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In March, an exhausting court battle finally ended for over 2,000 victims of mercury poisoning in Japan. Chisso Corporation – a chemical company whose dumping of methylmercury in waters off the island of Kyushu from the 1930s to late 1960s caused Minamata disease, as the painful neurological ailment later came to be known – agreed to make a lump-sum payment of 2.1 million yen (US$26,000) to some 90% of the plaintiffs, plus a 2.29 billion yen (US$28.4 million) fund for the group. Central and prefectural governments will also shoulder part of the victims’ medical costs.
Half a century after Minamata disease was first acknowledged, time is running out for its victims. Their bodies are increasingly frail. The mercury that poisoned them was carried through the fish they ate and accumulated as it moved up the food chain in a process called biomagnification. In this process, persistent poisons like mercury concentrate in the upper echelons of the chain, meaning organisms at the top carry higher levels of toxicity in their fatty tissues.
Since March 11 this year, a different kind of toxin has been making its way through the veins of common food sources after Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) completed a planned dumping of radioactive water into the Pacific Ocean at the site of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear-power plant. Spinach and other green leafy vegetables, milk and water have been found to have iodine-131. Fish, cows’ milk, and water have been contaminated with cesium-137.
TEPCO, Japan’s largest power company, offered an apology along with a veritable shoulder shrug. Their Faustian explanation: to avoid releasing water of even higher levels of radiation into the ocean, we must first dump water with lower radioactivity.
While numerical data is from time to time released detailing the amounts of iodine-131 and cesium-137 in the soil of Fukushima, in the seawater by the Fukushima plant, in the drinking water in Tokyo pipes, in the leafy greens of Miyagi prefecture, in the milk from Iwate or on the sides of planes flying across the Pacific, the short and long term environmental consequences of these radioisotopes is far from clear.
As with methylmercury half a century ago, Japan is once again threatened by a new and persistent toxin accumulating in its food and water. But unlike the days after mercury poisoning was discovered, Japan’s government was this time quick to respond. After the government banned the sale of numerous greens from Fukushima and six other prefectures, and after the concomitant discovery of radioactivity in Tokyo water, fears over food and water contamination quickly spread in Tokyo (and nearby countries that import food from Japan). Long lines for bottled water formed in grocery stores, ration cards for water for infants were introduced and some Tokyo residents experimented with buying food online.
Then, when the government eased the sale ban on a few greens, a new, more nationalistic response to the contamination blossomed. Enthusiastic supporters of Fukushima farmers attended farmers’ markets in Tokyo and elsewhere to buy previously banned produce. Various groups and individuals showed their solidarity by publicly eating, promoting or buying produce from Fukushima and six nearby prefectures. Television talents, sports heroes and popular singers encouraged people to follow the example of chief cabinet secretary Yukio Edano and eat strawberries and greens (irresistible at 100 yen a bag) from Fukushima and outlying prefectures.
These were the sacrifices of Tokyo urbanites: questions of contamination were answered by the consumption of bargain-basement sale prices.
On March 23, the Japanese government restricted the consumption of various greens from Fukushima prefecture, as well as Ibaragi, Tochigi and Gunma. The trashing of shipments will affect consumers and producers – these prefectures together supplied 60% of the greens to Tokyo in 2010. It turns out that greens are more susceptible to radiation absorption than other fruits and vegetables and have been found to exceed normal radiation limits since the Fukushima leaks, though the figures vary according to the source.
One farmer, who had just seeded a new crop a week before the reactor accidents stood to lose 2 million yen (US$25,000). At distribution centres, boxes of greens from Fukushima and Ibaragi were marked with black felt pens: “return produce”. Tokyo shop owners complained that consumers were even choosing not to buy vegetables from prefectures lying outside the no-distribution zones. Even minimal radioactivity in the soil at Fukushima could plague farmers for years to come, threatening livelihoods and the health of the town.
Fukushima and Ibaragi prefectures were also asked to halt milk shipments because of fear of contamination. One farmer pumping milk from his cow directly into the drain lamented that he must “throw away milk like garbage”. Milk is highly vulnerable. Industrial toxins are stored in fatty tissue of bodies and biomagnification means contaminated milk leads to greater accumulation of toxins in our bodies, just as fish did in human Minamata victims.
Usually people visualise the food chain with a generic man at the top, but Sandra Steingraber illustrates in her book Having Faith: an Ecologist’s Journey to Motherhood that it is not a “man” but a fetus that is the final resting place for Earth’s toxins. The placenta magnifies the level of toxins admitted to the fetus.
On mercury (which destroys brain tissues) and the placenta, Steingraber writes: “Even if the mother’s blood is contaminated with only trace amounts of methylmercury, the placenta will still actively pump it into the fetal capillaries as though it were a precious molecule of calcium or iodine. As the pregnancy continues, the mercury levels in umbilical-cord blood will eventually surpass their levels in the mother’s blood. In the case of methylmercury, the placenta functions more like a magnifying glass than a barrier.”
Nearly as vulnerable is the breastfeeding infant. A mother in the Fukushima evacuation zone who may have been exposed to radiation and was in the process of breastfeeding during this tragic event could pass on toxins to her infant unless she chose to dump her milk instead of feeding it to her child.
Other common food sources that raise concerns about toxins in the food supply are fish and seaweed, which can concentrate radioactive elements as they grow, leading to levels that are higher than in the surrounding water. Toxic substances can concentrate in higher levels in water than on land because food chains tend to be longer there. This is why Minamata fishing communities suffered the effects of mercury poisoning so dramatically. It makes it doubly important to watch radiation levels in the ocean off the coast of Fukushima.
The degree to which cesium-137 concentrates in fish varies. For example, in Minamata, anchovies were more susceptible to the mercury than other small fish, because they proved physiologically adept at absorbing it from the water. A study of cesium-137 in the Baltic Sea after Chernobyl similarly showed discernable differences between fish species in terms of cesium-137 uptake.
Just as some fish show more or less propensity toward the uptake of radioactivity, particular human bodies are more or less susceptible to toxins. The anchovy showed a particular readiness to upload mercury. The fetus and child have shown a particular susceptibility to toxins in the environment.
The sad truth that has emerged in my research of the role of cesium-137 in Chernobyl, however, is the fact that daily industrial toxins play a far greater role than radiation in the contamination of nonhuman and human bodies and environments. To return to the mother’s body as an example, Steingraber demonstrates that organic pollutants from industrial life are plentiful in human breast milk. They make it the most contaminated of all human foods: “Breast milk, if regulated like infant formula, would commonly violate FDA [US Food and Drug Administration] action levels for poisonous or deleterious substances in food and could not be sold,” she writes.
On average, breastfed infants in industrialised countries ingest each day 50 times more PCBs per pound of body weight than do their parents. We have DDT, PCBs, flame retardants, fungicides, wood preservatives, termite poisons, toilet deodorisers, cable-insulating materials, gasoline vapours, dry-cleaning fluids, chemical pollutants of garbage incinerations and other contaminants in breast milk. This holds true for studies of the contamination in biota around Chernobyl. Studies of cesium-137 and radioactive fallout in the wake of Chernobyl more than a decade after the tragedy illustrate that common industrial pollutants are more predominant in biota than radioactivity.
And cleanup efforts often introduce more chemicals into the environment. In the case of the BP spill in the Gulf of Mexico, workers have fallen ill not from exposure to the oil but to the chemicals used for clean-up. The perversity of our energy choices is heightened by the fact that an area may need to be revived through the use of chemicals that could turn out to be just as toxic as the radiation itself.
One frequent complaint among Japanese people following the Fukushima disaster was the lack of transparent data that would provide guidelines for consuming food safely. The risks involved in eating land- and sea-produced foods can be hard to predict because there are so many environmental factors that will contribute to the movement of radioactive material. But experience in the wake of Chernobyl provides a roadmap for food consumption: the testing and monitoring of vegetables, fruits, fish, animals, soils and liquids is essential.
In the post-Chernobyl landscape, for example, Belarus created 370 local public centres for monitoring foodstuffs. Long lists of limits for cesium-137 intakes were created for a whole host of foods. The official allowable amounts of cesium-137 for any number of foods like mushrooms, milk, caraway seeds, hazelnuts, apricots and figs are available. And hundreds of thousands of samples have been taken to measure current levels of cesium-137 in fungi, vegetables, fish and meat.
The Japanese government has been slow to make radiation data and information on the impacts of exposure available to the public. In fact, Fukushima parents and citizens are mounting a movement to counter government campaigns which, they argue, “lull the public into worrying less about radiation and its health risks”. Data is gradually being gathered, however, and results show levels of contamination that exceed set standards. For example, professor Takashi Ishimaru of the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology suggests that the effects on marine life of cesium and strontium, which exceed government-set safety levels in sea water near and beyond Fukushima, be monitored.
Most importantly, it was only in mid May that TEPCO revealed that multiple meltdowns had taken place at the power plant. We have, then, only recently become aware of the full extent of the damage at the Fukushima facility – and the full environmental impacts are yet to show themselves. We are now in unknown territory.
Japan must also be clear about its responsibilities to neighbouring countries. The debate around the legality of TEPCO’s decision to dump toxic water into the Pacific suggests it is important to reiterate how readily radioactivity moves and how connected bodies are to the environment. Edano has made two relevant claims here. One is that fish beyond one kilometre off the coast will be safe, and the second is that Japan is not in violation of any international laws designed to protect and preserve marine life.
But there are no such boundaries in the physical world. Strong ocean currents off Japan’s north-east coast carry seaweed, plankton and zooplankton – and fish will follow these food sources, or move as part of natural migrations. Given the ocean’s fluidity, it makes no sense to imagine that a food source like fish could be deemed safe through reference to proximity to a spot on the shore.
Japan’s government also insists that it is not in immediate violation of international law by discharging radioactive water into the sea either under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, designed to protect and preserve marine life, and the Convention of Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident.
The capacity to make such bald claims must rest on the notion that we are national bodies before we are biotic bodies – that there are clear boundaries between this nation and the next, or between this body of water and the next. But we know this must be false. Nature moves. It moves around us and through us. The process of biomagnification, anatomical particularities that lead to increased contamination of bodies, soil properties, currents in wind and water, the agency of fish and the hubris of man who believed an engineered plant to be invulnerable to natural forces, all contribute to the growth of a complex web of contamination.
Christine L Marran is associate professor of Japanese literature and cultural studies at the University of Minnesota.
An earlier version of this article was published as: Christine Marran, “Contamination: From Minamata to Fukushima”, The Asia-Pacific Journal, vol. 9, issue 19, no. 1, May 9, 2011. It is used here with permission.
Homepage image from Greenpeace shows soil being tested for contamination, 60 kilometres from the Fukushima nuclear plant. | <urn:uuid:2a9e8423-09a9-4dc7-b679-b31ed7662a26> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://chinadialogue.net/en/pollution/4370-japan-s-toxic-trials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.948175 | 2,784 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Cain and Abel #12
In Gen 4:14 Cain, not accepting the consequences of his action, continues to plead for leniency. This, of course, supports our understanding that in verse 13 he was complaining about his punishment, not admitting guilt. But more than that, this verse teaches us that at times of change, as bleak as our future life may seem, end of one path presents us with new opportunities, often better than those we are leaving behind.
There are three points relating to this verse I wish to discuss:
First, what does Cain mean when he says וּמִפָּנֶיךָ, אֶסָּתֵר (and I will be hidden from your face)?
It is common to interpret it as something like: and I must hide myself from You. But does Cain really believe that he can hide from God? And why would he want to hide from God? After all, it is being killed by other people he is worried about.
More than being a wanderer, Cain fears losing the protection of God. He understands that without this protection he will die. With this understanding, when he says, וּמִפָּנֶיךָ, אֶסָּתֵר he means And you will hide your face from me, and therefore I will not be protected any longer.
This interpretation, in which Cain is aware that God has been his protector, sheds new light on verse 9, as we discussed previously, when he says, Am I the guard of my brother. Now that we know that Cain is aware of the role God plays in protecting him (and probably Abel) it makes it likely that his words were uttered in defiance: Why are you asking me? It is You who is the guard of Abel. Where were you when he needed Your protection?
Second, I am often asked who is Cain worried about?
As the son of Adam and Eve, who are the other people who could kill him? I think it is a common misconception that Adam and Eve were the only people created by God. The Bible never says that God did not create other people. On the contrary. We do have many hints that they were not the only ones. This will be a topic for a separate blog post about the creation on man.
The last point I wish to discuss is life changes.
When Cain realises that his life as a farmer is over, he is not thankful for not getting a harsh punishment, nor for staying alive (he killed Abel, after all. A crime which warranted death punishment) his reaction is of fear and worry, not of gratefulness or looking forward into a new future. Was it this trait of his personality, fear rather than gratefulness that led him to kill Abel, rather than cherish the fact that God spoke to him, giving him the the first commandment and telling him the purpose of his life?
We now know that Cain’s future would turn up to be much brighter than the farming life he was leaving behind. We do not know why God bestowed Cain, a killer, with such a bright future. But the Bible shows us here, once more, that none of us, regardless of our past, knows what awaits us; that every change, every end of path, as frightening as it may seem, is a beginning of a new path that can lead us to much better places.
So let’s not follow Cain heritage, looking back at what we had with fear and regret. Instead, lets remember that the end of one path is an opportunity to change, to grow, and to get ourselves into a better place. | <urn:uuid:a50b1fd5-0901-4b58-a83e-07572a36e99a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://hebrew-bible.net/the-story-of-cain-and-abel-12-when-one-path-ends-another-starts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.984075 | 776 | 2.703125 | 3 |
I have a fascinating post for you today, folks! I will be illustrating some weight loss fundamentals through the real question, “How many apple turnovers can I eat in one day and still lose weight?”
It all started when I reached out to all of my friends on Facebook and asked them to comment on my post with a fitness related question. I got a lot of interesting responses, but one question stood out. Although it was clearly intended to be funny, I decided to answer it because it involves some pretty complex equations that can be useful for people striving to lose weight. The question was, “How many apple turnovers can I eat in one day and still lose weight?”
Now, to answer this question, I am going to assume that apple turnovers are the only food being consumed on a daily basis. This is because it would be impossible to determine what the rest of the person’s diet might consist of. I am also going to assume that this person is aiming to lose 2 pounds per week.
Before I begin to explain how to break this down mathematically, let me address a common weight loss misconception. Many people are convinced that eliminating things from their diets, such as carbohydrates, will force them to lose weight. While ideal macronutrient ratios are certainly encouraged for ideal results, weight loss ultimately comes down to calories. If you consume fewer calories than you expend, weight loss will be the result. This is NOT to say that a diet consisting only of pastries is a good idea. It would certainly result in decreased muscle mass and many nutrient deficiencies. Now, let’s move on to the question at hand, shall we?
The first step to answering this question is to determine how large the person’s caloric deficit needs to be on a daily basis to lose 2 pounds per week. One pound of fat contains 3,500 calories. This means that the weekly deficit would need to be 7,000 calories. We can divide this by 7, arriving at a daily deficit of 1,000 calories. In other words, the person would need to eat 1,000 calories less than they expend daily. We can determine the person’s daily caloric expenditure by calculating the person’s basal metabolic rate and then using an activity multiplier. Basal metabolic rate is the number of calories that a person would burn if they stayed in bed all day. To determine this, we can use the Harris-Benedict formula:
Formula for women: 655 + (9.6 X weight in kilograms) + (1.8 X height in cm) – (4.7 X age)
Formula for men: 66 + (13.7 X weight in kilograms) + (5 X height in cm) – (6.8 X age)
I do not know this person’s stats, so I am going to assume that this person is a moderately active male aged 45, weighing 97 kg and standing at 183 centimeters tall. Using the formula above, we are able to determine that this man would burn 2,003.9 calories if he stayed in bed all day. The next step is to factor in the person’s activity level to determine the total daily energy expenditure. The multipliers are as follows:
Sedentary (office work, television) = 1.2 X BMR
Lightly Active (exercise 1-3 times per week) = 1.375 X BMR
Moderately Active (exercise 3-5 times per week) = 1.55 X BMR
Very Active (exercise 6-7 days per week = 1.725 X BMR
Extremely Active (twice daily exercise or an incredibly active job) = 1.9 X BMR
By using the activity multiplier, we can determine that this person will burn 3,106 calories in a day when activity is considered. To lose 2 pounds per week, he would need to consume approximately 2,106 calories. We can see here that heavier individuals can typically lose weight more quickly because their expenditure is higher, allowing them to achieve a greater daily calorie deficit.
The final step is to determine how many apple turnovers equate to 2,106 calories. To do this, I searched for “apple turnover” in MyFitnessPal. One apple turnover from Wegman’s is 330 calories. This means that, for this person, a 2 lb weekly loss could be achieved by eating 6.4 apple turnovers per day. Of course, eating only pastries is a terrible idea. Nonetheless, the question has been answered. Factor in your own statistics and see how many apple turnovers you can eat! | <urn:uuid:d2a7f464-d740-4045-b9f5-298b5a41424e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://level1fit.com/weight-loss-fundamentals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.956036 | 954 | 2.703125 | 3 |
To link to this database use: https://libraries.indiana.edu/databases/imprussia
Provides access to five illustrated weekly magazines of late imperial Russia: Iskry, Russkaia illiustratsiia, Sinii zhurnal, Vseobshchii zhurnal, & Zhivopisnaia Rossiia.
The illustrated weeklies open a wide window on Russian cultural, social, and political life. Their editors traced the sweep of the Russian imagination at the apogee of Russian cultural power from the peak years of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy to the modernist era and the chaos of 1917. They captured imperial expansion, cultural innovation, high fashion, graphic arts, performing arts, grand funerals and anniversaries, occasions of state, wonders of science, and domestic and foreign politics. In addition, the weeklies inscribed the changing image of Russia’s great cities, its landscapes, and its multinational citizenry, together with literary life and a visual and verbal chronicle of all and sundry occasions and events.
Interlibrary Loan Type: Print-only Copy Permitted
Simultaneous User Limit: 3 simultaneous users | <urn:uuid:3597e074-90a9-4109-a0eb-65d848ccc0a4> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://libraries.indiana.edu/imperial-russias-illustrated-press | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.83697 | 269 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The state of your mental health is crucial for your further development as a human being. People do not often take a minute and digest dramatic events which change their lives in a radical way. They continue to live with the heavy burdens until they literally drop. Take the economic crisis as an example, many young people are often very stressed looking for a suitable job.
Their fears are often the result of a disappointing response of employers. When those fears of failure are not treated in time, they could result in blockages which are not that easy to overcome. Every generation has to carry the burden of the previous one: I refer to this as generation Y.
An unstable mind can cause more damage than could be imagined. A nervous breakdown can be the start of a long depression. When someone has a depression, his body and mind are in crisis and this crisis affects his carrying capacity and potential to grow. This so called brake on the growth can affect life choices. A troubled mind has difficulties making healthy choices, which is why some insights only occur after that state of chaos in your mind.
- Take it easy. Try to take one step at a time, instead of burdening yourself with a lot of tasks you can’t finish in time. Making a schedule can help you realize this and organize your to-do-list.
- Don’t stress about negative past events. Everything happens for a reason and if things can’t be undone, why bother thinking every little detail through? Learn from your experiences and try to move on.
- Be patient about realizing your dreams. If you have goals and ambitions, you’re doing great! But don’t be disappointed if it takes longer than a day to realize your plans. Just keep working hard.
- A healthy mind in a healthy body: it’s not just a nice saying, it’s actually true. Exercising keeps you fit, gives you energy and this definitely helps you through a busy week.
- Stay away from negativity. You can’t be positive if you’re surrounded by negative mindsets. Be around people who support your goals, motivate you and help you to stay positive.
We are all people who aim to turn our own obstacles into inner victories. Respect the struggle, but take care of yourself, as the strongest people are aware of their weakest sides. What makes all of beautiful is our imperfection, embrace it. | <urn:uuid:dee4d4c3-8a9d-4264-8742-5a8b74d62132> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://mvslim.com/no-stress-5-ways-to-prevent-depression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.961411 | 499 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The political system: based on model of d. easton (1965, main idea, politics is best understood as a dynamic system (regulating patterns) of human interactions. Understand the system and you understand political outcomes. Politics is like the workings of an aquarium. Outputs: outputs then create new demands and supports, basic flow, society to a political level and back again, ignores the idea of a relatively autonomous state . There really is no firm state as the political system is a shifting mix of individuals, groups, and institutions. Individual attitudes, beliefs, orientations, and behaviour towards government and politics: more broad than ideology, almond and s. verba"s classic study of political culture (1961): Populace is aware of politics but is passive towards those in authority: ex: nazi germany, participatory. Populace is aware of politics and participates in governing: ex: the u. s, main idea, if political institutions are not congruent with a certain political culture, then those institutions are unstable. | <urn:uuid:354b6fb8-1ad8-4bf6-9f31-fa86f76bde64> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://oneclass.com/class-notes/ca/western/pol-sci/pol-sci-1020e/27744-the-political-process.en.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.925981 | 212 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder leading to various negative consequences such as language problems, perceptual and motor skills defects, and socialization issues. ASD leads to a variety of impairments and capabilities. The main indication of the disorder is keeping a distance from others throughout all life stages. Children with autism tend not to establish contact with surrounding people and may seem not to show affection or emotions. However, it may not be particularly true that children with autism are emotionally flat, and instead, it is believed that these kids lack social skills and understanding. Therefore, they are unable to show typical responses to social circumstances. Besides, children with autism may have higher capabilities in object perception as their ventral occipitotemporal regions are more developed. They may have difficulties with the determination of other’s feelings due to decreased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex. Children with autism spectrum disorder show various abnormal responses to the environment, including inconsistent reaction to sounds, sometimes being irritated by soft sounds, and ignoring loud noises.
Autism is a complex disorder, which is not thoroughly studied, and its precise causes have not been discovered yet. Autism spectrum disorder has a list of various clinical manifestations. For example, it may cause absence or limitation of speech, as children with autism tend to rarely speak and use concise sentences, except for cases of strong need. Another disorder expression is self-stimulation, which typically involves repetitive actions and movements such as head banging or spinning. Autism spectrum disorder also may lead to being ‘obsessed with the maintenance of sameness. Children with autism often form significant attachments to objects and may feel uncomfortable or even disturbed if they are removed. In addition, consistency of the environment has great importance as even minor adjustments may cause anxiety or worry.
Temple Grandin and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Mary Temple Grandin is a famous American animal-related scientist and activist who has autism spectrum disorder. Grandin was born in 1947 into a very wealthy family in Boston, Massachusetts, yet her disorder was not properly diagnosed until her forties. She made a significant contribution to public acknowledgment of autism spectrum disorder as she was one of the first adults to declare having the disorder openly.
Mary Temple Grandin fits several DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder. First of all, Grandin did not speak until she was three years old and had further speech difficulties. She also mentions she “thinks in pictures” rather than verbal language (Grandin, 2019). The mentioned criterion adheres to deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction (Hooley et al., 2020). Grandin is hugely sound sensitive and admits being irritated by certain textures or touching objects, which corresponds to hyperactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment (Hooley et al., 2020). Even though Grandin corresponded to most symptoms, the probability of ASD was ignored throughout her childhood.
ASD may also be indicated by insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines (Hooley et al., 2020). Such feelings occurred when she had anxiety attacks and a feeling like “a constant feeling of stage fright all the time” caused by the changes related to puberty (Grandin, 2019). Grandin also had several direct fixations, such as extreme interest in the election or automatic glass sliding doors. The mentioned fixations correspond to having highly restricted, fixated parts that are abnormal in intensity or focus (Hooley et al., 2020). Even though Grandin did match most of the criteria throughout her life, she conducted dedicated work to overcome deficits caused by the disorder and may appear to almost not have them anymore.
It is hard to determine how the disorder impeded or limited Grandin’s success as she minimized the adverse effects by training and even used them as benefits. According to Grandin (2019), her “career as a designer of livestock facilities” maximizes her “talent areas and minimizes my deficits.” Nevertheless, the lack of ability to perceive large amounts of verbal data makes it almost impossible to conduct statistical studies or algebra. Autism spectrum disorder also makes it harder to memories numbers for a long time affecting the activities mentioned above. Another example of autism spectrum disorder limiting Grandin’s success is related to reading. Unique visualized-reading methods needed to be used to help Grandin read, and effective practice was required to learn to read silently. Finally, learning foreign languages is difficult as it involves memorizing a considerable amount of verbal information.
Autism spectrum disorder enhanced Grandin’s success in numerous ways, encouraging people with similar issues worldwide. First of all, Temple Grandin used visual thinking to pursue a career as an equipment designer. Her ability to visualize the final product decreased the chance of any risks related to inappropriate design, which may be hard or even impossible to fulfill. Grandin (2019) states that “designing a piece of equipment with a sequential mind may be just as difficult for an engineer as statistics equations are for me.” By such statements, she implies that autism may not always be considered a disorder, but simply a different way of thinking, which is weak in such aspects as social communication, but beneficial in other activities.
Moreover, autism encouraged and helped Grandin to study the disorder and explain various inner aspects to people who have difficulties communicating with their autistic relatives. As there is no particular cure for autism spectrum disorder, it is usually treated by a list of therapies and special care. Grandin made a significant contribution to the development of the therapies mentioned above, which in return enhanced her success.
Grandin also made a noticeable contribution to animal welfare and the design of livestock facilities. As animal’s perception is sensory-based, they tend more to rely on sights, sounds, smells, and touch. It is hard for a person with a verbal-based set of mind to determine and understand various factors that cause disturbance to the animal. Temple Grandin, on the other hand, used her visual thinking to identify better how animals perceive the environment, which allowed her to design proper livestock facilities.
The chosen article on the subject of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) addresses a list of various aspects related to the condition. According to the article, ASD is a relatively prevalent disorder, with approximately one in one hundred and sixty children being affected by it (Robison, 2019). In some cases, ASD may cause significant limitations and require specific care throughout life, and in other cases, it may have less severe consequences. Grandin’s case may be classified as the second category because the impediments created by the disorder may be considered possible to overcome. It is also mentioned in the article that specific behavioral treatment and training programs may be able to reduce issues related to communication and socialization (Robison, 2019). Such statements fully correspond with Grandin’s life experience, as she practiced diverse methods and training in order to improve her social skills.
As it was already mentioned, there are no methods able to cure autism spectrum disorders completely. However, several possible treatments may significantly decrease negative manifestations of ASD. Grandin does not particularly view ASD as a disorder but as an alternative way of thinking, which has some potential strengths and weaknesses if the child is raised properly. Grandin (2019) states that taking antidepressants caused “steady improvement in speech, sociability, and posture.” She also used a squeeze machine as a part of her treatment and admitted not being “aggressive after using it.” SSRI antidepressants were proven to be an effective way of reducing adverse consequences of ASD and some accompanying disorders (Costa et al., 2020). Squeeze machines are also used in clinics as an additional treatment for autistic and hyperactive children. Pressure stimulation provided by the machine may reduce hyperactive behavior.
Conclusively, there is a significant list of beneficial findings throughout the studied articles, which may be used in professional activity. First, it is crucial to acknowledge that ASD may have very diverse symptoms and specificities from one person to another, which means that any conducted treatment requires an individual approach. In many cases, such manifestations of the disorder as highly restricted, fixated interests may be used in favor of socialization processes by, for example, encouraging social activities related to the specific fixation. Another important aspect is that there are different causes of autism spectrum disorders, which may vary from minor social difficulties to overcome more extreme consequences, ultimately preventing socialization. It is also crucial to conduct ongoing intensive treatment to achieve improvements as passive approaches may not affect.
Costa, A. P., Loor, C., & Steffgen, G. (2020). Suicidality in adults with autism spectrum disorder: The role of depressive symptomatology, alexithymia, and antidepressants. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3585–3597.
Grandin, T. (2019). Temple Grandin: Inside ASD. Autism Research Institute.
Hooley, J. M., Nock, M. K., & Butcher, J. N. (2020). Abnormal psychology (18th ed.). Pearson.
Robison, J. E. (2019). Autism prevalence and outcomes in older adults. Autism Research, 12(3), 370–374. | <urn:uuid:3d791569-4894-4df2-ba46-58eb21d70c69> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://papersgeeks.com/the-autism-spectrum-disorder-analysis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.957693 | 1,912 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Taos County, New Mexico Records
Taos County, New Mexico (Map It) was created on January 6, 1852 as one of the nine original counties. The county was named for its county seat of Taos, New Mexico, which in turn was named for the nearby Taos Pueblo, an ancient Native American village. Taos isred willow in the Tiwa language.
Taos County Cities and Towns include Red River, Taos, Questa, Taos Ski Valley.
MapGeeks.org has is a collection of old New Mexico maps.
Taos County, New Mexico Courthouse Records
Taos County, NM Courthouse
The Clerk's Office DOES NOT DO RESEARCH. Most staff will assist people in finding the materials, but it is up to the individual to do the research.
The following dates indicates what vital, land, probate, and court records are in Taos county. The date listed for each record is usually the earliest registration filed. The date does not indicate that there are alot records for that year and does not mean that all such events were actually filed with the clerk.
- Taos County Clerks office has Marriage Records from 1905; Marriage Register A-1 (1863—1905) available at the New Mexico State Records Center and Archives., Land Records from 1880s and Probate Records from 1912. The County Clerks office has land records, including deeds, mining records, surveys, and plats; marriage records; and some probate records. Also Military discharges, liens, mortgages, powers of attorney, and miscellaneous affidavits may be found there.
- Taos County 8th District Court Clerk has many responsibilities which include courts of general jurisdiction, including probate and divorce, actions, as well as jury trials.
Taos County, New Mexico Census Records
- Learn More: State of New Mexico Census Records
- U.S. Federal Population Schedules: 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880 (free index), 1890 (fragmented), 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940
- Territorial Population Schedules: 1885
- U.S. Federal Census Mortality Schedules: 1850, 1860, 1870 and 1880
- Selected U.S. Federal Census Agriculture Schedules: 1850, 1860, 1870 and 1880
- Selected U.S. Federal Census Industry Schedules: 1850, 1860, 1870 and 1880
- Union Veterans Schedules: 1890
Taos County, New Mexico Vital Records
- Learn More: State of New Mexico Vital Records
- Birth & Death Records: from 1920 to present and delayed records since 1880.
- Marriage Records: None, See County Clerk's Office
- Divorce Records: None, See Magistrate Court's Office
- Locations: New Mexico Bureau of Vital Records
- Vital Records Online: USAVital or Social Security Death Index
- Vital Records by Mail: Birth Certificate, Death Certificate Applications.
- In Person: New Mexico Vital Records and Health Statistics, 1105 St. Francis Dr., Santa Fe, NM 87502; (505) 827-0121
Taos County, New Mexico Resources
- Kit Carson Historic Society, P.O. Drawer CCC, Taos, New Mexico, 87571.
- Taos County Historical Society
- Taos Family History Center, 235 Camino/Adobe Rd., Taos, NM. Phone 505-750-2018
- Tres Piedras Family History Center, Highway 64, Tres Piedras, NM. Phone 505-751-0994
- Taos County, New Mexico Message Boards
Taos County, New Mexico External Links
- New Mexico Historical Newspapers - Newspapers.com
- Historical Newspapers from New Mexico (1844–1973)
- Taos County, New Mexico Books - Amazon
- Taos Co., New Mexico - FindaGrave
- Taos County, New Mexico Links - Cyndi's List
- Taos Co. NMGenweb
- Taos County, New Mexico Ancestry Database Collections
- Taos County, New Mexico Military Records | <urn:uuid:e69f2ddf-b7b1-41d8-86d5-e9a85bc7a76b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://raogk.org/newmexico/taos-county/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.885941 | 856 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Nature Series: Science on a Fossil Dig
In this simulation of a real paleontology fossil dig, children dig for a fossilized shark tooth, brachiopod shell, gastropod shell, and “squid” shell. These real -millions of years old- fossils are enclosed in a cool “brick” and are revealed by using the supplied scraping and brush tools (similar to what real paleontologists use). Young paleontologists then take a closer look at these fossils with the enclosed magnifying glass and learn fascinating details about each fossil using the provided fun fact cards. DIG REAL FOSSILS is an exciting and fascinating introduction to paleontology and is sure to be a sensation with children of all ages! | <urn:uuid:7626f2e0-cc02-4024-a4c9-bf8caa144d38> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://spacegrantstore.com/products/nature-series-science-on-a-fossil-dig | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.89534 | 154 | 3.484375 | 3 |
How to Identify Hearing Loss in Children
If you’re concerned that your child is suffering from hearing loss, there are a number of signs you should look out for. When your child isn’t old enough to talk yet, they have no way of telling you they can’t hear. Even if your child is able to communicate clearly, hearing loss can often occur gradually, so they may not even realise their hearing has become a problem. Fortunately, there are different things you can lookfor to help determine if a hearing test for children is required.
Before listingsome of these signs, it’s important to learn about the two different forms of hearing loss in children:
- Congenital Hearing Loss: If your child has congenital hearing loss, it means they were predisposed to hearing loss through a genetic condition. This form of hearing loss may have been caused by an infection, birth complication, nervous system or brain disorder, or a family history of hearing loss.
- Acquired Hearing Loss: Acquired hearing loss is hearing loss that’s acquired for some reason after a child is born. Acquired hearing loss can be brought on by untreated middle ear infections, excessive noise, the eardrum being perforated, or head injuries.
The Signs of Hearing Loss in Infants
It’s likely that the hospital or your paediatrician performed a hearing test for your infant shortly after they were born. However, it’s possible for their hearing to change in the months after their birth. Below are some milestones an infant with normal hearing should be achieving. If you don’t notice your baby meeting these milestones, it might be an indication that you should seek a doctor’s opinion:
- Up to 4 months: At this age, infants should be demonstrating their startle reflex in response to loud sounds, respond to their parents’ voices, and wake up when the environment is noisy.
- 4 to 9 months: Babies who are in this age range typically smile when someone talks to them, babble, enjoy playing with toys that make sounds, and turn their head towards noises or voices.
- 9 to 15 months: When babies are between 9 and 15 months, they should be responding to their name, making lots of different sounds when they babble, and showing that they understand basic requests.
- 15 to 24 months: During this time frame, babies should be able to say multiple words, point to named objects (body parts, animals, etc.), and follow a simple set of directions.
Signs of Hearing Loss in Older Children
If you notice any of the following signs in your pre-school or school-aged child, a hearing test for children may be required:
- Your child is often inattentive and doesn’t respond to you or follow simple instructions
- They’re having difficulty learning new concepts, either in school or at home
- Your child’s speech is limited or not as developed as other children their age
- When you call your child’s name, they don’t always respond
- You’ve noticed that your child turns the TV volume up
- Your child frequently tells you that their ears are bothering them or causing them pain
- When in a group setting, you notice your child looking for cues from others for what to do rather than following the directions of the speaker | <urn:uuid:c6081b28-b0f7-4721-b4a8-819280d22603> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://stronghealthzone.com/how-to-identify-hearing-loss-in-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.960349 | 703 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The Army teaches a wide variety of skills and knowledge to its members. The Army's primary focus is on teaching its members the fundamentals of military life, such as drill and ceremony, military justice, and military customs and courtesies. Additionally, the Army provides instruction in a wide range of technical and tactical skills, such as marksmanship, navigation, and small unit tactics.
The Army also provides specialized instruction in areas such as communications, logistics, engineering, and medical support. This instruction is designed to give soldiers the skills they need to effectively serve in their roles as members of the military.
In addition to these technical and tactical skills, the Army also provides instruction in values and ethics. This instruction is designed to help soldiers understand and act in accordance with the Army's core values of loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity, and personal courage.
Finally, the Army also provides instruction in areas such as leadership, team building, and problem solving. This instruction is designed to help soldiers develop the skills they need to effectively lead and manage teams in difficult and challenging situations.
Overall, the Army provides a wide variety of instruction to its members, both technical and non-technical, designed to prepare them to serve effectively in their roles as members of the military.
The army teaches discipline, teamwork, and leadership, as well as the importance of service to one's country. It also instills a sense of respect for others and the value of hard work. For those with an interest in the esoteric, the army can also provide a unique opportunity to explore spiritual and metaphysical topics.
Find the right answer to the question ✅ What does the army teach? in the category Other, And if there is no answer or no one gave the right answer, then use the search and try to find the answer among similar questions. | <urn:uuid:bb6ddb08-772a-4493-8e75-2b235fba126a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://the-wishes.com/what-does-the-army-teach/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.974014 | 372 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A mother plant is a vital part of cannabis cultivation, providing clones or “baby plants” for growers to propagate. But how long can a mother plant live? With proper care, a cannabis mother plant can produce clones for 3-5 years or more.
However, the overall health and vigor of the mother will decline over time, so it’s important to know when it’s time to replace her. As marijuana legalization spreads across the United States and beyond, home grows are becoming more common. Growing your own weed has many benefits, including saving money and having a never-ending supply of your favorite strains.
But successful cannabis cultivation requires healthy plants, which means starting with strong genetics from a reputable source.
How To Grow And Maintain A Mother Cannabis Plant – Growing Cannabis 201: Advanced Grow Tips
A mother plant is a cannabis plant that is used to produce clones. Clones are genetically identical to the mother plant and can be used to grow new plants. A mother plant can live for many years, but it will eventually lose its vigor and produce fewer clones.
When this happens, the mother plant should be replaced with a new one.
How Much Light Does a Mother Plant Need
If you’re a newbie grower, you might be wondering how much light your mother plant needs. After all, she’s the one who’s going to provide you with clones! Here’s a quick guide to help you out.
Your mother plant needs about 16 hours of light per day in order to stay healthy and produce clones that are ready to be transplanted. If you can give her this much light, she’ll be happy! However, if you can’t provide her with that much light, don’t worry – she’ll still be able to produce clones, but they might not be as robust as they could be.
To give your mother plant the best possible chance of success, make sure she has access to plenty of direct sunlight – ideally, at least six hours per day. If you live in an area with long winters and short days, supplementing with artificial light (such as grow lights) will help ensure that your mother plant gets the light she needs.
Can You Keep a Mother Plant Forever?
Yes, you can keep a mother plant forever. A mother plant is a cannabis plant that is used to produce clones. Clones are genetically identical to the mother plant and can be used to grow new plants.
Mother plants must be kept in a vegetative state in order to produce clones. This means that they will need to be given 18-24 hours of light per day and fertilized regularly. With proper care, a mother plant can live indefinitely.
How Old Should a Mother Plant Be before Cloning?
When it comes to cloning, there is no one definitive answer for how old a mother plant should be before taking clones. Some growers prefer to take clones from young plants, while others find that older plants produce better results. Ultimately, it will come down to personal preference and what works best for your setup.
If you are new to cloning, it might be a good idea to start with young plants. This way, you can get a feel for the process and see how your plants respond. Once you have some experience under your belt, you can experiment with taking clones from older plants.
Older plants may produce more robust clones, but they can also be more difficult to work with. The stems of older plants are often thicker and harder to cut through, making them more challenging to propagate. Additionally, older plants are more likely to have developed pests or diseases that could be passed on to their clones.
For this reason, it is important to exercise caution when taking clones from older plants. No matter what age of plant you decide to clone from, always choose healthy specimens that are free from pests or disease. This will give you the best chance of success in propagating strong, healthy clones of your own.
How Often Can You Take Clones from a Mother Plant?
You can take clones from a mother plant as often as you like, but it is best to do it every 2-3 weeks. This will ensure that the clones are of good quality and have enough time to develop roots before being transplanted into their final home.
In general, a mother plant can live for several years, provided it is well cared for. However, the exact lifespan will depend on a number of factors, such as the type of plant, growing conditions, and whether or not it is regularly propagated. With proper care, some mother plants have been known to last for over a decade. | <urn:uuid:d6d6616a-b2dd-489c-a28e-4f6996abafcc> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://thegoodmotherproject.com/how-long-can-a-mother-plant-live/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.95412 | 970 | 3 | 3 |
Coyote dens, the secretive sanctuaries of one of North America’s most adaptable canines, are a fascinating study in survival and adaptability.
These hidden homes serve as a testament to the coyote’s resilience and resourcefulness, providing shelter, safety, and a place to raise their young in environments ranging from open prairies to bustling urban landscapes.
This article delves into the intriguing world of coyote dens, exploring what they look like, how to find them, and the vital role they play in the life of a coyote.
Coyotes, members of the Canidae family, are highly adaptable creatures known for their intelligence and survival skills.
One of the most intriguing aspects of coyote behavior is their denning habits. This article aims to provide a detailed understanding of coyote dens, how to find them, and what they look like.
What is a Coyote Den?
A coyote den is a shelter used by these intelligent canines for birthing and rearing their young, and for sleep.
Coyotes do not hibernate, so their dens are not used for long-term retreats as seen in some other species. Instead, they serve as a safe haven for the vulnerable pups in the initial stages of their life.
What Does a Coyote Den Look Like?
Coyote dens can vary greatly in appearance. They are typically hidden from view and can be found in a variety of locations, such as:
- Under fallen trees
- Rocky ledges
- Abandoned burrows
- Hollow logs
- Under buildings
- In thickets
The den’s exterior is often marked by a fan-shaped mound of dirt, known as a “tumulus”, which the coyote digs out from the den. This mound, along with the presence of coyote tracks and scat, can be a clear indication of a coyote den.
The entrance to the den is usually a narrow tunnel leading to a larger chamber. The den’s interior is often lined with grass, leaves, or other soft materials to provide comfort and warmth for the pups.
The size of the den can vary depending on the number of coyotes living in it. A den for a single coyote may be only a few feet in diameter, while a den for a family of coyotes may be several feet across.
Coyotes typically use their dens for sleeping, raising their young, and escaping from predators. They may also use their dens to store food or to hide from the weather.
How To Find a Coyote Den
Finding a coyote den can be a challenging task due to their elusive nature and the often remote and hidden locations of their dens.
However, there are some signs that can help identify the presence of a coyote den. These include:
- Trails leading away from the den: Coyotes often create trails that lead away from their dens. These trails can be a good indicator of the den’s location. The trails will be worn down and may have scat or tracks along them.
- Scat and tracks: The presence of coyote scat and tracks around a certain area can indicate the presence of a den. Coyote scat is typically dark brown or black and is about the size of a golf ball. It may contain fur, bones, and other animal remains. Coyote tracks are similar to dog tracks, but they are slightly smaller and have longer claws.
- Vocalizations: Coyotes are known for their distinct vocalizations. If you hear a series of yips, howls, and barks, it could be a sign that a den is nearby. Coyotes are most active at dawn and dusk, so you are more likely to hear them during these times.
- Damage to property: Coyotes may den in abandoned buildings, under decks, or in other areas that provide shelter. If you see damage to property in your area, it could be a sign that a coyote is denning there.
- Coyote sightings: If you see a coyote in your area, it is a good idea to look for signs of a den nearby. Coyotes are typically shy and will avoid humans, but they may become more bold if they have young in the den.
If you find a coyote den, it is important to leave it alone. Coyotes are wild animals and can be dangerous if they feel threatened. If you have concerns about a coyote den, you can contact your local wildlife management agency.
Coyotes and Their Dens
Coyotes, like many other animals, are territorial by nature. They establish and maintain territories, which they defend from other coyotes and predators.
One of the ways they mark their territories is by using urine, a common behavior in many mammalian species. This scent marking serves as a signal to other coyotes that the area is already claimed.
