesters] [choose] to [go to jail], as a way of [continuing] their [protest], as a way of [reminding] their [countrymen] of [injustice]. But [that] is [different] than the notion that they [must] [go to jail] as part of a [rule] connected with [civil disobedience]. The [key point] is that the [spirit] of [protest] should be [maintained] [all the way], whether it is done by [remaining] in [jail], or by [evading] it. To [accept] [jail] [penitently] as an [accession] to '[the rules]' is to [switch] [suddenly] to a [spirit] of [subservience], to [demean] the [seriousness] of the [protest]...In [particular], the [neo-conservative insistence] on a [guilty plea] should be [eliminated]."

Howard Zinn writes, "There may be many times when protesters choose to go to jail, as a way of continuing their protest, as a way of reminding their countrymen of injustice. But that is different than the notion that they must go to jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience. The key point is that the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way, whether it is done by remaining in jail, or by evading it. To accept jail penitently as an accession to 'the rules' is to switch suddenly to a spirit of subservience, to demean the seriousness of the protest...In particular, the neo-conservative insistence on a guilty plea should be eliminated."

Students at the [University of Chicago] run over [400 clubs and organizations] known as [Recognized Student Organizations (RSOs)]. These include [cultural and religious groups], [academic clubs and teams], and [common-interest organizations]. Notable [extracurricular groups] include the [University of Chicago College Bowl Team], which has won [118 tournaments] and [15 national championships], leading both categories internationally. The university's [competitive Model United Nations team] was the [top ranked team] in [North America] in [2013-14] and [2014-2015]. Among notable RSOs are the nation's [longest continuously running student film society] [Doc Films], [organizing committee] for the [University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt], the [twice-weekly student newspaper] [The Chicago Maroon], the [alternative weekly student newspaper] [South Side Weekly], the nation's [second oldest continuously running student improvisational theater troupe] [Off-Off Campus], and the university-owned [radio station] [WHPK].

Students at the University of Chicago run over 400 clubs and organizations known as Recognized Student Organizations (RSOs). These include cultural and religious groups, academic clubs and teams, and common-interest organizations. Notable extracurricular groups include the University of Chicago College Bowl Team, which has won 118 tournaments and 15 national championships, leading both categories internationally. The university's competitive Model United Nations team was the top ranked team in North America in 2013-14 and 2014-2015. Among notable RSOs are the nation's longest continuously running student film society Doc Films, organizing committee for the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt, the twice-weekly student newspaper The Chicago Maroon, the alternative weekly student newspaper South Side Weekly, the nation's second oldest continuously running student improvisational theater troupe Off-Off Campus, and the university-owned radio station WHPK.

The [judicial branch] of the [EU] has played an [important role] in the [development] of [EU law], by assuming the task of [interpreting] the [treaties], and [accelerating] [economic] and [political integration]. Today the [Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)] is the [main judicial body], within which there is a [higher European Court of Justice (commonly abbreviated as ECJ)] that deals with [cases] that contain [more public importance], and a [General Court] that deals with [issues of detail] but without [general importance]. There is also a [Civil Service Tribunal] to deal with [EU staff issues], and then a separate [Court of Auditors]. Under the [Treaty on European Union] [article 19(2)] there is one [judge] from each [member state], [28] at present, who are supposed to "possess the [qualifications] required for [appointment] to the [highest judicial offices]" (or for the [General Court], the "ability required for [appointment] to [high judicial office]"). A [president] is [elected] by the [judges] for [three years]. Under [TEU article 19(3)] is to be the [ultimate court] to [interpret questions] of [EU law]. In fact, most EU law is [applied] by [member state courts] (the [English Court of Appeal], the [German Bundesgerichtshof], the [Belgian Cour du travail], etc.) but they can [refer questions] to the EU court for a [preliminary ruling]. The CJEU's [duty] is to "ensure that in the [interpretation] and [application] of the [Treaties] the [law] is [observed]", although realistically it has the [ability] to [expand] and [develop] the [law] according to the [principles] it deems to be [appropriate]. Arguably this has been done through both [seminal] and [controversial judgments], including [Van Gend en Loos], [Mangold v Helm], and [Kadi v Commission].

The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Court of Justice (commonly abbreviated as ECJ) that deals with cases that contain more public importance, and a General Court that deals with issues of detail but without general importance. There is also a Civil Service Tribunal to deal with EU staff issues, and then a separate Court of Auditors. Under the Treaty on European Union article 19(2) there is one judge from each member state, 28 at present, who are supposed to "possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices" (or for the General Court, the "ability required for appointment to high judicial office"). A president is elected by the judges for three years. Under TEU article 19(3) is to be the ultimate court to interpret questions of EU law. In fact, most EU law is applied by member state courts (the English Court of Appeal, the German Bundesgerichtshof, the Belgian Cour du travail, etc.) but they can refer questions to the EU court for a preliminary ruling. The CJEU's duty is to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed", although realistically it has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate. Arguably this has been done through both seminal and controversial judgments, including Van Gend en Loos, Mangold v Helm, and Kadi v Commission.

In [1735], [John and Charles Wesley] went to [America] to teach the [gospel] to the [American Indians] in the [colony] of [Georgia]. In [less than two years], the "Holy Club" [disbanded]. [John Wesley] returned to [England] and met with a group of [clergy] he respected. He said "they appeared to be of one [heart], as well as of one [judgment], [resolved] to be [Bible-Christians] at all [events]; and, wherever they were, to [preach] with all their [might] [plain], [old], [Bible Christianity]". The ministers [retained] their membership in the [Church of England]. Though not always [emphasized] or [appreciated] in the [Anglican churches] of their [day], their [teaching] emphasized [salvation] by [God's grace], [acquired] through [faith] in [Christ]. [Three teachings] they saw as the [foundation] of [Christian faith] were:

In 1735, John and Charles Wesley went to America to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia. In less than two years, the "Holy Club" disbanded. John Wesley returned to England and met with a group of clergy he respected. He said "they appeared to be of one heart, as well as of one judgment, resolved to be Bible-Christians at all events; and, wherever they were, to preach with all their might plain, old, Bible Christianity". The ministers retained their membership in the Church of England. Though not always emphasized or appreciated in the Anglican churches of their day, their teaching emphasized salvation by God's grace, acquired through faith in Christ. Three teachings they saw as the foundation of Christian faith were:

Harvard has several [athletic facilities], such as the [Lavietes Pavilion], a [multi-purpose arena] and home to the Harvard basketball teams. The [Malkin Athletic Center], known as the "MAC", serves both as the university's [primary recreation facility] and as a [satellite location] for several [varsity sports]. The [five-story building] includes two [cardio rooms], an [Olympic-size swimming pool], a [smaller pool] for [aquaerobics] and other [activities], a [mezzanine], where all types of [classes] are held, an [indoor cycling studio], three [weight rooms], and a [three-court gym floor] to play [basketball]. The MAC offers [personal trainers] and [specialty classes]. It is home to [Harvard volleyball], [fencing] and [wrestling]. The [offices] of several of the school's [varsity coaches] are also in the MAC.

Harvard has several athletic facilities, such as the Lavietes Pavilion, a multi-purpose arena and home to the Harvard basketball teams. The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the "MAC", serves both as the university's primary recreation facility and as a satellite location for several varsity sports. The five-story building includes two cardio rooms, an Olympic-size swimming pool, a smaller pool for aquaerobics and other activities, a mezzanine, where all types of classes are held, an indoor cycling studio, three weight rooms, and a three-court gym floor to play basketball. The MAC offers personal trainers and specialty classes. It is home to Harvard volleyball, fencing and wrestling. The offices of several of the school's varsity coaches are also in the MAC.

