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[ "C_8d0ca91ac4444e30a980a3784e5debf5_1_q#0", "C_8d0ca91ac4444e30a980a3784e5debf5_1_q#1", "C_8d0ca91ac4444e30a980a3784e5debf5_1_q#2", "C_8d0ca91ac4444e30a980a3784e5debf5_1_q#3", "C_8d0ca91ac4444e30a980a3784e5debf5_1_q#4", "C_8d0ca91ac4444e30a980a3784e5debf5_1_q#5" ]

[ "What did she star in in 1994?", "Was the movie a success?", "Did she win any awards for Wolf?", "What did she star in next?", "Was it successful?", "What were the critics reviews like?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 107 ], [ 265 ], [ 2924 ], [ 527 ], [ 2924 ], [ 2924 ] ], "texts": [ [ "she played the role of Laura Alden opposite Jack Nicholson in Wolf (1994)," ], [ "Ms. Pfeiffer's role is underwritten, but her performance is expert enough to make even diffidence compelling\"." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Her next role was that of high school teacher and former US Marine LouAnne Johnson in the surprise box office hit Dangerous Minds" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 107, 265, 2924, 527, 2924, 2924 ], "texts": [ "she played the role of Laura Alden opposite Jack Nicholson in Wolf (1994),", "Ms. Pfeiffer's role is underwritten, but her performance is expert enough to make even diffidence compelling\".", "CANNOTANSWER", "Her next role was that of high school teacher and former US Marine LouAnne Johnson in the surprise box office hit Dangerous Minds", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

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[ "Where was he born", "What date was he born on", "What was he called by his family and did he have siblings", "What was his fathers name and what did he do", "What was his mothers name and job", "What happened to him as a child", "Why was this so signififcant", "What did he try later that year", "What was wrong with the shool" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 83 ], [ 102 ], [ 169 ], [ 282 ], [ 847 ], [ 1055 ], [ 1179 ], [ 1328 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Herbert George Wells was born at Atlas House, 162 High Street in Bromley, Kent," ], [ "21 September 1866." ], [ "Called \"Bertie\" in the family, he was the fourth and last child" ], [ "Joseph Wells (a former domestic gardener, and at the time a shopkeeper and professional cricketer" ], [ "Sarah Neal (a former domestic servant)." ], [ "A defining incident of young Wells's life was an accident in 1874 that left him bedridden with a broken leg." ], [ "soon became devoted to the other worlds and lives to which books gave him access; they also stimulated his desire to write." ], [ "Later that year he entered Thomas Morley's Commercial Academy, a private school founded in 1849 following the bankruptcy of Morley's earlier school." ], [ "The teaching was erratic, the curriculum mostly focused, Wells later said, on producing copperplate handwriting and doing the sort of sums useful to tradesmen." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 83, 102, 169, 282, 847, 1055, 1179, 1328 ], "texts": [ "Herbert George Wells was born at Atlas House, 162 High Street in Bromley, Kent,", "21 September 1866.", "Called \"Bertie\" in the family, he was the fourth and last child", "Joseph Wells (a former domestic gardener, and at the time a shopkeeper and professional cricketer", "Sarah Neal (a former domestic servant).", "A defining incident of young Wells's life was an accident in 1874 that left him bedridden with a broken leg.", "soon became devoted to the other worlds and lives to which books gave him access; they also stimulated his desire to write.", "Later that year he entered Thomas Morley's Commercial Academy, a private school founded in 1849 following the bankruptcy of Morley's earlier school.", "The teaching was erratic, the curriculum mostly focused, Wells later said, on producing copperplate handwriting and doing the sort of sums useful to tradesmen." ] }

[ { "text": "A biography, or simply bio, is a detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just basic facts like education, work, relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of these life events. Unlike a profile or curriculum vitae (résumé), a biography presents a subject's life story, highlighting various aspects of their life, including intimate details of experience, and may include an analysis of the subject's personality.\n\nBiographical works are usually non-fiction, but fiction can also be used to portray a person's life. One in-depth form of biographical coverage is called legacy writing. Works in diverse media, from literature to film, form the genre known as biography.\n\nAn authorized biography is written with the permission, cooperation, and at times, participation of a subject or a subject's heirs. An autobiography is written by the person themselves, sometimes with the assistance of a collaborator or ghostwriter.\n\nHistory \nAt first, biographical writings were regarded merely as a subsection of history with a focus on a particular individual of historical importance. The independent genre of biography as distinct from general history writing, began to emerge in the 18th century and reached its contemporary form at the turn of the 20th century.\n\nHistorical biography \n\nBiography is the earliest literary genre in history. According to Egyptologist Miriam Lichtheim, writing took its first steps toward literature in the context of the private tomb funerary inscriptions. These were commemorative biographical texts recounting the careers of deceased high royal officials. The earliest biographical texts are from the 26th century BC.\n\nIn the 21st century BC, another famous biography was composed in Mesopotamia about Gilgamesh. One of the five versions could be historical.\n\nFrom the same region a couple of centuries later, according to another famous biography, departed Abraham. He and his 3 descendants became subjects of ancient Hebrew biographies whether fictional or historical.\n\nOne of the earliest Roman biographers was Cornelius Nepos, who published his work Excellentium Imperatorum Vitae (\"Lives of outstanding generals\") in 44 BC. Longer and more extensive biographies were written in Greek by Plutarch, in his Parallel Lives, published about 80 A.D. In this work famous Greeks are paired with famous Romans, for example, the orators Demosthenes and Cicero, or the generals Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar; some fifty biographies from the work survive. Another well-known collection of ancient biographies is De vita Caesarum (\"On the Lives of the Caesars\") by Suetonius, written about AD 121 in the time of the emperor Hadrian. Meanwhile, in the eastern imperial periphery, Gospel described the life of Jesus.\n\nIn the early Middle Ages (AD 400 to 1450), there was a decline in awareness of the classical culture in Europe. During this time, the only repositories of knowledge and records of the early history in Europe were those of the Roman Catholic Church. Hermits, monks, and priests used this historic period to write biographies. Their subjects were usually restricted to the church fathers, martyrs, popes, and saints. Their works were meant to be inspirational to the people and vehicles for conversion to Christianity (see Hagiography). One significant secular example of a biography from this period is the life of Charlemagne by his courtier Einhard.\n\nIn Medieval Western India, there was a Sanskrit Jain literary genre of writing semi-historical biographical narratives about the lives of famous persons called Prabandhas. Prabandhas were written primarily by Jain scholars from the 13th century onwards and were written in colloquial Sanskrit (as opposed to Classical Sanskrit). The earliest collection explicitly titled Prabandha- is Jinabhadra's Prabandhavali (1234 CE).\n\nIn Medieval Islamic Civilization (c. AD 750 to 1258), similar traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad and other important figures in the early history of Islam began to be written, beginning the Prophetic biography tradition. Early biographical dictionaries were published as compendia of famous Islamic personalities from the 9th century onwards. They contained more social data for a large segment of the population than other works of that period. The earliest biographical dictionaries initially focused on the lives of the prophets of Islam and their companions, with one of these early examples being The Book of The Major Classes by Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi. And then began the documentation of the lives of many other historical figures (from rulers to scholars) who lived in the medieval Islamic world.\n\nBy the late Middle Ages, biographies became less church-oriented in Europe as biographies of kings, knights, and tyrants began to appear. The most famous of such biographies was Le Morte d'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory. The book was an account of the life of the fabled King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. Following Malory, the new emphasis on humanism during the Renaissance promoted a focus on secular subjects, such as artists and poets, and encouraged writing in the vernacular.\n\nGiorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists (1550) was the landmark biography focusing on secular lives. Vasari made celebrities of his subjects, as the Lives became an early \"bestseller\". Two other developments are noteworthy: the development of the printing press in the 15th century and the gradual increase in literacy.\n\nBiographies in the English language began appearing during the reign of Henry VIII. John Foxe's Actes and Monuments (1563), better known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs, was essentially the first dictionary of the biography in Europe, followed by Thomas Fuller's The History of the Worthies of England (1662), with a distinct focus on public life.\n\nInfluential in shaping popular conceptions of pirates, A General History of the Pyrates (1724), by Charles Johnson, is the prime source for the biographies of many well-known pirates.\n\nA notable early collection of biographies of eminent men and women in the United Kingdom was Biographia Britannica (1747-1766) edited by William Oldys.\n\nThe American biography followed the English model, incorporating Thomas Carlyle's view that biography was a part of history. Carlyle asserted that the lives of great human beings were essential to understanding society and its institutions. While the historical impulse would remain a strong element in early American biography, American writers carved out a distinct approach. What emerged was a rather didactic form of biography, which sought to shape the individual character of a reader in the process of defining national character.\n\nEmergence of the genre \n\nThe first modern biography, and a work that exerted considerable influence on the evolution of the genre, was James Boswell's The Life of Samuel Johnson, a biography of lexicographer and man-of-letters Samuel Johnson published in 1791.\n\nWhile Boswell's personal acquaintance with his subject only began in 1763, when Johnson was 54 years old, Boswell covered the entirety of Johnson's life by means of additional research. Itself an important stage in the development of the modern genre of biography, it has been claimed to be the greatest biography written in the English language. Boswell's work was unique in its level of research, which involved archival study, eye-witness accounts and interviews, its robust and attractive narrative, and its honest depiction of all aspects of Johnson's life and character – a formula which serves as the basis of biographical literature to this day.\n\nBiographical writing generally stagnated during the 19th century – in many cases there was a reversal to the more familiar hagiographical method of eulogizing the dead, similar to the biographies of saints produced in Medieval times. A distinction between mass biography and literary biography began to form by the middle of the century, reflecting a breach between high culture and middle-class culture. However, the number of biographies in print experienced a rapid growth, thanks to an expanding reading public. This revolution in publishing made books available to a larger audience of readers. In addition, affordable paperback editions of popular biographies were published for the first time. Periodicals began publishing a sequence of biographical sketches.\n\nAutobiographies became more popular, as with the rise of education and cheap printing, modern concepts of fame and celebrity began to develop. Autobiographies were written by authors, such as Charles Dickens (who incorporated autobiographical elements in his novels) and Anthony Trollope, (his Autobiography appeared posthumously, quickly becoming a bestseller in London), philosophers, such as John Stuart Mill, churchmen – John Henry Newman – and entertainers – P. T. Barnum.\n\nModern biography \nThe sciences of psychology and sociology were ascendant at the turn of the 20th century and would heavily influence the new century's biographies. The demise of the \"great man\" theory of history was indicative of the emerging mindset. Human behavior would be explained through Darwinian theories. \"Sociological\" biographies conceived of their subjects' actions as the result of the environment, and tended to downplay individuality. The development of psychoanalysis led to a more penetrating and comprehensive understanding of the biographical subject, and induced biographers to give more emphasis to childhood and adolescence. Clearly these psychological ideas were changing the way biographies were written, as a culture of autobiography developed, in which the telling of one's own story became a form of therapy. The conventional concept of heroes and narratives of success disappeared in the obsession with psychological explorations of personality.\n\nBritish critic Lytton Strachey revolutionized the art of biographical writing with his 1918 work Eminent Victorians, consisting of biographies of four leading figures from the Victorian era: Cardinal Manning, Florence Nightingale, Thomas Arnold, and General Gordon. Strachey set out to breathe life into the Victorian era for future generations to read. Up until this point, as Strachey remarked in the preface, Victorian biographies had been \"as familiar as the cortège of the undertaker\", and wore the same air of \"slow, funereal barbarism.\" Strachey defied the tradition of \"two fat volumes... of undigested masses of material\" and took aim at the four iconic figures. His narrative demolished the myths that had built up around these cherished national heroes, whom he regarded as no better than a \"set of mouth bungled hypocrites\". The book achieved worldwide fame due to its irreverent and witty style, its concise and factually accurate nature, and its artistic prose.\n\nIn the 1920s and 1930s, biographical writers sought to capitalize on Strachey's popularity by imitating his style. This new school featured iconoclasts, scientific analysts, and fictional biographers and included Gamaliel Bradford, André Maurois, and Emil Ludwig, among others. Robert Graves (I, Claudius, 1934) stood out among those following Strachey's model of \"debunking biographies.\" The trend in literary biography was accompanied in popular biography by a sort of \"celebrity voyeurism\", in the early decades of the century. This latter form's appeal to readers was based on curiosity more than morality or patriotism. By World War I, cheap hard-cover reprints had become popular. The decades of the 1920s witnessed a biographical \"boom.\"\n\nAmerican professional historiography gives a limited role to biography, preferring instead to emphasize deeper social and cultural influences. Political biographers historically incorporated moralizing judgments into their work, with scholarly biography being an uncommon genre before the mid-1920s. Allan Nevins was a major contributor in the 1930s to the multivolume Dictionary of American Biography. Nevins also sponsored a series of long political biographies. Later biographers sought to show how political figures balanced power and responsibility. However, many biographers found that their subjects were not as morally pure as they originally thought, and young historians after 1960 tended to be more critical. The exception is Robert Remini whose books on Andrew Jackson idolize its hero and fends off criticisms. The study of decision-making in politics is important for scholarly political biographers, who can take different approaches such as focusing on psychology/personality, bureaucracy/interests, fundamental ideas, or societal forces. However, most documentation favors the first approach, which emphasizes personalities. Biographers often neglect the voting blocs and legislative positions of politicians and the organizational structures of bureaucracies. A more promising approach is to locate a person's ideas through intellectual history, but this has become more difficult with the philosophical shallowness of political figures in recent times. Political biography can be frustrating and challenging to integrate with other fields of political history.\n\nThe feminist scholar Carolyn Heilbrun observed that women's biographies and autobiographies began to change character during the second wave of feminist activism. She cited Nancy Milford's 1970 biography Zelda, as the \"beginning of a new period of women's biography, because \"[only] in 1970 were we ready to read not that Zelda had destroyed Fitzgerald, but Fitzgerald her: he had usurped her narrative.\" Heilbrun named 1973 as the turning point in women's autobiography, with the publication of May Sarton's Journal of a Solitude, for that was the first instance where a woman told her life story, not as finding \"beauty even in pain\" and transforming \"rage into spiritual acceptance,\" but acknowledging what had previously been forbidden to women: their pain, their rage, and their \"open admission of the desire for power and control over one's life.\"\n\nRecent years\nIn recent years, multimedia biography has become more popular than traditional literary forms. Along with documentary biographical films, Hollywood produced numerous commercial films based on the lives of famous people. The popularity of these forms of biography have led to the proliferation of TV channels dedicated to biography, including A&E, The Biography Channel, and The History Channel.\n\nCD-ROM and online biographies have also appeared. Unlike books and films, they often do not tell a chronological narrative: instead they are archives of many discrete media elements related to an individual person, including video clips, photographs, and text articles. Biography-Portraits were created in 2001, by the German artist Ralph Ueltzhoeffer. Media scholar Lev Manovich says that such archives exemplify the database form, allowing users to navigate the materials in many ways. General \"life writing\" techniques are a subject of scholarly study.\n\nIn recent years, debates have arisen as to whether all biographies are fiction, especially when authors are writing about figures from the past. President of Wolfson College at Oxford University, Hermione Lee argues that all history is seen through a perspective that is the product of one's contemporary society and as a result, biographical truths are constantly shifting. So, the history biographers write about will not be the way that it happened; it will be the way they remembered it. Debates have also arisen concerning the importance of space in life-writing.\n\nDaniel R. Meister in 2017 argued that:\nBiography Studies is emerging as an independent discipline, especially in the Netherlands. This Dutch School of biography is moving biography studies away from the less scholarly life writing tradition and towards history by encouraging its practitioners to utilize an approach adapted from microhistory.\n\nBiographical research\nBiographical research is defined by Miller as a research method that collects and analyses a person's whole life, or portion of a life, through the in-depth and unstructured interview, or sometimes reinforced by semi-structured interview or personal documents. It is a way of viewing social life in procedural terms, rather than static terms. The information can come from \"oral history, personal narrative, biography and autobiography\" or \"diaries, letters, memoranda and other materials\". The central aim of biographical research is to produce rich descriptions of persons or \"conceptualise structural types of actions\", which means to \"understand the action logics or how persons and structures are interlinked\". This method can be used to understand an individual's life within its social context or understand the cultural phenomena.\n\nCritical issues \nThere are many largely unacknowledged pitfalls to writing good biographies, and these largely concern the relation between firstly the individual and the context, and, secondly, the private and public. Paul James writes:\n\nBook awards \nSeveral countries offer an annual prize for writing a biography such as the:\nDrainie-Taylor Biography Prize – Canada\nNational Biography Award – Australia\nPulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography – United States\nWhitbread Prize for Best Biography – United Kingdom\nJ. R. Ackerley Prize for Autobiography – United Kingdom\nPrix Goncourt de la Biographie – France\n\nSee also \n\n Historiography\n Historiography of science\n Historiography of the United Kingdom\n Historiography of the United States\n Legal biography\n Letter collection\n Psychobiography\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n \"Biography\", In Our Time, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Richard Holmes, Nigel Hamilton and Amanda Foreman (June 22, 2000).\n\n \nCategory:Genres\nCategory:Non-fiction literature\nCategory:History", "title": "Biography" } ]

[ "Herbert George Wells was born at Atlas House, 162 High Street in Bromley, Kent.", "He was born on 21 September 1866.", "In the family, he was called \"Bertie\". He was the fourth and last child of his parents, therefore, he did have siblings.", "His father's name was Joseph Wells. He was a former domestic gardener, and at the time was a shopkeeper and professional cricketer.", "His mother's name was Sarah Neal and she was a former domestic servant. Later in life, she returned to work as a lady's maid.", "As a child in 1874, Wells had an accident that left him bedridden with a broken leg. This event began his interest in reading, as he would pass the time by reading books from the local library brought to him by his father.", "The accident was significant because during his bedridden period, he started reading books. These books opened him to other worlds and lives, stimulating his desire to write. It could be said that this incident sparked his interest in literature, which later became his career.", "Later that year, after his accident, he entered Thomas Morley's Commercial Academy, a private school.", "The teaching at Thomas Morley's Commercial Academy was erratic and the curriculum mostly focused, Wells later said, on producing copperplate handwriting and doing the sort of sums useful to tradesmen." ]

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[ "what video did they do?", "what were the three collections?", "were these successful?", "when were the dvd released?", "were these released successful?", "was anything released?", "what was special about these releases?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "were there any other movie clips?", "what was it about?", "was it successful?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 142 ], [ 207 ], [ 282 ], [ 1530 ], [ 506 ], [ 1530 ], [ 1064 ], [ 651 ], [ 749 ], [ 829 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The programme was first released on video in 1986 in a series of three collections," ], [ "Spit - With Polish!, A Floppy Mass Of Blubber & Rubber Thingies." ], [ "All carried a 15 certificate and were reissued in 1988, also as a box set." ], [ "1989 saw the release by Central Video of two complete specials, Bumbledown: The Life & Times Of Ronald Reagan and The Sound Of Maggie." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The Klassik Music Video Vol 1\", released in 1991 by Central Video under The Video Collection Ltd (VCI or 2entertain); there was never a Volume 2." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The Ronald Reagan song \"Da Do Run Ron\" featured in a straight to video release called Rockin' Ronnie (1986), an otherwise unrelated compilation of movie clips released by ATI Video." ], [ "\"Is Nothing Sacred?\" was released in 1992 by Surprise Video, compiling material from 1990-1991." ], [ "The free booklet was written by Stewart Lee and Richard Herring. Havin' It Off: The Bonker's Guide was released in 1993." ], [ "The Bonker's Guide was released in 1993. In 1996 FA to Fairplay was released on VHS, later reissued on DVD in 2005. Made specially for video," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 142, 207, 282, 1530, 506, 1530, 1064, 651, 749, 829 ], "texts": [ "The programme was first released on video in 1986 in a series of three collections,", "Spit - With Polish!, A Floppy Mass Of Blubber & Rubber Thingies.", "All carried a 15 certificate and were reissued in 1988, also as a box set.", "1989 saw the release by Central Video of two complete specials, Bumbledown: The Life & Times Of Ronald Reagan and The Sound Of Maggie.", "CANNOTANSWER", "The Klassik Music Video Vol 1\", released in 1991 by Central Video under The Video Collection Ltd (VCI or 2entertain); there was never a Volume 2.", "CANNOTANSWER", "The Ronald Reagan song \"Da Do Run Ron\" featured in a straight to video release called Rockin' Ronnie (1986), an otherwise unrelated compilation of movie clips released by ATI Video.", " \"Is Nothing Sacred?\" was released in 1992 by Surprise Video, compiling material from 1990-1991.", "The free booklet was written by Stewart Lee and Richard Herring. Havin' It Off: The Bonker's Guide was released in 1993.", "The Bonker's Guide was released in 1993. In 1996 FA to Fairplay was released on VHS, later reissued on DVD in 2005. Made specially for video," ] }

[ { "text": "Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. Her portrayal in the arts and popular culture has been mixed. In the words of one critic she attracted \"musical opprobrium like no other British political leader\". Such opinion is divergent from mainstream opinion polling which tends to place her as the most popular British prime minister since Winston Churchill.\n\nArts critic Michael Billington noted that \"Thatcher may not have cared passionately about the arts, but she left her emphatic mark upon them.\"\n\nThis page is a list of depictions of Thatcher on stage, in film, TV, radio, literature, music and in other forms of the arts and entertainment.\n\nFilm\n Reagan (2023) – Lesley-Anne Down\n The Iron Lady (2011) – Meryl Streep\n In Search of La Che (2011) – Steve Nallon\n Back in Business (2007) – Caroline Bernstein\n I Am Bob (2007) – Caroline Bernstein\n For Your Eyes Only (1981) – Janet Brown\n\nTelevision drama\n The Crown (2020) – Gillian Anderson\n When Harvey Met Bob (2010) – Ingrid Craigie\n The Queen (2009) – Lesley Manville\n Margaret (2009) – Lindsay Duncan\n The Long Walk to Finchley (2008) – Andrea Riseborough\n Coup! (2006) – Caroline Blakiston\n The Line of Beauty (2006) – Kika Markham\n Pinochet in Suburbia (2006) – Anna Massey\n The Alan Clark Diaries (2004) – Louise Gold\n The Falklands Play (2002) – Patricia Hodge\n Deutschlandspiel (2000) (TV) – Nicole Heesters\n The Final Cut (1995) – funeral and memorial statue depicted\n Thatcher: The Final Days (1991) – Sylvia Syms\n House of Cards (1990) – began after Thatcher's resignation, following the premiership of her fictional successor Hal Collingridge and his succession by Francis Urquhart.\n About Face (1989) – Maureen Lipman\n First Among Equals (Hilary Turner) (1986) – Paola Dionisotti\n\nTheatre\n Margaret Thatcher Queen of Soho (2013–present) – A drag comedy musical play imagining what life would have been like if Thatcher had got lost in Soho on the eve of the vote for Section 28. It was performed in December 2013 at Theatre503 in London, in August 2014 at the Edinburgh Fringe and is transferring to London once again in March 2015 at the Leicester Square Theatre.\n The Audience (2013) – played in the premiere production by Haydn Gwynne\n Handbagged (2010) – A play shown at the Tricycle Theatre in London as part of its Women, Power and Politics festival. Handbagged examined the relationship between Thatcher and the Queen. The younger Thatcher was portrayed by Claire Cox and the elder by Stella Gonet. Handbagged was later expanded by its writer Moira Buffini and presented as a full play at the Tricycle in late 2013. The director was Indhu Rubasingham.\n The Death of Margaret Thatcher (2008) – coffin is onstage throughout the play, dealing with the differing reactions of the cast towards her death\n Market Boy (2006) – Set in a marketplace in 1980s Romford, a character called \"Posh Lady\" is meant to resemble Thatcher. When the play debuted at the National Theatre in London, she was played by Nicola Blackwell.\n Thatcher – The Musical! ()\n Billy Elliot the Musical (2005) – contains the irreverent song \"Merry Christmas Maggie Thatcher\" by Elton John\n Little Madam – a play by James Graham, exploring the life and career of Thatcher, presented at Finborough Theatre, London\n Sink the Belgrano! (1986) – a vitriolic satirical play by Steven Berkoff, in which she is called \"Maggot Scratcher\"\n\nSatire\n Neocolonialism (2013) – Thatcher is quoted in the main menu, and sometimes appears as a computer player\n The Hunt for Tony Blair (2011) – Jennifer Saunders\n Jeffrey Archer: The Truth (2002) – Greta Scacchi\n The Comic Strip Presents... (1990, 1992) – Jennifer Saunders\n Dunrulin (1990) – Angela Thorne\n KYTV (1989) – Steve Nallon\n The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole – character Margaret Hilda Roberts, created as a satire by writer Sue Townsend\n Doctor Who: \"The Happiness Patrol\" (1988) – character of Helen A is a caricature of Thatcher\n The New Statesman (1987–90) – Steve Nallon\n Spitting Image (1984–96) – voiced by Steve Nallon; caricatured as a \"fascist hermaphrodite: wearing power suits, using urinals and smoking cigars\"\n Yes Minister (1984) – herself (a short sketch, on 20 January 1984, at an award ceremony for the writers, commemorated on a Private Eye cover)\nAre You Being Served? (1983) – In the episode \"Monkey Business,\" a scene is set inside Number 10 with Thatcher appearing offscreen (only her hand is seen and her voice heard, portrayed by actress Jan Ravens) interacting with John Inman's character Mr Humphries\n Anyone for Denis? (1982) – Angela Thorne\n The Iron Lady (1979) – Janet Brown (satirical album written by John Wells of Private Eye)\n Saturday Night Live (1979, 1982, 1988, 2013) – Michael Palin; Mary Gross; John Lithgow; Fred Armisen, Taran Killam, Bill Hader, Jason Sudeikis, as Ian Rubbish and the Bizzaros\n RuPaul's Drag Race UK (2019) – Drag Queen Baga Chipz appeared as Thatcher during the Snatch Game challenge of the first series of RuPaul's Drag Race UK. Chipz later resumed the role alongside fellow RuPaul's Drag Race UK contestant The Vivienne as Donald Trump in Morning T&T on WOW Presents Plus.\n\nLiterature\n The Line of Beauty by Alan Hollinghurst (2004)\n Alan Clark Diaries: Volume 2: Into Politics 1972–1982 by Alan Clark (2000)\n Icon by Frederick Forsyth (1997)\n A Heart So White by Javier Marías (1995) – The hero of the novel is an interpreter at a long conversation between Thatcher and a Spanish politician. Thatcher refers to the play Macbeth, from which the novel's title derives.\n The Fist of God by Frederick Forsyth (1994)\n Alan Clark Diaries: Volume 1: In Power 1983–1992 by Alan Clark (1993)\n A Little Bit of Sunshine by Frederick Forsyth (1991)\n The Negotiator by Frederick Forsyth (1989)\n The Fourth Protocol by Frederick Forsyth (1984)\n First Among Equals by Jeffrey Archer (1984)\n The Devil's Alternative by Frederick Forsyth (1979), in which the character of British Prime Minister Joan Carpenter is based on Thatcher\n Miracleman: Olympus by Alan Moore and John Totleben (1989) – Thatcher is present as Miracleman explains that he and his companions will be restructuring the world economy; when she says that she could never allow this, he says \"'Allow'?\", and she is intimidated into silence.\n The Assassination of Margaret Thatcher – August 6, 1983 (2014) – a short story by Hilary Mantel\n The Iron Bird by Robert Woodshaw – a novel that takes the premise of Animal Farm and applies it to the life of Margaret Thatcher.\n\nRadio\n The News Huddlines – June Whitfield\n A Family Affair – Clare Higgins\n\nMusic\nWhile in power, Thatcher was the subject of several songs which opposed her government, including The Beat's \"Stand Down Margaret\", as well as a sarcastic declaration of faux adoration (Notsensibles' \"I'm in Love with Margaret Thatcher\"). Even after she left government, several offensive songs had been written that spitefully called for her death or looked forward to celebration of her death, including Morrissey's \"Margaret on the Guillotine\" (\"The kind people have a wonderful dream, Margaret on the guillotine\"), Elvis Costello's \"Tramp the Dirt Down\" (\"I'll stand on your grave and tramp the dirt down\"), Hefner's \"The Day That Thatcher Dies\" (\"We will dance and sing all night\") and Pete Wylie's \"The Day That Margaret Thatcher Dies\" (\"She's gone!, And nobody cries\").\n\nSongs with Thatcher as the subject include:\n \"All My Trials\" by Paul McCartney\n \"Margaret on the Guillotine\" (song from Morrissey's album Viva Hate)\n \"Stand Down Margaret\" by The Beat\n \"The Day That Margaret Thatcher Dies\" by Pete Wylie\n \"The Day That Thatcher Dies\" by Hefner\n \"Tramp the Dirt Down\" by Elvis Costello\n \"I'm There!\" by Janet Brown\n \"Wallflowers\" by MC Frontalot\n \"Margaret\" by Russian band Electroforez\n \"Ronnie And Mags\" by NOFX\n \"Miss Maggie\" by Renaud\n \"Madame Medusa\" by UB40\n \"Maggie\" by The Exploited\n \"Dracumag\" by Ewan MacColl\n \"The Grocer\" by Ewan MacColl\n \"I'm in love with Margaret Thatcher\" by Notsensibles (one of the more sympathetic depictions of Thatcher in popular music)\n \"Maggie's Farm\" by The Blues Band\n \"Thatcher's Fortress\" by The Varukers\n \"Maggie Maggie Maggie (Out Out Out)\" by The Larks\n \"Margaret's Injection\" by Kitchens of Distinction\n \"Thatcher Fucked the Kids\" by Frank Turner\n \"Black Boys on Mopeds\" by Sinéad O’Connor\n \"Sowing the Seeds of Love\" by Tears for Fears\n \"How Many Lies?\" by Spandau Ballet\n\nRoger Waters in 1983 referred to Thatcher sarcastically as \"Maggie\" multiple times throughout the Pink Floyd album The Final Cut. In the song The Fletcher Memorial Home Waters calls \"Maggie\" an overgrown infant and an incurable tyrant. At the end of the song he quietly speaks of applying the Final Solution to her and other famous world leaders. A sound recording of Thatcher's voice also appears on Waters' 1987 solo album Radio K.A.O.S. toward the end of the track \"Four Minutes\", when a portion of her speech to the 1983 Scottish Conservative Party Conference can be heard: \"...our own independent nuclear deterrent, which has helped to keep the peace for nearly 40 years.\" The band Genesis in 1986 utilised a puppet representing her (as well as other politicians) in the music video \"Land of Confusion\" from the album Invisible Touch.\n\nBritish indie band Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine depicted Thatcher on the sleeve of their 1995 single \"The Young Offender's Mum\".\n\nThatcher is depicted on the album cover of Death Before Dishonour, a 1987 album by The Exploited, a Scottish punk rock band.\n\nProtest songs\n\nDuring her political career, Margaret Thatcher was the subject or the inspiration for several protest songs. Paul Weller was a founding member of Red Wedge collective, which unsuccessfully sought to oust Thatcher with the help of music. In 1987, they organised a comedy tour with British comedians Lenny Henry, Ben Elton, Robbie Coltrane, Harry Enfield and others.\n\nRemixes\n\nLess than two months after Thatcher resigned, musical acid house group V.I.M. released a rave track titled \"Maggie's Last Party\". Described by a music critic in 2011 as \"strikingly original, and catchy to the point of irritation\", the track was a \"fusion\" of Thatcher's \"uncompromising speeches with a slowly-evolving post-acid house backing\"; it reached #68 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1991. The track was a hit with many nightclubs at the time, despite unfavourable opinion of her government among some in the rave community.\n\nSilent disc\nIn 1983, a vinyl record was pressed entitled \"The Wit and Wisdom of Margaret Thatcher\", however the whole groove on both sides are totally silent.\n\nArt\n\nNotable works include:\nStatue of Margaret Thatcher (1998) – a marble statue installed at Guildhall Art Gallery. The two-ton statue was decapitated in 2002 by a protester.\nStatue of Margaret Thatcher (2007) – a bronze statue. The statue has been erected inside the House of Commons. It shows her with her arm outstretched and posed as if addressing the House.\nStatue of Margaret Thatcher (2008) - a life sized bronze statue on Hillsdale College's campus, it is the only of her in North America.\nStatue of Margaret Thatcher (2022). On 15 May 2022 a bronze statue of Thatcher, high and placed on a high plinth, was unveiled without ceremony in her home town of Grantham. It was attacked with eggs within two hours. The work, by sculptor Douglas Jennings, was originally intended to stand close to the Houses of Parliament, but it was rejected by Westminster City Council in 2018 when councillors said it was too soon after her death (in 2013) and expressed fears that it would become a focus for \"civil disobedience and vandalism\".\n Maggie (2009) by Marcus Harvey – a black-and-white portrait composed of over 15,000 casts of sculptural objects including vegetables, dildos, masks and skulls. The work weighs over a ton.\n In the Sleep of Reason by Mark Wallinger – a video piece taken from Thatcher's 1982 Falklands speech and edited to show only each blink, thus giving the appearance that her eyes are constantly shut.\n\nThatcher was seen as a \"gift\" by political cartoonists. Among the most memorable images are Gerald Scarfe's provocative \"scythe-like\" caricatures, some of which were exhibited in his 2005 show \"Milk Snatcher, Gerald Scarfe – The Thatcher Drawings\".\n\nVideo games\nThatcher's Techbase - A mod for Doom II in which the player is tasked with killing a demonic version of Thatcher who has risen from the dead.\n\nMaggie's Club\nOn Fulham Road in Chelsea, London, there is a 1980s-themed late-night bar dedicated to Thatcher called Maggie's Club.\n\nFootball commentary \n\nThatcher was one of eight notable Britons cited in Norwegian Bjørge Lillelien's famous \"Your boys took a hell of a beating\" commentary at the end of England’s shock 2–1 defeat to Norway in September 1981. Beginning his exuberant celebrations with “We are best in the world! We have beaten England! England, birthplace of giants\", he ended with, \"Maggie Thatcher, can you hear me? Maggie Thatcher ... your boys took a hell of a beating! Your boys took a hell of a beating!