In addition to scent marking, coyotes also use vocalizations, such as howls and barks, to communicate their presence and defend their territories.
When it comes to their dens, coyotes exhibit a heightened sense of protectiveness. This is especially true when they have pups. The den serves as a safe haven for the young, who are vulnerable to predators and environmental hazards.
If a coyote perceives a threat to its den or its pups, it may display aggressive behavior to ward off potential intruders. This could include growling, baring teeth, and even attacking if the threat persists.
Coyotes are also renowned for their adaptability, a trait that has allowed them to survive and thrive in a wide range of environments. This adaptability extends to their denning habits.
While coyotes are capable of digging their own dens, they can also modify and utilize existing structures to suit their needs. For instance, they might enlarge an old badger hole or adapt a natural hole in a rocky ledge to serve as a den.
This flexibility allows them to establish dens in a variety of locations, from open prairies and deserts to forests, mountains, and even urban areas.
Furthermore, their adaptability is not limited to their denning habits. Coyotes have a varied diet that includes small mammals, insects, fruits, and carrion.
This dietary flexibility, coupled with their ability to adjust their hunting strategies based on available prey, allows them to thrive in diverse environments.
Whether in the wild or in suburban areas, coyotes have proven to be resilient and resourceful, traits that are reflected in their denning habits and overall survival strategies.
Understanding the denning habits of coyotes can provide valuable insights into their behavior and survival strategies.
Whether you’re a wildlife enthusiast, a researcher, or a homeowner living in an area with a coyote population, this knowledge can help you coexist with these remarkable creatures. | <urn:uuid:5bd5ad69-19a7-4ed2-a3d1-d9af3b5dd9d5> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://tigertribe.net/coyote-dens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.951626 | 1,415 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Ireland and Northern Ireland
Both Beckett and Joyce, 20th-century Ireland’s towering literary presences, were exiles. But that century’s literary history is also tied to the traumatic political and cultural changes that Ireland sustained and to which writers who stayed at home responded. By 1923, Ireland had experienced rebellion (the Easter Rising), the Irish War of Independence (1919–21), a civil war (1922–23), and the partition of the country into two states. Of the 32 Irish counties, 26 were newly independent; 6, in northeast Ulster, became “Northern Ireland.” In the independent counties, a new political and cultural dispensation reigned in which the energies of revolutionary nationalism and the Irish literary renaissance gave way to the lethargies of a constrictive, censorious, and clericalist Roman Catholicism, a narrow and conservative nationalism, and a parochial, self-imposed isolation that would last until the 1960s. While the new independent establishment officially sanctified the Irish Revolution, it now tried to close off revolutionary ideas. Writers inevitably reacted to these new conditions, many of them negatively.
In the theatre, working-class Protestant Sean O’Casey, who had been involved in radical Dublin politics in the period before 1916, placed a new antinationalist and socialist agenda on the stage. His plays often explore the effect on ordinary Dubliners of events sparked by political unrest. The Shadow of a Gunman (1923), for instance, explores one family’s experience of raids by Black and Tans (members of a British auxiliary police force) during the War of Independence. Juno and the Paycock (1924) takes the civil war as its backdrop, and The Plough and the Stars (1926) deals with the Easter Rising. All three plays were performed at the Abbey Theatre.
O’Casey’s was very much an urban drama. His ear for Dublin street language and his strong, resilient, funny characters—particularly female ones—made O’Casey’s plays fresh and natural, especially when read against the older work of another great Abbey playwright, Synge. In O’Casey’s three major plays, the violence of the public world, which happens offstage, is set alongside a private domestic universe (usually Dublin tenement rooms) in which humans attempt to survive and make sense of the violence. The pieties of revolutionary nationalism do not come off well in these plays. In 1926, with the fourth performance of The Plough and the Stars, O’Casey gave the Abbey its second great set of riots; Yeats confronted the audience and, reminding them of the Playboy riots of 1907, famously declared: “You have disgraced yourselves again.”
Brendan Behan, another Dublin playwright, stepped straight out of the tenement world depicted by O’Casey. As a young volunteer in the Irish Republican Army, he was arrested in England in 1939; he later turned these prison experiences into an acclaimed memoir, Borstal Boy (1959). A further stint in prison, this time in Dublin, inspired his finest play, The Quare Fellow (1954), the story of a hanging and a protest against capital punishment.
Irish fiction became largely concentrated in a newly embraced national genre after independence: the short story. Frank O’Connor and Sean O’Faolain, both from Cork, had been pupils of the nationalist writer Daniel Corkery, whose account of 18th-century Irish literary history, The Hidden Ireland (1925), was a key moment in the development of a native Irish literary criticism. O’Connor and O’Faolain, however, rejected their early affinities with republicanism and nationalism and began to produce stories that dealt squarely and realistically with the contemporary condition of their country. O’Faolain also founded a literary magazine, The Bell, in 1940, and it remained a crucial outlet for the best Irish writers, particularly during World War II, when Ireland’s neutrality isolated it even further from wider European literary currents. Work in the short story similar to that of O’Connor and O’Faolain was done by Liam O’Flaherty, Michael McLaverty, and Mary Lavin. McLaverty was for a time the lone Roman Catholic literary voice in Protestant and unionist-dominated Northern Ireland, while Lavin, born in the United States, made middle-class domestic life her subject. Elizabeth Bowen, who was born in Dublin but spent much of her adult life in London, began publishing volumes of short stories in the 1920s.
What might be called a “counterrevival” in response to the Irish literary renaissance continued also in the field of poetry. Patrick Kavanagh, an impoverished and largely self-educated farmer from County Monaghan, produced an extraordinary body of work in which he managed to represent the grim realities of Irish rural life in language that is also luminous with a simple Catholic spirituality. Landscape and the reality of place—as opposed to an ill-defined, misty version of the west of Ireland—dominate Kavanagh’s vision. His greatest work is his long poem The Great Hunger (1942), in which the celibate, lonely life of a farmer is laid out in a bleak, earthy lyricism. Kavanagh powerfully shaped the poetry of a later generation of writers, in particular that of Seamus Heaney.
A more cerebral poet than Kavanagh, and one who had to work harder to throw off the long shadow of Yeats, was Austin Clarke. Like Kavanagh’s, Clarke’s life as a writer was materially difficult. The high point of his poetry came late, with the long poem Mnemosyne Lay in Dust (1966), about the nervous breakdown Clarke had suffered almost 50 years previously. The masterpiece of exiled Ulsterman Louis MacNeice, who is generally associated with the W.H. Auden generation of English leftist poets, is Autumn Journal (1939), its attack on Irish parochialism mingled with a powerful Modernist meditation on the rise of fascism in Europe. While James Stephens was a novelist and short-story writer, he also wrote poetry; his collections include Insurrections (1909) and Reincarnations (1918). | <urn:uuid:7d1595cc-2f33-4731-a71c-48080623d574> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.britannica.com/art/Irish-literature/Ireland-and-Northern-Ireland | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.967214 | 1,311 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Diagnosing hearing loss by yourself is basically impossible. To illustrate, you can’t really measure your level of hearing by merely putting your ear near a speaker. That means that if you want to know what’s going on with your hearing, you need to get it tested.
But there’s no need to worry or stress out because a hearing test is about as easy as putting on a high-tech pair of headphones.
Alright, tests aren’t everyone’s favorite thing to do. Whether you’re a student or middle-aged medical patient, tests are really just no fun. Taking a little time to get to know these tests can help you feel more prepared and, as a result, more relaxed. There’s almost no test easier to take than a hearing test!
What is a hearing test like?
Talking about scheduling an appointment to have a hearing test is something that is not that uncommon. And we’ve likely used the phrase “hearing test” a couple of times. You might even be thinking, well, what are the two types of hearing tests?
Well, that’s a bit misleading. Because you may undergo a number of different types of hearing tests, as it turns out. Each of these tests will give you a particular result and is created to measure something different. Here are a few of the hearing tests you’re likely to encounter:
- Pure-tone audiometry: Most people are probably familiar with this hearing test. You listen for a sound on a set of headphones. Hear a pitch in your right ear? Put up your right hand. Hear the tone in your left ear? Same thing! This will test your ability to hear a variety of wavelengths at a variety of volumes. It will also measure whether you have more significant hearing loss in one ear than the other.
- Speech audiometry: Sometimes, hearing speech is a challenge for you despite the fact that you can hear tones clearly. Speech is generally a more complex audio range so it can be harder to hear with clarity. This test also is comprised of a pair of headphones in a quiet room. Instead of making you listen to tones, this test will be comprised of audible speech at different volumes to identify the lowest level you can hear a word and still understand it.
- Speech and Noise-in-Words Tests: Naturally, real-world conversations almost never happen in a vacuum. The only actual difference between this test and the Speech audiometry test is that it is carried out in a noisy setting. This mimics real-world situations to help determine how your hearing is working in those situations.
- Bone conduction testing: This diagnostic is made to measure the function of your inner ear. A little sensor is placed next to your cochlea and another is placed on your forehead. A small device then receives sounds. How effectively sound vibrations move through the ear is measured by this test. This test can often detect whether there is an obstruction in your ear (ex: if you can’t hear, but your inner ear is working fine there might be some kind of obstruction blocking the sounds).
- Tympanometry: Occasionally, we’ll want to test the overall health of your eardrum. This is accomplished using a test called tympanometry. During this test, a little device will gently push air into your ear and measure just how much your eardrum moves. If you have fluid behind your eardrum, or a hole in your eardrum, this is the test that will reveal that.
- Acoustic Reflex Measures: A tiny device measures the muscle response of your inner ear after sending sound to it. The reflexive reaction of the muscle movement of your inner ear will help us determine how well it’s working.
- Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR): The ability of your inner ear and brain to react to sound is measured by an ABR test. This is achieved by putting a couple of strategically placed electrodes on the outside of your skull. Don’t worry, though! This test is completely painless. It’s one of the reasons why ABR testing is used on everyone from grandparents to newborns!
- Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) Testing: This diagnostic is designed to measure how well your cochlea and inner ear are working. This is accomplished by tracking sound that echo’s back to your middle ear from your inner ear. If your cochlea isn’t working efficiently or there’s a blockage, this test will reveal it.
What do the results of hearing tests tell us?
It’s likely, you probably won’t take every single one of these hearing tests. Generally, your specific symptoms will determine which of these tests will be relevant.
What are we looking for in a hearing test? Well, sometimes the tests you take will uncover the underlying cause of your hearing loss. The hearing test you get can, in other instances, simply help us rule out other causes. Whatever hearing loss symptoms you’re experiencing will ultimately be determined.
Generally, your hearing test will uncover:
- How much your hearing loss has advanced and how significant it is.
- Whether you’re dealing with symptoms related to hearing loss or hearing loss itself.
- Which treatment approach will be best for your hearing loss: We will be more effectively able to address your hearing loss once we’ve determined the cause.
- Whether your hearing loss is in a specific frequency range.
What is the difference between a hearing test and a hearing screening? It’s kind of like the difference between a quiz and a test. A screening is very superficial. A test is a lot more in-depth and can supply usable information.
It’s best to get a hearing test as soon as possible
That’s why it’s important to schedule a hearing test when you first observe symptoms. Don’t worry, this test won’t be super stressful, and you won’t need to study. Nor are hearing tests invasive or generally painful. If you’re wondering, what you shouldn’t do before a hearing test, don’t worry, we will have all of that information for you.
Which means hearing tests are quite easy, all you need to do is schedule them. | <urn:uuid:b00a781b-63cd-48a3-9361-895fafcc25da> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hearingclinicswi.com/hearing-test-info/hearing-tests-types-details-results/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.944337 | 1,327 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Introduction: Strawbee Cube
Use Strawbees to create 3D shapes.
Step 1: Supplies
You will need:
1. 8 of 3 pronged Strawbee connectors
2. 12 Straws
Step 2: Assembling
1. Attach 3 straws to your first 3 pronged Strawbee connector.
2. Using 1 of the initial straws connect your next connector and keep adding straws and 2 other connectors to make a square.
3. Add 4 straws to the connectors that do not have straws attached to build the walls of your cube.
4. Attached the remaining 4 connectors and 4 straws to finish off the cube. | <urn:uuid:2b658150-f43f-436a-8bef-a7c0eb9c16d3> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.instructables.com/Strawbee-Cube/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.832871 | 142 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Frankenstein begins with a series of four letters from Robert Walton to his sister, Margaret Saville. The first letter is written on December 11 from St. Petersburg, Russia, sometime in the eighteenth century. Walton is about to set out on a journey at sea to reach the North Pole, which he considers a region of warmth, "eternal light," and unparalleled beauty.
Walton's description of the North Pole reads like a Romantic poem full of beautiful images of nature, and establishes that nature and its beauty will play a major role in the novel.
Walton's purpose in venturing to the North Pole is twofold: to discover a northern passage to the countries on the other side of the world; and to determine the origin of the North Pole's magnetism. Walton says he once hoped to become a famous poet, but failed. Yet he has kept his childhood dream of reaching the North Pole. He adds that he could have lived his life in wealth and ease, but did not. For this reason, he feels that he deserves to "accomplish some great purpose."
Ambition motivates Walton, but it is an ambition that stems from an arrogant sense of entitlement. He feels that he deserves to make his mark on history. Yet Walton's ambition also emerges from a childhood dream. This combination of ambition and innocence is also, as it will be made clear, what motivated Frankenstein.
Walton plans to rent a ship, hire a crew, and depart from northern Russia in June, unsure of when or if he will ever return.
Walton is willing to give up his life to achieve his ambitions. | <urn:uuid:7aecb4b4-6f6a-40c9-889e-09a863b2f3d6> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.litcharts.com/lit/frankenstein/letter-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.970809 | 338 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Hospitality and Tourism 2: Costing
Costing is a sample Hospitality and Tourism (Culinary/ProStart) lesson created by a CTE and math teacher team from Utah. The lesson’s objective is to teach students to accurately find cost per serving and use this serving cost to determine a menu price. The CTE concepts taught in this lesson are cost per serving and menu prices. Math concepts include addition, division, and percentages.
Math-enhanced CTE lessons are written only after CTE and math teacher teams work together to develop a curriculum map that identifies the CTE concepts and intersecting math concepts (including the Common Core math standards) that are naturally embedded within the CTE curriculum. Once the map is complete, the CTE and math teacher teams, working in communities of practice, select from within it one or more CTE concepts and related math concepts to develop into CTE lesson plans. Math-in-CTE’s seven-element pedagogic framework (PDF) guides this lesson development process. When the lessons are complete, the CTE teachers create scope and sequence plans for integrating the lessons into their courses. | <urn:uuid:8497f8a6-1339-4262-9bc7-ad87f299a733> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.sreb.org/post/hospitality-and-tourism-2-costing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.928812 | 241 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Whether you need to repave the surface of a roadway, prevent the pavement from getting too high or solve drainage problems in a parking lot, asphalt milling is an effective and reliable way to achieve your goals.
As a contractor, you can experience the many benefits of asphalt milling no matter what kind of project you are working on. Road milling leaves the underlying sub-base and existing structures untouched, so you only need to remove the top layer, saving both time and money. This process is also beneficial whenever you want to recycle the road surface.
Check out our ultimate guide to learn more about the road milling process.
What Is Asphalt Milling?
Asphalt milling is a relatively new process to remove portions of an existing pavement surface. This process, also known as cold milling or cold planing, allows contractors to restore the pavement or prepare it for repaving.
Depending on a business owner’s or municipality’s goals, the asphalt surface can be ground to different levels. Specially designed milling equipment makes it possible to reach depths ranging from just a few inches to a full-depth removal. To remove a few inches, a cold milling machine will go over the surface and remove the layer in just one pass. For a full-depth removal, the entire pavement surface is ripped apart and taken to a recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) processing facility.
Either way, this method creates a smooth, even surface free from irregularities that would negatively impact repaving. Also, instead of doing a complete demolition, asphalt milling allows contractors to achieve a similar result for less. Asphalt milling can restore all types of damaged pavement.
Asphalt milling offers an affordable and sustainable solution for many other irregular or damaged surfaces, including sidewalks, driveways and parking lots. The process also makes it possible to recycle the old asphalt pieces, referred to as milling, so they can be used for resurfacing the pavement or in future projects.
How Is Asphalt Milling Done?
Suppose there is significant damage to the pavement surface, whether from an uneven slope to widespread cracking. In that case, pavement milling can remove the damaged layers and restore the appearance and functionality of the surface.
The process involves various equipment, including milling machines, sweepers, dump trucks and water trucks. Together, this equipment will cut, compact and redistribute the asphalt pieces.
Here is the basic process involved in milling a road.
1. The Asphalt Milling Machine Cuts the Pavement
To begin the process, a milling machine digs up and grinds the asphalt surface. These machines have rows of metal cutting teeth on a cutting drum that rotates across the pavement’s surface. These teeth remove a few inches from the asphalt.
Depending on how much of the existing surface you need to remove, you can adjust the machine to reach the right depth.
2. Road Millings Are Removed and Placed in a Dump Truck
Once the asphalt goes through the grinder and gets crushed, the machine screens the pieces. A vacuum cleans up the asphalt millings, transferring them to a conveyor system at the front of the milling machine.
This system moves the milling to the dump truck so it can be transferred to a RAP facility and reused.
3. Sweeper Cleans up Millings
Breaking up the existing asphalt creates a lot of dust and debris. Before the new asphalt can be laid, the surface must be thoroughly swept.
A sweeper cleans up any remaining asphalt millings to make a smooth surface for paving.
4. Fresh Asphalt Is Laid
Once the surface is free from all dust and debris, the new asphalt can be laid. With the proper preparation, it should easily bond to the new surface.
Asphalt Millings vs. Gravel
While gravel can be suitable for some projects, there are many advantages of using construction milling instead. Here are some of the advantages of using millings:
- Cost-effective solution: Because the road millings are recycled from the pavement, you will already have the material needed for your next project. There is also no additional cost to haul gravel to the site. Reusing the old asphalt pavement pieces cuts down on the overall project cost.
- Easier to maintain: Along with helping cut costs, asphalt millings reduce the time spent maintaining the surface. The compact millings bind together once they are laid and harden to form a strong surface. Also, once it hardens, you will not have to reseal or refinish it. It may need to be recompacted occasionally, which is less costly and involved compared to repairing cracks.
- Resistance to harsh weather: Even in harsh climates that get a lot of rain or snow, you can count on asphalt millings to stand up to the elements. This material drains more quickly, making it adaptable to all weather conditions. Because it also produces less mud, there will be less cleanup time involved whenever it rains or snow and ice start to melt.
- Visual appeal: Asphalt millings also offer an aesthetically pleasing solution. It can be used in many projects, easily replacing traditional gravel or hot asphalt. It provides a simple look that blends well with the surrounding structures and buildings.
Benefits of Asphalt Milling
Asphalt milling can be used to repair surface flaws like cracking. Cracks can compromise the integrity of the surface, causing anything from water to road debris to enter through the cracks. The milling process can also solve issues like raveling, which happens when the surface starts to disintegrate.
Asphalt milling also offers specific benefits, including:
- Less traffic disruption: Compared to other methods, this is a fairly quick process. It does not take long to repave the asphalt, and the equipment does not take up too much space. Even while paving, traffic can be moved, causing less disruption.
- Reduces skidding: If there is an uneven surface with bumps or ruts, asphalt milling can restore the pavement. This reduces dangerous situations like skidding, which could affect both the surface and the safety of drivers.
- Environmentally friendly: One of the most notable benefits of asphalt milling is how environmentally friendly the process is. Whenever asphalt is milled, it produces reclaimed asphalt pavement. This new material can be recycled with either hot or cold recycling. It can be reused in current or future pavement projects, ranging from new parking lots to restored shoulders of roads, which saves landfill space.
Use Stewart-Amos Sweeper Co. in Your Asphalt Milling Process
At Stewart-Amos Sweeper Co., you will find the street sweepers you need to complete your asphalt milling process easily. No matter your surface and cleaning needs, we have an extensive line of mechanical brooms that will deliver reliable results.
Contact us today to find the right sweeper truck for your asphalt project. | <urn:uuid:4e4342a4-df97-42d8-99d4-5d951b50ca57> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.stewart-amos.com/complete-guide-asphalt-street-milling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.906331 | 1,424 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Although pain is one of the most fundamental and unique experiences we undergo in everyday life, it also constitutes one of the most enigmatic and frustrating subjects for many scientists. This book provides a detailed analysis of why this issue is grounded in the nature of pain itself. It also offers a philosophically driven solution of how we may still approach pain in a theoretically compelling and practically useful manner. Two main theses are defended: (i) Pain seems inscrutable because there exists no property that is commonly shared by all types of pain and that is at the same time particular to pain, setting it apart from other bodily sensations. This applies irrespective of whether we consider the psychological dimensions, neural networks, causal relations or biological functions of pain. Consequently, it is impossible to refer to ideal far-reaching and ideal distinct generalizations on the matter of pain. (ii) Despite this challenge, by focusing on the resemblance relations that hold across pains, we can generate scientific progress in explaining, predicting and treating pain. In doing so, the book aims to provide a clear conceptual basis for interdisciplinary communication and a useful heuristic for future research. | <urn:uuid:410a46f3-9b4f-4245-baa7-9fbc3e99d4d9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://z-lib.io/book/53799 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.932413 | 225 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Decision-making is often complex: interests of those involved can conflict and several options often compete for support and funding. In addition, decision-making needs to be sensitive for underlying motives, belief systems, and personal and political agendas. All this takes place in dynamic environments; intermediate actions and series of step-wise decisions are taking shape, while new situations are unfolding and ‘disrupting’ events are faced (e.g. new information, changes in urgency and priority of current problems, risks and uncertainties).
This course has the ambition to stimulate students to explore the potential of serious games for facilitating and analyzing decision-making and make students capable of using gaming approaches to analyze and stimulate decision-making. To this end, the (im)possibilities of serious gaming are discussed and participants will develop, test and play a serious game. The latter includes hands-on guidance by experienced tutors in defining a working structure and identifying game elements such as the players and strategies and valuable tips and tricks in facilitating games.
The scope of gaming approaches is broad. Elements for developing games are borrowed from a range of theories and methods, including game theory, economics, co-creation, social learning, participatory evaluation, scenario simulation, and focus group discussion. The participants are encouraged to critically reflect on ethical responsibilities of researchers, stakeholders and not-represented players or under-represented interests in decision-making processes.
After this course you are able to
- Gain insight in the range of gaming approaches for supporting and analyzing decision-making processes
- Understand the implications of working with gaming approaches, for two major purposes:
- Understand how gaming approaches can support decision-making in practice.
- Understand how gaming can be used for research, to analyze decision-making.
- Develop, test and facilitate a game for supporting and/or analyzing decision-making
- Reflect on capabilities and limitations of gaming approaches in decision-making processes in supporting decision-making.
The course is designed for
We are looking for motivated participants with an active attitude that want to actively join and cooperate in exploring the world of serious games.
Participants must be an advanced bachelor, master’s or PhD candidate. This includes, but is not limited to, the fields of public administration, economics, engineering, business administration, political sciences, planning, geography, environmental sciences, sociology, and behavioral sciences. No ICT, programming or modeling skills are required.
- Motivation letter (max. of 1 page, describing your reasons for applying for the course, your experience with gaming, and how/if you intend to use gaming in your study)
For more information click "LINK TO ORIGINAL" below. | <urn:uuid:032ef902-bf5a-4415-8384-a28be5cc4a14> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://armacad.info/2022-05-22--summer-school-serious-games-for-analysing-and-supporting-complex-decision-making-2022-radboud-university-netherlands | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.926377 | 559 | 2.75 | 3 |
The papaya, pawpaw, or papaw is a sweet fleshy fruit that has amazing health benefits. Papaya or so-called “Carica papaya” is known by distinct names in different parts around the world in Hindi it is known as “Papita”.It is a fruit that is native to Central America and southern Mexico region. It is now grown worldwide and in India too. Fruit Papayas are spherical or pear-shaped in shape, and size can be up to 6 to 20 inch in length and about 4 to 8 inches and can weigh up to about 20 lbs (nine kg).
The flesh of papaya fruit is rich orange in color, sometimes yellow or pink hues. The inner cavities of the fruit have round black seeds encased in a jelly-like substance. The Papaya seeds are edible and often used as a spice; it has a peppery flavor with little bitter taste.
The Papaya fruit can be eaten as raw as well as ripen. It has multivitamins such as “vitamin-A,” “vitamin-C and “vitamin-E’” and other photochemical called “beta-cryptoxanthin” that can promote health benefits. Papaya also contains “papain” a proteolytic enzyme extracted that makes this fruit so unique for different health benefits.
Nutrition Facts of Papayas: % Daily Value*
Note: Amounts per 1 cup, cubes (140g)
Vitamins: Amounts Per Selected Serving
- Vitamin A: 31%
- Vitamin C: 144%
- Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol): 5%
- Vitamin K: 5%
- Thiamin : 3%
- Riboflavin :3%
- Niacin: 2%
- Vitamin B6:1%
- Folate: 13%
- Pantothenic Acid :3%
Papaya Healing Properties
- Calcium Ion
- Ferrous Iron
- Ascorbic Acid
- Calcium Ion
- Ferrous Ion
- Ascorbic Acid
- Vitamin E
- Pectineus Matter
- Malic Acid
- Fatty Oil
- Crude Fiber
- Volatile Oil
Carica Papaya Health Benefits
1. It is full of life vitamins
Papayas is a fruit that not only has a mouth-watering taste but also have rich sources of “antioxidant nutrients” such as vitamin C, B vitamins, flavonoids, carotenes, pantothenic acid, folate and the minerals such as copper, potassium, and magnesium.
These together properties can boost the health of the cardiovascular system and moreover, provide protection against colon cancer.
2. It prevents Heart disease
Papaya fruits are very useful in the prevention of atherosclerosis and diabetic heart disease. The Folic acid found in papaya is needed to maintain “Homocysteine,” it is an amino acid in the blood.
The high stages of amino acid can increase complications of cardiovascular. Homocysteine if unconverted can right away weaken blood vessel walls and can have a serious risk for stroke or heart attack.
3. It prevents Cancer
Papaya fruits have fiber that can help to fight cancer-causing toxins in the colon and keep colon cells healthy. In addition to that, papaya has vitamins and minerals such as folate, beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E that have also been associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer. These nutrients provide synergistic protection of colon cells from free-radical damage in their DNA.
4. It reduces Inflammation
There is much anti-inflammatory food that can be beneficial in this condition, especially raw foods. Papaya is one among them that has a special digestive enzyme called “papain,” which is known to boost the digestive system.
An increase in the digestion system can additionally help the body to detox and finally help the body to heal wounds, to reduce inflammation. Eating fresh papaya daily, in general, improves to reduce inflammation within one week.
5. It reduces High cholesterol
An increase in a high level of cholesterol in the blood can invite the biggest risk for heart diseases such as coronary thrombosis disease. There are many ways to reduce the risk of heart disease; the safest way is by consuming papaya.
According to health experts, Papayas are rich in fiber that can help to reduce high cholesterol levels within the blood. Besides this, it had been dietary like Vitamins E and C, and the other compound called paraoxonase, which is an essential, enzyme that inhibits LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol oxidation.
6. It boosts the Immunity system
Papaya has a great source of vitamins A, B, C, and K that are known to be an excellent immunity booster. Papaya contains beta-carotene that is necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy immune system. Many studies have stated papaya has antioxidant’s properties that play an important role in enlightening the immunity of people.
Our immunity system acts as a shield against various infections that causes colds and flu. Eating single papaya can give you about 200% of Vitamin C which we require on our daily regime, which is crucial for making it great for your immunity.
7. It prevents Toothache
Papaya leaf and bark extract can be the best home remedy that can be helpful in gums and toothache. It is a traditional remedy that is actually being practiced in many cultures around the world.
Take a paste of fresh papaya roots and rubbed on to the teeth and gums to get relief from toothaches. The bark of papaya plants primarily the inner bark, is also an excellent remedy for tooth problems. The fresh leaves of papaya have significant properties that are effective in reducing tooth infection and inhibiting the growth of bacteria.
8. Good for an upset stomach
The papaya seeds and leaves are useful in the treatment of intestinal parasites found within the body. Papaya helps to prevent constipation and boosts the digestive system. Papaya contains papain, protein a digestive enzyme that aids in the digestion process naturally. The studies have shown that only eating papaya for 3 to 4 days can have a beneficial tonic effect upon the stomach along with intestines and cleanse the stomach.
9. It prevents Period Irregularities
Consumption of unripe papaya is considered to be the best home remedy for regulating a menstrual flow; it helps contract muscle fibers in the uterus. It is remarkably beneficial in situations of menstruation cessation in young women due to cold or distress.
Eating raw papayas can generate within the body empowers to stimulate the formation of estrogens in the body, which results in normalizing periods. Eating raw papaya also increases the blood flow during menstruation, which enables the proper function in the uterus muscles. So it can be an ideal remedy for menstruation naturally.
10. It prevents signs of aging
We all love to stay young forever, but no one has managed to do so. We, however, can make the process of aging slow by eating papaya. Eating papaya regularly can make us look five years younger than we are.
It is due to its properties like Vitamin C and Vitamin E; the other antioxidant’s properties like “beta-carotene”. These properties in helping to prevent your skin from free-radical damage keeping wrinkles and other signs of aging at bay.
Regular application of papaya on a face can help to lighten the skin and reducing the appearance of age spots. It is the enzyme papain; papaya is a natural exfoliate and moisturizer that helps to make look younger. | <urn:uuid:c527097f-76b2-40ba-b7c7-d2bc6a1b2147> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://ayurvedatown.com/top-10-health-benefits-of-papaya-with-healing-properties/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.927223 | 1,866 | 2.8125 | 3 |
(lion-king), the name of one Median and two Persian kings mentioned in the Old Testament
- In Daniel 9:1 Ahasuerus is said to be the father of Darius the Mede (see Darius). This first Ahasuerus is Cyaxares, the conqueror of Nineveh.
- The Ahasuerus king of Persia, referred to in Ezra 4:6, must be Cambyses, thought to be Cyrus’ successor, and perhaps his son.
- The third is the Ahasuerus of the book of Esther. This Ahasuerus is probably Xerxes of history (Esther 1:1), and this conclusion is fortified by the resemblance of character and by certain chronological indications, the account of his life and character agreeing with the book of Esther. In the third year of Ahaseuerus was held a great feast and assembly in Shushan the palace (Esther 1:3) following a council held to consider the invasion of Greece. He divorced his queen Vashti for refusing to appear in public at this banquet, and married, four years afterwards, the Jewess Esther, cousin and ward of Mordecai. Five years after this, Haman, one of his counsellors, having been slighted by Mordecai, prevailed upon the king to order the destruction of all the Jews in the empire, but before the day appointed for the massacre Esther and Mordecai influenced the king to put Haman to death and to give the Jews the right of self-defense. | <urn:uuid:37858d01-9190-41db-aa91-96b54b4eef08> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://biblecentral.info/people/ahasuerus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.953375 | 317 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Are you looking for a fun yet beneficial educational tool for students to use over the summer? Boddle Learning is an online math platform specializing in adaptive math practice through engaging gameplay.
One way Boddle helps is through its adaptive learning program that identifies student learning gaps and begins bridging those gaps. However, aside from being a great educational tool, it’s also fun and engaging. As students work through problems, they get to play mini-games, earn coins, and collect rewards, all while building their math skills.
Why Use Boddle over the Summer
Summer learning loss is a normal occurrence, and it can make the transition back to school more difficult for both students and teachers. However, Boddle can help reduce summer learning loss and improve student re-engagement.
Teachers and parents/guardians can either assign content for their students to practice or allow Boddle’s AI system to take the reins. Students will continue learning during the summer months, keeping their growing minds fed. Teachers and parents have access to a live-data feed on their dashboard, which clearly details student learning gaps, allowing them to help guide the student through the gaps towards success.
Boddle Teacher Ambassador, Carley English, uses Boddle regularly in her classroom and encourages her students to continue the fun at home. “Boddle has been such an incredible tool used to enhance instruction in the classroom, and I know kids would love to have something engaging to play at home over the summer. I had a student say, ‘Ms. English, I know you are going to say no, but can I play Boddle at home over the weekend?’ I laughed and said, ‘Absolutely! I would love for you to!’”
It’s Fun for Students, Too!
Boddle values providing fun and engaging learning for all students. The gamified education approach has been shown to improve learning and retention, and Boddle has taken that to heart—learning can and should be fun. But, just because the learning is fun doesn’t mean it’s not rigorous.
Ms. English enjoys the combination of engaging gameplay and math practice: “For students who are used to just playing mindless video games at home, this is a great way to spice up their level of engagement. The games they play are exciting, fun to watch, and gives you a sense of peace knowing they are learning while they play.”
Both the math content and the game side provide students with fun challenges that enrich their minds and test their skills. What’s better, they don’t have to do it alone. Through the “Buddy List,” students can keep in touch with their classmates and practice skills together.
How and Where to Use Boddle
Boddle is completely free for all users. All you need to do is go to the Boddle site and create an account. Boddle is aligned with Common Core standards and many other state standards, including but not limited to: Texas, Florida, Oklahoma, Missouri, California, Massachusetts, Arizona, and many more.
Boddle is a great tool for families to use at home over the summer as well. “Parents can send and see student assignments, which creates a new way to help students with math at home,” Ms. English says. “There are plenty of instructional videos on the Boddle website […] plus technical support standing by to answer questions. As a teacher, I am excited to send home my login cards again in hopes of students continuing to work on their activities over the summer!”
If you’re looking for a fun, easy-to-use math program to use over the summer and in school, check out Boddle Learning! Its adaptive learning program can help fight summer learning loss and provide students with a fun, enriching summer activity, making the transition back to school easier and re-engagement quicker.
Boddle is here to help make math fun for students. We can’t wait to have you be part of our growing community! | <urn:uuid:55e05423-1b58-43dd-ac57-c611328cacb6> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://blog.tcea.org/tag/math-games/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.96433 | 858 | 2.515625 | 3 |
I've heard that there are some safety and building code issues involved with using extension cords or power strips (surge protectors) for anything other than temporary use. What are the issues, and how can extension cords be used safely?
This is one of the biggest problem with power strips (surge protectors)...
The average person does not think about how much power each device is drawing, or how much the system can handle, they just see an open outlet and plug stuff in. If they can't find an open outlet... Oh yeah! they make adapters for that! I mean they sell the adapters, so they must be safe... Right?
If your power strips look like this (or worse), you better at least be checking the batteries in that smoke alarm (which is hopefully not plugged into this power strip too).
If you are using the power strip (or extension cord) properly (one plug per outlet, no adapters, no daisy chaining) and you inspect the power strip for damage (wear & tear) regularly, you should not have much to fear.
Another thing to look at when using a power strip or extension cord, is the size of the wire and the voltage and amperage ratings. If you are using things like electric heaters, power tools, vacuums, etc., make sure the wire (extension cord/power strip) is the proper size to handle the above average load of these types of devices. Overloaded wire can heat up quickly and cause a fire.
Basically if you use common sense, inspect the cables for obvious damage and/or wear & tear regularly, and use the cables for their intended purpose, you should have no problems using extension cords and/or power strips.
OSHA regulations require that conductors and electrical equipment be used in accordance with the conditions under which they are approved by a recognized testing organization (29 CFR 1910.303(a)). Most power strips are approved for providing power to a maximum of four or six individual items; however, when multiple power strips are interconnected, the one directly connected to the building outlet is often supplying power to far more than the approved number. This electrical current overload can result in a fire or can cause a circuit breaker to trip, deenergizing computers and other equipment throughout the area. The risk is magnified when another outlet in the same wall or floor receptacle is also overloaded in a similar fashion. When other outlets on the same circuit are also overloaded, the risk increases.
Extension cords are sometimes used to energize power strips in locations far from outlets. Because electrical resistance increases with increased power cord length, interconnecting cords increases the total resistance and resultant heat generation. This creates an additional risk of equipment failure and fire, particularly when paper and other combustible materials are in contact with the wires. Additionally, OSHA’s regulations allow extension cords to be used only as temporary wiring for up to 90 days. Unfortunately,once in place, extension cords tend to become permanent wiring and a fire hazard.
Several safe solutions exist. In many cases, a power strip energized by an extension cord or another power strip can simply be replaced by a power strip with a power cord of adequate length to reach an outlet. Other times, use of a power strip that is better able to accommodate bulkier transformer plugs solves the problem. Several factors should be considered when selecting an appropriate surge protector. Since models vary in the amount of current that they are rated to safely carry, it is important to consider the amperage requirements of the devices to be energized. Models vary in length of power cord, typically ranging from three to 15 feet. Choose one whose length is most appropriate for reaching the intended room outlet. Avoid having too much excess cord, and make sure the surge protector is set on its base. Some have swivel plugs which makes them easier to connect to the outlet, and helps to protect the plug and cord from damage. Check each surge protector to make sure it is in good condition for use.
Only power strips equipped with internal fuses are acceptable as permanent wiring. Those lacking these fuses are equivalent to extension cords, and therefore may not be used as permanent wiring. When a power strip is installed, care must be taken to ensure that it is not suspended in mid-air by its power cord or cords plugged into it, resulting in excessive stress on electrical connections.
The National Electrical Code (NEC) has a whole article devoted to flexible cords and cables, one of the more applicable sections in this case would be 400.8.
2008 National Electrical Code
ARTICLE 400 Flexible Cords and Cables
400.8 Uses Not Permitted. Unless specifically permitted in 400.7, flexible cords and cables shall not be used for the following:
(1) As a substitute for the fixed wiring of a structure
(2) Where run through holes in walls, structural ceilings, suspended ceilings, dropped ceilings, or floors
(3) Where run through doorways, windows, or similar openings
(4) Where attached to building surfaces
*Exception to (4): Flexible cord and cable shall be permitted to be attached to building surfaces in accordance with the provisions of 368.56(B)**
(5) Where concealed by walls, floors, or ceilings or located above suspended or dropped ceilings
(6) Where installed in raceways, except as otherwise permitted in this Code
(7) Where subject to physical damage
*368.56(B) Cord and Cable Assemblies. Suitable cord and cable assemblies approved for extra-hard usage or hard usage and listed bus drop cable shall be permitted as branches from busways for the connection of portable equipment or the connection of stationary equipment to facilitate their interchange in accordance with 400.7 and 400.8 and the following conditions:
(1) The cord or cable shall be attached to the building by an approved means.
(2) The length of the cord or cable from a busway plug-in device to a suitable tension take-up support device shall not exceed 1.8 m (6 ft).
(3) The cord and cable shall be installed as a vertical riser from the tension take-up support device to the equipment served.
(4) Strain relief cable grips shall be provided for the cord or cable at the busway plug-in device and equipment terminations.
400.8(1) As a substitute for the fixed wiring of a structure.
400.8(2) Where run through holes in walls, structural ceilings, suspended ceilings, dropped ceilings, or floors.
400.8(3) Where run through doorways, windows, or similar openings.
400.8(4) Where attached to building surfaces.
400.8(5) Where concealed by walls, floors, or ceilings or located above suspended or dropped ceilings.
400.8(6) Where installed in raceways, except as otherwise permitted in this Code
400.8(7) Where subject to physical damage
If you have to join two extension cords together (for a longer reach), make sure the cables are both the appropriate gauge to handle the extra length. To prevent the ends from coming partially or fully disconnected (which can be annoying, and a possible shock/fire hazard), tie a simple knot to hold the cables together.
Keep in mind that connecting too many cords together can be a fire hazard, and make sure you are using appropriately sized cables.
As an example if you want to use your circular saw at 100 ft., you'll need at least 12 AWG cable. If you need to reach an extra 50 ft. (150 ft. total) and happen to have an extra 50 ft. extension cord, both cords should be at least 10 AWG.
Don't run an extension cord under a rug. When people walk on the rug it will rub on the cord, and over time the friction can wear through the cord's insulation, leading to arcing which can cause a fire. This is one reason AFCI breakers are recommended and/or required, as they can shut off a circuit at the first sign of arcing.
An extension cord is generally not fire-rated; the insulating covering over it will either sustain a fire (unlikely in most cases as they must still meet basic electrical fire codes), or release toxic chemicals when burned (more likely). Extension cords, though durable, are also not built for in-wall or under-floor installation; the insulation will after several years harden, crack and split, exposing the wire and causing a fire hazard.
However, all this means is that such wires are not designed for permanent installation into a home. As long as you use it in a manner such that the cord can be unplugged, removed and thrown away when the cord deteriorates, and you expect that to happen after some years, especially outdoors, you're fine.
Never put a wire through the wall. It does violate code. You can use a recessed power strip (link below). You don't have to spend $80 on it, there are a lot more that are cheaper, but the one I am linking to has a good picture of all the essential components. A kit like this is code-compliant. If you put an extension power cord through a wall, it may void homeowner insurance policy and it is a violation of fire code (I believe federally; I am not 100% sure). It is, however, unsafe regardless. Even if you think it's safe. The cord is not intended to be used inside of a wall.
Make sure any unused plugs are covered with a proper CSA approved plug or purchase surge protectors with covers to prevent dust from gathering inside the surge protector which can over time start a fire. Replace on a regular basis especially if you have a serious power surge in your neighbourhood. A good rule of thumb is when the warranty expires. A regular home hardware surge protector does not meet standards for large office or medical equipment. Some surge protectors do come with indicators that show you are overloading the amps on the surge protector, but this is only useful if you keep and eye on the indicator. Most surge protectors are rated for only 15 AMPS but check your unit. Some surge suppressors are rated for only 12 AMPS or less. You can look at your appliance to determine how many amps it uses. For those that do not list amps use a calculator from Google to convert watts/volts=amps. take the sum of amps from everything plugged into the unit to determine if it might be overloaded. How you can overload a surge protector is beyond me but I found some surge protectors running at almost double the recommended capacity for amps and not tripping. IE two computer systems running off of one line conditioner which had a rating of 12 amps but the total was 15.4 amps when computers were in use and another was office equipment running on a surge protector with a rating of 15 amps but the office equipment totaled 28 amps.
An issue that I haven't seen mentioned yet is that if an extension cord fed by a modern 20A breaker has 250A drawn through it, it will heat up less before the breaker trips than it would if it only had 50A drawn through it. A thermal fuse or thermal breaker would heat up at a rate proportional to the rate at which a wire would heat up, and would thus trip about 25 times as fast under the massive overload as under a lesser one, but modern breakers also have a secondary trip which will operate even faster under sufficient overload conditions.
If one had a string of light-duty extension cables that was long enough that each side of the line had a resistance of about an ohm and a device plugged into it failed dead shorted, a typical 20A breaker would see a 60A load and--by design--allow for the possibility that someone might have just switched on a motor with a high starting current but lower run current, and give the motor 2-10 seconds to reduce its current load before tripping. This would allow the wires to act as a 7200-watt heater during that 2-10 seconds. By contrast, if the resistance had been 0.5 ohms, the breaker would have seen a 240 amp load and shut off within 0.01 seconds. | <urn:uuid:ce7e9574-6de1-4950-bdc1-6b6906110a78> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/7674/extension-cord-and-power-strip-safety?noredirect=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.943486 | 2,533 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Less toxic, healthier cigarettes created by scientists
A group of scientists from America have come up with what they are calling less toxic and healthier cigarettes.