The [United Methodist Church], along with other [Methodist churches], condemns [capital punishment], saying that it cannot accept [retribution] or [social vengeance] as a reason for taking [human life]. The Church also holds that the [death penalty] falls unfairly and unequally upon [marginalized persons] including the [poor], the [uneducated], [ethnic] and [religious minorities], and [persons with mental and emotional illnesses]. The United Methodist Church also believes that [Jesus] explicitly [repudiated] the [lex talionis] in [Matthew 5:38-39] and [abolished] the death penalty in [John 8:7]. The [General Conference] of the United Methodist Church calls for its [bishops] to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for [governments] to enact an [immediate moratorium] on carrying out the [death penalty sentence].

The United Methodist Church, along with other Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The Church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor, the uneducated, ethnic and religious minorities, and persons with mental and emotional illnesses. The United Methodist Church also believes that Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7. The General Conference of the United Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence.

John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all [elements] were [monatomic] and that the [atoms] in [compounds] would normally have the [simplest atomic ratios] with respect to one another. For example, Dalton assumed that [water]'s [formula] was [HO], giving the [atomic mass] of [oxygen] as 8 times that of [hydrogen], instead of the [modern value] of about 16. In 1805, [Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac] and [Alexander von Humboldt] showed that water is formed of [two volumes] of [hydrogen] and [one volume] of [oxygen]; and by 1811 [Amedeo Avogadro] had arrived at the [correct interpretation] of water's composition, based on what is now called [Avogadro's law] and the [assumption] of [diatomic elemental molecules].

John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another. For example, Dalton assumed that water's formula was HO, giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen, instead of the modern value of about 16. In 1805, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen; and by 1811 Amedeo Avogadro had arrived at the correct interpretation of water's composition, based on what is now called Avogadro's law and the assumption of diatomic elemental molecules.a

Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This has meant both the [European Court of Justice] and the [highest national courts] have had to develop [principles] to resolve [conflicts of laws] between different systems. Within the EU itself, the [Court of Justice]'s view is that if [EU law] conflicts with a provision of [national law], then EU law has [primacy]. In the first major case in 1964, [Costa v ENEL], a [Milanese lawyer], and former [shareholder] of an [energy company], named [Mr Costa] refused to pay his [electricity bill] to [Enel], as a protest against the [nationalisation] of the [Italian energy corporations]. He claimed the [Italian nationalisation law] conflicted with the [Treaty of Rome], and requested a reference be made to both the [Italian Constitutional Court] and the [Court of Justice] under [TFEU article 267]. The [Italian Constitutional Court] gave an [opinion] that because the [nationalisation law] was from [1962], and the [treaty] was in force from [1958], [Costa] had no [claim]. By contrast, the [Court of Justice] held that ultimately the [Treaty of Rome] in no way prevented [energy nationalisation], and in any case under the [Treaty provisions] only the [Commission] could have brought a [claim], not [Mr Costa]. However, in [principle], [Mr Costa] was entitled to plead that the [Treaty] conflicted with [national law], and the [court] would have a [duty] to consider his claim to make a reference if there would be no [appeal] against its [decision]. The [Court of Justice], repeating its view in [Van Gend en Loos], said [member states] "albeit within [limited spheres], have restricted their [sovereign rights] and created a [body of law] applicable both to their [nationals] and to themselves" on the "basis of [reciprocity]". [EU law] would not "be overridden by [domestic legal provisions], however [framed]... without the [legal basis] of the [community] itself being called into question." This meant any "subsequent [unilateral act]" of the [member state] [inapplicable]. Similarly, in [Amministrazione delle Finanze v Simmenthal SpA], a [company], [Simmenthal SpA], claimed that a [public health inspection fee] under an [Italian law] of [1970] for importing [beef] from [France] to [Italy] was contrary to two [Regulations] from [1964] and [1968]. In "accordance with the [principle] of the [precedence] of [Community law]," said the [Court of Justice], the "directly applicable [measures] of the [institutions]" (such as the [Regulations] in the case) "render automatically inapplicable any [conflicting provision] of [current national law]". This was necessary to prevent a "corresponding denial" of [Treaty] "obligations undertaken [unconditionally] and [irrevocably] by [member states]", that could "imperil the very [foundations] of the" [EU]. But despite the views of the [Court of Justice], the [national courts] of [member states] have not accepted the same [analysis].

Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This has meant both the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems. Within the EU itself, the Court of Justice's view is that if EU law conflicts with a provision of national law, then EU law has primacy. In the first major case in 1964, Costa v ENEL, a Milanese lawyer, and former shareholder of an energy company, named Mr Costa refused to pay his electricity bill to Enel, as a protest against the nationalisation of the Italian energy corporations. He claimed the Italian nationalisation law conflicted with the Treaty of Rome, and requested a reference be made to both the Italian Constitutional Court and the Court of Justice under TFEU article 267. The Italian Constitutional Court gave an opinion that because the nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958, Costa had no claim. By contrast, the Court of Justice held that ultimately the Treaty of Rome in no way prevented energy nationalisation, and in any case under the Treaty provisions only the Commission could have brought a claim, not Mr Costa. However, in principle, Mr Costa was entitled to plead that the Treaty conflicted with national law, and the court would have a duty to consider his claim to make a reference if there would be no appeal against its decision. The Court of Justice, repeating its view in Van Gend en Loos, said member states "albeit within limited spheres, have restricted their sovereign rights and created a body of law applicable both to their nationals and to themselves" on the "basis of reciprocity". EU law would not "be overridden by domestic legal provisions, however framed... without the legal basis of the community itself being called into question." This meant any "subsequent unilateral act" of the member state inapplicable. Similarly, in Amministrazione delle Finanze v Simmenthal SpA, a company, Simmenthal SpA, claimed that a public health inspection fee under an Italian law of 1970 for importing beef from France to Italy was contrary to two Regulations from 1964 and 1968. In "accordance with the principle of the precedence of Community law," said the Court of Justice, the "directly applicable measures of the institutions" (such as the Regulations in the case) "render automatically inapplicable any conflicting provision of current national law". This was necessary to prevent a "corresponding denial" of Treaty "obligations undertaken unconditionally and irrevocably by member states", that could "imperil the very foundations of the" EU. But despite the views of the Court of Justice, the national courts of member states have not accepted the same analysis.

[Between 1402 and 1405], the [expedition] led by the [Norman noble] [Jean de Bethencourt] and the [Poitevine Gadifer de la Salle] conquered the [Canarian islands] of [Lanzarote], [Fuerteventura] and [El Hierro] off the [Atlantic coast] of [Africa]. Their [troops] were gathered in [Normandy], [Gascony] and were later reinforced by [Castilian colonists].

Between 1402 and 1405, the expedition led by the Norman noble Jean de Bethencourt and the Poitevine Gadifer de la Salle conquered the Canarian islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro off the Atlantic coast of Africa. Their troops were gathered in Normandy, Gascony and were later reinforced by Castilian colonists.