\"\n\nSee also\n\n \"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead\", a 1939 song that infamously charted in the week of her death\n \"Maggie's Militant Tendency\", a controversial programme broadcast by the BBC\n Thatchergate, a hoax perpetrated by members of the anarcho-punk band Crass\n Thatcher effect, an optical illusion first demonstrated on a photograph of Thatcher\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\n \nCategory:Margaret Thatcher", "title": "Cultural depictions of Margaret Thatcher" }, { "text": "Ronald Reagan has been variously depicted in popular culture since he was elected president in 1980. Reagan also appeared numerous times in popular fiction, particularly in his role as U.S. president in the 1980s.\n\nFilm and television \n Rap Master Ronnie: A Report Card, a satirical depiction of Reagan's presidency aired as a Cinemax Comedy Experiment\n Spitting Image, a satirical British puppet show featuring Reagan\n The Day Reagan Was Shot, a 2001 film about the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan\n The Reagans, a 2003 television film about Ronald Reagan and his family\n Reagan, a 2011 documentary film about the presidency of Ronald Reagan\n The Butler, a 2013 film about an African-American butler who bore witness to the presidency of Ronald Reagan\n Killing Reagan (film), a 2016 television film about the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan\n The Reagans, a 2020 documentary broadcast on Showtime in four parts.\n Reagan, a 2023 film starring Dennis Quaid\n\nReagan appeared as one of the fictional supporting characters in the Inhumanoids episode \"The Surma Plan\" as president of the United States. Upon learning that the Soviet leadership were planning an Earth-threatening attack on the lair of the Inhumanoid leader Metlar, Reagan first suggested that they contact the Soviets. After being advised that the Soviets wouldn't listen he instead contacted the Earth Corps to stop the Soviet mission that could end up destroying the planet itself. He later expressed gratitude to the Earth Corps for stopping the Soviet plan. Reagan was portrayed by voice actor Neil Ross.\n\nIn the second season of the television series Fargo, Reagan (Bruce Campbell) makes a stop during his second presidential campaign in 1979 in the titular town; Campbell previously appeared in the 1995 film Fargo on a television screen and credited as \"Soap Opera TV Star\"; the season retroactively establishes this character as Reagan from his former career as an actor.\n\nAlso, in the first film of Back to the Future, Reagan is referenced heavily in the first part of the movie, in which 1955 Doc Brown mocks Marty McFly after he answered Reagan was the president, as at 1955, Reagan was still an actor, referenced earlier in the film when his name appeared on a theater on the background\n\nLiterature\n\nComics \nRonald Reagan met Captain America in Marvel Comics, would become the paranormal hero \"Teflon\" in New Universe and was even depicted as the star of the Solsons' Comics series Reagans Raiders, in 1987.\n\nMarvel Transformers UK Annual 1985 contained a story called \"Plague of the Insecticons\". Optimus Prime lead Prowl and Warpath to a meeting with President Ronald Reagan in Washington D.C. to open a dialog between the Autobots and the US government. The evil Insecticons attack the US military in the name of the Autobots hoping to derail the peace talks. Although the Autobots managed to chase off the Insecticons Optimus Prime gave up on explaining the misunderstanding to Reagan, thinking he would never be believed. Reagan had been ready to hear what Optimus had to say and was disappointed they gave up so easily. In 1986, Ronald Reagan made an appearance in volume 1, issue 8, of the DC Comics series Booster Gold.\n\nReagan would also make an appearance in Strontium Dog, a long running strip in the British comic 2000 AD. In the storyline 'Bitch' (Progs 505–529, 1987), he is kidnapped and held hostage by time travelling alien freedom fighters. The Reagan of this story is depicted as somewhat bumbling and not at all aware of what is happening; despite all evidence to the contrary, he maintains the opinion throughout that he has been kidnapped by the 'Commies'.\n\nIn the 1986 miniseries The Dark Knight Returns, Superman is an operative for the United States government, covertly fighting Soviet forces in Latin America and serving as the president's right-hand man. Though unnamed, this president bears an identical resemblance to Reagan, who was in office when the comic was published. He also possesses Reagan's folksy way of speaking.\n\nReagan was also a key character in the satirical comic strip Benchley by Mort Drucker and Jerry Dumas. The plot revolved around the fictive character Benchley who served as Reagan's assistant.\n\nWeb original\n\nOn the collaborative fiction writing website SCP Foundation, Ronald Reagan is depicted in SCP-1981, an anomalous VHS tape that depicts the president giving corrupted versions of his Evil Empire speech while accompanied by a black hooded figure, all while being gradually mutilated by an unseen force until he is unable to continue speaking. The tape changes in content every time it is viewed. The real-life Reagan of the SCP universe was said to have developed an unhealthy obsession and chronic nightmares with SCP-1981 after being shown the tape, and developed Alzheimer's Disease after Secret Service agents' unqualified attempt at inducing a drug-induced amnesia using amnestics stolen from the SCP Foundation.\n\nMusic \n\nReagan is the subject of many songs.\n\nToys\nIn 2020, Amazo Toys ran a successful Kickstarter campaign for the United States Space Force Action Figures. The basic 4 inch tall action figure for the Space Force Red team came with six head options, one of which was the Ghost of Ronald Reagan. In the series fiction the Ghost of Ronald Reagan is part of the Space Force Red team, led by Donald Trump, which is teamed up with the Space Force Blue team to right the Russian Space Agency.\n\nA second Kickstarter campaign by Amazo Toys was American Presidents Action Figure Collection which included a Ronald Reagan figure with two alternate heads.\n\nVideo games\n Reagan was featured as easter egg in 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City where he was seen in a poster shooting then Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. He is also mentioned on the radio in the game and is also mentioned in the 2006 prequel game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories.\n On August 26, 2020, in the worldwide reveal of Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War, Reagan is the president of the United States in the campaign. He is voiced by Jeff Bergman.\n In the video game Wasteland 3, a digitized version of Ronald Reagan is displayed on a computer screen similar to how Max Headroom was often depicted.\n\nPostage stamps\nAfter Reagan's death, the United States Postal Service issued a President Ronald Reagan commemorative postage stamp in 2005.\n\nSee also\n \"What would Reagan do?\" is a phrase that has become popular, primarily among conservatives and Republicans in the United States.\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\n Cultural depictions of Margaret Thatcher", "title": "Cultural depictions of Ronald Reagan" }, { "text": "The Wrong Coast is a stop-motion adult animated television series. The series emulates a Hollywood gossip show with fake news and features, and includes many parodies of Hollywood movies, often utilizing the voices of real stars. It was produced by Blueprint Entertainment, Cuppa Coffee Studios and Curious Pictures, with stop-motion animation provided by Cuppa Coffee Studios. The theme song is performed by They Might Be Giants.\n\nThe series initially was to air for American audiences on AMC in December 2003, but never did. It began airing in Canada on The Movie Network in April 2004. Teletoon at Night has rebroadcast the original season in Canada since 19 August 2005. A French-dubbed version of the series, titled La Côte Ouest, aired in Canada on Télétoon la nuit. The series ended on 30 June 2004.\n\nThe full series has been released on DVD in Australia.\n\nCharacters\nJameson Burkwright - The male host of the show who is easily jealous of Debbie Sue's actions and is voiced by Mark Hamill. As of the end of the first season, Jameson is trapped in Hell.\nDebbie Sue Ashanti-Melendez is the bubbly, but sometimes ditzy female host of the show. She is voiced by Kathryn Greenwood.\nTi Hua Foo - The male reporter of the show. Ti Hua is always seen covering celebrity events and interviews. He is voiced by Marc Thompson. As of the end of the first season, Ti Hua has been turned into a talking guinea pig.\nJulie Wyvern - The female reporter on the show. She has a bitter rivalry with Debbie Sue. She is voiced by Tracy Nicole Chapman. As of the end of the first season, she is the new co-host of The Wrong Coast.\nMack - The producer of the show whose face is never shown until the last episode, where it is revealed he has no face. He is voiced by A.D. Miles.\n\nEpisodes\nThe Wrong Coast aired for one season consisting of 13 episodes.\n\nThe Acting Coach\nDebbie Sue hires an acting coach to help her land the part of a journalist in the new Tom Hanks movie. Jameson tries to get in on the action by showing off his comic dialects.\n\nSketches\nA Beautiful Behind - A parody of A Beautiful Mind\nThe Ted Kennedy Experiment - The Jamie Kennedy Experiment\nThe Godfather Part IV: All Pacino - The Godfather Trilogy\nSob Story\n28 Days After, 28 Days Later After - 28 Days Later\nCash Cow\nFinding Nemoy - Finding Nemo\nProject Stoplight - Project Greenlight\nAmerican Idle Idol - American Idol\nS.W.A.T.A.W.A.T.A.T.A.A. (Special Weapon And Tactics As Well As The Ability To Appraise Antiques)- S.W.A.T., Antiques Roadshow\n\nThe Office Party\nA young production assistant blackmails Jameson and Debbie Sue with a tape of their drunken behavior at the annual Christmas party. Jameson ignores the threat while Debbie Sue becomes paranoid about what she may have done.\n\nSketches\n70's Movie - Wayans brothers films, Jaws, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Rocky\nApollo the 13th - Alien, Apollo 13, Friday the 13th\nSort of But Not That Freaky Friday - Freaky Friday\nJoe Trillionaire - Joe Millionaire\nBatman Meets the Hulk - TV series, The Incredible Hulk\nStephen King's Break\nDog Stars\nWacky Neighbours\nBlood Spattered Banter - Quentin Tarantino films\nParty Time Continuum: The Stephen Hawking Story - Austin Powers\n\nChemistry\n\nDebbie Sue is determined to \"connect\" with Jameson after a bad review highlights their lack of teamwork. However, Jameson is distracted by the loss of his beloved pet ferret, Marty.\n\nSketches\nAmerican Booty - American Beauty, Bringing Down the House\nGlengarry GlenCampbell - Glengarry Glen Ross and singer Glen Campbell\nCSI: Sarasota - Parody of the CSI spinoffs (CSI: Miami, CSI: NY)\nGlitter at the Crossroads - Glitter, Crossroads\nDying Hard in an Elevator - Die Hard\nMy Big Fat Greek Matrix - My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Matrix\n\nThe Broken Teleprompter\n\nWhen the teleprompter breaks down, Debbie Sue and Jameson are forced to think for themselves. Jameson's attempt to ad-lib the news starts a rumor that Kevin Spacey is trying to kill Queen Latifah.\n\nSketches\n First Wives Fight Club - The First Wives Club, Fight Club\nMagical Black Men - Magical negros; Bruce Almighty, The Legend of Bagger Vance, The Family Man\nJack Morris' Life - Parody of movie trailer announcers, such as Don LaFontaine and Hal Douglas\nDr. Phil talks to Freckles\nWilly Shatner and the Chocolate Factory - William Shatner, Star Trek, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory\nDead and Deader - Dumb and Dumber, The Sixth Sense\nEminem tries out for Romeo and Juliet\n\nBlood Red Carpet\n\nThere is much chaos as a horde of man-eating tigers takes over the red carpet at the 76th Annual Big Gold Awards. Jameson and Debbie Sue show \"live\" footage of the attacks, while showing clips of the Best Picture nominees.\n\nSketches\nWhen Harry Met Sally Struthers - When Harry Met Sally...\nPizza Deliverance - Deliverance\nBrilliantly Dumb - Forrest Gump, I Am Sam, Rain Man, The Other Sister\nWater Wolves - Waterworld, Dances with Wolves\nFlatch Adams - Patch Adams\n\nYour Stalker or Mine?\n\nDebbie Sue brags that her new stalker is the ultimate celebrity status symbol, and when Jameson gets jealous, he attempts to attract his own stalker. While arguing over who is in the most danger, their stalkers become more interested in each other.\n\nSketches\nSeabisque - Seabiscuit, Iron Chef, and a small reference to Spider-Man \nN.Y.P.D.A.D.D - N.Y.P.D., Attention-deficit disorder (ADD)\nEndless Moaning\nBig Baby - Big\nLate Night Laughs - The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\nWhat Are You Doing In My Bedroom? The Jameson Burkright Story \nFeasting for Famine\n\nSalaries\n\nJameson is shocked to find Debbie Sue on a list of Hollywood's richest people. His jealousy turns to ridicule, however, when she finally tells the source of her extra income, her work at a fortune telling hotline.\n\nSketches\nMission: Impossible 3 (the only sketch that actually came to the big screen)\nDr. Cop Lawyer - Medical dramas/Police procedurals/Legal dramas; Law & Order\nTexas Chainsaw Manicure - The Texas Chain Saw Massacre\nCrocodile Dundee Hunter - Crocodile Dundee, The Crocodile Hunter\nSecond Term Terminator: Re-election Day - Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, The 2003 California Recall Election\n\nThe Infies\n\nAfter Debbie Sue wins an Infy infotainment award, Jameson gets jealous and quits. But Debbie Sue goes on just fine without him, so Jameson tries to get his way back on the show.\n\nSketches\nJettison Man - Spider-Man, The Tick\nQueer Eye for the Bad Guy - Queer Eye for the Straight Guy\nGolden Girls Gone Wild - The Golden Girls, Girls Gone Wild\nStormbringer 2\nCharlie's Angels: Full Frontal - Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle\n\nLights! Camera! Romance!\n\nAfter Jameson saves Debbie Sue from a falling stage light, she falls in love with him. But the romance quickly deteriorates into mind games, and it isn't long before the tears are flowing.\n\nSketches\nThe Onion Ring - The Ring\n762,120 - 24\nPoltergoat - Poltergeist\nBeer Factor - Fear Factor\nP. Diddy Day Care - Daddy Day Care\nAl Pacino's Sitcom\nHow to Lose a Guy in 28 Days Later - How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days, 28 Days Later\n\nSundance\n\nJameson and Debbie Sue report from the Sundance Film Festival. Ti Hua overreacts to being stranded in a gondola with John Turturro, and Julie continually attempts to get into an A-list party.\n\nSketches\nUno Memento - Memento\nAmerican Pi - American Pie, Pi\nBuzz\nTroubled Youth - Prozac Nation\nThe Horse Shouterer - The Horse Whisperer\n\nAddicted\n\nDebbie Sue returns from \"back surgery\" with a huge appetite for painkillers. Jameson plans an intervention to get her off from her addiction by enlisting several B-listers who need screen time. Meanwhile, Ti Hua undergoes the ultimate makeover, but gets turned into a guinea pig.\n\nSketches\nDead Movie Star Jurassic Park - Jurassic Park\nA Few Good Men and a Baby - A Few Good Men, Three Men and a Baby\nComplidate - Blind Date\nTragedy on the Tracks\nOperation Perfect Smile\nThe Re-enactment of the Siege of Bolingbroke - Siege of Bolingbroke Castle\nTransspecies\nLaw & Order: P.V.U. (Parking Violations Unit) - Law & Order: SVU\n\nPossessed\n\nJameson and Debbie Sue are shocked to discover that the Wrong Coast studio is possessed by a demon. An attempt to exorcise the demon backfires, and Jameson gets stranded in Hell.\n\nSketches\nThere's Something About Mary Poppins - There's Something About Mary, Mary Poppins\nTitanic II - Titanic\nDennis Hopper Orders a Margarita\nSiegfried & Roy return to the stage - Siegfried & Roy, Roy's tiger injury\n\nA Look Back at Yestermonth\n\nA clip show showing a look back at the first season of The Wrong Coast. With Jameson stranded in Hell, Debbie Sue is happy that she is the only host left - until Julie Wyvern joins as co-host. A sip of champagne pushes Debbie Sue off the wagon, and Mack finally reveals his \"face\".\n\nSketches\n(Selected from previous episodes)\nSeabisque - Seabiscuit, Iron Chef, and a small reference to Spider-Man\nMy Big Fat Greek Matrix - My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Matrix\nAmerican Booty - American Beauty, Bringing Down The House\nCrocodile Dundee Hunter - Crocodile Hunter, Crocodile Dundee\nDying Hard in an Elevator - Die Hard\nMagical Black Men - Magical negros; Bruce Almighty, The Legend of Bagger Vance, The Family Man\nFlatch Adams - Patch Adams\nThe Horse Shouterer - The Horse Whisperer\nS.W.A.T.A.W.A.T.A.T.A.A. - S.W.A.T., Antiques Roadshow\nCharlie's Angels: Full Frontal - Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle\n\nSee also\n Spitting Image\n Les Guignols de l'info\n This Hour Has 22 Minutes\n The Daily Show\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nThe Wrong Coast at the Internet Movie Database\nCuppa Coffee Series including The Wrong Coast, accessed 10 September 2006\nepguides.com: The Wrong Coast, accessed 10 September 2006\nTeletoon press release via Mediacaster, 15 July 2005, accessed 10 September 2006\n\nCategory:2000s American animated comedy television series\nCategory:2000s American adult animated television series\nCategory:2000s American parody television series\nCategory:2000s American sketch comedy television series\nCategory:2003 American television series debuts\nCategory:2004 American television series endings\nCategory:2000s Canadian animated comedy television series\nCategory:2000s Canadian adult animated television series\nCategory:2000s Canadian sketch comedy television series\nCategory:2003 Canadian television series debuts\nCategory:2004 Canadian television series endings\nCategory:American adult animated comedy television series\nCategory:American stop-motion animated television series\nCategory:Canadian adult animated comedy television series\nCategory:Canadian parody television series\nCategory:Canadian stop-motion animated television series\nCategory:Crossover animated television series\nCategory:English-language television shows\nCategory:Crave original programming\nCategory:Teletoon original programming\nCategory:Television series by Curious Pictures\nCategory:Television series by Entertainment One\nCategory:Television series by Bell Media\nCategory:Television series by Corus Entertainment\nCategory:Television series by Cuppa Coffee Studios", "title": "The Wrong Coast" }, { "text": "Crapston Villas is a British animated television series, written, created and directed by Sarah Ann Kennedy, in which the characters were made from plasticine and filmed with stop motion clay animation. It was a comedy satire on inner-city London life, directed at a mature audience. It featured a set of characters, living in a grim apartment building in the fictional postcode of SE69, who were plagued by various dilemmas. Foul language, sex and violence are present.\n\nProduction\nIt was made by the Spitting Image Productions company and was originally broadcast on the UK's Channel 4 from 1995 to 1998. It was written by Sarah Ann Kennedy, who was also director (series 1) along with Peter Boyd Maclean (series 2). The music for the show was composed by Rowland Lee.\n\nVoices were provided by a range of British actors and comedians.\n\nThe show was cancelled after its second series by the incoming new head of Channel 4 Television, Michael Jackson, who then bought US import South Park to fill the late Friday night slot vacated by Crapston Villas.\n\nThe show would be one of the first animated series on British television to present openly gay characters, specifically Robbie and Larry.\n\nAvailability\nEach series comprised ten episodes. Series 1 was subsequently issued on video, edited together as a single 100 minute piece (\"Crapston Villas – City of Slummington\"), while Series 2 was similarly released, but on two videos (\"Health Hazard\" and \"Culture Shock\"). In the USA five episodes from Series 1 were released on DVD by the independent production/distribution company Troma Entertainment, but so far no DVD releases of either series have occurred in the UK.\n\nAs of January 2012, all 20 episodes of Crapston Villas are available to watch on Channel 4's digital on-demand service 4oD (now called All 4). Reruns of the Series are also available to watch on G.O.L.D. late at night.\n\nAwards\n1996 Broadcast Awards: Best New Program\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1995 British television series debuts\nCategory:1998 British television series endings\nCategory:1990s British adult animated television series\nCategory:1990s British animated comedy television series\nCategory:British adult animated comedy television series\nCategory:Clay animation television series\nCategory:English-language television shows\nCategory:Channel 4 original programming\nCategory:Channel 4 comedy\nCategory:Troma Entertainment films\nCategory:LGBT-related animated series\nCategory:Television shows set in London", "title": "Crapston Villas" }, { "text": "Headcases is a British satirical animation show based on current affairs. It employed the same satirical style as Spitting Image, 2DTV and Bo' Selecta!, but using 3D animation created by UK Visual Effects and animation house Red Vision.\n\nThe programme's only series began on 6 April 2008, with weekly episodes until 11 May 2008, airing on Sundays at 10 pm. A seventh episode was televised on Friday, 30 May at 10:30 pm, and an eighth on Sunday, 15 June at 10 pm. The show included celebrities, politicians and members of the British Royal Family in their animated form, taking a role in sketches including scenarios from their own topical issues.\n\nThe show's name comes from the fact that all the subjects' caricatured faces are out of scale with the rest of their bodies.\n\nCharacters\nLampooning people in the public eye, the impressionists got the chance to caricature politicians, royals and celebrities alike. These included Prime Minister Gordon Brown, portrayed as an out of touch, weak, very austere Scrooge like Victorian and has a dark, miserable old character. His Chancellor, Alistair Darling, is depicted as a panicky cry baby who says, \"We're doomed, doomed, doomed\" while jumping around the room. There were also the forgetful Home Secretary Jacqui Smith, the vicious creature David Miliband and Tony Blair who, under the guise of Brown's adviser Ed Balls, tricks Gordon for money.\n\nOn the Conservatives' side, Leader of the Conservatives, David Cameron who was portrayed as insisting he's an ordinary man of the people for a press conference, before reverting into a volatile, mean spirited, snobbish public schoolboy behind closed doors, He regularly beats his Shadow Chancellor and manservant George Osborne and forces him to do various unpleasant things, i.e. lick dog muck off his shoes (a reference to \"old Etonian\" fagging).\n\nShadow Foreign Secretary William Hague is portrayed as an oafish, bitter alcoholic Yorkshireman (referencing his past claims of having drunk \"14 pints a day\" as a teenager) and the then newly elected Mayor of London Boris Johnson portrayed as half-man and half dog, so when he tries to talk about issues, he instead does acts of canine behaviour e.g. chasing his tail and licking his genitals.\n\nWhile on the side of the Liberal Democrats, leader Nick Clegg is portrayed as a desperate leader ready to use anything (such as offers at Pizza Hut suggested by his party) as an excuse for the Lib Dems' 'drive for change' influencing day to day Britain.\n\nThe Royal Family are set up in the same style as they were on Spitting Image; the reasonably sane but a senile Queen, The Duke of Edinburgh \"and his dog (Poochwater)\" who do everything that they can to stop Prince William from marrying \"commoner\" Catherine Middleton (he calls her Kate Middle class) but never succeed, and Prince William and Prince Harry who try to act as \"normal blokes\", but ultimately fail – in one sketch they attempt to order pizza only to ask for caviar toppings.\n\nThere were other international politicians that Headcases satirised like President George W. Bush, Bill Clinton and his wife, Hillary, Condoleezza Rice, incompetent farmer Robert Mugabe, strong but dark character (then) former President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, and his successor Dmitry Medvedev, who was portrayed as a ventriloquist's dummy, the sex mad medallion man, Nicolas Sarkozy as a flirty disco dancer who sings in French about international success and President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad who is portrayed as a Borat like character who lists reasons why his country should have nuclear technology (including destroying the entire Middle East and most of Central Asia so Iran can move closer to Europe to compete in Euro 2012) calling his adversaries racists.\n\nCelebrities impersonated include the populist and selfish former editor of the Daily Mirror newspaper Piers Morgan who gets a heavy object dropped on him each time; Victoria Beckham, a big headed loudmouth with a speech disorder and her dumb husband David, who is considerably shorter, going about their days working in America; Steven Spielberg; transsexual Madonna; Morgan Freeman; large breasted model Jordan and child minded Peter Andre; old and senile action stars Harrison Ford, Sylvester Stallone and Bruce Willis, styled as \"The (Geriatric) Action Heroes\", who fight their nemesis, money grabbing, snake haired old people hater Heather Mills; unintelligent Brad Pitt and his twisted wife Angelina Jolie, who keeps adopting children and imprisoning them to a factory making hair extensions to rival the golden locks of Jennifer Aniston, veteran newsreader Trevor McDonald; inappropriate uses for Russell Brand (e.g. as a toilet brush); Fabio Capello struggling to learn English leaving everyone confused at what he means when he speaks; far too similar footballers Steven Gerrard and Frank Lampard, whose attempts to work together for England are portrayed as Laurel and Hardy style slapstick comedy; angry, loud mouthed Jeremy Clarkson making ill-informed judgements; Richard Hammond who was left drowning when global warming hit the 2050 episode of Top Gear; sleepy, drunk and drug addled Pete Doherty and Amy Winehouse; complainers Bono and Bob Geldof; coin operated Jonathan Ross; bachelor George Clooney; Sebastian Coe presenting updates for the 2012 Olympics; Mohamed Al-Fayed and his conspiracy theories involving Fiat Unos; alien Tom Cruise and his robot wife Katie, and common chavs Helen Mirren and Judi Dench, who bully Kate Winslet because they are Dames and she is not.\n\nVoice artists\nRory Bremner\nJon Culshaw\nLewis MacLeod\nKayvan Novak\nDaniel Maier\nLucy Porter\nJess Robinson\nShelley Longworth\nKaty Wix\nKaty Brand\nOmid Djalili\nPhil Cornwell\nLucy Montgomery\nMark Perry\nTom Hollander\nAndrew Lawrence\n\nWriters\nHenry Naylor\nKevin Day\nMark Evans\nLucy Porter\nCarl Carter\nTony Cooke\n Simon Dean\nRichie Webb\nMarc Blakewill & James Harris\n\nReception\nSam Wollaston from The Guardian gave the show a mixed review, saying that the writing was good, but the animation was \"soulless\" and the Daily Star simply called it \"Hilarious\". The show's debut opened with four million viewers, having the highest viewers of any programme for the first half of the show. However, the second half of the show was beaten by the news on BBC One. The second episode also attracted 4 million viewers.\n\nPeter Fluck was critical of the series. His assessment was decidedly lukewarm: the CGI puppets \"look pretty dead\", it might not be rude enough, and, if he were younger, he would bypass television and broadcast on YouTube instead. However, he was encouraged by the likes of Rory Bremner among the impersonators.\n\nDVD release\nOn 15 June 2008, ITV announced that the only series would be available on DVD, which was released on 7 July.\n\nSee also\n\nSpitting Image\n2DTV\nNewzoids\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:2008 British television series debuts\nCategory:2008 British television series endings\nCategory:2000s British animated comedy television series\nCategory:2000s British satirical television series\nCategory:Animated satirical television series\nCategory:British adult animated comedy television series\nCategory:British computer-animated television series\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Bill Clinton\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Boris Johnson\nCategory:Cultural depictions of David Beckham\nCategory:Cultural depictions of David Cameron\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Elizabeth II\nCategory:Cultural depictions of George W. Bush\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Gordon Brown\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Hillary Clinton\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Madonna\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Steven Spielberg\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Sylvester Stallone\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Tom Cruise\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Tony Blair\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Vladimir Putin\nCategory:English-language television shows\nCategory:ITV sketch shows\nCategory:Television series by ITV Studios", "title": "Headcases" }, { "text": "2DTV is a British satirical animated television series which was co-created and produced by Giles Pilbrow for ITV. It premiered on ITV on 14 October 2001 and was nominated for the Rose d'Or Award in both 2002 and 2003.\n\nThe programme was considered the spiritual successor of Spitting Image, a 1980s series that also featured work by Pilbrow. The show's style also paid homage to the animation studio Hanna-Barbera. The voice cast included Jon Culshaw, Jan Ravens and Mark Perry. 2DTV ran for five series before being cancelled in 2004 due to falling viewing figures. It was succeeded in 2008 by the short-lived series Headcases.\n\nBackground\n2DTV employed the same satirical style as Spitting Image but used animation rather than puppets. The animation was produced using computer graphics, frequently with animators working up to the day of broadcast. The producer, Giles Pilbrow, was a veteran of Spitting Image, as were some of the show's voice artists.\n\nThe series was directed by Tim Searle. 2DTV was first broadcast in 2001, but an un-broadcast pilot episode was recorded nearly six months earlier. The pilot episode featured the resident newsreader played by Alistair McGowan, but the character was not carried over when the full seven-part first series was commissioned by ITV. Each episode in the first series lasted ten minutes.\n\nA second seven-episode series began broadcasting in 2002, with each episode again lasting ten minutes. The series spawned its own official single in July 2002, Shoot the Dog, performed by George Michael. The music video features an animated Michael plus several other characters from 2DTV performing the song.\n\nA commercial for the home media compilation The Best of 2DTV was banned by the Broadcast Advertising Clearance Centre in 2002. The commercial depicted George W. Bush taking one VHS out of its case and putting it in his toaster. Ofcom stated that advertisements for products cannot appear to be endorsed by someone without their permission – in this case, George W. Bush. The original advert was reworked into a sketch in which Bush writes a letter complaining about being portrayed as a moron by the media, then proceeding to “post” the letter in his toaster. The programme creators subsequently proposed another commercial, this time satirising Osama bin Laden, but they were informed that this would also be banned on the grounds that Bin Laden would have to give permission for his image to be used.\n\nAnother commercial satirised David Beckham compiling his list for Christmas, asking his wife; “how do you spell DVD?”. A ban was later overturned on the grounds that the commercial was legitimate satire and the commercial was shown unedited. The programme's creators claimed that the controversy generated more interest in the show than the adverts could ever have done alone.\n\nFor the third series, each episode was extended to 20 minutes, including advertisements. After the third series, many of the original cast members, including Jon Culshaw, Jan Ravens and Mark Perry, decided to leave following an announcement that the fourth series would be extended to 30 minutes per episode. New cast members Lewis MacLeod, Kate O'Sullivan and Enn Reitel took over, appearing alongside the only remaining original cast member, Dave Lamb. All four returned for the fifth series in 2004 but due to falling ratings its broadcast was placed in the so-called graveyard slot and the show was officially cancelled at the end of that year.\n\nCast\n\nSeries 1–3\n Jon Culshaw – providing impressions of Tony Blair, Jack Straw, William Hague, John Major, George W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, Prince Charles, Angus Deayton, Ian Hislop, Paul Merton, Gareth Gates, Chris Eubank, Rolf Harris, Trevor McDonald, George Michael, David Beckham, Gregory Hines, Ed Catmul, Michael Jackson, Johnny Vegas, Steve Irwin, Lawrence Llewelyn-Bowen, Uri Geller, Bill Gates, Liam Gallagher, Anthony McPartlin, Lyle Lovett, Matt Groening, Sven-Göran Eriksson, Bill Murray, Dennis Quaid, John Lasseter, Michael Keaton, Roy Keane, Denzel Washington, Michael Owen, Tommy Vercetti, Pete Docter, Alex Ferguson, Steve Jobs, Ozzy Osbourne, Guy Ritchie, Iain Duncan Smith, Richard Madeley, Tiff Needell, Richard Gere, Phillip Schofield, Tim Henman, Quentin Willson, Tim Meadows, Matt Dillon, Jon Lovitz, Brendan Fraser\n Jan Ravens – providing impressions of Cherie Blair, Ann Widdecombe, Queen Elizabeth, Camilla Parker Bowles, Princess Anne, Fergie, Geri Halliwell, Victoria Beckham, Anne Robinson, Jordan, Angelina Jolie, Heather Graham, Natasha Kaplinsky, Erin Brockovich, Amy Adams, Björk, Wendy Wilson, Carol “Smiley” Smillie, Natasha Richardson, Jennifer Lopez, Lindsay Lohan, Rita Wilson, Anna Chlumsky, Kate Middleton, Madonna, Davina McCall, Michelle Pfeiffer, Kylie Minogue, Sharon Osbourne, Elizabeth Perkins, Kelly Osbourne, Jade Goody, Andie MacDowell, Kim Woodburn, Aggie MacKenzie, Nigella Lawson, Dina Lohan, Jamie Lee Curtis, Queen Mother, Judy Finnigan, Angelina Jolie, Sandra Bullock, Daryl Hannah, Sally Field, Vanessa Paradis, Kate Hudson, Diane Keaton, Kate Beckinsale, Claudia Winkleman\n Mark Perry – providing impressions of Gordon Brown, Robin Cook, Lee Unkrich, Steve Harvey, Dave Thomas, Luiz Felipe Scolari, Keanu Reeves, Saddam Hussein, Jerry Seinfeld, Patrick Bergin, Hugh Laurie, Jason Alexander, Ben Affleck, Willem Dafoe, Bruce Arena, Spider-Man, Michael Howard, Dave Benson Phillips, Keith Wickham, Steve Wright, John Candy, Michael Parkinson, Graham Norton, Matt Damon, Glenn Hoddle, Pierce Brosnan, Gary Haisman, Steve McClaren\n Terry Klassen – additional voices\n\nSeries 4–5\n Enn Reitel – providing impressions of Tony Blair, Jack Straw, Cuba Gooding Jr., John Prescott, Breckin Meyer, Lyle Lovett, Michael Jackson, Johnny Vegas, Ben Affleck, Jamie Foxx, Anthony McPartlin, Jeremy Clarkson, Michael Howard, John Landis, Will Young, Cuba Gooding Sr., Tom Cruise, George Clooney, Tim Henman, Justin Hawkins, Simon Cowell, Jack Osbourne, Bill Cosby, James Earl Jones, Eddie Murphy, Jacques Chirac, Phil Spencer, Jared Fogle, Gordon Ramsay, Bertie Ahern, David Dimbleby, Peter Andre, Frank Skinner, Des Lynam, Robbie Williams, Gareth Gates, Lawrence Llewelyn-Bowen, Uri Geller, David Blunkett, Charles Kennedy, Liam Neeson, Hugh Laurie, Dick Cheney, Jay Leno, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Conan O'Brien, Prince Philip, Tom Hanks, Prince Edward, Princes William and Harry, Rowan Atkinson, Tim Allen, Brad Pitt, Osama bin Laden, Pope John Paul II\n Kate O'Sullivan – providing impressions of Cherie Blair, Queen Elizabeth, Camilla Parker Bowles, Julia Roberts, Princess Anne, Geri Halliwell, Victoria Beckham, Anne Robinson, Jordan, Carol “Smiley” Smillie, Natalie Imbruglia, Jennifer Lopez, Madonna, Tina Fey, Emma Roberts, Davina McCall, Kylie Minogue, Sharon Osbourne, Kelly Osbourne, Elizabeth Hurley, Kim Woodburn, Nigella Lawson, Kirstie Allsopp, Jennifer Garner, Aggie MacKenzie, Trinny Woodall, Lisa Ann Walter, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Renée Zellweger, Susannah Constantine, Judy Finnigan, Andre Agassi, Jamie Lee Curtis, Angelina Jolie, Steffi Graf, Helena Bonham Carter, Elaine Hendrix, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Missi Pyle, Judi Dench, Rita Wilson, Coleen McLoughlin, Kate Winslet, Sally Kellerman\n Lewis MacLeod – providing impressions of Gordon Brown, Chris Eubank, Rolf Harris, Lee Unkrich, Arsenio Hall, George Michael, Richard Gere, David Beckham, Richard Pryor, George W. Bush, Dave Thomas, Prince Charles, John Candy, Trevor McDonald, Steve Irwin, Uri Geller, Bill Gates, Michael Lohan, Richard Fairbrass, Liam Gallagher, Sven-Göran Eriksson, Roy Keane, Paddy Ashdown, Michael Owen, Alex Ferguson, Ozzy Osbourne, Johnny Vaughan, Richard Madeley, Steve Martin, Louis Walsh, Wayne Rooney, Rio Ferdinand, Paul Scholes, David Seaman, Neil Armstrong, Kim Jong-il, Chevy Chase, Guy Ritchie, Robin Cook, Saddam Hussein, Declan Donnelly, Ronaldo, Phil Neville, Boris Johnson, Daniel Moder, Jeffrey Katzenberg, Wayne Rooney, Patrick Warburton, Eric Roberts, Dan Aykroyd, Forrest Gump\n\nAll Series\n Dave Lamb – providing impressions of John Prescott, David Blunkett, Stephen Byers, Paul Giamatti, Michael Portillo, Charles Kennedy, Dick Cheney, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Prince Philip, Prince Edward, Richard Pryor, Princes William and Harry, Osama bin Laden, Pope John Paul II, Elton John, Graham Norton, Andrew Marr, Michael Palin, Declan Donnelly, Martin Keown, Robin Williams, Paul Gleason, Ronaldo, Phil Neville, Tom Cruise.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nCategory:2001 British television series debuts\nCategory:2004 British television series endings\nCategory:2000s British animated comedy television series\nCategory:2000s British satirical television series\nCategory:Animated satirical television series\nCategory:British adult animated comedy television series\nCategory:Cultural depictions of actors\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Andre Agassi\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Arnold Schwarzenegger\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Bill Gates\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Boris Johnson\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Charles III\nCategory:Cultural depictions of David Beckham\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Dick Cheney\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Elizabeth II\nCategory:Cultural depictions of George H. W. Bush\nCategory:Cultural depictions of George W. Bush\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Gordon Brown\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Madonna\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Michael Jackson\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Osama bin Laden\nCategory:Cultural depictions of politicians\nCategory:Cultural depictions of pop musicians\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Pope John Paul II\nCategory:Cultural depictions of presenters\nCategory:Cultural depictions of religious leaders\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Saddam Hussein\nCategory:Cultural depictions of sportspeople\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Tom Cruise\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Tony Blair\nCategory:English-language television shows\nCategory:ITV sketch shows\nCategory:Jamie Lee Curtis", "title": "2DTV" }, { "text": "The Mary Whitehouse Experience is a British topical sketch comedy show that was produced by the BBC in association with Spitting Image Productions. It starred two comedy double acts, one being David Baddiel and Rob Newman, the other Steve Punt and Hugh Dennis. All four comedians had graduated from Cambridge University. It was broadcast on both radio and television in the late 1980s and early 1990s.