The team from Cornell University in New York have fortified cigarette filters in such a way that reduces the amount of toxins and cancerous chemicals that pass through them into the body.
A study found that after they added natural ingredients with antioxidant properties to the filter – namely grape seed extract and lycopene – the number of cancer causing properties and chemicals that are produced from cigarettes are significantly reduced.
However, the scientists said the safest and healthiest path for smokers to follow is still kicking the habit altogether.
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Despite this advice, there are hopes that the discovery could lead to the production of healthier cigarette filters and assist people in their quest to give up smoking.
Lycopene, one of the ingredients used in the revolutionary filters, is the name for the vivid red pigment that can be found in red fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes, papayas and watermelons.
Although this is not the first investigation that has looked at making cigarettes healthier, the additives and components that have previously been identified at making them less toxic were haemoglobin and activated carbon.
Both these ingredients are fairly expensive and although they can reduce the number of free radicals in cigarettes by up to 90 percent, no company has spent the money required to take them to a commercial stage.
However, the ingredients added to the filters by the Cornell team are much more affordable.
Dr. Boris Dzilkovski, one of the authors of the study’s report, said: “The implications of this technique can help reduce the hazardous effects of tobacco smoke because free radicals are a major group of carcinogens.”
The results of the study have been published in the Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE) and the Content Director of the publication, Dr. Aaron Kolski-Andreaco, is confident the research could see healthier cigarettes emerge on the tobacco market.
He said: “Practically, this research could lead to an alternative type of cigarette filter with a free radical scavenging additive.
“It could lead to a less harmful cigarette,” he added.
Our magazine is now available on the iPad. Click here to download it. | <urn:uuid:fc23345a-3dde-4aab-8275-df0bded8a1b5> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://healthcare-digital.com/procurement-and-supply-chain/less-toxic-healthier-cigarettes-created-scientists | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.949764 | 519 | 2.734375 | 3 |
MemberJune 11, 2021 at 11:17 am::
The human heart is a four chambered heart. It has two ventricles and two auricles connected through valves. The tricuspid valve present at the junction of the right auricle and right ventricle, whereas the bicuspid valve is present at the junction of left auricle and left ventricle. The four chambered heart helps to purify blood and segregate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood so that the body receives blood in its purest form. It also makes the heart work more efficiently.
· Deoxygenated blood is brought to the heart by vena cava
· It is received by the right auricle of the heart
· Once collected, the right auricle contracts and the blood moves from the right auricle to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve
· The ventricle contracts and the blood moves to the lungs through the pulmonary artery (the only artery in the human body carrying deoxygenated blood). Its entry is guarded by the semilunar valves
· On reaching the lungs, the blood gets purified, i.e., becomes oxygenated and it moved back to the heart through pulmonary veins (the only vein that carries oxygenated blood)
· The blood enters the left auricle of the heart and then moves to the left ventricle. This junction is guarded by the bicuspid valves
· The left ventricle contracts and the oxygenated blood moves through the aorta outside the heart
· The muscles of the left ventricle is the strongest as it has to pump the blood to aorta which in turn pumps blood through out the body
· The opening of aorta is guarded by aortic valve.
This was the most simplest mechanism of how blood gets purified and pumped throughout the body. However, the mechanism involves much more complex elements of the cardiac cycle.
Thus, this was a summary of how four chambered heart helps in the transport of pure oxygenated blood.
lack a four chambered heart. They have a 3 chambered heart which transports
mixed blood, i.e., a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood throughout
the body. Similarly, most lower organisms have a two chambered heart that transports
only deoxygenated blood.
I hope this answer helps. | <urn:uuid:a137dd3a-a534-4fcb-b356-63026a8a7209> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://members.kidpid.com/ask/reply/24329/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.945176 | 507 | 3.515625 | 4 |
The teeth of rodents are usually hard and they gnaw on hard objects in search of food. The noise produced during the gnawing process can reverberate through wherever they are and be heard in form of a heavy scratching.
The sound its claws produce can be heard as well. This sound can be heard in the walls or ceiling or might be produced while the rodent is trying to enter a home. Most times rodents claw when they are searching for food or a new place to build their nest.
If your home is infested by rats gnawing, scratching and clawing sounds could possibly be heard at the roof. These rodents love to live in high places therefore they are mostly found on trees and roof tops of houses. Squeaks would as well be heard in homes suffering from rodent infestation.
However, not all sound heard indicates the presence of rodents in a home. Other animals or building construction can as well produce noise like that of rodents. Once you begin to hear unusual sounds in your home contact a pest management professional who can tell if the sound is from pests. | <urn:uuid:80382baf-388b-43a9-875a-3e979e2fdb30> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://naturesmace.com/blogs/blog/rodent-sounds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.973824 | 219 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Writing various academic papers can be difficult. You can get lost in requirements and writing guides. Thus, when you have an essay assigned, be sure to perform a great paper once paying attention to its format and structure. First, check the requirements. Further, learn how to write it properly. Most students get frustrated when dealing with complex assignments. There are many difficult types of essays. Still, you can perform them excellently if you know how to do it properly.
A discursive essay is a special type of essay college students usually complete. This paper is aimed at a discussion on a certain topic. When you perform an essay, you do not support the issue or stand against it. With your arguments and supportive evidence, you reveal the topic objectively. You need to provide an original and unprejudiced opinion. Besides, your written piece must be flawless and unique.
Discursive Essay: Definition
A discursive essay is a type of essay based on a discussion on a particular topic. It is quite similar to the argumentative essay. Still, it has another purpose. The discursive paper is aimed at revealing and providing a dispassionate and trustworthy assessment of an analyzed issue. It means the entire paper must be built on strong arguments and relevant supporting evidence. The writer should avoid personal affections. Thus, the entire style of an essay must be fully neutral.
Use facts and findings to perform a paper. Check some research reports to come up with solid arguments. The impersonal style is always winning when you deal with this type of essay. Still, you can reveal your story analyzing both sides and focusing on the most vital aspects. This essay requires a standard structure. Thus, it requires an attention-grabbing introduction.
Every argument must be written in a separate paragraph of the main body. Each paragraph must reveal a separate idea. Make sure to include only powerful sentences. Also, organize your paper to make a one-point paragraph to be followed by a counterpoint paragraph. Check the structure of a discursive essay in advance. It will ease your writing process and bring additional benefits.
Main Types of Discursive Essay
When you only start preparing a discursive essay, think about its top purposes. There are three main types of discursive essay you may need to complete in college:
- Opinion Essay. This piece of writing requires a writer’s opinion. The opinion must be clear and concise. Also, it should be supported by facts, strong arguments, and solid evidence. This paper also must reveal opposite arguments in the body paragraphs. The conclusion of a familiar essay outlines a writer’s opinion and summarizes the facts.
- For and Against Essay. This type of essay allows investigating an issue providing real debates on the topic. You also use both points of view. Thus, the opposite point of view must be outlined. Every point must be revealed in detail. You should provide solid examples, arguments, and reasons that support your validations. The writer’s opinion can be revealed only in the conclusions.
- Solution Suggesting Essay. This type of essay is aimed at providing solutions. Thus, you need to declare a problem in the introduction. Further, you should analyze its reasons and consequences. Place some suggestions in the main body paragraphs. Come up with solid problem solutions in the closing part. Also, summarize your opinion in the conclusions.
Structure of Discursive Essay
A discursive essay has quite a standard structure. The paper requires a strong introduction, the main body part, and conclusions. Every idea and argument must be revealed in a separate paragraph. You need to write an attention-grabbing introduction and reveal the main topic explanation. Further, you need to write down and explain your arguments. The closing part includes the final message and a summary of the main findings.
The essay requires a strong introduction. To make readers interested in the topic, you reveal. Make sure to bring up an attention-grabbing introduction. Moreover, you can always use a hook sentence. It means you can write down a funny sentence, interesting fact, or rhetorical question. It will help to gather readers’ attention. Be sure to avoid any generalization or stereotypes in your introduction part. Make sure to place the main thesis at the end of an introduction.
Write down every argument and counterargument into detached paragraphs. Thus, it reveals every new idea separately. Remember, you need to be unprejudiced. You need to discover both sides of an investigated issue. The entire work must be built on facts and research results. You should avoid revealing your feelings in the text. Your essay must be clear and diverse. You need to keep the balance of the content. Thus, you should first write down an argument and describe it. The following paragraph must discover the opposite argument. It allows for revealing a topic properly. Every paragraph must include an argument and supporting evidence. It helps readers understand your point.
The conclusion is the final part of an essay. This is the closing part. Review your arguments and findings. The main points must be summarized from the main body paragraphs. You can also provide your opinion. Still, remember to avoid repeating yourself. The conclusion must be short.
Writing Tips and Guides
If you want to complete a good discursive essay, check the following writing tips and guides. There are do’s and don’ts for writers. A great essay always reveals a perfect content. The text must be flawless and unique. Moreover, numerous writing tips can be very beneficial. They help to deliver good content.
Main Do’s of a Discursive Essay
- Write in impersonal and format language
- Write every argument in a separate paragraph
- Use the main issue for every paragraph
- Write down examples for every revealed point
- Use connecting words and phrases
- Make proper references to other sources
- Describe the used sources
- Follow every argument with an opposite
- Follow the proper essay structure
Main Don’ts of a Discursive Essay
- Do not use short forms like don’t, I’ll, they’ve
- Avoid informal language and colloquial sayings
- Do not use expressive language, since the paper must be impersonal
- Avoid generalization and stereotypes in your paper
- Do not build your paper on personal opinions
- Do not use statistics, figures, or data without proper references
- Avoid personal examples or situations from life
- Do not place any information without proper references
Discursive Essay: How to Write It Properly
When you write a discursive essay, it can make time to come up with strong arguments and counterarguments. There are a few main rules of excellent essay writing. First, you should remain neutral. This is not a proper paper to reveal your personal feelings or experience. The impersonal style of writing is requested. Second, you need to provide your opinion only in conclusions. Third, pay time to deal with references. Every piece of data and statistics must be properly cited. You need to organize the list of references. The discursive essay always contains discussions. Therefore, you need to ensure its proper format and content. Place every argument in a separate paragraph. Then, following an argument with an opposite one. It will help you to remain neutral and reveal both sides of an investigated issue.
The discursive essay investigates the issue. You perform a paper once placing arguments followed by opposite ones. You need to let the reader see the full picture of the revealed problem. Your arguments and evidence must be strong and relevant. You both investigate the reasons for the problem and its possible outcomes. Stay neutral to discover the issue properly. Personal opinions and feelings must be left for another piece of writing.
Writing Strategy and Actions
Every discursive essay must be written properly. It includes an accurate organization of paragraphs, structure, and format. Since writers often deal with controversial topics, they first need to define the exact topic to discover. There is no need to write a personal opinion on the topic. Make sure to build your paper on facts.
You may need to add an outline of your essay. The outline can be used as an effective writing plan. With it, you can better organize your arguments and counterarguments. You must state your topic in an introduction. Further, you reveal the main arguments in the main body paragraphs. The conclusions should establish the final message of the paper. The main body can include 4-6 points. Be sure to add arguments of both sides. You do not need to come up with your personal attitude. The facts and research reports must be revealed. There is no need to define what argument is the opposite one. Let your readers come up with their estimation. Every argument needs to be supported by strong evidence. Supportive evidence always needs to be relevant and up-to-date. Surely, you can use other researchers’ reports, but make sure to cite them properly.
If you face any difficulties with discursive essays, use the professional assistance of our experts. Our talented writers can complete flawless and original essay papers. They will surely deliver the best discursive essay timely. | <urn:uuid:00f92a3a-0ac0-4023-8a5f-31fe4dc1ac2f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://paperhelpwriting.com/blog/discursive-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.906524 | 1,875 | 3.296875 | 3 |
THE GRANGE AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL
The rationale behind the Grange movement was to provide help and encouragement to farmers, primarily in terms of educational and social opportunities. In addition to promoting educational and cultural goals, it was intended to foster cooperation among farmers to enhance their economic strength.
At the national level, the Grange was founded in 1867 to advance and promote agriculture, in addition to drawing attention to the importance of the American farmer. After a slow start, the organization flourished in the Mid-west, with half of all local Granges located in that part of the country. However, the depression of 1873 yielded particularly severe consequences for Mid-western farmers because of the large surpluses they were generating. Falling prices and reduced incomes resulted in bankruptcies and foreclosures.
Farmers turned their frustration toward business interests which they felt conspired against them in the marketplace. Bankers, middlemen, and the railroads were blamed for making agricultural products unprofitable. Such sentiments drove farmers to the Grange and other agricultural clubs as a way of fighting back. The Grange had tremendous influence and provided a means of organizing against unfair railroad tariffs and corporate monopolies. However, as the economy improved toward the end of the 1870s, the need for the Grange and Grange membership diminished. By 1880 the Grange movement in the Mid-west had virtually come to a close.
THE GRANGE IN NEW ENGLAND
In New England, where a tradition of farmers' clubs and associations began as early as the late 18th century, the Grange enjoyed its primary influence in the period after 1880. Rather than being a radical movement, like that of the Mid-west, the Grange in New England was stable and conservative. Its interests and influence were more wide-ranging and enduring.
The Grange sought to aid farmers in enjoying greater profitability, an objective was pursued in numerous ways. Meetings, discussions, and reports provided a forum for updating and sharing information so that farmers could be more expert at the business of agriculture. Strong support was given to state agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and alliances were forged with state boards and/or departments of agriculture and the Farm Bureau. Cooperative stores and insurance companies were organized to reduce costs. The Grange promoted fairer taxation and better transportation. Much of the Grange's work was accomplished by means of legislative initiatives.
Changes in American society during the 20th century countered the Grange's efforts; fewer and fewer farms remained in operation, and rural areas continued to lose population into the 1940s. Those who remained,
however, operated under more advantageous circumstances due to the work of the Grange. Although the organized activities of the Grange were reduced to a fraction of what they once were, Grange halls that survive serve as a physical reminder of an important movement in the life of rural New England.
THE GRANGE IN SWANZEY
The GOLDEN ROD GRANGE No. 114 was established on March 15, 1886, and provided farmers with a forum to discuss the problems of farming and the best ways to raise and harvest their crops.
At first, their meetings were held at the homes of different members, but as membership increased, meetings were held in the vestry of the Congregational Church and later at the Swanzey Town Hall in Swanzey Center.
Swanzey was a farming community, and the Grange was the center of the town's social life. By 1894, the membership had grown to 125. Grange members were very active in community affairs, and in 1915, they built the Golden Rod Grange Hall on Route 32. The hall was used for meetings, "work bees" to help neighbors in need, agricultural fairs, Sunday socials, plays, card games, dinners, dances, and other community events. An annual highlight was the Old Homestead suppers, which fed over 10,000 people, including 29 New Hampshire governors over the decades.
With the passage of time, interests changed, means of transportation improved, and farming was no longer the chief means of support; consequently, the Grange lost members, and the few who were left were unable to maintain the building. In 1991, Grange members offered the building and its property to the town of Swanzey, and in 1994, the voters decided to take money from the reserve fund to buy the Grange Hall and land.
The SWANZEY PRESERVATION SOCIETY was founded in 1992 to foster an appreciation of the history and heritage of the Town of Swanzey, including the Golden Rod Grange Hall. The Society has championed the project of preserving the hall. Through its efforts, the Golden Rod Grange Hall was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, the official list of the nation's historic places worthy of preservation, in 1994. | <urn:uuid:630d151a-27cf-481e-8fe2-704908e72c89> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://swanzeyps.wixsite.com/historyisthekey/national-grange-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.978909 | 996 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Research stream for the improvement of environmental and energy performance of road vehicles. This research permits improved knowledge of emission continuum, diffusion and exposure.
The main directions of research are as follows:
- Effects on health and impact of air pollution on population. Medical risks linked to pollution produced by surface transport arise for a large part from their atmospheric emissions. The exact impact of surface transport on air pollution is still unknown. At the same time, of work is carried out to obtain a better knowledge of population exposure to pollutants. Measurement campaigns were implemented in microenvironments such as stations, traffic lanes, etc. Individual pollution sensors were developed to describe factors of population exposures. Epidemiological research was conducted on target populations (transport professionals, children, asthmatics, etc) as a priority with a view of developing benchmarks.
- Noises and noise pollution linked to surface transport. Works on environment noise protection represent a major issue both in the field of road and rail transport. Some research is brought into effect in relation with the 'Safety, Ergonomics, Comfort' thematic group.
- Fuel-engine-cleaning-up cycle. The main concern of this group is to look after mechanical and chemical optimisation of road vehicles. It works with priority at improving the radiant efficiency of engines and at reducing NOx emissions or particles in the atmosphere.
- New generation batteries and fuel cells. The arrival of the electric vehicle on the market represents a substantial advance for pollution reduction in urban areas and reduction of total energy cost. Work in this sub-group was related to all light land vehicles, from two-wheelers to urban buses.
See main programme form for Predit 2 for details. | <urn:uuid:c886af6c-0620-4f83-845e-5c62c926e87f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://trimis.ec.europa.eu/programme/energy-and-environment-thematic-group-21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.938172 | 353 | 3 | 3 |
It’s my opinion that everybody has a skill or experience that they are good at, that they can be absorbed by, and that they can learn from, whether that exists within a traditional learning environment or elsewhere. The difficulty is often having the time to find out what that skill is, and creating a flexible, personalised learning environment that can cater to individual needs. Immersive spaces can’t solve the problems of the complex context or history of those children who have, rightly or wrongly, been labelled as ‘unengaged’, but they can provide a forum in which their barriers to learning can be disregarded, and their approaches to enquiry, communication and experience identified and championed.
So how does this work in practice? Huddled in their enormous parachute tent, the Y2 boys at Bowlee Primary school in Middleton are looking at a single red poppy that is trapped in a glowing white box in the middle of the tent. They are asked to write down what they think it is and how it makes them feel, looking at that poppy, hearing the gunfire and being in that space.
For a school that is outstanding across the board, but where children have limited experiences and where engagement within boys’ literacy is an ongoing challenge, providing them with an opportunity to use writing to express their own feelings in their immediate surroundings was powerful. Not only did the children begin writing straight away, using vocabulary and WOW words that the teachers acknowledged was at a richer level than previous work in the classroom, but most also started working together in small groups of two or three, without direction. Taking charge of the way they learned and engaging in an experiential way encouraged them to engage more deeply.
At Ormiston Horizon Academy in Stoke on Trent, they create immersive experiences that blend the vocational with the theoretical, the practical with the abstract to engage pupils in maths and science. By creating experiential scenarios within their immersive environment, pupils must employ their maths knowledge to solve a series of mysteries, from working in a Criminology lab to find out who murdered the Y9 maths teacher, to exploring engineering by designing and building balloon cars within the space. So what’s different? In all of these short examples, the immersive experiences created did more than just excite, provoke and enthuse.
On a basic level, they permitted the pupils to travel to worlds – real or otherwise – that most had not had access to before, to experience new sensations, landscapes and scenarios in a safe space. Crucially, they were allowed to experience these environments in their own time, as individuals, without being singled out. With labels disregarded, they could take ownership of their learning by using their own experiences to shape that learning, and teachers in turn could observe the different ways in which pupils processed this journey.
One of the most powerful things a teacher said to me was that in their immersive space, the differences of ability between the pupils in her class became much less apparent. Because each child had the freedom and space to nurture their imagination independently and interpret their experience and their responses to it in a space that belonged as much to them and their peers as to the practitioners supporting their transition through education.
Do you use immersive environments in your school? Share your experiences below. | <urn:uuid:293f4421-52c7-469f-9cec-53416f652960> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.innovatemyschool.com/ideas/how-immersive-environments-are-inspiring-reluctant-learners | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.978033 | 666 | 2.984375 | 3 |
- Female service members are more likely than their male counterparts to report worse physical health, symptoms of depression, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Female service members are also much more likely to report unwanted gender-based experiences—sexual harassment, sexual assault, and gender discrimination.
- Exposure to unwanted gender-based experiences explains virtually all of these gender differences in health.
- This suggests a strong rationale for investing greater attention and resources into preventing sexual harassment and gender discrimination, and for providing care to those who have experienced them.
Women serving in the U.S. military are more likely than men to report mental health problems, including “high anxiety” (22.8 percent of women, 15.5 percent of men) and “high depression” (12.0 percent of women, 9.2 percent of men; Barlas et al., 2013). Luxton, Skopp, and Maguen (2010) found that female service members reported more depressive symptoms than male service members, as well as more posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following combat trauma, and Hourani et al. (2015) reported a general trend toward women reporting more PTSD symptoms. The 2018 Health Risk Behavior Survey showed similar gender differences, with women's survey responses showing higher prevalence of past-month “serious psychological distress” (12.0 percent) and probable PTSD (13.9 percent) than men's (9.1 percent and 9.6 percent, respectfully; Meadows, et al., 2021). Similar findings are reported in the Canadian military, with regular force women more likely to report symptoms consistent with past-year PTSD than men (Mota et al., 2012). These effects are similar to those observed in civilian samples, where women have higher odds of reporting internalizing disorders in the prior year (Kessler et al., 2005) and reporting having “serious psychological distress” (Weissman et al., 2015). However, gender differences in military samples might be expected to be smaller than in the civilian literature, because of population differences in mental and physical health risk factors. That is, the military selects members for health and fitness, all are employed and have access to health care, and the daily roles and activities of men and women may be more similar to each another than in the civilian population.
Women also experience much higher rates of sexual harassment, gender discrimination, and sexual assault than men, and for service members this gender gap is apparent both during and prior to their military service. Specifically, among active duty military personnel, past-year sexual assault in 2014 was estimated at nearly 5 percent for women compared with 1 percent for men, past-year experience of sexual harassment (defined as a sexually hostile workplace environment) was estimated at 20 percent for women versus 7 percent for men, and past-year experience of gender discrimination was estimated at about 12 percent for women but less than 1 percent for men (Farris et al., 2015). History of lifetime sexual assault experience was 18 percent for women and 3 percent for men (Jaycox et al., 2015). Similar statistics are also seen among recent veterans (Barth et al., 2016), former reservists (Street et al., 2008), and veterans seeking care in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA; Maguen et al., 2012). These unwanted gender-based experiences are associated with poor outcomes, including both physical and mental health problems (e.g., Suris and Lind, 2008; Turchik and Wilson, 2010). The experience of sexual trauma (sexual harassment or sexual assault) while serving in the military has been shown to have broad deleterious correlates, including depression, anxiety, PTSD, substance use, and poor health outcomes among veterans seeking care in the VHA (Hankin et al., 1999; Kimerling et al., 2010, Kimerling et al., 2007; Maguen et al., 2012). A 2015 study of college student military personnel showed that sexual assault or harassment during military service was associated with increased suicide risk (Bryan, Bryan, and Clemans, 2015).
The high frequency of gender-linked stressors experienced by military women, and the strong associations between these experiences and negative physical and mental health outcomes, suggest the possibility that these gender-linked stressors may be an important explanatory variable for the reported gender differences in mental and physical health problems. This linkage would also be consistent with the minority stress model explaining observed differences in mental health outcomes among those exposed to discrimination and other stressors as a member of a minority group (Meyer, 2003). In partial support of this hypothesis, in the longitudinal Millennium Cohort Study, no significant gender differences were observed in risk of PTSD or PTSD severity after controlling for demographics and prior sexual assault (Jacobson et al., 2015). However, the Millennium Cohort Study did not include a rigorous assessment of recent sexual harassment, sexual assault, or gender discrimination experiences, so it was impossible to determine the impact of these types of proximal experiences on mental health outcomes. In addition, as of early 2022, no investigations have explored the effect of gender-linked stressors on gender differences in health outcomes beyond PTSD.
This study expands on the existing literature to examine the relationship between gender and self-reported gender discrimination, sexual harassment, sexual assault, and physical and mental health functioning in a large representative sample of active duty military personnel. Specifically, we hypothesized that active duty women would report more-severe symptoms of depression, PTSD, and physical health problems than men, but that these gender differences might be reduced or eliminated if unwanted gender-based experiences (sexual assault, sexual harassment, and gender discrimination) were accounted for. We examined the contribution of both recent assault (past year) and lifetime sexual assault to acknowledge the potential contribution of both recent and past experiences on current psychological distress, as in other studies (e.g., Himmelfarb, Yaeger, and Mintz, 2006).
Data and Sample
Data used for these analyses come from survey data collected as part of the 2014 RAND Military Workplace Study (RMWS). RMWS was an independent, confidential study using a representative sample of 477,513 active component service members, including a census of all women and a 25 percent probability sample of men. A 30.4 percent response rate resulted in 145,300 completed surveys. Because of cost and interview length considerations, the psychological distress scales described below were not included in all surveys but only in a randomly selected subset of 17,502 surveys. Our primary results examined the physical and mental health of these 17,502 respondents, using the survey design and sampling weights developed for them in the broader RMWS project (Morral et al., 2014; Morral et al., 2015; Morral et al., 2016). Sampling weights ensured that the gender, age, pay grade, race, ethnicity and other characteristics matched those of the active component military as of April 2014. As such, the weighted sample was 15.0 percent female, 18.6 percent were officers, and the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps represented 38.1 percent, 23.8 percent, 23.9 percent, and 14.1 percent of the sample, respectively. The study was approved by the RAND Human Subjects Protection Committee.
Gender was established using official personnel records maintained by the U.S. Department of Defense. These personnel records could mischaracterize the gender identification of a small proportion of service members whose perceived gender identity differed from that recorded in official military records.
A main thrust of the 2014 RMWS was to develop new measures of sexual harassment, gender discrimination, and sexual assault that closely align with legal definitions of these events, and these measures have since been adopted by the Department of Defense in its ongoing surveillance of these issues in the biennial Workplace and Gender Relations Survey.1 Respondents were counted as experiencing a past-year sexual assault if their pattern of responses indicated they had an experience meeting all of the criteria of a sexual assault crime as defined in the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), Article 120 (Title 10 USC § 920). This section of the survey included detailed behaviorally specific questions about unwanted sexual or physical experiences that occurred within the past year, along with other questions addressing legal elements related to whether the experience involved coercion and consent and whether its purpose was sexual or to humiliate or demean the respondent (see Morral et al., 2014, Appendix B, for a comparison of the UCMJ and survey items). A shortened series of questions were asked about experiences prior to the past 12 months. These included an introduction—
“These questions assess experiences of an abusive, humiliating, or sexual nature, and that occurred even though you did not want it and did not consent. Please include an experience regardless of who did it to you or where it happened. ‘Did not consent’ means that you told or showed them that you were unwilling, that they used physical force or threats to make you do it, or that they did it to you when you were unconscious, asleep, or so high or drunk that you could not understand what was happening.”
—followed by five items querying about penetrative, nonpenetrative, and attempted unwanted contacts. Endorsement of any of these experiences qualified the individual as experiencing an assault prior to the past 12 months. Thus, two indices were derived from these data: past-year sexual assault and lifetime sexual assault. For either variable, the assault is not necessarily tied to the military environment—it could occur outside of work or off base. Because these two variables are highly correlated (Pearson correlation = 0.53), we tested each separately in the analytic models.
The scale assessing past-year exposure to sexual harassment was made up of 11 items assessing exposure to a sexually hostile workplace environment (Morral et al., 2014). The items include experiences such as being exposed at work to unwanted sexually explicit jokes or materials, comments about sexual activity, or inappropriate touching that made the respondent uncomfortable, angry, or upset. Thus, they are explicitly tied to military workplace experiences. To measure legal definitions of sexual harassment, subsequent questions queried about whether the activity continued after the harasser knew or should have known it was unwelcome, and whether the activity was such that any reasonable person would consider it offensive. In this study, an individual who positively endorsed any of the 11 experiences in a way that would likely meet the legal threshold for harassment was defined as having experienced sexual harassment in the prior year.
Past-year perception of gender discrimination consisted of two items tapping experiences of (1) someone from work saying people with the respondent's gender are not as good as the other gender at the respondent's particular job, or that people of the respondent's gender should be prevented from having their job, and (2) that the respondent was mistreated, ignored, or insulted at work because of their gender (Morral et al., 2014). For each item, subsequent questions asked whether that experience harmed or limited their career. Individuals with one or both of the qualifying experiences who also indicated the experience harmed or limited their careers—“For example, did they hurt your evaluation/fitness report, affect your chances of promotion or your next assignment?”—were coded as having perceived gender discrimination in the prior year.
We assessed four dependent variables. The RMWS used a single item to measure current overall health, drawn from the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36; Ware and Sherbourne, 1992). Without specifying a time frame, the question asks respondents, “In general, would you say your health is …” and the respondent picks among “excellent,” “very good,” “good,” “fair,” or “poor.” We used the continuous score on this item, ranging from 1 to 5, with a 5 being poor health. This single item has been shown to have high validity in predicting a variety of physical health status measures (Cunny and Perri, 1991).
Depressive symptoms were assessed using the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8; Kroenke et al., 2009). Symptoms include lack of interest or pleasure in doing things; feeling down, depressed, or hopeless; and sleep, appetite, or energy disturbance. Items are rated on a four-point Likert scale indicating how often the respondent was bothered in the past two weeks by the listed symptoms (not at all, several days, more than half the days, or nearly every day). We derived a continuous total severity score by summing the eight items (range 0–24; higher scores indicating more symptom severity), as used in other studies and similar to scoring the PHQ-9 (Kroenke, et al., 2010).
For PTSD, a dichotomous introductory item drawn from the Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5; Prins et al., 2016) first queried about lifetime traumatic event exposure: “Sometimes things happen to people that are unusually or especially frightening, horrible, or traumatic. For example, a serious accident or fire, physical or sexual assault or abuse, earthquake or flood, war, seeing someone be killed or seriously injured, or having a loved one die through homicide or suicide.”
The question then asks, “Have you ever experienced this kind of event? Please count any event in your entire life.”
Among those who answered yes to this item, PTSD symptoms were assessed in the past month using the five items from the PC-PTSD-5 (Prins et al., 2016). These items are rated on a yes/no scale and include questions about nightmares or intrusive thinking, avoidance of trauma reminders, being on guard or easily startled, feeling detached from people, activities or surroundings, and blaming one's self or others for the event. Although primarily designed to be used as a screener like its predecessor, the PC-PTSD (Prins et al., 2003), the PC-PTSD-5 has also been used for research purposes as a continuous severity score by counting the number of items endorsed (e.g., Asarnow et al., 2008; Goldstein et al., 2007; Luxton, Skopp, and Maguen, 2010; Maguen et al., 2012). We used the continuous score in this study, with a range of 0 to 5 and higher scores indicating more PTSD symptoms.
Demographic and workplace variables were controlled in all analyses. These variables included service (Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force), paygrade (E1–E3, E4, E5–E6, E7–E9, O1–O3, O4–O6, W1–W5), age, Hispanic ethnicity, and five indicators of race (American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, African American or Black, White, and Other).
We used a three-stage modeling approach to estimate the effect of gender and unwanted gender-based experiences on mental and physical health. In the first model, we entered only gender as a predictor of mental and physical health, while also controlling for demographic and workplace variables (service, age, paygrade, Hispanic ethnicity, and race). In the second model, we added the unwanted gender-based experiences (past-year sexual harassment, past-year gender discrimination, past-year sexual assault) to the model as additional predictors. Finally, we ran the same model again but included lifetime sexual assault as a predictor rather than past-year sexual assault. These models were run on the 17,502 RMWS respondents using SAS SURVEY REG to perform a survey weighted linear regression examining reports of overall physical health and depressive symptoms and using SAS SURVEYLOGISTIC to perform a survey weighted logistic regression examining reports of any lifetime trauma exposure. Three additional models were run on the reduced sample of individuals who reported traumatic event exposure and were asked about PTSD symptoms (N = 7,979), following the same procedures using SAS SURVEY REG.
Weighted unadjusted means by gender are presented in Table 1. Female military personnel reported slightly worse physical health, more depressive symptoms, higher likelihood of lifetime trauma, and higher levels of PTSD symptoms in these unadjusted data. However, the gender differences were quite modest. In contrast, reports of unwanted gender-based experiences were elevated in female military personnel compared with male service members, with rates of these experiences three to six times higher among women.
Table 1. Weighted Unadjusted Means of Key Outcomes and Predictors, by Gender
|Overall Physical Health||2.21||0.52||2.11||1.21|
|Experience of Lifetime Trauma||0.51||0.28||0.45||0.62|
|Past-Year Sexual Assault||0.05||0.12||0.01||0.12|
|Lifetime Sexual Assault||0.18||0.21||0.03||0.20|
|Past-Year Sexual Harassment||0.21||0.23||0.07||0.31|
|Past-Year Gender Discrimination||0.12||0.19||0.02||0.16|
NOTE: SD = standard deviation.
Once demographic and workplace variables were controlled, we observed significant, but modest, gender differences in reports of overall health (see Model 1 in Table 2, first panel). Adding the past-year unwanted gender-based experiences to this model, the gender difference was attenuated to about half of the effect, and prior year sexual harassment emerged as a significant correlate of overall health ratings (see Table 2). Using lifetime sexual assault rather than past-year sexual assault in the model did not substantially change the findings.
Table 2. Regressions of Overall Health and Depressive Symptoms on Female Gender and Unwanted Gender-Based Experiences
|Overall Health||Depressive Symptoms|
|N||Estimate (SE)||T-Value||R2||N||Estimate (SE)||T-Value||R2|
|Female Gender||16,087||0.16 (0.02)||6.43***||0.07||16,173||0.72 (0.18)||4.01***||0.06|
|Female Gender||15,938||0.08 (0.03)||2.16**||0.08||16,008||–0.15 (0.18)||–0.86||0.11|
|Past-Year Sexual Harassment||0.41 (0.07)||5.64***||3.57 (0.42)||8.47***|
|Past-Year Perceived Gender Discrimination||0.08 (0.07)||0.95||2.37 (0.39)||6.12***|
|Past-Year Sexual Assault||0.08 (0.17)||0.17||0.89 (0.74)||1.21|
|Female Gender||15,938||0.07 (0.03)||2.33*||0.08||16,008||–0.44 (0.26)||–1.69||0.12|
|Past-Year Sexual Harassment||0.40 (0.07)||5.61***||3.20 (0.48)||6.67***|
|Past-Year Perceived Gender Discrimination||0.07 (0.07)||1.03||2.07 (0.41)||5.02***|
|Lifetime Sexual Assault||0.07 (0.10)||0.76||2.78 (1.16)||2.38*|
NOTES: SE = Standard error. All models control for service, age, paygrade, Hispanic ethnicity, and race.
*= p < .05;
**= p < .01;
***= p < .001.
Similarly, Table 2 (second panel) shows that female service members were more likely to report depressive symptoms after controlling for demographic and workplace characteristics, but the gender difference was not significant once past-year unwanted gender-based experiences were added to the model, and the point estimate for the gender variable changed signs. Past-year sexual harassment and gender discrimination emerged as significant correlates of depressive symptoms. When we used the lifetime sexual assault variable instead of past-year assault in the model, the results were similar except that lifetime sexual assault also emerged as a significant, albeit weak, correlate of depressive symptoms.
To examine PTSD symptoms, we conducted two related analyses, the first on endorsement of lifetime trauma history, and the second on current symptoms of PTSD among those who endorsed a trauma. Because of the structure of the survey, we examined each in turn. Women had greater odds of reporting a lifetime traumatic event than men (odds ratio [OR] = 1.67 [1.51, 1.85]) when other demographic and workplace variables were controlled. When the three past-year unwanted gender-based experiences were added to the model, women still had higher, though somewhat reduced, odds of this type of report (OR = 1.44 [1.29, 1.61]) than men, and the two workplace experiences predicted higher odds of reporting lifetime traumatic event exposure, but not past-year sexual assault (past-year hostile work environment: OR = 1.63 [1.21, 2.20]; past-year gender discrimination: OR = 1.90 [1.43, 2.52]; past-year sexual assault: OR = 1.55 [0.75, 3.23]). When we conducted the same model with lifetime sexual assault rather than past-year assault, results were similar (gender OR = 1.34 [1.18, 1.51]), and all three of the unwanted gender-based experiences predicted higher odds of reporting lifetime traumatic event exposure (hostile work environment: OR = 1.50 [1.10, 2.05]; gender discrimination: OR = 1.79 [1.36, 2.36]; lifetime sexual assault: OR = 2.19 [1.48, 3.24]).
Finally, we examined PTSD symptom severity among individuals who reported having experienced a lifetime traumatic event (n = 7,979) (see Table 3). Just as in the models for depressive symptoms, women reported higher levels of PTSD symptoms than men when gender was examined only with demographic and workplace controls. However, this gender difference was cut to about one-third the size when the past-year unwanted gender-based experiences were added to the model, and all three were significant correlates of PTSD symptoms. When we replaced past-year sexual assault with lifetime sexual assault, results were similar except that the gender difference was completely attenuated. For PTSD, the three unwanted gender-based experiences were similar in the magnitude of their associations with symptoms in the model using lifetime sexual assault.
Table 3. Regressions of PTSD Symptoms on Female Gender and Unwanted Gender-Based Experiences
|Female Gender||7,979||0.47 (0.06)||7.99***||0.05|
|Female Gender||7,902||0.16 (0.06)||2.69**||0.10|
|Past-Year Sexual Harassment||0.79 (0.13)||6.02***|
|Past-Year Gender Discrimination||0.80 (0.13)||6.04***|
|Past-Year Sexual Assault||0.64 (0.25)||2.52*|
|Female Gender||7,902||0.07 (0.06)||1.12||0.10|
|Past-Year Sexual Harassment||0.73 (0.13)||5.58***|
|Past-Year Gender Discrimination||0.74 (0.13)||5.70***|
|Lifetime Sexual Assault||0.64 (0.11)||5.92***|
NOTE: All models control for service, age, paygrade, Hispanic ethnicity, and race.
*= p < .05;
**= p < .01;
***= p < .001.
Using a large and representative sample of active duty service members in the U.S. military and state-of-the-art measures of unwanted gender-based experiences that conform to legal definitions, we found that gender differences in self-reported overall health and symptoms of PTSD and depression are associated with exposure to sexual assault, sexual harassment, and gender discrimination. This finding is consistent with evidence from other military and civilian samples showing that sexual assault and sexual harassment are associated with health outcomes (e.g., Fitzgerald et al., 1997; Kimerling et al., 2010; Street et al., 2008). We found, however, that exposure to sexual harassment, sexual assault, and gender discrimination explains virtually all of the gender differences in depression and PTSD symptoms, as well as overall health ratings. The findings are also consistent with findings from the Millennium Cohort Study, in which observed gender differences in the development of PTSD were no longer significant after accounting for prior sexual assault (Jacobson et al., 2015).
Sexual assault is frequently a traumatic experience with long-lasting effects on individuals’ health and well-being for both males and females (Hankin et al., 1999; Kimerling et al., 2007; Kimerling et al., 2010, Maguen et al., 2012). Surprisingly, however, past-year sexual harassment had the greatest unique explanatory power for physical health, and past-year sexual harassment and gender discrimination explained the most variance for depressive symptoms. In models using just past-year measures of each variable, the sexual assault variable explained less variance than in the models using lifetime sexual assault for both depressive symptoms and PTSD symptoms. These unwanted experiences were related to but also distinct from endorsing the lifetime traumatic event question. Past-year sexual harassment was associated with greater odds of reporting a lifetime trauma (as expected, because some of the sexual harassment experiences would count as a trauma), but not as much as a sexual assault experience. Among those who endorsed a lifetime traumatic event and therefore reported on PTSD symptoms, all three unwanted gender-based experiences explained a significant amount of the variance in PTSD symptoms and completely attenuated the gender effect for PTSD symptoms.
One reason sexual harassment and gender discrimination might have been comparatively more important in explaining health ratings in this population is that they are experiences that are far more common than sexual assault. Whereas, on average in the military, only 1.5 percent of active component members are sexually assaulted per year, rates of sexual harassment are five times greater, with 21.4 percent of women and 6.6 percent of men reporting harassment each year (Farris et al., 2015). Similarly, gender discrimination is about twice as common as sexual assault (Farris et al., 2015). It is possible, therefore, that sexual assault has a larger effect on each individual's well-being. This would be consistent with our finding that sexual assault was more strongly associated with endorsing exposure to a lifetime trauma than either sexual harassment or gender discrimination. Nevertheless, the smaller average individual effect of sexual harassment and gender discrimination spread across the much larger population of exposed service members could explain the relative explanatory power of these variables in our models.
Alternatively, it is possible that the nature of sexual harassment and gender discrimination occurring in the workplace makes them insidious, chronic stressors. Survey respondents in this study were still on active duty status in the military and reported these events occurring in the past year, so it is likely that many were still exposed to the perpetrators or environment that allowed these experiences to occur. Although these experiences might not qualify as a Criterion A stressor as defined by The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) and can be sometimes dismissed as lower forms of stress, the data here show a significant relationship with health and well-being. Indeed, there is support for the idea that sexual harassment and other stressful life events can exacerbate PTSD symptoms over and above sexual assault or combat exposure (Wolfe et al., 1998). Recent work places these experiences on a continuum, with sexual harassment also shown to be a predictor of subsequent sexual assault (McCone, Thomsen, and Laurence, 2018; Morral et al., 2015; Schell et al., 2021; Stander et al., 2018). Indeed, cumulative stress, or “allostatic load,” has been shown to contribute to a variety of health and mental health problems (e.g., Guidi et al., 2021; Slopen, Meyer, and Williams, 2018).
A limitation of this cross-sectional study is that we could not assess whether the observed association between unwanted gender-based experiences and health outcomes is due to a causal effect of sexual assault, sexual harassment, and gender discrimination on women's elevated self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and poor overall health. Our results are consistent with such an effect but do not prove it. Although care was taken to define specific time intervals for each experience and current symptoms, the respondents completed the survey at a single point in time.
Another limitation is the potential for bias in the self-reports of these unwanted gender-based experiences. Sexual assault, for example, has been shown to be underreported in some studies. However, in this independent study, we assured respondents that the military would never know their responses and that their answers would remain confidential, likely reducing the potential for reporting bias. The use of specific behavioral language to define and assess these experiences (rather than asking about “sexual assault” or “sexual harassment”) also likely reduced some of the reporting bias seen in other studies. The extent to which sexual harassment and gender discrimination might be biased on a confidential survey is unknown. It is unclear how such biases could produce the pattern of results observed.
In addition, we do not have a measure of lifetime sexual harassment because none was included on the survey used here. Little information exists about the long-term impact of sexual harassment and gender discrimination, so we cannot know whether the association between lifetime measures of sexual harassment and gender discrimination would be even greater than what we found with past-year measures. Finally, we do not have a measure of combat trauma exposure in this study, which differentially affects men in the military, nor about other forms of trauma or their severity. The number and types of trauma exposure have been demonstrated to be predictors of PTSD (Jakob et al., 2017; Lehavot et al., 2018). We also did not have available other measures of explanatory variables related to gender differences in mental health, such as social, cognitive, and biological variables, nor measures of broader behavioral health, such as substance abuse.