The [2013-14 season] was a slight improvement for [ABC] with three new hits in [The Goldbergs], [Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.] and [Resurrection], all of which were [renewed]; however, that season saw the [cancellations] of holdovers [The Neighbors] (which [languished] in its new [Friday time slot] despite being [bookended] by [Last Man Standing] and [Shark Tank]) and [Suburgatory]. [NBC], which had [lagged behind ABC] for eight years, finished the season in [first place] in the [18-49 demographic] for the [first time] since [2004], and in [second place] in [total viewership] behind [long-dominant CBS]. [ABC] itself would finish the season in [third place] as [Fox] crashed to [fourth] in both [demographics].

The 2013–14 season was a slight improvement for ABC with three new hits in The Goldbergs, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Resurrection, all of which were renewed; however, that season saw the cancellations of holdovers The Neighbors (which languished in its new Friday time slot despite being bookended by Last Man Standing and Shark Tank) and Suburgatory. NBC, which had lagged behind ABC for eight years, finished the season in first place in the 18–49 demographic for the first time since 2004, and in second place in total viewership behind long-dominant CBS. ABC itself would finish the season in third place as Fox crashed to fourth in both demographics.

Always in search of new programs that would help it compete with NBC and CBS, [ABC]'s management believed that [sports] could be a [major catalyst] in improving the network's [market share]. On [April 29], [1961], ABC debuted [Wide World of Sports], an [anthology series] created by [Edgar Scherick] through his company [Sports Programs, Inc.] and [produced] by a [young] [Roone Arledge] which featured a [different] [sporting event] each [broadcast]. ABC purchased [Sports Programs, Inc.] in [exchange] for [shares] in the [company], leading it to become the [future core] of [ABC Sports], with [Arledge] as the [executive producer] of that [division]'s shows. [Wide World of Sports], in particular, was not merely devoted to a [single sport], but rather to [generally all sporting events].

Always in search of new programs that would help it compete with NBC and CBS, ABC's management believed that sports could be a major catalyst in improving the network's market share. On April 29, 1961, ABC debuted Wide World of Sports, an anthology series created by Edgar Scherick through his company Sports Programs, Inc. and produced by a young Roone Arledge which featured a different sporting event each broadcast. ABC purchased Sports Programs, Inc. in exchange for shares in the company, leading it to become the future core of ABC Sports, with Arledge as the executive producer of that division's shows. Wide World of Sports, in particular, was not merely devoted to a single sport, but rather to generally all sporting events.

Between [Bingen] and [Bonn], the [Middle Rhine] flows through the [Rhine Gorge], a formation which was created by [erosion]. The rate of erosion equaled the [uplift] in the region, such that the river was left at about its [original level] while the surrounding [lands raised]. The gorge is [quite deep] and is the stretch of the river which is known for its [many castles] and [vineyards]. It is a [UNESCO World Heritage Site] (2002) and known as "the [Romantic Rhine]", with more than [40 castles] and [fortresses] from the [Middle Ages] and many [quaint] and [lovely] [country villages].

Between Bingen and Bonn, the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge, a formation which was created by erosion. The rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region, such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised. The gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002) and known as "the Romantic Rhine", with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the Middle Ages and many quaint and lovely country villages.

The [University of Chicago Library] system encompasses [six libraries] that contain a total of [9.8 million volumes], the [11th most] among library systems in the [United States]. The university's [main library] is the [Regenstein Library], which contains [one of the largest collections] of [print volumes] in the [United States]. The [Joe and Rika Mansueto Library], built in [2011], houses a [large study space] and an [automatic book storage and retrieval system]. The [John Crerar Library] contains more than [1.3 million volumes] in the [biological], [medical] and [physical sciences] and collections in [general science] and the [philosophy] and [history] of [science], [medicine], and [technology]. The university also operates a number of [special libraries], including the [D'Angelo Law Library], the [Social Service Administration Library], and the [Eckhart Library] for [mathematics] and [computer science], which closed [temporarily for renovation] on [July 8, 2013]. [Harper Memorial Library] [no longer] contains any [volumes]; however it is, in addition to the [Regenstein Library], a [24-hour study space] on [campus].

The University of Chicago Library system encompasses six libraries that contain a total of 9.8 million volumes, the 11th most among library systems in the United States. The university's main library is the Regenstein Library, which contains one of the largest collections of print volumes in the United States. The Joe and Rika Mansueto Library, built in 2011, houses a large study space and an automatic book storage and retrieval system. The John Crerar Library contains more than 1.3 million volumes in the biological, medical and physical sciences and collections in general science and the philosophy and history of science, medicine, and technology. The university also operates a number of special libraries, including the D'Angelo Law Library, the Social Service Administration Library, and the Eckhart Library for mathematics and computer science, which closed temporarily for renovation on July 8, 2013. Harper Memorial Library no longer contains any volumes; however it is, in addition to the Regenstein Library, a 24-hour study space on campus.

Roughly contemporaneous with [Maududi] was the founding of the [Muslim Brotherhood] in [Ismailiyah], [Egypt] in [1928] by [Hassan al Banna]. His was arguably the [first], [largest] and [most influential] [modern Islamic political/religious organization]. Under the motto "the Qur'an is our constitution," it sought [Islamic revival] through [preaching] and also by providing [basic community services] including [schools], [mosques], and [workshops]. Like [Maududi], [Al Banna] believed in the [necessity] of [government rule] based on [Shariah law] implemented [gradually] and by [persuasion], and of [eliminating] all [imperialist influence] in the [Muslim world].

Roughly contemporaneous with Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah, Egypt in 1928 by Hassan al Banna. His was arguably the first, largest and most influential modern Islamic political/religious organization. Under the motto "the Qur'an is our constitution," it sought Islamic revival through preaching and also by providing basic community services including schools, mosques, and workshops. Like Maududi, Al Banna believed in the necessity of government rule based on Shariah law implemented gradually and by persuasion, and of eliminating all imperialist influence in the Muslim world.

Some modern scholars, such as [Fielding H. Garrison], are of the opinion that the [origin] of the science of geology can be traced to [Persia] after the [Muslim conquests] had come to an end. [Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni] (973–1048 CE) was one of the [earliest Persian geologists], whose works included the [earliest writings] on the [geology of India], [hypothesizing] that the [Indian subcontinent] was once a sea. Drawing from [Greek] and [Indian scientific literature] that were not destroyed by the [Muslim conquests], the [Persian scholar] [Ibn Sina] ([Avicenna], 981–1037) proposed [detailed explanations] for the [formation] of [mountains], the [origin] of [earthquakes], and other [topics central to modern geology], which provided an [essential foundation] for the [later development] of the [science]. In [China], the [polymath] [Shen Kuo] (1031–1095) formulated a [hypothesis] for the [process] of [land formation]: based on his [observation] of [fossil animal shells] in a [geological stratum] in a [mountain] hundreds of [miles] from the [ocean], he [inferred] that the [land] was [formed] by [erosion] of the [mountains] and by [deposition] of [silt].

Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geology of India, hypothesizing that the Indian subcontinent was once a sea. Drawing from Greek and Indian scientific literature that were not destroyed by the Muslim conquests, the Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 981–1037) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains, the origin of earthquakes, and other topics central to modern geology, which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science. In China, the polymath Shen Kuo (1031–1095) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation: based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean, he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.

There are two types of [thylakoids]—[granal thylakoids], which are arranged in [grana], and [stromal thylakoids], which are in contact with the [stroma]. [Granal thylakoids] are [pancake-shaped circular disks] about [300–600 nanometers] in [diameter]. [Stromal thylakoids] are [helicoid sheets] that [spiral] around [grana]. The [flat tops] and [bottoms] of [granal thylakoids] contain only the [relatively flat photosystem II protein complex]. This allows them to [stack tightly], forming [grana] with many [layers] of [tightly appressed membrane], called [granal membrane], [increasing stability] and [surface area] for [light capture].