\n\nThe show was named after Mary Whitehouse, a campaigner against what she saw as a decline in television standards and public morality. She became the target of mockery in the UK for her attitudes. The BBC feared Whitehouse would initiate litigation for the use of her name in the show's title, and for a period the alternative title The William Rees-Mogg Experience was considered.\n\nBBC Radio One show\n\nA radio pilot was broadcast on 10 March 1989 on BBC Radio 1 and a series of 13 shows began on 7 April the same year. The format was devised by Bill Dare. The two pairings of Newman and Baddiel and Punt and Dennis were central to the show, with support from Nick Hancock, Jo Brand, Jack Dee, Mark Thomas and Mark Hurst. The show also included musical interludes from Skint Video and The Tracy Brothers.\n\nIt was originally aired at midnight on Friday. It was subsequently moved to a 10:30pm slot, before being moved again for its fourth and final series to 7pm on Saturday evenings. The show ran for four series and a special (44 episodes in total) from March 1989 to December 1990.\n\nIn the episode originally broadcast on 17 March 1990, there was a brief reference to Robert Newman losing his virginity to a music teacher, a Mr Clulow, in detention, widely believed to be true. This is widely thought to be a reference to Peter Clulow, a former music teacher at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School (where David Baddiel was a pupil) who left the school in the mid-1980s following allegations concerning indecent approaches to the boys. Clulow was subsequently convicted and imprisoned on charges of indecent assault and one count of causing a child to engage in sexual activity.\n\nTelevision\n\nA television pilot aired on BBC2 shortly before the fourth and final radio series, on 3 October 1990. The first series started on 3 January 1991 and ran for six episodes, with a second set of six episodes in 1992.\n\nThe television series was a mix of observational comedy sketches and monologues, in a format similar to shows such as Mr. Show and The Kids in the Hall. The show featured a lot of satirical takes on famous people, films and TV shows of the day along with original character material.\n\nEach show was made up of sections usually headed by a caption related to the topic about to be discussed. The caption took the form of 'The [topic] Experience'. One of the performers would begin talking about the topic in monologue form, sometimes with input from another performer who appeared in character. The monologue would make reference to a humorous scenario which would be played out in sketch form, returning either to the same topic or moving on to a different or loosely related one. Lines or characters from sketches might recur throughout the show either as a continuation of the original sketch or an invasion of another one.\n\nThe pace of the show was fairly rapid, helped by the inclusion of a boom camera in the studio which panned quickly around the audience and back to the stage at the beginning of each monologue. Each section was punctuated with a small excerpt of the theme music, Jack to the Sound of the Underground.\n\nIn 1991 a companion book to the series was released called The Mary Whitehouse Experience Encyclopedia, with references to some of the sketches featured on the show and much new additional material.\n\nRecurring characters\n\nRay\n(played by Rob Newman)\n\nA man afflicted with a disease that gives him a permanently sarcastic tone of voice, so that everything he says comes out sounding sarcastic, no matter how sincerely he means it. This sketch is presented as a medical case history told by Ray's psychiatrist (played by David Baddiel), who gives accounts of various situations in which Ray's affliction has got him into trouble. These are usually sensitive situations such as speaking out at a funeral, apologising to an old man after running over his wife in his car, and complimenting a suicidal child on his drawings. At other times Ray has experienced near-fatal accidents, such as having an arrow shot through his brain, which are ignored by passers-by given that even his cries of pain sound sarcastic. Ray's disorder also affects his body language, as demonstrated in one sketch in which he converses with his deaf foster mother. Ray's psychiatrist discovers that the only things Ray's voice can say normally are those that he means sarcastically. In one sketch he makes friends with some media types, who appreciate his seemingly endless sarcasm when talking about the film Edward Scissorhands. In the final episode, on being given a Cure album as a present, Ray cannot bring himself to sound sarcastic when thanking his friend and, bizarrely, starts speaking Flemish. Ray has quite a successful run of appearances on Flemish chat-shows, before the inevitable happens, and he begins speaking Flemish in a sarcastic tone. Ray often uses the phrase \"Oh no, what a personal disaster\" which became one of the show's most popular catchphrases.\n\nIvan\n(played by Rob Newman)\n\nIvan is a daytime television presenter who hosts a show similar to the BBC's Pebble Mill at One. His appearance became increasingly unusual as the sketches progressed (his hair ends up extremely ruffled and he has plasters on his face), however he appears at first glance to be like any normal daytime TV presenter. But Ivan is very overemotional and will fly into a tormented rage at the slightest mention of anything vaguely bad. One such example is when a professional gardener he is interviewing tells him in passing that someone has trodden on and broken a garden cane he was going to use, and Ivan proceeds to fly into a hysterical rage and smash apart the whole greenhouse. Likewise, when informed that the situation is not so bad after all, Ivan will similarly react in an overly ecstatic manner, much to the annoyance of his guests.\n\nMr. Strange\n(played by Hugh Dennis, better known as the 'Milky Milky' sketch)\n\nMr. Strange is the archetypal 'man your mother warned you about', the weird man who walks around town in a dirty old mac, indulging in disturbingly eccentric behaviour. Mr. Strange's main trait is that he has an absurd addiction to off milk, and is always carrying cartons or bottles of milk with him, not only drinking from them but obsessively sniffing them before uttering the words \"Lovely—Milky Milky\" (which became another one of the show's most popular catchphrases). This led to a 1992 novelty tie-in single \"Milky Milky (Take Me to the Fridge)\" by Mr Strange and the Lactose Brotherhood, as well as Punt and Dennis' tour of the same year being named \"The Milky Milky Tour\".\n\nOne sketch features Mr. Strange as a contestant on Mastermind whose specialist subject is 'Milk and the way it smells' while another features him presenting a Party political broadcast offering himself as an alternative to the main political leaders because \"I don't wash my pants—it's not nature's way\".\n\nHistory Today\n\nHistory Today made its debut in the second half of the show's second TV series. History Today is an historical discussion programme presented by two elderly, scholarly professors, both well-spoken and well-groomed. The first of these professors, who introduces each 'episode' and its topic of discussion, is played by David Baddiel although the character is never named. The second is Professor F. J. Lewis, Emeritus Professor of History at All Souls College, Oxford, who is played by Rob Newman. Each 'episode' begins as a standard historical debate, but quickly degenerates into a playground-style quarrel with the professors exchanging childish insults. The humour lies largely in the juxtaposition of the professors' formal tone of voice with their puerile words. This sketch spawned perhaps the show's most popular catchphrase \"...That's you, that is\", spoken after they had described someone/something supposedly pathetic and/or disgusting. This sketch was later carried over into Newman and Baddiel's own show, Newman and Baddiel in Pieces.\n\nParodies\nRobert Smith (played by Rob Newman)\n\nA parody of the singer Robert Smith, front-man with the British rock band The Cure. This was prompted by Baddiel's observation that, although the band's earlier material had been recorded in a downbeat, 'doom and gloom' Gothic rock style, they had later moved in a more poppy direction (with singles such as \"Friday I'm in Love\"). Each sketch features Robert Smith and The Cure performing a particularly happy, cheery song or nursery rhyme in the band's goth style. The songs included \"Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport\" (originally by Rolf Harris), \"The Laughing Policeman\" and Tommy Steele's \"Flash Bang Wallop\". Robert Smith himself also made a guest appearance on the final episode of the show, in the last of the 'Ray' sketches, in which he was seen to sing \"The Sun Has Got His Hat On\".\n\nEdward Colanderhands (played by Rob Newman)\n\nA parody of the Tim Burton film Edward Scissorhands, which featured a similar character but with colanders for hands instead of scissors. He was seen in a sketch helping a housewife to drain vegetables. He was also present in the Robert Smith sketch as an audience member clapping to the beat of the songs, instead of clapping his hands he clapped his colanders together and unlike the rest of the audience he showed immense enjoyment of the performance. He later returned as \"Edward 'Good Movie Guide' Knob\".\n\nMark and Tim\n\nA parody of Mark Gardener and Tim Burgess. Rob Newman admits to growing his hair to look like Mark Gardener and Tim Burgess, out of respective bands Ride and The Charlatans, and while praising their musical accomplishments he demonstrates why you wouldn't want to 'hang out with them' in several scenarios. These include playing football, helping to check if Rob's car brake lights are working and as backup while Rob is being held at knife point. In each event both Tim and Mark remain silent and motionless apart from moving their head slowly from side to side.\n\nRepeats\nThe majority of the first three radio series were repeated on BBC Radio 4 Extra in 2003. However, rights issues precluded further transmissions, although there have been very occasional one-off airings in the Saturday morning Comedy Controller slot. A run of selected episodes started on Friday nights in September 2013.\n\nAlthough there were edited compilation repeats of the television series on the BBC within a year of the original broadcasts, it has never been released on home video.\n\nSee also\n Newman and Baddiel in Pieces\n The Imaginatively Titled Punt & Dennis Show\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1990 British television series debuts\nCategory:1992 British television series endings\nCategory:1990s British television sketch shows\nCategory:BBC television sketch shows\nCategory:Radio programs adapted into television shows\nCategory:Television series based on radio series\nCategory:British stand-up comedy television series\nCategory:1989 radio programme debuts\nCategory:1990 radio programme endings\nCategory:BBC Radio comedy programmes\nCategory:British radio sketch shows\nCategory:BBC Radio 1 programmes", "title": "The Mary Whitehouse Experience" }, { "text": "Have I Got News for You (HIGNFY) is a British television panel show, produced by Hat Trick Productions for the BBC, which premiered on 28 September 1990. The programme, loosely based on the BBC Radio 4 show The News Quiz, focuses on two teams, one always captained by Ian Hislop and one by Paul Merton, each plus a guest panelist, answering questions on various news stories on the week prior to an episode's broadcast. However, the programme's format focuses more on the topical discussions on the subject of the news stories related to questions, and the satirical humour derived from these by the teams. This style of presentation had a profound impact on panel shows in British TV comedy, making it one of the genre's key standard-bearers.\n\nThe programme aired on BBC Two for its first ten years, before moving to BBC One in 2000 for later series. In 2003, extended episodes, with additional content, titled Have I Got a Little Bit More News for You, later simply Have I Got a Bit More News for You began broadcasting the following Saturdays on BBC Two, later moved to Mondays on BBC One and returned to BBC Two in 2021. Subsequent repeats are named Have I Got Old News for You or Have I Got a Bit More Old News for You.\n\nUntil 2002, Have I Got News for You was hosted by Angus Deayton, who was sacked following reports in national newspapers of several scandals about his private life. Since then, the programme has been hosted by a different celebrity each week; many of them add their own comedy.\n\nThe programme gained recognition for its performance on British television and comedy, receiving the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2011 British Comedy Awards and the 2016 BAFTA Television Award for Comedy and Comedy Entertainment Programme.\n\nHistory\n\nHave I Got News for You was initially conceived as a pilot for the BBC called John Lloyd's Newsround. The BBC had commissioned Hat Trick Productions to make a television show which was like a more topical version of Hat Trick's Whose Line Is It Anyway? (developed by Mock the Week creators Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson), but it was decided that the show would follow a template more in keeping with Radio 4's The News Quiz. Hat Trick hired a producer with a track record in radio comedy, John Lloyd, and filmed a pilot with a title which aped long-running Children's BBC programme John Craven's Newsround.\n\nAfter filming the pilot, John Lloyd decided not to proceed as chairman, and the job fell to comedian Angus Deayton, after try-outs with future News Quiz host Sandi Toksvig and a pre-fame Chris Evans in the main role. The team captains, Private Eye editor Ian Hislop and comedian Paul Merton, returned from the pilot.\n\nSince its first broadcast in October 1990, the BBC has commissioned two series each year, the number of episodes being divided between the Spring series, broadcast from April to June, and the Autumn series, shown from October to December. The Autumn series takes a week's break to make room for the Children in Need special. For the first ten years of its existence, the programme was shown on BBC Two. Hislop has been the longest-serving member of the three on the programme since its premiere. He has not missed a single episode. Merton took a break during the 11th series in 1996, saying he had become \"very tired\" of the show and thought it had become \"stuck in a rut\". In his absence, his role was assigned to celebrity guests, with Merton himself returning as a guest on Hislop's team. Merton returned for the following series as team captain, deeming that his absence had given the programme the \"shot in the arm\" it needed and that it had been \"better ever since\".\n\nBy 2000, the BBC made a decision to relocate its late evening news bulletin from nine o'clock to ten o'clock, after ITV moved their long-running ten o'clock bulletin to eleven o'clock. The resulting move caused a gap in its schedule that needed filling; Have I Got News for You was moved to BBC One and given access to a broader audience in October that year. In 2002, Deayton was caught using illegal drugs and soliciting sex with a prostitute – a fact that he was ridiculed for on the programme, after it became headlines – putting his private life under scrutiny by news media outlets. Further scandal effectively forced the BBC to terminate Deayton's contract with them two episodes into the programme's 24th series.\n\nAt short notice, Merton hosted the first episode after Deayton's departure, with a series of guest hosts appearing for the remainder of the series, including Anne Robinson, Boris Johnson, and Jeremy Clarkson. Despite an initial search for a permanent successor to Deayton, having a different guest host each week proved successful, with average audience figures increasing from 6 million to 7 million, leading to it becoming a permanent feature in the programme's format in June 2003.\n\nBetween 1990 and its spring season in 2018, the programme was recorded at The London Studios, the former home of London Weekend Television; it briefly was recorded at BBC Television Centre for a 2001 Election special, the Friday after the elections were completed. Since the 2018 autumn series, recording is conducted at Elstree Studios, although the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom in 2020 impacted production of series during that time. The spring series saw Hislop, Merton, and the celebrities for each episode filming episodes virtually from their own homes, against a superimposed CGI recreation of the studio. In contrast, the 2020 autumn, 2021 spring, and 2021 autumn series were filmed at Riverside Studios in London under safety measures to prevent the spread of infection, which included socially distancing panellists and host with screens while on set. Initially audience numbers were reduced – half those attending each recording being allowed in the studio, and the other half watching the recording in the studio's cinema – but upon the British government implementing a second lockdown, all remaining episodes in the series were recorded with a virtual audience.\n\nFormat\nEpisodes are usually set to around 30 minutes in length, and are edited from the footage taken from a longer recording session the day before an episode is broadcast. The time frame given is used to allow the programme to retain the topical elements that an episode will feature, while allowing for any potentially defamatory material to be cut by the BBC's team of lawyers to avoid legal issues. The focus on each episode is on four panellists – the show's two regulars, and two guests – split between two teams, answering questions related to topical items in the news that occurred within the previous week, but the format often forgoes this aspect and the scoring system in favour of the panellists' witty exchanges, jokes, and satirical discussions on the question's relevant news item.\n\nEach episode consists of a general format that is largely unchanged since the programme first premiered. All begin with an introduction by the host, who gives out a set of satirical, fictional comedic news stories that are often accompanied with a video clip from news programmes or general public recordings to provide the joke, followed by introductions of the episode's guest panellists. After this, the episode focuses on four rounds that generally follow the same arrangement:\n\n Round 1 – dubbed the \"Film Round\" – begins after the introductions and sees each team being shown a collection of video clips – all featuring no sounds – consisting of news reports, archive footage and dramatized scenes, and must detail the news story that they have relevance to. The item in question tends to be a major news story, and avoids any notable pieces that consist of tragic events such as terrorist attacks that would be deemed offensive to use for comedic purposes. The round usually includes additional questions and sometimes a bonus round for comedic purposes. On some occasions the round has had some deviations in arrangement, such as a team being given a series of audio clips with no pictures and identifying the news item it was focused on.\n Round 2 focuses on discussions and questions on other news items. Between 1990 and 2004, the questions focused on newspaper headlines that panellists had to identify the story it was linked to. After 2004, the round focused on images that would be revealed to panellists in different manners, which they had to reveal the story about – in this arrangement, the programme frequently made use of props and graphic effects to reveal such images, with the round being labelled per the manner the picture was revealed, and include: \"Jigsaw of News\" – image revealed in jigsaw pieces; the \"One-Armed Bandit of News\" – picture revealed on slot machine reels, with the host pulling a lever to spin them; and the \"Strengthometer of News\" – host uses a mallet to hit a high striker pad, with the meter stopping at an image that is then enlarged.\n Round 3 focuses on panellists given four personalities, characters and/or objects, in which they must define the link that connects three of these, and point out the item that is the odd one out in this regard. The number of \"odd one outs\" that are given in the round vary depending on what production staff arrange, but usually consist of a single question.\n Round 4 focuses on a headline from newspapers and a guest publication, in which a choice selection of words is blanked out, and the panellists must suggest what these could be. Often or not, the panellists never give the right answer, and the round is mainly focused on what comedic line could be spun from the headline, based on what words are left visible. For example, a comedian could fill in the blank for the following – \"Church may be forced to sell _____\" – with something that would be considered highly unlikely and bizarre to read about.\n\nAfter the rounds are completed, the host then gives out the scores, denoting which team is the winner. If time permits, the episode may feature a bonus round called the \"Caption Competition\", in which panellists are given a single or two pictures to make amusing captions to. The episode always concludes with the host making an additional set of satirical, fictional comedic news stories, accompanied by a picture to provide the joke; in rare cases, a video clip is used.\n\nA repeat with a running time of 40 minutes, titled Have I Got a Bit More News for You, is often aired on the weekend, and features additional content cut from the original episode, and can often include scenes and outtakes made during the show before the opening credits or after the ending credits.\n\nParticipants\n\nThe format of Have I Got News for You is derived from the comedy that can be generated by each guest that participates in the programme, whether as a panellist or as a host. Although the show features a variety of comedians, it has also included politicians, television personalities, actors and news media personalities, several of whom have appeared more than once. As of 16 October 2020, Alexander Armstrong had appeared most often, mainly as guest host and also as a panellist, while Andy Hamilton had appeared most often as a guest panellist.\n\nOn rare occasions the programme has had a participant cancel or otherwise be unable to appear. Production staff try to find a replacement, but this is not easy at short notice. For an episode in 1993, nobody could find a suitable replacement for Roy Hattersley (then an MP, having recently stepped down as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party) after he cancelled at the last minute. He was replaced by a tub of lard. The programme compared Hattersley and the tub of lard, and claimed \"they possessed the same qualities and were liable to give similar performances\".\n\nAccounts vary as to how much panellists are paid to appear on the show. Jacob Rees-Mogg’s Parliamentary register of interests showed him earning £1500 for a claimed four hours' work, while Nick Clegg was paid £15,000 to host an episode.\n\nEpisodes\n\nCriticism, controversy and litigation\nThroughout its broadcast history, Have I Got News for You has drawn considerable criticism from guests, politicians and viewers about its content, sometimes ending in court.\n\n In 1994, an episode included a joke about Ian and Kevin Maxwell, who were awaiting trial. The joke purported to be about a crackdown by the BBC on references to the Maxwells, before ending on the line \"these two heartless, scheming bastards\". The nature of the joke became the subject of a case in the High Court against the BBC and Hat Trick Productions, which found both guilty of contempt of court and fined each of them £10,000.\n In January 1998, BBC Worldwide and Hat Trick Productions successfully defended a libel case brought by Conservative MP Rupert Allason, after a book based on the autumn series, titled Have I Got 1997 for You, contained a remark about the politician being \"a conniving little shit\".\n In November 1998, producers ridiculed a BBC edict restricting reporting about Peter Mandelson by mocking it throughout filming of an episode that was broadcast without any elements being edited out. The programme continued to ridicule, ignore and flout the reporting edict – alongside several other shows – before the BBC relaxed it two years later.\n In April 2003, three-time guest panellist Stephen Fry announced that he was boycotting the show following the sacking of Angus Deayton. Fry described Deayton's disposal as \"greasy, miserable, British and pathetic\".\n In November 2007, Ann Widdecombe criticised the programme for the involvement of Jimmy Carr as Hislop's teammate, vowing not to appear again after admitting she nearly \"walked out\" because of the comedian's risqué material during recording. \n The following week, Will Self, a frequent guest, announced he would not return. His reasons focused on the programme becoming more \"like any other pseudo-panel contest, where funny fellows sit behind desks cracking jokes\", criticising the BBC for cutting a joke he made despite the fact it was well-received by the audience.\n In April 2013, the programme received over 100 complaints for an episode that involved discussions on a news article on Scottish independence. The focus of the complaints was on comments deemed to promote anti-Scottish sentiment, made by Hislop and by guest host Ray Winstone, who joked that the Scottish economy relied chiefly on exporting \"oil, whisky, tartan and tramps\".\n In April 2018, producers received backlash from several female comedians over the lack of gender equality, following comments made by Hislop and Merton during an interview for the Radio Times, in regard to how production staff approached several prominent women for the role of guest host.\n In May 2019, the BBC had to postpone an episode as it featured Heidi Allen, then leader of the political party Change UK, who was standing in that month's European elections; it was broadcast the following month.\n\nHome media\nThe series has seen many releases on VHS and DVD, mainly consisting of straight-to-video compilations from other seasons. They were all released by Hat Trick through Video Collection International/2Entertain, under license from the BBC.\n Have I Got News for You, Volume 1 (1993) was a compilation that contained clips from the first five series plus the complete 1992 election night special. It was also released on Video CD.\n Have I Got Unbroadcastable News for You (1995) consisted of a special straight-to-video episode of the series featuring guests Eddie Izzard, Richard Wilson, and a surprise appearance from Germaine Greer.\n Classic Battles & Bust-Ups (1996) featured three full-length episodes featuring the Tub of Lard, Paula Yates and Germaine Greer, among others.\n Have I Got News for You: The Official Pirate Video (1997) was another special straight-to-video episode, featuring guests Martin Clunes and Neil Morrissey.\n The Very Best of Have I Got News for You (2002) was a compilation release of highlights from the first 12 years of the show, from the beginning up until the episode made after Deayton hit the tabloids. The main feature is three hours long, with the DVD release also containing many extras, including, among other things, a running commentary of the main feature Merton and Hislop. Other extra content featured includes a clip of Terry Wogan on fellow Hat Trick series Room 101 nominating the programme as one of his pet hates, alongside interviews with political figures (taken from the Channel 4 Politics Awards) revealing their opinions on the series.\n Have I Got News for You: The Best of the Guest Presenters (2003) is another compilation release. The main feature included several episodes from the series, including a half-hour cut of Boris Johnson's first guest-hosted episode. Episodes with Martin Clunes, William Hague and Bruce Forsyth as chairman were also included, as well as a compilation of clips taken from other editions from the first two series with guest hosts (with only the episode hosted by Liza Tarbuck not represented). The DVD release also included a bonus disc, \"The Full Boris\", which showed a far longer cut of the same episode (lasting slightly under 60 minutes), alongside several other extra features, including a discussion between Paul Merton and Boris Johnson regarding Johnson's appearance as presenter, filmed during his appearance as the celebrity guest on Room 101.\n Have I Got News for You: The Best of the Guest Presenters Vol. 2 (2005) is nearer in content to the first \"Best of\" DVD compilation than its direct predecessor, consisting of four 45-minute compilations of the Autumn 2003, Spring 2004, Autumn 2004 and Spring 2005 series. The bonus disc contains an 80-minute uncut version of Boris Johnson's second guest-hosted episode, alongside a bonus mini-feature called \"The A to Z of HIGNFY\". On it, each letter is used to stand for a different term or name often associated with the show, each highlighted by various example clips – except for the \"problem letters\" of X, Y and Z, which just lead into a selection of random outtakes. This feature also includes some behind-the-scenes content, with Marcus Brigstocke guiding the viewer around the studio and backstage, on a recording night.\n\nInternet spin-offs\nDuring the late 1990s, the website haveigotnewsforyou.com, run in association with Freeserve, featured interactive versions of the show's games, including the missing words round and the caption competition, offering prizes.\n\nHave I Got News for You started broadcasting a video podcast, The Inevitable Internet Spin-off, on 13 April 2007. It was initially planned to run for six series, from series 33 to 38, taking it to the end of 2009.\n\nFrom the beginning of Series 37, a new internet feature, Have I Got News for You, News... for You, was introduced. A short programme featuring typical opening and closing sequences (without the presence of a live audience) as well as other short sketches, it has so far been presented by Alexander Armstrong, and run fortnightly, bridging the gap between series 37 and 38.\n\nOn 1 October 2009, the last \"webisode\" episode was made available via both the BBC iPlayer and YouTube.\n\nOther shows based on the Have I Got News for You format\n\nShows based on the Have I Got News for You format are broadcast in other countries:\n American weekly radio show Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! was started in 1998 on public radio network NPR. Based in Chicago, the show follows a similar format, but with three individual panellists competing to win. They play some of the same games including fill in the missing headline, however many TV games have to be excluded due to their visual nature. Frequently the same stories are covered on both Wait Wait and Have I Got News for You. Differences include: listeners calling in to win mini games, and a celebrity interview and quiz in the middle of the show. Wait Wait is more closely related to The News Quiz which is also the inspiration for Have I Got News for You.\n Dutch comedian Raoul Heertje appeared on the original Have I Got News for You in May 1995. A year later he became team captain in the newly launched Dutch version of the show: Dit was het nieuws (\"This was the news\"). On 19 December 2009, the last episode was broadcast. RTL ran new episodes between May 2011 and October 2015; in December 2017, the show returned to the public broadcaster AVROTROS.\n The Finnish version called Uutisvuoto (\"newsleak\") was broadcast for 20 years, 1998–2018 on Yle TV1, and was one of the most popular TV shows, and also the continuously longest running TV entertainment show, in Finland. In 2019, the show continued on MTV3 with its original host Peter Nyman.\n The Estonian version, called Teletaip (\"TV uptake\"), was first aired in 2000 on ETV; seven series were produced. Its two main hosts were the comedian Tarmo Leinatamm and former MEP Indrek Tarand.\n In the US on 20 November 2009, NBC taped a pilot episode for an American version of the programme, with host Sam Seder and team captains Greg Giraldo and Michael Ian Black.\n The Swedish version called Snacka om nyheter (\"Talk about news\") was broadcast from 1995 to 2003 and 2008 to 2009.\n The Norwegian version called Nytt på nytt (\"The news anew\") started on NRK in 1999, and is still broadcast . It also became the most popular show on Norwegian TV in 2017.\n\nSee also\n Triffic Films, creators of the original opening animation\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Have I Got News for You: The Shameless Cash-in Book, BBC Books, 1994, \n Have I Got 1997 for You, BBC Books, 1996,\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Have I Got a Bit More News for You\n Have I Got Old News for You\n - Hat Trick Productions\n - BBC One\n - BBC One\n Have I Got News for You at Hat Trick Productions\n \n \n Have I Got News for You at the British Film Institute\n \n TVWeek: American Adaptation\n Have I Got News for You Video Clips on BBC Comedy\n \"Deayton in the lion's den\". Jonathan Duffy, 24 May 2002. BBC News Online.\n\nCategory:1990 British television series debuts\nCategory:1990s British satirical television series\nCategory:2000s British satirical television series\nCategory:2010s British satirical television series\nCategory:2020s British satirical television series\nCategory:BBC panel games\nCategory:1990s British game shows\nCategory:2000s British game shows\nCategory:2010s British game shows\nCategory:2020s British game shows\nCategory:BBC satirical television shows\nCategory:English-language television shows\nCategory:Television series by Hat Trick Productions\nCategory:Television shows shot at Elstree Film Studios", "title": "Have I Got News for You" }, { "text": "\"Land of Confusion\" is a song by the English rock band Genesis from their 1986 album Invisible Touch. The music was written by the band, while the lyrics were written by guitarist Mike Rutherford. The song was the third track on the album and was the third track released as a single, reaching No. 14 in the UK in December 1986 and No. 4 in the U.S in January 1987. It also reached the top 10 in several other countries including Canada, Ireland, West Germany and the Netherlands. The song's video featured puppets from the 1980s UK sketch show Spitting Image.\n\nReception\nBillboard said it has an \"anxious beat\" and a \"tentatively hopeful lyric.\" Cash Box called it a \"biting and aggressive cut\" highlighted by \"a tough electronic rhythm and Phil Collins’ searching vocal.\"\n\nMusic video\n\nThe song is widely remembered for its music video, which had heavy airplay on MTV. The video features caricature puppets by the British television show Spitting Image. After Phil Collins saw a caricatured version of himself on the show, he commissioned the show's creators, Peter Fluck and Roger Law, to create puppets of the entire band, as well as all the characters in the video. \n\nThe video opens with a caricatured Ronald Reagan (voiced by Chris Barrie), Nancy Reagan, and a monkey (a reference to the 1951 movie Bedtime for Bonzo which starred Reagan), going to bed at 4:30 PM. Nancy is absorbed in reading His Way, Kitty Kelley's unauthorised biography of Frank Sinatra. Reagan, holding a teddy bear, kisses the monkey goodnight, falls asleep and begins to have a nightmare, which sets the premise for the entire video. The video intermittently features a line of feet in combat boots marching through a swamp past the heads of Cold War-era political figures including Jimmy Carter, Margaret Thatcher, Leonid Brezhnev, and Henry Kissinger.\n\nCaricatured versions of the band members are shown playing instruments on stage during a concert: Tony Banks on an array of synthesizers (as well as a cash register full of cookies), Mike Rutherford on a four-necked guitar, and two Phil Collins puppets: one on the drums, and one singing.\n\nDuring the second verse, the video shows, in order: Benito Mussolini, Ayatollah Khomeini, Mikhail Gorbachev and his aides, and Muammar Gaddafi giving speeches on large video screens in front of mass crowds. Meanwhile, Reagan is shown putting on a Superman suit and running down a street while Collins sings,\n\nOh Superman where are you now\nWhen everything's gone wrong somehow\nThe men of steel, the men of power\nAre losing control by the hour.\n\nMeanwhile, the \"real world\" Reagan is shown exhaling in a large pool of his own sweat (at one point, a rubber duck floats by), as Nancy and the monkey look out the window. During the bridge, the Superman-costumed Reagan and a triceratops (with punk jewellery) watch a television showing various clips of West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and East German leader Erich Honecker (as Ed McMahon and Johnny Carson), Walter Cronkite, Richard Nixon, Mr. Spock (with a Rubik's Cube), and Bob Hope.\n\nThis segues into a sequence set in prehistoric times, where two dinosaurs (one wearing a bow-tie) meet with Ronald and Nancy Reagan, as a mammal eats an egg and reads a newspaper, and John Rambo hovers in the background. At the end of this part, the monkey from the prologue takes a large bone from Reagan and tosses it in the air, mimicking the first part of 2001: A Space Odyssey.\n\nAs the bone begins to fall, there is a shift to Collins catching a falling phone, into which he states: he \"won't be coming home tonight, my generation will put it right\", while a caricature of Prince applies mustard, ketchup, and a bun to his own tongue and devours it, and a caricature of Pete Townshend is seen playing a chord on guitar and giving a thumb-up. On the other end of the phone line are Tina Turner, Madonna, and Grace Jones, each looking into their hand-held mirrors. On the verse \"we're not just making promises\", the bone finally lands on top of David Bowie and Bob Dylan, barely missing Mick Jagger. Reagan is then shown riding the triceratops through the streets dressed as a cowboy.