Sexual harassment and gender discrimination in the military have received far less attention in the press and among members of Congress than has sexual assault. Our findings suggest that although these unwanted workplace experiences may be less traumatic than sexual assault, they are more strongly associated with poor health outcomes at the population level. Other employers have strong incentives to prevent, detect, and end sexual harassment. If they do not, they become liable for large monetary settlements with victims. Members of the armed forces cannot, however, sue their employer. If sexual harassment and gender discrimination are elevating symptoms of ill health among a large portion of the military workforce, this suggests a strong rationale for investing greater attention and resources into preventing sexual harassment and gender discrimination, and for providing care to those who have experienced them. Such programming will need incorporate evidence-based and multipronged prevention, accountability, and deterrence approaches (Acosta, Chinman, and Shearer, 2021). | <urn:uuid:58f7b8d6-d7c8-4bdc-8ee6-468532378b4a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.rand.org/pubs/periodicals/health-quarterly/issues/v10/n2/08.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.942508 | 6,721 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Ball mill is a key equipment to grind the crushed materials, and the ball mill is widely used in powder-making production line including cement, silicate, new-type building material, refractory material, fertilizer, ore dressing of ferrous metal and non-ferrous metal, glass ceramics, etc. And the ball mill can grind various ores and other materials with dry type and wet type. There are two kinds of ball mill, grate type and overfall type due to different ways of discharging material.
Ball Mill is a horizontal rotating device transmitted by the outer gear. The materials are transferred to the grinding chamber through the quill shaft uniformly. There are ladder liner and ripple liner and different specifications of steel balls in the chamber. The centrifugal force caused by rotation of barrel brings the steel balls to a certain height and impact and grind the materials. The ground materials are discharged through the discharging board thus the grinding process is finished.
Ball Mill are generally used to grind material 1/4 inch and finer, down to the particle size of 20 to 75 microns. To achieve a reasonable efficiency with ball mills, they must be operated in a closed system, with oversize material continuously being recirculated back into the mill to be reduced. Various classifiers, such as screens, spiral classifiers, cyclones and air classifiers are used for classifying the discharge from ball mills. Ball mill is an efficient tool for grinding many materials into fine powder. The ball mill is used to grind many kinds of mine and other materials, or to select the mine. It is widely used in building material, chemical industry, etc. There are two ways of grinding: the dry process and the wet process. It can be divided into tabular type and flowing type according to different forms of discharging material.
|Model||Volume in Ltrs||Cvlinder Dia in m.m||Dimension Length||H.P.*Required|
|STBT - 100||100||460||600||2 - 3|
|STBT - 250||250||600||800||3 - 5|
|STBT - 500||500||800||1000||3 - 7.5|
|STBT - 750||750||850||1250||5 - 10|
|STBT - 1000||1000||1000||1250||7.5 - 15|
|STBT - 1500||1500||1250||1250||10 - 20|
|STBT - 2200||2200||1250||1800||15 - 30|
|STBT - 3500||3500||1500||2000||25 - 50|
|STBT - 5000||5000||1800||2000||30 - 60|
|STBT - 6400||6400||1800||2500||40 - 75|
|STBT - 11000||11000||2400||2500||50 - 100|
ball mills how does a ball mills work ball mills for sale ball mills china ball mills manufacturers india ball mills capacity ball mills design ball mills wiki ball mills india about ball mills ball mills globally | <urn:uuid:f08c1d97-15a1-4ebd-9921-9ff52ad4e8ed> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.startraceltd.com/ball-mills.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.858083 | 642 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Ever since its discovery in 1981 by the Geological Survey of Pakistan, the Sonda coalfield in Thatta district, has been investigated in some detail. Bara Formation which hosts coal beds has an exposed thickness of 9 meters at Dhaduri. Eleven lignitic beds of variable thicknesses were proved within a depth of 144 meters in this Formation. A maximum thickness of the coal seam was encountered in one bore hole at 118 meters depth where it measured 1.3 meters. Two other coal seams were also located, one of 0.5 meter at 80 meters depth and the other 0.78 meter at 84 meters depth. The lower seam has been designated as the Sonda seam.
The coal seams in the upper zone, above the Sonda seam in the geological column are termed as “Dhaduri seams” whereas the name of “Jherruck seams” is assigned to the coal seams falling in the lower coal below the Sonda seam (Ahmad and others, 1986). Three other seams encountered only in hole DH-20 are stratigraphically just above the Sonda coal seam, in the middle coal zone and are named as Inayatabad seam.
The drilling data indicates that in the Sonda coalfield pinching and swelling of the lensoid coal beds are pronounced which make the correlation of seams difficult. The beds are almost horizontal to 2 degrees dipping towards west. The beds plunge gently towards south. The main Sonda coal seam is considered to have a reasonable consistency in its extension, although it could be discontinuous or change to carbonaceous shale, and wash out between the widely spaced drill holes. | <urn:uuid:9416bdd1-b08e-4ac6-84c1-40b259275955> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.tceb.gos.pk/sonda-jherruk-coalfield/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.968298 | 333 | 3.25 | 3 |
Impact of carbohydrate nutrition
on exercise metabolism and performance
Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion before and during exercise has consistently been reported to increase endurance exercise capacity/performance but the mechanisms responsible and optimal dose required are still debated. Feeding CHO is believed to spare muscle glycogen, spare liver glycogen, have central neural actions, and peripheral neural effects. A combination of these mechanisms is likely and the nature of the exercise performed is key when interpreting these data. Research on the optimal dose of CHO to improve performance over a range of exercise durations and intensities has been a recent focus. Optimal doses suggested from these studies cover a range (30-80 g•h-1) that likely reflects exercise task, training status, and/or individual variation in response.
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
After almost 100 years of research on CHO metabolism and exercise there are still big questions over mechanisms of action and optimal dose during exercise to maximise performance (1, 2). The purpose of the present review is to highlight these questions and cover key elements for consideration in future research and for applied sport nutrition practice. To achieve this we consider the historical background, effects of CHO on exercise performance/capacity, mechanisms of action, carbohydrate dose, and practical recommendations.
Dietary carbohydrates (CHO) were first recognised as an important fuel for muscle during moderate to high intensity exercise (defined for the purpose of the review as 50 – 90% of maximal aerobic capacity) by Krogh and Lindhard (3). They observed that participants felt tired and exercise capacity was reduced following a short term high fat diet. However, three days of a high CHO diet reversed these symptoms of fatigue (3). In addition, other authors reported that blood glucose concentration was lower in the majority of competitors immediately following the 1924 Boston Marathon (4, 5). ... | <urn:uuid:a364190b-0105-47ff-9bbe-018e6bab341a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.teknoscienze.com/tks_article/impact-of-carbohydrate-nutrition-on-exercise-metabolism-and-performance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.936704 | 376 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Mathematical Study of Mollusk Shells
1. Terminal growth and unchanging form
"But the shell retains its unchanging form in spite of itsassymetrical growth; it grows at one end only ... . And this remarkable property of increasing by terminal growth, but nevertheless retaining unchanged the form of the entire figure, is characteristic of the equiangular spiral, and of no other mathematical curve."
-Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, On Growth and Form
1942 edition,Cambridge University Press, p. 758.
D'Arcy Thompson is referring to a phenomenon which everyone has observed but not everyone has pondered. The shell of a small snail is identical to the shell of a larger one of the same species, except for its size. One is an exact scale model of the other. But a snail does not enlarge its shell by uniform expansion. It adds onto it only at the open end ("terminal growth"). And it does so in such a way that the new shell is an exact scale-up of the old("unchanging form"). The combination of constraints has a mathematical consequence. Almost all mollusk shells, in all their rich variety of form, must follow the general plan of an equiangular (or, "logarithmic") spiral, or of one of its three-dimensional cousins.
The exceptions include both living and fossil species of Vermicularia and fossil ammonites of the genus Didymoceras.
In this column we will see where the equiangular spirals come into the picture, and how they can be used to generate the underlying geometry of almost every mollusk shell. | <urn:uuid:26847058-f449-47de-9554-78fa07633732> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://www.ams.org/publicoutreach/feature-column/fcarc-shell1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.904777 | 360 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Differentiation Break students into strategic groups and have them discuss the questions independently before sharing with the whole class. Provide sentence stems for discussion. Compare the Evidence-Based Arguments PPT to the Predictions and Planning Tool. Have students verbalize similarities and differences in groups before sharing with the class. Modifications Extending the Learning Have students make predictions about how the results of the investigation would change if they used different phenomena. | <urn:uuid:36d3fc5e-2aea-431a-b533-ad7ba4666837> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://carbontime.create4stem.msu.edu/node/2127 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.897339 | 84 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx are among the most popular tourist destinations in the world, and indeed already were even in Roman times. Each of these spectacular structures served as the final resting place of a king of the 4th Dynasty (c.2613–2494 BC). The Great Pyramid of Giza was built for king Khufu (c.2589–2566 BC), and the other two for Khafre and Menkaure, his son and grandson. Khufu’s pyramid is both the oldest and largest of the three, and the first building to exceed it in height would not be built for another 3,800 years!
Although the three pyramids dominate the plateau, they are in fact surrounded by many other monuments. Every king’s pyramid was just one element albeit the most important of a larger complex that included smaller, subsidiary, queens’ pyramids; an additional one that acted as a second, symbolic, tomb for the king, called a satellite pyramid; mastaba tombs for nobility and other family members; burials of actual and/or symbolic boats; and a pair of temples linked by a richly decorated causeway. One of these temples, called the valley temple, led into the pyramid complex, and was located on or near a body of water where boats could dock. The other, the funerary (or upper) temple, stood near the base of the pyramid. Priests maintained the mortuary cult of the deceased king in these temples, where his divine aspect was worshiped, and where rich and diverse offerings were presented to his soul so he could have a peaceful and luxurious afterlife. | <urn:uuid:bd440499-b387-4a10-92ce-001572b9028d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://egymonuments.gov.eg/en/archaeological-sites/giza-plateau | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.979616 | 342 | 3.5 | 4 |
The philosophy of Openness and its use in diverse areas is attracting increasing attention from users, developers, businesses, governments, educators, and researchers around the world. The technological, socio-cultural, economic, legal, institutional, and philosophical issues related to its principles, applications, benefits, and barriers for its use are growing areas of research. The word “Open” is commonly used to denote adherence to the principles of Openness. Several fields are incorporating the use of Openness in their activities, some of them are of particular relevance to GIS&T (Geographic Information Science and Technology) such as: Open Data, Free and Open Source Software; and Open Standards for geospatial data, information, and technologies. This entry presents a definition of Openness, its importance in the area of GISc&T is introduced through a list of its benefits in the fields of Open Data, Open Source Software, and Open Standards. Then some of the barriers, myths, or inhibitors to Openness are presented using the case of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) and FOSS for Geospatial Applications (FOSS4G).
- Importance and Benefits of Openness
- Misperceptions that Hinder the Use of Open Solutions: The Case of FOSS/FOSS4G
Openness is a philosophy characterized by an emphasis on transparency and no-cost unrestricted access to data, information, knowledge, or technologies. It also entails a commitment to sharing and to a collaborative or cooperative approach to development, management, and decision-making (Peters & Britez, 2008)
More detail and attributes are added to this basic definition of Openness in each of the many and diverse fields in which it is applied. The word “Open” is commonly used to denote an adherence to the philosophy of Openness and it is used in fields and activities such as: Open Source Software, Open specifications or standards, Open data, Open publishing, Open education, Open government, and Open innovation among others.
The specific benefits of adherence to the principles of Openness are numerous, important, and vary depending on the area in which it is applied. The following list of Openness benefits is organized into three areas that are of particular relevance to GIS&T.
2.1 Open Data
Open Data is data that can be freely used, re-used and redistributed by anyone - subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and share alike. More detail on this definition is provided by the Open Data Handbook (2017). Open Data supports: Interoperability of data and information; transparency and democratic control; participation; self-empowerment; innovation; measurement of impact of activities and policies; creation of new knowledge by combining data sources and partners in large data volumes; improvement of efficiency or effectiveness of government services (The White House, 2009 and 2016; Lathrop & Ruma, 2010; Jenssen & Zuiderwijk, 2012).
2.2 Open Standards in GIS&T
Open Standards are technical documents that detail interfaces or encodings. These documents are freely and publicly available, non-discriminatory, free of license fees, vendor neutral, data neutral, and agreed to by a formal, member-based consensus process. Software developers use these documents to build open interfaces and encodings into their products and services. Ideally, when Open standards are implemented in products or online services by two different software engineers working independently, the resulting components plug and play, that is, they work together without further debugging (http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards). In other words, compliance with Open standards in the area of GIS&T enable interoperability of geospatial data, software, and technologies. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) is the leading organization working on the creation of Open Standards in GIS&T. OGC is an international non-profit organization committed to making quality open standards for the global geospatial community. It includes members from the private, public, and academic sectors (OGC, 2017).
There are currently numerous OGC standards or implementation specifications that cover a wide spectrum of geospatial data, software and technologies (see http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/specifications/list for a list and brief overview). Sigh (2014) provides a simple example of how OGC Open Standards function to enable the interoperable distribution and integration of geospatial data over the World Wide Web.
The interoperability brought about by compliance with Open Standards has the following benefits: it broadens product acquisition opportunities (i.e. mix and match components that can plug and play); avoids over-dependence on a single vendor; minimizes risks as technology changes; maximizes access, distribution, and integration of data, information and technologies; and facilitates the rapid integration and deployment of new capabilities by reusing data, information or technologies from different vendors or communities of interest (e.g. emergency response, health, resources management, military) (Percivall, 2010; OGC, 2017).
2.3 Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) / FOSS for Geospatial applications (FOSS4G)
FOSS/FOSS4G are software that allow their users the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. Thus, “free” is a matter of freedom, not the absence of cost (GNU Project). Also, FOSS/FOSS4G must comply with 10 criteria as specified by the Open Source Initiative. There is a mature, capable, and reliable FOSS4G for almost every geospatial need and niche (Moreno-Sanchez, 2012; Steiniger & Hunter, 2013). Brovelli at al. (2017) provide 92 literature references and over 100 links to FOSS4G resources and examples of their use in large-scale, sophisticated, mission-critical applications. In GIS&T, the Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo) was created to support the collaborative development of FOSS4G and promote its widespread use, while the GeoForAll international network of FOSS4G labs aims to making geospatial education and opportunities accessible to all. Open Source GIS and FreeGIS.org are both rich repositories of FOSS4G projects. The OSGeo has established a rigorous software incubation process to provide oversight and support the sustainable development of high quality FOSS4G. Software that graduates from this incubator process become part of the OSGeo Projects, also known as the OSGeo Software Stack.
The benefits of FOSS/FOSS4G are numerous and the reasons for their adoption vary from pragmatic to ideological, but the reasons for their adoption should not be based only on the technical merits, no-cost feature, or access to the source code that characterized FOSS/FOSS4G (Ven et al., 2008; Sui 2014). FOSS/FOSS4G should be evaluated on par with commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software in terms of their technical features, reliability, ease of use, documentation, technical support, customizability and extensibility, costs of training, support and maintenance, and management requirements (Wang & Wang, 2001; Woods & Guliani, 2005; Steiniger & Hunter, 2013). FOSS/FOSS4G under certain circumstances can be superior alternatives to their proprietary counterparts (e.g. Moreno-Sanchez et al., 2007), and they not only provide healthy competition for proprietary solutions but also opportunities for mutual benefit and complementarity (Moreno-Sanchez, 2012). Steiniger & Hunter (2013) provide an overview of mature FOSS4G projects highlighting needs for research, development, and issues to consider when bringing them into businesses or organizations. The value, opportunities, and challenges in incorporating FOSS4G into geospatial higher education have been noted by several authors (e.g. Sui 2014; Petras et al. 2015; Minghini et al. 2017).
Specific benefits that have been identified for FOSS/FOSS4G include 1) fostering innovation and collaboration across national and institutional borders, as well as between communities of interest (e.g. emergency response, health); 2) broadening peer-review; 3) allowing the freedom to study, modify, develop, redistribute the software resulting in high-quality software; 4) reducing the risk of vendor lock-in or monopoly; 5) promoting transparency and accountability; and 6) providing low-cost or no-cost platforms to prototype new ideas and processes. Furthermore, there are mature and reliable FOSS/FOSS4G capable of supporting the creation of large, sophisticated, mission-critical applications, systems, and processes (see Brovelli et al., 2017), and they may be more appropriate for certain applications in certain technological, socio-cultural, economic, and institutional contexts (e.g. cross-national-borders systems where there are large disparities between countries). Also, the way FOSS/FOSS4G are developed, maintained, and distributed aligns with the following principles that are essential to the achievement of sustainable development: development of local capacity, self-reliance, resilience, reduction of risks, democracy, equal access, strengthening of social networks, and cooperation. A lengthy list of benefits of the use of FOSS is published by the Digital Freedom Foundation.
The concerns, barriers, or inhibitors to Openness vary depending on the field in which it is applied (e.g. Janssen et al., 2012 in the area of Open Data). Hence, it is difficult to generalize across the large diversity of areas where this philosophy is applied. The following issues, misperceptions, and myths about FOSS/FOSS4G illustrate points that can be found in other areas where the principles of Openness are applied.
Overall, there is a lack of awareness or understanding of the benefits and implications of Openness. For example, in the case of FOSS/FOSS4G there is limited awareness of the existence of FOSS/FOSS4G solutions and their successful implementations in large, sophisticated, mission-critical applications. Even when there is awareness, several myths and mistaken perceptions inhibit the adoption of FOSS/FOSS4G solutions. Each of these is a reason that has been identified and also debunked: 1) Open solutions are inferior, unreliable, or of poor quality; 2) it is more difficult to control and monitor the quality of data, software, or technologies; 3) it is difficult to organize, coordinate, and monitor contributions and development; 4) open no-cost alternatives or solutions cannot be better than their commercial private/closed counterparts; 5) technical support and education resources are limited or non-existent; 6) their use is more risky because they are unstable and can rapidly disappear; 7) they are difficult to learn and mostly only suitable for experts; 8) they are less secure than private/close solutions (Morgan & Finnegan, 2007; see Brovelli et al., 2017 for references discussing each). Wheeler (2015) provides a quick reference to multiple issues, myths, and concerns commonly raised about FOSS (e.g. they don’t have technical support) and examples that show how these concerns are often unjustified.
Still, more studies are required in certain areas of Openness. For example, some legal, licensing, and copyright issues of FOSS/FOSS4G and Open Data are still not well understood. The factors involved in the success or failure of FOSS/FOSS4G development and adoption need to be better identified (e.g. Schweik & English, 2012), and there is need for more information on the benefits, challenges, and applications of Openness (e.g. Zuiderwijk et al., 2014 in the area of Open Data, transparency, and Open Government).
Results of studies and abundant experiential evidence clearly support the importance and benefits of Openness in the area of GIS&T. The technological, socio-cultural, economic, institutional, legal, and philosophical issues related to its principles, applications, benefits, and challenges for its use will continue to be growing areas of research and sometimes debate. Awareness, education, and training about Openness and Open solutions, as well as their importance as they apply to geospatial data, information, and technologies must be incorporated starting at entry level GIS&T courses.
Albertella, A., Brovelli, M. A., & Ferreiro, D. G. (2017). UN OPEN GIS CAPACITY BUILDING. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, 42. Available online at: https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XLII-4-W2/11/2017/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W2-11-2017.pdf
Brovelli, M. A., Minghini, M., Moreno-Sanchez, R., & Oliveira, R. (2017). Free and open source software for geospatial applications (FOSS4G) to support Future Earth. International Journal of Digital Earth, 10(4), 386-404. DOI: 10.1080/17538947.2016.1196505
Janssen, M., Charalabidis, Y., & Zuiderwijk, A. (2012). Benefits, adoption barriers and myths of open data and open government. Information systems management, 29(4), 258-268. DOI: 10.1080/10580530.2012.716740
Lathrop, D., & Ruma, L. (2010). Open government: Collaboration, transparency, and participation in practice. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.".
Minghini, M., Brovelli, M. A., Vandenbroucke, D., Carbonaro, M., Prüller, S., Painho, M., ... & Frigne, D. (2017). FOSS4G as a key building block for case-based learning in geographic information education. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, 42. Available online at: https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XLII-4-W2/129/2017/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W2-129-2017.pdf
Moreno‐Sanchez, R., Anderson, G., Cruz, J., & Hayden, M. (2007). The potential for the use of Open Source Software and Open Specifications in creating Web‐based cross‐border health spatial information systems. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 21(10), 1135-1163. DOI: 10.1080/13658810701300113
Moreno‐Sanchez, R. (2012). Free and open source software for geospatial applications (FOSS4G): A mature alternative in the geospatial technologies arena. Transactions in GIS, 16(2), 81-88. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9671.2012.01314.x
Morgan, L., & P. Finnegan. (2007). “How perceptions of open source software influence adoption: An exploratory study.” Available online at: https://ulir.ul.ie/bitstream/handle/10344/1980/2007_Morgan.pdf?sequence=2.
OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium). (2017). OGC value. Accessed August 2017 at: http://www.opengeospatial.org/ogc/join/value
Open Data Handbook. (2017). What is Open Data? Accessed August 2017 at: http://opendatahandbook.org/guide/en/what-is-open-data/
Percivall, G. (2010). The application of open standards to enhance the interoperability of geoscience information. International Journal of Digital Earth, 3(S1), 14-30.
Peters, M. A., & Britez, R. G. (Eds.). (2008). Open education and education for openness (pp. 3-15). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Petras, V., Petrasova, A., Harmon, B., Meentemeyer, R.K., & Mitasova, H. (2015). Integrating free and open source solutions into geospatial science education. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4, 942-956. DOI: 10.3390/ijgi4020942
Singh, R. (2014). Getting started with OGC standards for geospatial data sharing. Accessed August 2017 at: http://www.eclipse.org/community/eclipse_newsletter/2014/march/article1.php
Steiniger, S., & Hunter, A. J. (2013). The 2012 free and open source GIS software map–A guide to facilitate research, development, and adoption. Computers, environment and urban systems, 39, 136-150. DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2012.10.003
Schweik, C., & English, R. (2012). Internet success: A study of open-source software commons. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: MIT Press.
Sui, D. (2014). Opportunities and impediments for open GIS. Transactions in GIS, 18: 1–24. DOI: 10.1111/tgis.12075
The White House, President Barack Obama. (2009). Why an Open Government matters. Accessed August 2017 at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2009/12/09/why-open-government-matters
The White House, President Barack Obama (2016). Open Data: Empowering Americans to make data-driven decisions. Accessed August 2017 at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/02/05/open-data-empowering-americans-make-data-driven-decisions
Ven, K., Verelst, J., & Mannaert, H. (2008). Should you adopt open source software?. IEEE software, 25(3), 54-59. DOI: 10.1109/MS.2008.73
Wang, H., & Wang, C. (2001). Open source software adoption: A status report. IEEE Software, 18(2), 90-95. DOI: 10.1109/52.914753
Wheeler, D. (2015). Why open source/free software? Look at the numbers. Accessed August 2017 at: https://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html
Woods, D., & Guliani, G. (2005). Open Source for the Enterprise: Managing risks, reaping rewards. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.".
Zuiderwijk, A., Gaseó, M., Parycek, P., & Janssen, M. (2014). Special issue on transparency and open data policies: guest editors' introduction to special issue. Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research, 9(3), I-IX. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-18762014000300001
- Define Openness.
- Identify at least 5 fields or activities in which the principles of Openness are applied.
- List at least 5 benefits of Openness in each of the following areas: Open Data; Free and Open Source Software; and Open Standards.
- Explain the importance and implications in GIS&T of at least 3 benefits of Openness in the following areas: Open Data; Free and Open Source Software; and Open Standards.
- Identify at least 5 and explain at least 3 concerns, myths, or barriers to Openness in the areas of Open Data, Free and Open Source Software, and Open Standards.
- Explain the activities and importance of at least 3 Openness initiatives or activities in the area of GIS&T.
- Research and present a benefit of Openness in GIS&T that is debated, questioned, or that has been highlighted as requiring more research.
- How would you define Openness?
- What are 5 different fields or activities in which Openness is currently applied?
- What are Open Data, FOSS/FOSS4G, and Open Standards?
- What is the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), and what is its mission and scope of activities?
- What is the Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo), and what is its mission and scope of activities?
- What are three issues related to the importance and benefits of Openness in the field of GIS&T?
- What is interoperability?
- What is the relationship of Open Standards and interoperability of data, software and technologies in the area of GIS&T?
- What are the benefits of interoperability of data, software, and technologies? Can you identify at least three?
- What are the concerns or challenges to Openness? Can you illustrate this with a specific example in the area of GIS&T?
- Journal: Open geospatial data, software, and standards. https://opengeospatialdata.springeropen.com/about
- Opening editorial: Bakillah, M. & Liang, S. (2016). Editorial. Open geospatial data, software and standards, 1(1). Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40965-016-0004-1
- United States Project Open Data https://project-open-data.cio.gov/
- World Economic Forum. The importance of Open Data https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/02/the-importance-of-open-data
- United Nations OpenGIS initiative https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0ahUKEwiS68WErYfWAhXryVQKHZJ-C0wQFggyMAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Funopengis.org%2Fresources%2Fpdf%2FUNOPENGIS-Webinar-2016-11-11.pdf&usg=AFQjCNFnMYpazKtThpChAp9ViXWRSMdpUQ . Also see reference Albertella et al. 2017.
- Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition (GODAN) (http://www.godan.info/) supports strengthening the capacity of data producers and data consumers to manage and use open data in agriculture and nutrition.
- GeoForAll (http://www.geoforall.org/) is the Open Source Geospatial Foundation's Committee for Educational outreach and works in close collaboration with ICA, ISPRS, UN-GIS and other partners worldwide in our mission for making geospatial education and opportunities accessible to all.
- Crowston, K., Wei, K., Howison, J., & Wiggins, A. (2012). Free/Libre open-source software development: What we know and what we do not know. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 44(2), 7. DOI: 10.1145/2089125.2089127
- Fitzgerald, B. (2011). Open source software adoption: anatomy of success and failure. In S. Koch (Ed), Multi-Disciplinary Advancement in Open Source Software and Processes (pp. 1-23). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. DOI: 10.4018/jossp.2009010101
- Hauge, Ø., Ayala, C., & Conradi, R. (2010). Adoption of open source software in software-intensive organizations–A systematic literature review. Information and Software Technology, 52(11), 1133-1154. DOI: 10.1016/j.infsof.2010.05.008
- Nagy, D., Yassin, A. M., & Bhattacherjee, A. (2010). Organizational adoption of open source software: barriers and remedies. Communications of the ACM, 53(3), 148-151. DOI: 10.1145/1666420.1666457 | <urn:uuid:63ce89df-b169-48d5-8799-729c948a8208> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://gistbok.ucgis.org/bok-topics/openness | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.841119 | 5,185 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The Chocolate Girl
Liotard, Jean-Étienne (1702-1789) | Painter
This image of a simple serving girl, painted in Vienna in 1744, became Liotard’s most famous pastel. It is not known whether he portrayed a real individual or merely depicted a parlour-maid serving hot chocolate as a type. The low social status of the subject, the full-figure profile depiction and the realistic representation made this painting significantly different from all the others in the historic pastel cabinet. The title “The Chocolate Girl” only gained currency in the mid-19th century.
Jean-Étienne Liotard spent five years living in the Ottoman Empire, mostly in Constantinople, today’s Istanbul. There, he began wearing Eastern dress, a habit he continued after he returned to Vienna. Some were shocked and appalled by the presence of someone apparently Turkish in the city.
But thanks to his exotic appearance, Liotard quickly gained in notoriety – which even then had a cash value. For contemporaries, he was the man with the beard, the Eastern clothes – and the high prices. Liotard was never permanently employed at court. Instead, as a specialist in pastel paintings, he spent many years travelling between the most fashionable courts of his day, portraying European rulers and nobles. He was an especial favourite of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, ‘Europe’s first lady’, and painted several portraits of her and each of her children. The Chocolate Girl remained an exception in Liotard’s oeuvre, since it neither portrays a princess nor any other aristocratic lady, but just a simple housemaid.
Most works in the Dresden art collection are shown in a special type of frame. The ‘gallery frame’, as it is called, originated in the work of two Dresden court sculptors in the 1740s. In their workshop, the sculptors produced hand-carved frames in series, sold, as it were, by the metre. Some lengths of frames had more decorative elements, while others had less. In this way, it was simpler to cut sections to fit and assemble them into more or less decorated frames, depending on the importance of the paintings. The corners, in particular, were decorated with a special feature, the rocaille – the shell motif so central to Rococo style. Traditionally, the pastels in the Dresden collection were always set in the most decorative frames. But the most beautiful frame is not reserved for a portrait of a leading noblewoman or famous singer, but for the unknown Chocolate Girl. Her frame is decorated with such elements as carved fans, knitting things and a purse – perhaps because the frame makers found it easiest to identify with a simple housemaid.
The earliest known pastel paintings were by sixteenth-century northern Italian artists. Initially, though, only three pigments were used for pastels – black, white and red. The Italian artists primarily worked with coloured powder pigments for preliminary sketches for their oil paintings.
Pastel painting enjoyed its Golden Age in the eighteenth century. Rosalba Carriera, who specialised in society portraits, pioneered the exclusive use of pastels. For portraits, the technique of pastel painting had some very definite advantages over working in oils. The pastel crayons were not just far lighter to transport, but also cheaper – and since pastels do not have to dry, artists needed fewer sessions with their subjects.
With her pastel portraits, Rosalba Carriera triggered a wave of enthusiasm for this art technique across Europe. Many artists also on show in the gallery, such as Anton Raphael Mengs and Jean-Etienne Liotard, were inspired by Rosalba’s pastels – and so helped to make pastel an independent medium in art.
After the French Revolution, pastel painting initially declined in popularity as it was associated with the aristocracy and nobles of the Ancien Régime. But pastels enjoyed a new lease of life towards the end of the nineteenth century – above all, in works by the French artist Edgar Dégas and the Impressionists.
- Material & Technique
- Pastel on parchment
- Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister
- c. 1744
- Inventory number
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Children today are being primed with technology at very young ages, leading to a more digitally focused lifestyle. Tangentially, today's digital culture has led to the increase of online shopping rather than in-store shopping. A group of students at Arizona State University's Innovation Space program, in partnership with Disney Consumer Products, set out to create a children's product that bridged the physical-digital gap, and encouraged outdoor activity. The result of their work was Blitz: a versatile, outdoor gaming console that brings traditional outdoor fun into the digital world. This thesis and paired creative project are an extension of the research and development done by the Blitz team. The purpose of this additional research is to discover how parents and children shop online in to design a website to market and sell the Blitz gaming system. Some of the topics covered include visual design, functionality, user interaction, and marketing tactics. The goal is not to develop advertising tactics to manipulate children, but to find the best ways to design for, and market children's products.
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Home Minister Amit Shah stated that the new Parliament building symbolizes a self-reliant India and serves as a center for fulfilling the hopes and aspirations of all Indians.
He emphasized the Modi government’s dedication to empowering the country’s poor and deprived sections, highlighting that the Parliament House represents faith in democracy, reminding citizens of their freedom’s value and inspiring national service.
Shah announced that Prime Minister Narendra Modi will install a historic golden sceptre called Sengol near the Lok Sabha Speaker’s seat during Sunday’s inauguration ceremony. Used by Pandit Jaharlal Nehru on 14 August 1947 during India’s transfer of power from Britain, Sengol is a Tamil word meaning “full of faith,” symbolizing virtuous and ethical rule. The five-foot masterpiece showcases rich Indian artistry and was brought from an Allahabad museum.
The minister praised the new Parliament building as an example of Prime Minister Modi’s foresightedness while connecting India’s cultural heritage, history, tradition, and civilization with New India. During its inauguration, around 60,000 workers who built it in record time will also be honored by Mr. Modi. Union Ministers Arun Singh Thakur (Broadcasting) and G.Kishan Reddy (Culture) were present at this press meet.
New Parliament Building’s: Background and Commencement
The need for a new Parliament building arose in the early 2010s due to concerns about the stability of the existing 93-year-old structure. In 2012, Speaker Meera Kumar formed a committee to explore alternatives. Despite its structural issues and lack of space for members and staff, the current building is considered an essential part of India’s national heritage, with plans in place to protect it.
In 2019, the Indian government launched the Central Vista Redevelopment Project, which included constructing a new Parliament building along with other projects in New Delhi. The groundbreaking ceremony took place in October 2020, followed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi laying the foundation stone on December 10th amidst an interfaith prayer service. However, Justice A.M. Kanvilkar of the Supreme Court put a hold on the project pending resolution of legal challenges.
The Supreme Court cleared the project in January 2021 with conditions addressing environmental concerns. Architect Bimal Patel and his firm HCP Design Planning and Management Pvt Ltd designed this new facility at an estimated cost of around ₹862 crores (approximately $110 million), while Tata Projects served as its main contractor. Set for inauguration on May 28th, this state-of-the-art Parliament building marks a significant milestone for India’s legislative infrastructure.
Inauguration of India’s New Parliament Building
India’s new Parliament building is set to be inaugurated on May 28th, marking a significant milestone in the country’s democratic journey. The original Parliament building, completed in 1927, had become inadequate for the government’s current needs. As a result, both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha passed resolutions to construct a new building.
The foundation stone of this modern structure was laid by PM Narendra Modi on December 10th, 2020. Spanning an area of 64,500 square meters, the triangular-shaped building houses the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha chambers as well as offices for constitutional authorities. Its design reflects architectural influences from important Indian heritage buildings like Rashtrapati Bhavan.
With increased capacity compared to its predecessor – accommodating up to 888 members in the Lok Sabha and 384 in the Rajya Sabha – it also incorporates elements symbolizing India: The new Lok Sabha chamber features peacock-inspired designs while lotus motifs adorn the Rajya Sabha chamber.
Construction began in December 2020 and is completed by May 2023. Though still operational, plans are in place for preserving historical aspects of old Parliament building while ensuring that both structures complement each other architecturally.
Sengol : It’s prominence and history
The historical Sengol sceptre from Tamil Nadu, which symbolizes the transfer of power from the British to India, will be installed in the new Parliament building on May 28th during its inauguration. Previously kept in a museum in Allahabad, this significant artifact was first received by India’s inaugural Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
Union Minister Amit Shah emphasized that installing Sengol serves as a reminder of the emotions felt by Nehru on August 14th, 1947. The installation ceremony will feature a grand procession steeped in Tamil tradition. Musicians playing traditional Nadaswaram instruments and Aadheenams (priests) from Shaivite Muths in Tamil Nadu will lead the procession alongside Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Upon reaching Lok Sabha’s well, Modi will greet the priests who will then sanctify Sengol with holy water. As Oduvars recite Kolaru Padigam lyrics accompanied by Nadaswswaram music, Sengol will be presented to Modi and placed inside a glass case next to the speaker’s seat following sacred ceremonies rooted in Chola practices.
Controversy and Boycott
The inauguration of the new parliament building marks a significant milestone in the country’s democratic journey. However, controversy surrounds this event as 20 opposition parties have announced a boycott due to the alleged sidelining of President Murmu by PM Modi.
It is claimed that PM Modi did not invite President Murmu to the ceremony, prompting the opposition parties’ decision to boycott stating it is not only a grave insult but a direct assault on our democracy. Union Minister Amit Shah has called for avoiding politicization of this issue when questioned about it.
Despite this controversy, on May 28th, 2023, India will unveil its new parliament building—a historical and prestigious moment in its democratic history. | <urn:uuid:8c7f989c-6dfb-403c-9ef1-fe167bfd2636> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://legalresearchandanalysis.com/new-parliament-building-symbol/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.945286 | 1,200 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Frank Lyne Wood Carvings
Whether you call them suffragist (correct term) or suffragettes (dismissive term used by “yellow press” (yellow press were the tabloid journalists of the last century), the passage of the 19th Amendment (granting women the right to vote) was a hotly contested issue in the late 1890s all the way up to it's passage in 1920.
Whether you were Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone Alice Paul,Carrie Chapman or a well to do wife and mother in Kentucky, most women faced challenges in engaging in public political life. Women's rights (political or personal) rarely extended beyond being able to vote in electing a local school board. The right to vote movement was a tapestry of marches, meetings, women's luncheons and talk over the back fence. It involved networking, extensive writing, speech giving and debate. It also involved woman to woman talk and discussions with the men in those women's lives to the end of persuading enough male citizens that a woman's right to vote was a good thing.
Prelude to the Affirmation of a Right is a sculpture that shows a bit of that dynamic thru the gestures of three figures, a man guarding his exclusive right to vote, a woman who was not persuaded that woman voting was a good idea and the female figure looking thru the doorway to the beginnings of her inclusion in political civic life.
The majority of my carvings are reasonably compact, but every now and then I make something that takes up way too much space to keep in our house.
Prelude to the Affirmation of a Right is one of those carvings.
It was conceived in early 2018 as an entry in a competition for a suffragist themed sculpture for the city of Clarksville, Tennessee. I didn't get that commission, but decided to make the sculpture anyway as a centerpiece for the show Alison and I had in Customs House Museum. Three views of it are shown below. Works by others on the suffragist theme have shown women marching or a woman placing a ballot in a ballot box. My carving's intent is to show what suffragists were pushing against before passage of the 19th Amendment was an accomplished fact. They were pushing against both men's reluctance to share power and a reluctance by a substantial portion of other women to want to participate in the political process. Resistance on the part of men is depicted by a scowling man hovering possessively over a ballot box. Resistance by other women is depicted by the woman with her head down and back to the doorway. The suffragist peering through the doorway into the polling station is letting it be known that she wants to participate in the political process. That was accomplished by the power of persuasion and the key people who had to be persuaded were members of state legislatures – almost all men. It's a wonder the 19th Amendment got passed at all.
To contact me about any of my work my email is firstname.lastname@example.org
Prelude to the Affirmation of a Right
on display at Clarksville Museum
Detail of Prelude to the Affirmation of a Right showing the hopeful pro-voting right woman
Detail of Prelude to the Affirmation of a Right showing the anti-suffragist woman, with head turned away and part way blocking the doorway to voting rights. Seen across the room is the male representative of the minority anti-suffragist side, jealously guarding the ballot box from the very idea of voting equal rights. Thanks to the majority of voting men, the 19th Amendment was passed in America in August of 1920.
Click anywhere on the section below to go to my figurative carvings page
Click anywhere on the section below to go to my animal wood carvings page
Click anywhere on the section below to go to my historical carvings page
Click anywhere on the section below to go to my abstract carvings page
return to - Lyne Art - Alison Davis Lyne illustrations
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In order to understand the mission of a disciple, we must read St. Matthew – chapter 8 through 10.
The disciples are not just “to be.” They are called “to do.” The community of faith is thrust into mission. A leper cried out and was healed (Matthew 8:2-4). A Roman officer, a centurion in charge of one hundred soldiers, asked help for a paralyzed servant. Amazed at the faith of the Gentile soldier, Jesus remarked, “Many will come from east and west and will eat with Abraham and Isaac and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven” (8:5-13). The servant was healed.[/column] [/columns] [divider dotted]
After Jesus healed Peter’s mother-in-law, Matthew quotes the suffering servant passage from Isaiah 53:4; “He took our infirmities and bore our sicknesses” (Matthew 8:17). The prophet Isaiah wanted a reclaimed and recommitted Israel to be in mission. Jesus Christ activates that mission. Keep in mind that Jesus not only heals, cleanses, forgives, but guides and trains the disciples to follow His lead.
Notice that the two demoniacs Jesus healed knew who Jesus was and called Him “Son of God” (8:28-34).
Next, Jesus did what only God can do – forgive sins. The paralytic was healed. Then, He called Matthew the tax collector to be a disciple. At Matthew’s dinner party, amid criticism for eating with the tax collectors who were ceremonially unclean and were hated because they collected Roman taxes, Jesus was still claiming people: “I have come to call not the righteous but sinners to repentance” (9:13).
A girl is raised from the dead (9:18-19, 23-25); a hemorrhaging woman is healed (9:20-22); two blind men receive sight (9:27-30); a speechless man can talk (9:32-33). What is happening? Jesus the Anointed One has come to bring the mission of God into the people’s experience. The Kingdom is breaking in.
Now watch: The work of the Kingdom is designed to explode in magnitude. Jesus said to the disciples, “The harvest is plentiful, but the laborers are few; therefore ask the Lord of the harvest to send out laborers into his harvest” (9:37-38). Jesus actually expected the disciples to do the same things He had been doing! At first they are to go only to the Jews. Later they will go to the whole world. “As you go, proclaim the good news, ‘The kingdom of heaven is at hand.’ Heal the sick, raise the dead, cleanse the lepers, and cast out demons” (10:7-8).
Imagine yourself one of the twelve disciples receiving those orders. Describe how you might have felt. | <urn:uuid:96877932-cd10-4f13-a02c-c790e277f007> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://mentoringintheword.com/topic/the-mission-of-a-disciple/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.960654 | 621 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The overview presents a bird’s-eye view of ecosystem services assessment methods and how they can be put together and contains links to detailed descriptions of various steps. The most efficient way to browse this section is to use this overview to find additional sections of interest.
The original description of ecosystem service methods were developed through the efforts of two technical working groups hosted by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis and the National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC), each of which consisted of agency staff and academic experts. One group focused on ecological analysis relevant to ecosystem services. The other focused on social analysis relevant to ecosystem services. The updated version of the framework and methods, which is now available, is based on refinements developed by another SESYNC working group that are described in the companion report Best Practices for Integrating Ecosystem Services into Federal Decision Making.
Brief descriptions of all guidebook sections (in boldface) follow.
Overview and Best Practices
- How to Read—introduces the assessment methods section.
- Methods Overview—reviews all of the ecosystem services assessment methods and how the pieces fit together.
- Best Practices—summarizes overarching best practices for ecosystem services assessment.
- Understanding Socio-Cultural Context—explains how socio-cultural information can inform an assessment.
- Stakeholder Engagement during Scoping—describes how stakeholder engagement techniques can use ecosystem services concepts in planning and management.
- Conceptual Diagrams—provides a systematic way to connect ecological conditions and societal benefits.
- Identifying Services—points to conceptual diagrams and causal chains as approaches for identifying services.
Benefit-Relevant Indicators (BRIs)
- What Are BRIs—defines and describes benefit-relevant indicators (BRIs) and their relevance to ecosystem services assessments.
Selecting Services and Causal Chains
- Selecting Services—provides a set of questions for narrowing the set of services that need to be quantified and analyzed in the assessment process.
- Building Causal Chains—describes how to develop causal chains showing how current conditions, desired conditions, or a management action or policy will propagate through an ecosystem, affecting the provision of ecosystem services and benefits to people.
- Quantifying BRIs—describes beyond-narrative methods for quantifying production, provision, and other changes in ecosystem services and the parties affected by these changes and hence information on what is valued by whom.
- Quantifying Social and Economic Context of BRIs—informs the development of meaningful BRIs and benefits assessment by adding information on the social and economic conditions that impart value to goods and services.
- Overview of Benefits Assessment – describes when an assessment of benefits is needed and compares monetary and non-monetary approaches.
- Monetary Valuation—how to properly use monetary valuation in ecosystem services assessments.
- Non-Monetary Methods: Multi-Criteria Evaluation for Ecosystem Services—how to use non-monetary methods to value ecosystem services
- Other Methods—alternative methods for assessing social impact.
The Decision Process
- Using BRIs in Decision Making—describes how BRIs can be used in alternative matrices, efficiency frontiers, and benefits assessments to inform decision making.
- Displaying Assessment Results with Alternatives Matrices and Maps—describes different ways that assessment results can be displayed.