There are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma. Granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter. Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana. The flat tops and bottoms of granal thylakoids contain only the relatively flat photosystem II protein complex. This allows them to stack tightly, forming grana with many layers of tightly appressed membrane, called granal membrane, increasing stability and surface area for light capture.

In [2009], [NASA] held a [symposium] on [project costs] which presented an [estimate] of the [Apollo program costs] in [2005 dollars] as roughly [$170 billion]. This included all [research and development costs]; the [procurement] of [15 Saturn V rockets], [16 Command/Service Modules], [12 Lunar Modules], plus [program support and management costs]; [construction expenses] for [facilities] and their [upgrading], and costs for [flight operations]. This was based on a [Congressional Budget Office report], A [Budgetary Analysis] of [NASA's New Vision for Space], [September 2004]. The [Space Review] estimated in [2010] the cost of [Apollo] from [1959] to [1973] as [$20.4 billion], or [$109 billion] in [2010 dollars].

In 2009, NASA held a symposium on project costs which presented an estimate of the Apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly $170 billion. This included all research and development costs; the procurement of 15 Saturn V rockets, 16 Command/Service Modules, 12 Lunar Modules, plus program support and management costs; construction expenses for facilities and their upgrading, and costs for flight operations. This was based on a Congressional Budget Office report, A Budgetary Analysis of NASA's New Vision for Space, September 2004. The Space Review estimated in 2010 the cost of Apollo from 1959 to 1973 as $20.4 billion, or $109 billion in 2010 dollars.

The [African Great Lakes region], which [Kenya] is a part of, has been inhabited by [humans] since the [Lower Paleolithic period]. By the [first millennium AD], the [Bantu expansion] had reached the [area] from [West-Central Africa]. The [borders] of the [modern state] consequently comprise the [crossroads] of the [Niger-Congo], [Nilo-Saharan] and [Afroasiatic areas] of the [continent], representing [most major ethnolinguistic groups] found in [Africa]. [Bantu] and [Nilotic populations] together constitute around [97%] of the [nation's residents]. [European] and [Arab presence] in coastal [Mombasa] dates to the [Early Modern period]; [European exploration] of the [interior] began in the [19th century]. The [British Empire] established the [East Africa Protectorate] in [1895], which starting in [1920] gave way to the [Kenya Colony]. [Kenya] obtained [independence] in [December 1963]. Following a [referendum] in [August 2010] and adoption of a [new constitution], [Kenya] is now divided into [47 semi-autonomous counties], governed by [elected governors].

The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period. By the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. The borders of the modern state consequently comprise the crossroads of the Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic areas of the continent, representing most major ethnolinguistic groups found in Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of the nation's residents. European and Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period; European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which starting in 1920 gave way to the Kenya Colony. Kenya obtained independence in December 1963. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties, governed by elected governors.

Nurses treat [80%] of the [population] who visit [dispensaries], [health centres] and [private clinics] in [rural] and [under-served urban areas]. [Complicated cases] are referred to [clinical officers], [medical officers] and [medical practitioners]. According to the [Kenya National Bureau of Statistics], in [2011] there were [65,000 qualified nurses] registered in the [country]; [8,600 clinical officers] and [7,000 doctors] for the [population] of [43 million people] (These figures from [official registers] include those who have [died] or [left the profession] hence the [actual number] of these [workers] may be [lower]).

Nurses treat 80% of the population who visit dispensaries, health centres and private clinics in rural and under-served urban areas. Complicated cases are referred to clinical officers, medical officers and medical practitioners. According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, in 2011 there were 65,000 qualified nurses registered in the country; 8,600 clinical officers and 7,000 doctors for the population of 43 million people (These figures from official registers include those who have died or left the profession hence the actual number of these workers may be lower).

The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. [The simplest approach] is to [rapidly change] [non-essential epitopes] (amino acids and/or sugars) on the [surface] of the pathogen, while keeping [essential epitopes concealed]. This is called [antigenic variation]. An example is [HIV], which [mutates rapidly], so the [proteins] on its [viral envelope] that are [essential] for [entry] into its [host target cell] are [constantly changing]. These [frequent changes] in [antigens] may explain the [failures] of [vaccines] directed at this [virus]. The [parasite] [Trypanosoma brucei] uses a [similar strategy], [constantly switching] one [type] of [surface protein] for another, allowing it to stay [one step ahead] of the [antibody response]. [Masking antigens] with [host molecules] is another [common strategy] for [avoiding detection] by the [immune system]. In [HIV], the [envelope] that [covers] the [virion] is formed from the [outermost membrane] of the [host cell]; such ["self-cloaked" viruses] make it [difficult] for the [immune system] to [identify them] as ["non-self" structures].

The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rapidly, so the proteins on its viral envelope that are essential for entry into its host target cell are constantly changing. These frequent changes in antigens may explain the failures of vaccines directed at this virus. The parasite Trypanosoma brucei uses a similar strategy, constantly switching one type of surface protein for another, allowing it to stay one step ahead of the antibody response. Masking antigens with host molecules is another common strategy for avoiding detection by the immune system. In HIV, the envelope that covers the virion is formed from the outermost membrane of the host cell; such "self-cloaked" viruses make it difficult for the immune system to identify them as "non-self" structures.

The [Victoria and Albert Museum] (often abbreviated as the [V&A]), [London], is the [world's largest museum] of [decorative arts] and [design], [housing] a [permanent collection] of [over 4.5 million objects]. It was [founded] in [1852] and [named after] [Queen Victoria] and [Prince Albert]. The [V&A] is [located] in the [Brompton district] of the [Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea], in an [area] that has become known as "[Albertopolis]" because of its [association] with [Prince Albert], the [Albert Memorial] and the [major cultural institutions] with which he was associated. These include the [Natural History Museum], the [Science Museum] and the [Royal Albert Hall]. The museum is a [non-departmental public body] sponsored by the [Department for Culture, Media and Sport]. Like [other national British museums], [entrance] to the museum has been [free] since [2001].

The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A), London, is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The V&A is located in the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, in an area that has become known as "Albertopolis" because of its association with Prince Albert, the Albert Memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated. These include the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum and the Royal Albert Hall. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Like other national British museums, entrance to the museum has been free since 2001.

The [customary law] of [Normandy] was developed between the [10th] and [13th] centuries and survives today through the [legal systems] of [Jersey] and [Guernsey] in the [Channel Islands]. [Norman customary law] was [transcribed] in [two customaries] in [Latin] by [two judges] for use by them and their colleagues: These are the [Très ancien coutumier] (Very ancient customary), [authored] between [1200] and [1245]; and the [Grand coutumier de Normandie] (Great customary of Normandy, originally [Summa de legibus Normanniae in curia laïcali]), [authored] between [1235] and [1245].

The customary law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in Latin by two judges for use by them and their colleagues: These are the Très ancien coutumier (Very ancient customary), authored between 1200 and 1245; and the Grand coutumier de Normandie (Great customary of Normandy, originally Summa de legibus Normanniae in curia laïcali), authored between 1235 and 1245.