\n\nAs the video nears its climax, there are periodic scenes spoofing the 1985 all-star Live Aid anthem performances of \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" by Band Aid, and \"We are the World\" by USA for Africa. The caricatured benefit recordings show a large group of spoofed celebrity puppets, including Tina Turner, Sting, Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Bill Cosby, Queen Elizabeth II, Princess Diana and Hulk Hogan singing along to the chorus of the song, with Pope John Paul II playing an electric guitar.\n\nAt the end of the video, Reagan awakens and surfaces from the pool of sweat surrounding him; Nancy at this point is wearing a snorkel. After attempting to drink from a water glass (missing his mouth and even his face à la Airplane!), he fumbles for a button next to his bed. He intends to push the one labelled \"Nurse\", but instead presses the one titled \"Nuke\", setting off a nuclear explosion. Reagan then announces: \"That's one heck of a nurse!\" and mugs for the camera as Nancy strikes him with her snorkel.\n\nThe video, directed by John Lloyd and Jim Yukich, and produced by Jon Blair, won the short-lived Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video during the 30th Annual Grammy Awards. The video was also nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year in 1987, but lost to \"Sledgehammer\" by Peter Gabriel (coincidentally, former lead singer of Genesis). It also made the number-one spot on The Village Voice critic Robert Christgau's top 10 music videos in his year-end \"Dean's List\" feature, and number three on the equivalent list in his annual survey of music critics, Pazz & Jop (again losing out to \"Sledgehammer\").\n\nSingles track listings\n\n7\": Virgin / GENS 3 (UK)\n\"Land of Confusion\" – 4:45\n\"Feeding the Fire\" – 5:54\n\n7\": Atlantic / 7-89336 (U.S.)\n\"Land of Confusion\" (LP Version) – 4:45\n\"Feeding the Fire\" – 5:54\n\n12\": Virgin / GENS 3–12 (UK)\n\"Land of Confusion\" (Extended Remix) – 6:55\n\"Land of Confusion\" – 4:45\n\"Feeding the Fire\" – 5:54\n\n12\": Virgin / 608 632-213 (Germany)\n\"Land of Confusion\" (Extended Remix) – 6:55\n\"Land of Confusion\" – 4:45\n\"Feeding the Fire\" – 5:54\n\nCD: Virgin / SNEG 3–12 (UK)\n\"Land of Confusion\" – 4:45\n\"Land of Confusion\" (Extended Remix) – 6:55\n\"Feeding the Fire\" – 5:54\n\"Do the Neurotic\" – 7:08\n\n12\": Atlantic / PR 968 (U.S.)\n\"Land of Confusion\" (Extended Remix) – 6:55\n\"Land of Confusion\" – 4:45\n\n7\": Atlantic / 7-89336 promo (U.S.)\n\"Land of Confusion\" (Special Edited Remix) – 3:53\n\"Land of Confusion\" (Album Version) – 4:45\n\nRemixes by John Potoker\n\nUK enhanced version\n\"Land of Confusion\"\n\"Sickened\"\n\"Land of Confusion\" (video)\n\nUK, European and US vinyl 12\" limited edition picture disc\n\"Land of Confusion\"\n\"Sickened\"\n\nEuropean version\n\"Land of Confusion\" (version 1)\n\"Land of Confusion\" (version 2)\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nLive performances\nThe song was played on their Invisible Touch, The Way We Walk, Calling All Stations (with Ray Wilson on vocals), Turn It On Again and The Last Domino? tours.\n\nDisturbed version \n\nThe American heavy metal band Disturbed released a cover of the song on their third studio album, Ten Thousand Fists. The song became the fourth single from that album. Vocalist David Draiman commented that the aim of covering the song was \"taking a song that's absolutely nothing like us and making it our own.\" The line \"And the sound of your laughter\" in the original's bridge was replaced by \"In the wake of this madness,\" while the bridge of the song was replaced with a short solo by guitarist Dan Donegan.\n\nIt was accompanied by a music video animated by Todd McFarlane, known as the creator of the comics series Spawn. McFarlane had previously animated the music videos for the songs \"Freak on a Leash\" by Korn and \"Do the Evolution\" by Pearl Jam. According to McFarlane, the music video is \"a big view of the corporate world and how it all ties into just one big beast for me... The world is run by one giant thing, which is driven by greed and lust.\" \"Land of Confusion\" reached No. 1 in the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks; making it Disturbed's first No. 1 single on that chart.\n\nThe video starts out with The Guy, Disturbed's mascot, falling to earth. It then shows military forces bearing the symbol of a dollar sign within a circle of white within a field of red, followed by legions of black-clad soldiers reminiscent of Adolf Hitler's Schutzstaffel. The video then shows the Guy, escaping bondage from chains, as the military forces continue to assault cities and civilians. Later on, leaders of various nations of the world (bearing close physical resemblance to George W. Bush, Vladimir Putin, Jacques Chirac, Junichirō Koizumi and Tony Blair) are shown sitting at a table with the same dollar sign on it. Eventually, the Guy confronts the soldiers, and leads the people in rebellion. Flags of several powerful nations are then shown, with the final flag sporting the dollar sign. The Guy leads the rebels to the headquarters of the United Nations where they disrupt a meeting of the U.N. representatives. The Guy then leads the angry mob into a back room where they confront the real power behind the throne, a gigantic, bloated Fat Cat. The mob then drags him to the ground and once immobilized, the Guy destroys the Fat Cat, who explodes into a shower of dollar bills.\n\nCharts\n\nSee also\nList of Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one songs of the 2000s\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1986 songs\nCategory:1986 singles\nCategory:2006 singles\nCategory:Caricature\nCategory:Disturbed (band) songs\nCategory:Genesis (band) songs\nCategory:Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video\nCategory:Music videos featuring puppetry\nCategory:Animated music videos\nCategory:Protest songs\nCategory:Song recordings produced by Hugh Padgham\nCategory:Songs about nuclear war and weapons\nCategory:Songs written by Mike Rutherford\nCategory:Songs written by Phil Collins\nCategory:Songs written by Tony Banks (musician)\nCategory:Spitting Image\nCategory:Atlantic Records singles\nCategory:Virgin Records singles\nCategory:Reprise Records singles", "title": "Land of Confusion" }, { "text": "The XYZ Show is a Kenyan satirical puppet show.\n\nThe Story\n\nInspiration\nEverything started in 2003. On a trip to Paris, for an exhibition Gado took time to visit the set of \"Les Guignols de l'Info\", or the \"News Puppets\". Les Guignols, just like XYZ, is a spoof newscast featuring latex puppets. It has been on the air for more than 20 years and is one of France's most popular shows ever.\n\nTo Gado it was immediately obvious that the same concept would not only be a huge success in Kenya, but could also have an important social impact by exposing, with humor, the rampant corruption and mismanagement of the country.\n\nThe Return\nBack in Kenya, Gado shopped the idea around to the TV stations, but many had trouble understanding the concept. Still, Gado pressed ahead, and in 2004 he managed to convince the French Embassy in Nairobi to send sculptor Gerald Olewe to France for a month. There Olewe was trained by the team of experts who create the French puppets, and he learned how to work with sophisticated materials such as foaming latex. He came back with a fully finished puppet of Kibaki in his luggage. Olewe held his breath as he innocently walked through the JKIA customs. Luckily, he was not stopped.\n\nTwo more struggling years went by until in July 2007, Gado scrapped together a few shillings, got a little bit of money from the French embassy and produced a pilot for the show.\n\nPilot\nProducing the pilot was a challenge, but it brought together some key team members who would stick around for ever after that: director James Kanja, visual effects guru Pete Mute alias Majiqmud, and the talented group of puppeteers led by Jack Kibedi.\n\nWith the pilot in hand, Gado embarked on a new round of visits to the TV stations. He hit a new wall, or rather two. One, the show was political and controversial. That made a lot of TV executives uncomfortable. Two, it was expensive. There were puppets to make and screenwriters, voice artists, puppeteers, cameramen and more to hire. No one wanted to pay for it.\n\nRedefined\nGado went back to the drawing board, plotting his next move. Then in November 2007, a TV journalist, Marie Lora, came to interview him for a story about how editorial cartoonists viewed the upcoming presidential elections in Kenya.\n\nAfter the interview, Gado showed her the XYZ pilot. Straight away, Marie thought that this show absolutely needed to be on the air - and she knew she could help. But the next month, all hell broke loose in Kenya. We now call this period \"the post-election violence\", but the term doesn't give justice to the madness of these terrible months. At that time, it became even more obvious that Kenya needed a show such as XYZ. Humor appeared like the only possible way to dig ourselves out of the dark hole we had fallen into.\n\nThe Series\nGado and Marie met again. Marie proposed a complete change in strategy: if the show is too expensive for local stations, then let's make it free. But of course, because a TV Show cannot actually be free, that meant finding the money elsewhere. So Gado and Marie embarked on a year-long journey into Nairobi's NGO and foreign embassies underworld. They knocked on every door, they made dozens of contacts, they wrote countless proposals and budgets. They pitched XYZ relentlessly.\n\nThe rest, you know. Several courageous and enthusiastic donors came through with some money. Citizen TV agreed to air the show, and Wachira Waruru became one of XYZ's strongest supporters. A full team of about 50 people representing 11 different communities was hired.\n\nAnd in May 2009, the first episode of The XYZ Show finally aired.\n\nSeries\n\nAwards \n\n2013: The XYZ Show wins the award for Best TV Series at the Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards in Nigeria.\nBuni Media co-founders Gado Mwampembwa and Marie Lora-Mungai visit Lagos, Nigeria as guests of the Ford Foundation Nigeria and IIE. The objective of this visit is to interact with Nigerian media, political scene and market and with potential partners of Buni TV.\n\nFormat\nThe show commences with the current news events of Kenya. Other segments include:\nwhat if...\nPoli-tricks with Amanuel Ijumaa\nBS News at 9\nUpclose & personal with Keff Joinange\nPolitical Hits\n\nCharacters\nJeff koinange, host\nMr. Wu\nMwaniki\nSonko\n Si Mutoko\n\nPoliticians\n Daniel Toroitich Arap Moi\n Mwai Kibaki\n Raila Odinga\n William Ruto\n Uhuru Kenyatta\n Kalonzo Musyoka\n\nInternational politicians\n\nU.S presidential candidate Donald John Trump\n\nRwandan president Paul Kagame\n\nTanzanian president John Pombe Magufuli\nZimbabwean President Robert Mugabe\nUgandan Yoweri Museveni\nU.S. President Barack Obama\nSouth African President Jacob Zuma\n\nSee also\n Kenya Institute of Puppet Theatre (KIPT)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Online episodes\n \n\nCategory:2000s satirical television series\nCategory:2010s satirical television series\nCategory:Television shows featuring puppetry\nCategory:2009 Kenyan television series debuts\nCategory:Kenyan comedy television series\nCategory:2000s Kenyan television series\nCategory:2010s Kenyan television series\nCategory:Citizen TV original programming\nCategory:Puppetry in Kenya", "title": "The XYZ Show" }, { "text": "D.C. Follies is a syndicated sitcom which aired from 1987–1989. The show was set in a Washington, D.C. bar, where a bartender played by Fred Willard would welcome puppet caricatures of politicians and popular culture figures.\n\nSynopsis\nThe show, a satire, made frequent sardonic comments on cold war and late 1980s politics and pop culture. Although Willard was the only live actor appearing regularly, each episode featured a celebrity guest, including Martin Mull, Robin Leach, Leslie Nielsen, Bob Uecker, and Betty White. In one episode, Robert Englund showed up as his Freddy Krueger character, and in a special Christmas episode an un-billed actor played Santa Claus.\n\nStyle\nThe show's use of puppets that mimicked popular culture and political figures was similar to the British series Spitting Image; it was produced by Sid and Marty Krofft, well-known puppeteers in the United States who were responsible for popular children's television shows including H.R. Pufnstuf and Sigmund and the Sea Monsters. The show was originally funded and syndicated nationally by New York-based Syndicast Services Inc.\n\nFrequently appearing puppet characters included\nFormer Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and then-President Ronald Reagan and Vice-President George H. W. Bush. When Bush was elected President in 1988, Vice-President Dan Quayle also became a regular. The former and current presidents were portrayed as having a special Presidents' Table at the bar, where they sat together.\nFirst Ladies Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush; and Marilyn Quayle.\nWoody Allen\nJim Bakker and his then-wife, Tammy Faye Bakker\nCher\nSam Donaldson\n Senator Robert Dole\n Governor Michael Dukakis\nWhoopi Goldberg\nKatharine Hepburn\n Rev. Jesse Jackson\nMichael Jackson\nDon King\nHenry Kissinger\nTed Koppel\nMadonna\nSean Penn\nEdwin Meese\nOliver North\nTip O'Neill\nDolly Parton\nJohn Poindexter\nDan Rather\nGeraldo Rivera\nPat Robertson\nSylvester Stallone\nOprah Winfrey\nBritish Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and Queen Elizabeth II\nPrince Charles and his then-wife, Princess Diana\nSoviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and wife Raisa Gorbacheva\nPope John Paul II\nIranian leader Ayatollah Khomeni\nSid and Marty Krofft themselves, as newspaper vendors\n\nAccolades\nThe series was nominated for two Emmy Awards.\n\nHome media\nA series of three \"Best of D. C. Follies\" VHS tapes were released, with each volume containing two episodes.\n\nOn August 4, 2017, Shout! Factory announced they had acquired the rights to the series and subsequently released D.C. Follies – The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 on November 14, 2017.\n\nThe show has been made available via video on demand at Amazon Video and iTunes.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Official website\n Sid and Marty Krofft interview about the show\n\nCategory:1980s American political comedy television series\nCategory:1980s American satirical television series\nCategory:1980s American sitcoms\nCategory:1987 American television series debuts\nCategory:1989 American television series endings\nCategory:American television series based on British television series\nCategory:American television shows featuring puppetry\nCategory:English-language television shows\nCategory:First-run syndicated television programs in the United States\nCategory:Political satirical television series\nCategory:Television series by Sid and Marty Krofft Television Productions\nCategory:Television series by MGM Television\nCategory:Television shows set in Washington, D.C.", "title": "D.C. Follies" }, { "text": "Las noticias del guiñol (\"The news of guignol\") was a satirical news programme that aired on Canal+ (since 1995) and Cuatro (since 2005) in Spain. It is somewhat based on a similar programme airing on its sister Canal+ network in France, Les Guignols de l'info, in that it features latex puppets.\nLatex casts may be shared among countries with local celebrities being used as anonymous citizens in foreign shows.\nIt was initially hosted by the puppets of Marta Reyero and Hilario Pino, the real hosts of the channel daily news. Later, its host was a facsimile of Michael Robinson, an English-born football pundit; and in the final seasons it was conducted by the puppet of Iker Jiménez (a presenter of the channel).\n\nWhile Penélope Cruz has made some appearances, the program generally focuses on prominent athletes and political figures. Among other figures, the program features Pau Gasol, Raúl, Luis Aragonés, Florentino Pérez, Joan Laporta, Fernando Alonso, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, Mariano Rajoy, María Teresa Fernández de la Vega, José Bono, Pasqual Maragall, and Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira. International figures who regularly appear include Woody Allen, David Beckham, Ronaldo, Ronaldinho, Samuel Eto'o, Louis van Gaal (who instead of a head has a cube made of bricks, probably an allusion to his well-known stubbornness) George W. Bush, Condoleezza Rice, Tony Blair, Silvio Berlusconi and Pope Benedict XVI.\n\nHistorically, prominent characters have included Felipe González (occasionally appearing as Cantinflas), José María Aznar and Jordi Pujol.\n\nOne of the most often quoted phrases attributed to former prime minister José María Aznar - \"¡España va bien!\" (literally \"Spain is doing well\").\n\nWhile most programmes on Canal+ were scrambled for non set-top box subscribers, Las noticias del guiñol was broadcast unscrambled. \n\nIn November 2005 Canal+ ceased to exist as a partially encrypted terrestrial television channel (although it continued to exist on the Digital+ satellite platform). It was replaced by Spain's fifth national terrestrial channel Cuatro, the newest member of Jesús de Polanco's Sogecable media empire. Although the guiñoles were one of the very few programmes to make the transition from Canal+ to Digital+, the programme was rebranded for the new channel as Los guiñoles de Canal+. The programme started being shown on the free-to-air channel Cuatro. Since 2006, they were included as a section in the late-night show \"Noche Hache\". Its production ceased at the same time as that show, in July 2008.\n\nThe programme has won \"Premio Ondas\", the most prestigious TV prize in Spain to the scriptwriters Fidel Nogal and Gonzalo Tegel.\n\nSee also\n Txoko-Latex, an earlier show featuring latex puppets of Basque politicians in Euskal Telebista.\n\nExternal links \nWebsite of Las noticias del guiñol\n\nCategory:Spanish television shows featuring puppetry\nCategory:Television shows set in Madrid\nCategory:Spanish comedy television series\nCategory:Cuatro (TV channel) original programming", "title": "Las noticias del guiñol" }, { "text": "Rubbery Figures was a satirical rubber puppet series and segment that screened in Australia in various forms from 1984 to 1990. The series ran on the ABC until 1988, when it was axed and subsequently revived as a segment on Seven Network's Fast Forward in April 1989. It featured puppets of major political and social characters.\n\nProduction \n\nThe Rubbery Figures programs were made in the Melbourne film studio of Peter Nicholson, who also made the puppets themselves. Almost all the character voices for the puppets were performed by Melbourne voice actor Paul Jennings.\n\nFast Forward's Rubbery Figures \n\nSteve Vizard, the man behind Channel Seven's Fast Forward had seen Rubbery Figures on the ABC and thought they would make a good point of difference from competing comedy sketch series. Due to budget constraints, Peter Nicholson semi autonomously produced five minute segments that could be inserted into the programme. During this period the figures expanded into less current political satire; for example the puppets of Prime Minister Bob Hawke and then Treasurer Paul Keating played the parts of Captain Kirk and Mr Spock on board the enterprise.\n\nCharacters\n\nAustralian politicians \n\nThe primary characters of Rubbery Figures were politicians native to Australia. The Rubbery Figures political characters included:\n\nBob Hawke – portrayed as a self-centred, power-hungry opportunist\nPaul Keating – depicted as Hawke's down-to-earth but ambitious crony\nJohn Howard – an irritating, nerdy loser\nAndrew Peacock – vain and snobbish, often seen filing his nails\nSir Joh Bjelke-Petersen – senile and rambling, with a tendency for malapropism (\"you mark my verbs\")\nJohn Elliott – a beer-swilling \"yobbo\", with his catchphrase of \"pig's arse\"\n\nInternational politicians \n\nRubbery Figures also satirised prominent world politicians of the time, among them were:\n\nMargaret Thatcher – the then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; an eccentric profiteer, eager to sell to the Australian government\nRonald Reagan – the then-President of the United States; portrayed as a lumberjack, making decisions based on his horoscope\nMikhail Gorbachev – former General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; an easygoing liberal who was always giving himself time off\nMuammar al-Gaddafi – former ruler of Libya, whose puppet was permanently impaled by a missile with the letters \"USA\" painted on one side\n\nComparison with Spitting Image\nThe Sunday Mail noted in 1988 that \"People think creator Peter Nicholson borrowed the idea for Rubbery Figures from the British puppet show Spitting Image. But Nicholson quickly points out he created his puppets before Spitting Image was shown in Australia\". Nicholson told the Herald: \"The programs are from slightly different traditions...Ours springs more from the newspaper political cartoon than the comedy tradition of Spitting Image. They are probably more gratuitous. Their people are a bit unkind. They set out to deliberately make people look terrible, whereas I think our people should look a bit redeemable\".\n\nMusic \n\nIn 1991, a music track called \"The Recession Rap\" with the rubbery figures was released. The music and lyrics were written by David Atkin, Peter Benson and Troy Hazard, the music was produced by David Atkin and Peter Benson and the characters were sung by Paul Jennings. It reached #60 on the ARIA Chart in August.\n\nOn Exhibition \nAlthough no longer being viewed on television, the Figures appeared at several exhibitions in the 1990s. In 1993, they were recast and refurbished to take part in \"The Exhibition We Had To Have\" at the National Gallery of Victoria as part of the Melbourne Comedy Festival. In 1994, \"The Rubbery Years\" in conjunction with the National Museum ran for six months at Old Parliament House in Canberra.\n\nDiscography\n\nSingles\n\nAwards\n\nARIA Music Awards\nThe ARIA Music Awards are a set of annual ceremonies presented by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), which recognise excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. They commenced in 1987.\n\n! \n|-\n| rowspan=\"2\"| 1992 || \"The Recession Rap\" || ARIA Award for Best Comedy Release || || \n|-\n\nSee also \n List of Australian television series\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official Site\n \n\nCategory:1984 Australian television series debuts\nCategory:1990 Australian television series endings\nCategory:Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming\nCategory:Australian comedy television series\nCategory:Australian satirical television shows\nCategory:Australian television shows featuring puppetry", "title": "Rubbery Figures" }, { "text": "Newzoids is a British topical satirical sketch show, which was co-produced by Citrus Television and Factory for ITV and broadcast for two series between 15 April 2015 and 8 October 2016.\n\nThe programme operated in a similar format to Spitting Image, in its use of puppets and comedic impersonations of celebrities across different fields, such as politics and entertainment, and in basing sketches on current events. However, it differed in that each puppet featured no moveable eyes or mouths, as these were applied with the use of CGI during editing.\n\nNewzoids featured the voice actors Jon Culshaw, Debra Stephenson and Lewis MacLeod, all from the BBC Radio 4 comedy Dead Ringers, and featured satirical appearances by Nigel Farage, Boris Johnson, Jeremy Clarkson and Prince George of Cambridge.\n\nCharacters\nAll the celebrities featured in the show are portrayed through the mixed use of live-action puppets and computer-generated imagery effects; the puppets are filmed first, with the footage later enhanced with computer-generated eyes, eyebrows and mouths. The depictions are caricatures. one eye of the-then UK Independence Party leader Nigel Farage’s puppet occasionally swivels around, Donald Trump's hair is represented as a cat on his head, and Prince George of Cambridge is depicted with a strong Cockney accent, bossing about his younger sister, Princess Charlotte of Cambridge. George's catchphrase is “oi oi saveloy”, which loosely references the Cockney football chant.\n\nTheresa May appears in trailers for a new film called Despicable May (a reference to the animated film Despicable Me), in which David Davis, Philip Hammond and Boris Johnson play her minions. They also very occasionally feature as minions in other sketches.\n\nNigel Farage also appears in trailers for another new film, called UKIP: Fully Loaded (a reference to the film Herbie: Fully Loaded), in which his “tampered” Volvo V70 plays Herbie and the politician plays the role of Nigey Farton (referencing the Maggie Peyton character played by Lindsay Lohan in the Herbie film).\n\nAnother new film which is promoted is Pretty Brexiteer (a reference to the film Pretty Woman), in which Farage plays the role of Nigen Ward (referencing the Vivian Ward character played by Julia Roberts in Pretty Woman). The film that is promoted the least is Runaway Tory (a reference to the film Runaway Bride), in which Farage plays the role of Nigey Carpenter (referencing the character of Maggie Carpenter, played by Julia Roberts in the film).\n\nTransmissions\n\nReception\nNewzoids received mixed reviews. Most professional reviewers compared the show negatively to Spitting Image, but it was better received on social media. Tending towards the positive, The Guardian wrote that it was \"no Spitting Image, but a step in the right direction\", lauding the show's \"sparkiness\" but adding \"its lack of depth feels like a wasted opportunity\" in comparison to Spitting Image. The Telegraph wrote that Newzoids had \"flashes of promise\" and that the showbusiness takedowns in particular \"really connected\", but commented that the show often \"swung at easy targets\".\n\nIn a more negative review, The Independent mentioned how Newzoids and Spitting Image both had shaky, unfunny starts, but that \"the puppets (of Newzoids) are not intrinsically funny\", remarking \"Oh dear!\". VICE panned Newzoids, and said that \"it was absolutely untenable. It was lazily, beguilingly shit, each gag so obvious you'd already written the punchline in your head before it was delivered.\", asking \"how was this allowed to be made?\".\n\nIdris Elba, whose puppet was featured in a Luther sketch, reacted positively to his appearance on the show, posting a video on Twitter of him laughing behind the camera as the scene plays on TV, with a caption of laughing emojis.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:2015 British television series debuts\nCategory:2016 British television series endings\nCategory:2010s British animated comedy television series\nCategory:2010s British satirical television series\nCategory:2010s British television sketch shows\nCategory:Animated satirical television series\nCategory:British adult animated comedy television series\nCategory:British television series with live action and animation\nCategory:British television shows featuring puppetry\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Boris Johnson\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Donald Trump\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Nigel Farage\nCategory:Cultural depictions of presenters\nCategory:English-language television shows\nCategory:ITV sketch shows\nCategory:Television series by ITV Studios", "title": "Newzoids" }, { "text": "Sooty is a British children's television media franchise created by Harry Corbett incorporating primarily television and stage shows. The franchise originated with his fictional glove puppet character introduced to television in 1955, with the franchises focused around the adventures of the character – a mute yellow bear with black ears and nose, who is kind-hearted but also cheeky, performs magic tricks and practical jokes, and squirts his handler and other people with his water pistol, including on other television programmes the guest stars on. The franchise itself also includes several other puppet characters who were created for television, some of whom became the backbone to performances, and features additional elements including an animated series, two spin-off series for the direct-to-video market, and a selection of toy merchandising.\n\nThe franchise remained in the ownership of Corbett until his retirement in 1976, before being passed on to his son Matthew. The rights to the franchise were placed on sale and sold in 1996, with Matthew later retiring and handing over control of the puppet characters to Richard Cadell in 1998. After the franchise suffered some setbacks in 2004, Cadell bought the rights in 2007 and has since focused on ensuring the survival of the brand with new stage shows and television programmes.\n\nBackground\n\nThe Sooty franchise is focused upon the adventures of Sooty, a fictional glove puppet character created by magician and puppeteer Harry Corbett in the 1950s, alongside his other friends Sweep and Soo. Although fundamentally focused upon programmes for British children's television, Sooty also incorporates stage shows, both of which make use of a mixture of slapstick comedy, prop comedy – ranging from gunge, custard pies and water pistols – magic tricks, and music. All routines in both are primarily aimed at providing family-friendly entertainment suitable for young children. In addition, the franchise also include merchandising, ranging from annuals to toys. One such product that was sold was a toy musical instrument – referred to as a \"xylophone\", but in reality a toy glockenspiel – based upon the same instrument used by Sooty up until the 1980s.\n\nCreation\nThe creation of the franchise is traced back to 1948, when Corbett came across an all yellow bear glove puppet during a holiday in Blackpool. Purchasing the item, he made use of it to entertain his children during that time, including his newborn son Peter, naming the puppet Teddy. In time, his use of the puppet to entertain children with a variety of comedic routines and magic tricks earned him a place on the BBC's talent competition, Talent Night, being held at Belle Vue, Manchester in 1952. Corbett proved popular with viewers and became the overall winner, landing him a job as a regular performer on the BBC children's show Saturday Special, where his puppet immediately appealed to children, turning him into an overnight success. When the BBC offered him his own programme – to begin with, consisting of a few episodes at 12 guineas each – he opted to redesign Teddy's appearance to make him stand-out on black and white television screens. The overall change involved the use of black dust (or 'soot') upon the ears and nose, which inspired Corbett to change the puppet's name from Teddy to Sooty. The new look cemented the foundations of the franchise.\n\nCharacters\nThe franchise focuses primarily on three different characters, with the most prominent being the titular character himself – Sooty. Corbett's design for the character was that all his puppets were yellow bears who bore the distinct features of black ears and nose. When portrayed in performances on television and stage shows, the character was cheeky and naughty, fond of playing practical jokes, but was also kind-hearted and good. Part of the character's design that Corbett devised, was for Sooty being mute in his appearances and thus communicating with others by 'whispering' in their ear, to which the recipient often repeats what was said for the audience to understand. The character often retains two items that are iconic in his appearance: a magic wand, which he uses for spells conducted to the catchphrase of \"Izzy wizzy, let's get busy!\" – which Corbett devised – and tapping it to \"Shave and a Haircut\"; and a water pistol, which symbolises his cheekiness by often being used to soak others around him – including on programmes he is a guest on, such as soaking talk show hosts. On television programmes, the presenter – Sooty's owner and main puppeteer – often acts as narrator for scenes involving the character and other puppets, thus providing a 'voice' for Sooty during their narration to portray the character speaking normally with other puppet characters.\n\nThe other two characters in the franchise were created to accompany Sooty in performances, effectively forming the backbone of television and stage shows, and were created by Corbett. The first character, Sweep, was designed to be a dog and friend of Sooty, who would be portrayed as being dim-witted but good-natured and innocent, who would often make mistakes that would cause problems for others, often get his own back on others when tricked, and have an obsession with bones. An aspect of the character's design was his voice – in performances he would speak in a high-pitched squeak that would have some form of sentences, but would often be translated by the main puppeteer for audience to understand more clearly. The concept was created by Corbett's brother Leslie Corbett through the use of a saxophone reed, and became a permanent element of the character upon his debut. The second character, Soo, was designed as a panda bear, who would be portrayed as sweet, shy, and mainly responsible, acting as a motherly character to the other two. In later years, the character tends to sometimes hate being tricked by the others, but does not mind enjoying a laugh when someone else is being tricked. Unlike the other two, Soo was designed to have a voice, in order to provide ease in production of television episodes.\n\nTelevision history\n\nHarry Corbett era\n\nAfter his initial performances with his puppet between 1952 and 1955, Harry Corbett introduced Sooty officially with his own programme, Sooty; the title was changed to The Sooty Show in 1967. The programme, run on BBC 1 between 1955 and 1967 and made as a replacement for Muffin the Mule, focused primarily on a series of comedic sketches involving Sooty conducting simple tasks or ventures, which would sometimes go wrong and result in a mess that they would need to deal with. The show expanded on the routines used in episodes by featuring slapstick humour suitable for young children, magic tricks, and the inclusion of songs and music. The glove puppet gained a sufficient profile from television exposure that his likeness became a feature on charity collection boxes used by the Royal National Institute of Blind People in the late 1950s.\n\nCorbett expanded on the programme further with the inclusion of story-telling, and the creation of additional characters that would co-star with Sooty. The two most prominent additions were made during his tenure with the BBC: Sweep in 1957, handled by his brother Leslie Corbett; and Soo in 1964, voiced by his wife Marjorie and brought in after backlash on the BBC's desire not to include a female character. In 1967, Corbett fell into disagreement with the BBC, in particular with the new controller of BBC 1 that year, Paul Fox, who decided that Corbett be replaced with another person presenting his programme. Faced with the prospect of this or his programme being cancelled, Corbett decided to sign a deal with ITV to bring Sooty to commercial television, having earlier performed with the character in one of the channel's first product advertisement. The move led to him expanding on the characters that featured in the programme, including: Butch, another dog who occasionally plays the part of a villain; Ramsbottom, a snake; and 'Enry the Robot, a robot with light up eyes who keeps breaking down.\n\nAlongside his television work, Corbett also created travelling shows with Sooty and various works for charity, but the switch to ITV created a tighter schedule that increased his workload. As a result, Corbett's work affected his health badly, culminating in him having a heart attack in December 1975. Knowing he would need to retire, Corbett opted to hand over control of his puppets and the franchise to his son Peter, who was now performing in children's television under the stage name of Matthew Corbett, with his own programme. Despite retiring, Corbett's role in children's television earned him an OBE for his services in January 1976, with his character Sooty being given a special one alongside him during his ceremony, while he continued to provide assistance on The Sooty Show as a guest star, making his final appearance in 1984 – five years before his death in 1989.\n\nMatthew Corbett era\nFollowing his father's retirement, Matthew Corbett took sole responsibility for the puppets on The Sooty Show, although he was forced to forgo his own programme as a direct result. Matthew maintained the programme's format until 1981 before making changes. These included discontinuing the use of an audience and comedic sketches, dropping a number of puppet characters – leaving only Sooty, Sweep and Soo as the main stars – and setting the show to a sitcom format set within a suburban home, in which Matthew and the puppets faced a misadventure in each episode. Elements such slapstick comedy, comedic messes, practical jokes, music and guests remained a part of the programme under the new format. Alongside the transformation of The Sooty Show, Matthew branched out into stage shows featuring Sooty, bringing him closer to his audiences.\n\nProduction on the new format of the television programme was aided by Connie Creighton, who had worked alongside Matthew's father and was given a co-star role on several episodes, while following his mother's retirement from her role, the voice of Soo was cast to Brenda Longman; Sweep's handler was also replaced, with Brian Sanford replacing Matthew's brother. Episodes of the programme mostly were aimed at comedic value, but elements of education were included in some stories; a spin-off educational series generated for pre-school audiences, titled Learn With Sooty, was later released between 1989 and 1991. Although Matthew had dropped several characters from the show's old format, some returned in a guest capacity, while a new one was introduced in 1990 called Little Cousin Scampi – a character that Matthew devised as being part of Sooty's family, and who communicated in the same manner as Sooty.\n\nThe Sooty Show came to its conclusion in 1992, whereupon Matthew created a sequel for ITV that launched in 1993 under the title of Sooty & Co.. The new programme operated under the same format as its predecessor, but with episodes set mainly within a bric-a-brac shop in Manchester. While Creighton remained a part of the programme for a number of series, Longman was given a physical role as co-star in several episodes, alongside her role as Soo's voice actor, with the programme featuring several stories that ventured out into new locations. Matthew continued to conduct further stage shows, and also entered himself and Sooty as guests on other programmes. In 1996, Matthew sold the rights to the Sooty brand to the Global Rights Development Fund (a subsidiary of the Bank of Yokohama) for £1.4 million, creating Sooty International Limited whose intentions would be to bring Sooty to \"true international stardom\", but leaving Matthew to be the frontman for the franchise. In 1997, Matthew devised an animated spin-off, titled Sooty's Amazing Adventures, which ran between 1997–98 and featured a different style of adventures to the live-action show, including voices for Scampi and Sweep, and a different voice actor for Soo. The spin-off lasted two series, before Matthew concluded it in preparation for his retirement in December 1998, following the finale of Sooty & Co.