- Weighting and Aggregation—describes how to weigh competing outcomes and aggregate values or ranks across services.
Stakeholder Engagement—describes how stakeholder engagement can be adapted for ecosystem services assessments.
Using Indicators Effectively—explains how to clearly define indicators, estimate quantitative indicators, and correctly use qualitative measures.
Scenario Analysis and Green Accounting—compares two uses of ecosystem services assessments.
Data and Modeling Infrastructure for National Integration of Ecosystem Services into Decision Making: Expert Summaries—This working paper describes the ecological and social data and models available for quantifying the production and value of many ecosystem services across the United States. To achieve nationwide inclusion of ecosystem services, federal agencies will need to continue to build out and provide support for this essential informational infrastructure.
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This weeks topic of the week.
A 2011 Study found that people who drank a diet soda daily had a 48% increase in strokes and a 61% increase of any “cardiovascular event”. These include strokes, heart attacks and blood clots.
The Northern Manhattan Study was first presented at the American Stroke Association International Stroke Conference and published in Journal of General Internal Medicine. The ten year study followed 2,564 people over the age of 40.
People that drank a regular soda daily did not have any increase risk.
The study did not give any hypothesis for why there was an increase.
In his book, While Science Sleeps, Woodrow Monte PhD does give a mechanism for how diet soda can cause cardiovascular disease. He explains that aspartame gets converted to methanol and then formaldehyde in our bodies. The formaldehyde, once it gets into the bloodstream will irritate the lining of the blood vessels and create eruptions and blockages.
He warns that in addition to aspartame, we should also avoid other methanol containing food and substances including cigarettes, canned vegetable and fruit (and juices, though fresh is OK).
In my practice, aspartame will never test beneficial, and will frequently test harmful. I recommend reading labels and avoiding aspartame.
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What is the Hallux?
Our feet do a lot to keep us going. Every part of our lower limbs from the knees and calves, to the ankles and the littles toes play an important role in helping us to walk day to day. The feet, however, undoubtedly play one of the most important parts in this process. Each element of your foot works together to keep you balanced and going on a daily basis.
That being said, being aware of the issues that may affect your feet and toes can go a long way towards helping you to maintain healthy and effective motion throughout life’s ups and downs.
In this blog, we will talk about issues that may plague the “hallux” and what you can do to keep that part of your feet as healthy as possible for as long as you’re moving.
What is the Hallux?
Basically, the “hallux” is just a fancy term for a person’s big toe.
This particular word for the big toe comes from Latin and literally means “great toe”. It stands to reason then that your “greatest” toe plays a pretty vital role in the formation of your entire foot.
The big toe works hard to help maintain balance and allow for effective coordination and movement. The big toes do more heavy lifting than any other toes. In fact, the big toe alone can carry twice as much weight as the rest of the toes combined.
Take a moment and try to stand on your tiptoes without using your big toe, and this fact will become very clear.
Compare this imperfect attempt with the athletic agility of ballet performers who perform on pointe, and it is clear that the big toe is the powerhouse of the foot.
Conditions Related to the Hallux
Because the “hallux” plays such an important role in the functionality of the foot, when something isn’t quite right with your big toe, your entire foot can feel like it is out of commission.
This means that it is imperative that you are capable of recognizing the signs and symptoms of serious issues that may relate to your big toes, especially if you are an athlete or someone with decreased foot and movement health.
Hallux limitus is a sophisticated way of characterizing (primarily) a stiff big toe. This condition can be caused by overuse or injury or may simply be the cause of an unusual foot structure. People who have flat feet may be especially likely to experience hallux limitus.
Because most people do not recognize that they have hallux limitus until they begin to experience pain in the big toe, this condition often goes undiagnosed and untreated until the worst parts of the condition have already set in.
Untreated hallux limitus may inevitably result in arthritis and lifelong pain and complications as a result.
Some additional signs that you may be experiencing hallux limitus include an uneven gate (or limp), an inability to move the big to flex your big toe more than 65 degrees while standing, calluses on the sides of the big toe, or bony protrusions at the top of the big toes.
As far as “cures” are concerned, the primary solution is making sure that you regularly stretch your big toe. Icing and elevating the area is also important (especially if the condition has been caused by an injury).
Special shoe inserts can be provided to help relieve the side effects of hallux limitus. If none of these remedies help to correct the big toe’s stiffness, surgery can be performed to help improve the flexibility of the big toe, or fuse the joints to prevent any motion at all.
Much like hallux limitus, hallux rigidus makes the joint of the big toe stiff. This stiffness is the result of an improperly working joint in the big toe. The primary difference between hallux limitus and hallux rigidus lies in the underlying cause.
Hallux rigidus is a condition that people usually develop over time as a result of the way that their feet or ankles inherently operate or are shaped. People are born with a propensity to have hallux rigidus – Injuries do not cause hallux rigidus.
Hallux rigidus is a form of degenerative arthritis which means that the cartilage between the joints of the big toe is slowly worn down over time.
Some signs that you may be experiencing hallux rigidus may be stiffness, pain or discomfort in your big toes that increases over time and is made worse by cold or damp weather; difficulty with activities like running, squatting, or standing on tiptoes; and swelling or inflammation around the joints of your big toes.
As time goes on, these symptoms may begin to include pain that radiates up to the shins or hips as a result of a modified gate, difficulty wearing shoes, and the development of bone spurs.
Cures for hallux rigidus include shoe modifications, over the counter anti inflammatory medicines, physical therapy, and corticosteroid injections.
Surgery is often necessary if the condition is not managed effectively early on, and maybe inevitable as the condition worsens with age regardless. A qualified podiatrist can help you determine what combination of surgical procedures are appropriate for the severity of your case.
One of the most common conditions related to big toe health is the classic bunion.
Bunions are bony protrusions that form on the bottom, outer edge of the big toes. These protrusions are a result of the bones in the feet moving out of place. This can be a result of wearing uncomfortable shoes, but is most commonly a result of the foot’s natural shape over time and is simply made worse by constricting shoes.
For reasons we are still unsure of (but some assume has something to do with traditional high heel use) women are most likely to be affected by bunions.
Bunions are characterized not only by the large growth on the toe, but also come with calluses, pain around the bunion, big toe stiffness, and limited range of motion in the big toe.
Anti Inflammatory medications, choosing comfortable, well-fitted shoes, ice packs, steroid injections, and bunion pads are nonsurgical treatments for bunions.
Surgical procedures to reconstruct the disformed big toe may be necessary in serious cases. These procedures can take months to recover from and you will need to take extra care to wear supportive, comfortable shoes after the procedure so as not toredevelop the bunions.
Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that is not exclusive to the big toe, but mostcommonly occurs in this area.
This extremely painful condition is caused by an increase in uric acid in the blood which causes inflammation in the joints of the big toes. Lifestyle such as diets high in red meat, excessive alcohol use, obesity, and being sedentary all contribute to the likelihood of gout. Contrary to bunions, gout commonly affect men.
Signs and symptoms of gout include pain, heat, redness, and swelling in the big toe. There is no “cure” for gout, and those with the condition will likely experience flare ups throughout most of their life.
Though it can not be cured, gout can be managed by managing the pain of flares and taking preventative measures to prevent flare ups.
Avoiding meat heavy diets, monitoring alcohol intake, losing weight, increasing physical activity, and stopping medications that may cause flares are all effective preventative measures against gout flare ups.
If you should have a flare up, over the counter ibuprofen may work to alleviate the pain, but higher prescription strength anti inflammatory drugs or steroid treatments may be more effective in relieving pain.
A condition that is brought about almost exclusively by sport injuries is turf toe.
As the name implies, this big toe malady is especially common in sports like football that are played on artificial turf. These types of surfaces have less “give” than natural grass and therefore contribute to injuries like turf toe where the foot is aggressively forced into an unnatural position.
Turf toe is basically a severely sprained big toe. When the foot is forcibly hyperextended with the toe pointed upward (like in a sprinter’s start) this can cause the turf toe sprain. This most commonly sport related injury can occur in varying degrees of severity with the mildest form causing mild pain and swelling, and the most severe case resulting in torn ligaments, extreme pain, and difficulty moving the big toe.
Milder forms of turf toe generally just require rest, ice, compression, elevation, and over-the-counter pain medicines as a cure. In more severe cases, walking boots, immobilization, or reconstructive surgery to repair the damaged ligaments and surrounding tissues may be necessary.
Taking Basic Care of Your Hallux
A little bit of care to your most important toe can go a long way to help improve full body health and wellness, and you absolutely do not have to wait until you are diagnosed with bunions or gout to do so.
Making sure that you buy shoes that are supportive and fit well is the primary step to helping maintain big toe (and overall foot) health. Squeezing your feet into unsupportive shoes can cause long term issues with balance and mobility.
Stretching your feet is also a very important process to invest in when considering how to keep your feet (and those great toes) in the best shape possible.
Simple feet stretches to start off your day can do a lot to keep your big toes limber and in proper working condition. Never doubt the benefit of a well performed stretch!
Making sure that you clip your toenails and properly clean and care for your feet can also help with avoiding ingrown toenails and conditions like athlete’s foot (a fungal condition most often occurring between the toes brought on by keeping your feet in sweaty socks and shoes).
No matter how you choose to do so, sectioning out a little time to make sure your big toes are well tended to can go a long way towards helping you to stay on your feet (mobile and in full working order) for as long as possible.
To schedule an appointment with one of our podiatrists, please click here or call 336-375-6990
Disclaimer: The information and other content provided in our blogs, videos, or in any other content or linked materials are not intended and should not be construed as medical advice, nor is the information a substitute for professional medical expertise or treatment. For a full disclaimer, please click here. | <urn:uuid:e4e08d1f-6442-4218-9c5c-047db6556de6> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://triadfoot.com/2021/12/17/what-is-the-hallux/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.943649 | 2,215 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What is a French Drain?
French drains, also called weeping tiles or sub-surface drains, are a type of outdoor drainage system used to remove excess water from the soil around foundations or other areas. These drains consist of a perforated pipe installed in a trench and covered with gravel or other porous material. The perforations in the pipe allow water to enter and be carried away by the drain, while the gravel or other material helps filter out debris. French drains are often used to prevent water accumulation near building foundations, which can cause damage over time. They can also be used to prevent erosion, reduce the risk of flooding, and improve overall drainage in various settings including residential, commercial, and agricultural properties.
How is a French Drain Installed?
Installing a French drain involves the following steps:
1. Determine the location: Assess flood-prone areas in your yard to determine the best location and route for the drain. It is important to determine where the water should go and ensure that the exit or drainage end of the trench is in a suitable location. Consider the practical effects of an exposed gravel channel on traffic routes, views, or recreation areas.
2. Check the slope: A French drain must be sloped to carry water to its destination. A minimum slope of 1% (a drop of 1 foot for every 100 feet in length) is recommended. Keep in mind that steepness increases water velocity and can lead to more erosion in the discharge area. To check the natural slope, drive a stake at the beginning and end of the planned trench route, tie a mason’s line tightly to one stake, and run it over to the other stake. Attach a line level to the line, adjust it so it is level, and measure the slope at regular intervals. Adjust the depth of the trench as needed to create the desired slope.
3. Dig the trench: Begin by cutting a straight line through the sod 3 inches to one side of the line using a square garden spade. Repeat on the other side for a total trench width of 6 inches. Remove the sod and dig the trench, creating vertical sides and a smooth, sloped bottom. Measure down from the line frequently to check the slope of the trench bottom. Make the trench as deep as desired. Compact and smooth the bottom of the trench as you go.
4. Line the trench with fabric: Line the trench with landscape fabric, overlapping pieces by at least 12 inches and securing the ends with fabric staples. Fold back excess fabric to both sides of the trench and trim it to fit later.
5. Fill the trench: Fill the trench with course drainage gravel, such as crushed granite, so it is flush with the surrounding ground or sod. Rake the top of the gravel so it is smooth and even with the top of the trench. Alternatively, you can overfill the trench slightly and rake the gravel into a mound (highest in the center) so the trench is more visible. Trim excess landscape fabric along the edges of the trench using a utility knife.
How Long Does it Take to Install a French Drain?
Installing a French drain typically takes a professional team six (6) to eight (8) hours to complete from start to finish. This time may be increased if there are obstacles that need to be worked around or concrete that needs to be broken and replaced. During the process of foundation repair, earth will be removed from around the home to gain access underneath the foundation. If you have a French drain installed while having your home foundation repaired, you will save yourself both time and money.
How Much Does it Cost to Install a French Drain?
The cost of installing a French drain can vary widely due to various factors that can impact prices. Labor is typically the biggest expense for a French drain installation, and the cost may increase if your property also requires a catch basin drain or a pop-up emitter installation. Connecting your gutter system to another landscape drainage system may also increase the cost. In some cases, the cost may be higher if concrete needs to be cut or removed and machinery is required.
Factors that can impact the cost of a French drain include the presence of pool equipment, utility lines, lawn sprinkler systems, patios, driveways, trees, shrubbery, fences, and the size, length, and depth of the drain. The cost of a French drain can start at around $3500 and go up from there, and the cost may also include the cost of any necessary permits.
If you are having your foundation repaired and having a French drain installed during that time, the overall cost is significantly reduced and in some cases can be as little as an additional $1000.
Schedule Your Free Estimate Today!
0% Financing for 18 Months | <urn:uuid:3775e468-ce01-4941-aa15-a21e08b7630a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.aaafoundationservice.com/what-is-a-french-drain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.94652 | 980 | 2.8125 | 3 |
From the most basic circuits that make up a computer to complex scientific functions, logic gates are an integral part of modern technology. Understanding how these components work is essential to being able to design and troubleshoot them. In this article, we will be exploring circuit diagrams of logic gates.
Logic gates are rectangular symbols that represent the three common logic functions; AND, OR, and NOT. Each gate has two inputs (A and B) and one output (C). The output is either a high or low voltage, depending on the input values. When there is no input, the output of the gate is determined by its internal circuitry.
The following diagram shows a simple circuit diagram of a single logic gate. The arrows indicate the direction of the electrical current inside the circuit. For example, when both inputs are “on”, then the output of the gate is “high”. However, when one input is "off", then the output will be "low".
Logic gates can be combined with other components to create more complex circuits. For example, multiple logic gates can be connected together to perform calculations. This is done by connecting the output of one gate to the input of another.
Additionally, logic gates can be used to create timing circuits. These are circuits that wait for input before continuing the process. By combining logic gates with other components such as transistors and resistors, it is possible to create sophisticated timing circuits.
Finally, there are a few important considerations when working with logic gates. First, they must be connected correctly. This means that the inputs must match the outputs of other gates in order to get the desired result. Additionally, it is important to make sure that the components in the circuit are correctly powered. Failure to do so can lead to damage or malfunction.
Logic gates are essential components of many electronic systems. They are used to control the flow of information, create timing circuits, and even perform calculations. Familiarizing yourself with circuit diagrams of logic gates can help you design, build, and troubleshoot these important components.
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Digital Electronics And Logic Circuits Role Of Transistors | <urn:uuid:0c07a0b7-7e4b-4abe-a240-1e8aeaee0ab5> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.circuitdiagram.co/circuit-diagram-of-logic-gates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.817694 | 659 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Photonic devices built via standard CMOS process
Engineers have demonstrated that low power photonic devices can be fabricated using standard chip-making processes. The work was part of the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s Photonically Optimised Embedded Microprocessors (POEM) project.
They have achieved what the researchers say is a major milestone in photonic technology. The work will be presented at this year’s Optical Fiber Communication (OFC) Conference and Exposition, being held from 9 to 13 March in San Francisco.
The two new devices – a modulator and a tunable filter – are as energy-efficient as some of the best devices around, the researchers say, and were built using a standard IBM advanced Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) process – the same chip-making process used to build many commercially available chips, some of which are found in Sony's Playstation 3 and also in Watson.
‘As far as we know, we're the first ones to get silicon photonics natively integrated into an advanced CMOS process and to achieve energy efficiencies that are very competitive with electronics,’ said Mark Wade of the University of Colorado, Boulder, who will present his team’s work at OFC. Wade’s co-authors include researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of California, Berkeley.
Researchers anticipate that photonics solutions will be at least 10 times more energy-efficient than electronics. Chip-to-chip communication links using these photonic devices could have at least 10 times higher bandwidth density, meaning they can transmit much more information using a smaller amount of space. That's because different optical signals can share the same optical wire, whereas sending multiple electrical signals either requires multiple electronic wires or schemes that require more chip space and energy.
But so far, Wade explains, photonic devices used in chip-to-chip communication have been primarily custom-built using specialised methods, limiting their commercial applicability. And devices that have been created with more standardised techniques rely on older technology, which limits their ability to compete with cutting-edge electronics
The ability to produce high-performing photonic devices using the CMOS process means chip designers will not have to be specialists to design photonic devices, Wade explained, which will hopefully accelerate the commercialisation of photonic technology.
‘IBM’s CMOS process has already been commercially proven to make high-quality microelectronics products,’ Wade said.
The two devices built by the researchers are key components for the communication link between a computer's central processing unit and its memory. A modulator converts electrical signals into optical signals. A tunable filter can pick out light signals of particular frequencies, allowing it to select a signal from multiple frequencies, each of which carries data. Used in conjunction with a photodetector, the filter converts optical signals to electrical signals.
But according to Wade, the significance of this advancement goes beyond this particular application: ‘This is a really nice first step for silicon photonics to take over some areas of technology where electronics has really dominated and to start building complex electronic/photonic systems that require dense integration.' | <urn:uuid:888236a4-d84e-4c90-8376-75acfaaccea0> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.fibre-systems.com/news/photonic-devices-built-standard-cmos-process | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.939244 | 659 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The County of Huron recognizes the importance of protecting the quality and quantity of groundwater to continue safe drinking water supplies and maintain ecosystem functions.
The Planning and Development Department has conducted a county-wide Groundwater Study identifying the location and character of aquifers and capture zones for municipal wells.
Selected facts about the water supplies throughout Huron County that were identified
during this examination include:
- For the County’s 60,000 permanent residents and up to 10,000 seasonal residents, water is provided as follows:
|Approx. % of Population|
- Huron County has three main sources of drinking water:
- Water in bedrock (Northern 2/3 of the County)
- Water in the overburden (Southern 1/3 of the County)
- Surface water (Goderich and south along the lakeshore,
parts of Bayfield, and areas in South Huron)
- There are 34 municipal wells within the County of Huron and over 6,000 private wells
- Groundwater crosses County boundaries, especially deeper bedrock aquifers extending beyond the County limits
- Groundwater and surface water are inter-connected; efforts to protect one will benefit the other
- Protecting groundwater involves the public, groups, agencies and municipalities; no one single group can successfully address water protection
Additional information may be found in The Groundwater Study Summary prepared June 2001 by the Planning and Development Department.
Information regarding the implementation of the Groundwater Study and suggested protection measures for County, local municipalities and partner agencies is also available. | <urn:uuid:d36119c3-39f8-43c0-bcfc-413710c36e95> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.huroncounty.ca/plandev/county-wide-projects/groundwater-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.913458 | 347 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Are you running a business in the 21st century and not taking advantage of mobile-friendly technology? If so, it’s time to catch up! Having a website that looks great, functions properly, and is responsive no matter what device it’s being viewed on has become essential for any business looking to stay competitive. Achieving these goals can seem daunting, but by understanding the basics of responsive design and how to apply them properly you can make sure your site is optimised for users browsing from their phones or tablets – without spending months redesigning an entire website. In this blog post we’ll discuss how adaptive design changes the game for businesses today and show you practical steps you can take to create a mobile-friendly experience.
What is Responsive Design?
Responsive design refers to the method of creating websites that automatically adapt to the size and orientation of the device being used. This means that the layout, content, and functionality of the website will adjust to provide the best possible user experience, regardless of whether the site is being viewed on a desktop computer, tablet, or smartphone.
Key Concepts and Principles:
1. Fluid Layouts: Responsive design uses fluid layouts that expand, or contract based on the size of the device’s screen. This allows the site to maintain its design integrity, even when viewed on smaller screens.
2. Flexible Images: Responsive design also uses flexible images that scale up or down based on the device being used. This ensures that images are always optimised for the best viewing experience.
3. Media Queries: Media queries are a key component of responsive design and are used to specify different styles for different devices. These styles are defined based on the screen size and orientation of the device.
4. Adaptive Navigation: Responsive design also incorporates adaptive navigation, which adjusts the site’s navigation to be optimised for smaller screens. This ensures that users can easily access all the site’s content, regardless of the device they are using.
How Responsive Design Works
Responsive design works by using a combination of fluid layouts, flexible images, media queries, and adaptive navigation to ensure that the site’s content is always optimised for the best viewing experience. When a user visits the site, their device is detected, and the appropriate styles are applied to ensure that the site is optimised for the device being used. This process happens automatically and in real-time, ensuring that the site is always up-to-date and providing the best possible user experience.
Benefits of Responsive Design for Business Owners
1. Increased Accessibility: By having a responsive website, you can ensure that your site is accessible to the largest possible audience, regardless of their device. This will lead to increased engagement and conversions.
2. Improved User Experience: A responsive website provides a seamless user experience, regardless of the device being used. This will result in increased customer satisfaction and loyalty.
3. Increased Search Engine Optimisation (SEO): Responsive design is recommended by Google, and it can improve your website’s search engine ranking. This will result in increased visibility and traffic to your site.
4. Cost-Effective: By using responsive design, you only need to maintain one website, rather than separate sites for desktop and mobile devices. This is much more cost-effective than traditional design methods.
Responsive design offers a wide range of benefits for business owners, including increased accessibility, improved user experience, increased SEO, and cost-effectiveness. By using responsive design, you can ensure that your website is optimised for all devices, providing the best possible user experience for your customers, and increasing your business’s success in the digital landscape.
Elements of Responsive Design
Flexible layouts are a key component of responsive design, and they enable the website’s layout to automatically adjust based on the size of the device’s screen. This is achieved by using percentages and flexible units, such as ems and rems, instead of fixed units, such as pixels, to define the website’s layout. This ensures that the layout will always be optimised for the best viewing experience, regardless of the device being used.
Fluid images are another important element of responsive design, and they enable the website’s images to automatically scale up or down based on the device being used. This ensures that images are always optimised for the best viewing experience, regardless of the device’s screen size or orientation. To achieve this, the images are defined using flexible units, such as percentages, rather than fixed units, such as pixels.
Media queries are a powerful tool in responsive design, and they enable the website’s styles to be customised based on the device being used. Media queries use CSS to define different styles based on the screen size and orientation of the device. For example, a media query could be used to display a larger font size on a tablet than on a smartphone, to ensure that the content is easily readable on the larger screen.
Adaptive navigation is another important element of responsive design, and it enables the website’s navigation to be optimised for smaller screens. This is achieved by using techniques such as hamburger menus, which hide the site’s navigation behind a button that can be revealed when needed, and responsive drop-down menus, which adjust the size and placement of the site’s navigation based on the device being used. This ensures that users can easily access all of the site’s content, regardless of the device they are using.
Flexible layouts, fluid images, media queries, and adaptive navigation are all key elements of responsive design that work together to ensure that the website is optimised for all devices. By understanding these elements and how they work together, business owners can ensure that their website provides the best possible user experience for their customers.
Testing and Debugging Responsive Design
Browser testing is an essential step in the responsive design process, and it involves testing the website on a wide range of browsers to ensure that it works well and looks great on all devices. This can include testing the website on popular browsers such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, and Microsoft Edge, as well as older browsers that are still in use by some users. By testing the website on a range of browsers, businesses can ensure that their website is accessible and usable for all users, regardless of the browser they are using.
Emulator testing is another important step in the responsive design process, and it involves using software tools to simulate different devices and screen sizes to test the website’s responsive design. This can be a useful way to test the website on devices that you do not have access to, and it can also help you to identify any issues that may not be immediately obvious when testing on a real device. By using emulator testing, businesses can ensure that their website provides an optimal viewing experience for all users, regardless of the device they are using.
User testing is a critical step in the responsive design process, and it involves testing the website with real users to get feedback on the website’s usability and functionality. This can include conducting surveys, focus groups, or usability tests to get a better understanding of how users interact with the website, and to identify any issues or pain points that need to be addressed. By conducting user testing, businesses can ensure that their website is accessible, usable, and effective for all users.
Debugging techniques are an important aspect of testing and debugging responsive design, and they involve using tools and techniques to identify and fix any issues with the website. This can include using tools such as browser dev tools, debugging software, or remote debugging to identify issues with the code or the design of the website. Debugging techniques can also involve working with the development team to find and fix any issues with the website’s code or using testing tools such as automated testing to identify and fix issues. By using debugging techniques, businesses can ensure that their website is free of any technical issues, and that it provides the best possible user experience for all users.
Call Jeremy Dawes today to get started!
Responsive design is no longer an option for businesses who want to compete online – it’s a necessity. With Google’s Mobile-First Indexing, mobile-friendliness is now a ranking factor in search engine results pages. In other words, if your website isn’t mobile-friendly, you could be losing out on valuable traffic and potential customers. Luckily, making your website responsive is not as difficult or expensive as it may seem. Jeremy Dawes has years of experience helping businesses create websites that look great and function well on all devices. Contact us today to learn more about how we can help you make your site mobile-friendly and responsive! Top of Form | <urn:uuid:b9116d95-043a-4d86-af9e-d6c66919b226> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.jeremydawes.com/responsive-design-how-to-make-your-website-mobile-friendly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.932594 | 1,818 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Ceramic fiber is a kind of high temperature insulation materials with low thermal conductivity, Nowadays, they are widely used in all kinds of industrial furnace systems which has changed most furnace lining design as a efficient energy saving and high temperature resistance material.
Generally speaking there are two types for bulk ceramic fiber manufacturing, one is called blowing ceramic fiber which is made by breaking the high temperature molten alumina and silica steam with compressed air. Another type is called spun ceramic fiber, which is made by dropping the molten alumina and silica on a fast spinning disc. The bulk fiber can be used to made to be many kinds shapes such as blanket, board, textile, paper, modules, felt, coating and so on. Blanket and board are the most popular and widely used shapes. They can be with a different density ranging from 64 kg/m3 to be 180kg/m3 for blanket, while 240 to 400 kg/m3 for the boards. Besides different sizes, temperature grades are available. As per customer request and the different application, nearly more than 45 type different forms and converted products can be made from ceramic fiber blanket.
Why we say ceramic fiber product has changed much for the furnace lining ?
As their characters are remarkable combination of advantages of refractories and tradition insulation products. Here below are some of the key points for reference to get the idea.
A. Low heat storage
Only 1-5% of the conventional furnace lining system which will save energy much
B. Light Weight
It is lighter than general insulation bricks, calcium silicate boards , thus it can support new type furnace structure design.
C Lower thermal conductivity
Ceramic fiber insulation products can perform better than insulation brick and calcium silicate
Block on the energy saving efficiency.
D Easy to install
The ceramic fiber products are construction specifications standardized products with no
Special skills requested. This will be no risk of cracking or spalling when they are heated
E. Easy to handled by customers
F. Easy to maintain – The ceramic fiber with problems can be replaced or repaired much quickly with a minimal down time.
G. Mechanical resilience
This character makes the ceramic fiber furnace lining can be made off-site and then delivered to the construction site without damage.
H. Good thermal shock resistance – Furnace can be heated up or cooled down more faster to improve the industrial furnace productivity and efficiency.
I. Chemical resistance. | <urn:uuid:2d611e63-07bb-4bf3-9906-0d694a272d09> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.northrefractories.com/ceramic-fiber-furnace-lining/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.927674 | 499 | 2.828125 | 3 |
WHAT IS BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION TRAINING?
Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) Training is a technique that uses blood flow occlusion and low intensity exercise to improve strength and hypertrophy earlier in the recovery process. A specialized cuff is placed on the proximal arm or leg and connected to a BFR unit. The cuff is then inflated and allows for arterial blood to flow into the extremity and restricts outward flow of the venous blood. During exercise, growth hormone is released, which allows the muscles to synthesize protein and build strength with little loading.
BFR has demonstrated strength and hypertrophy gains with loads of as little as 20% of 1 rep max (RM). There are over 820 research studies regarding BFR. Research states: “Importantly, research suggests that low load resistance exercise (20–30% 1 RM) and low load aerobic exercise (<70 m/min walk training), which would not be expected to cause considerable increases in muscular quantity or quality under normal circumstances, when combined with PBFR produced an exaggerated response for maximizing muscle strength and hypertrophy.
WHO SHOULD USE BFR?
BFR can be used by injured individuals, surgical and non-surgical.
Clinically, BFR is used most commonly with:
- Post-operative knee or ankle repairs Achilles repairs
- Ankle sprains
- Total joint arthroplasty
- Rotator cuff and SLAP repairs Muscle strains
- Knee osteoarthritis
- Non-weightbearing status
BFR can also be used for older adults with goals of improving their strength, minimizing the normal process of muscle loss due to aging. | <urn:uuid:0cf87fb9-7b89-410d-863e-4707b6dc6ba6> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.rockvalleypt.com/services/blood-flow-restriction-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.927897 | 350 | 2.609375 | 3 |
La Garrotxa, Spain
The Garrotxa county in north-eastern Spain is part of the province of Girona, in Catalonia. The southern half of the county is known for the Garrotxa Volcanic Zone Natural Park, a green, hilly landscape dotted with 40 extinct volcanoes, which make the area great for hiking and biking.
As we go north the scenery changes: in the Alta Garrotxa, north of the river Fluvià, abrupt gorges and deep cliffs mark the dramatic landscape, which has been declared a Space of Natural Interest.
The entire area is known for its bucolic, rural landscape: from farmlands and fields to the deep forests that surround the valleys of Bas, Hostoles and Bianya, to charming rural villages like Sant Esteve d’en Bas, whose church dates back to the 12th century, or Besalú, a medieval village with a historic Jewish Quarter.
|Languages spoken||Catalan and Spanish| | <urn:uuid:b5f2a692-a43a-408a-b4ec-f00fee1c1553> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.thelittlevoyager.com/family-holiday-destinations/la-garrotxa-spain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.905503 | 235 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Summertime Surge: Unraveling the Heat-Crime Relationship
June 3, 2023
The arrival of summer invariably conjures up images of sun-drenched beaches, refreshing iced beverages, and carefree outdoor gatherings. However, an aspect that is often overlooked is the curious and rather unsettling correlation that summer brings forth: a surge in crime rates. Although one might associate the longer, hotter days with relaxation and leisure, the correlation between heat and crime has been a topic of interest and concern among criminologists, sociologists, and climatologists alike.
Heat and Aggression: The Biological Angle
The link between heat and aggression has been supported by various biological theories. The "heat hypothesis," posits that high temperatures can lead to discomfort, which in turn, could increase aggression and lead to an increase in violent crimes. This hypothesis stems from a fundamental observation about human behavior: physical discomfort can lead to irritability and aggressive behavior.
The effects of heat on the human body can also lead to biochemical changes that influence behavior. For instance, heat can cause an increase in heart rate and a rise in testosterone levels, which are associated with aggressive behavior. Additionally, excessive heat can lead to dehydration, which may lead to impaired judgment and increased susceptibility to making rash decisions.
The Environmental Criminology Perspective
Environmental criminology offers another perspective on the heat-crime relationship. This perspective considers how climatic factors influence people's daily routines and consequently, the opportunities for crime. The summer months bring longer daylight hours, leading to more people spending time outdoors. These changes in routine activities can increase the number of potential targets for crimes like robbery and assault, as well as create more opportunities for interpersonal conflicts to escalate into violent encounters.
Heat and Crime: The Social Angle
An alternative theory posits that the heat-crime relationship can be explained by social factors. In cities, especially those with less green space to absorb heat, the "urban heat island effect" can lead to densely populated areas experiencing significantly higher temperatures. Combined with the fact that people are more likely to congregate outside during warmer months, the probability of conflicts and criminal activity rises in such scenarios.
Heat can also exacerbate existing socio-economic disparities. Lower-income neighborhoods often lack adequate cooling infrastructure, leading to residents spending more time outside to escape stifling indoor conditions. As people spend more time outdoors, the opportunities for both social interaction and conflict increase, potentially leading to a rise in crime rates.
Heat, Crime, and the Future
The connection between heat and crime rates underscores the multi-faceted impacts of climate change, extending beyond environmental and economic concerns to issues of public safety and societal well-being. As global temperatures rise, this could potentially exacerbate crime rates during summer months. Policymakers must, therefore, consider the implications of rising temperatures on public safety, prioritizing measures that help mitigate crime during heatwaves.
In sum, the correlation between heat and crime is complex and multi-dimensional, influenced by a combination of biological, environmental, and social factors. As the mercury rises, so too does the urgency to understand and address this intricate relationship. | <urn:uuid:8112b81b-1fbd-40fd-b0e7-4a6bca56a2a1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.thetownlaw.com/the-town-law-blog/summertime-surge-unraveling-the-heat-crime-relationship/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.940009 | 634 | 2.9375 | 3 |
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics Chapter 4 Laws of Motion in Hindi and English Medium exercises and additional exercises question answers for session 2023-24 with Extra multiple choice questions. Begin by thoroughly understanding the concepts of each important topic given in 11th Physics chapter 4. Read the NCERT textbook chapters related to these topics and take notes. Focus on grasping the fundamental principles and key equations.
Class 11 Physics Chapter 4 MCQ
A block of mass M is placed on a flat surface. A force is applied to move it parallel to the surface. The frictional force f developed is proportion to the
What is the frame reference attached to a satellite of the earth is
A block of wood is placed on a surface. A force is applied parallel to the surface to move the body. The frictional force developed acts
Inside the nucleus, two protons are held together by force which overcomes the repulsion. This force is called
Newton’s First Law of Motion
Newton’s laws are usually expressed in terms of the mass of a point or a particle, that is, an object of negligible volume. It is a reasonable approximation of real objects when the movement of internal parts is negligible and when the distance between objects is much larger than the size of each object. For example, the Earth and the Sun can be approximated as points when the orbits of the former around the latter are taken into account, but not when animals active on their surfaces are taken into account.
The mathematical description of motion or kinematics is based on the idea of specifying a position using numerical coordinates. The simplest case is one-dimensional, that is, when the object is constrained to move only in a straight line. Its position can then be given by a number indicating its position relative to a chosen reference point.
For example, if an object can slide freely along a track that runs left to right, its position can be specified by its distance to a convenient zero point, or by a negative number for position relative to the elevator and a positive number for the position at the elevator origin. Motion is represented by a function that assigns a values of all position coordinates to each value of the time variable.
Class 11 Physics Chapter 4 Multiple Choice Questions
A passenger sitting in a bus moving at uniform speed, feels pushed backward whenever the bus is accelerated forward. This type of force is called
A passenger in a moving bus is thrown forward when the bus is suddenly stopped. This is explained
A machine gun fires a bullet of mass 40g with a velocity of 1200 ms-1. The man holding it can exert a maximum force on 144N on the gum. How many bullets can he fire per second at the most?
The mass of a body which is equal to the ratio of the force acting on a body to the acceleration produced in the body is
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Newton’s second law of motion applies to the behavior of all existing force imbalances. The second law states that the acceleration of an object depends on two variables, the resultant force acting on the object increases and the acceleration of the object increases. Increasing the mass of the object with decrease the acceleration.
The momentum of an object is equal to the product of its mass and its velocity, and momentum-like velocity is a vector that has both magnitude and direction. The force exerted on an object can change the amplitude of the momentum or its direction. Newton’s second law is important tools for almost all the chapters of class 11 physics. For objects of constant mass m, it can be written in the form F = ma, where F and a are both vector quantities. If an object is subjected to a resultant force, it will accelerate according to the equation. Conservatively, if an object is not accelerated, no net force acts on it.
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
A force is a pushing or pulling force acting on an object due to its interaction with another object. Force results from interactions. According to Newton’s third law of motion, whenever bodies A and B interact, they exert a force on each other. If we sit somewhere on any object, our body exerts a downward force. At the same time the object exerts an upward force on our body.
This law represents a certain symmetry in nature. Forces always come in pairs, and one object cannot exert a force on another without feeling the force itself. We sometimes loosely call this law the action-reaction force, where the force applied is the force of action and the force experienced as a result is the force of reaction.
For example, a swimmer uses his feet to accelerate the wall of the pool in the opposite direction he is pushing. The wall exerts equal and opposite forces on the swimmer. You might think that two equal and opposite forces would cancel each other out, but they don’t because they act on different systems. In this case, two types of systems can be studied: bathers or walls.
What main concepts are covered in Chapter 4 of NCERT Class 11 Physics Solutions?
Class 11 Physics Chapter 4 solutions covers basic concepts based on Newton’s Laws. These concepts can be associated with almost all activities of our daily life. 11th Physics chapter 4 addresses one of the most fundamental and important concepts taught in grade 11 CBSE. The NCERT solution for class 11 Physics Chapter 4 will help students answer questions based on the laws of motion and other related concepts in this chapter.
How to perform well in 11th Physics Chapter 4?
A good grade in Class 11 Physics Chapter 4 simply means having a good understanding of all the concepts taught throughout the chapter and being able to use that knowledge to solve any problems based on the chapter. Students should regularly practice and revise everything they learn in school. While preparing for the Grade 11 Physics exam, it can be very helpful to write down important details and formulas. Numerical covers about 20% of the question papers, so must practice numerical questions given in chapter 4 of 11th Physics.
Which one is the most important topic of Chapter 4 of 11th Physics?
Class 11 Physics Chapter 4 deals with Laws of Motion, which is considered as one of the most important topics in mechanics. It is comprise of Newton’s three laws, which are certainly the most important topics covered in chapter 4 of 11th Physics. However, there are many other topics that are very important and should be focused on while preparing for the 11th grade physics exam. The main topics are momentum and its conservation, circular motion and its variations and problem solving in other sections of mechanics. | <urn:uuid:e7afbd69-bf66-48b9-8462-6ce239fde23a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/physics/chapter-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.934979 | 1,354 | 4.3125 | 4 |
ScienceDaily (Feb. 23, 2012) — Bisphenol A (BPA) is a controversial chemical widely used in the plastics industry. A new study followed people over a 10-year time period and shows that healthy people with higher urine concentrations of BPA were more likely to later develop heart disease. But researchers “can’t be certain that BPA itself is responsible” — more research needed to determine whether the link is causal.
The study was carried out by researchers at the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, the University of Exeter and the European Centre for the Environment and Human Health, in association with the University of Cambridge. The analysis was funded by the British Heart Foundation. The paper is published online in Circulation — a Journal of the American Heart Association.
The research team had previously identified the link between BPA and the increased risk of cardiovascular disease by using two sets of US data, which are effectively snapshots in time. The previous data showed a correlation between exposure to BPA and cardiovascular disease but it could not help researchers to predict how exposure to the chemical might affect future health.
The most recent study uses data from the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC) in Norfolk, UK, a long term population study led by the University of Cambridge, supported by the Medical Research Council UK and Cancer Research UK. It is the first time that data has been used to establish a link between exposure to BPA and future onset of cardiovascular disease.
The study compared urine BPA measures from 758 initially healthy EPIC study respondents who later developed cardiovascular disease, and 861 respondents who remained heart disease free. The findings of the study show that those who developed heart disease tended to have higher urinary BPA concentrations at the start of the 10-year period. The extent of the effect is very difficult to estimate given that just one urine specimen from each participant was available for testing at the beginning of the 10-year follow-up.
Professor David Melzer of the Peninsula Medical School, who led the team, said: “This study strengthens the statistical link between BPA and heart disease, but we can’t be certain that BPA itself is responsible. It is now important that government agencies organise drug style safety trials of BPA in humans, as much basic information about how BPA behaves in the human body is still unknown.”
Professor Tamara Galloway of the University of Exeter, senior author on the paper, said: “If BPA itself is directly responsible for this increase in risk, the size of effect is difficult to estimate. However, it adds to the evidence that BPA may be an additional contributor to heart disease risk alongside the major risk factors, such as smoking, high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels.”
BPA is one of the world’s highest production volume chemicals. The global population is exposed to BPA primarily through packaged food and drink, but also through drinking water, dental sealants, exposure to the skin and the inhalation of household dust. | <urn:uuid:098246c1-6127-4674-bab4-8be7c0a8887c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.yournaturalhealth.com/natural_health_news/2012/03/bisphenol-a-exposure-linked-to-increased-risk-of-future-onset-of-heart-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.949212 | 622 | 2.859375 | 3 |
When you think of dolphins, you likely picture oceanic dolphins—gray in color, leaping out of the water, and swimming in pods. Another type of dolphin, the Amazon pink river dolphin, may be less familiar to you, but these fascinating mammals are worth learning about so you can gain an appreciation for what makes them unique. Here are eight must-know pink river dolphin facts from your friends at Harbor Breeze Cruises:
#1: Pink River Dolphins Live in Freshwater
Sometimes referred to as “boto” or “bufeo,” the Amazon pink river dolphin resides in the rainforest rivers throughout South America. These river basins can be found in countries such as Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela. The largest Amazon pink river dolphin populations exist within the Amazon and Orinoco river systems. They’re often found swimming alone or with a few other pink river dolphins; they rarely congregate in large groups in the rivers they call home.
#2: Their Pink Coloration Is Achieved Over Time
The Amazon pink river dolphin has a bluish-gray coloration at birth. It’s not until they begin to grow and mature that they begin to turn pink. Male pink river dolphins tend to be much pinker than females; this seems to be on account of their interest in fighting and the wounds they have sustained. Over time, the pink scar tissue they develop replaces their gray coloring. For male pink river dolphins, their “well-earned” pink coloration helps them attract a mate. The pinker the male dolphin, the more the female dolphin will be interested in mating with him because of his obvious aggressiveness, which will be needed to protect their infants.
#3: Males Work Hard to Impress Females During Mating Season
In addition to flaunting its pink coloring, the male Amazon river dolphin attempts to further “prove” his aggressiveness and strength by biting and then waving an object in the female’s direction—this could be anything from a floating branch to a live turtle—during mating season, which occurs around the end of October through the beginning of November. If the male Amazon pink river dolphin can’t get the female’s attention by waving around his chosen object, he’ll begin to twirl in circles and repeatedly smack the object on the water’s surface.
#4: Pink River Dolphins Have Distinctive Features
If you were to compare a photo of an oceanic dolphin that guests may spot while on a Harbor Breeze cruise to that of an Amazon river dolphin, you’d quickly notice differences in their appearance. The Amazon pink river dolphin has a longer and skinnier snout and a rounder, bulbous forehead.
While they have small eyes in proportion to their pronounced foreheads, their eyesight—combined with their unfused neck vertebrae—make it possible for pink river dolphins to turn their heads 180 degrees and spot prey in their murky freshwater habitat.
Their nimble bodies, complete with large, paddle-shaped flippers and a low dorsal fin, allow pink river dolphins to be dexterous swimmers. They can swim backward, upside-down, and pivot quickly; their magnificent maneuverability helps them weave their way through submerged trees and shrubs so they can catch prey. They even have bristle-like hairs at the end of their snouts that make it easier for them to locate their next meal.
#5: Pink River Dolphins Have Molar-Like Teeth
We, humans, have molars in the back of our mouths, which are large, flat teeth that help us grind and chew food. So, too, do pink river dolphins! The Amazon pink river dolphin is the only dolphin known to have molar-like teeth that help them masticate their food before swallowing. The incredibly diverse diet of an Amazon pink river dolphin includes a variety of fish, shrimp, crabs, and even turtles, so these teeth come in handy when it’s time for them to eat.