The [connection] between [macroscopic nonconservative forces] and [microscopic conservative forces] is described by [detailed treatment] with [statistical mechanics]. In [macroscopic closed systems], [nonconservative forces] act to [change] the [internal energies] of the [system], and are often associated with the [transfer] of [heat]. According to the [Second law] of [thermodynamics], [nonconservative forces] necessarily result in [energy transformations] within [closed systems] from [ordered] to [more random] [conditions] as [entropy] increases.

The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. According to the Second law of thermodynamics, nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases.

In [Sweden], [pupils] are [free to choose] a [private school] and the [private school] gets [paid] the [same amount] as [municipal schools]. [Over 10%] of [Swedish pupils] were [enrolled] in [private schools] in [2008]. [Sweden] is [internationally known] for this [innovative] [school voucher model] that provides [Swedish pupils] with the [opportunity] to [choose] the [school] they [prefer]. For [instance], the [biggest school chain], [Kunskapsskolan] (“The Knowledge School”), [offers] [30 schools] and a [web-based environment], has [700 employees] and [teaches] [nearly 10,000 pupils]. The [Swedish system] has been [recommended] to [Barack Obama].

In Sweden, pupils are free to choose a private school and the private school gets paid the same amount as municipal schools. Over 10% of Swedish pupils were enrolled in private schools in 2008. Sweden is internationally known for this innovative school voucher model that provides Swedish pupils with the opportunity to choose the school they prefer. For instance, the biggest school chain, Kunskapsskolan (“The Knowledge School”), offers 30 schools and a web-based environment, has 700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000 pupils. The Swedish system has been recommended to Barack Obama.

It is a logical extension of the [compound engine] (described above) to split the [expansion] into yet more [stages] to increase [efficiency]. The result is the [multiple expansion engine]. Such engines use either [three] or [four] expansion stages and are known as [triple] and [quadruple] expansion engines respectively. These engines use a series of [cylinders] of progressively increasing [diameter]. These cylinders are designed to divide the [work] into [equal shares] for each [expansion stage]. As with the [double expansion engine], if [space] is at a premium, then [two] smaller cylinders may be used for the [low-pressure stage]. [Multiple expansion engines] typically had the cylinders arranged [inline], but various other formations were used. In the late [19th century], the [Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system'] was used on some [marine triple expansion engines]. [Y-S-T engines] divided the [low-pressure expansion stages] between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the [crankshaft] to be better balanced, resulting in a [smoother], [faster-responding engine] which ran with [less vibration]. This made the [4-cylinder triple-expansion engine] popular with [large passenger liners] (such as the [Olympic class]), but this was ultimately replaced by the [virtually vibration-free turbine engine].[citation needed]

It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the multiple expansion engine. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively. These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter. These cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage. As with the double expansion engine, if space is at a premium, then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage. Multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine triple expansion engines. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration. This made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the Olympic class), but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free turbine engine.citation needed

There have been debates as to whether [civil disobedience] must necessarily be [non-violent]. [Black's Law Dictionary] includes [non-violence] in its definition of [civil disobedience]. [Christian Bay]'s [encyclopedia article] states that [civil disobedience] requires "carefully chosen and legitimate means," but holds that they do not have to be [non-violent]. It has been argued that, while both [civil disobedience] and [civil rebellion] are justified by appeal to [constitutional defects], [rebellion] is much more [destructive]; therefore, the defects justifying [rebellion] must be much more [serious] than those justifying [disobedience], and if one cannot justify [civil rebellion], then one cannot justify a [civil disobedients'] use of [force] and [violence] and [refusal] to [submit] to [arrest]. [Civil disobedients'] [refraining] from [violence] is also said to help [preserve] society's [tolerance] of [civil disobedience].

There have been debates as to whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent. Black's Law Dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience. Christian Bay's encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires "carefully chosen and legitimate means," but holds that they do not have to be non-violent. It has been argued that, while both civil disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal to constitutional defects, rebellion is much more destructive; therefore, the defects justifying rebellion must be much more serious than those justifying disobedience, and if one cannot justify civil rebellion, then one cannot justify a civil disobedients' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest. Civil disobedients' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience.

A [fine tribute] to the fall of [Warsaw] and [history] of [Poland] can be found in the [Warsaw Uprising Museum] and in the [Katyń Museum] which preserves the [memory] of the [crime]. The [Warsaw Uprising Museum] also operates a [rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre], the [Warsaw Fotoplastikon]. The [Museum of Independence] preserves [patriotic] and [political objects] connected with [Poland's struggles for independence]. Dating back to [1936] [Warsaw Historical Museum] contains [60 rooms] which host a [permanent exhibition] of the [history] of [Warsaw] from its [origins] until [today].

A fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and history of Poland can be found in the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in the Katyń Museum which preserves the memory of the crime. The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre, the Warsaw Fotoplastikon. The Museum of Independence preserves patriotic and political objects connected with Poland's struggles for independence. Dating back to 1936 Warsaw Historical Museum contains 60 rooms which host a permanent exhibition of the history of Warsaw from its origins until today.

[Southern California]'s [economy] is [diverse] and one of the [largest] in the [United States]. It is [dominated] and [heavily dependent] upon [abundance] of [petroleum], as opposed to [other regions] where [automobiles] not nearly as [dominant], the [vast majority] of [transport] runs on this [fuel]. [Southern California] is [famous] for [tourism] and [Hollywood] (film, television, and music). [Other industries] include [software], [automotive], [ports], [finance], [tourism], [biomedical], and [regional logistics]. The [region] was a [leader] in the [housing bubble] 2001–2007, and has been [heavily impacted] by the [housing crash].

Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001–2007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash.

After the defeat of the Khwarezmian Empire in 1220, [Genghis Khan] gathered his forces in [Persia] and [Armenia] to return to the [Mongolian steppes]. Under the suggestion of [Subutai], the [Mongol army] was split into [two forces]. [Genghis Khan] led the [main army] on a [raid] through [Afghanistan] and [northern India] towards [Mongolia], while another [20,000] (two tumen) [contingent] marched through the [Caucasus] and into [Russia] under generals [Jebe] and [Subutai]. They pushed deep into [Armenia] and [Azerbaijan]. The [Mongols] destroyed the [kingdom] of [Georgia], sacked the [Genoese trade-fortress] of [Caffa] in [Crimea] and [overwintered] near the [Black Sea]. Heading home, [Subutai's forces] attacked the [allied forces] of the [Cuman–Kipchaks] and the [poorly coordinated] [80,000 Kievan Rus' troops] led by [Mstislav the Bold] of [Halych] and [Mstislav III of Kiev] who went out to stop the [Mongols' actions] in the area. [Subutai] sent [emissaries] to the [Slavic princes] calling for a [separate peace], but the [emissaries] were [executed]. At the [Battle of Kalka River] in 1223, [Subutai's forces] defeated the [larger Kievan force]. They also may have fought against the neighboring [Volga Bulgars]. There is no historical record except a [short account] by the [Arab historian] [Ibn al-Athir], writing in [Mosul] some [1100 miles] away from the event. Various historical [secondary sources] - [Morgan], [Chambers], [Grousset] - state that the [Mongols] actually defeated the [Bulgars], [Chambers] even going so far as to say that the [Bulgars] had made up stories to tell the (recently crushed) [Russians] that they had beaten the [Mongols] and driven them from their territory. The [Russian princes] then sued for [peace]. [Subutai] agreed but was in no mood to [pardon] the [princes]. As was [customary] in [Mongol society] for [nobility], the [Russian princes] were given a [bloodless death]. [Subutai] had a [large wooden platform] constructed on which he ate his meals along with his other [generals]. [Six Russian princes], including [Mstislav III of Kiev], were put under this platform and [crushed to death].