\n\nRichard Cadell era\n\nFollowing his retirement, Matthew Corbett bequeathed his puppets to Richard Cadell, a fan of Sooty and a skilled magician, who focused on producing a new Sooty programme for ITV titled Sooty Heights, which launched in 1999. Like its predecessor, the new programme stuck to the same format, but with episodes set within a beachside hotel that the characters ran, with Cadell joined by Liana Bridges – a co-star whom he worked with on a number of episodes in the final series of Sooty & Co. By the end of 1999, The Britt Allcroft Company had purchased a 50% stake in the franchise, held under Sooty International Limited, and created a joint-venture company called Bridgefilms, which would also handle distribution rights to existing Britt Allcroft property Magic Adventures of Mumfie. The Britt Allcroft Company was rebranded as Gullane Entertainment in 2000.\n\nWhile Cadell continued to operate stage shows and produce a second spin-off series, titled Sooty's Magic, for the direct-to-video market, Sooty Heights was changed by Gullane Entertainment in 2001. As well as being renamed as Sooty, it also saw Bridges being replaced with Vicki Lee Taylor, the presentation style of the programme being changed, including the stage sets, and the addition of two new puppet characters to the cast: the return of Butch; and the introduction of a new character called Miki – a Brazilian cat. However, the programme faced extensive cutbacks in production in 2002 after Gullane Entertainment was bought out by rival company HIT Entertainment. These changes, which included new puppet designs for the characters, effectively saw several puppeteers, including Longman, leaving the programme, while effectively causing the cancellation of Sooty in 2004. After HIT Entertainment were unable to offer ITV a new programme from the franchise in 2006, the company was forced to place the rights to the franchise up for sale in October 2007.\n\nIn June 2008, Cadell bought the rights with the intention of saving the franchise and ensuring its future. Alongside conducting new stage shows, he also began work on producing a new programme, which eventually launched on CITV in 2011 under the title of Sooty. Although the format remained the same, the setting focused on misadventures within a holiday park that they helped to run, while scripts were focused on younger audiences. Filming of the series took place at Brean Leisure Park, which Cadell co-owned with his brother, until it was put up for sale in 2014. Additional series were still made, but focused on other locations, with the programme moving to ITVBe. Cadell continued to keep Sooty in the public eye, making guest appearances with him, and at times the other characters, on other programmes. In 2017, Sooty was officially inducted into The Magic Circle based upon the magic tricks he conducted with his handlers.\n\nAfter the expiry of the license at Brean, Cadells Limited announced in February 2022 to sign a new deal with Crealy Theme Park & Resort to open a Sooty-focused theme park area in May 2022.\n\nStage show history\n\n1984 – 1998\nDuring Matthew Corbett's reign, seven stage shows were performed repetitively. For the first half of the tours, Matthew and Connie Creighton would present, and during the second half, while Matthew was busy writing and filming the TV shows, Connie and Spencer K. Gibbens would present.\n Sooty's Creepy Castle (1984/1985 – 1991/1992)\n Sooty's Picnic (1985/1986 – 1992/1993)\n Sooty's World Cruise (1986/1987 – 1993/1994)\n Sooty's Wild West Show (1987/1988 – 1994/1995)\n Sooty in Space (1988/1989 – 1995/1996)\n Sooty's Circus (1989/1990 – 1996/1997)\n The House That Sooty Built (1990/1991 – 1997/1998)\n\n1998 – 2004\nAfter Matthew retired, six stage shows toured the country. All starred Richard Cadell; three of them also featured Richard's Sooty Heights co-star, Liana Bridges, with the fourth starring Amanda Howard in Liana's place.\n Sooty's Magical Mystery Tour (1998/1999)\n Sooty's Treasure Hunt (1999/2000)\n Sooty's Magic Farm (2000/2001)\n The Magic and Mayhem Tour (2001/2002)\n The Izzy Wizzy Tour (2002/2003)\n The Comedy and Chaos Tour (2003/2004)\n\n2005 – 2008 \nFrom 2005 to 2008, annual shows, featuring the puppet characters and various different presenters, toured around the UK.\nThe Wet and Wild Show (2005)\nThe Izzy Wizzy Holiday Show (2006)\nSooty's Magic Castle (2007)\nSooty's Magic Wand Factory (2008)\n\n2009 onwards \nFrom 2009, stage shows again featured Richard Cadell. The first, Sooty in Space, was a reworking of one of Matthew Corbett's scripts, and toured the country throughout the year.\n Sooty in Space (2009)\n The Sooty Christmas Show (2011) – Garrick Theatre, London, and 2016–7 at Hyde Park Winter Wonderland.\n The Sooty Show (2012) – Butlins at Bognor Regis, Minehead and Skegness\n Sooty in Space (2012) – Duchess Theatre, London\n The Sooty Show (2014/15)\n Wizard of Oz (2016) – Easter tour\n The Sooty Show (2017)\n Sooty’s Magic Show (2019 – 2022)\n\nFilm\nOn 20 June 2014 the Radio Times confirmed that Sooty: The Movie was in production. It was set to go in production in 2016.\n\nWink Taylor, Alex Skerratt and Richard Cadell are writing the film. Matthew Corbett will appear in the movie, Cadell has confirmed.\n\nIt is planned for release sometime in the near future.\n\nIn 2021 \"Sooty and The Trifle of Doom\" was announced to be distributed by Kaleidoscope Film Distribution.\n\nMerchandise\n\nBooks\nFor most years from 1957 to 1998, there was a Sooty Annual; no annual was published in 1987, 1988, or 1990. The early annuals were published by the London Daily Mirror. Later annuals were published by Purnell and Sons.\n\nThe annuals feature an expanded cast of characters including:\n Sooty, who is shown as white not yellow and wears red trousers.\n Sweep, also white not grey, who walks on all fours like a normal dog, but can stand as a biped to play the bugle and so on.\n Cokey the Clown, another close friend of Sooty's.\n Mr Fusspot, Mayor of TV Town where the action takes place.\n PC Nab, one of the police of TV Town.\n Calico Joe, a fully clothed cat who smokes, always stands erect as a biped, and is a con man.\n\nDiscography \nIn 1973 a single and album were released. The single was \"Super Sonic Sooty Spug\" with \"My Friend and I\" on the B-side. The album was Around the World with Sooty...Harry Corbett and Sweep. This comprised eight songs with a linking story. The songs included both the A and B-sides of the single. These were released on the Music for Pleasure label.\n\nGuest appearances\n\n Sooty and Sweep had appeared on a Rubber News sketch with Alastair Burnet on a Series 2 episode of Spitting Image.\n The Sooty show had a number of celebrities from all walks of life making appearances on the show, including Iron Maiden drummer Nicko McBrain who is a self-confessed Sooty fan and always has the puppet as a mascot on the front of his drumkit, and has occasionally donned a full size Sooty costume at shows as an entrance.\nSooty and Sweep had appeared as the Prime Minister and Home Secretary, respectively of the Puppet Government in The Goodies episode \"The Goodies Rule – O.K.?\". Soo and Kipper the Cat also made cameo appearances. \n A number of famous faces made cameo appearances – usually as themselves – in Sooty and Co, including Gareth Hunt, Matthew Kelly, William Roache, Jack Dee, Paul Merton, Shane Ritchie, Frank Bruno, Jim Bowen, Rod, Jane and Freddy, Harry Hill, Barbie Wilde and Brian Blessed.\n Sooty and Matthew Corbett had appeared on a Christmas episode of They Think It's All Over, attacking Nick Hancock with Sooty's water pistol after Hancock ruled against them in one game. Hancock exacted revenge by emptying a bottle of water over Corbett's head.\n Sooty and Matthew Corbett appeared on a Christmas edition of Noel Edmonds' comedy show Telly Addicts in 1993 when they put questions to the team which consisted of Craig Charles, Philippa Forrester, Diane Bull and Gary Olsen.\n Bobby Davro hosted a Sooty parody sketch called \"Sooty in Soho\" on his sketch show in 1989, which saw him doing an impression of Matthew and depicting Sooty and Sweep owning a brothel. The sketch was interrupted by the real Matthew Corbett showing up and assuring the audience that the Sooty which Davro had was an imposter. He then produced the real Sooty, who promptly squirted both Davro and Matthew with his water pistol.\n Sooty and Matthew Corbett appeared in a special episode of Thames Television's other mainstay of children's programming, Rainbow. The episode, \"The VIP\" was broadcast in 1990 and saw them performing a magic show for Zippy, George, Bungle and Geoffrey.\n Sooty also appeared in the video for \"Is This the Way to Amarillo\" 2005 remake mimed by Peter Kay. Sooty and his co star Sweep appeared on the shoulders of Peter Kay as he ran down a corridor.\n Sooty and Sweep appeared alongside Richard Cadell in June 2008, for a special 90th Birthday message for Nelson Mandela.\n Sweep made his first appearance on Channel Four as himself in the eighth episode of the second series of The Harry Hill Show.\nSooty, along with Sweep & Soo made an appearance in the music video for the official Children in Need charity single with the 'All-star Animated Band' produced by Peter Kay in November 2009.\nSooty and Sweep appeared as surprise guests on The Chris Moyles Show in his \"Birthday Show\" for BBC Radio 1 on 18 February 2011.\nSooty, Sweep and Soo were the guest judges on the fifth episode of the second series of The Matt Lucas Awards, a TV programme originally shown on BBC One on Tuesday, 9 April 2013.\nSooty and Sweep made guest appearances on a special variety show ('We Are Most Amused and Amazed') in November 2018. The show was recorded live at the London Palladium (and later shown on prime-time ITV) in honour of the 70th birthday of the Prince of Wales in his presence and that of the Duchess of Cornwall. Sooty was introduced from the main stage by Jim Carter – the actor who plays the butler Carson in Downton Abbey.\nIn 2013, UK Voiceover artist Peter Dickson gave Sooty a voice on a famous episode of The Sooty Show on TV, after remaining silent since 1948. \nRichard Cadell and Sooty appeared on the BBC games show, Pointless Celebrities, in 2017, where they read out a selection of questions on children's television, including, \"Which member of the Royal Family did Sooty squirt in 1955?\" (Prince Philip). After this, Sooty squirted the host, Alexander Armstrong, with his water pistol.\n\nSee also\nTrevor Hill\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n The Official Sooty Website\n Backstage with Sooty (1966) Shows the complex animated props\nSooty | Behind the Scenes | Thames Television Thames TV Show showing the production of the show back stage.\n\n \nCategory:Fictional bears\nCategory:Fictional hoteliers\nCategory:Fictional mute characters\nCategory:Fictional shopkeepers\nCategory:Fictional characters who use magic\nCategory:Gullane Entertainment\nCategory:Mass media franchises introduced in 1953\nCategory:Television characters introduced in 1952\nCategory:Television series by Mattel Television", "title": "Sooty" } ]

[ "The programme released several videos such as Spit - With Polish!, A Floppy Mass Of Blubber & Rubber Thingies, Bumbledown: The Life & Times Of Ronald Reagan, The Sound Of Maggie, The Klassik Music Video Vol 1, \"Is Nothing Sacred?\", Havin' It Off: The Bonker's Guide, and FA to Fairplay. Additionally, the Ronald Reagan song \"Da Do Run Ron\" featured in the video release Rockin' Ronnie. An 11-disc set including the first twelve series has also been released.", "The three collections released in 1986 were titled Spit - With Polish!, A Floppy Mass Of Blubber & Rubber Thingies, and the box set.", "The text does not provide information on whether these collections were successful or not.", "The text does not provide specific information on when the DVDs were released. However, it does mention that a DVD release of \"FA to Fairplay\" was reissued in 2005.", "The text does not provide information on whether these releases were successful or not.", "Yes, various collections, videos, and DVD sets were released relating to the programme. These include the collections Spit - With Polish!, A Floppy Mass Of Blubber & Rubber Thingies, specials like Bumbledown: The Life & Times Of Ronald Reagan and The Sound Of Maggie, videos named The Klassik Music Video Vol 1, \"Is Nothing Sacred?\", and Havin' It Off: The Bonker's Guide. There was also a video called FA to Fairplay and a straight to video release called Rockin' Ronnie. Moreover, an 11-disc set containing the first twelve series has been released.", "The text mentions a few special features about some of these releases. For instance, the video FA to Fairplay, released in 1996 and reissued in 2005 on DVD, was made specifically for video and provided an alternative look at the 1996 European football championship held in England. The Ronald Reagan song \"Da Do Run Ron\" was featured in a straight-to-video release called Rockin' Ronnie, which was an unrelated compilation of movie clips. The release \"Is Nothing Sacred?\" also came with a free booklet written by Stewart Lee and Richard Herring.", "Based on the text, some interesting aspects include the wide range of releases made over the years and their diverse nature - from collections, music videos, specials to straight-to-video movies. Another interesting point is the involvement of different entities in these releases, such as Central Video, The Video Collection Ltd, Surprise Video, and Network Distributing under licence by ITV Studios.", "The text only mentions movie clips in the context of the straight-to-video release called \"Rockin' Ronnie,\" which was a compilation of movie clips. It did not specify if any of the other releases included movie clips.", "The text does not provide specific details about what the programme or the various video and DVD releases were about. However, it does mention that the video \"FA to Fairplay\" provided an alternative look at the 1996 European football championship held in England.", "The text does not provide information on whether the programme or the various video and DVD releases were successful or not." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "No", "No" ]

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[ "Can you tell me about Spitting Image United States version?", "Were the attempts at it successful?", "This was the US version?", "Can you give me more information regarding this show?", "How did the storyline go?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Was anything done to make it become more successful?", "What were some of those specials?", "Were there any more awards?", "Is there anything else important regarding the documentary?", "Is there other important information?", "What happened after that?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 106 ], [ 80 ], [ 287 ], [ 450 ], [ 1105 ], [ 1327 ], [ 1435 ], [ 1545 ], [ 1644 ], [ 815 ], [ 958 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In an attempt to crack the American market, there were some attempts to produce a US version of the show." ], [ "A 45-minute 'made for market' show by the original Spitting Image team, titled Spitting Image: Down and Out in the White House was produced" ], [ "a US version of the show." ], [ "Introduced by David Frost, it departed from the sketch-based format in favour of an overall storyline involving the upcoming (at that time) Presidential election." ], [ "The plot involved a conspiracy to replace Ronald Reagan with a double (actually actor Dustin Hoffman in disguise). This plan was hatched by the Famous Corporation," ], [ "The show was not very successful with its target audience, possibly because its humour was still very British and it was so irreverent about Ronald Reagan" ], [ "It did, however, receive great praise from critics and it was followed by several more television specials:" ], [ "The Ronnie & Nancy Show (also satirising the Reagans), The 1987 Movie Awards (sending up the Academy Awards)," ], [ "Bumbledown: The Life and Times of Ronald Reagan (a quasi-documentary about the President)," ], [ "Sound of Maggie (satirising Thatcher and parodying several musicals such as Oliver!, West Side Story and many others)." ], [ "Eventually, their plot foiled, the famous corporation activated their escape pod - Abraham Lincoln's nose - and left Earth for another planet," ], [ "but (in a homage to the beginning of the Star Wars movies) were destroyed during a collision with 'a nonsensical prologue in gigantic lettering'." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 106, 80, 287, 450, 1105, 1327, 1435, 1545, 1644, 815, 958 ], "texts": [ "In an attempt to crack the American market, there were some attempts to produce a US version of the show.", "A 45-minute 'made for market' show by the original Spitting Image team, titled Spitting Image: Down and Out in the White House was produced", "a US version of the show.", "Introduced by David Frost, it departed from the sketch-based format in favour of an overall storyline involving the upcoming (at that time) Presidential election.", "The plot involved a conspiracy to replace Ronald Reagan with a double (actually actor Dustin Hoffman in disguise). This plan was hatched by the Famous Corporation,", "The show was not very successful with its target audience, possibly because its humour was still very British and it was so irreverent about Ronald Reagan", "It did, however, receive great praise from critics and it was followed by several more television specials:", "The Ronnie & Nancy Show (also satirising the Reagans), The 1987 Movie Awards (sending up the Academy Awards),", "Bumbledown: The Life and Times of Ronald Reagan (a quasi-documentary about the President),", "Sound of Maggie (satirising Thatcher and parodying several musicals such as Oliver!, West Side Story and many others).", "Eventually, their plot foiled, the famous corporation activated their escape pod - Abraham Lincoln's nose - and left Earth for another planet,", "but (in a homage to the beginning of the Star Wars movies) were destroyed during a collision with 'a nonsensical prologue in gigantic lettering'." ] }

[ { "text": "Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. Her portrayal in the arts and popular culture has been mixed. In the words of one critic she attracted \"musical opprobrium like no other British political leader\". Such opinion is divergent from mainstream opinion polling which tends to place her as the most popular British prime minister since Winston Churchill.\n\nArts critic Michael Billington noted that \"Thatcher may not have cared passionately about the arts, but she left her emphatic mark upon them.\"\n\nThis page is a list of depictions of Thatcher on stage, in film, TV, radio, literature, music and in other forms of the arts and entertainment.\n\nFilm\n Reagan (2023) – Lesley-Anne Down\n The Iron Lady (2011) – Meryl Streep\n In Search of La Che (2011) – Steve Nallon\n Back in Business (2007) – Caroline Bernstein\n I Am Bob (2007) – Caroline Bernstein\n For Your Eyes Only (1981) – Janet Brown\n\nTelevision drama\n The Crown (2020) – Gillian Anderson\n When Harvey Met Bob (2010) – Ingrid Craigie\n The Queen (2009) – Lesley Manville\n Margaret (2009) – Lindsay Duncan\n The Long Walk to Finchley (2008) – Andrea Riseborough\n Coup! (2006) – Caroline Blakiston\n The Line of Beauty (2006) – Kika Markham\n Pinochet in Suburbia (2006) – Anna Massey\n The Alan Clark Diaries (2004) – Louise Gold\n The Falklands Play (2002) – Patricia Hodge\n Deutschlandspiel (2000) (TV) – Nicole Heesters\n The Final Cut (1995) – funeral and memorial statue depicted\n Thatcher: The Final Days (1991) – Sylvia Syms\n House of Cards (1990) – began after Thatcher's resignation, following the premiership of her fictional successor Hal Collingridge and his succession by Francis Urquhart.\n About Face (1989) – Maureen Lipman\n First Among Equals (Hilary Turner) (1986) – Paola Dionisotti\n\nTheatre\n Margaret Thatcher Queen of Soho (2013–present) – A drag comedy musical play imagining what life would have been like if Thatcher had got lost in Soho on the eve of the vote for Section 28. It was performed in December 2013 at Theatre503 in London, in August 2014 at the Edinburgh Fringe and is transferring to London once again in March 2015 at the Leicester Square Theatre.\n The Audience (2013) – played in the premiere production by Haydn Gwynne\n Handbagged (2010) – A play shown at the Tricycle Theatre in London as part of its Women, Power and Politics festival. Handbagged examined the relationship between Thatcher and the Queen. The younger Thatcher was portrayed by Claire Cox and the elder by Stella Gonet. Handbagged was later expanded by its writer Moira Buffini and presented as a full play at the Tricycle in late 2013. The director was Indhu Rubasingham.\n The Death of Margaret Thatcher (2008) – coffin is onstage throughout the play, dealing with the differing reactions of the cast towards her death\n Market Boy (2006) – Set in a marketplace in 1980s Romford, a character called \"Posh Lady\" is meant to resemble Thatcher. When the play debuted at the National Theatre in London, she was played by Nicola Blackwell.\n Thatcher – The Musical! ()\n Billy Elliot the Musical (2005) – contains the irreverent song \"Merry Christmas Maggie Thatcher\" by Elton John\n Little Madam – a play by James Graham, exploring the life and career of Thatcher, presented at Finborough Theatre, London\n Sink the Belgrano! (1986) – a vitriolic satirical play by Steven Berkoff, in which she is called \"Maggot Scratcher\"\n\nSatire\n Neocolonialism (2013) – Thatcher is quoted in the main menu, and sometimes appears as a computer player\n The Hunt for Tony Blair (2011) – Jennifer Saunders\n Jeffrey Archer: The Truth (2002) – Greta Scacchi\n The Comic Strip Presents... (1990, 1992) – Jennifer Saunders\n Dunrulin (1990) – Angela Thorne\n KYTV (1989) – Steve Nallon\n The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole – character Margaret Hilda Roberts, created as a satire by writer Sue Townsend\n Doctor Who: \"The Happiness Patrol\" (1988) – character of Helen A is a caricature of Thatcher\n The New Statesman (1987–90) – Steve Nallon\n Spitting Image (1984–96) – voiced by Steve Nallon; caricatured as a \"fascist hermaphrodite: wearing power suits, using urinals and smoking cigars\"\n Yes Minister (1984) – herself (a short sketch, on 20 January 1984, at an award ceremony for the writers, commemorated on a Private Eye cover)\nAre You Being Served? (1983) – In the episode \"Monkey Business,\" a scene is set inside Number 10 with Thatcher appearing offscreen (only her hand is seen and her voice heard, portrayed by actress Jan Ravens) interacting with John Inman's character Mr Humphries\n Anyone for Denis? (1982) – Angela Thorne\n The Iron Lady (1979) – Janet Brown (satirical album written by John Wells of Private Eye)\n Saturday Night Live (1979, 1982, 1988, 2013) – Michael Palin; Mary Gross; John Lithgow; Fred Armisen, Taran Killam, Bill Hader, Jason Sudeikis, as Ian Rubbish and the Bizzaros\n RuPaul's Drag Race UK (2019) – Drag Queen Baga Chipz appeared as Thatcher during the Snatch Game challenge of the first series of RuPaul's Drag Race UK. Chipz later resumed the role alongside fellow RuPaul's Drag Race UK contestant The Vivienne as Donald Trump in Morning T&T on WOW Presents Plus.\n\nLiterature\n The Line of Beauty by Alan Hollinghurst (2004)\n Alan Clark Diaries: Volume 2: Into Politics 1972–1982 by Alan Clark (2000)\n Icon by Frederick Forsyth (1997)\n A Heart So White by Javier Marías (1995) – The hero of the novel is an interpreter at a long conversation between Thatcher and a Spanish politician. Thatcher refers to the play Macbeth, from which the novel's title derives.\n The Fist of God by Frederick Forsyth (1994)\n Alan Clark Diaries: Volume 1: In Power 1983–1992 by Alan Clark (1993)\n A Little Bit of Sunshine by Frederick Forsyth (1991)\n The Negotiator by Frederick Forsyth (1989)\n The Fourth Protocol by Frederick Forsyth (1984)\n First Among Equals by Jeffrey Archer (1984)\n The Devil's Alternative by Frederick Forsyth (1979), in which the character of British Prime Minister Joan Carpenter is based on Thatcher\n Miracleman: Olympus by Alan Moore and John Totleben (1989) – Thatcher is present as Miracleman explains that he and his companions will be restructuring the world economy; when she says that she could never allow this, he says \"'Allow'?\", and she is intimidated into silence.\n The Assassination of Margaret Thatcher – August 6, 1983 (2014) – a short story by Hilary Mantel\n The Iron Bird by Robert Woodshaw – a novel that takes the premise of Animal Farm and applies it to the life of Margaret Thatcher.\n\nRadio\n The News Huddlines – June Whitfield\n A Family Affair – Clare Higgins\n\nMusic\nWhile in power, Thatcher was the subject of several songs which opposed her government, including The Beat's \"Stand Down Margaret\", as well as a sarcastic declaration of faux adoration (Notsensibles' \"I'm in Love with Margaret Thatcher\"). Even after she left government, several offensive songs had been written that spitefully called for her death or looked forward to celebration of her death, including Morrissey's \"Margaret on the Guillotine\" (\"The kind people have a wonderful dream, Margaret on the guillotine\"), Elvis Costello's \"Tramp the Dirt Down\" (\"I'll stand on your grave and tramp the dirt down\"), Hefner's \"The Day That Thatcher Dies\" (\"We will dance and sing all night\") and Pete Wylie's \"The Day That Margaret Thatcher Dies\" (\"She's gone!, And nobody cries\").\n\nSongs with Thatcher as the subject include:\n \"All My Trials\" by Paul McCartney\n \"Margaret on the Guillotine\" (song from Morrissey's album Viva Hate)\n \"Stand Down Margaret\" by The Beat\n \"The Day That Margaret Thatcher Dies\" by Pete Wylie\n \"The Day That Thatcher Dies\" by Hefner\n \"Tramp the Dirt Down\" by Elvis Costello\n \"I'm There!\" by Janet Brown\n \"Wallflowers\" by MC Frontalot\n \"Margaret\" by Russian band Electroforez\n \"Ronnie And Mags\" by NOFX\n \"Miss Maggie\" by Renaud\n \"Madame Medusa\" by UB40\n \"Maggie\" by The Exploited\n \"Dracumag\" by Ewan MacColl\n \"The Grocer\" by Ewan MacColl\n \"I'm in love with Margaret Thatcher\" by Notsensibles (one of the more sympathetic depictions of Thatcher in popular music)\n \"Maggie's Farm\" by The Blues Band\n \"Thatcher's Fortress\" by The Varukers\n \"Maggie Maggie Maggie (Out Out Out)\" by The Larks\n \"Margaret's Injection\" by Kitchens of Distinction\n \"Thatcher Fucked the Kids\" by Frank Turner\n \"Black Boys on Mopeds\" by Sinéad O’Connor\n \"Sowing the Seeds of Love\" by Tears for Fears\n \"How Many Lies?\" by Spandau Ballet\n\nRoger Waters in 1983 referred to Thatcher sarcastically as \"Maggie\" multiple times throughout the Pink Floyd album The Final Cut. In the song The Fletcher Memorial Home Waters calls \"Maggie\" an overgrown infant and an incurable tyrant. At the end of the song he quietly speaks of applying the Final Solution to her and other famous world leaders. A sound recording of Thatcher's voice also appears on Waters' 1987 solo album Radio K.A.O.S. toward the end of the track \"Four Minutes\", when a portion of her speech to the 1983 Scottish Conservative Party Conference can be heard: \"...our own independent nuclear deterrent, which has helped to keep the peace for nearly 40 years.\" The band Genesis in 1986 utilised a puppet representing her (as well as other politicians) in the music video \"Land of Confusion\" from the album Invisible Touch.\n\nBritish indie band Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine depicted Thatcher on the sleeve of their 1995 single \"The Young Offender's Mum\".\n\nThatcher is depicted on the album cover of Death Before Dishonour, a 1987 album by The Exploited, a Scottish punk rock band.\n\nProtest songs\n\nDuring her political career, Margaret Thatcher was the subject or the inspiration for several protest songs. Paul Weller was a founding member of Red Wedge collective, which unsuccessfully sought to oust Thatcher with the help of music. In 1987, they organised a comedy tour with British comedians Lenny Henry, Ben Elton, Robbie Coltrane, Harry Enfield and others.\n\nRemixes\n\nLess than two months after Thatcher resigned, musical acid house group V.I.M. released a rave track titled \"Maggie's Last Party\". Described by a music critic in 2011 as \"strikingly original, and catchy to the point of irritation\", the track was a \"fusion\" of Thatcher's \"uncompromising speeches with a slowly-evolving post-acid house backing\"; it reached #68 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1991. The track was a hit with many nightclubs at the time, despite unfavourable opinion of her government among some in the rave community.\n\nSilent disc\nIn 1983, a vinyl record was pressed entitled \"The Wit and Wisdom of Margaret Thatcher\", however the whole groove on both sides are totally silent.\n\nArt\n\nNotable works include:\nStatue of Margaret Thatcher (1998) – a marble statue installed at Guildhall Art Gallery. The two-ton statue was decapitated in 2002 by a protester.\nStatue of Margaret Thatcher (2007) – a bronze statue. The statue has been erected inside the House of Commons. It shows her with her arm outstretched and posed as if addressing the House.\nStatue of Margaret Thatcher (2008) - a life sized bronze statue on Hillsdale College's campus, it is the only of her in North America.\nStatue of Margaret Thatcher (2022). On 15 May 2022 a bronze statue of Thatcher, high and placed on a high plinth, was unveiled without ceremony in her home town of Grantham. It was attacked with eggs within two hours. The work, by sculptor Douglas Jennings, was originally intended to stand close to the Houses of Parliament, but it was rejected by Westminster City Council in 2018 when councillors said it was too soon after her death (in 2013) and expressed fears that it would become a focus for \"civil disobedience and vandalism\".\n Maggie (2009) by Marcus Harvey – a black-and-white portrait composed of over 15,000 casts of sculptural objects including vegetables, dildos, masks and skulls. The work weighs over a ton.\n In the Sleep of Reason by Mark Wallinger – a video piece taken from Thatcher's 1982 Falklands speech and edited to show only each blink, thus giving the appearance that her eyes are constantly shut.\n\nThatcher was seen as a \"gift\" by political cartoonists. Among the most memorable images are Gerald Scarfe's provocative \"scythe-like\" caricatures, some of which were exhibited in his 2005 show \"Milk Snatcher, Gerald Scarfe – The Thatcher Drawings\".\n\nVideo games\nThatcher's Techbase - A mod for Doom II in which the player is tasked with killing a demonic version of Thatcher who has risen from the dead.\n\nMaggie's Club\nOn Fulham Road in Chelsea, London, there is a 1980s-themed late-night bar dedicated to Thatcher called Maggie's Club.\n\nFootball commentary \n\nThatcher was one of eight notable Britons cited in Norwegian Bjørge Lillelien's famous \"Your boys took a hell of a beating\" commentary at the end of England’s shock 2–1 defeat to Norway in September 1981. Beginning his exuberant celebrations with “We are best in the world! We have beaten England! England, birthplace of giants\", he ended with, \"Maggie Thatcher, can you hear me? Maggie Thatcher ... your boys took a hell of a beating! Your boys took a hell of a beating!\"\n\nSee also\n\n \"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead\", a 1939 song that infamously charted in the week of her death\n \"Maggie's Militant Tendency\", a controversial programme broadcast by the BBC\n Thatchergate, a hoax perpetrated by members of the anarcho-punk band Crass\n Thatcher effect, an optical illusion first demonstrated on a photograph of Thatcher\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\n \nCategory:Margaret Thatcher", "title": "Cultural depictions of Margaret Thatcher" }, { "text": "Ronald Reagan has been variously depicted in popular culture since he was elected president in 1980. Reagan also appeared numerous times in popular fiction, particularly in his role as U.S. president in the 1980s.\n\nFilm and television \n Rap Master Ronnie: A Report Card, a satirical depiction of Reagan's presidency aired as a Cinemax Comedy Experiment\n Spitting Image, a satirical British puppet show featuring Reagan\n The Day Reagan Was Shot, a 2001 film about the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan\n The Reagans, a 2003 television film about Ronald Reagan and his family\n Reagan, a 2011 documentary film about the presidency of Ronald Reagan\n The Butler, a 2013 film about an African-American butler who bore witness to the presidency of Ronald Reagan\n Killing Reagan (film), a 2016 television film about the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan\n The Reagans, a 2020 documentary broadcast on Showtime in four parts.\n Reagan, a 2023 film starring Dennis Quaid\n\nReagan appeared as one of the fictional supporting characters in the Inhumanoids episode \"The Surma Plan\" as president of the United States. Upon learning that the Soviet leadership were planning an Earth-threatening attack on the lair of the Inhumanoid leader Metlar, Reagan first suggested that they contact the Soviets. After being advised that the Soviets wouldn't listen he instead contacted the Earth Corps to stop the Soviet mission that could end up destroying the planet itself. He later expressed gratitude to the Earth Corps for stopping the Soviet plan. Reagan was portrayed by voice actor Neil Ross.\n\nIn the second season of the television series Fargo, Reagan (Bruce Campbell) makes a stop during his second presidential campaign in 1979 in the titular town; Campbell previously appeared in the 1995 film Fargo on a television screen and credited as \"Soap Opera TV Star\"; the season retroactively establishes this character as Reagan from his former career as an actor.\n\nAlso, in the first film of Back to the Future, Reagan is referenced heavily in the first part of the movie, in which 1955 Doc Brown mocks Marty McFly after he answered Reagan was the president, as at 1955, Reagan was still an actor, referenced earlier in the film when his name appeared on a theater on the background\n\nLiterature\n\nComics \nRonald Reagan met Captain America in Marvel Comics, would become the paranormal hero \"Teflon\" in New Universe and was even depicted as the star of the Solsons' Comics series Reagans Raiders, in 1987.\n\nMarvel Transformers UK Annual 1985 contained a story called \"Plague of the Insecticons\". Optimus Prime lead Prowl and Warpath to a meeting with President Ronald Reagan in Washington D.C. to open a dialog between the Autobots and the US government. The evil Insecticons attack the US military in the name of the Autobots hoping to derail the peace talks. Although the Autobots managed to chase off the Insecticons Optimus Prime gave up on explaining the misunderstanding to Reagan, thinking he would never be believed. Reagan had been ready to hear what Optimus had to say and was disappointed they gave up so easily. In 1986, Ronald Reagan made an appearance in volume 1, issue 8, of the DC Comics series Booster Gold.\n\nReagan would also make an appearance in Strontium Dog, a long running strip in the British comic 2000 AD. In the storyline 'Bitch' (Progs 505–529, 1987), he is kidnapped and held hostage by time travelling alien freedom fighters. The Reagan of this story is depicted as somewhat bumbling and not at all aware of what is happening; despite all evidence to the contrary, he maintains the opinion throughout that he has been kidnapped by the 'Commies'.\n\nIn the 1986 miniseries The Dark Knight Returns, Superman is an operative for the United States government, covertly fighting Soviet forces in Latin America and serving as the president's right-hand man. Though unnamed, this president bears an identical resemblance to Reagan, who was in office when the comic was published. He also possesses Reagan's folksy way of speaking.\n\nReagan was also a key character in the satirical comic strip Benchley by Mort Drucker and Jerry Dumas. The plot revolved around the fictive character Benchley who served as Reagan's assistant.\n\nWeb original\n\nOn the collaborative fiction writing website SCP Foundation, Ronald Reagan is depicted in SCP-1981, an anomalous VHS tape that depicts the president giving corrupted versions of his Evil Empire speech while accompanied by a black hooded figure, all while being gradually mutilated by an unseen force until he is unable to continue speaking. The tape changes in content every time it is viewed. The real-life Reagan of the SCP universe was said to have developed an unhealthy obsession and chronic nightmares with SCP-1981 after being shown the tape, and developed Alzheimer's Disease after Secret Service agents' unqualified attempt at inducing a drug-induced amnesia using amnestics stolen from the SCP Foundation.\n\nMusic \n\nReagan is the subject of many songs.\n\nToys\nIn 2020, Amazo Toys ran a successful Kickstarter campaign for the United States Space Force Action Figures. The basic 4 inch tall action figure for the Space Force Red team came with six head options, one of which was the Ghost of Ronald Reagan. In the series fiction the Ghost of Ronald Reagan is part of the Space Force Red team, led by Donald Trump, which is teamed up with the Space Force Blue team to right the Russian Space Agency.\n\nA second Kickstarter campaign by Amazo Toys was American Presidents Action Figure Collection which included a Ronald Reagan figure with two alternate heads.\n\nVideo games\n Reagan was featured as easter egg in 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City where he was seen in a poster shooting then Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. He is also mentioned on the radio in the game and is also mentioned in the 2006 prequel game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories.\n On August 26, 2020, in the worldwide reveal of Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War, Reagan is the president of the United States in the campaign. He is voiced by Jeff Bergman.\n In the video game Wasteland 3, a digitized version of Ronald Reagan is displayed on a computer screen similar to how Max Headroom was often depicted.\n\nPostage stamps\nAfter Reagan's death, the United States Postal Service issued a President Ronald Reagan commemorative postage stamp in 2005.\n\nSee also\n \"What would Reagan do?\" is a phrase that has become popular, primarily among conservatives and Republicans in the United States.\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\n Cultural depictions of Margaret Thatcher", "title": "Cultural depictions of Ronald Reagan" }, { "text": "The Wrong Coast is a stop-motion adult animated television series. The series emulates a Hollywood gossip show with fake news and features, and includes many parodies of Hollywood movies, often utilizing the voices of real stars. It was produced by Blueprint Entertainment, Cuppa Coffee Studios and Curious Pictures, with stop-motion animation provided by Cuppa Coffee Studios. The theme song is performed by They Might Be Giants.