#6: One Well-Known Legend Claims They Take Human Form
According to Amazonian legend, the Amazon pink river dolphin takes human form and stalks the rainforest at night when the moon is at its brightest. This legend asserts that pink river dolphins possess a magical power that enables them to shed their dolphin form and take on an enchantingly beautiful human appearance. They’re unable to completely hide their identities, however, so they must wear white hats to cover their blowhole. It’s said that these mysterious shapeshifters take to the villages seeking love and companionship, which they often succeed in finding based on their captivating allure and undeniable charm.
#7: Amazon River Dolphins Are Curious and Intelligent Creatures
Though they are known to be rather shy, pink river dolphins have been known to approach and interact with humans. Pink river dolphins try to earn locals’ and tourists’ attention, leading to many memorable social interactions between humans and these pink cetaceans. On that note, the Amazon pink river dolphin seems to have quite the sense of humor, as they’ve been known to snatch oars from distracted fishermen!
#8: Efforts Are Underway to Protect Pink River Dolphins
It’s difficult for researchers to calculate how many pink river dolphins exist today. That’s because they don’t swim together in large groups and the river basins where they reside are quite dark and murky. The International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Cetacean Specialist Group, which “promotes and facilitates the conservation of cetaceans worldwide,” has published findings on the use of pink river dolphins as fish bait, which has been directly linked to dramatic declines in their populations in certain parts of the Amazon. Conservation efforts are aimed at protecting these dolphins as well as other Amazonian wildlife.
Book a Tour with Harbor Breeze Cruises
We hope you’ve enjoyed reading these pink river dolphin facts. At Harbor Breeze Cruises, we’re intrigued by all underwater creatures, even those that we don’t get to introduce you to during our family-friendly cruises!
While you won’t get to see pink river dolphins on one of our cruises, there’s a strong possibility that you’ll get to see other species of dolphins, along with whales and other spectacular marine life, during a whale watching and dolphin tour. Our custom-built, state-of-the-art catamarans are designed to give you the ultimate ocean wildlife viewing experience.
We invite you to celebrate and admire the diverse array of underwater creatures that inhabit the Pacific Ocean with Harbor Breeze Cruises. Tours can be booked online or by calling 562-432-4900. | <urn:uuid:3eb5e70a-cd30-4a4a-9cb6-91b8c501d96a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://2seewhales.com/blog/8-must-know-pink-river-dolphin-facts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.958292 | 1,416 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Underfloor air conditioning systems base their operation on a network of plastic pipes that, installed under the pavement and a layer of mortar, circulate hot or cold water throughout the surface, which causes the heat or cold to be radiate from the ground. In the case of heating, this means that the temperature of the air at the height of the feet is somewhat higher than the temperature of the air at the height of the head, improving the sensation of comfort.
The circuits that transport the water are very narrow, between 5 and 10 mm, therefore, the flow of water to move is minimal. The temperatures at which it operates are low (between 30 and 42 degrees), which is why it is a very efficient system.
Underfloor heating systems work with a low-temperature water circuit compared to traditional systems that require higher delivery temperatures. As it is a low temperature system, great savings are achieved by combining it with efficient heat generation systems such as aerothermal, geothermal and solar thermal energy.
As the system is installed under the floor, we do not place radiators. Only the placement of a cabinet for the hydraulic manifolds on the wall should be taken into account. The living space is thus completely free and uncluttered, leaving total freedom for interior design.
This type of installation entails a certain technical complexity, not so much in its installation but in its maintenance. Therefore, the installation and maintenance of the radiant floor must be carried out by highly qualified personnel. | <urn:uuid:11e0ad47-668a-49f1-8e76-09a46b7cc8f2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://abeiroderehabilitacion.com/en/publicaciones/radiating-floor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.942998 | 302 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Cloud computing is one of the most significant shifts in modern ICT and service for enterprise applications and has become a powerful architecture to perform large-scale and complex computing. The advantages of cloud computing include virtualized resources, agility, cost reduction and data service integration with scalable data storage. As a result, a number of applications that leverage various cloud platforms have been developed and resulted in a tremendous increase in the scale of data generated.
Nonetheless, cloud computing is limited to provide service to mobile users, IoT and delay sensitive applications. Fog computing was conceived to bring cloud functionalities close to the edge, satisfying the requirements of these applications.
The distinguishing fog characteristics are its proximity to end-users, its dense geographical distribution, and its support for mobility. Services can be hosted at end devices such as set-top-boxes or access points. Fog provides low latency, location awareness, and improves QoS for streaming and real-time applications, and supports heterogeneity (fog devices include end-user devices, access points, edge routers, switches, spanning multiple management domains). The fog computing paradigm is well positioned for real-time big data analytics and supports densely distributed data collection points.
- Project 1: Design of Novel Fog Architecures
- Project 2: Orchestration mechanisms for Fogs
- Project 3: Big Data processing in cooperative fogs
- Project 8: Resilience in Data Center Networks
- Project 18: Localization of computation and storage resources in Openstack | <urn:uuid:43261d0c-59e1-4d63-857b-d52c24ee5c36> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://bigcloud.ic.unicamp.br/research-themes/1-cloud-fogs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.915704 | 299 | 3.125 | 3 |
For the purpose of this manual and to avoid confusion, the terms “inclusion” and “integration” are considered to be the same, and for the sake of consistency, inclusion has been used exclusively. We have the responsibility of providing an environment in which people with disabilities. are able to develop social skills, feel part of the group as equal participants, be included in decision making, be challenged and be adventurous.
A number of areas need to be considered in achieving the successful inclusion of a person with a disability into a community sport or active recreation program. The concept of ‘disability’ is synonymous with ‘ability’ when it comes to sport and active recreation activities. We need to focus on the potential ability of the participants rather than the limitations caused by a disability. This encourages the recognition of the potential of individual group members and the activities can be structured to achieve this potential.
People with disabilities are encouraged to become and remain valuable members of the community. In achieving this we talk about the concept of “universal design (UD)”. Sanford (1998) defines Universal Design principles as being an approach to creating everyday products and environments that are useable by all people to the greatest extent possible, regardless of age or ability. Universal Design principles steer away from the idea that barriers need to be removed or that people require extra help or skills to navigate their environment. It is important to note that Universal Design principles are there to assist everyone, not just those who have a disability. When providing Universal Design principles within sport and active recreation, it is important that an individual is not segregated or excluded. Seven principles of Universal Design exist that can be used as guidelines to measure the extent to which a program, building or product will be able to be used by the maximum range of people.
These principles are as follows:
- Equitable Use- The design or program is useful to people with diverse abilities.
- Flexibility in Use- The design or program accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.
- Simple and initiative in Use- Use of the design or program is easy to understand, regardless of the users experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration levels.
- Perceptible information- The design or program communicates necessary information effectively to the participant, regardless of ambient conditions or the participant’s sensory abilities.
- Tolerance for error- The design or program minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.
- Low Physical Effort- The design or program can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue.
- Size and Space for Approach and Use- Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation and use, regardless of a user’s body size, posture or mobility. (Copyright©1997 NC State University, The Centre for Universal Design)
These seven principles of Universal Design can assist in the implementation of programs and services to ensure accessibility for all. Below are examples of how they may be implemented in sport and active recreation programs and activities:
- Provide the same means of use for all users; identical whenever possible, equivalent where not.
- Avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users.
- Make the design of the program appealing to all users.
- Provide choice in method of use.
- Facilitate the participants’ accuracy and precision in an activity.
- Provide adaptability to the participant’s pace.
- Eliminate unnecessary complexity.
- Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills.
- Provide effective prompting and feedback during and after an activity.
- Use different modes for presentation of essential information such as rules or instructions.
- Provide fail safe features for all participants to ensure they have fun.
It is important to remember that people with disabilities have the same aspirations as people everywhere.
We all want to:
- get the most from life by finding opportunities for friendship, social life, and to participate in a wide range of interesting activities;
- achieve independence and a sense of worth;
- have a job and contribute to the community we live in; and
- have access to public transport, buildings and the community.
Through the concept of Universal Design principles, we institute a process of valuing individuals, encouraging growth through relevant learning situations using appropriate materials and activities. Further, the process provides realistic environments in which appropriate behaviours and attitudes can be observed and imitated.
Through participation in sport and active recreation activities, people with disabilities are assisted to develop the skills to effectively participate in the community. Using Universal Design principles in the design of a program, individuals are encouraged to look at similarities rather than differences, and to appreciate the diversity within our community. This provides for accessibility of all to community resources and activities. | <urn:uuid:2c10d2dc-912b-40f0-bcf7-7efb136d1596> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://disability-resource.org.au/sport-and-active-recreation-programs-for-people-with-disabilities/universal-design/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.926359 | 979 | 3.78125 | 4 |
- Course Number: ENGL 109
- Advisory Enrollment Information:
- Quarter: Winter 2024
Focuses on the essential elements of poetry writing. Students learn the basics of diction, figuration, meter, lineation, rhyme, rhythm, and voice. Students explore the power of oral and written verse as an individual and communal act. What is at stake in choosing to write poetry? How does poetry express the truth of reality? How do poems imagine and create new political and social worlds? Coursework involves a combination of written assignments, peer workshops, and public readings. | <urn:uuid:b2d80501-9f39-4664-8363-30048f51e1e1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://english.ucsb.edu/courses/winter2024/the-craft-of-poetry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.91974 | 129 | 3 | 3 |
Java is everywhere, from smartphones to datacentres, gaming consoles to scientific supercomputers, mobile phones to the Internet! It is an incredible programming language and platform that was first published in 1995 by Sun Microsystems. There are tons of apps and websites that won’t work until you’ve installed Java, and more are generated every day. Java is easy, stable, and safe.
We should know that Java is a very flexible programming language and one of the natural worlds. Yet with the aid of a thriving community Oracle Corporation regularly upgrades the programming language. It is easy to use, write, compile, test, and learn compared to other programming languages. Java is less complex than C++; so Java uses automated allocation of memory.
This mind-blowing course titled “Learn Java and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Programming Tools” will teach you how you can start a journey of coding with Java to master the basics of the language.
What’s more? You will also get to know about Artificial Intelligence (AI) powered coding or programming tools when you near the end. Some tools or AI platforms can help write hundreds of lines of autonomous code in minutes, suggest new code, and debug automatically. Calculating on an average, they write 90% of a software app that a human typically has to write and can make teams 9.4x faster. They write code, tests, and documentation – to be precise! So, welcome to the future of coding, my dear friends. By using Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools and technologies one can avoid vendor lock-in by owning your source code as you will have the freedom to customize the same. This will serve to be an added advantage to coders worldwide.
Enroll now, and let’s start booming. There are interesting, engaging, and new things to experience here in this course.
Learn Java and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Coding Tools that can change the Programming world, altogether.
There is no time to waste.
Lights. Camera. Action. Let us do the magic.
Get ready for a new mind-blowing course by Digital Marketing Legend “Srinidhi Ranganathan”, Super-Programmer “Sowmya” and Civil Mastermind “Saranya Srinidhi”.
- This course is for absolute beginners to Java programming with no previous coding experience
- This course is for Java coders and computer science students to further master their skills by learning Artificial Intelligence Programming Tools and Concepts
- This course is for anyone looking to learn Java and master the programming language to the core | <urn:uuid:5be672ba-f160-47e3-9664-12c169d69e45> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://freecoursesguru.com/learn-java-and-artificial-intelligence-programming-tools/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.918966 | 541 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In our lifetime, COVID-19 was the main thing that changed all our life patterns. Most things that we consider unusual become usual things after the pandemic. But have you ever wondered, “What is normal now that was atypical before COVID?” In this article, we explore the fascinating facts shared by Redditors on the Ask Reddit subreddit that show what changed by the pandemic.
In the age of COVID, contactless delivery has become the norm. No more exchanging cash or signing receipts; your packages arrive at your doorstep with minimal human contact. This change not only ensures safety but also convenience in our fast-paced lives.
Restaurants Closing Early
Many restaurants adjusted their hours during the pandemic, closing earlier than usual. This change aimed to comply with lockdowns and reduce the risk of virus transmission. It also led to a shift in dining habits, with more people opting for early dinners or takeout.
Remote Learning for Weather Days
Snow days are no longer an excuse for kids to rejoice. Remote learning options enable schools to continue education during adverse weather conditions.
Working from Home
The ability to work from home, once a rarity, has become a blessing for many. COVID-19 has created a new start to remote work, offering flexibility and work-life balance. It’s a trend that’s here to stay, thanks to its undeniable benefits.
Plentiful Delivery Options and Grocery Pick-up
Ordering groceries online and choosing curbside pick-up or home delivery has become a convenience that’s hard to resist. It saves time and minimizes exposure to crowded stores.
Gross Inflation (Mass Inflation)
The pandemic triggered economic shifts, leading to inflation in various sectors. Prices have surged, impacting everything from everyday goods to housing. Understanding and managing this inflation is a challenge many now face.
Not Shaking Hands
The traditional handshake, a universal gesture of greeting, has been replaced with alternative forms of greeting, like nods or waves. This change reflects a heightened awareness of hygiene and personal space.
Politicizing Public Health
The pandemic brought to light the politicization of public health measures. Debates over mask mandates, vaccines, and lockdowns have dominated public discourse, emphasizing the intersection of politics and health.
Downsizing products, especially in the food industry, has become prevalent. You may notice smaller portions or altered packaging. Manufacturers navigate economic challenges by adapting their products to changing circumstances.
What do you think is the new normal? | <urn:uuid:3e0a158d-53cf-4f55-8e37-ac60f21f4867> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://geeksaroundglobe.com/what-is-normal-now-that-was-atypical-before-covid/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.941921 | 532 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Comprehension is the reason for reading. Comprehending what is read means that the child understands what he or she has read and is able to communicate it to others.
Strategies for Teaching Inferences
Reading is an active process requiring us to make meaning along the way. One of the most difficult strategies for students is making inferences and drawing conclusions because it isn't explicitly stated in the text. Below you will find resources to help students learn to infer so they can combine the information that the author has written with that of their own experiences to gain a deeper understanding of the author's message
- On Target Strategy Booklets - A PDF of strategies for grades 4-12 compiled by South Dakota's Education Service Agencies 6 and 7 with support from the South Dakota Department of Education.
- Inferences and Proficient Readers - This 14 page PDF is full of information about how proficient readers, writers, mathematicians, and researchers use inferences. The document has several strategies to use in the classroom.
- Lesson Plan for K-3 - This lesson from Teacher Vision uses Why Mosquitos Buzz in People's Ears to teach making inferences and drawing conclusions.
Comprehension Arrows-These arrows can be used during independent reading or guided reading as students encounter text. The colored arrows that you buy at Walmart can be used to mark specific places in the book where they utilized a reading strategy.
Reading Strategies and the Comprehension Strategies-Students can refer to these visuals as they learn to use strategies to decode and comprehend text
Songs for Comprehension - These songs can be found on opencourtresources.com
Strategy Bookmark- The following bookmark was created by Open Court.
Joan Sedita has create a Key Comprehension Routine to help all readers.
Author's Point of View: Teaching Voice in Anthony Browne’s Voices in the Park. Voices in the Park by Anthony Browne tells the same story four times from four different narrators. | <urn:uuid:7b228591-685c-48a5-b823-09b6bd9e220d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://literacyleader.com/comprehension | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.922024 | 411 | 4.3125 | 4 |
SEOUL -- Newcomers to the K-pop world will often find themselves lost in an online culture riddled with inside jokes, confusing terms and a unique vocabulary.
AFP takes a look at some of the most common K-pop terms:
Korean popular music or "K-pop" is the genre of music originating from South Korea.
Originally sung in Korean -- but now often in English -- K-pop songs may have musical elements from hip hop, electronic dance, jazz or rock.
It is mostly performed by boy bands and girl groups. Key components include tight choreography, high production values and original concepts.
Also shortened as "anti," it refers to someone who hates a particular celebrity so much that they devote their time to mocking and criticizing that artist.
A K-pop "comeback" means a group releasing new music or an album -- with no long passage of time required.
Often a multi-step process, a comeback is teased out for weeks with images, videos, and in some cases, even pre-album singles.
These are words shouted by fans during performances.
A chant usually includes naming all the members of a group during the intro and then repeating specific words or lines throughout a song.
The chants are often tailored to specific songs.
A gesture of forming a small heart shape with thumb and index fingers.
It is frequently used by K-pop artists to express their fondness towards their fans.
An "idol" is a K-pop star, who has been trained before "debuting" -- releasing their first music -- through an entertainment agency.
Idols can be solo artists or members of a group.
Most K-pop bands have a designated "leader" who is responsible for guiding and overseeing the group.
The person usually starts any public introductions off and will be the first to speak at events.
Don't dismiss them as mere glow sticks.
K-pop lightsticks have evolved to become symbols of the fans' devotion to their artists.
They are custom-made for many groups, and fans show their unity by waving them at concerts.
The super-obsessed fan who goes over the top for the attention of their favorite K-pop artist.
In Korean, "sa" means private and "saeng" means life, referring to the fans' intrusion into the stars' private lives.
In some cases, this may amount to borderline criminal acts, such as breaking into their homes, stealing their personal items or information, and sending inappropriate gifts such as lingerie.
If you want to keep up with your favorite K-pop star, "V Live" is a must.
It's a livestream platform used by most K-pop idols to connect with their fans.
Some upload behind-the-scene footage, while others use it to livestream after shows.
© Agence France-Presse
FROM THE ARCHIVES: | <urn:uuid:04868d15-7955-4cc7-a322-5bb302ed3398> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/07/13/22/from-anti-to-v-live-a-k-pop-glossary-for-newbies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.948306 | 635 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The following are examples of activities included in our social programme:
Pub Night: This is our most popular activity. It is held every Thursday, when we go to a city centre pub. This is always great fun, and an opportunity for students not only to make friends but also to practise their English. Pub Night is usually attended by 25 – 40 students and teachers, but our record (on two separate occasions) is 62!
Salsa dancing classes: (subject to availability) held in the evenings, our salsa dancing classes are taught by one of our teachers. This is also a very popular activity.
Guitar lessons: (subject to availability) we have several guitars in the school and from time to time we run a course of guitar lessons. The lessons are inexpensive, but students are expected to practise in their free time!
Guided tours of Oxford: during the summer especially, we arrange guided tours of Oxford city centre for new students. Our guide takes them through the old streets and lanes, pointing out the city’s key buildings and in simple English explaining their history and relevance.
Ice skating: the ice skating rink is close to the school, and this is a popular activity (especially in the summer!)
Bowling: this is often included in our summer activity programme.
Barbecues: held during the long hot summer evenings, our barbecues are always well-attended and great fun.
Football: during winter we have football training (with an FA-qualified coach) most weekends, and often play matches against other local teams.
Visits to museums and art galleries: there are four museums and two art galleries close to the school, and we visit them regularly. The Ashmolean Museum is the oldest museum in the western world and has one of the most interesting and extensive collections of artifacts in the UK; while the Natural History Museum is a particularly beautiful building and houses not only several superb dinosaur skeletons, but also the Dodo from Alice in Wonderland!
Outdoor Shakespeare: every summer a Shakespeare play is performed in an outdoor theatre in the park. Despite the difficult language, these plays are always extremely popular with students and we usually take several groups of 12 or more. We always hold special lessons for students who want to go, to explain the play; but whatever the student’s English level, all agree that it is a magnificent spectacle and an experience they will never forget.
Tours of colleges & university buildings: we regularly organise tours to Oxford University colleges and important buildings, including Christ Church College (where they filmed scenes from Harry Potter) and the Bodliean Library.
Christmas party: for students staying with us over Christmas, there is a very special event – our annual Christmas party (see the photograph section). Held in a local club with dancing and prizes, it is usually fancy dress and is probably the most popular event in the whole year. | <urn:uuid:98cc7e90-a173-4958-a696-d84d295eb488> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://oxfordschoolofenglish.com/students/social-programme | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.967264 | 592 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Wilson disease is a recessively inherited disorder of copper transport. Clinical features are highly variable, with any combination of neurological, hepatic or psychiatric illness. The age of onset varies from 3 to 50 years of age. Diagnosis is challenging because no specific combination of clinical or biochemical features is necessarily definitive. The genetic defect is due to a variety of abnormalities in a copper-transporting membrane ATPase. Most of the more than 80 mutations are present at a low frequency, and mutations differ between ethnic groups. At least two mutations are sufficiently common to aid in rapid diagnosis, in European and Asian populations respectively. Molecular analysis can provide a definitive diagnosis for asymptomatic sibs. Treatment, using chelating agents or zinc, is most effective when started before permanent tissue damage occurs. | <urn:uuid:b6548920-f5d2-4172-9cde-2346cd86d52d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9890071/?dopt=Abstract | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.939993 | 158 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Drinking water from river water or a polluted well
With the very small pore sizes of the Ultra filtration membrane, BioKube ULTRA/Clean will remove all particles in the incoming water.
99,99 % of E-Coli bacteria will also be removed and 100 % of Nematode. But ULTRA/Clean will not remove dissolved matter like salt and dissolved chemicals.
The Ultra CLEAN/Clean module operates by simple gravitation and it can run on solar energy.
The only power needed is to run the small air blower that keeps the membrane clean. For a 5 m3/day system that is 95 Wh/day, including power for the pump to lift the dirty water into the system.
ULTRA/Clean small and compact
The picture illustrates how small the ULTRA/Clean systems are.
The system to the left will give 5 m3 drinking water per day.
The bigger system to the right will give 110 m3 drinking water per day | <urn:uuid:6d8dd2a2-bf86-4d62-8c6d-6a938e50a973> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://rotecharuba.com/biokube-caribbean/ultraclean-biokube/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.86032 | 207 | 2.515625 | 3 |
November 7 2019 1:00 PM - 3:45 PM
Main Building ED 312/313
Natural disasters, workplace violence, terrorism, war, technological failure, and economic depression are all among today’s disaster threats. In the last 20 years over 4.4 billion people have been affected by a disaster event(s) and over 1.3 million killed world-wide. Although disasters do not discriminate, the world’s most vulnerable experience higher morbidity and mortality.
This INMED Humanitarian Disaster Response Course is a one-half day, hands-on experience that equips learners with essential skills to:
• Implement hazard, vulnerability, and risk assessments
• Develop mitigation and preparedness that increase community resilience
• Respond to disaster events using best-practices
• Integrate development strategies into recovery efforts
This course is oriented towards healthcare professionals, administrators and policy makers, as well as towards students of the healthcare professionals.
The in-classroom experience will feature learning via simulation, role-play, and problem-based methods, following which participants will be encouraged to associate with a humanitarian relief organization for pre-deployment credentials.
For a visual overview, please view this 2017 INMED Humanitarian Health Conference Disaster Simulation video: https://vimeo.com/212685889 | <urn:uuid:a94c579f-3330-4c5a-9622-fa0bf4817e93> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://tech.medicalmissions.com/events/gmhc-2019/meetings/details/83 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.897889 | 267 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Introduction to the management of public finance
- Gildenhuys JSH
- ISBN: 9780627022494
- eISBN: N/A
- ePub ISBN: N/A
- 206 Pages | Published: 1997
Introduction to the Management of Public Finance: A South African perspective is an introductory work on public financial management for undergraduate students at universities, technikons and technical colleges. It is an abstract of the same topics covered in Public Financial Management, but couched in simpler terms. Greater emphasis is placed on facts and theories than the philosophy of the subject. Each chapter can serve as an individual lecture, since it starts with a study goal and learning objectives and ends with possible examination questions.
This text lays a sound foundation for undergraduate study of public financial management and the content can be outlined briefly as follows:
- Why governments need money
- Nationalisation vs privatisation of particular services
- Guidelines for democratic financial management
- Role of the legislature in financial management
- Role of the executive authority in financial management
- Role of the adiministrative authority in financial management
- Government revenue: income tax
- Government revenue: property tax
- Government revenue: consumption tax
- Government revenue: user charges, consumer tariffs and nominal levies
- Government expenditure and the budget
- The budget cycle
- Provincial financial management
- Inventory management
Chapter 1. Why governments need money
Chapter 2. General goals and objectives of government
Chapter 3. Goals of the modern state
Chapter 4. Government functions and public services
Chapter 5. Public services
Chapter 6. Financial control over the executive authority
Chapter 7. Government revenue: income tax
Chapter 8. Government revenue: property tax
Chapter 9. Government revenue: consumption tax
Chapter 10. Government revenue: user charges, consumer tariffs and nominal levies
Chapter 11. Government expenditure and the budget
Chapter 12. The budget cycle
Chapter 13. Provincial financial management
Chapter 14. Inventory management
All source material (excluding figures and tables) has been supplied in an editable format (Microsoft Office) and you can fully customise it to your needs.
Please click on the link below to access the Lecturer Support Material (LSM) portal:
If this is the first time you access Van Schaik Publishers LSM, you will need to register and set up a profile. Once your registration has been approved you will be sent an email and will then be able to request access to the resources you need for a particular book. You will also be able to request access to the resources of additional books using your profile.
We welcome any suggestions regarding new or additional resources. For any queries or feedback please contact our digital publisher at firstname.lastname@example.org. The material available varies from book to book and may also be developed further over time.
If you are uncertain about the registration and access request procedures, please download the LSM Manual.
Lecturer Support Material is available free to lecturers who lecture on courses where the book is prescribed but samples are also available should you wish to review what is available as part of your prescribed book selection process. Please contact your Marketer for access to the sample LSM.
Student requests for LSM will not be entertained and any attempts by students to access lecturer support material will be reported to a student’s lecturer or to the Head of Department. | <urn:uuid:be47955b-3f9b-4680-b968-0c81756466d4> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://vanschaiknet.com/book/view/159 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.880186 | 709 | 2.59375 | 3 |
After almost 70 years, the Mohawk community of Kahnawake has reclaimed a piece of land that was expropriated for the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway.
More than 485 hectares (1,200 acres) were lost, as well as access to the river which had devastating impacts on the Kanien’kehá:ka community and the environment.
Now the community is celebrating the completion of the Tekakwitha Island and Bay Restoration project, which began construction in 2020 after years of research and planning by the Kahnawake Environment Protection Office (KEPO).
Patrick Ragaz, general manager of field science at KEPO, says that 15 years ago, community members started raising concerns about the water flow in the bay after it appeared to be stagnating – and aquatic plants had also begun to grow.
“It was interfering with paddling, swimming, fishing, and other activities that were taking place in the bay,” Ragaz said during a recent press conference. “We knew that the seaway was a contributing factor and some of the specifics of that. Having the bay outlet into the seaway directly, the Chateauguay River upstream that is contributing a lot of those sediments and nutrients from agricultural fields sort of set the conditions for the situation that we were experiencing.”
During the seaway construction in the 1950s, blasted rock and clay fill were dumped into the St. Lawrence River, which covered and combined a small archipelago of natural islands and created Tekakwitha Island and bay, according to KEPO.
“(It) became a rocky, flat, and fairly inhospitable place for the next almost 70 years,” he said.
Mohawk Council of Kahnawake Chief Cody Diabo, who holds the environment portfolio at council, called the completion of the project a “milestone” for the community.
“When the bay was first finished, I actually took my family on a walk, and for the first time coming to the island since I was a little child, I saw corn growing in the back. And to me, that was a sign that we were doing something really good for nature, for mother earth, for the environment,” Diabo said.
“To be able to see something growing, some sustenance that is dear to Onkwehón:we people and Kanien’kehá:ka people, corn growing here where it was, essentially, barren for a while.”
Ragaz said that KEPO worked with the St-Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation to increase the flow in the seaway itself, which, in turn, increased the flow in the bay.
Part of the project also consisted of dredging a channel through a section of the bay where sediment was thickest. KEPO also harvested aquatic plants in an effort to concentrate the water flow in the channel.
“We wanted to improve the habitat on the island as well both for wildlife and the community so that it could be more thoroughly enjoyed,” Ragaz said.
Ragaz said that some of the elements that were added include a large linear pond and marsh, a turtle nesting ground, and a community beach. KEPO also implemented invasive species control.
According to KEPO, most of the funding came from the federal government, as well as other sources, including CDPQ Infra, a subsidiary of Quebec’s pension fund manager, the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec.
However, not everyone in the community is satisfied with the results of the project.
Sharon Rice, the manager of the Onake Paddling Club, said that they continue to deal with an overgrowth of weeds.
“Our biggest problem is the weeds, the control of weeds. It gives us problems with any boat with rudders, gives trouble to the safety boats because they have propellers so the weeds get caught in that,” Rice said.
So, when KEPO announced that they would be dredging the bay – where the club is located – Rice said that they were very excited.
“However, the only dredging that was done took place 1,000 meters up the river, and it had no effect on us,” she explained.
Diabo acknowledged that there is dissatisfaction with some of the elements of the project but said that they will continue to work on remaining issues like the stagnant water.
For his part, Ragaz said that he was very happy that after so many years the project had finally come to fruition. “What I am most proud of is just seeing the wildlife coming back to the features that have been created,” he said.” | <urn:uuid:ff5fc0f0-cfb1-4ddd-9945-f59ba9eb1dfc> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/kanienkehaka-reclaims-land-lost-to-construction-of-the-st-lawrence-seaway/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.98213 | 989 | 2.671875 | 3 |
8th Grade Curriculum Highlights
The students complete exercises and final projects that will show students' higher level understanding of the elements and principals of art.
The year long visual arts curriculum is based around the national art standards and includes elements of art, history and design.
The curriculum is designed to engage students in creative problem solving and collaboration using the design process. These skills also help students to focus, commit, and follow through with an idea, encouraging a growth mindset.
- Medieval illuminations- letter design with metallic decoration
- Islamic tile prints- linoleum cutting in rotational designs
- Plaster masks- paper clay and recycled materials
- Acrylic painting inspired by Hubble Space Telescope photographs and Aboriginal art
- Pastel landscape inspired by French Impressionism
- Heliographic printing- sun prints with water color concentrate
- Contour portrait with acetate and text
- Interdisciplinary project with language arts-Journal and paper making
- Two-point perspective cityscapes | <urn:uuid:93bd321d-d431-418c-aaa2-123c33e581c9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.carlisle.k12.ma.us/Page/1640 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.905875 | 205 | 3.5625 | 4 |
After decades of technical development, superconductors – materials that can carry far more electricity than similarly sized copper wires – are being integrated into electricity transmission and distribution grids.
On Monday, American Superconductor Corp. (NSDQ: AMSC) announced its biggest sale yet of superconducting wire meant to transmit electricity at high voltages across long distances – 80,000 meters of wire going to South Korea.
The wire will be used by LS Cable to make cable for a distribution system for national utility Korea Electric Power Corp., expected to be up and running in 2010. It's the single biggest superconductor wire order ever, meant to create the longest-ever superconductor distribution system, nearly a half-mile long, American Superconductor announced.
While the Devens, Mass.-based company was founded in 1987 to commercialize superconductors, it now makes most of its money licensing its wind turbine designs to other manufacturers – mainly Chinese companies at this point – and selling ancillary power equipment (see American Superconductor: The Quiet Wind Player).
Still, the company's superconductor wires, which can carry up to 150 times more electricity than similarly sized copper wires, are in use in a number of grid applications.
In 2006, utility American Electric Power installed superconductor cable using American Superconductor's wires for distribution-level system. And in July, New York's Long Island Power Authority started up the first underground transmission voltage level superconductor cable system using the company's wires.
Despite the extra cost of making and cooling the high-temperature cables, the savings in delivering power in a narrow underground right of way, rather than through massive overhead transmission lines, made it worth the utility's while, said Jason Fredette, American Superconductor director of investor and media relations.
That project, along with the South Korea project, puts the company "on the threshold of commercial success with superconducting cables," he said – though he added that he expects utilities to wait for such projects to be proven in the field before that happens.
Beyond transmission, superconducting cables have characteristics that suit them for use as fault current limiters to prevent current surges caused by grid breakdowns. That's because superconductors actually stop being superconductors and start resisting current when that current grows too great.
The New York utility wants to test the system as part of the $39 million, Department of Homeland Security-funded project HYDRA, which aims to give New York City's power grid the ability to withstand disruptions either natural or man-made.
IN 2007, Zenergy subsidiary SC Power, based in Sam Mateo, Calif., got $500,000 from the California Energy Commission, along with $11 million from the Department of Energy, to study the technology for California's power grid.
That DOE funding round also included a total of $21.7 million for American Superconductor to develop fault current limiter and power delivery equipment, and the company has worked on project Hydra as well.
Of course, utilities are notorious for being slow to adopt new technologies. Both American Superconductor and Zenergy have faced losses in recent quarters as they've sought to build up their utility business.
American Superconductor in February reported a loss of $17.9 million for the first nine months of fiscal year 2008, compared to a $23.6 million loss in the same period in 2007. Revenue for the first nine months of 2008 grew to $109.8 million from $62.5 million in the same period in 2007.
Zenergy reported a loss of €2.5 million ($3.2 million) on revenues of €1.04 million ($1.3 million) for the first six months of 2008, compared to a loss of €1.8 million ($2.3 million) on revenues of €94,000 ($122,000) in the first six months of 2007. | <urn:uuid:48cfa781-8b4e-46c8-941c-e158204ff7d6> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/superconductors-for-the-grid-6075 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.93397 | 806 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Tropical forests play an important role in the global carbon cycle. High-resolution remote sensing techniques, e.g., spaceborne lidar, can measure complex tropical forest structures, but it remains a challenge how to interpret such information for the assessment of forest biomass and productivity. Here, we develop an approach to estimate basal area, aboveground biomass and productivity within Amazonia by matching 770,000 GLAS lidar (ICESat) profiles with forest simulations considering spatial heterogeneous environmental and ecological conditions. This allows for deriving frequency distributions of key forest attributes for the entire Amazon. This detailed interpretation of remote sensing data improves estimates of forest attributes by 20–43% as compared to (conventional) estimates using mean canopy height. The inclusion of forest modeling has a high potential to close a missing link between remote sensing measurements and the 3D structure of forests, and may thereby improve continent-wide estimates of biomass and productivity.
Tropical forests store a large amount of carbon1. Understanding and predicting the spatial variability of tropical forest biomass is hence important for the assessment of the global carbon cycle2. The consideration of three-dimensional structural information of forests has proven to be essential for carbon stock estimates to reflect successional states and differences in forest structure such as tree height3,4,5.
The lidar system Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) onboard the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) has contributed to identifying variability of forest height metrics in space to derive several biomass maps of tropical forests6,7,8 and complement traditional remote sensing techniques (passive optical instruments)9,10 that monitor land-cover changes11,12 and productivity of vegetation13,14,15,16.
However, assessing forest biomass with lidar confronts several challenges. These arise, among others, from the fact that the interpretation of lidar remote sensing measurements is based on statistical relations (e.g., height to biomass) that are derived from field inventory data. Although nowadays valuable inventory data exist (e.g., ForestPlots17), those inventory data are rarely available at the same spatial extent and at the location of the lidar measurements, in particular, in large regions such as the Amazon rainforest. Second, field inventories often do not follow a systematic spatial sampling strategy to reveal landscape patterns18. Third, biomass maps derived from remote sensing mainly build on a general pan-topical relation between AGB and a lidar height metric although it is known that these can vary for different regions, e.g., due to variations in tree wood densities19,20,21.
The combination of lidar measurements and forest modeling provides new possibilities22,23. It allows for including canopy height information from remote sensing, on the one hand, e.g.24, and for considering regional differences in ecological characteristics (e.g., mortality, turn-over, wood density) as observed in the field, e.g.25, on the other hand. In a recent study26, a forest model has been applied under spatially variable environmental conditions on the entire Amazon rainforest in order to link simulated forests stands with a canopy height map27 derived from GLAS lidar. The integration of forest modeling was a first step toward bridging a gap across different spatial scales of field inventories and lidar remote sensing. Nevertheless, it also implies uncertainties as one canopy height may be associated with different forest stands, including different species compositions and biomass values. Hence, this previous study considers upper canopy information but ignores sub-canopy structures28. Empirical remote-sensing studies have shown that various metrics derived from waveforms are needed to describe the structure of a forest29 and, therefore, should be assimilated into ecosystem models24.
Owing to increasing computational capacities, we are now able to explore the integration of entire canopy profiles within a forest model at large spatial scales, such as the Amazon rainforest. In this study, we use canopy profiles recorded by GLAS lidar30 in order to assess the biomass distribution of the Amazon. The Amazon-wide version26 of the forest model FORMIND31,32 is used to simulate forest dynamics at the scale of a GLAS lidar shot (a circular area of 65 m diameter) from which we reconstruct full lidar profiles. We match ~770,000 lidar profiles in the Amazon (GLAS) with simulated profiles. For every lidar shot, we then derive probability distributions of potential forest attributes (here: aboveground biomass (AGB), stem volume (SV), basal area (BA), gross primary productivity (GPP), and aboveground woody productivity (AWP)). The approach is used to address the two primary questions: (1) How much information about forests (AGB, SV, BA, GPP, AWP) can be derived from full lidar profiles? (2) Can we reduce the uncertainties in estimates of forest attributes when using entire profiles as compared with using solely mean canopy height (MCH)? Among all forest attributes tested, we find the highest uncertainties for AGB estimations. The uncertainties decrease with increasing forest height. We further show that we can extract more information from entire profiles than just a single lidar metric.
The uncertainty index ε
Each GLAS lidar profile in the Amazon rainforest was compared with profiles derived from simulated forest succession to filter out the potential successional states of forests (Fig. 1). The best matches were then taken to estimate forest attributes, e.g., AGB. It is hence possible to derive a probability distribution for biomass at each ICESat shot (Fig. 2). The analysis shows that for some locations the best matches reveal a clear successional state of the forest for which simulated biomass values differ only slightly (Fig. 2b). Other locations, on the other hand, show ambiguities. Although matched simulated profiles look similar, simulated forest biomass values differ (Fig. 2a). We used the coefficient of variation of the probability distribution of forest attributes to define an uncertainty index ε (Fig. 1; (3)). A regional analysis (Fig. 2c, d) reveals that the uncertainty index of AGB εAGB is highest along the Arc of Deforestation in the south–east, in central Amazon along the Amazon river and in the north–west. Ambiguousness of profiles has less influence on biomass values on the Guyana Shield and in the south–west toward the Andes.
Amazon-wide forest attributes
Our approach allows for deriving frequency distributions for AGB, BA, and AWP of the entire Amazon (Fig. 3, Supplementary Fig. 1 for SV and GPP). AGB values reach up to 520 t ha−1 with a mean value of 120 t ha−1, BA up to 52 m² ha−1 with a mean of 17 m² ha−1, and AWP up to 8.7 tC ha−1 a−1 with a mean of 4.4 tC ha−1 a−1. The frequency distributions of the uncertainty of BA εBA and of aboveground wood productivity (AWP) εAWP have a clear defined peak at below 20%, whereas the distribution of εAGB displays a wider span between 12 and 44%.
Further analyses show that the ambiguity in forest attributes decreases with increasing MCH of forests with the exception of AWP (Supplementary Fig. 2). Forests with a MCH < 15 m show highest ambiguity. Uncertainty εAGB also decreases with increasing AGB while in terms of standard deviation (absolute values) it is more or less constant for all AGB values (Supplementary Fig. 3).
The mean uncertainty of AGB over all lidar profiles is ~47% (Fig. 4). However, when profiles with a MCH < 15 m are excluded, overall uncertainty is ~20%. Mean εBA and εSV are around and εGPP is below 30%. εBA decreases to 12% (εGPP to 20%) for profiles with a MCH > 15 m. Uncertainty of AWP is below 20% for all profiles. We find that profile-derived values are ~20–43% more accurate than MCH-derived values, e.g., εBA decreases from 45 to 32% and εAWP from 30 to 17%.
The investigation across the Amazon shows that lidar profiles with a 65 m footprint can reveal carbon stocks and productivity of forests (MCH > 15 m) with a profile-matching uncertainty of ~20%. The derived uncertainty index of BA is even <15%.
Forest stands can include different tree species that differ in wood densities. For example, when a forest stand is dominated by pioneer species, biomass will be low because pioneer species tend to have low wood densities33. Thus, forest biomass values may differ although their tree size distributions and hence lidar profiles are the same (Fig. 2a). In the following, we refer to this effect as species-induced uncertainty. This effect alone, however, is not sufficient to explain the uncertainty in estimating biomass from lidar profiles. BA is a forest attribute that is independent of its species’ wood densities but anyhow shows a mean uncertainty of ~ 15%. That means that a canopy profile can refer to different tree height distributions within the footprint, an effect which we call structure-induced uncertainty.
The quantified uncertainty of biomass is ~45% (20% for shots of MCH > 15 m), whereas the overall uncertainty of BA is ~3/4 of the uncertainty of biomass. As BA is the only forest attribute in this study that is independent of species wood densities and composition, this is a first indication that most of the profile ambiguity in biomass is structure-induced and only around 1/4 is species-induced (Fig. 4).
We find that the uncertainty of profile-derived biomass, BA, stem volume, and gross primary productivity decrease with increasing MCH (Fig. 4, Supplementary Fig. 2). This observation can be related to the variation of tree densities and gap dynamics in natural forests. Forest gaps show a high density of trees34 so that the amount of possibilities to form a particular lidar profile is larger than for a few large trees. In addition, larger trees mainly occur in later successional state, which can only be reached by a few species. Consequently, forests of low canopy height reveal a higher structural- and species-induced ambiguity than forests that are only dominated by a few large trees.
The determined uncertainty of AWP is the lowest of all forest attributes (Fig. 4).The lidar profile quantifies how light penetrates into the forests. In other words, it reflects the amount of light that is absorbed by the forest. That means that AWP is mainly influenced by the forest light climate35 and less by the forest’s species or structure. Consequently, the information content of the entire profile is of central importance for the estimation of productivity. This results in a low uncertainty for AWP of ~ 17%. GPP, on the other hand, seems to be stronger controlled by the forest’s species and structure.
The presented approach has several advantages. First, the full-profile approach encompasses a vast amount of forest states and reveals ambiguities of profiles. It thereby considers more forest stands than previous studies that often interpret remote sensing data based on statistical relations derived from a limited number of inventory plots (e.g.,36). This is of particular advantage in the Amazon region where the access of forests is limited and inventories of mature forest stands are often favored37. A comparison of inventory-based BA estimates with nearby GLAS-derived estimates (Supplementary Fig. 7) shows that the field inventory represents only one potential successional state while several GLAS shots reveal a highly heterogeneous forest. Empirical studies may benefit from this interpretation of lidar profiles and could take our quantification of uncertainties into account in the future. However, please note that our analysis here is performed for large footprints (65 m diameter). Uncertainties for such lidar footprints are potentially lower than those associated with smaller footprints owing to averaging effects38.
Second, our approach allows for quantifying information content of entire lidar profiles. We have shown that values derived from an entire profile are up to 43% more accurate than when taking solely MCH as a proxy (Fig. 4). Thus, assimilating entire lidar waveforms is beneficial for estimates of actual AGB and productivity for large regions. For example, it reduces uncertainties of our previous approaches where sub-canopy structures were ignored and only aggregated values on 40 m × 40 m patches were considered26,39.