After the defeat of the Khwarezmian Empire in 1220, Genghis Khan gathered his forces in Persia and Armenia to return to the Mongolian steppes. Under the suggestion of Subutai, the Mongol army was split into two forces. Genghis Khan led the main army on a raid through Afghanistan and northern India towards Mongolia, while another 20,000 (two tumen) contingent marched through the Caucasus and into Russia under generals Jebe and Subutai. They pushed deep into Armenia and Azerbaijan. The Mongols destroyed the kingdom of Georgia, sacked the Genoese trade-fortress of Caffa in Crimea and overwintered near the Black Sea. Heading home, Subutai's forces attacked the allied forces of the Cuman–Kipchaks and the poorly coordinated 80,000 Kievan Rus' troops led by Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev who went out to stop the Mongols' actions in the area. Subutai sent emissaries to the Slavic princes calling for a separate peace, but the emissaries were executed. At the Battle of Kalka River in 1223, Subutai's forces defeated the larger Kievan force. They also may have fought against the neighboring Volga Bulgars. There is no historical record except a short account by the Arab historian Ibn al-Athir, writing in Mosul some 1100 miles away from the event. Various historical secondary sources - Morgan, Chambers, Grousset - state that the Mongols actually defeated the Bulgars, Chambers even going so far as to say that the Bulgars had made up stories to tell the (recently crushed) Russians that they had beaten the Mongols and driven them from their territory. The Russian princes then sued for peace. Subutai agreed but was in no mood to pardon the princes. As was customary in Mongol society for nobility, the Russian princes were given a bloodless death. Subutai had a large wooden platform constructed on which he ate his meals along with his other generals. Six Russian princes, including Mstislav III of Kiev, were put under this platform and crushed to death.

Plague [first introduced] [Europe] [Genoese traders] [port city] [Kaffa] [Crimea] [1347]. [protracted siege] [Mongol army] [Jani Beg] [suffering] [disease], [army] [catapulted] [infected corpses] [city walls] [Kaffa] [infect] [inhabitants]. [Genoese traders] [fled], [taking] [plague] [ship] [Sicily] [south of Europe], [spread] [north]. [hypothesis] [accurate], [clear] [several existing conditions] [war], [famine], [weather] [contributed] [severity] [Black Death].

Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The Genoese traders fled, taking the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe, whence it spread north. Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear that several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death.

[This means] that [in a closed system] of [particles], there are [no internal forces] that are [unbalanced]. That is, the [action-reaction force] shared between [any two objects] in a [closed system] will not cause the [center of mass] of the system to [accelerate]. The [constituent objects] only accelerate [with respect to each other], the [system itself] remains [unaccelerated]. Alternatively, if [an external force] acts on the system, then the [center of mass] will experience [an acceleration] [proportional to] the [magnitude] of the [external force] divided by the [mass] of the [system].

This means that in a closed system of particles, there are no internal forces that are unbalanced. That is, the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of mass of the system to accelerate. The constituent objects only accelerate with respect to each other, the system itself remains unaccelerated. Alternatively, if an external force acts on the system, then the center of mass will experience an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of the external force divided by the mass of the system.:19-1

A [cylindrical Service Module] (SM) supported the [Command Module], with a [service propulsion engine] and an [RCS] with [propellants], and a [fuel cell power generation system] with [liquid hydrogen] and [liquid oxygen reactants]. A [high-gain S-band antenna] was used for [long-distance communications] on the [lunar flights]. On the [extended lunar missions], an [orbital scientific instrument package] was carried. The [Service Module] was [discarded] just before [re-entry]. The module was [24.6 feet] (7.5 m) [long] and [12.83 feet] (3.91 m) [in diameter]. The [initial lunar flight version] weighed approximately [51,300 pounds] (23,300 kg) [fully fueled], while a [later version] designed to carry a [lunar orbit scientific instrument package] weighed just over [54,000 pounds] (24,000 kg).

A cylindrical Service Module (SM) supported the Command Module, with a service propulsion engine and an RCS with propellants, and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants. A high-gain S-band antenna was used for long-distance communications on the lunar flights. On the extended lunar missions, an orbital scientific instrument package was carried. The Service Module was discarded just before re-entry. The module was 24.6 feet (7.5 m) long and 12.83 feet (3.91 m) in diameter. The initial lunar flight version weighed approximately 51,300 pounds (23,300 kg) fully fueled, while a later version designed to carry a lunar orbit scientific instrument package weighed just over 54,000 pounds (24,000 kg).

Central Banking economist [Raghuram Rajan] argues that "systematic economic inequalities, within the [United States] and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made financial crises more likely to happen than in the past" – the [Financial crisis of 2007–08] being the most recent example. To compensate for [stagnating] and [declining] [purchasing power], [political pressure] has developed to extend [easier credit] to the [lower and middle income earners] – particularly to buy [homes] – and [easier credit] in general to keep [unemployment rates] [low]. This has given the [American economy] a tendency to go "from [bubble] to [bubble]" fueled by [unsustainable] [monetary stimulation].

Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that "systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made financial crises more likely to happen than in the past" – the Financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example. To compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power, political pressure has developed to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners – particularly to buy homes – and easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates low. This has given the American economy a tendency to go "from bubble to bubble" fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation.

[Tesla] made [predictions] about the [relevant issues] of a [post-World War I environment] in a [printed article], "Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War" (20 December 1914). Tesla believed that the [League of Nations] was not a [remedy] for the [times] and [issues].[citation needed]

Tesla made predictions about the relevant issues of a post-World War I environment in a printed article, "Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War" (20 December 1914). Tesla believed that the League of Nations was not a remedy for the times and issues.citation needed

By [July 1944], the [Red Army] was deep into [Polish territory] and pursuing the [Germans] toward [Warsaw]. Knowing that [Stalin] was [hostile] to the idea of an [independent Poland], the [Polish government-in-exile] in [London] gave [orders] to the [underground Home Army (AK)] to try to [seize control] of [Warsaw] from the [Germans] before the [Red Army] arrived. Thus, on [1 August 1944], as the [Red Army] was [nearing] the city, the [Warsaw Uprising] began. The [armed struggle], planned to [last] [48 hours], was [partially successful], however it went on for [63 days]. Eventually the [Home Army fighters] and [civilians] assisting them were forced to [capitulate]. They were transported to [PoW camps] in [Germany], while the entire [civilian population] was [expelled]. [Polish civilian deaths] are estimated at between [150,000] and [200,000].

By July 1944, the Red Army was deep into Polish territory and pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw. Knowing that Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland, the Polish government-in-exile in London gave orders to the underground Home Army (AK) to try to seize control of Warsaw from the Germans before the Red Army arrived. Thus, on 1 August 1944, as the Red Army was nearing the city, the Warsaw Uprising began. The armed struggle, planned to last 48 hours, was partially successful, however it went on for 63 days. Eventually the Home Army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate. They were transported to PoW camps in Germany, while the entire civilian population was expelled. Polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000.

One of the earliest surviving examples of European quilting, the late 14th-century Sicilian Tristan Quilt, is also held by the collection. [The collection] has numerous examples of various types of textiles designed by [William Morris], including, [embroidery], [woven fabrics], [tapestries] ([Including 'The Forest' tapestry of 1887]), [rugs] and [carpets], as well as [pattern books] and [paper designs]. The [art deco period] is covered by [rugs] and [fabrics] designed by [Marion Dorn]. From the same period there is a [rug] designed by [Serge Chermayeff].