\n\nThe series initially was to air for American audiences on AMC in December 2003, but never did. It began airing in Canada on The Movie Network in April 2004. Teletoon at Night has rebroadcast the original season in Canada since 19 August 2005. A French-dubbed version of the series, titled La Côte Ouest, aired in Canada on Télétoon la nuit. The series ended on 30 June 2004.\n\nThe full series has been released on DVD in Australia.\n\nCharacters\nJameson Burkwright - The male host of the show who is easily jealous of Debbie Sue's actions and is voiced by Mark Hamill. As of the end of the first season, Jameson is trapped in Hell.\nDebbie Sue Ashanti-Melendez is the bubbly, but sometimes ditzy female host of the show. She is voiced by Kathryn Greenwood.\nTi Hua Foo - The male reporter of the show. Ti Hua is always seen covering celebrity events and interviews. He is voiced by Marc Thompson. As of the end of the first season, Ti Hua has been turned into a talking guinea pig.\nJulie Wyvern - The female reporter on the show. She has a bitter rivalry with Debbie Sue. She is voiced by Tracy Nicole Chapman. As of the end of the first season, she is the new co-host of The Wrong Coast.\nMack - The producer of the show whose face is never shown until the last episode, where it is revealed he has no face. He is voiced by A.D. Miles.\n\nEpisodes\nThe Wrong Coast aired for one season consisting of 13 episodes.\n\nThe Acting Coach\nDebbie Sue hires an acting coach to help her land the part of a journalist in the new Tom Hanks movie. Jameson tries to get in on the action by showing off his comic dialects.\n\nSketches\nA Beautiful Behind - A parody of A Beautiful Mind\nThe Ted Kennedy Experiment - The Jamie Kennedy Experiment\nThe Godfather Part IV: All Pacino - The Godfather Trilogy\nSob Story\n28 Days After, 28 Days Later After - 28 Days Later\nCash Cow\nFinding Nemoy - Finding Nemo\nProject Stoplight - Project Greenlight\nAmerican Idle Idol - American Idol\nS.W.A.T.A.W.A.T.A.T.A.A. (Special Weapon And Tactics As Well As The Ability To Appraise Antiques)- S.W.A.T., Antiques Roadshow\n\nThe Office Party\nA young production assistant blackmails Jameson and Debbie Sue with a tape of their drunken behavior at the annual Christmas party. Jameson ignores the threat while Debbie Sue becomes paranoid about what she may have done.\n\nSketches\n70's Movie - Wayans brothers films, Jaws, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Rocky\nApollo the 13th - Alien, Apollo 13, Friday the 13th\nSort of But Not That Freaky Friday - Freaky Friday\nJoe Trillionaire - Joe Millionaire\nBatman Meets the Hulk - TV series, The Incredible Hulk\nStephen King's Break\nDog Stars\nWacky Neighbours\nBlood Spattered Banter - Quentin Tarantino films\nParty Time Continuum: The Stephen Hawking Story - Austin Powers\n\nChemistry\n\nDebbie Sue is determined to \"connect\" with Jameson after a bad review highlights their lack of teamwork. However, Jameson is distracted by the loss of his beloved pet ferret, Marty.\n\nSketches\nAmerican Booty - American Beauty, Bringing Down the House\nGlengarry GlenCampbell - Glengarry Glen Ross and singer Glen Campbell\nCSI: Sarasota - Parody of the CSI spinoffs (CSI: Miami, CSI: NY)\nGlitter at the Crossroads - Glitter, Crossroads\nDying Hard in an Elevator - Die Hard\nMy Big Fat Greek Matrix - My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Matrix\n\nThe Broken Teleprompter\n\nWhen the teleprompter breaks down, Debbie Sue and Jameson are forced to think for themselves. Jameson's attempt to ad-lib the news starts a rumor that Kevin Spacey is trying to kill Queen Latifah.\n\nSketches\n First Wives Fight Club - The First Wives Club, Fight Club\nMagical Black Men - Magical negros; Bruce Almighty, The Legend of Bagger Vance, The Family Man\nJack Morris' Life - Parody of movie trailer announcers, such as Don LaFontaine and Hal Douglas\nDr. Phil talks to Freckles\nWilly Shatner and the Chocolate Factory - William Shatner, Star Trek, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory\nDead and Deader - Dumb and Dumber, The Sixth Sense\nEminem tries out for Romeo and Juliet\n\nBlood Red Carpet\n\nThere is much chaos as a horde of man-eating tigers takes over the red carpet at the 76th Annual Big Gold Awards. Jameson and Debbie Sue show \"live\" footage of the attacks, while showing clips of the Best Picture nominees.\n\nSketches\nWhen Harry Met Sally Struthers - When Harry Met Sally...\nPizza Deliverance - Deliverance\nBrilliantly Dumb - Forrest Gump, I Am Sam, Rain Man, The Other Sister\nWater Wolves - Waterworld, Dances with Wolves\nFlatch Adams - Patch Adams\n\nYour Stalker or Mine?\n\nDebbie Sue brags that her new stalker is the ultimate celebrity status symbol, and when Jameson gets jealous, he attempts to attract his own stalker. While arguing over who is in the most danger, their stalkers become more interested in each other.\n\nSketches\nSeabisque - Seabiscuit, Iron Chef, and a small reference to Spider-Man \nN.Y.P.D.A.D.D - N.Y.P.D., Attention-deficit disorder (ADD)\nEndless Moaning\nBig Baby - Big\nLate Night Laughs - The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\nWhat Are You Doing In My Bedroom? The Jameson Burkright Story \nFeasting for Famine\n\nSalaries\n\nJameson is shocked to find Debbie Sue on a list of Hollywood's richest people. His jealousy turns to ridicule, however, when she finally tells the source of her extra income, her work at a fortune telling hotline.\n\nSketches\nMission: Impossible 3 (the only sketch that actually came to the big screen)\nDr. Cop Lawyer - Medical dramas/Police procedurals/Legal dramas; Law & Order\nTexas Chainsaw Manicure - The Texas Chain Saw Massacre\nCrocodile Dundee Hunter - Crocodile Dundee, The Crocodile Hunter\nSecond Term Terminator: Re-election Day - Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, The 2003 California Recall Election\n\nThe Infies\n\nAfter Debbie Sue wins an Infy infotainment award, Jameson gets jealous and quits. But Debbie Sue goes on just fine without him, so Jameson tries to get his way back on the show.\n\nSketches\nJettison Man - Spider-Man, The Tick\nQueer Eye for the Bad Guy - Queer Eye for the Straight Guy\nGolden Girls Gone Wild - The Golden Girls, Girls Gone Wild\nStormbringer 2\nCharlie's Angels: Full Frontal - Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle\n\nLights! Camera! Romance!\n\nAfter Jameson saves Debbie Sue from a falling stage light, she falls in love with him. But the romance quickly deteriorates into mind games, and it isn't long before the tears are flowing.\n\nSketches\nThe Onion Ring - The Ring\n762,120 - 24\nPoltergoat - Poltergeist\nBeer Factor - Fear Factor\nP. Diddy Day Care - Daddy Day Care\nAl Pacino's Sitcom\nHow to Lose a Guy in 28 Days Later - How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days, 28 Days Later\n\nSundance\n\nJameson and Debbie Sue report from the Sundance Film Festival. Ti Hua overreacts to being stranded in a gondola with John Turturro, and Julie continually attempts to get into an A-list party.\n\nSketches\nUno Memento - Memento\nAmerican Pi - American Pie, Pi\nBuzz\nTroubled Youth - Prozac Nation\nThe Horse Shouterer - The Horse Whisperer\n\nAddicted\n\nDebbie Sue returns from \"back surgery\" with a huge appetite for painkillers. Jameson plans an intervention to get her off from her addiction by enlisting several B-listers who need screen time. Meanwhile, Ti Hua undergoes the ultimate makeover, but gets turned into a guinea pig.\n\nSketches\nDead Movie Star Jurassic Park - Jurassic Park\nA Few Good Men and a Baby - A Few Good Men, Three Men and a Baby\nComplidate - Blind Date\nTragedy on the Tracks\nOperation Perfect Smile\nThe Re-enactment of the Siege of Bolingbroke - Siege of Bolingbroke Castle\nTransspecies\nLaw & Order: P.V.U. (Parking Violations Unit) - Law & Order: SVU\n\nPossessed\n\nJameson and Debbie Sue are shocked to discover that the Wrong Coast studio is possessed by a demon. An attempt to exorcise the demon backfires, and Jameson gets stranded in Hell.\n\nSketches\nThere's Something About Mary Poppins - There's Something About Mary, Mary Poppins\nTitanic II - Titanic\nDennis Hopper Orders a Margarita\nSiegfried & Roy return to the stage - Siegfried & Roy, Roy's tiger injury\n\nA Look Back at Yestermonth\n\nA clip show showing a look back at the first season of The Wrong Coast. With Jameson stranded in Hell, Debbie Sue is happy that she is the only host left - until Julie Wyvern joins as co-host. A sip of champagne pushes Debbie Sue off the wagon, and Mack finally reveals his \"face\".\n\nSketches\n(Selected from previous episodes)\nSeabisque - Seabiscuit, Iron Chef, and a small reference to Spider-Man\nMy Big Fat Greek Matrix - My Big Fat Greek Wedding, The Matrix\nAmerican Booty - American Beauty, Bringing Down The House\nCrocodile Dundee Hunter - Crocodile Hunter, Crocodile Dundee\nDying Hard in an Elevator - Die Hard\nMagical Black Men - Magical negros; Bruce Almighty, The Legend of Bagger Vance, The Family Man\nFlatch Adams - Patch Adams\nThe Horse Shouterer - The Horse Whisperer\nS.W.A.T.A.W.A.T.A.T.A.A. - S.W.A.T., Antiques Roadshow\nCharlie's Angels: Full Frontal - Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle\n\nSee also\n Spitting Image\n Les Guignols de l'info\n This Hour Has 22 Minutes\n The Daily Show\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nThe Wrong Coast at the Internet Movie Database\nCuppa Coffee Series including The Wrong Coast, accessed 10 September 2006\nepguides.com: The Wrong Coast, accessed 10 September 2006\nTeletoon press release via Mediacaster, 15 July 2005, accessed 10 September 2006\n\nCategory:2000s American animated comedy television series\nCategory:2000s American adult animated television series\nCategory:2000s American parody television series\nCategory:2000s American sketch comedy television series\nCategory:2003 American television series debuts\nCategory:2004 American television series endings\nCategory:2000s Canadian animated comedy television series\nCategory:2000s Canadian adult animated television series\nCategory:2000s Canadian sketch comedy television series\nCategory:2003 Canadian television series debuts\nCategory:2004 Canadian television series endings\nCategory:American adult animated comedy television series\nCategory:American stop-motion animated television series\nCategory:Canadian adult animated comedy television series\nCategory:Canadian parody television series\nCategory:Canadian stop-motion animated television series\nCategory:Crossover animated television series\nCategory:English-language television shows\nCategory:Crave original programming\nCategory:Teletoon original programming\nCategory:Television series by Curious Pictures\nCategory:Television series by Entertainment One\nCategory:Television series by Bell Media\nCategory:Television series by Corus Entertainment\nCategory:Television series by Cuppa Coffee Studios", "title": "The Wrong Coast" }, { "text": "Crapston Villas is a British animated television series, written, created and directed by Sarah Ann Kennedy, in which the characters were made from plasticine and filmed with stop motion clay animation. It was a comedy satire on inner-city London life, directed at a mature audience. It featured a set of characters, living in a grim apartment building in the fictional postcode of SE69, who were plagued by various dilemmas. Foul language, sex and violence are present.\n\nProduction\nIt was made by the Spitting Image Productions company and was originally broadcast on the UK's Channel 4 from 1995 to 1998. It was written by Sarah Ann Kennedy, who was also director (series 1) along with Peter Boyd Maclean (series 2). The music for the show was composed by Rowland Lee.\n\nVoices were provided by a range of British actors and comedians.\n\nThe show was cancelled after its second series by the incoming new head of Channel 4 Television, Michael Jackson, who then bought US import South Park to fill the late Friday night slot vacated by Crapston Villas.\n\nThe show would be one of the first animated series on British television to present openly gay characters, specifically Robbie and Larry.\n\nAvailability\nEach series comprised ten episodes. Series 1 was subsequently issued on video, edited together as a single 100 minute piece (\"Crapston Villas – City of Slummington\"), while Series 2 was similarly released, but on two videos (\"Health Hazard\" and \"Culture Shock\"). In the USA five episodes from Series 1 were released on DVD by the independent production/distribution company Troma Entertainment, but so far no DVD releases of either series have occurred in the UK.\n\nAs of January 2012, all 20 episodes of Crapston Villas are available to watch on Channel 4's digital on-demand service 4oD (now called All 4). Reruns of the Series are also available to watch on G.O.L.D. late at night.\n\nAwards\n1996 Broadcast Awards: Best New Program\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1995 British television series debuts\nCategory:1998 British television series endings\nCategory:1990s British adult animated television series\nCategory:1990s British animated comedy television series\nCategory:British adult animated comedy television series\nCategory:Clay animation television series\nCategory:English-language television shows\nCategory:Channel 4 original programming\nCategory:Channel 4 comedy\nCategory:Troma Entertainment films\nCategory:LGBT-related animated series\nCategory:Television shows set in London", "title": "Crapston Villas" }, { "text": "Headcases is a British satirical animation show based on current affairs. It employed the same satirical style as Spitting Image, 2DTV and Bo' Selecta!, but using 3D animation created by UK Visual Effects and animation house Red Vision.\n\nThe programme's only series began on 6 April 2008, with weekly episodes until 11 May 2008, airing on Sundays at 10 pm. A seventh episode was televised on Friday, 30 May at 10:30 pm, and an eighth on Sunday, 15 June at 10 pm. The show included celebrities, politicians and members of the British Royal Family in their animated form, taking a role in sketches including scenarios from their own topical issues.\n\nThe show's name comes from the fact that all the subjects' caricatured faces are out of scale with the rest of their bodies.\n\nCharacters\nLampooning people in the public eye, the impressionists got the chance to caricature politicians, royals and celebrities alike. These included Prime Minister Gordon Brown, portrayed as an out of touch, weak, very austere Scrooge like Victorian and has a dark, miserable old character. His Chancellor, Alistair Darling, is depicted as a panicky cry baby who says, \"We're doomed, doomed, doomed\" while jumping around the room. There were also the forgetful Home Secretary Jacqui Smith, the vicious creature David Miliband and Tony Blair who, under the guise of Brown's adviser Ed Balls, tricks Gordon for money.\n\nOn the Conservatives' side, Leader of the Conservatives, David Cameron who was portrayed as insisting he's an ordinary man of the people for a press conference, before reverting into a volatile, mean spirited, snobbish public schoolboy behind closed doors, He regularly beats his Shadow Chancellor and manservant George Osborne and forces him to do various unpleasant things, i.e. lick dog muck off his shoes (a reference to \"old Etonian\" fagging).\n\nShadow Foreign Secretary William Hague is portrayed as an oafish, bitter alcoholic Yorkshireman (referencing his past claims of having drunk \"14 pints a day\" as a teenager) and the then newly elected Mayor of London Boris Johnson portrayed as half-man and half dog, so when he tries to talk about issues, he instead does acts of canine behaviour e.g. chasing his tail and licking his genitals.\n\nWhile on the side of the Liberal Democrats, leader Nick Clegg is portrayed as a desperate leader ready to use anything (such as offers at Pizza Hut suggested by his party) as an excuse for the Lib Dems' 'drive for change' influencing day to day Britain.\n\nThe Royal Family are set up in the same style as they were on Spitting Image; the reasonably sane but a senile Queen, The Duke of Edinburgh \"and his dog (Poochwater)\" who do everything that they can to stop Prince William from marrying \"commoner\" Catherine Middleton (he calls her Kate Middle class) but never succeed, and Prince William and Prince Harry who try to act as \"normal blokes\", but ultimately fail – in one sketch they attempt to order pizza only to ask for caviar toppings.\n\nThere were other international politicians that Headcases satirised like President George W. Bush, Bill Clinton and his wife, Hillary, Condoleezza Rice, incompetent farmer Robert Mugabe, strong but dark character (then) former President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, and his successor Dmitry Medvedev, who was portrayed as a ventriloquist's dummy, the sex mad medallion man, Nicolas Sarkozy as a flirty disco dancer who sings in French about international success and President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad who is portrayed as a Borat like character who lists reasons why his country should have nuclear technology (including destroying the entire Middle East and most of Central Asia so Iran can move closer to Europe to compete in Euro 2012) calling his adversaries racists.\n\nCelebrities impersonated include the populist and selfish former editor of the Daily Mirror newspaper Piers Morgan who gets a heavy object dropped on him each time; Victoria Beckham, a big headed loudmouth with a speech disorder and her dumb husband David, who is considerably shorter, going about their days working in America; Steven Spielberg; transsexual Madonna; Morgan Freeman; large breasted model Jordan and child minded Peter Andre; old and senile action stars Harrison Ford, Sylvester Stallone and Bruce Willis, styled as \"The (Geriatric) Action Heroes\", who fight their nemesis, money grabbing, snake haired old people hater Heather Mills; unintelligent Brad Pitt and his twisted wife Angelina Jolie, who keeps adopting children and imprisoning them to a factory making hair extensions to rival the golden locks of Jennifer Aniston, veteran newsreader Trevor McDonald; inappropriate uses for Russell Brand (e.g. as a toilet brush); Fabio Capello struggling to learn English leaving everyone confused at what he means when he speaks; far too similar footballers Steven Gerrard and Frank Lampard, whose attempts to work together for England are portrayed as Laurel and Hardy style slapstick comedy; angry, loud mouthed Jeremy Clarkson making ill-informed judgements; Richard Hammond who was left drowning when global warming hit the 2050 episode of Top Gear; sleepy, drunk and drug addled Pete Doherty and Amy Winehouse; complainers Bono and Bob Geldof; coin operated Jonathan Ross; bachelor George Clooney; Sebastian Coe presenting updates for the 2012 Olympics; Mohamed Al-Fayed and his conspiracy theories involving Fiat Unos; alien Tom Cruise and his robot wife Katie, and common chavs Helen Mirren and Judi Dench, who bully Kate Winslet because they are Dames and she is not.\n\nVoice artists\nRory Bremner\nJon Culshaw\nLewis MacLeod\nKayvan Novak\nDaniel Maier\nLucy Porter\nJess Robinson\nShelley Longworth\nKaty Wix\nKaty Brand\nOmid Djalili\nPhil Cornwell\nLucy Montgomery\nMark Perry\nTom Hollander\nAndrew Lawrence\n\nWriters\nHenry Naylor\nKevin Day\nMark Evans\nLucy Porter\nCarl Carter\nTony Cooke\n Simon Dean\nRichie Webb\nMarc Blakewill & James Harris\n\nReception\nSam Wollaston from The Guardian gave the show a mixed review, saying that the writing was good, but the animation was \"soulless\" and the Daily Star simply called it \"Hilarious\". The show's debut opened with four million viewers, having the highest viewers of any programme for the first half of the show. However, the second half of the show was beaten by the news on BBC One. The second episode also attracted 4 million viewers.\n\nPeter Fluck was critical of the series. His assessment was decidedly lukewarm: the CGI puppets \"look pretty dead\", it might not be rude enough, and, if he were younger, he would bypass television and broadcast on YouTube instead. However, he was encouraged by the likes of Rory Bremner among the impersonators.\n\nDVD release\nOn 15 June 2008, ITV announced that the only series would be available on DVD, which was released on 7 July.\n\nSee also\n\nSpitting Image\n2DTV\nNewzoids\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:2008 British television series debuts\nCategory:2008 British television series endings\nCategory:2000s British animated comedy television series\nCategory:2000s British satirical television series\nCategory:Animated satirical television series\nCategory:British adult animated comedy television series\nCategory:British computer-animated television series\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Bill Clinton\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Boris Johnson\nCategory:Cultural depictions of David Beckham\nCategory:Cultural depictions of David Cameron\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Elizabeth II\nCategory:Cultural depictions of George W. Bush\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Gordon Brown\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Hillary Clinton\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Madonna\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Steven Spielberg\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Sylvester Stallone\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Tom Cruise\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Tony Blair\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Vladimir Putin\nCategory:English-language television shows\nCategory:ITV sketch shows\nCategory:Television series by ITV Studios", "title": "Headcases" }, { "text": "2DTV is a British satirical animated television series which was co-created and produced by Giles Pilbrow for ITV. It premiered on ITV on 14 October 2001 and was nominated for the Rose d'Or Award in both 2002 and 2003.\n\nThe programme was considered the spiritual successor of Spitting Image, a 1980s series that also featured work by Pilbrow. The show's style also paid homage to the animation studio Hanna-Barbera. The voice cast included Jon Culshaw, Jan Ravens and Mark Perry. 2DTV ran for five series before being cancelled in 2004 due to falling viewing figures. It was succeeded in 2008 by the short-lived series Headcases.\n\nBackground\n2DTV employed the same satirical style as Spitting Image but used animation rather than puppets. The animation was produced using computer graphics, frequently with animators working up to the day of broadcast. The producer, Giles Pilbrow, was a veteran of Spitting Image, as were some of the show's voice artists.\n\nThe series was directed by Tim Searle. 2DTV was first broadcast in 2001, but an un-broadcast pilot episode was recorded nearly six months earlier. The pilot episode featured the resident newsreader played by Alistair McGowan, but the character was not carried over when the full seven-part first series was commissioned by ITV. Each episode in the first series lasted ten minutes.\n\nA second seven-episode series began broadcasting in 2002, with each episode again lasting ten minutes. The series spawned its own official single in July 2002, Shoot the Dog, performed by George Michael. The music video features an animated Michael plus several other characters from 2DTV performing the song.\n\nA commercial for the home media compilation The Best of 2DTV was banned by the Broadcast Advertising Clearance Centre in 2002. The commercial depicted George W. Bush taking one VHS out of its case and putting it in his toaster. Ofcom stated that advertisements for products cannot appear to be endorsed by someone without their permission – in this case, George W. Bush. The original advert was reworked into a sketch in which Bush writes a letter complaining about being portrayed as a moron by the media, then proceeding to “post” the letter in his toaster. The programme creators subsequently proposed another commercial, this time satirising Osama bin Laden, but they were informed that this would also be banned on the grounds that Bin Laden would have to give permission for his image to be used.\n\nAnother commercial satirised David Beckham compiling his list for Christmas, asking his wife; “how do you spell DVD?”. A ban was later overturned on the grounds that the commercial was legitimate satire and the commercial was shown unedited. The programme's creators claimed that the controversy generated more interest in the show than the adverts could ever have done alone.\n\nFor the third series, each episode was extended to 20 minutes, including advertisements. After the third series, many of the original cast members, including Jon Culshaw, Jan Ravens and Mark Perry, decided to leave following an announcement that the fourth series would be extended to 30 minutes per episode. New cast members Lewis MacLeod, Kate O'Sullivan and Enn Reitel took over, appearing alongside the only remaining original cast member, Dave Lamb. All four returned for the fifth series in 2004 but due to falling ratings its broadcast was placed in the so-called graveyard slot and the show was officially cancelled at the end of that year.\n\nCast\n\nSeries 1–3\n Jon Culshaw – providing impressions of Tony Blair, Jack Straw, William Hague, John Major, George W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, Prince Charles, Angus Deayton, Ian Hislop, Paul Merton, Gareth Gates, Chris Eubank, Rolf Harris, Trevor McDonald, George Michael, David Beckham, Gregory Hines, Ed Catmul, Michael Jackson, Johnny Vegas, Steve Irwin, Lawrence Llewelyn-Bowen, Uri Geller, Bill Gates, Liam Gallagher, Anthony McPartlin, Lyle Lovett, Matt Groening, Sven-Göran Eriksson, Bill Murray, Dennis Quaid, John Lasseter, Michael Keaton, Roy Keane, Denzel Washington, Michael Owen, Tommy Vercetti, Pete Docter, Alex Ferguson, Steve Jobs, Ozzy Osbourne, Guy Ritchie, Iain Duncan Smith, Richard Madeley, Tiff Needell, Richard Gere, Phillip Schofield, Tim Henman, Quentin Willson, Tim Meadows, Matt Dillon, Jon Lovitz, Brendan Fraser\n Jan Ravens – providing impressions of Cherie Blair, Ann Widdecombe, Queen Elizabeth, Camilla Parker Bowles, Princess Anne, Fergie, Geri Halliwell, Victoria Beckham, Anne Robinson, Jordan, Angelina Jolie, Heather Graham, Natasha Kaplinsky, Erin Brockovich, Amy Adams, Björk, Wendy Wilson, Carol “Smiley” Smillie, Natasha Richardson, Jennifer Lopez, Lindsay Lohan, Rita Wilson, Anna Chlumsky, Kate Middleton, Madonna, Davina McCall, Michelle Pfeiffer, Kylie Minogue, Sharon Osbourne, Elizabeth Perkins, Kelly Osbourne, Jade Goody, Andie MacDowell, Kim Woodburn, Aggie MacKenzie, Nigella Lawson, Dina Lohan, Jamie Lee Curtis, Queen Mother, Judy Finnigan, Angelina Jolie, Sandra Bullock, Daryl Hannah, Sally Field, Vanessa Paradis, Kate Hudson, Diane Keaton, Kate Beckinsale, Claudia Winkleman\n Mark Perry – providing impressions of Gordon Brown, Robin Cook, Lee Unkrich, Steve Harvey, Dave Thomas, Luiz Felipe Scolari, Keanu Reeves, Saddam Hussein, Jerry Seinfeld, Patrick Bergin, Hugh Laurie, Jason Alexander, Ben Affleck, Willem Dafoe, Bruce Arena, Spider-Man, Michael Howard, Dave Benson Phillips, Keith Wickham, Steve Wright, John Candy, Michael Parkinson, Graham Norton, Matt Damon, Glenn Hoddle, Pierce Brosnan, Gary Haisman, Steve McClaren\n Terry Klassen – additional voices\n\nSeries 4–5\n Enn Reitel – providing impressions of Tony Blair, Jack Straw, Cuba Gooding Jr., John Prescott, Breckin Meyer, Lyle Lovett, Michael Jackson, Johnny Vegas, Ben Affleck, Jamie Foxx, Anthony McPartlin, Jeremy Clarkson, Michael Howard, John Landis, Will Young, Cuba Gooding Sr., Tom Cruise, George Clooney, Tim Henman, Justin Hawkins, Simon Cowell, Jack Osbourne, Bill Cosby, James Earl Jones, Eddie Murphy, Jacques Chirac, Phil Spencer, Jared Fogle, Gordon Ramsay, Bertie Ahern, David Dimbleby, Peter Andre, Frank Skinner, Des Lynam, Robbie Williams, Gareth Gates, Lawrence Llewelyn-Bowen, Uri Geller, David Blunkett, Charles Kennedy, Liam Neeson, Hugh Laurie, Dick Cheney, Jay Leno, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Conan O'Brien, Prince Philip, Tom Hanks, Prince Edward, Princes William and Harry, Rowan Atkinson, Tim Allen, Brad Pitt, Osama bin Laden, Pope John Paul II\n Kate O'Sullivan – providing impressions of Cherie Blair, Queen Elizabeth, Camilla Parker Bowles, Julia Roberts, Princess Anne, Geri Halliwell, Victoria Beckham, Anne Robinson, Jordan, Carol “Smiley” Smillie, Natalie Imbruglia, Jennifer Lopez, Madonna, Tina Fey, Emma Roberts, Davina McCall, Kylie Minogue, Sharon Osbourne, Kelly Osbourne, Elizabeth Hurley, Kim Woodburn, Nigella Lawson, Kirstie Allsopp, Jennifer Garner, Aggie MacKenzie, Trinny Woodall, Lisa Ann Walter, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Renée Zellweger, Susannah Constantine, Judy Finnigan, Andre Agassi, Jamie Lee Curtis, Angelina Jolie, Steffi Graf, Helena Bonham Carter, Elaine Hendrix, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Missi Pyle, Judi Dench, Rita Wilson, Coleen McLoughlin, Kate Winslet, Sally Kellerman\n Lewis MacLeod – providing impressions of Gordon Brown, Chris Eubank, Rolf Harris, Lee Unkrich, Arsenio Hall, George Michael, Richard Gere, David Beckham, Richard Pryor, George W. Bush, Dave Thomas, Prince Charles, John Candy, Trevor McDonald, Steve Irwin, Uri Geller, Bill Gates, Michael Lohan, Richard Fairbrass, Liam Gallagher, Sven-Göran Eriksson, Roy Keane, Paddy Ashdown, Michael Owen, Alex Ferguson, Ozzy Osbourne, Johnny Vaughan, Richard Madeley, Steve Martin, Louis Walsh, Wayne Rooney, Rio Ferdinand, Paul Scholes, David Seaman, Neil Armstrong, Kim Jong-il, Chevy Chase, Guy Ritchie, Robin Cook, Saddam Hussein, Declan Donnelly, Ronaldo, Phil Neville, Boris Johnson, Daniel Moder, Jeffrey Katzenberg, Wayne Rooney, Patrick Warburton, Eric Roberts, Dan Aykroyd, Forrest Gump\n\nAll Series\n Dave Lamb – providing impressions of John Prescott, David Blunkett, Stephen Byers, Paul Giamatti, Michael Portillo, Charles Kennedy, Dick Cheney, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Prince Philip, Prince Edward, Richard Pryor, Princes William and Harry, Osama bin Laden, Pope John Paul II, Elton John, Graham Norton, Andrew Marr, Michael Palin, Declan Donnelly, Martin Keown, Robin Williams, Paul Gleason, Ronaldo, Phil Neville, Tom Cruise.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nCategory:2001 British television series debuts\nCategory:2004 British television series endings\nCategory:2000s British animated comedy television series\nCategory:2000s British satirical television series\nCategory:Animated satirical television series\nCategory:British adult animated comedy television series\nCategory:Cultural depictions of actors\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Andre Agassi\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Arnold Schwarzenegger\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Bill Gates\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Boris Johnson\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Charles III\nCategory:Cultural depictions of David Beckham\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Dick Cheney\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Elizabeth II\nCategory:Cultural depictions of George H. W. Bush\nCategory:Cultural depictions of George W. Bush\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Gordon Brown\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Madonna\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Michael Jackson\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Osama bin Laden\nCategory:Cultural depictions of politicians\nCategory:Cultural depictions of pop musicians\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Pope John Paul II\nCategory:Cultural depictions of presenters\nCategory:Cultural depictions of religious leaders\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Saddam Hussein\nCategory:Cultural depictions of sportspeople\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Tom Cruise\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Tony Blair\nCategory:English-language television shows\nCategory:ITV sketch shows\nCategory:Jamie Lee Curtis", "title": "2DTV" }, { "text": "The Mary Whitehouse Experience is a British topical sketch comedy show that was produced by the BBC in association with Spitting Image Productions. It starred two comedy double acts, one being David Baddiel and Rob Newman, the other Steve Punt and Hugh Dennis. All four comedians had graduated from Cambridge University. It was broadcast on both radio and television in the late 1980s and early 1990s.\n\nThe show was named after Mary Whitehouse, a campaigner against what she saw as a decline in television standards and public morality. She became the target of mockery in the UK for her attitudes. The BBC feared Whitehouse would initiate litigation for the use of her name in the show's title, and for a period the alternative title The William Rees-Mogg Experience was considered.\n\nBBC Radio One show\n\nA radio pilot was broadcast on 10 March 1989 on BBC Radio 1 and a series of 13 shows began on 7 April the same year. The format was devised by Bill Dare. The two pairings of Newman and Baddiel and Punt and Dennis were central to the show, with support from Nick Hancock, Jo Brand, Jack Dee, Mark Thomas and Mark Hurst. The show also included musical interludes from Skint Video and The Tracy Brothers.\n\nIt was originally aired at midnight on Friday. It was subsequently moved to a 10:30pm slot, before being moved again for its fourth and final series to 7pm on Saturday evenings. The show ran for four series and a special (44 episodes in total) from March 1989 to December 1990.\n\nIn the episode originally broadcast on 17 March 1990, there was a brief reference to Robert Newman losing his virginity to a music teacher, a Mr Clulow, in detention, widely believed to be true. This is widely thought to be a reference to Peter Clulow, a former music teacher at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School (where David Baddiel was a pupil) who left the school in the mid-1980s following allegations concerning indecent approaches to the boys. Clulow was subsequently convicted and imprisoned on charges of indecent assault and one count of causing a child to engage in sexual activity.\n\nTelevision\n\nA television pilot aired on BBC2 shortly before the fourth and final radio series, on 3 October 1990. The first series started on 3 January 1991 and ran for six episodes, with a second set of six episodes in 1992.\n\nThe television series was a mix of observational comedy sketches and monologues, in a format similar to shows such as Mr. Show and The Kids in the Hall. The show featured a lot of satirical takes on famous people, films and TV shows of the day along with original character material.\n\nEach show was made up of sections usually headed by a caption related to the topic about to be discussed. The caption took the form of 'The [topic] Experience'. One of the performers would begin talking about the topic in monologue form, sometimes with input from another performer who appeared in character. The monologue would make reference to a humorous scenario which would be played out in sketch form, returning either to the same topic or moving on to a different or loosely related one. Lines or characters from sketches might recur throughout the show either as a continuation of the original sketch or an invasion of another one.\n\nThe pace of the show was fairly rapid, helped by the inclusion of a boom camera in the studio which panned quickly around the audience and back to the stage at the beginning of each monologue. Each section was punctuated with a small excerpt of the theme music, Jack to the Sound of the Underground.\n\nIn 1991 a companion book to the series was released called The Mary Whitehouse Experience Encyclopedia, with references to some of the sketches featured on the show and much new additional material.\n\nRecurring characters\n\nRay\n(played by Rob Newman)\n\nA man afflicted with a disease that gives him a permanently sarcastic tone of voice, so that everything he says comes out sounding sarcastic, no matter how sincerely he means it. This sketch is presented as a medical case history told by Ray's psychiatrist (played by David Baddiel), who gives accounts of various situations in which Ray's affliction has got him into trouble. These are usually sensitive situations such as speaking out at a funeral, apologising to an old man after running over his wife in his car, and complimenting a suicidal child on his drawings. At other times Ray has experienced near-fatal accidents, such as having an arrow shot through his brain, which are ignored by passers-by given that even his cries of pain sound sarcastic. Ray's disorder also affects his body language, as demonstrated in one sketch in which he converses with his deaf foster mother. Ray's psychiatrist discovers that the only things Ray's voice can say normally are those that he means sarcastically. In one sketch he makes friends with some media types, who appreciate his seemingly endless sarcasm when talking about the film Edward Scissorhands. In the final episode, on being given a Cure album as a present, Ray cannot bring himself to sound sarcastic when thanking his friend and, bizarrely, starts speaking Flemish. Ray has quite a successful run of appearances on Flemish chat-shows, before the inevitable happens, and he begins speaking Flemish in a sarcastic tone. Ray often uses the phrase \"Oh no, what a personal disaster\" which became one of the show's most popular catchphrases.\n\nIvan\n(played by Rob Newman)\n\nIvan is a daytime television presenter who hosts a show similar to the BBC's Pebble Mill at One. His appearance became increasingly unusual as the sketches progressed (his hair ends up extremely ruffled and he has plasters on his face), however he appears at first glance to be like any normal daytime TV presenter. But Ivan is very overemotional and will fly into a tormented rage at the slightest mention of anything vaguely bad. One such example is when a professional gardener he is interviewing tells him in passing that someone has trodden on and broken a garden cane he was going to use, and Ivan proceeds to fly into a hysterical rage and smash apart the whole greenhouse. Likewise, when informed that the situation is not so bad after all, Ivan will similarly react in an overly ecstatic manner, much to the annoyance of his guests.\n\nMr. Strange\n(played by Hugh Dennis, better known as the 'Milky Milky' sketch)\n\nMr. Strange is the archetypal 'man your mother warned you about', the weird man who walks around town in a dirty old mac, indulging in disturbingly eccentric behaviour. Mr. Strange's main trait is that he has an absurd addiction to off milk, and is always carrying cartons or bottles of milk with him, not only drinking from them but obsessively sniffing them before uttering the words \"Lovely—Milky Milky\" (which became another one of the show's most popular catchphrases). This led to a 1992 novelty tie-in single \"Milky Milky (Take Me to the Fridge)\" by Mr Strange and the Lactose Brotherhood, as well as Punt and Dennis' tour of the same year being named \"The Milky Milky Tour\".