Third, our approach is transferable to other spatial scales. Integrating forest models into the quantification of forest attributes from lidar will gain in importance with upcoming remote sensing missions. The GEDI mission, for example, will provide measurements for vegetation structure at a high resolution of 20 m40. We believe that taking the entire profile into account will reduce uncertainties related to structure-induced ambiguities. Species-induced ambiguities may be reduced by deriving leaf traits from future missions by hyperspectral measurements (e.g., EnMAP)41.
Beside the uncertainties quantified here, estimates from lidar remote sensing have further sources of uncertainty: geolocation error, edge effects42, instrument errors, errors in allometries43. Our uncertainty index ε quantifies structure- and species-induced uncertainties. It does not include geolocation errors that are mainly associated with inventory-based lidar studies (as in ref. 38). Additional analyses have shown that the influence of changing the simulated footprint size (from 65 m to 60 m), and uncertainties that are related to the matching algorithm, are rather negligible (Supplementary Fig. 4). Note that proper uncertainty analyses on edge effects, footprint sizes, and tree allometries are limited by a high computational demand. Uncertainties of tree allometries may add another error for AGB of 10–20%18.
Uncertainty in tree allometries is a common source of model structural and parameter uncertainties in dynamic vegetation models44. New approaches based on terrestrial laser scanning45 will help to reduce allometric uncertainties in the future. However, in large-scale mapping projects that are based on spaceborne lidar, it remains a challenge to account for regional differences in allometries. As recently suggested, fusion of lidar remote sensing with forest models could contribute to improving our knowledge46.
Our individual-based approach tackles the challenge of including spatial variable species dynamics. However, at the same time this complexity is limited by structural simplifications like categorizing tree species into mean early-, mid-, and late-successional plant functional types (PFT, aggregation approach). Model structural uncertainties are a matter of finding the right balance between simplification and complexity. A previous study47 suggests to use at least one group that represents early successional tree species. Increasing the amount of PFTs by adding undergrowth shade-tolerant species could affect the derived uncertainty of AGB, GPP, and AWP, but at the same time this complexity relies on additional uncertain tree allometries of those tree species. A further simplification of our approach is that it does not consider the influence of nutrients on forest growth48.
We conclude that forest modeling is a powerful tool to explore and quantify the information content of canopy profiles observed by lidar. Our approach complements inventory-based statistical approaches6,49,50 by including a vast variety of forest successional states. Ecosystem modeling approaches have previously only used MCH as a proxy24,26. By making use of full lidar profiles, our approach advances the usage of lidar remote sensing for a high-resolution quantification of forest biomass and productivity.
The study area covers forests in South America that are categorized as rainforest or moist deciduous rainforest (according to the FAO definition), have an annual mean temperature above 18 °C and are located at an elevation below 1000 m26,51.
Lidar data have been derived from GLAS measurements on board ICESat between 2003 and 2006. We here use only lidar shots that fell into the Amazon region as defined above. Lidar shots have a footprint of ~65 m in diameter, an along-track distance of ~175 m and a between-track distance of ~30 km30. We used filtered data that exclude data of low quality (as in ref. 52) and over steep slope (>10°), and that exclude leaf-off season derived from MODIS phenology. In order to reduce data volume, each energy profile was reconstructed from a set of Gaussian fitting parameters (the GLAS14 data product) to retrieve individual waveform30. In addition, we eliminated out all shots with a MCH shorter than 5 m. This results in 771,521 lidar shots in total.
The Amazon-wide forest model
The Amazon-wide version of the individual-based forest model FORMIND26 was used to simulate forest dynamics throughout all successional states. It has been set up to reproduce stem size distributions, biomass, and BA at different successional states at four different locations in the Amazon region. Forest dynamics evolve from individual tree growth and establishment, competition for light and space, and natural tree mortality31,32. Spatially variable insolation (photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD) drives tree growth and competition for light, while precipitation and the clay fraction of soil drive individual tree mortality. AGB, SV, BA, GPP, and AWP can be analyzed at every successional state at different spatial resolutions (e.g., 0.16 ha, 1 ha, 1 km2 in ref. 28). The forest model has been validated for aboveground tree biomass and BA with forest inventory data26 and cross-compared for productivity with other studies39.
The Amazon rainforest was stratified into areas of similar environmental conditions to reduce computational effort: mean annual precipitation, clay fraction, and mean annual PPFD26. The forest model’s input (PPFD, precipitation, clay fraction of soil) is variable in space, but constant in time. This resulted in 1280 areas in total for each of which 1 km² of forest succession, including individual trees with a diameter > 10 cm, was simulated representatively from bare ground over 2500 years. Approximately every 100 years, the simulated area was partly disturbed in order to cover all potential successional states as in ref. 53. Thus, a representative simulation run was assigned to each 1-km² grid cell across South American tropical forests.
Deriving waveform from the forest model
For the simulation of the lidar waveforms we used the approach derived by Knapp et al. 53. The forest stand is described as a three-dimensional voxel space, considering positions and crown dimensions of all trees. The voxels have a side length of 1 m and are filled representing the canopy. The reflected energy from each voxel is modeled as an exponential decay function (Beer-Lambert’s law). To account for the characteristics of a GLAS footprint the following procedures were applied: a circular area of 65 m diameter30 around the center of each simulated hectare was sampled. That means that we only use a subplot of each simulated hectare of the Amazon-wide forest model in order to consider the same spatial scale as a GLAS lidar shot. As the footprint can vary from 50 to 65 m varying from ellipsoid to circular54, we additionally tested our approach with a 60 m footprint (Supplementary Fig. 4). The contribution of each voxel to reflection was weighted based on the horizontal distance to the pulse center using a 2-dimensional Gaussian function (SD = 1/4 × diameter of footprint) resulting in full contribution in the center and a decreased contribution at the edge. Energy of all voxels per 1-m height layer was added up and the derived waveform was finally normalized by the total sum to obtain relative energy per height layer. For each of the 1280 areas, we simulated one hundred footprints of 65 m radius over 2500 years at a 5-year time step. These sum up to 64 million simulated footprints in total. Note that in the current version, the forest model simulates forest succession under stable climatic condition on yearly time steps. Hence, our approach does not consider any intra-annual changes in canopy profiles as observed in lidar profiles by Tang & Dubayah30.
Identifying successional states with lidar profiles
Each ICESat lidar profile was compared with simulated lidar profiles of local forest succession (100 representative simulated footprints over 2500 years). The similarities of normalized (by total area including ground return) observed and simulated profiles were determined by quantifying their relative overlap above 5 m (intersection area divided by union area, Eq. (1)):
where Orel is the relative overlap of the lidar observed and simulated profile. Eobs is the lidar observed relative energy at height h, and Esim is the simulated relative energy at height h. We here assumed height classes of 1 m.
An analysis has shown that we can find a best relative overlap of >70% for 93% of all GLAS shots (Supplementary Fig. 5b; example for a 70% overlap in Supplementary Fig. 6; relationship between overlap and uncertainty see Supplementary Fig. 9). Consequently, we took the 50 best matching simulated profiles with an overlap above the threshold of 70% (Fig. 2 left) to identify potential successional states of the forest and their attributes, e.g., aboveground biomass. Supplementary Fig. 5a demonstrates the sensitivity of the uncertainty index to taking 50 samples. An upper limit needed to be set in order to handle forests in different successional stages equally as old growth forests occurred more frequent in our simulations than early successional stages. In order to account for uncertainties of the matching algorithm, the approach was additionally tested for a threshold of 60 and 80% (Supplementary Fig. 4a). If the relative overlap with a simulated profile was below the threshold, only the three best matches were taken. For each GLAS lidar profile, we hence derived up to 50 matching forest attribute values from our forest model. The distinctness or uncertainty of a forest attribute is then expressed as its coefficient of variation (CV) of all these values (Fig. 1; (3)). This CV is defined as the uncertainty index ε (see Supplementary Figs. 10 and 11 for an additional uncertainty (quartile coefficient of dispersion) that was tested in the framework of this study). Beside the profile-derived uncertainty index, we additionally determined the ambiguity of forests states of the 50 best matches when taking solely one height metric, here the MCH.
We tested the validity of the approach by comparing observed BA at 140 inventory plots20,55 against simulated values derived from the nearest lidar shots (Supplementary Figs. 7 and 8). We consider all lidar shots that are located in a distance smaller than 3 km around the inventory as the locations of the lidar shots do not match the exact locations of inventory data and coordinates of the inventory sites come with uncertainties18.
Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.
The FORMIND model is freely available on http://formind.org/downloads/.
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This study was supported by the Helmholtz-Alliance Remote Sensing and Earth System Dynamics HA-310 under the funding reference RA37012. NK was supported by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) under the funding reference 50EE1416. We acknowledge the efforts of the TEAM, RAINFOR, and ATDN projects making inventory data sets available. We also thank Michael Müller for technical support. R.D. and H.T. were supported by a NASA contract to the University of Maryland for the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (#NNL15AA03C) in addition to support from NASA’s New Investigator Program (#80NSSC18K0708) to H.T.
The authors declare no competing interests.
Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Uta Berger and Benjamin Poulter for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.
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Rödig, E., Knapp, N., Fischer, R. et al. From small-scale forest structure to Amazon-wide carbon estimates. Nat Commun 10, 5088 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13063-y | <urn:uuid:3c1d74a9-eced-4d24-8152-269d8fabe481> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13063-y?error=cookies_not_supported&code=e7f3b4e3-af2a-41fe-ada7-cc9f77da3f21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.87514 | 7,754 | 2.703125 | 3 |
We’ve “fetched” seven fun canine facts to share with you. You may know some of these already, and others may be new info for your trivia bank…
Contrary to popular belief, dogs are not colour-blind. [Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica]
Dogs are not colour-blind in the sense that they see more than just black, white and grey. However, the range they perceive is different from ours. Human eyes have three types of cones so we can see red, blue and green. Dogs are only able to discern yellows and blues. This is called dichromatic vision. Reds and greens are not distinguishable to dogs and instead appear somewhere on their yellow to blue spectrum.
Human yawns are contagious for domestic dogs! It is four times as likely to happen when it is the yawn of a person he or she knows. [Source: Scientific American]
Dogs are amongst few species that have displayed signs of contagious yawning. The exclusive list contains humans, chimpanzees, stumptail macaques and gelada baboons.
A Greyhound could beat a Cheetah in a long-distance race. [Source: Psychology Today]
Greyhounds are superb long-distance runners and can keep a speed of 35 mph for up to seven miles. Cheetahs, while incredibly fast, can only keep their speed for around 200 to 300 yards (274 meters) or less than two-tenths of a mile.
A wet nose helps with scent detection. Your dog’s nose secretes a thin layer of mucous that helps to absorb scent chemicals. [Source: Vetstreet]
Dogs rely on scent to explore, and a wet nose helps to optimise the effectiveness of the dog’s olfactory system. A damp surface helps to attract and hold scent particles, making it easier to pick up odours while sniffing. There are up to 300 million sensory receptors in a dog’s nasal cavity; humans only have 6 million.
Petting a dog can lower your blood pressure. [Source: WebMD]
While we all know that petting a dog feels good, but did you know that it can also lower your blood pressure? The petting action helps your body release a relaxation hormone and cuts down on levels of a stress hormone.
Dogs have about 1700 taste buds! [Source: Woof Report]
As in the case of humans, your dog’s sense of taste depends upon special receptors called “taste buds.” Dogs have around 1700 taste buds while cats average only about 470.
Dogs have at least 18 muscles in each ear! [Source: The Bark]
Up to 18 muscles control the ears of dogs while humans have only six and can only move their ears slightly. Dogs can tilt and rotate their ears to funnel the sound into the inner ear more efficiently. | <urn:uuid:ca1a07e1-325d-4736-a592-afe86e2b9922> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.parkvetgroup.com/news-events/150-seven-interesting-dog-facts-for-you-to-ponder | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.944485 | 599 | 3.21875 | 3 |
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In the majority of cases, the best way to prevent motion sickness is by using properly prescribed motion sickness medication before motion that could make a person feel ill starts. However, these motion sickness prevention tips may help minimize symptoms as well:
- Using visual fixation (for example, watching the distant horizon on a rocking boat or sitting in the driver’s seat and looking ahead while in a motor vehicle)
- Choosing a seat where motion is felt least (such as the front seat of a car, a seat over the wings in an airplane, or the forward/ middle cabin or upper deck of a ship)
- Keeping the head and body as still as possible
- Sitting face forward and in a reclining position
- Not reading
- Getting fresh air by opening a window, opening an air vent, or going to a ship’s top deck
- Not drinking alcoholic beverages (because it can aggravate nausea)
- Eating small amounts of low-fat, bland, starchy foods and not eating strong-smelling or strong-tasting foods
- Avoiding food and drink on short airplane trips, especially on small airplanes
- Possibly, not smoking
Transderm Scōp® is available at Passport Health locations nationwide. Make sure motion sickness prevention is a part of your pre-travel health plan!
Passport Health – Motion Sickness Prevention
“I call for the first time and I needed a vaccine and something for motion sickness. The person on the phone was very nice and to give a appointament for shot in the same day. I will be going overseas. The doctor was good, the best.”
“Nurse gave all the information about vaccines, side effects and which ones were recommended for travel. Even provided motion sickness pills. Good experience.”
*Based on clinical studies
Important Safety Information:
A prescription is needed. A safe and effective dose has not been established in the pediatric population. Do not use Transderm Scōp® if you have an eye problem called angle closure glaucoma, if you are allergic to any of the ingredients in Transderm Scōp® or other medicines called belladonna alkaloids. The most common side effects of using Transderm Scōp® include: dry mouth, drowsiness, disorientation (confusion), blurred vision, pharyngitis, memory trouble, dizziness, restlessness, agitation, problems urinating, skin rashes or redness, application site, burning, dry itchy, or reddened whites of the eyes, and eye pain. You should not drink alcohol while using Transderm Scōp®. lt can increase your chances of having serious side effects. You should not drive, operate heavy machinery, or do other dangerous activities until you know how Transderm Scōp® affects you. You should not use Transderm Scōp® during a Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan (MRI}. Remove Transderm Scōp® patch before undergoing an MRI; it can cause your skin to burn. You should be careful if you use Transderm Scōp® while you participate in watersports because you may feel lost or confused (disoriented). Limit contact with water while swimming and bathing because the Transderm Scōp® patch may fall off. If the patch falls off, throw it away and apply a new one on the hairless area behind your other ear. Transderm Scōp® should be used with caution in the elderly because of the increased likelihood of CNS effects, such as hallucinations, confusion and dizziness. Clinical trials of Transderm Scōp® did not include sufficient number of subjects aged 65 years and older to determine if they respond differently from younger subjects.
“Motion Sickness.” University of Maryland Medical Center. University of Maryland School of Medicine. 7 May 2013.
Beers MH, Fletcher AJ, Jones TV, Porter R, Berkwits M, Kaplan JL, eds. Dizziness and Vertigo. In: The Merck Manual—Second Home Edition [online version].Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co Inc; 2014. Revised January 2014. Available at: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries_and_poisoning /motion_sickness/motion_sickness.html. Accessed April 9, 2014. | <urn:uuid:86c58ffc-863e-42d2-ae4c-fca2b10405fd> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.passporthealthusa.com/travel-medicine/motion-sickness-medicine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.922134 | 1,427 | 3.09375 | 3 |
As has been the case since January, there is widespread skepticism that either Clinton or Trump would make a good president.
Just 27% of registered voters say Trump would be a great or good president; 15% say he would be average, while 12% say he would be poor and 43% say he would be terrible.
Views of a potential Hillary Clinton presidency are only somewhat less negative. About three-in-ten (31%) say she would be a great or good president, compared with 22% who say she would be average and 12% who think she would make a poor president. A third of voters (33%) say Clinton would be terrible as president – 10 points lower than the share who say this about Trump.
These numbers are little changed since March, when about a quarter said Donald Trump would be a “great” (10%) or “good” (16%) president and about a third said the same about Hillary Clinton (11% great, 22% good). As was the case in the spring, more say either candidate would make a poor or terrible president than say either would make a good or great one.
Supporters of Trump and Clinton are confident that their preferred candidate would make a great or good president. A 68%-majority of those supporting Trump say he would make a great (23%) or good (45%) president. This is similar to the positive views Clinton supporters have of their candidate: 69% say she would be a great (24%) or good (45%) president.
Nonetheless, both Trump and Clinton supporters are more likely to say the opposing candidate would make a terrible president than to say their own candidate would make a good or great one. An overwhelming majority of Clinton supporters (83%) say they believe Trump would make a “terrible” president. A slightly smaller – though still wide – majority of Trump supporters (72%) say they believe Clinton would be a terrible president if elected.
Younger Clinton supporters are somewhat less likely than older supporters to say that she would be a great or good president. Three-quarters (75%) of Clinton supporters age 50 and older say she would make a good or great president; 63% of Clinton backers under the age of 50 say this.
Most say Clinton would continue Obama’s policies if elected
Two-thirds of voters (67%) think that if Hillary Clinton were to win the presidency she would continue the policies of the Obama administration; just 27% think she would take the country in a different direction.
Among the 67% of voters who think Clinton would continue Obama’s policies, more say that this would be a bad thing (37% of all voters) than say it would be a good thing (28% of all voters).
Among Clinton’s supporters, 63% expect that she would continue Obama’s policies and most (59% 0f all Clinton supporters) say this would be a good thing.
Eight-in-ten Trump supporters (80%) say that Clinton would continue Obama’s policies if she were to be elected, but almost all of those who expect her to continue the current administration’s policies say this would be a bad thing (78% of all Trump supporters).
In September 2008, fewer than half of all registered voters (45%) thought John McCain would continue George W. Bush’s policies, if elected. At that time, a large majority of Obama supporters (79%) said McCain would continue Bush’s policies, compared with just 13% of McCain’ supporters.
Voters see chance of both candidates making major mistakes as president
Overall, 55% of voters say there is a big chance that Donald Trump would make major mistakes as president, while another 31% say there is some chance. Just 13% say there is hardly any chance that Trump would make major mistakes that would hurt the country.
Voters express slightly less concern about a Hillary Clinton presidency: 44% say there is a big chance she would make major mistakes and 32% say there is some chance. About two-in-ten (22%) say there is hardly any chance – nine points higher than the share of voters who say this about Trump.
About half of Clinton’s supporters (51%) say there is at least some chance she would make major mistakes as president, while 48% think that there is hardly any chance.
Trump supporters are somewhat more likely than Clinton supporters to say there is at least some chance their candidate would make major mistakes as president; 67% of Trump backers say this, compared with 32% who say there is hardly any chance that Trump would make major mistakes.
Most say election of a woman as president would be historically important
Less than a month after Hillary Clinton became the first female presidential nominee of a major political party, most voters (60%) say it would be either very (41%) or somewhat (21%) important historically for the country to elect a woman president.
Women (65%) are 10 points more likely than men (55%) to say the election of a woman president would be would be very or somewhat important historically. There are far wider differences in views by candidate preference.
Among Clinton supporters, fully 85% say the election of a woman would be very or somewhat important, including comparable shares of men (82%) and women (86%).
By contrast, about two-thirds (64%) of Trump supporters say the election of a woman as president would be not too or not at all important. This view is held by a majority of both men (62%) and women (67%) who support Trump. | <urn:uuid:76945b70-22aa-4c16-b081-8a92fe873f46> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2016/08/18/2-perceptions-of-the-presidential-candidates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.974862 | 1,144 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Term Paper on Natural Gas
Gas Term Paper:
Natural gas is the complex of gases which have formed in the anaerobic decomposition of the organic substances. The gas is known to consist of the certain percentage of the gas mixture – methane, ethane, propane, butane, etc. Natural gas is applied in the sphere of energy supply, fuel industry, heavy and constructing industry and of course for the domestic purposes. Due to the discovery of the natural gas and its qualities, the humanity managed to provide itself with energy and fuel profoundly. Before that, the role of gas fulfilled wood, straw, and coal. Natural gas is supposed to be more effective and it does not cause harm to the natural environment in comparison with coal, the burning of which pollutes the atmosphere. Very often natural gas is founded alongside with oil and it is often called the secondary product of oil. It is quite difficult to extract natural gas, because it can be found on the depth from 1 to 6 km below the planet’s surface.
The most common way of transportation of the gas is the pipe way. The gas is transported around the continent in this way and when there is the need to transport it in the intercontinental level or extremely long distances it is transported by tankers. The richest gas basins existing on the planet are found in Russia. The second richest country in this aspect is Iran. The USA, Canada and Norway close this statistics. Natural gas is extremely harmful for the human health if it is released in the room poor in oxygen. Moreover, it is extremely important to follow the rules while using natural gas, because its explosive power is so high that the explosion can destroy the whole block of flats and cause many deaths.
Natural gas is an interesting topic for the research, because the student is able to get to know about the production, transportation and strong and weak sides of the gas which is so praised in the society. The student can dwell on the creation, the geography, the physical characteristics of natural gas and study in what spheres the gas is applied on practice. The research should be as objective as possible in order to make it informative and worth professor’s attention.
Every student who has chosen the topic on natural gas for the research will have troubles with the organization of his term paper. Fortunately, the Internet is able to assist young people in writing and suggest a free example term paper on natural gas prepared by the experienced writer online. The young person can succeed in writing and composition of the text observing the manner of writing of a free sample term paper on natural gas. | <urn:uuid:3fd1fe53-9b76-4d50-aaf2-12215f371755> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://yourtermpapers.com/term-paper-on-natural-gas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.954327 | 524 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Game Plan for Ensuring Drowning Protection Compliance – Insights from OHS Insider
Drowning is a major cause of unintentional deaths globally, resulting in approximately 236,000 fatalities each year, according to the World Health Organization. Many of these victims are workers who lose their lives on the job. Failing to protect workers from drowning hazards not only poses a significant risk to their safety but also exposes companies to severe occupational health and safety penalties. Just recently, Suncor, an energy sands company in Alberta, was fined a staggering $420,000 following the death of a worker who drowned when his bulldozer crashed into a tailings pond. To prevent such tragic incidents, it is crucial for employers to comply with occupational health and safety (OHS) drowning protection requirements. This article will provide an 8-step game plan for employers to ensure compliance and protect their workers from drowning hazards.
Full Article: Game Plan for Ensuring Drowning Protection Compliance – Insights from OHS Insider
Title: Protecting Workers from Drowning Hazards: An Essential 8-Step Game Plan
Drowning remains a major cause of unintentional deaths worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. Shockingly, an estimated 236,000 lives are lost every year due to drowning incidents. Tragically, many victims are workers who find themselves in precarious situations on the job. Failure to protect workers from drowning hazards not only exposes them to danger but also puts companies at risk of severe Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) penalties. The recent case of Suncor, an Alberta energy sands company, being fined $420,000 serves as a stark reminder of the consequences. Let’s delve into the OHS drowning protection requirements and an effective 8-step game plan to ensure compliance.
Step 1: Conduct a Comprehensive Drowning Hazard Assessment
The first step in safeguarding against drowning hazards is to identify and assess potential risks at the workplace. OHS regulations primarily focus on workplaces situated on land, where work is conducted near or above bodies of water with sufficient depth to cause drowning. It is important to note that these requirements currently do not apply to work aboard boats and ships, although some provinces are working towards extending the regulations to cover these areas.
Step 2: Implement Engineering Controls to Mitigate Drowning Hazards
When feasible, the best approach to hazard management is eliminating the hazard altogether. In the context of drowning protection, this could mean avoiding situations that require workers to be near or above hazardous bodies of water. If elimination is not reasonably practicable, employers should employ engineering controls. These controls may include installing guardrails, safety nets, or other physical barriers to prevent workers from falling into the water. Additionally, fall protection systems should be implemented to ensure worker safety.
Step 3: Ensure Workers Have Access to and Use Required Lifejackets & PFDs
One of the fundamental measures to protect against drowning is the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as lifejackets and personal flotation devices (PFDs). Employers are responsible for providing this equipment to workers at risk of drowning, at their own expense. It is essential, especially for workers who work alone or in isolation, to have access to lifejackets and PFDs when immediate rescue is not possible. Federal and Nova Scotia laws mandate their use not only for workers but also for visitors and other individuals who may be exposed to the risk of drowning.
Step 4: Verify that Lifejackets & PFDs Meet Required Standards
Choosing the appropriate lifejacket or PFD is crucial. It is essential to ensure that the equipment complies with the required OHS standards. In most jurisdictions, lifejackets and PFDs must be approved by Transport Canada. There are additional specifications to consider, such as color requirements, retroreflective material, and the inclusion of locator devices in certain cases.
Step 5: Train Workers on the Proper Use and Maintenance of Lifejackets & PFDs
Ensuring workers understand how to use and maintain their lifejackets and PFDs is essential for their overall safety. Employers should establish clear safety rules and policies, including guidelines for workers to follow. These guidelines should cover aspects such as proper fitting, reading manufacturer instructions, inspecting the equipment before each use, and ensuring that the lifejackets or PFDs do not interfere with the proper fit of other safety gear.
Step 6: Provide Training on Drowning Protection Rules
Every worker who is required to use a lifejacket or PFD should receive thorough training before their first use. Supervisors or qualified personnel should deliver this training, covering essential aspects such as the device’s functionality, why it must be worn, limitations, proper usage techniques, maintenance, inspection procedures, and storage requirements. It is crucial to verify that workers understand and can apply their training effectively and maintain comprehensive records of the provided training.
Step 7: Develop and Implement a Drowning Emergency Rescue Procedure
Having a well-defined emergency procedure is paramount to ensure prompt and effective response in case of a drowning incident. This procedure should consider critical factors such as water temperature, depth, flow, visibility, presence of obstacles, distance to rescue boats, means of communication, and adverse weather conditions. It is crucial to incorporate all necessary information and equip workers with the proper training to execute these emergency procedures effectively.
Step 8: Provide Essential Emergency Rescue Equipment
Equipping the worksite with the necessary rescue equipment is of utmost importance to minimize the risk of drowning incidents. Essential equipment includes an alarm or notification system to signal the need for rescue, a motorized rescue boat for rough or swift waters, and a buoyant apparatus attached to a nylon rope with a life ring or buoy, all meeting the required dimensions and specifications.
Protecting workers from drowning hazards is a critical responsibility for employers. By following this 8-step game plan, companies can ensure compliance with OHS regulations and significantly reduce the risk of drowning incidents. Prioritizing thorough hazard assessments, implementing engineering controls, providing appropriate PPE, conducting comprehensive training, and developing effective emergency procedures are key elements in safeguarding workers from the dangers of drowning. By taking these steps, employers can create a safer workplace and prevent tragic accidents.
Summary: Game Plan for Ensuring Drowning Protection Compliance – Insights from OHS Insider
Drowning is a significant and preventable cause of death worldwide, with an estimated 236,000 fatalities per year. It is important for companies to prioritize safeguarding workers from drowning hazards to avoid severe penalties. Recently, Suncor and Christina River Construction were fined for failing to protect workers from drowning. To comply with Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) requirements, companies should follow an 8-step game plan. This plan includes conducting a drowning hazard assessment, engineering away hazards, ensuring workers have and use proper lifejackets and personal flotation devices, meeting required standards, promoting proper use and maintenance, training workers, implementing emergency rescue procedures, and providing necessary rescue equipment.
Frequently Asked Questions:
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is a Drowning Protection Compliance Game Plan?
A Drowning Protection Compliance Game Plan is a comprehensive strategy designed to ensure compliance with safety regulations and practices to prevent drowning incidents in the workplace. It outlines the necessary measures, training, policies, and procedures to protect employees from drowning hazards.
2. Why is a Drowning Protection Compliance Game Plan important?
A Drowning Protection Compliance Game Plan is crucial because drowning incidents can lead to serious injuries or even fatalities. By having a well-defined plan in place, organizations can effectively mitigate drowning risks and demonstrate their commitment to workplace safety.
3. What elements should a Drowning Protection Compliance Game Plan include?
A Drowning Protection Compliance Game Plan should include a thorough assessment of the workplace for potential drowning hazards, implementation of safety measures such as barriers and signage, provision of relevant safety training, development of emergency response procedures, and regular monitoring and review of the plan’s effectiveness.
4. How can an organization ensure compliance with drowning protection regulations?
Organizations can ensure compliance with drowning protection regulations by familiarizing themselves with relevant laws and regulations, conducting regular assessments of their workplace for drowning hazards, providing appropriate safety training to employees, and implementing and maintaining a comprehensive Drowning Protection Compliance Game Plan.
5. What are the consequences of non-compliance with drowning protection regulations?
Non-compliance with drowning protection regulations can result in severe penalties, fines, and legal liabilities for organizations. Additionally, non-compliance exposes employees to unnecessary risks, potentially leading to injuries or fatalities.
6. How often should a Drowning Protection Compliance Game Plan be reviewed and updated?
A Drowning Protection Compliance Game Plan should be regularly reviewed and updated to ensure its effectiveness. As workplace conditions change, new hazards may arise, or regulations might be updated. Consequently, it is recommended to review and update the plan at least annually or whenever significant changes occur.
7. Who is responsible for implementing and monitoring a Drowning Protection Compliance Game Plan?
It is the responsibility of employers and management to implement and monitor a Drowning Protection Compliance Game Plan. However, the active participation and commitment from all employees are vital in ensuring its successful implementation and continuous improvement.
8. How can employees contribute to drowning prevention in the workplace?
Employees can contribute to drowning prevention in the workplace by actively participating in safety training, following established safety protocols, reporting potential hazards or concerns, and cooperating in regular safety inspections. Open communication and a safety-conscious culture foster a safer work environment for everyone.
9. Are there any resources available to assist with developing a Drowning Protection Compliance Game Plan?
Yes, several resources are available to assist organizations in developing a Drowning Protection Compliance Game Plan. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) authorities, industry associations, and specialized safety consultants can provide valuable guidance, templates, and best practices to ensure the plan’s effectiveness and compliance.
10. How can the OHS Insider platform help with drowning protection compliance?
The OHS Insider platform is a valuable resource that provides expert advice, tools, and resources to assist organizations in achieving compliance with occupational health and safety regulations, including drowning protection. It offers guidance on developing effective safety programs, staying updated on regulatory changes, and accessing relevant training materials. | <urn:uuid:bb94ec9f-6301-4121-ac80-d1ca8d47a156> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://aboutaburningfire.com/game-plan-for-ensuring-drowning-protection-compliance-insights-from-ohs-insider/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.916555 | 2,122 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Hazard Communication for Wastewater Collections, Sewer, and Distribution (COM 107)
Who Is It For
Anfeald’s Hazard Communication for Wastewater Collections, Sewer, and Distribution, COM 107, is for participants who work in wastewater collections, sewer, and treatment related occupations.
This class provides participants with awareness-level information on relevant chemicals and exposures. It helps successful participants meet regulatory and organizational hazard communication training requirements for private and public employers. It includes an overview of chemicals and exposures common to wastewater collections, sewer, and treatment work. Includes relevant chemical classes, chemical hazards, chemical-safety related signs and labels, how to read a safety data sheet, a review of occupational exposure limits, basic emergency response procedures for chemical contact, and related topics. Also includes crystalline silica, asbestos, hydrogen sulfide, methane, sulfur dioxide, sodium hypochlorite, and calcium hypochlorite. This is not a substitute for ANSI-compliant hydrogen sulfide awareness or state-required asbestos training.
Regulations: 29 CFR 1910.1200, 29 CFR 1926.59, 29 CFR 1910.1053, 29 CFR 1926.1153
Level: Awareness / Affected-Person
Available Format(s) and Length
- Face-to-Face: 4-hours nominal, 4-hours OSHA, 3.5-hours actual contact time, 0.35-CEU | <urn:uuid:b233ee04-85e9-44f5-9aca-932b22fcead1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://anfeald.com/hazard-communication-wastewater-collections-sewer-distribution-com-107/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.811491 | 303 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Cannabis and Fine Arts: A Look at Cannabis-Inspired Paintings and Sculptures
The History of Cannabis in Art
Throughout history, cannabis has played a significant role in inspiring and influencing artists across different artistic movements and cultures. From ancient civilizations to contemporary art, cannabis has been depicted and celebrated in various forms.
In ancient cultures such as ancient Egypt, cannabis was associated with religious rituals and believed to have mystical properties. Paintings and carvings depicted the cannabis plant as a symbol of fertility, healing, and spiritual enlightenment.
In more recent history, artists from the 20th century, such as the Surrealists and Beat Generation, explored the influence of cannabis on their creativity and artistic process. Cannabis became a source of inspiration, leading to artworks that embraced the unconventional, dreamlike, and introspective qualities.
Today, contemporary artists continue to explore cannabis themes in their works. Some focus on the cultural and social aspects of cannabis, while others delve into its therapeutic and medicinal properties. Cannabis-inspired art provides a platform for artistic expression and reflection on the plant’s impact on society.
Cannabis and the Artistic Process: Insights from Artists
Artists have long recognized the profound influence cannabis can have on their artistic process. Many artists have shared insights into how cannabis stimulates their creativity, enhances their focus, and opens their minds to new ideas.
For some artists, cannabis serves as a tool to access a state of flow, allowing them to fully immerse themselves in their artistic practice. It helps to unlock their imagination and tap into their subconscious, leading to unique and innovative artistic expressions.
Cannabis also has the ability to heighten sensory experiences, making colors more vibrant, textures more tactile, and sounds more immersive. Artists often describe how cannabis enhances their perception, allowing them to see the world through a different lens and find inspiration in the smallest details.
However, it’s important to note that the relationship between cannabis and creativity is subjective and varies among individuals. Each artist has their own unique experience and approach to incorporating cannabis into their artistic process.
Ultimately, cannabis continues to be an influential force in the world of fine arts, inspiring artists to push boundaries, challenge norms, and create thought-provoking works that capture the essence of the plant and its impact on society.
Cannabis-Inspired Painting Techniques
Cannabis has been a source of inspiration for many painters, influencing not only the subject matter but also the techniques and styles used in their artworks.
One technique commonly associated with cannabis-inspired painting is impasto. Impasto involves applying thick layers of paint onto the canvas, creating a three-dimensional texture. Artists may use cannabis-infused mediums or oils to achieve this effect, enhancing the tactile quality of the artwork.
Cannabis can also influence the color palette chosen by artists. The vibrant hues and earthy tones associated with the plant often find their way into cannabis-inspired paintings. Artists may experiment with bold and vivid colors or explore the subtle and nuanced shades found in cannabis leaves and flowers.
In addition to technique and color, cannabis can also inspire the overall style of the artwork. Some artists may adopt a psychedelic or surrealistic approach, using cannabis as a catalyst to explore altered states of consciousness and create dreamlike compositions.
The Role of Cannabis in Sculpture
While painting has often been associated with cannabis-inspired art, sculpture is another medium where cannabis can play a significant role in the artistic process.
Artists who work with clay or other moldable materials may incorporate cannabis leaves or buds into their sculptures, either as direct elements or as references to the plant’s form and symbolism. These cannabis-infused sculptures can serve as representations of nature, growth, and the interconnectedness of life.
Cannabis can also inspire sculptors to explore themes of transformation and metamorphosis. The plant’s life cycle, from seed to flower, can be metaphorically expressed through sculptures that capture the essence of growth and evolution.
In terms of technique, cannabis can influence the tactile qualities of sculptural works. Artists may experiment with different textures, from smooth and polished surfaces to rough and organic textures, to evoke the sensory experience of interacting with cannabis.
Overall, cannabis offers sculptors a rich source of inspiration, allowing them to create artworks that celebrate the beauty, symbolism, and transformative power of the plant.
Cannabis and Modern Art: A New Era of Cannabis-Inspired Art
In recent years, cannabis has emerged as a prominent theme in contemporary art, reflecting the changing attitudes and growing acceptance of the plant. Modern artists have embraced cannabis as a subject matter, exploring its cultural significance, political implications, and personal experiences.
One notable aspect of cannabis-inspired modern art is its diversity and experimentation. Artists employ various mediums, including painting, digital art, installation, and multimedia, to express their unique perspectives. They push boundaries, challenge conventions, and use cannabis symbolism to convey messages of freedom, social justice, and self-expression.
Cannabis-infused art in the modern era also reflects the evolving cannabis landscape, including the rise of cannabis as a medicinal and recreational substance. Artists explore the intersection between cannabis and wellness, exploring its therapeutic properties, and highlighting its role in self-care and personal growth.
Exploring the Intersection of Cannabis and Street Art
Street art has long been a platform for self-expression, activism, and cultural commentary, and cannabis has found its way into this vibrant art form. Cannabis-inspired street art can be seen in murals, graffiti, and installations in urban spaces, engaging with the public and igniting conversations.
Artists who work in street art often incorporate cannabis symbolism to challenge stereotypes, advocate for legalization, and celebrate the plant’s cultural significance. Cannabis leaves, joints, and related imagery become visual tools to communicate messages of unity, freedom, and creativity.
The ephemeral nature of street art aligns well with the transient nature of cannabis culture. Just as cannabis is often associated with counterculture and rebellion, street art embraces impermanence and the idea of art existing outside traditional gallery spaces.
Furthermore, cannabis and street art share a connection to underground movements and marginalized communities. The intersection of the two allows artists to give voice to the experiences and perspectives of those often overlooked or stigmatized.
Cannabis in Art Exhibitions and Museums
Cannabis-inspired art has found a place in prestigious art exhibitions and museums around the world, solidifying its significance in the art world. Curators and art institutions recognize the cultural and artistic value of cannabis-themed artworks, showcasing them alongside other influential works.
Art exhibitions dedicated to cannabis explore its historical, social, and artistic aspects. These exhibitions provide a platform for artists to express their interpretations of cannabis through paintings, sculptures, and multimedia installations. They aim to educate the public, challenge preconceived notions, and foster conversations about the plant’s role in society.
Additionally, museums have begun acquiring cannabis-inspired artworks for their permanent collections, acknowledging their cultural and artistic relevance. These artworks become part of the historical narrative and contribute to the ongoing dialogue surrounding cannabis and its impact on art.
Cannabis-Inspired Installations and Performance Art
Cannabis-inspired installations and performance art offer immersive and interactive experiences that engage the audience on multiple sensory levels. Artists create large-scale installations, transforming spaces into cannabis-themed environments, where viewers can explore the connection between art, cannabis, and personal experiences.
Installations often incorporate elements such as scent, sound, and visual effects to evoke the essence of cannabis. Artists may use materials like hemp, cannabis plants, or cannabis-related objects to create thought-provoking and multisensory installations that immerse viewers in the cannabis experience.
Performance art related to cannabis explores themes of ritual, spirituality, and introspection. Artists may incorporate live interactions with cannabis, such as consumption or rituals involving the plant, to explore its effects and provoke contemplation. Performance art serves as a medium to question societal norms, challenge perceptions, and stimulate dialogue about the plant’s influence on our lives.
Cannabis and the Art Market: A Growing Niche
The intersection of cannabis and the art market has created a growing niche that appeals to art collectors and enthusiasts alike. Cannabis-inspired artworks have gained recognition and value in the art market, attracting a diverse range of buyers and investors.
Art collectors are drawn to cannabis-themed pieces for their unique subject matter, cultural significance, and artistic expression. The demand for cannabis-inspired art has led to an increase in the number of galleries and art platforms dedicated to showcasing and selling these artworks.
Cannabis-focused art auctions and exhibitions have emerged as well, featuring a curated selection of cannabis-inspired paintings and sculptures. These events provide opportunities for artists to gain exposure and for collectors to acquire pieces that resonate with their passion for cannabis and art.
The growing interest in cannabis-inspired art has also led to collaborations between artists and cannabis brands. Artists are commissioned to create custom pieces or limited-edition prints that capture the essence of specific cannabis strains or products. This collaboration between art and cannabis cultivates a unique market segment within the art world. | <urn:uuid:3bdf496e-7383-44fb-bf45-2fb7c8f6a0c3> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://articles.cannabishub.com/culture/cannabis-and-fine-arts-a-look-at-cannabis-inspired-paintings-and-sculptures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.941516 | 1,899 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Liz Hardee, The Climate Trust
As published by TriplePundit – May 31, 2016
Companies all over the world are now using carbon offsets to meet at least a portion of their greenhouse gas reduction goals. There are many reasons these corporate entities decide to engage in the carbon offset market—with some going so far as to commit to 100% climate neutrality or being 100% renewable—but for those unfamiliar with the workings of environmental markets, a basic primer may prove useful in understanding the appeal of purchasing offsets.
What is an offset?
A carbon credit, or offset, at its most basic level, is an instrument generated when one metric ton of carbon dioxide is avoided, sequestered or removed somewhere in the world. This can happen in a variety of ways, from reforesting land, to destroying methane released by landfills and dairies, to switching from a high-carbon fuel source to a low-carbon source.
Who uses offsets?
Offsets are used by corporations, nonprofits, universities, and municipalities—essentially, any entity that wishes to reduce (or prevent an increase in) its emissions. Offsets are most widely used by companies that have set emissions reduction targets, and they have become an increasingly popular way to address indirect emissions; those resulting from actions over which the entity has no direct control (i.e. supplier emissions, or product usage by consumers). Ecosystem Marketplace reports that the typical offset buyer has a disproportionately large indirect emissions obligation—about 35 times that of a company that doesn’t purchase offsets. However, these companies also typically do more to address the emissions they can control than companies with no offsetting program, which provides evidence that offsetting programs themselves are generally indicative of broader carbon reduction strategies.
How is an offset created?
An offset credit begins as an emission reduction quantified against a baseline scenario (a.k.a. “business as usual”). Calculation methodologies, known in the carbon industry as protocols, are developed via a process of scientific and mathematic formulation, which is subject to intensive peer review and public comment by standards organizations. The Climate Trust, and other quality offset providers, work with the most well respected standards organizations in the US, including Climate Action Reserve, Verified Carbon Standard, California Air Resources Board, and American Carbon Registry.
Once quantified, offsets must be verified by an accredited third-party verifier before they may be transacted. Verification includes thorough review of a project’s monitored data, and often a visit to the project itself.
What are the benefits of offset projects?
The carbon reduction benefits of offset projects are significant. Ecosystem Marketplace has tracked carbon markets around the world since 2007 and estimates that the total carbon reductions from offset projects worldwide are just under 1 billion tons. According to the EPA, this is enough to offset the emissions from 263 coal-fired power plants for one year, or to plant over 25 billion trees.
Since 2013 alone, California’s cap and trade program, has successfully offset over 39 million tons of greenhouse gases using projects that improve the management of forests, avoid the release of methane, and destroy ozone-depleting substances (equivalent to roughly 1 billion trees planted).
Additionally, carbon offset projects have benefits far beyond their greenhouse gas reductions; referred to as co-benefits. Benefits from projects on forested lands include improved water quality and biodiversity, while livestock digester projects avoid the release of methane from manure lagoons, and may provide an additional revenue stream from the sale of biogas—an effective source of energy, and a byproduct of these systems. Carbon projects can help to finance everything from conservation of land, to more sustainable agricultural practices, to distribution of cleaner cookstoves in developing countries.
Corporations are also reaping the benefits by becoming more sustainable. In September 2014, more than a thousand companies signed up for the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition. The coalition’s goals include expanding the use of effective carbon pricing policies in order to maintain competitiveness, create jobs, encourage innovation, and deliver a meaningful reduction in emissions. According to Environmental Finance, a recent study looked at a sample of 1,700 leading international firms and found that money aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions saw an internal rate of return of 27%—a clear indication that those investments are paying off.
Do offsets let polluters off the hook?