One of the earliest surviving examples of European quilting, the late 14th-century Sicilian Tristan Quilt, is also held by the collection. The collection has numerous examples of various types of textiles designed by William Morris, including, embroidery, woven fabrics, tapestries (Including 'The Forest' tapestry of 1887), rugs and carpets, as well as pattern books and paper designs. The art deco period is covered by rugs and fabrics designed by Marion Dorn. From the same period there is a rug designed by Serge Chermayeff.

The [United Methodist Church] maintains that [war] is [incompatible] with [Christ's message] and [teachings]. Therefore, the Church rejects war as an [instrument] of [national foreign policy], to be employed only as a [last resort] in the prevention of such [evils] as [genocide], [brutal suppression of human rights], and [unprovoked international aggression]. It insists that the [first moral duty] of all [nations] is to [resolve] by [peaceful means] every [dispute] that arises between or among them; that [human values] must outweigh [military claims] as governments determine their [priorities]; that the [militarization] of society must be [challenged] and [stopped]; that the [manufacture], [sale], and [deployment] of [armaments] must be [reduced] and [controlled]; and that the [production], [possession], or [use] of [nuclear weapons] be [condemned]. Consequently, the United Methodist Church endorses [general and complete disarmament] under [strict and effective international control].

The United Methodist Church maintains that war is incompatible with Christ's message and teachings. Therefore, the Church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy, to be employed only as a last resort in the prevention of such evils as genocide, brutal suppression of human rights, and unprovoked international aggression. It insists that the first moral duty of all nations is to resolve by peaceful means every dispute that arises between or among them; that human values must outweigh military claims as governments determine their priorities; that the militarization of society must be challenged and stopped; that the manufacture, sale, and deployment of armaments must be reduced and controlled; and that the production, possession, or use of nuclear weapons be condemned. Consequently, the United Methodist Church endorses general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.

During the [First Sino-Japanese War] in [1894], [Japan] absorbed [Taiwan]. As a result of the [Russo-Japanese War] in [1905], Japan took part of [Sakhalin Island] from [Russia]. [Korea] was annexed in [1910]. During [World War I], Japan took [German-leased territories] in [China's Shandong Province], as well as the [Mariana], [Caroline], and [Marshall Islands]. In [1918], Japan occupied parts of [far eastern Russia] and parts of [eastern Siberia] as a participant in the [Siberian Intervention]. In [1931] Japan conquered [Manchuria] from [China]. During the [Second Sino-Japanese War] in [1937], Japan's military invaded [central China] and by the end of the [Pacific War], Japan had conquered much of the [Far East], including [Hong Kong], [Vietnam], [Cambodia], [Myanmar], [the Philippines], [Indonesia], part of [New Guinea] and some [islands] of the [Pacific Ocean]. Japan also invaded [Thailand], pressuring the country into a [Thai/Japanese alliance]. Its [colonial ambitions] were ended by the victory of the [United States] in the [Second World War] and the following [treaties] which remanded those territories to [American administration] or their [original owners].

During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China’s Shandong Province, as well as the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. In 1918, Japan occupied parts of far eastern Russia and parts of eastern Siberia as a participant in the Siberian Intervention. In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China and by the end of the Pacific War, Japan had conquered much of the Far East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese alliance. Its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the United States in the Second World War and the following treaties which remanded those territories to American administration or their original owners.

The country's [literacy level] stands at [85%] of the whole population. [Preschool], which targets children from [age three to five], is an [integral component] of the [education system] and is a [key requirement] for [admission] to [Standard One (First Grade)]. At the end of [primary education], pupils sit the [Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE)], which determines those who proceed to [secondary school] or [vocational training]. The [result] of this [examination] is needed for [placement] at [secondary school]. [Primary school] [age] is [6/7-13/14 years]. For those who proceed to [secondary level], there is a [national examination] at the end of [Form Four] – the [Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE)], which determines those proceeding to the [universities], [other professional training] or [employment]. Students sit [examinations] in [eight subjects] of their choosing. However, [English], [Kiswahili] ([languages]) and [mathematics] are [compulsory subjects].

The country's literacy level stands at 85% of the whole population. Preschool, which targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At the end of primary education, pupils sit the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE), which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training. The result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school. Primary school age is 6/7-13/14 years. For those who proceed to secondary level, there is a national examination at the end of Form Four – the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE), which determines those proceeding to the universities, other professional training or employment. Students sit examinations in eight subjects of their choosing. However, English, Kiswahili (languages) and mathematics are compulsory subjects.

[Denver] took the opening kickoff and started out strong with [Peyton Manning] completing an 18-yard pass to tight end [Owen Daniels] and a 22-yard throw to receiver [Andre Caldwell]. A pair of carries by [C. J. Anderson] moved the ball up 20 yards to the [Panthers] 14-yard line, but [Carolina's defense] dug in over the next three plays. First, linebacker [Shaq Thompson] tackled [Ronnie Hillman] for a 3-yard loss. Then after an incompletion, [Thomas Davis] tackled [Anderson] for a 1-yard gain on third down, forcing [Denver] to settle for a [3–0 lead] on a [Brandon McManus] 34-yard field goal. The score marked the first time in the entire postseason that [Carolina] was facing a deficit.

Denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with Peyton Manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver Andre Caldwell. A pair of carries by C. J. Anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the Panthers 14-yard line, but Carolina's defense dug in over the next three plays. First, linebacker Shaq Thompson tackled Ronnie Hillman for a 3-yard loss. Then after an incompletion, Thomas Davis tackled Anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down, forcing Denver to settle for a 3–0 lead on a Brandon McManus 34-yard field goal. The score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit.

While the existence of these [central government departments] and the [Six Ministries] (which had been introduced since the [Sui] and [Tang] dynasties) gave a [Sinicized image] in the [Yuan administration], the actual [functions] of these ministries also reflected how [Mongolian priorities] and [policies] reshaped and redirected those [institutions]. For example, the [authority] of the [Yuan legal system], the [Ministry of Justice], did not extend to [legal cases] involving [Mongols] and [Semuren], who had separate [courts of justice]. [Cases] involving members of more than one [ethnic group] were decided by a [mixed board] consisting of [Chinese] and [Mongols]. Another example was the [insignificance] of the [Ministry of War] compared with [native Chinese dynasties], as the [real military authority] in Yuan times resided in the [Privy Council].

While the existence of these central government departments and the Six Ministries (which had been introduced since the Sui and Tang dynasties) gave a Sinicized image in the Yuan administration, the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how Mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected those institutions. For example, the authority of the Yuan legal system, the Ministry of Justice, did not extend to legal cases involving Mongols and Semuren, who had separate courts of justice. Cases involving members of more than one ethnic group were decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was the insignificance of the Ministry of War compared with native Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council.

[Germanic tribes] crossed the [Rhine] in the [Migration period], by the 5th century establishing the [kingdoms] of [Francia] on the [Lower Rhine], [Burgundy] on the [Upper Rhine] and [Alemannia] on the [High Rhine]. This "Germanic Heroic Age" is reflected in [medieval legend], such as the [Nibelungenlied] which tells of the hero [Siegfried] killing a [dragon] on the [Drachenfels] ([Siebengebirge]) ("[dragons rock]"), near [Bonn] at the [Rhine] and of the [Burgundians] and their [court] at [Worms], at the [Rhine] and [Kriemhild]'s [golden treasure], which was thrown into the [Rhine] by [Hagen].

Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine in the Migration period, by the 5th century establishing the kingdoms of Francia on the Lower Rhine, Burgundy on the Upper Rhine and Alemannia on the High Rhine. This "Germanic Heroic Age" is reflected in medieval legend, such as the Nibelungenlied which tells of the hero Siegfried killing a dragon on the Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) ("dragons rock"), near Bonn at the Rhine and of the Burgundians and their court at Worms, at the Rhine and Kriemhild's golden treasure, which was thrown into the Rhine by Hagen.

During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King. [In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne], [Cromwell's allies], [the Scots], [captured] the town of Newburn. In 1644 [the Scots] then [captured] the reinforced [fortification] on [the Lawe] in [South Shields] [following a siege]. In 1644 the city was then [besieged] for [many months] and was eventually [stormed] ('with roaring drummes') and [sacked] by [Cromwell's allies]. [The grateful King] bestowed [the motto] "Fortiter Defendit Triumphans" ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon [the town]. [Charles I] was [imprisoned] in [Newcastle] by [the Scots] in 1646–7.

During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644 the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege. In 1644 the city was then besieged for many months and was eventually stormed ('with roaring drummes') and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the motto "Fortiter Defendit Triumphans" ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–7.

Chloroplasts [can serve as cellular sensors]. After [detecting stress] in a cell, which might be due to a [pathogen], chloroplasts begin [producing molecules] like [salicylic acid], [jasmonic acid], [nitric oxide] and [reactive oxygen species] which [can serve as defense-signals]. As [cellular signals], [reactive oxygen species] are [unstable molecules], so they [probably don't leave] the chloroplast, but instead [pass on their signal] to an [unknown second messenger molecule]. All these molecules [initiate retrograde signaling]—signals from the chloroplast that [regulate gene expression] in the [nucleus].

Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors. After detecting stress in a cell, which might be due to a pathogen, chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which can serve as defense-signals. As cellular signals, reactive oxygen species are unstable molecules, so they probably don't leave the chloroplast, but instead pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule. All these molecules initiate retrograde signaling—signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus.

Some [episodes] have been returned to the [BBC] from the [archives] of other [countries] who bought [prints] for [broadcast], or by [private individuals] who acquired them by [various means]. [Early colour videotape recordings] made [off-air] by [fans] have also been [retrieved], as well as [excerpts] filmed from the [television screen] onto [8 mm cine film] and [clips] that were shown on [other programmes]. [Audio versions] of all of the [lost episodes] exist from [home viewers] who made [tape recordings] of the [show]. [Short clips] from every [story] with the [exception] of [Marco Polo], "Mission to the Unknown" and [The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve] also exist.

Some episodes have been returned to the BBC from the archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast, or by private individuals who acquired them by various means. Early colour videotape recordings made off-air by fans have also been retrieved, as well as excerpts filmed from the television screen onto 8 mm cine film and clips that were shown on other programmes. Audio versions of all of the lost episodes exist from home viewers who made tape recordings of the show. Short clips from every story with the exception of Marco Polo, "Mission to the Unknown" and The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve also exist.

Luther's [hymns] inspired [composers] to write [music]. [Johann Sebastian Bach] included [several verses] as [chorales] in his [cantatas] and based [chorale cantatas] entirely on them, namely [Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4], as early as possibly [1707], in his [second annual cycle] (1724 to 1725) [Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein, BWV 2], [Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam, BWV 7], [Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 62], [Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ, BWV 91], and [Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir, BWV 38], later [Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, BWV 80], and in [1735] [Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit, BWV 14].

Luther's hymns inspired composers to write music. Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them, namely Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4, as early as possibly 1707, in his second annual cycle (1724 to 1725) Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein, BWV 2, Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam, BWV 7, Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 62, Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ, BWV 91, and Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir, BWV 38, later Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, BWV 80, and in 1735 Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit, BWV 14.

The [rapid] [Anglo-Norman conquest] proved [more important] than it seemed. The [island] [occupied] a [key strategic position] on the [maritime lanes] to the [Holy Land], whose [occupation] by the [Christians] could not continue without [support] from the [sea]. Shortly after the [conquest], [Cyprus] was [sold] to the [Knights Templar] and it was subsequently [acquired], in [1192], by [Guy de Lusignan] and became a [stable feudal kingdom]. It was only in [1489] that the [Venetians] [acquired] [full control] of the [island], which remained a [Christian stronghold] until the [fall] of [Famagusta] in [1571].

The rapid Anglo-Norman conquest proved more important than it seemed. The island occupied a key strategic position on the maritime lanes to the Holy Land, whose occupation by the Christians could not continue without support from the sea. Shortly after the conquest, Cyprus was sold to the Knights Templar and it was subsequently acquired, in 1192, by Guy de Lusignan and became a stable feudal kingdom. It was only in 1489 that the Venetians acquired full control of the island, which remained a Christian stronghold until the fall of Famagusta in 1571.

[Korean economist] [Hoesung Lee] is the [chair] of the [IPCC] since [October 8, 2015], following the [election] of the new [IPCC Bureau]. Before this [election], the [IPCC] was led by his [vice-Chair] [Ismail El Gizouli], who was designated [acting Chair] after the [resignation] of [Rajendra K. Pachauri] in [February 2015]. The [previous chairs] were [Rajendra K. Pachauri], [elected] in [May 2002]; [Robert Watson] in [1997]; and [Bert Bolin] in [1988]. The [chair] is [assisted] by an [elected bureau] including [vice-chairs], [working group co-chairs], and a [secretariat].

Korean economist Hoesung Lee is the chair of the IPCC since October 8, 2015, following the election of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015. The previous chairs were Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson in 1997; and Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat.

For [the next three hundred years], [Scotland] was [directly governed] by [the Parliament of Great Britain] and [the subsequent Parliament of the United Kingdom], both seated at [Westminster], and [the lack] of [a Parliament of Scotland] remained an [important element] in [Scottish national identity]. [Suggestions] for [a 'devolved' Parliament] were made [before 1914], but were [shelved] due to [the outbreak] of [the First World War]. [A sharp rise] in [nationalism] in [Scotland] during [the late 1960s] fuelled [demands] for [some form] of [home rule] or [complete independence], and in [1969] prompted [the incumbent Labour government] of [Harold Wilson] to set up [the Kilbrandon Commission] to consider [the British constitution]. [One] of [the principal objectives] of [the commission] was to examine [ways] of [enabling] [more self-government] for [Scotland], within [the unitary state] of [the United Kingdom]. [Kilbrandon] published [his report] in [1973] recommending [the establishment] of [a directly elected Scottish Assembly] to [legislate] for [the majority] of [domestic Scottish affairs].

For the next three hundred years, Scotland was directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain and the subsequent Parliament of the United Kingdom, both seated at Westminster, and the lack of a Parliament of Scotland remained an important element in Scottish national identity. Suggestions for a 'devolved' Parliament were made before 1914, but were shelved due to the outbreak of the First World War. A sharp rise in nationalism in Scotland during the late 1960s fuelled demands for some form of home rule or complete independence, and in 1969 prompted the incumbent Labour government of Harold Wilson to set up the Kilbrandon Commission to consider the British constitution. One of the principal objectives of the commission was to examine ways of enabling more self-government for Scotland, within the unitary state of the United Kingdom. Kilbrandon published his report in 1973 recommending the establishment of a directly elected Scottish Assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic Scottish affairs.