\n\nOne sketch features Mr. Strange as a contestant on Mastermind whose specialist subject is 'Milk and the way it smells' while another features him presenting a Party political broadcast offering himself as an alternative to the main political leaders because \"I don't wash my pants—it's not nature's way\".\n\nHistory Today\n\nHistory Today made its debut in the second half of the show's second TV series. History Today is an historical discussion programme presented by two elderly, scholarly professors, both well-spoken and well-groomed. The first of these professors, who introduces each 'episode' and its topic of discussion, is played by David Baddiel although the character is never named. The second is Professor F. J. Lewis, Emeritus Professor of History at All Souls College, Oxford, who is played by Rob Newman. Each 'episode' begins as a standard historical debate, but quickly degenerates into a playground-style quarrel with the professors exchanging childish insults. The humour lies largely in the juxtaposition of the professors' formal tone of voice with their puerile words. This sketch spawned perhaps the show's most popular catchphrase \"...That's you, that is\", spoken after they had described someone/something supposedly pathetic and/or disgusting. This sketch was later carried over into Newman and Baddiel's own show, Newman and Baddiel in Pieces.\n\nParodies\nRobert Smith (played by Rob Newman)\n\nA parody of the singer Robert Smith, front-man with the British rock band The Cure. This was prompted by Baddiel's observation that, although the band's earlier material had been recorded in a downbeat, 'doom and gloom' Gothic rock style, they had later moved in a more poppy direction (with singles such as \"Friday I'm in Love\"). Each sketch features Robert Smith and The Cure performing a particularly happy, cheery song or nursery rhyme in the band's goth style. The songs included \"Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport\" (originally by Rolf Harris), \"The Laughing Policeman\" and Tommy Steele's \"Flash Bang Wallop\". Robert Smith himself also made a guest appearance on the final episode of the show, in the last of the 'Ray' sketches, in which he was seen to sing \"The Sun Has Got His Hat On\".\n\nEdward Colanderhands (played by Rob Newman)\n\nA parody of the Tim Burton film Edward Scissorhands, which featured a similar character but with colanders for hands instead of scissors. He was seen in a sketch helping a housewife to drain vegetables. He was also present in the Robert Smith sketch as an audience member clapping to the beat of the songs, instead of clapping his hands he clapped his colanders together and unlike the rest of the audience he showed immense enjoyment of the performance. He later returned as \"Edward 'Good Movie Guide' Knob\".\n\nMark and Tim\n\nA parody of Mark Gardener and Tim Burgess. Rob Newman admits to growing his hair to look like Mark Gardener and Tim Burgess, out of respective bands Ride and The Charlatans, and while praising their musical accomplishments he demonstrates why you wouldn't want to 'hang out with them' in several scenarios. These include playing football, helping to check if Rob's car brake lights are working and as backup while Rob is being held at knife point. In each event both Tim and Mark remain silent and motionless apart from moving their head slowly from side to side.\n\nRepeats\nThe majority of the first three radio series were repeated on BBC Radio 4 Extra in 2003. However, rights issues precluded further transmissions, although there have been very occasional one-off airings in the Saturday morning Comedy Controller slot. A run of selected episodes started on Friday nights in September 2013.\n\nAlthough there were edited compilation repeats of the television series on the BBC within a year of the original broadcasts, it has never been released on home video.\n\nSee also\n Newman and Baddiel in Pieces\n The Imaginatively Titled Punt & Dennis Show\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1990 British television series debuts\nCategory:1992 British television series endings\nCategory:1990s British television sketch shows\nCategory:BBC television sketch shows\nCategory:Radio programs adapted into television shows\nCategory:Television series based on radio series\nCategory:British stand-up comedy television series\nCategory:1989 radio programme debuts\nCategory:1990 radio programme endings\nCategory:BBC Radio comedy programmes\nCategory:British radio sketch shows\nCategory:BBC Radio 1 programmes", "title": "The Mary Whitehouse Experience" }, { "text": "Have I Got News for You (HIGNFY) is a British television panel show, produced by Hat Trick Productions for the BBC, which premiered on 28 September 1990. The programme, loosely based on the BBC Radio 4 show The News Quiz, focuses on two teams, one always captained by Ian Hislop and one by Paul Merton, each plus a guest panelist, answering questions on various news stories on the week prior to an episode's broadcast. However, the programme's format focuses more on the topical discussions on the subject of the news stories related to questions, and the satirical humour derived from these by the teams. This style of presentation had a profound impact on panel shows in British TV comedy, making it one of the genre's key standard-bearers.\n\nThe programme aired on BBC Two for its first ten years, before moving to BBC One in 2000 for later series. In 2003, extended episodes, with additional content, titled Have I Got a Little Bit More News for You, later simply Have I Got a Bit More News for You began broadcasting the following Saturdays on BBC Two, later moved to Mondays on BBC One and returned to BBC Two in 2021. Subsequent repeats are named Have I Got Old News for You or Have I Got a Bit More Old News for You.\n\nUntil 2002, Have I Got News for You was hosted by Angus Deayton, who was sacked following reports in national newspapers of several scandals about his private life. Since then, the programme has been hosted by a different celebrity each week; many of them add their own comedy.\n\nThe programme gained recognition for its performance on British television and comedy, receiving the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2011 British Comedy Awards and the 2016 BAFTA Television Award for Comedy and Comedy Entertainment Programme.\n\nHistory\n\nHave I Got News for You was initially conceived as a pilot for the BBC called John Lloyd's Newsround. The BBC had commissioned Hat Trick Productions to make a television show which was like a more topical version of Hat Trick's Whose Line Is It Anyway? (developed by Mock the Week creators Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson), but it was decided that the show would follow a template more in keeping with Radio 4's The News Quiz. Hat Trick hired a producer with a track record in radio comedy, John Lloyd, and filmed a pilot with a title which aped long-running Children's BBC programme John Craven's Newsround.\n\nAfter filming the pilot, John Lloyd decided not to proceed as chairman, and the job fell to comedian Angus Deayton, after try-outs with future News Quiz host Sandi Toksvig and a pre-fame Chris Evans in the main role. The team captains, Private Eye editor Ian Hislop and comedian Paul Merton, returned from the pilot.\n\nSince its first broadcast in October 1990, the BBC has commissioned two series each year, the number of episodes being divided between the Spring series, broadcast from April to June, and the Autumn series, shown from October to December. The Autumn series takes a week's break to make room for the Children in Need special. For the first ten years of its existence, the programme was shown on BBC Two. Hislop has been the longest-serving member of the three on the programme since its premiere. He has not missed a single episode. Merton took a break during the 11th series in 1996, saying he had become \"very tired\" of the show and thought it had become \"stuck in a rut\". In his absence, his role was assigned to celebrity guests, with Merton himself returning as a guest on Hislop's team. Merton returned for the following series as team captain, deeming that his absence had given the programme the \"shot in the arm\" it needed and that it had been \"better ever since\".\n\nBy 2000, the BBC made a decision to relocate its late evening news bulletin from nine o'clock to ten o'clock, after ITV moved their long-running ten o'clock bulletin to eleven o'clock. The resulting move caused a gap in its schedule that needed filling; Have I Got News for You was moved to BBC One and given access to a broader audience in October that year. In 2002, Deayton was caught using illegal drugs and soliciting sex with a prostitute – a fact that he was ridiculed for on the programme, after it became headlines – putting his private life under scrutiny by news media outlets. Further scandal effectively forced the BBC to terminate Deayton's contract with them two episodes into the programme's 24th series.\n\nAt short notice, Merton hosted the first episode after Deayton's departure, with a series of guest hosts appearing for the remainder of the series, including Anne Robinson, Boris Johnson, and Jeremy Clarkson. Despite an initial search for a permanent successor to Deayton, having a different guest host each week proved successful, with average audience figures increasing from 6 million to 7 million, leading to it becoming a permanent feature in the programme's format in June 2003.\n\nBetween 1990 and its spring season in 2018, the programme was recorded at The London Studios, the former home of London Weekend Television; it briefly was recorded at BBC Television Centre for a 2001 Election special, the Friday after the elections were completed. Since the 2018 autumn series, recording is conducted at Elstree Studios, although the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom in 2020 impacted production of series during that time. The spring series saw Hislop, Merton, and the celebrities for each episode filming episodes virtually from their own homes, against a superimposed CGI recreation of the studio. In contrast, the 2020 autumn, 2021 spring, and 2021 autumn series were filmed at Riverside Studios in London under safety measures to prevent the spread of infection, which included socially distancing panellists and host with screens while on set. Initially audience numbers were reduced – half those attending each recording being allowed in the studio, and the other half watching the recording in the studio's cinema – but upon the British government implementing a second lockdown, all remaining episodes in the series were recorded with a virtual audience.\n\nFormat\nEpisodes are usually set to around 30 minutes in length, and are edited from the footage taken from a longer recording session the day before an episode is broadcast. The time frame given is used to allow the programme to retain the topical elements that an episode will feature, while allowing for any potentially defamatory material to be cut by the BBC's team of lawyers to avoid legal issues. The focus on each episode is on four panellists – the show's two regulars, and two guests – split between two teams, answering questions related to topical items in the news that occurred within the previous week, but the format often forgoes this aspect and the scoring system in favour of the panellists' witty exchanges, jokes, and satirical discussions on the question's relevant news item.\n\nEach episode consists of a general format that is largely unchanged since the programme first premiered. All begin with an introduction by the host, who gives out a set of satirical, fictional comedic news stories that are often accompanied with a video clip from news programmes or general public recordings to provide the joke, followed by introductions of the episode's guest panellists. After this, the episode focuses on four rounds that generally follow the same arrangement:\n\n Round 1 – dubbed the \"Film Round\" – begins after the introductions and sees each team being shown a collection of video clips – all featuring no sounds – consisting of news reports, archive footage and dramatized scenes, and must detail the news story that they have relevance to. The item in question tends to be a major news story, and avoids any notable pieces that consist of tragic events such as terrorist attacks that would be deemed offensive to use for comedic purposes. The round usually includes additional questions and sometimes a bonus round for comedic purposes. On some occasions the round has had some deviations in arrangement, such as a team being given a series of audio clips with no pictures and identifying the news item it was focused on.\n Round 2 focuses on discussions and questions on other news items. Between 1990 and 2004, the questions focused on newspaper headlines that panellists had to identify the story it was linked to. After 2004, the round focused on images that would be revealed to panellists in different manners, which they had to reveal the story about – in this arrangement, the programme frequently made use of props and graphic effects to reveal such images, with the round being labelled per the manner the picture was revealed, and include: \"Jigsaw of News\" – image revealed in jigsaw pieces; the \"One-Armed Bandit of News\" – picture revealed on slot machine reels, with the host pulling a lever to spin them; and the \"Strengthometer of News\" – host uses a mallet to hit a high striker pad, with the meter stopping at an image that is then enlarged.\n Round 3 focuses on panellists given four personalities, characters and/or objects, in which they must define the link that connects three of these, and point out the item that is the odd one out in this regard. The number of \"odd one outs\" that are given in the round vary depending on what production staff arrange, but usually consist of a single question.\n Round 4 focuses on a headline from newspapers and a guest publication, in which a choice selection of words is blanked out, and the panellists must suggest what these could be. Often or not, the panellists never give the right answer, and the round is mainly focused on what comedic line could be spun from the headline, based on what words are left visible. For example, a comedian could fill in the blank for the following – \"Church may be forced to sell _____\" – with something that would be considered highly unlikely and bizarre to read about.\n\nAfter the rounds are completed, the host then gives out the scores, denoting which team is the winner. If time permits, the episode may feature a bonus round called the \"Caption Competition\", in which panellists are given a single or two pictures to make amusing captions to. The episode always concludes with the host making an additional set of satirical, fictional comedic news stories, accompanied by a picture to provide the joke; in rare cases, a video clip is used.\n\nA repeat with a running time of 40 minutes, titled Have I Got a Bit More News for You, is often aired on the weekend, and features additional content cut from the original episode, and can often include scenes and outtakes made during the show before the opening credits or after the ending credits.\n\nParticipants\n\nThe format of Have I Got News for You is derived from the comedy that can be generated by each guest that participates in the programme, whether as a panellist or as a host. Although the show features a variety of comedians, it has also included politicians, television personalities, actors and news media personalities, several of whom have appeared more than once. As of 16 October 2020, Alexander Armstrong had appeared most often, mainly as guest host and also as a panellist, while Andy Hamilton had appeared most often as a guest panellist.\n\nOn rare occasions the programme has had a participant cancel or otherwise be unable to appear. Production staff try to find a replacement, but this is not easy at short notice. For an episode in 1993, nobody could find a suitable replacement for Roy Hattersley (then an MP, having recently stepped down as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party) after he cancelled at the last minute. He was replaced by a tub of lard. The programme compared Hattersley and the tub of lard, and claimed \"they possessed the same qualities and were liable to give similar performances\".\n\nAccounts vary as to how much panellists are paid to appear on the show. Jacob Rees-Mogg’s Parliamentary register of interests showed him earning £1500 for a claimed four hours' work, while Nick Clegg was paid £15,000 to host an episode.\n\nEpisodes\n\nCriticism, controversy and litigation\nThroughout its broadcast history, Have I Got News for You has drawn considerable criticism from guests, politicians and viewers about its content, sometimes ending in court.\n\n In 1994, an episode included a joke about Ian and Kevin Maxwell, who were awaiting trial. The joke purported to be about a crackdown by the BBC on references to the Maxwells, before ending on the line \"these two heartless, scheming bastards\". The nature of the joke became the subject of a case in the High Court against the BBC and Hat Trick Productions, which found both guilty of contempt of court and fined each of them £10,000.\n In January 1998, BBC Worldwide and Hat Trick Productions successfully defended a libel case brought by Conservative MP Rupert Allason, after a book based on the autumn series, titled Have I Got 1997 for You, contained a remark about the politician being \"a conniving little shit\".\n In November 1998, producers ridiculed a BBC edict restricting reporting about Peter Mandelson by mocking it throughout filming of an episode that was broadcast without any elements being edited out. The programme continued to ridicule, ignore and flout the reporting edict – alongside several other shows – before the BBC relaxed it two years later.\n In April 2003, three-time guest panellist Stephen Fry announced that he was boycotting the show following the sacking of Angus Deayton. Fry described Deayton's disposal as \"greasy, miserable, British and pathetic\".\n In November 2007, Ann Widdecombe criticised the programme for the involvement of Jimmy Carr as Hislop's teammate, vowing not to appear again after admitting she nearly \"walked out\" because of the comedian's risqué material during recording. \n The following week, Will Self, a frequent guest, announced he would not return. His reasons focused on the programme becoming more \"like any other pseudo-panel contest, where funny fellows sit behind desks cracking jokes\", criticising the BBC for cutting a joke he made despite the fact it was well-received by the audience.\n In April 2013, the programme received over 100 complaints for an episode that involved discussions on a news article on Scottish independence. The focus of the complaints was on comments deemed to promote anti-Scottish sentiment, made by Hislop and by guest host Ray Winstone, who joked that the Scottish economy relied chiefly on exporting \"oil, whisky, tartan and tramps\".\n In April 2018, producers received backlash from several female comedians over the lack of gender equality, following comments made by Hislop and Merton during an interview for the Radio Times, in regard to how production staff approached several prominent women for the role of guest host.\n In May 2019, the BBC had to postpone an episode as it featured Heidi Allen, then leader of the political party Change UK, who was standing in that month's European elections; it was broadcast the following month.\n\nHome media\nThe series has seen many releases on VHS and DVD, mainly consisting of straight-to-video compilations from other seasons. They were all released by Hat Trick through Video Collection International/2Entertain, under license from the BBC.\n Have I Got News for You, Volume 1 (1993) was a compilation that contained clips from the first five series plus the complete 1992 election night special. It was also released on Video CD.\n Have I Got Unbroadcastable News for You (1995) consisted of a special straight-to-video episode of the series featuring guests Eddie Izzard, Richard Wilson, and a surprise appearance from Germaine Greer.\n Classic Battles & Bust-Ups (1996) featured three full-length episodes featuring the Tub of Lard, Paula Yates and Germaine Greer, among others.\n Have I Got News for You: The Official Pirate Video (1997) was another special straight-to-video episode, featuring guests Martin Clunes and Neil Morrissey.\n The Very Best of Have I Got News for You (2002) was a compilation release of highlights from the first 12 years of the show, from the beginning up until the episode made after Deayton hit the tabloids. The main feature is three hours long, with the DVD release also containing many extras, including, among other things, a running commentary of the main feature Merton and Hislop. Other extra content featured includes a clip of Terry Wogan on fellow Hat Trick series Room 101 nominating the programme as one of his pet hates, alongside interviews with political figures (taken from the Channel 4 Politics Awards) revealing their opinions on the series.\n Have I Got News for You: The Best of the Guest Presenters (2003) is another compilation release. The main feature included several episodes from the series, including a half-hour cut of Boris Johnson's first guest-hosted episode. Episodes with Martin Clunes, William Hague and Bruce Forsyth as chairman were also included, as well as a compilation of clips taken from other editions from the first two series with guest hosts (with only the episode hosted by Liza Tarbuck not represented). The DVD release also included a bonus disc, \"The Full Boris\", which showed a far longer cut of the same episode (lasting slightly under 60 minutes), alongside several other extra features, including a discussion between Paul Merton and Boris Johnson regarding Johnson's appearance as presenter, filmed during his appearance as the celebrity guest on Room 101.\n Have I Got News for You: The Best of the Guest Presenters Vol. 2 (2005) is nearer in content to the first \"Best of\" DVD compilation than its direct predecessor, consisting of four 45-minute compilations of the Autumn 2003, Spring 2004, Autumn 2004 and Spring 2005 series. The bonus disc contains an 80-minute uncut version of Boris Johnson's second guest-hosted episode, alongside a bonus mini-feature called \"The A to Z of HIGNFY\". On it, each letter is used to stand for a different term or name often associated with the show, each highlighted by various example clips – except for the \"problem letters\" of X, Y and Z, which just lead into a selection of random outtakes. This feature also includes some behind-the-scenes content, with Marcus Brigstocke guiding the viewer around the studio and backstage, on a recording night.\n\nInternet spin-offs\nDuring the late 1990s, the website haveigotnewsforyou.com, run in association with Freeserve, featured interactive versions of the show's games, including the missing words round and the caption competition, offering prizes.\n\nHave I Got News for You started broadcasting a video podcast, The Inevitable Internet Spin-off, on 13 April 2007. It was initially planned to run for six series, from series 33 to 38, taking it to the end of 2009.\n\nFrom the beginning of Series 37, a new internet feature, Have I Got News for You, News... for You, was introduced. A short programme featuring typical opening and closing sequences (without the presence of a live audience) as well as other short sketches, it has so far been presented by Alexander Armstrong, and run fortnightly, bridging the gap between series 37 and 38.\n\nOn 1 October 2009, the last \"webisode\" episode was made available via both the BBC iPlayer and YouTube.\n\nOther shows based on the Have I Got News for You format\n\nShows based on the Have I Got News for You format are broadcast in other countries:\n American weekly radio show Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! was started in 1998 on public radio network NPR. Based in Chicago, the show follows a similar format, but with three individual panellists competing to win. They play some of the same games including fill in the missing headline, however many TV games have to be excluded due to their visual nature. Frequently the same stories are covered on both Wait Wait and Have I Got News for You. Differences include: listeners calling in to win mini games, and a celebrity interview and quiz in the middle of the show. Wait Wait is more closely related to The News Quiz which is also the inspiration for Have I Got News for You.\n Dutch comedian Raoul Heertje appeared on the original Have I Got News for You in May 1995. A year later he became team captain in the newly launched Dutch version of the show: Dit was het nieuws (\"This was the news\"). On 19 December 2009, the last episode was broadcast. RTL ran new episodes between May 2011 and October 2015; in December 2017, the show returned to the public broadcaster AVROTROS.\n The Finnish version called Uutisvuoto (\"newsleak\") was broadcast for 20 years, 1998–2018 on Yle TV1, and was one of the most popular TV shows, and also the continuously longest running TV entertainment show, in Finland. In 2019, the show continued on MTV3 with its original host Peter Nyman.\n The Estonian version, called Teletaip (\"TV uptake\"), was first aired in 2000 on ETV; seven series were produced. Its two main hosts were the comedian Tarmo Leinatamm and former MEP Indrek Tarand.\n In the US on 20 November 2009, NBC taped a pilot episode for an American version of the programme, with host Sam Seder and team captains Greg Giraldo and Michael Ian Black.\n The Swedish version called Snacka om nyheter (\"Talk about news\") was broadcast from 1995 to 2003 and 2008 to 2009.\n The Norwegian version called Nytt på nytt (\"The news anew\") started on NRK in 1999, and is still broadcast . It also became the most popular show on Norwegian TV in 2017.\n\nSee also\n Triffic Films, creators of the original opening animation\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Have I Got News for You: The Shameless Cash-in Book, BBC Books, 1994, \n Have I Got 1997 for You, BBC Books, 1996,\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Have I Got a Bit More News for You\n Have I Got Old News for You\n - Hat Trick Productions\n - BBC One\n - BBC One\n Have I Got News for You at Hat Trick Productions\n \n \n Have I Got News for You at the British Film Institute\n \n TVWeek: American Adaptation\n Have I Got News for You Video Clips on BBC Comedy\n \"Deayton in the lion's den\". Jonathan Duffy, 24 May 2002. BBC News Online.\n\nCategory:1990 British television series debuts\nCategory:1990s British satirical television series\nCategory:2000s British satirical television series\nCategory:2010s British satirical television series\nCategory:2020s British satirical television series\nCategory:BBC panel games\nCategory:1990s British game shows\nCategory:2000s British game shows\nCategory:2010s British game shows\nCategory:2020s British game shows\nCategory:BBC satirical television shows\nCategory:English-language television shows\nCategory:Television series by Hat Trick Productions\nCategory:Television shows shot at Elstree Film Studios", "title": "Have I Got News for You" }, { "text": "\"Land of Confusion\" is a song by the English rock band Genesis from their 1986 album Invisible Touch. The music was written by the band, while the lyrics were written by guitarist Mike Rutherford. The song was the third track on the album and was the third track released as a single, reaching No. 14 in the UK in December 1986 and No. 4 in the U.S in January 1987. It also reached the top 10 in several other countries including Canada, Ireland, West Germany and the Netherlands. The song's video featured puppets from the 1980s UK sketch show Spitting Image.\n\nReception\nBillboard said it has an \"anxious beat\" and a \"tentatively hopeful lyric.\" Cash Box called it a \"biting and aggressive cut\" highlighted by \"a tough electronic rhythm and Phil Collins’ searching vocal.\"\n\nMusic video\n\nThe song is widely remembered for its music video, which had heavy airplay on MTV. The video features caricature puppets by the British television show Spitting Image. After Phil Collins saw a caricatured version of himself on the show, he commissioned the show's creators, Peter Fluck and Roger Law, to create puppets of the entire band, as well as all the characters in the video. \n\nThe video opens with a caricatured Ronald Reagan (voiced by Chris Barrie), Nancy Reagan, and a monkey (a reference to the 1951 movie Bedtime for Bonzo which starred Reagan), going to bed at 4:30 PM. Nancy is absorbed in reading His Way, Kitty Kelley's unauthorised biography of Frank Sinatra. Reagan, holding a teddy bear, kisses the monkey goodnight, falls asleep and begins to have a nightmare, which sets the premise for the entire video. The video intermittently features a line of feet in combat boots marching through a swamp past the heads of Cold War-era political figures including Jimmy Carter, Margaret Thatcher, Leonid Brezhnev, and Henry Kissinger.\n\nCaricatured versions of the band members are shown playing instruments on stage during a concert: Tony Banks on an array of synthesizers (as well as a cash register full of cookies), Mike Rutherford on a four-necked guitar, and two Phil Collins puppets: one on the drums, and one singing.\n\nDuring the second verse, the video shows, in order: Benito Mussolini, Ayatollah Khomeini, Mikhail Gorbachev and his aides, and Muammar Gaddafi giving speeches on large video screens in front of mass crowds. Meanwhile, Reagan is shown putting on a Superman suit and running down a street while Collins sings,\n\nOh Superman where are you now\nWhen everything's gone wrong somehow\nThe men of steel, the men of power\nAre losing control by the hour.\n\nMeanwhile, the \"real world\" Reagan is shown exhaling in a large pool of his own sweat (at one point, a rubber duck floats by), as Nancy and the monkey look out the window. During the bridge, the Superman-costumed Reagan and a triceratops (with punk jewellery) watch a television showing various clips of West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and East German leader Erich Honecker (as Ed McMahon and Johnny Carson), Walter Cronkite, Richard Nixon, Mr. Spock (with a Rubik's Cube), and Bob Hope.\n\nThis segues into a sequence set in prehistoric times, where two dinosaurs (one wearing a bow-tie) meet with Ronald and Nancy Reagan, as a mammal eats an egg and reads a newspaper, and John Rambo hovers in the background. At the end of this part, the monkey from the prologue takes a large bone from Reagan and tosses it in the air, mimicking the first part of 2001: A Space Odyssey.\n\nAs the bone begins to fall, there is a shift to Collins catching a falling phone, into which he states: he \"won't be coming home tonight, my generation will put it right\", while a caricature of Prince applies mustard, ketchup, and a bun to his own tongue and devours it, and a caricature of Pete Townshend is seen playing a chord on guitar and giving a thumb-up. On the other end of the phone line are Tina Turner, Madonna, and Grace Jones, each looking into their hand-held mirrors. On the verse \"we're not just making promises\", the bone finally lands on top of David Bowie and Bob Dylan, barely missing Mick Jagger. Reagan is then shown riding the triceratops through the streets dressed as a cowboy.\n\nAs the video nears its climax, there are periodic scenes spoofing the 1985 all-star Live Aid anthem performances of \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" by Band Aid, and \"We are the World\" by USA for Africa. The caricatured benefit recordings show a large group of spoofed celebrity puppets, including Tina Turner, Sting, Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Bill Cosby, Queen Elizabeth II, Princess Diana and Hulk Hogan singing along to the chorus of the song, with Pope John Paul II playing an electric guitar.\n\nAt the end of the video, Reagan awakens and surfaces from the pool of sweat surrounding him; Nancy at this point is wearing a snorkel. After attempting to drink from a water glass (missing his mouth and even his face à la Airplane!), he fumbles for a button next to his bed. He intends to push the one labelled \"Nurse\", but instead presses the one titled \"Nuke\", setting off a nuclear explosion. Reagan then announces: \"That's one heck of a nurse!\" and mugs for the camera as Nancy strikes him with her snorkel.\n\nThe video, directed by John Lloyd and Jim Yukich, and produced by Jon Blair, won the short-lived Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video during the 30th Annual Grammy Awards. The video was also nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year in 1987, but lost to \"Sledgehammer\" by Peter Gabriel (coincidentally, former lead singer of Genesis). It also made the number-one spot on The Village Voice critic Robert Christgau's top 10 music videos in his year-end \"Dean's List\" feature, and number three on the equivalent list in his annual survey of music critics, Pazz & Jop (again losing out to \"Sledgehammer\").\n\nSingles track listings\n\n7\": Virgin / GENS 3 (UK)\n\"Land of Confusion\" – 4:45\n\"Feeding the Fire\" – 5:54\n\n7\": Atlantic / 7-89336 (U.S.)\n\"Land of Confusion\" (LP Version) – 4:45\n\"Feeding the Fire\" – 5:54\n\n12\": Virgin / GENS 3–12 (UK)\n\"Land of Confusion\" (Extended Remix) – 6:55\n\"Land of Confusion\" – 4:45\n\"Feeding the Fire\" – 5:54\n\n12\": Virgin / 608 632-213 (Germany)\n\"Land of Confusion\" (Extended Remix) – 6:55\n\"Land of Confusion\" – 4:45\n\"Feeding the Fire\" – 5:54\n\nCD: Virgin / SNEG 3–12 (UK)\n\"Land of Confusion\" – 4:45\n\"Land of Confusion\" (Extended Remix) – 6:55\n\"Feeding the Fire\" – 5:54\n\"Do the Neurotic\" – 7:08\n\n12\": Atlantic / PR 968 (U.S.)\n\"Land of Confusion\" (Extended Remix) – 6:55\n\"Land of Confusion\" – 4:45\n\n7\": Atlantic / 7-89336 promo (U.S.)\n\"Land of Confusion\" (Special Edited Remix) – 3:53\n\"Land of Confusion\" (Album Version) – 4:45\n\nRemixes by John Potoker\n\nUK enhanced version\n\"Land of Confusion\"\n\"Sickened\"\n\"Land of Confusion\" (video)\n\nUK, European and US vinyl 12\" limited edition picture disc\n\"Land of Confusion\"\n\"Sickened\"\n\nEuropean version\n\"Land of Confusion\" (version 1)\n\"Land of Confusion\" (version 2)\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nLive performances\nThe song was played on their Invisible Touch, The Way We Walk, Calling All Stations (with Ray Wilson on vocals), Turn It On Again and The Last Domino? tours.\n\nDisturbed version \n\nThe American heavy metal band Disturbed released a cover of the song on their third studio album, Ten Thousand Fists. The song became the fourth single from that album. Vocalist David Draiman commented that the aim of covering the song was \"taking a song that's absolutely nothing like us and making it our own.\" The line \"And the sound of your laughter\" in the original's bridge was replaced by \"In the wake of this madness,\" while the bridge of the song was replaced with a short solo by guitarist Dan Donegan.\n\nIt was accompanied by a music video animated by Todd McFarlane, known as the creator of the comics series Spawn. McFarlane had previously animated the music videos for the songs \"Freak on a Leash\" by Korn and \"Do the Evolution\" by Pearl Jam. According to McFarlane, the music video is \"a big view of the corporate world and how it all ties into just one big beast for me... The world is run by one giant thing, which is driven by greed and lust.\" \"Land of Confusion\" reached No. 1 in the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks; making it Disturbed's first No. 1 single on that chart.\n\nThe video starts out with The Guy, Disturbed's mascot, falling to earth. It then shows military forces bearing the symbol of a dollar sign within a circle of white within a field of red, followed by legions of black-clad soldiers reminiscent of Adolf Hitler's Schutzstaffel. The video then shows the Guy, escaping bondage from chains, as the military forces continue to assault cities and civilians. Later on, leaders of various nations of the world (bearing close physical resemblance to George W. Bush, Vladimir Putin, Jacques Chirac, Junichirō Koizumi and Tony Blair) are shown sitting at a table with the same dollar sign on it. Eventually, the Guy confronts the soldiers, and leads the people in rebellion. Flags of several powerful nations are then shown, with the final flag sporting the dollar sign. The Guy leads the rebels to the headquarters of the United Nations where they disrupt a meeting of the U.N. representatives. The Guy then leads the angry mob into a back room where they confront the real power behind the throne, a gigantic, bloated Fat Cat. The mob then drags him to the ground and once immobilized, the Guy destroys the Fat Cat, who explodes into a shower of dollar bills.\n\nCharts\n\nSee also\nList of Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one songs of the 2000s\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1986 songs\nCategory:1986 singles\nCategory:2006 singles\nCategory:Caricature\nCategory:Disturbed (band) songs\nCategory:Genesis (band) songs\nCategory:Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video\nCategory:Music videos featuring puppetry\nCategory:Animated music videos\nCategory:Protest songs\nCategory:Song recordings produced by Hugh Padgham\nCategory:Songs about nuclear war and weapons\nCategory:Songs written by Mike Rutherford\nCategory:Songs written by Phil Collins\nCategory:Songs written by Tony Banks (musician)\nCategory:Spitting Image\nCategory:Atlantic Records singles\nCategory:Virgin Records singles\nCategory:Reprise Records singles", "title": "Land of Confusion" }, { "text": "The XYZ Show is a Kenyan satirical puppet show.\n\nThe Story\n\nInspiration\nEverything started in 2003. On a trip to Paris, for an exhibition Gado took time to visit the set of \"Les Guignols de l'Info\", or the \"News Puppets\". Les Guignols, just like XYZ, is a spoof newscast featuring latex puppets. It has been on the air for more than 20 years and is one of France's most popular shows ever.\n\nTo Gado it was immediately obvious that the same concept would not only be a huge success in Kenya, but could also have an important social impact by exposing, with humor, the rampant corruption and mismanagement of the country.\n\nThe Return\nBack in Kenya, Gado shopped the idea around to the TV stations, but many had trouble understanding the concept. Still, Gado pressed ahead, and in 2004 he managed to convince the French Embassy in Nairobi to send sculptor Gerald Olewe to France for a month. There Olewe was trained by the team of experts who create the French puppets, and he learned how to work with sophisticated materials such as foaming latex. He came back with a fully finished puppet of Kibaki in his luggage. Olewe held his breath as he innocently walked through the JKIA customs. Luckily, he was not stopped.\n\nTwo more struggling years went by until in July 2007, Gado scrapped together a few shillings, got a little bit of money from the French embassy and produced a pilot for the show.\n\nPilot\nProducing the pilot was a challenge, but it brought together some key team members who would stick around for ever after that: director James Kanja, visual effects guru Pete Mute alias Majiqmud, and the talented group of puppeteers led by Jack Kibedi.