No. The underlying principle behind quality offset projects is called additionality—if a change in practice, or a carbon reduction would have happened regardless, due to regulation, or in the course of business as usual, no offset is created. In this way, carbon markets ensure they are incentivizing, rather than simply rewarding, practices that reduce carbon. Companies that currently produce high volumes of carbon emissions are by-and-large under no obligation to reduce those emissions or to pay for their release; carbon “compliance” markets created via regulation, have in some cases been built to address this. In a compliance market, companies are required to turn in allowances that reflect their emissions for the year, and can typically use offsets produced in non-covered (or non-regulated) sectors to meet some portion of this obligation—incentivizing the creation of more carbon offset projects.
Now that we’ve established a basic definition of offsets, and an understanding of environmental markets has been built, we can dive into the key factors to consider when actually purchasing offsets.
Image credit: Flickr/Climate and Ecosystems Change Adaptation Research University Network | <urn:uuid:fc7e35f6-5b4a-403e-a6f4-cb3a72cde529> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://climatetrust.org/corporate-offset-purchase-programs-a-primer-part-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.949235 | 1,128 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Problems of bias-motivated violence plague our nation and threaten to erase the progress made during the civil rights era. Recent statistical surveys conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) indicate the number of hate crimes has generally increased over the past few years. In 1996, over 11,000 individuals were victims of hate crimes—five percent more than reported the previous year. Hate crimes are not only injurious to the individual victim, but also fracture surrounding communities and create disharmony among citizens. As a result, some states implemented legislation in the 1980s to deter hate-motived crimes and a few states have permitted the punishment to be elevated when the crime is based on gender, sexual orientation, or disability. But many states continue to overlook hate crime offenses and refuse to enact any remedial legislation. Congress has taken legislative steps to address hate crime and is looking at implementing the Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1999 (HCPA). Previously the Hate Crimes Sentencing Enhancement Act of 1994 worked to elevate certain hate crimes in 18 U.S.C. § 245, but the focus of § 245 is on race-based crime and does not adequately cover hate crimes focused on sexual orientation or disability. The HCPA would include less burdensome jurisdictional requirements for crimes based on sexual orientation, gender, and disability. Congress has also remedied possible federalism concerns by incorporating a required certification from the Attorney General that will likely survive constitutional challenge. The HCPA provides further deterrence against hate crimes and reiterates Congress' desire to drive out hate-based violence threatening to destroy America's communities.
St. Mary's University School of Law
Andrew M. Gilbert & Eric D. Marchand,
Splitting the Atom or Splitting Hairs - The Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1999 Note.,
St. Mary's L.J.
Available at: https://commons.stmarytx.edu/thestmaryslawjournal/vol30/iss3/6
Environmental Law Commons, Health Law and Policy Commons, Immigration Law Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Law and Society Commons, Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, Oil, Gas, and Mineral Law Commons, State and Local Government Law Commons | <urn:uuid:19c47987-8067-4e23-9599-03224fff1f22> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://commons.stmarytx.edu/thestmaryslawjournal/vol30/iss3/6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.930832 | 469 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Maxillofacial Disorders
Abstract views: 60 / PDF downloads: 53
Recently, studies and research have focused on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical science [1,2]. It is probable that the healthcare industry, especially radiology, is a step or two ahead of the curve when using convolutional neural networks in clinical practice. The number of investigations into the use of radiography in daily life continues to grow, as does the number of accessible methods that have already impacted the issue of patient care, both of which are on the rise. In addition, there is a whole area devoted to Medical Imaging using AI. Additionally, a dedicated domain has emerged, focusing on the synergy between AI and Medical Imaging, particularly in the context of diagnosing Maxillofacial Disorders.
The diagnosis is made based on the patient’s medical history, linked testing, and other susceptible variables, known to be risk factors for human memory retention. AI from human professionals performs much better than human specialists when using primary health data . A study indicated that by using AI in conjunction with clinical diagnostics, the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis might be significantly improved.
Recently, machine learning techniques have been used to diagnose several illnesses, including tumors, cancer, and metastases, among others. These algorithms demonstrated excellent reliability in distinguishing periapical cysts from keratocystic odontogenic tumors when manually created parameters were used in their development. However when these approaches, such as convolutional neural network (CNN), were employed to examine the cytological pictures gathered, they revealed an inadequate performance error in identifying malignant lesions of the mouth. Although these results are hopeful, existing AI algorithms for diagnosing oral and maxillofacial lesions predominantly rely only on a single type of data, cytopathological reports. Using models that include the patient’s medical history is critical for a more accurate analysis .
Deep learning (DL) and CNN have made significant contributions to AI in caries and endodontics because of their capacity to automate waste categorization and classification. To classify radiographs or photographs, several criteria, including comparable qualities, are used to separate them into many discontinuous sections . This process results in predictable data being generated from unpredictable data. Using understanding network (U-Net), the DL categorizes the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) vertices into “lesions,” “tooth structures,” “bones,” “restorative materials,” and “backgrounds,” with the findings comparable to the diagnosis of total lesions. Apical is a company that supplies doctors . Distal caries lesions may also be detected by DL using imaging data .
The clinical signs and symptoms that the patient exhibits are crucial in diagnosing temporomandibular disorders (TMD). It is a method for converting spoken language into an ordered computer language known as speech processing. It was found that constructing a software model based on the sorts of words used in the patient’s speech and the size of their mouth was more successful than using the actual mode . A full degree of agreement between AI and the physician is shown in AI’s identification of condyle morphology.
Reviewing these articles was instructive since it provided us with an opportunity to observe the diverse range of approaches that have been created and assessed across a diverse range of images and experiences. However, it is important to note that no one has determined how these approaches will be integrated into a clinical workflow or, more importantly, whether and how they will impact radiologists’ diagnostic accuracy and efficiency, and consequently, patient outcomes. Therefore, it is difficult to predict which ones will be implemented in a clinical environment. As underscored by the study findings, continued research endeavors are imperative to harness the full potential of AI in transforming the landscape of diagnosing Maxillofacial Disorders.
Balat A, Bahşi İ (2023) May Artificial Intelligence Be a Co-Author on an Academic Paper? Eur J Ther. 29(3):e12-e13. https://doi.org/10.58600/eurjther1688
Balat A, Bahşi İ (2023) We Asked ChatGPT About the Co-Authorship of Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Papers. Eur J Ther. 29(3):e16-e19. https://doi.org/10.58600/eurjther1719
Bouletrea P, Makaremi M, Ibrahim B, Louvrier A, Sigaux N (2019) Artificial Intelligence: Application in Orthognathic Surgery. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 120(4):347-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2019.06.001
Yilmaz E, Kayikcioglu T, Kayipmaz S (2017). Computer-aided diagnosis of periapical cyst and keratocystic odontogenic tumor on cone beam computed tomography. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 146:91-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.05.012
Sunny S, Baby A, James BL, Balaji D, NV A, Rana MH, Gurpur P, Skandarajah A, D’Ambrosio M, Ramanjinappa RD, Mohan SP (2019). A smart tele-cytology point-of-care platform for oral cancer screening. PLoS One. 14(11):e0224885. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224885
Anwar SM, Majid M, Qayyum A, Awais M, Alnowami M, Khan MK (2018). Medical image analysis using convolutional neural networks: a review. J Med Syst. 42:1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-018-1088-1
Setzer FC, Shi KJ, Zhang Z, Yan H, Yoon H, Mupparapu M, Li J (2020). Artificial intelligence for the computer-aided detection of periapical lesions in cone-beam computed tomographic images. J Endod. 46(7):987-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2020.03.025
Casalegno F, Newton T, Daher R, Abdelaziz M, Lodi-Rizzini A, Schürmann F, Krejci I, Markram H (2019). Caries detection with near-infrared transillumination using deep learning. J Dent Res. 98(11):1227-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034519871884
Nam Y, Kim HG, Kho HS (2018). Differential diagnosis of jaw pain using informatics technology. J Oral Rehabil. 45(8):581-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12655
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2023 European Journal of Therapeutics
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The content of this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. | <urn:uuid:7beb665f-82f9-4cd2-9821-a0426821f55e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://eurjther.com/index.php/home/article/view/1806 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.885129 | 1,606 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Mercury in Seafood is #1 Consumer Food Safety Concern
Los Angeles, CA – August 22, 2022
Science has brought new technology to our docks, retail stores and our home to be able to know with a bit more assurance that the fish we have to eat is safe. But it isn't easy to follow all of the information.
Safe means that mercury levels can be tested to parts per million (ppm) which doesn't sound like much, but the FDA and the EPA has set levels of 1.0 ppm for fish that cannot be sold.
Mercury is a naturally-occurring chemical element found in rock in the earth's crust, including in deposits of coal. On the periodic table, it has the symbol "Hg" and its atomic number is 80. It exists in several forms. People are exposed to mercury is by eating fish and shellfish that have high levels of methylmercury, a highly toxic form of mercury, in their tissues. Exposure at high levels can harm the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, and immune system of people of all ages. High levels of methylmercury in the bloodstream of babies developing in the womb and young children may harm their developing nervous systems, affecting their ability to think and learn.
It's interesting and a bit disconcerting to realize exactly how often we eat food that we really have no idea where it comes from, and more exactly what potentially toxic items are in it. The real danger is that most of the toxicity effects come from the cumulative ingestion of these elements in our bodies.
People who eat a lot of seafood are at greatest risk. Per “Transforming Food Systems for Affordable Healthy Diets”, UN Food and Agriculture Organizations, 2020, more than 3.3 billion people around the world get at least 20% of their daily animal protein intake from fish. So telling someone to not eat fish at all isn't possible for many. Plus, fish is a good source of protein and nutrition. This EPA & FDA chart can help you choose which fish to eat, and how often to eat them, based on their mercury levels.
The good news is that there are a few companies like Safe Catch, which tests every fish for mercury and Wild Planet that utilize annual third-party testing protocols (source tuna using pole and troll (also called pole and line) methods, following the guidance of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch® program), and some grocery chains, and restaurants are starting to use technology to measure and deliver seafood with acceptable levels of mercury.
What about catching your own? Yes, wild catch is always better, but limit your intake and know the fish and seafood that are likely to be better choices of lower mercury. Fish accumulate more mercury the older and the bigger they are. Some fish caught by family and friends, such as larger carp, catfish, trout and perch, are more likely to have fish advisories due to mercury or other contaminants. State advisories will tell you how often you can safely eat those fish.
For the meantime, look, ask and act based on what you can find out. Meanwhile, be careful out there! | <urn:uuid:1f36452d-7f85-45a6-af7b-22c5cc016bb0> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://malibudivers.com/blogs/news/is-this-fish-safe-to-eat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.972203 | 644 | 3.03125 | 3 |
November 06, 2011
Image Mission Elapsed Time (MET):
Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) of the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS)
The smooth region is approximately 3 km (1.9 miles) across
This image shows a small pond of impact melt that was ejected from a crater just out of view. The melt ponded in this low, forming a smooth surface similar to the melt ponds south of Kuiper crater
. North is toward the upper right corner.
This image was acquired as a high-resolution targeted observation. Targeted observations are images of a small area on Mercury's surface at resolutions much higher than the 250-meter/pixel (820 feet/pixel) morphology base map or the 1-kilometer/pixel (0.6 miles/pixel) color base map. It is not possible to cover all of Mercury's surface at this high resolution during MESSENGER's one-year mission, but several areas of high scientific interest are generally imaged in this mode each week.
The MESSENGER spacecraft is the first ever to orbit the planet Mercury, and the spacecraft's seven scientific instruments and radio science investigation
are unraveling the history and evolution of the Solar System's innermost planet. Visit the Why Mercury?
section of this website to learn more about the key science questions that the MESSENGER mission is addressing. During the one-year primary mission, MDIS is scheduled to acquire more than 75,000 images in support of MESSENGER's science goals.
Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington
For information regarding the use of MESSENGER images, see the image use policy. | <urn:uuid:b9d60b1e-9a66-4b6b-b55d-2ce38d6c802e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://messenger.jhuapl.edu/Explore/Science-Images-Database/gallery-image-716.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.885569 | 438 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Countee Cullen was probably born in Louisville, Kentucky, though Cullen himself later liked to claim New York as his birthplace. In any case, he was at some point informally adopted by the Reverend A. and Carolyn Belle Cullen; prior to that he used the name Countee Porter. The Reverend was not only a minister but also a black activist in Harlem. Cullen himself absorbed the activism but realized his literary inclinations and homosexuality—see the simultaneously racial and sexual transgression of "Tableau"—would take him in different directions. He wrote much of his early poetry while a student at New York University from 1921-1925 and at Harvard from 1925-1927, and it is notable not only for its sometimes unforgettable concision and its almost musical politics and racial commentary, but also for its groundbreaking use of purportedly "white" traditional forms. Unlike Langston Hughes, he had little interest in how jazz or the blues might be adapted by black poets; unlike Sterling Brown, dialect was not to be the ground of his achievement. A much-celebrated 1928 marriage to W.E.B. Du Bois's daughter collapsed almost immediately. Thereafter Cullen worked as an English and French teacher at Frederick Douglass Junior High, wrote a novel, translated Euripides's play Medea from the Greek, and wrote two collections of children's verse. Also see Charles Johnson’s edition Countee Cullen: Collected Poems (2013). | <urn:uuid:0d49791d-2877-440c-83e8-a599b267795b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://modernamericanpoetry.org/node/639 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.982997 | 291 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Silicone tube is a kind of industrial and daily necessities that we usually use. If the product is too soft or the hardness is not in accordance with the use effect, it may cause deformation or poor use of the notch and shorten the life. The following describes the precautions for controlling the hardness of the silicone tube.
Time and temperature are the main problems in the control of silica gel products. In the high temperature vulcanization process, the mold is in a heat curing state. If the time and temperature are not controlled during curing, the hardness of the product will be different, and the product will be soft or too brittle. The phenomenon that the silicone extrusion tube is usually formed by instantaneous high temperature, so the temperature control and delivery time of the silicone hose manufacturer need to be strictly controlled, and the thickness and the diameter of the product are determined according to the size of the product, and a certain parameter is adjusted. No need to modify after.
If the molding method is used, the time of the mold is controlled at all times. The molding of the silicone tube requires a certain temperature to be controlled, and the manual time and the actual residence time are required to be controlled. The extruded silicone tube is only waiting for the parameters. The product can be produced, so the problem of soft or harder silicone products that are usually molded is also a majority.learn more about Silicone types. | <urn:uuid:f912b229-3cdb-48be-b31a-cf284a948093> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://orient-silicone-hose.com/how-to-control-the-hardness-of-silicone-tube/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.915629 | 288 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Virginia's Heritage Migration Route
Although it has been known by many different names, such as the Great Road, the Great Philadelphia Road, and the Valley Turnpike, the 500-mile long Wilderness Road saw nearly 300,000 settlers on their way south through Virginia between 1775-1810. Traveling on foot or horseback, some settled along the way, while others continued on to the interior of the nation. The Conestoga wagon later became the favorite mode of transportation.
Today, travelers along the road will learn of blazing pioneers like Daniel Boone and the skills and values it took to make such a hard journey by visiting museums, living history interpretive villages, and forts, as well as historic downtown centers, schools, agricultural farms, and galleries.
In Radford, trace the history that began in 1762 when William and Mary Draper Ingles established Ingles Ferry at a spot on the New River between the Blue Ridge and Allegheny Mountains. It was the beginnings of a commercial center. Then in 1796, an enterprising settler built a tavern on the stagecoach route. The tavern was called Lovely Mount and also included a general store and blacksmith shop.
Stretching from 1 end of the Commonwealth to the other, the Wilderness Road runs from just north of Winchester to the Cumberland Gap at the southwest tip of Virginia. There are 23 communities and more than 130 stops are included on the Wilderness Road: Virginia's Heritage Migration Route.
Radford's featured stops on the Wilderness Road include: | <urn:uuid:098c6f02-141e-4e2e-812c-db682ef00efb> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://radfordva.gov/433/Wilderness-Road | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.962257 | 315 | 3.4375 | 3 |
These days it is hard to read an article about the future of robots that does not include a reference to jobs. As a pure roboticist I object to the constant connection between the two, but as a concerned citizen I think it is a very worthwhile discussion. Since the year 2000, the US has lost more than 6 million manufacturing jobs — that is more than 1/3 of all direct manufacturing jobs in the US and the fastest drop in a single decade on record.
This post is part of Robohub’s Jobs Focus.
During that same period the US trade deficit with China grew from $100 billion to over $270 billion as many companies chose to outsource their manufacturing to low wage nations such as China where labor costs were 1/10 that of the US. In some cases, entire industries such as mobile phones, consumer electronics, and computers were outsourced to contract manufacturers and moved offshore, creating as many as 25 jobs in these low wage countries for every job created in the US.
I can speak to this firsthand. In the late 1990s, the largest market of my company at the time, Adept Technology, was automating mobile phone and computer factories in the US. As the pace of innovation accelerated and models proliferated, our robots did not have the flexibility or intelligence to keep up with the rate of change. Additionally, these manufacturers were facing increasing pressure from low cost competition that left them with no choice but to look to low cost labor markets to produce their products, first in Mexico then Brazil then China. At the time there were less than 350 million mobile phones produced in the world with the majority produced in the US and Europe. Today there are over one billion mobile phones produced a year and not a single one is produced in the US even though the US market consumes over 200 million units.
The robots of today are smarter, more agile and less expensive than their ancestors of the 1990s. They integrate sophisticated sensing technology that allows them to adjust to changes in their environment and in the products that they produce. Some are even leaving their traditional isolated cages to work in tandem with people, making the combination even more productive. All of this makes the new generation of robots far more adaptable to today’s manufacturing world, and a much better technical fit than they were a decade ago.
At the same time wages in countries such as China have been increasing at a rate close to 20% per year. Add to this increasing transportation costs and the negative impact of a supply chain that stretches around the world, and more and more companies are rethinking their manufacturing strategies.
Back in the US, a new manufacturing equation is emerging, called Smart Manufacturing. Smart Manufacturing is the production of traditional products using advanced technologies such as computers, robots, lasers and 3D printers. Using these tools dramatically improves productivity and lowers costs as compared to traditional manufacturing approaches, while maintaining flexibility and improving time to market. Smart Manufacturing is making US goods competitive with products produced anywhere in the world, even in the lowest wage nations, and the result is that the decades old trend of offshoring is being replaced with a new trend, re-shoring.
Re-shoring is not a concept founded in patriotism or built on motherhood and apple pie ideals. Re-shoring is a powerful business tool founded on solid economics. For centuries manufacturers have employed a strategy of chasing cheap labor around the world, moving from one low wage nation to the next as costs rose in the developed world. While this has resulted in lowering direct product costs, it has also added significant expense related to managing a supply chain that extends around the world. It has also slowed the rate at which new products can be ramped with product development and production separated by thousands of miles and several time zones.
Smart Manufacturing has the potential to bring an end to manufacturer’s centuries old dependence on low cost labor, and open up a new strategy: developing and producing goods in the markets where they are consumed. Localizing and integrating marketing, product development, manufacturing and distribution is the ultimate operational model. It allows for more targeted products while eliminating the costs of managing global supply chains and disjointed product introduction processes. Automation becomes the great equalizer, allowing products to be produced anywhere in the world for the same cost, and freeing manufacturers from consolidating manufacturing in low wage nations.
Smart Manufacturing and robotics have one other benefit, the creation of high value, high wage jobs. In a 2009 study commissioned by Intel, ECONorthwest found a strong connection between Smart Manufacturing and the creation of jobs. At Intel’s highly automated factory in Hillsboro, Oregon, they employ close to 16,000 people. ECONorthwest found that for every 10 jobs created within the factory there were an additional 31 jobs created in the local community to support the factory. These indirect jobs were anywhere from 40-60% above the statewide average income for Oregon.
Other studies have pegged the jobs multiplier of Smart Manufacturing at between 2 and 10 times the number of direct manufacturing jobs. In a separate study commissioned by the International Federation of Robots (IFR), Metra Martech estimated that the robot industry has created between 8 million and 10 million jobs throughout its history, and forecast that over the next decade the industry will create between 2 and 3.5 million direct jobs and almost as many indirect jobs. The study went on to show a tight correlation between the increased use of robots and a reduction in the overall unemployment rate. They also point out that emerging economies are amongst the fastest growing users of robots. According to the IFR, Korea and China are now the top consuming nations of industrial robots, surpassing the US, Germany and Japan. China’s ascent to the top has been nothing short of amazing.
From 2008 to 2012, China’s use of robots has increased over 300% in a nation where average manufacturing wages still remain between $1.00 and $1.50 per hour.
Looking to the future, the manufacturing world is becoming flat. Robotics and other advanced technologies are leveling the playing field and eliminating the advantage and influence that low cost labor has had on manufacturing. With all manufacturers having access to the same set of tools, the winners — and ultimately the jobs — will go to those producers who can most effectively and creatively leverage these tools to their competitive advantage. In the end robots are about jobs.
See all the posts in Robohub’s Jobs Focus. | <urn:uuid:4c3ec649-ea51-489e-b594-078b3cb0205f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://robohub.org/the-great-equalizer-how-robotics-frees-manufacturers-from-consolidating-in-low-wage-nations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.96848 | 1,306 | 2.671875 | 3 |
- 2. The role of Ni in martensitic stainless steel
Ni—— the alloying element has no strengthening effect on the matrix of martensitic stainless steel CA6NM. According to the known Cr will promote the formation of ferrite. Therefore a proper amount of Ni (4~6, wt%) should be added to the 13Cr super martensitic stainless steel CA6NM. Thus will enlarge the γ region and will ensure the formation of martensite structure in the cooling process after solution treatment. Amd that will not producing a single ferrite or other phase.
Alloying element Ni has a positive effect on improving the toughness of steel. When the steel contains some amount of Ni, it will not fully carry out the martensite transformation at room temperature after solid solution treatment. There will be a small amount of residual austenite which is soft. Thus improve the toughness of the martensitic stainless steel CA6NM. Therefore, the appropriate content of Ni is especially important for the mechanical properties of steel.
In addition, Ni can also effectively increase the passivation tendency of Fe-Cr alloy in reduction medium. And also improve the corrosion resistance of steel. | <urn:uuid:e6c3dfe5-c10c-4ed6-b4e1-2c9bd7368125> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://steeltube.co/ca6nm-martensitic-stainless-st-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.877198 | 243 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Every story must have stakes. Stakes (especially high ones) keep the plot moving, keep the characters growing and changing, and keep your readers engaged.
Without high stakes, your story may feel flat, the pacing of your plot may lag, or the page-turning tension may falter.
So, let’s delve into what story stakes are, whether the stakes in your narrative are high enough, and exactly what you can do to raise them.
What are story stakes?
One of the most important things a fiction writer must do is keep readers engaged in the story. This means piquing and holding their interest throughout the novel. It means ensuring they are invested in the characters and the outcome of the plot – invested enough to want to keep turning those pages.
One surefire way to achieve this is through careful consideration of your story’s stakes.
Story stakes literally refer to what is at stake for your protagonist throughout the novel. To define a story’s stakes, you need to ask questions like:
- What does the protagonist stand to lose through the story’s central conflict?
- What do they stand to gain?
- What do they want or need to obtain or achieve, and what stands in the way of them doing this?
- What are they risking in trying to achieve their objective?
Let’s take a look at an example of the stakes of a popular story: Harry Potter. Throughout the series, Harry, as the protagonist:
- Stands to lose his own life, and the lives of his loved ones, through the central conflict with Voldemort.
- Stands to gain freedom for the wizarding world from the terrors of Voldemort’s potential reign.
- Needs to defeat Voldemort, but various obstacles (hidden Horcruxes, Death Eaters etc.) stand in his way.
- Risks his life and the lives of those closest to him in order to achieve his objective.
These are some of the highest stakes imaginable. Harry’s life and the lives of everyone he knows are at risk, as is the very concept of peace and order in the wizarding world.
Harry Potter‘s stakes start relatively small but steadily get higher and higher as the series progresses, keeping the story exciting throughout multiple books.
Everyone’s story is different. The stakes in your story don’t necessarily need to be life-and-death like in Harry Potter.
However, they do need to be high enough to maintain tension and reader interest throughout the story.
How can you tell if your story’s stakes are high enough?
You may be able to tell on instinct that your story’s stakes aren’t high enough. As we discussed above, you may have that gut feeling that something just isn’t right.
Alternatively, you might have had feedback from editors or early readers that all point to the same thing: a lack of conflict, tension, and reason for reader engagement.
However, if you’re still not quite sure, ask yourself the following questions:
- What will happen if your protagonist fails to achieve their goal? What are they risking? What might they lose?
(If the answer is ‘nothing’ or at least ‘nothing very important’, your stakes are not high enough.)
- How personally invested is your protagonist in the outcome of the central conflict? How much does achieving their goal matter to them?
(If the answer is ‘not very much’, your stakes are not high enough.)
- What are the external consequences of your protagonist’s actions (e.g. how will they affect other characters/the world at large)? What are the large-scale repercussions that might come of them failing to achieve their goal?
(If the answer is ‘none’, your stakes are not high enough.)
- Are you telling the story of the defining moment of your protagonist’s life? The biggest, most life-changing and important thing that has ever happened to them?
(If the answer is ‘no’, your stakes are not high enough – and you may be telling the wrong story.)
If you’ve come to the realisation that your story’s stakes are indeed too low, it’s time to raise them. Let’s take a look at how to do just that.
What to do to raise your story’s stakes
There are several ways you can go about raising the stakes of your novel.
Ultimately, it will come down to what’s best for the story you want to tell, but here are five surefire ways to make sure those stakes are high enough to keep readers reading.
1. Embed personal stakes within larger-scale conflict
Large-scale conflict is one of the most important sources of tension you can draw from in a story. This kind of conflict involves big, important stakes that affect more than just your protagonist.
However, it’s often not enough to simply include large-scale conflict and stakes. You should also consider more personal stakes – that is, those that affect your protagonist directly and deeply.
The balance between personal and larger-scale stakes will often depend on what kind of story you’re writing. As author Chuck Wendig points out:
A smaller (and/or more literary) story likely has at its core stakes that are personal and internal (‘If I don’t quit drinking, I’m going to die’). Genre work may focuses more on impersonal and external (‘The fate of the Royal Galactic Star Imperium is in my hands!’).”
However, where possible, we recommend a healthy mix of both internal and external stakes. A good way to achieve this is to embed your protagonist’s personal stakes tightly to the larger-scale conflict.
For example, in a thriller-style novel, your protagonist may need to save a building full of people from an impending bomb detonation. This is the larger-scale conflict, the big-game stakes.
However, if one of the people inside said building is your protagonist’s daughter, this adds a whole new level of personal stakes and really ups the ante in terms of tension.
Always remember that characters are the best way to get readers invested in a novel. Readers must care about what happens to your characters, and for this reason, your story must always have some level of personal stakes involved.
2. Ensure your characters’ choices have consequences
Everybody makes mistakes. As the saying goes, ‘To err is human’ – and as a fiction writer, you want your characters to read like living, breathing humans.
Therefore, they cannot be perfect, making the right decisions all the time; nor can they be untouchable, making bad decisions but facing no repercussions. All of your characters’ choices must have consequences, and sometimes these consequences should be negative.
To help keep story stakes high, explore how your characters have to face the results and complications of their actions and decisions. Shake things up a little; perhaps they might experience a small victory, only to set in motion a chain of events that ends up complicating things further – raising the conflict and stakes even higher.
Continuing on with our above thriller novel example, let’s consider the ways in which the stakes might be affected by the protagonist’s choices and actions.
A whole new level of stakes are introduced the moment he discovers his daughter is in the endangered building. His personal investment in the outcome of the situation may cloud his judgement, affecting his ability to tackle the problem effectively. There might be moral complications in which he prioritises his daughter’s safety over that of other people in danger.
Upping the stakes through choice, cause and effect will ensure your story is both realistic and exciting enough to keep readers invested in the outcome.
3. Use tension and pacing to control the raising of your stakes
Pacing and tension are two of the most important considerations for any fiction writer. Tension, created through your story’s conflict, is essential for reader interest and engagement. Well-executed pacing is vital to ensure the story builds and flows well.
Both of these elements are bound inextricably with the stakes of your story. As your stakes are gradually raised, so rises the tension, and all of this affects the pacing (i.e. the story’s ups and downs).
As the stakes and the tension start to ramp up, there are certain things you can do to ensure the pacing of your writing follows suit. These include:
- Using more short, snappy sentences to keep things moving quickly.
- Using more dialogue rather than exposition.
- Crafting fast-paced, exciting action scenes full of movement and quick decision-making.
All of these techniques will reinforce the raising of the story’s stakes and help the story move along at the proper pace.
As you approach the final third of your novel in particular – i.e. the climax of the story – it’s more important than ever to pay attention to pacing and tension. When you’re building up to the climactic point, the stakes should be at an all-time high, and this needs to be reflected in the way you write.
Avoid long sections of exposition, description or info-dumping at this critical place in the story. Interspersing those kinds of slower-paced content throughout the rest of your story is a good way to even out the ups and downs and provide a break from tension, but there’s really no place for it in the final act of your novel.
To help control the raising of stakes at a good pace throughout your story, planning your novel is essential. If you’re having trouble, perhaps try structuring it using the three-act structure. Or, if you’ve already written your novel, pay particular attention to pacing in your structural editing phase.
4. Add a time limit
Tying a ticking time bomb to the conflict in your story is a great way to immediately boost tension and raise the stakes. Your protagonist may have an important goal they need to achieve, but why not make things that little bit more interesting by giving them a time limit in which to achieve it?
Author Jeff Gerke sums it up well:
In fiction, a ticking time bomb is a cut-off moment after which nothing more can be done to avert disaster. Accomplish your goal by then, or you’ve lost.”
This technique can be used over the whole course of your novel, with an overarching time limit hanging over the entire story. Alternatively, it can be used in a smaller section – perhaps the story’s climax – to raise the stakes suddenly and sharply.
Bonus tip: if you really want to up the tension, perhaps introduce a time limit that the reader is aware of, but the protagonist isn’t. The dramatic irony will have readers biting their nails and clinging on the characters’ every move as disaster looms ever closer.
A situation where your characters have perfect information about everything that’s going on is less believable, and I always find my credulity strained by too much precision … The higher the stakes go, the more I appreciate hearing things like ‘I don’t know how soon this is going to explode, but it looks like soon.'” – Charlie Jane Anders
5. Think about stakes at a scene-by-scene level
If you’re looking at your story’s overall stakes and they seem to be high enough, perhaps try taking things back a level.
Look at your novel on a scene-by-scene basis. Do all or most of your scenes have a set of stakes of their own? Often, the key to writing gripping scenes is ensuring that each one has its own mini-plot to play out. Scene-level stakes don’t need to be nearly as high or dramatic as larger-scale conflicts, but including some form of stakes in most scenes will help keep interest high.
Multiple layers and levels of conflict can be built brick-by-brick, scene-by-scene, contributing to the overall stakes of the story as a whole. When examining each part of your novel, ask yourself if it progresses the story and furthers the conflict. If it doesn’t, you may need to reevaluate what’s at stake in that particular scene.
Again, Chuck Wendig sums it up well:
When entering a scene, you should ask: ‘What are the stakes here?’ The characters in any given scene are here in the scene consciously or unconsciously trying to create a particular outcome for themselves or for the world around them. Something is on the table to be won or lost.”
What are the stakes of your novel? Are they high enough? How do you plan to raise them? Let us know in the comments! | <urn:uuid:42b6feab-9226-44f9-aa35-8f9f625d5c14> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://writersedit.com/fiction-writing/5-surefire-ways-raise-stakes-story/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.958585 | 2,704 | 3.390625 | 3 |
As many as 1 in 4 heart attack survivors will have another one. But you can help reduce your risk of a repeat event with lifestyle changes and by working closely with your doctor to manage your health.
Up to 80% of heart attacks are preventable, so talk to your doctor about how you can work together to help lower your risk.
The American Heart Association has created a secondary prevention program to help develop such plans. The program, sponsored nationally by Bayer, includes this science-based guidance:
Manage your risk factors. After a heart attack, it’s important to manage risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes by taking medications as prescribed, quitting smoking, eating healthier and getting active.
Attend your follow-up appointments. This helps your doctors keep track of your condition and recovery. Make the most of your time with your doctor by preparing a list of questions and concerns along with a list of all medications, vitamins and supplements you’re taking. Bringing a trusted friend or family member may help as well.
Take your medications as prescribed. Certain medicines can lower your risk of another cardiac event. Taking aspirin as recommended by a doctor is one way to help prevent another heart attack. Don’t start, stop or modify an aspirin regimen without first talking to your doctor.
Aspirin is not appropriate for everyone, so be sure to talk to your doctor before you begin an aspirin regimen.
Participate in a cardiac rehabilitation program. Cardiac rehabilitation is a medically supervised program designed to help you recover after a heart attack. You may have received a referral to cardiac rehab when you were discharged from the hospital. If you didn’t, ask your doctor if rehab is right for you.
Get support. It’s normal to feel scared, overwhelmed or confused after a heart attack. Getting support from loved ones or people who have gone through the same thing can help you cope. Connect with other heart attack survivors and caregivers through local support groups or the American Heart Association’s free online Support Network. | <urn:uuid:f89fc1ab-46b9-494b-a1d0-32e7bd0eeb32> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.heart.org/en/around-the-aha/how-to-help-reduce-your-risk-of-another-heart-attack | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.952494 | 419 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The National Council of Educational Research and Training is an organization established in 1961 by the Government of India to provide qualitative education to the school children. Right from the beginning, students must realise that their performance will have a major influence on their future prospects in career development. Students of Class 6 develop interest and focus on developments in the academic fields. To score high marks in exams, students must know the right virtual assistent software material to choose for exam preparation. NCERT books Class 6 is the most valuable study source created by a panel of subject matter experts in a descriptive manner as per the CBSE guidelines.
NCERT books explain the concepts in a simple language so that students understand the complex problems effortlessly. Students can download the textbook available in PDF format for future reference which also helps to clear their doubts quickly and fetch more marks.These books provide the complicated topics in a systematic and lucid manner based on students’ understanding capacity. Practising NCERT Solutions on a daily basis helps students enhance knowledge for exam purposes. Students who prefer these books for exam preparation will score high marks in examinations. The textbooks are considered as the best study tool to clear their confusion and obtain complete clarity.
Each and every topic in the NCERT books are explained in a detailed manner. For effective learning, students are recommended to use these books by CBSE and state boards. Most of the teachers follow these books to enhance their teaching skills in schools. Students can use these books to prepare the questions for midterm and final examinations. The concepts covered in NCERT Books Class 6 Science are explained in a simple language along with examples and diagrams.These books consist of chapters with illustrative examples and practise problems to get a strong grip on any kind of concepts.
Tips to overcome exam fear among students
- Practising the problems right from the beginning
Students who prepare for examinations right from the beginning boost their confidence and academic performance. Last minute preparation will only bring stress and loss of concentration in studies among students. To overcome this issue, students should start preparing at least two months prior to the exam.
- Set up a time table
The time table prepared for examination surely reduces the causes which creates stress and exam fear. Studying the subjects as per the time table scheduled helps students to give equal time and importance for all the subjects. This also enhances confidence to appear for exams without any fear.
- Diligent practice
Knowing the exam pattern and marks weightage of questions is very helpful in overcoming the exam fear. Solve previous year questions and sample papers to know the pattern and important questions which might appear in final examinations. Regular practice of previous year question papers boosts confidence to appear for exams fearlessly.
- Time Management
Giving equal time to all the subjects is a key to success in exams. Practising the textbook problems relying on the time table helps us to prepare well for all the subjects. Regular practice of textbook problems helps to clear doubts and grasp the concepts with ease.
Hence, the above mentioned tips are very useful in overcoming the exam fear among students. Students can download the NCERT Books Class 6 in a PDF format for effective exam preparation from the provided links. Regular practice of problems using the solutions pdf boosts skills in solving the complex problems in a short duration of time. | <urn:uuid:cd8418b6-1d53-465f-b73f-7cc30f19377f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.mediahacked.com/how-ncert-books-are-helpful-to-overcome-exam-fear/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.930377 | 656 | 3.375 | 3 |
Millions of Americans left their jobs during the pandemic, a phenomenon coined by Professor Anthony Klotz of Texas A&M as the “Great Resignation.” According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 47 million Americans quit their jobs in 2021, the highest number on record. This trend continued into 2022, with millions more opting out of their current careers.
However, not all of them quit working entirely. While some retired, many others looked for better opportunities within their fields or switched careers. Some workers, particularly women, had to resign to care for their children.
The Five Primary Reasons Behind the Great Resignation
So, the Great Resignation isn’t a cut-and-dry concept. Many factors contributed to people leaving the workforce or moving on to greener pastures in the working world. Below, we’ll go over the reasons for people resigning from their jobs in greater depth.
1. The Pandemic Created a Window of Opportunity for Many.
Both frontline and white-collar employees saw the pandemic as an opportunity to look for better jobs. According to the Harvard Business Review, resignation rates are highest among mid-level employees. Also, those in the healthcare and tech industries have resigned at higher rates than other professions.
Because mid-level employees have more experience in their fields, they have greater leverage in finding new opportunities. Frontline workers, such as cashiers and retail workers, didn’t have the same flexibility. However, some decided to go back to college and earn a degree to pursue a new career path.
Also, remote work exploded during the pandemic since many employees didn’t want to risk in-person work. For high earners, it gave them the unique option to work from home while still performing the same duties. Fierce competition and changing expectations give employees the upper hand in the labor market.
Besides that, employers have finally started listening to their workers’ needs. According to LinkedIn data, only one in 67 jobs offered remote opportunities in March 2020. Two years later, that number grew to one in every seven jobs listing hybrid or remote work.
So, employees seeking flexibility, growth, and work-life balance contributed significantly to the Great Resignation.
2. More People Wanted to Retire.
Some workers sought better opportunities, while others wanted to leave a career behind entirely. According to the Pew Research Center, around 3.5 million people aged 55 and older retired from 2019-2021.
In comparison, around 1 million people in the same age group retired from 2008-2019. Economists say that these excess retirements equate to more than half of the labor shortage.
It’s unclear whether these retirees have permanently left the workforce or will return in the future. However, many chose to leave their jobs due to concerns about the pandemic. Many decided to retire to protect their health if they couldn’t work remotely.
Others wanted to enjoy time with their friends and families and focus on other things besides work. Many had the privilege of quitting work thanks to a soaring stock market and booming property values.
A steep increase in people retiring explains another reason for the Great Resignation.
3. Work Culture Attitudes Shifted Among Younger Workers.
In the last several years, employees have redefined their career needs and expectations. The societal upheaval caused by the pandemic made workers reflect on what’s truly important to them. Younger workers tend to value autonomy and flexibility more than previous generations.
Due to changing attitudes about work, many millennials and Gen Zers decided to pursue entrepreneurial opportunities instead of traditional jobs. They would rather be free to create their schedules and not have a boss micromanage them.
Even those who kept their corporate jobs demanded higher wages and more flexible schedules, in some cases. Today’s workers don’t prioritize job security and retirement packages as much as prior generations. They feel more motivated by a sense of belonging in the workplace and deriving meaning from their jobs.
As workers face burnout more than ever, many have decided to put their mental health first. No longer do people live to work – they work to live. So, many workers contributed to the Great Resignation by putting themselves first rather than their jobs. Good for them!
4. Concerns About the Pandemic Also Prompted the Great Resignation.
Understandably, many workers quit their jobs to protect themselves from COVID-19. Most of these workers included mid-level or white-collar employees with finances to fall back on. A 2020 Pew Research Center survey of 5,858 employees found that 64% of workers felt hesitant to return to work. 57% reported that they worked remotely to limit their exposure to COVID. Unfortunately, many frontline workers, such as grocery stores or retail employees, didn’t have this luxury.
Research in the Harvard Business Review revealed that many workers would quit if their employer didn’t allow them to work remotely. A survey of over 10,000 American workers in 2021 found that 36% would consider other options if they couldn’t work from home. 6% would quit without having another job lined up.
Luckily, many employers have listened and offered remote opportunities amid the Great Resignation.
5. The Pandemic Forced Many Women to Leave the Workforce.
Since caregiving falls predominantly on women, many female workers had no choice but to quit their jobs. Daycare and school closures left children without anyone to watch them during the day while their parents worked. If grandparents or other family members couldn’t watch them, mothers had to take on that responsibility in most cases.
Data confirms that women have been forced out of the workforce at higher rates than men. One study found that couples adopted traditional gender roles to accommodate childcare. So, it seems that the pandemic left many women (and some men) with no choice but to become part of the Great Resignation.
Final Thoughts on Causes of the Great Resignation
Record numbers of workers have resigned from their jobs or made career changes in the past two years. The pandemic played a huge role in shifting attitudes about work as employees sought better opportunities. They also wanted more flexibility and work-life balance, which prompted many to seek alternatives. Additionally, millions of Americans also saw the pandemic as an opportunity to retire.
Hopefully, the Great Resignation will usher in a better world for workers and help reduce poverty as wages increase. We’re living in unprecedented times as employees set the standards, and employers must adapt to attract new talent. | <urn:uuid:0422bcdc-0577-4344-8b10-a4865a06892f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.powerofpositivity.com/experts-explain-5-causes-of-the-great-resignation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.971204 | 1,357 | 2.84375 | 3 |
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3Rs & Papermaking (k-8)
November 19, 2018 @ 1:00 pm - 3:45 pm CST| $25.00
Join the Center for the Gifted for a program at SCARCE!
Get excited about solutions to combat our garbage problem through an energetic, interactive show-and-tell presentation about recycled and reused products. Gain an understanding of the importance of, and differences between, Reduse, Reuse, Recycle. Following the presentation, discover how recycled-content paper is made, through an exciting hands-on activity that mimicsthe process of industrial recycled paper-making, using only human energy. Acquire new vocabulary, such as hydro-pulping and slurry. Make your own recycled paper sample to take home!
Grade K-3: 1:00-2pm
Grade 4-8: 2:30-3:45pm | <urn:uuid:d97d42dc-1cb3-459e-b77f-724e7a7e4ac4> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.scarce.org/event/3rs-papermaking11-19/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.909679 | 201 | 2.75 | 3 |
Using computer software to precisely measure the contact angle of a sample.
A square shape sample cast using Modified Rigid Polyurethane Foam.
Rigid Polyurethane (PU) foams have been widely used in green buildings as thermal insulation materials due to their low densities, low thermal conductivity, low water absorption and high compressive strengths.
However, its application is limited to certain areas as unmodified PU foams are, by themselves, highly flammable. Upon exposure to an ignition source, PU foams are ignited almost instantaneously and burn rapidly. Thus, it is necessary to develop PU foams with fire retardancy.
In order to solve the problem, the overall objective of this proposal is to undertake research and develop an improved fire retardant PU foam composite that is able to make the best use of the advantages of the PU foam while mitigating or eliminating its disadvantages. The first phase of this project aims to investigate the optimized content of fire retardants in the matrix of a PU foam in terms of its physical properties and strength performance. The second phase of this project aims to investigate the sustainability and fire safety of the new composite. | <urn:uuid:83dc2051-d454-431c-bcaa-523c5062d855> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.sp.edu.sg/abe/sp-engineering-show/engineering-show-2021/study-on-fire-retardant-polyurethane-foam-composites-for-building-insulation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.926987 | 237 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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