\n\nWith the pilot in hand, Gado embarked on a new round of visits to the TV stations. He hit a new wall, or rather two. One, the show was political and controversial. That made a lot of TV executives uncomfortable. Two, it was expensive. There were puppets to make and screenwriters, voice artists, puppeteers, cameramen and more to hire. No one wanted to pay for it.\n\nRedefined\nGado went back to the drawing board, plotting his next move. Then in November 2007, a TV journalist, Marie Lora, came to interview him for a story about how editorial cartoonists viewed the upcoming presidential elections in Kenya.\n\nAfter the interview, Gado showed her the XYZ pilot. Straight away, Marie thought that this show absolutely needed to be on the air - and she knew she could help. But the next month, all hell broke loose in Kenya. We now call this period \"the post-election violence\", but the term doesn't give justice to the madness of these terrible months. At that time, it became even more obvious that Kenya needed a show such as XYZ. Humor appeared like the only possible way to dig ourselves out of the dark hole we had fallen into.\n\nThe Series\nGado and Marie met again. Marie proposed a complete change in strategy: if the show is too expensive for local stations, then let's make it free. But of course, because a TV Show cannot actually be free, that meant finding the money elsewhere. So Gado and Marie embarked on a year-long journey into Nairobi's NGO and foreign embassies underworld. They knocked on every door, they made dozens of contacts, they wrote countless proposals and budgets. They pitched XYZ relentlessly.\n\nThe rest, you know. Several courageous and enthusiastic donors came through with some money. Citizen TV agreed to air the show, and Wachira Waruru became one of XYZ's strongest supporters. A full team of about 50 people representing 11 different communities was hired.\n\nAnd in May 2009, the first episode of The XYZ Show finally aired.\n\nSeries\n\nAwards \n\n2013: The XYZ Show wins the award for Best TV Series at the Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards in Nigeria.\nBuni Media co-founders Gado Mwampembwa and Marie Lora-Mungai visit Lagos, Nigeria as guests of the Ford Foundation Nigeria and IIE. The objective of this visit is to interact with Nigerian media, political scene and market and with potential partners of Buni TV.\n\nFormat\nThe show commences with the current news events of Kenya. Other segments include:\nwhat if...\nPoli-tricks with Amanuel Ijumaa\nBS News at 9\nUpclose & personal with Keff Joinange\nPolitical Hits\n\nCharacters\nJeff koinange, host\nMr. Wu\nMwaniki\nSonko\n Si Mutoko\n\nPoliticians\n Daniel Toroitich Arap Moi\n Mwai Kibaki\n Raila Odinga\n William Ruto\n Uhuru Kenyatta\n Kalonzo Musyoka\n\nInternational politicians\n\nU.S presidential candidate Donald John Trump\n\nRwandan president Paul Kagame\n\nTanzanian president John Pombe Magufuli\nZimbabwean President Robert Mugabe\nUgandan Yoweri Museveni\nU.S. President Barack Obama\nSouth African President Jacob Zuma\n\nSee also\n Kenya Institute of Puppet Theatre (KIPT)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Online episodes\n \n\nCategory:2000s satirical television series\nCategory:2010s satirical television series\nCategory:Television shows featuring puppetry\nCategory:2009 Kenyan television series debuts\nCategory:Kenyan comedy television series\nCategory:2000s Kenyan television series\nCategory:2010s Kenyan television series\nCategory:Citizen TV original programming\nCategory:Puppetry in Kenya", "title": "The XYZ Show" }, { "text": "D.C. Follies is a syndicated sitcom which aired from 1987–1989. The show was set in a Washington, D.C. bar, where a bartender played by Fred Willard would welcome puppet caricatures of politicians and popular culture figures.\n\nSynopsis\nThe show, a satire, made frequent sardonic comments on cold war and late 1980s politics and pop culture. Although Willard was the only live actor appearing regularly, each episode featured a celebrity guest, including Martin Mull, Robin Leach, Leslie Nielsen, Bob Uecker, and Betty White. In one episode, Robert Englund showed up as his Freddy Krueger character, and in a special Christmas episode an un-billed actor played Santa Claus.\n\nStyle\nThe show's use of puppets that mimicked popular culture and political figures was similar to the British series Spitting Image; it was produced by Sid and Marty Krofft, well-known puppeteers in the United States who were responsible for popular children's television shows including H.R. Pufnstuf and Sigmund and the Sea Monsters. The show was originally funded and syndicated nationally by New York-based Syndicast Services Inc.\n\nFrequently appearing puppet characters included\nFormer Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and then-President Ronald Reagan and Vice-President George H. W. Bush. When Bush was elected President in 1988, Vice-President Dan Quayle also became a regular. The former and current presidents were portrayed as having a special Presidents' Table at the bar, where they sat together.\nFirst Ladies Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush; and Marilyn Quayle.\nWoody Allen\nJim Bakker and his then-wife, Tammy Faye Bakker\nCher\nSam Donaldson\n Senator Robert Dole\n Governor Michael Dukakis\nWhoopi Goldberg\nKatharine Hepburn\n Rev. Jesse Jackson\nMichael Jackson\nDon King\nHenry Kissinger\nTed Koppel\nMadonna\nSean Penn\nEdwin Meese\nOliver North\nTip O'Neill\nDolly Parton\nJohn Poindexter\nDan Rather\nGeraldo Rivera\nPat Robertson\nSylvester Stallone\nOprah Winfrey\nBritish Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and Queen Elizabeth II\nPrince Charles and his then-wife, Princess Diana\nSoviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and wife Raisa Gorbacheva\nPope John Paul II\nIranian leader Ayatollah Khomeni\nSid and Marty Krofft themselves, as newspaper vendors\n\nAccolades\nThe series was nominated for two Emmy Awards.\n\nHome media\nA series of three \"Best of D. C. Follies\" VHS tapes were released, with each volume containing two episodes.\n\nOn August 4, 2017, Shout! Factory announced they had acquired the rights to the series and subsequently released D.C. Follies – The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 on November 14, 2017.\n\nThe show has been made available via video on demand at Amazon Video and iTunes.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Official website\n Sid and Marty Krofft interview about the show\n\nCategory:1980s American political comedy television series\nCategory:1980s American satirical television series\nCategory:1980s American sitcoms\nCategory:1987 American television series debuts\nCategory:1989 American television series endings\nCategory:American television series based on British television series\nCategory:American television shows featuring puppetry\nCategory:English-language television shows\nCategory:First-run syndicated television programs in the United States\nCategory:Political satirical television series\nCategory:Television series by Sid and Marty Krofft Television Productions\nCategory:Television series by MGM Television\nCategory:Television shows set in Washington, D.C.", "title": "D.C. Follies" }, { "text": "Las noticias del guiñol (\"The news of guignol\") was a satirical news programme that aired on Canal+ (since 1995) and Cuatro (since 2005) in Spain. It is somewhat based on a similar programme airing on its sister Canal+ network in France, Les Guignols de l'info, in that it features latex puppets.\nLatex casts may be shared among countries with local celebrities being used as anonymous citizens in foreign shows.\nIt was initially hosted by the puppets of Marta Reyero and Hilario Pino, the real hosts of the channel daily news. Later, its host was a facsimile of Michael Robinson, an English-born football pundit; and in the final seasons it was conducted by the puppet of Iker Jiménez (a presenter of the channel).\n\nWhile Penélope Cruz has made some appearances, the program generally focuses on prominent athletes and political figures. Among other figures, the program features Pau Gasol, Raúl, Luis Aragonés, Florentino Pérez, Joan Laporta, Fernando Alonso, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, Mariano Rajoy, María Teresa Fernández de la Vega, José Bono, Pasqual Maragall, and Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira. International figures who regularly appear include Woody Allen, David Beckham, Ronaldo, Ronaldinho, Samuel Eto'o, Louis van Gaal (who instead of a head has a cube made of bricks, probably an allusion to his well-known stubbornness) George W. Bush, Condoleezza Rice, Tony Blair, Silvio Berlusconi and Pope Benedict XVI.\n\nHistorically, prominent characters have included Felipe González (occasionally appearing as Cantinflas), José María Aznar and Jordi Pujol.\n\nOne of the most often quoted phrases attributed to former prime minister José María Aznar - \"¡España va bien!\" (literally \"Spain is doing well\").\n\nWhile most programmes on Canal+ were scrambled for non set-top box subscribers, Las noticias del guiñol was broadcast unscrambled. \n\nIn November 2005 Canal+ ceased to exist as a partially encrypted terrestrial television channel (although it continued to exist on the Digital+ satellite platform). It was replaced by Spain's fifth national terrestrial channel Cuatro, the newest member of Jesús de Polanco's Sogecable media empire. Although the guiñoles were one of the very few programmes to make the transition from Canal+ to Digital+, the programme was rebranded for the new channel as Los guiñoles de Canal+. The programme started being shown on the free-to-air channel Cuatro. Since 2006, they were included as a section in the late-night show \"Noche Hache\". Its production ceased at the same time as that show, in July 2008.\n\nThe programme has won \"Premio Ondas\", the most prestigious TV prize in Spain to the scriptwriters Fidel Nogal and Gonzalo Tegel.\n\nSee also\n Txoko-Latex, an earlier show featuring latex puppets of Basque politicians in Euskal Telebista.\n\nExternal links \nWebsite of Las noticias del guiñol\n\nCategory:Spanish television shows featuring puppetry\nCategory:Television shows set in Madrid\nCategory:Spanish comedy television series\nCategory:Cuatro (TV channel) original programming", "title": "Las noticias del guiñol" }, { "text": "Rubbery Figures was a satirical rubber puppet series and segment that screened in Australia in various forms from 1984 to 1990. The series ran on the ABC until 1988, when it was axed and subsequently revived as a segment on Seven Network's Fast Forward in April 1989. It featured puppets of major political and social characters.\n\nProduction \n\nThe Rubbery Figures programs were made in the Melbourne film studio of Peter Nicholson, who also made the puppets themselves. Almost all the character voices for the puppets were performed by Melbourne voice actor Paul Jennings.\n\nFast Forward's Rubbery Figures \n\nSteve Vizard, the man behind Channel Seven's Fast Forward had seen Rubbery Figures on the ABC and thought they would make a good point of difference from competing comedy sketch series. Due to budget constraints, Peter Nicholson semi autonomously produced five minute segments that could be inserted into the programme. During this period the figures expanded into less current political satire; for example the puppets of Prime Minister Bob Hawke and then Treasurer Paul Keating played the parts of Captain Kirk and Mr Spock on board the enterprise.\n\nCharacters\n\nAustralian politicians \n\nThe primary characters of Rubbery Figures were politicians native to Australia. The Rubbery Figures political characters included:\n\nBob Hawke – portrayed as a self-centred, power-hungry opportunist\nPaul Keating – depicted as Hawke's down-to-earth but ambitious crony\nJohn Howard – an irritating, nerdy loser\nAndrew Peacock – vain and snobbish, often seen filing his nails\nSir Joh Bjelke-Petersen – senile and rambling, with a tendency for malapropism (\"you mark my verbs\")\nJohn Elliott – a beer-swilling \"yobbo\", with his catchphrase of \"pig's arse\"\n\nInternational politicians \n\nRubbery Figures also satirised prominent world politicians of the time, among them were:\n\nMargaret Thatcher – the then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; an eccentric profiteer, eager to sell to the Australian government\nRonald Reagan – the then-President of the United States; portrayed as a lumberjack, making decisions based on his horoscope\nMikhail Gorbachev – former General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; an easygoing liberal who was always giving himself time off\nMuammar al-Gaddafi – former ruler of Libya, whose puppet was permanently impaled by a missile with the letters \"USA\" painted on one side\n\nComparison with Spitting Image\nThe Sunday Mail noted in 1988 that \"People think creator Peter Nicholson borrowed the idea for Rubbery Figures from the British puppet show Spitting Image. But Nicholson quickly points out he created his puppets before Spitting Image was shown in Australia\". Nicholson told the Herald: \"The programs are from slightly different traditions...Ours springs more from the newspaper political cartoon than the comedy tradition of Spitting Image. They are probably more gratuitous. Their people are a bit unkind. They set out to deliberately make people look terrible, whereas I think our people should look a bit redeemable\".\n\nMusic \n\nIn 1991, a music track called \"The Recession Rap\" with the rubbery figures was released. The music and lyrics were written by David Atkin, Peter Benson and Troy Hazard, the music was produced by David Atkin and Peter Benson and the characters were sung by Paul Jennings. It reached #60 on the ARIA Chart in August.\n\nOn Exhibition \nAlthough no longer being viewed on television, the Figures appeared at several exhibitions in the 1990s. In 1993, they were recast and refurbished to take part in \"The Exhibition We Had To Have\" at the National Gallery of Victoria as part of the Melbourne Comedy Festival. In 1994, \"The Rubbery Years\" in conjunction with the National Museum ran for six months at Old Parliament House in Canberra.\n\nDiscography\n\nSingles\n\nAwards\n\nARIA Music Awards\nThe ARIA Music Awards are a set of annual ceremonies presented by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), which recognise excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. They commenced in 1987.\n\n! \n|-\n| rowspan=\"2\"| 1992 || \"The Recession Rap\" || ARIA Award for Best Comedy Release || || \n|-\n\nSee also \n List of Australian television series\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official Site\n \n\nCategory:1984 Australian television series debuts\nCategory:1990 Australian television series endings\nCategory:Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming\nCategory:Australian comedy television series\nCategory:Australian satirical television shows\nCategory:Australian television shows featuring puppetry", "title": "Rubbery Figures" }, { "text": "Newzoids is a British topical satirical sketch show, which was co-produced by Citrus Television and Factory for ITV and broadcast for two series between 15 April 2015 and 8 October 2016.\n\nThe programme operated in a similar format to Spitting Image, in its use of puppets and comedic impersonations of celebrities across different fields, such as politics and entertainment, and in basing sketches on current events. However, it differed in that each puppet featured no moveable eyes or mouths, as these were applied with the use of CGI during editing.\n\nNewzoids featured the voice actors Jon Culshaw, Debra Stephenson and Lewis MacLeod, all from the BBC Radio 4 comedy Dead Ringers, and featured satirical appearances by Nigel Farage, Boris Johnson, Jeremy Clarkson and Prince George of Cambridge.\n\nCharacters\nAll the celebrities featured in the show are portrayed through the mixed use of live-action puppets and computer-generated imagery effects; the puppets are filmed first, with the footage later enhanced with computer-generated eyes, eyebrows and mouths. The depictions are caricatures. one eye of the-then UK Independence Party leader Nigel Farage’s puppet occasionally swivels around, Donald Trump's hair is represented as a cat on his head, and Prince George of Cambridge is depicted with a strong Cockney accent, bossing about his younger sister, Princess Charlotte of Cambridge. George's catchphrase is “oi oi saveloy”, which loosely references the Cockney football chant.\n\nTheresa May appears in trailers for a new film called Despicable May (a reference to the animated film Despicable Me), in which David Davis, Philip Hammond and Boris Johnson play her minions. They also very occasionally feature as minions in other sketches.\n\nNigel Farage also appears in trailers for another new film, called UKIP: Fully Loaded (a reference to the film Herbie: Fully Loaded), in which his “tampered” Volvo V70 plays Herbie and the politician plays the role of Nigey Farton (referencing the Maggie Peyton character played by Lindsay Lohan in the Herbie film).\n\nAnother new film which is promoted is Pretty Brexiteer (a reference to the film Pretty Woman), in which Farage plays the role of Nigen Ward (referencing the Vivian Ward character played by Julia Roberts in Pretty Woman). The film that is promoted the least is Runaway Tory (a reference to the film Runaway Bride), in which Farage plays the role of Nigey Carpenter (referencing the character of Maggie Carpenter, played by Julia Roberts in the film).\n\nTransmissions\n\nReception\nNewzoids received mixed reviews. Most professional reviewers compared the show negatively to Spitting Image, but it was better received on social media. Tending towards the positive, The Guardian wrote that it was \"no Spitting Image, but a step in the right direction\", lauding the show's \"sparkiness\" but adding \"its lack of depth feels like a wasted opportunity\" in comparison to Spitting Image. The Telegraph wrote that Newzoids had \"flashes of promise\" and that the showbusiness takedowns in particular \"really connected\", but commented that the show often \"swung at easy targets\".\n\nIn a more negative review, The Independent mentioned how Newzoids and Spitting Image both had shaky, unfunny starts, but that \"the puppets (of Newzoids) are not intrinsically funny\", remarking \"Oh dear!\". VICE panned Newzoids, and said that \"it was absolutely untenable. It was lazily, beguilingly shit, each gag so obvious you'd already written the punchline in your head before it was delivered.\", asking \"how was this allowed to be made?\".\n\nIdris Elba, whose puppet was featured in a Luther sketch, reacted positively to his appearance on the show, posting a video on Twitter of him laughing behind the camera as the scene plays on TV, with a caption of laughing emojis.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:2015 British television series debuts\nCategory:2016 British television series endings\nCategory:2010s British animated comedy television series\nCategory:2010s British satirical television series\nCategory:2010s British television sketch shows\nCategory:Animated satirical television series\nCategory:British adult animated comedy television series\nCategory:British television series with live action and animation\nCategory:British television shows featuring puppetry\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Boris Johnson\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Donald Trump\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Nigel Farage\nCategory:Cultural depictions of presenters\nCategory:English-language television shows\nCategory:ITV sketch shows\nCategory:Television series by ITV Studios", "title": "Newzoids" }, { "text": "Sooty is a British children's television media franchise created by Harry Corbett incorporating primarily television and stage shows. The franchise originated with his fictional glove puppet character introduced to television in 1955, with the franchises focused around the adventures of the character – a mute yellow bear with black ears and nose, who is kind-hearted but also cheeky, performs magic tricks and practical jokes, and squirts his handler and other people with his water pistol, including on other television programmes the guest stars on. The franchise itself also includes several other puppet characters who were created for television, some of whom became the backbone to performances, and features additional elements including an animated series, two spin-off series for the direct-to-video market, and a selection of toy merchandising.\n\nThe franchise remained in the ownership of Corbett until his retirement in 1976, before being passed on to his son Matthew. The rights to the franchise were placed on sale and sold in 1996, with Matthew later retiring and handing over control of the puppet characters to Richard Cadell in 1998. After the franchise suffered some setbacks in 2004, Cadell bought the rights in 2007 and has since focused on ensuring the survival of the brand with new stage shows and television programmes.\n\nBackground\n\nThe Sooty franchise is focused upon the adventures of Sooty, a fictional glove puppet character created by magician and puppeteer Harry Corbett in the 1950s, alongside his other friends Sweep and Soo. Although fundamentally focused upon programmes for British children's television, Sooty also incorporates stage shows, both of which make use of a mixture of slapstick comedy, prop comedy – ranging from gunge, custard pies and water pistols – magic tricks, and music. All routines in both are primarily aimed at providing family-friendly entertainment suitable for young children. In addition, the franchise also include merchandising, ranging from annuals to toys. One such product that was sold was a toy musical instrument – referred to as a \"xylophone\", but in reality a toy glockenspiel – based upon the same instrument used by Sooty up until the 1980s.\n\nCreation\nThe creation of the franchise is traced back to 1948, when Corbett came across an all yellow bear glove puppet during a holiday in Blackpool. Purchasing the item, he made use of it to entertain his children during that time, including his newborn son Peter, naming the puppet Teddy. In time, his use of the puppet to entertain children with a variety of comedic routines and magic tricks earned him a place on the BBC's talent competition, Talent Night, being held at Belle Vue, Manchester in 1952. Corbett proved popular with viewers and became the overall winner, landing him a job as a regular performer on the BBC children's show Saturday Special, where his puppet immediately appealed to children, turning him into an overnight success. When the BBC offered him his own programme – to begin with, consisting of a few episodes at 12 guineas each – he opted to redesign Teddy's appearance to make him stand-out on black and white television screens. The overall change involved the use of black dust (or 'soot') upon the ears and nose, which inspired Corbett to change the puppet's name from Teddy to Sooty. The new look cemented the foundations of the franchise.\n\nCharacters\nThe franchise focuses primarily on three different characters, with the most prominent being the titular character himself – Sooty. Corbett's design for the character was that all his puppets were yellow bears who bore the distinct features of black ears and nose. When portrayed in performances on television and stage shows, the character was cheeky and naughty, fond of playing practical jokes, but was also kind-hearted and good. Part of the character's design that Corbett devised, was for Sooty being mute in his appearances and thus communicating with others by 'whispering' in their ear, to which the recipient often repeats what was said for the audience to understand. The character often retains two items that are iconic in his appearance: a magic wand, which he uses for spells conducted to the catchphrase of \"Izzy wizzy, let's get busy!\" – which Corbett devised – and tapping it to \"Shave and a Haircut\"; and a water pistol, which symbolises his cheekiness by often being used to soak others around him – including on programmes he is a guest on, such as soaking talk show hosts. On television programmes, the presenter – Sooty's owner and main puppeteer – often acts as narrator for scenes involving the character and other puppets, thus providing a 'voice' for Sooty during their narration to portray the character speaking normally with other puppet characters.\n\nThe other two characters in the franchise were created to accompany Sooty in performances, effectively forming the backbone of television and stage shows, and were created by Corbett. The first character, Sweep, was designed to be a dog and friend of Sooty, who would be portrayed as being dim-witted but good-natured and innocent, who would often make mistakes that would cause problems for others, often get his own back on others when tricked, and have an obsession with bones. An aspect of the character's design was his voice – in performances he would speak in a high-pitched squeak that would have some form of sentences, but would often be translated by the main puppeteer for audience to understand more clearly. The concept was created by Corbett's brother Leslie Corbett through the use of a saxophone reed, and became a permanent element of the character upon his debut. The second character, Soo, was designed as a panda bear, who would be portrayed as sweet, shy, and mainly responsible, acting as a motherly character to the other two. In later years, the character tends to sometimes hate being tricked by the others, but does not mind enjoying a laugh when someone else is being tricked. Unlike the other two, Soo was designed to have a voice, in order to provide ease in production of television episodes.\n\nTelevision history\n\nHarry Corbett era\n\nAfter his initial performances with his puppet between 1952 and 1955, Harry Corbett introduced Sooty officially with his own programme, Sooty; the title was changed to The Sooty Show in 1967. The programme, run on BBC 1 between 1955 and 1967 and made as a replacement for Muffin the Mule, focused primarily on a series of comedic sketches involving Sooty conducting simple tasks or ventures, which would sometimes go wrong and result in a mess that they would need to deal with. The show expanded on the routines used in episodes by featuring slapstick humour suitable for young children, magic tricks, and the inclusion of songs and music. The glove puppet gained a sufficient profile from television exposure that his likeness became a feature on charity collection boxes used by the Royal National Institute of Blind People in the late 1950s.\n\nCorbett expanded on the programme further with the inclusion of story-telling, and the creation of additional characters that would co-star with Sooty. The two most prominent additions were made during his tenure with the BBC: Sweep in 1957, handled by his brother Leslie Corbett; and Soo in 1964, voiced by his wife Marjorie and brought in after backlash on the BBC's desire not to include a female character. In 1967, Corbett fell into disagreement with the BBC, in particular with the new controller of BBC 1 that year, Paul Fox, who decided that Corbett be replaced with another person presenting his programme. Faced with the prospect of this or his programme being cancelled, Corbett decided to sign a deal with ITV to bring Sooty to commercial television, having earlier performed with the character in one of the channel's first product advertisement. The move led to him expanding on the characters that featured in the programme, including: Butch, another dog who occasionally plays the part of a villain; Ramsbottom, a snake; and 'Enry the Robot, a robot with light up eyes who keeps breaking down.\n\nAlongside his television work, Corbett also created travelling shows with Sooty and various works for charity, but the switch to ITV created a tighter schedule that increased his workload. As a result, Corbett's work affected his health badly, culminating in him having a heart attack in December 1975. Knowing he would need to retire, Corbett opted to hand over control of his puppets and the franchise to his son Peter, who was now performing in children's television under the stage name of Matthew Corbett, with his own programme. Despite retiring, Corbett's role in children's television earned him an OBE for his services in January 1976, with his character Sooty being given a special one alongside him during his ceremony, while he continued to provide assistance on The Sooty Show as a guest star, making his final appearance in 1984 – five years before his death in 1989.\n\nMatthew Corbett era\nFollowing his father's retirement, Matthew Corbett took sole responsibility for the puppets on The Sooty Show, although he was forced to forgo his own programme as a direct result. Matthew maintained the programme's format until 1981 before making changes. These included discontinuing the use of an audience and comedic sketches, dropping a number of puppet characters – leaving only Sooty, Sweep and Soo as the main stars – and setting the show to a sitcom format set within a suburban home, in which Matthew and the puppets faced a misadventure in each episode. Elements such slapstick comedy, comedic messes, practical jokes, music and guests remained a part of the programme under the new format. Alongside the transformation of The Sooty Show, Matthew branched out into stage shows featuring Sooty, bringing him closer to his audiences.\n\nProduction on the new format of the television programme was aided by Connie Creighton, who had worked alongside Matthew's father and was given a co-star role on several episodes, while following his mother's retirement from her role, the voice of Soo was cast to Brenda Longman; Sweep's handler was also replaced, with Brian Sanford replacing Matthew's brother. Episodes of the programme mostly were aimed at comedic value, but elements of education were included in some stories; a spin-off educational series generated for pre-school audiences, titled Learn With Sooty, was later released between 1989 and 1991. Although Matthew had dropped several characters from the show's old format, some returned in a guest capacity, while a new one was introduced in 1990 called Little Cousin Scampi – a character that Matthew devised as being part of Sooty's family, and who communicated in the same manner as Sooty.\n\nThe Sooty Show came to its conclusion in 1992, whereupon Matthew created a sequel for ITV that launched in 1993 under the title of Sooty & Co.. The new programme operated under the same format as its predecessor, but with episodes set mainly within a bric-a-brac shop in Manchester. While Creighton remained a part of the programme for a number of series, Longman was given a physical role as co-star in several episodes, alongside her role as Soo's voice actor, with the programme featuring several stories that ventured out into new locations. Matthew continued to conduct further stage shows, and also entered himself and Sooty as guests on other programmes. In 1996, Matthew sold the rights to the Sooty brand to the Global Rights Development Fund (a subsidiary of the Bank of Yokohama) for £1.4 million, creating Sooty International Limited whose intentions would be to bring Sooty to \"true international stardom\", but leaving Matthew to be the frontman for the franchise. In 1997, Matthew devised an animated spin-off, titled Sooty's Amazing Adventures, which ran between 1997–98 and featured a different style of adventures to the live-action show, including voices for Scampi and Sweep, and a different voice actor for Soo. The spin-off lasted two series, before Matthew concluded it in preparation for his retirement in December 1998, following the finale of Sooty & Co.\n\nRichard Cadell era\n\nFollowing his retirement, Matthew Corbett bequeathed his puppets to Richard Cadell, a fan of Sooty and a skilled magician, who focused on producing a new Sooty programme for ITV titled Sooty Heights, which launched in 1999. Like its predecessor, the new programme stuck to the same format, but with episodes set within a beachside hotel that the characters ran, with Cadell joined by Liana Bridges – a co-star whom he worked with on a number of episodes in the final series of Sooty & Co. By the end of 1999, The Britt Allcroft Company had purchased a 50% stake in the franchise, held under Sooty International Limited, and created a joint-venture company called Bridgefilms, which would also handle distribution rights to existing Britt Allcroft property Magic Adventures of Mumfie. The Britt Allcroft Company was rebranded as Gullane Entertainment in 2000.\n\nWhile Cadell continued to operate stage shows and produce a second spin-off series, titled Sooty's Magic, for the direct-to-video market, Sooty Heights was changed by Gullane Entertainment in 2001. As well as being renamed as Sooty, it also saw Bridges being replaced with Vicki Lee Taylor, the presentation style of the programme being changed, including the stage sets, and the addition of two new puppet characters to the cast: the return of Butch; and the introduction of a new character called Miki – a Brazilian cat. However, the programme faced extensive cutbacks in production in 2002 after Gullane Entertainment was bought out by rival company HIT Entertainment. These changes, which included new puppet designs for the characters, effectively saw several puppeteers, including Longman, leaving the programme, while effectively causing the cancellation of Sooty in 2004. After HIT Entertainment were unable to offer ITV a new programme from the franchise in 2006, the company was forced to place the rights to the franchise up for sale in October 2007.\n\nIn June 2008, Cadell bought the rights with the intention of saving the franchise and ensuring its future. Alongside conducting new stage shows, he also began work on producing a new programme, which eventually launched on CITV in 2011 under the title of Sooty. Although the format remained the same, the setting focused on misadventures within a holiday park that they helped to run, while scripts were focused on younger audiences. Filming of the series took place at Brean Leisure Park, which Cadell co-owned with his brother, until it was put up for sale in 2014. Additional series were still made, but focused on other locations, with the programme moving to ITVBe. Cadell continued to keep Sooty in the public eye, making guest appearances with him, and at times the other characters, on other programmes. In 2017, Sooty was officially inducted into The Magic Circle based upon the magic tricks he conducted with his handlers.\n\nAfter the expiry of the license at Brean, Cadells Limited announced in February 2022 to sign a new deal with Crealy Theme Park & Resort to open a Sooty-focused theme park area in May 2022.\n\nStage show history\n\n1984 – 1998\nDuring Matthew Corbett's reign, seven stage shows were performed repetitively. For the first half of the tours, Matthew and Connie Creighton would present, and during the second half, while Matthew was busy writing and filming the TV shows, Connie and Spencer K. Gibbens would present.\n Sooty's Creepy Castle (1984/1985 – 1991/1992)\n Sooty's Picnic (1985/1986 – 1992/1993)\n Sooty's World Cruise (1986/1987 – 1993/1994)\n Sooty's Wild West Show (1987/1988 – 1994/1995)\n Sooty in Space (1988/1989 – 1995/1996)\n Sooty's Circus (1989/1990 – 1996/1997)\n The House That Sooty Built (1990/1991 – 1997/1998)\n\n1998 – 2004\nAfter Matthew retired, six stage shows toured the country. All starred Richard Cadell; three of them also featured Richard's Sooty Heights co-star, Liana Bridges, with the fourth starring Amanda Howard in Liana's place.\n Sooty's Magical Mystery Tour (1998/1999)\n Sooty's Treasure Hunt (1999/2000)\n Sooty's Magic Farm (2000/2001)\n The Magic and Mayhem Tour (2001/2002)\n The Izzy Wizzy Tour (2002/2003)\n The Comedy and Chaos Tour (2003/2004)\n\n2005 – 2008 \nFrom 2005 to 2008, annual shows, featuring the puppet characters and various different presenters, toured around the UK.\nThe Wet and Wild Show (2005)\nThe Izzy Wizzy Holiday Show (2006)\nSooty's Magic Castle (2007)\nSooty's Magic Wand Factory (2008)\n\n2009 onwards \nFrom 2009, stage shows again featured Richard Cadell. The first, Sooty in Space, was a reworking of one of Matthew Corbett's scripts, and toured the country throughout the year.\n Sooty in Space (2009)\n The Sooty Christmas Show (2011) – Garrick Theatre, London, and 2016–7 at Hyde Park Winter Wonderland.\n The Sooty Show (2012) – Butlins at Bognor Regis, Minehead and Skegness\n Sooty in Space (2012) – Duchess Theatre, London\n The Sooty Show (2014/15)\n Wizard of Oz (2016) – Easter tour\n The Sooty Show (2017)\n Sooty’s Magic Show (2019 – 2022)\n\nFilm\nOn 20 June 2014 the Radio Times confirmed that Sooty: The Movie was in production. It was set to go in production in 2016.\n\nWink Taylor, Alex Skerratt and Richard Cadell are writing the film. Matthew Corbett will appear in the movie, Cadell has confirmed.\n\nIt is planned for release sometime in the near future.\n\nIn 2021 \"Sooty and The Trifle of Doom\" was announced to be distributed by Kaleidoscope Film Distribution.\n\nMerchandise\n\nBooks\nFor most years from 1957 to 1998, there was a Sooty Annual; no annual was published in 1987, 1988, or 1990. The early annuals were published by the London Daily Mirror. Later annuals were published by Purnell and Sons.\n\nThe annuals feature an expanded cast of characters including:\n Sooty, who is shown as white not yellow and wears red trousers.\n Sweep, also white not grey, who walks on all fours like a normal dog, but can stand as a biped to play the bugle and so on.\n Cokey the Clown, another close friend of Sooty's.\n Mr Fusspot, Mayor of TV Town where the action takes place.\n PC Nab, one of the police of TV Town.\n Calico Joe, a fully clothed cat who smokes, always stands erect as a biped, and is a con man.\n\nDiscography \nIn 1973 a single and album were released. The single was \"Super Sonic Sooty Spug\" with \"My Friend and I\" on the B-side. The album was Around the World with Sooty...Harry Corbett and Sweep. This comprised eight songs with a linking story. The songs included both the A and B-sides of the single. These were released on the Music for Pleasure label.\n\nGuest appearances\n\n Sooty and Sweep had appeared on a Rubber News sketch with Alastair Burnet on a Series 2 episode of Spitting Image.\n The Sooty show had a number of celebrities from all walks of life making appearances on the show, including Iron Maiden drummer Nicko McBrain who is a self-confessed Sooty fan and always has the puppet as a mascot on the front of his drumkit, and has occasionally donned a full size Sooty costume at shows as an entrance.\nSooty and Sweep had appeared as the Prime Minister and Home Secretary, respectively of the Puppet Government in The Goodies episode \"The Goodies Rule – O.K.?\". Soo and Kipper the Cat also made cameo appearances. \n A number of famous faces made cameo appearances – usually as themselves – in Sooty and Co, including Gareth Hunt, Matthew Kelly, William Roache, Jack Dee, Paul Merton, Shane Ritchie, Frank Bruno, Jim Bowen, Rod, Jane and Freddy, Harry Hill, Barbie Wilde and Brian Blessed.\n Sooty and Matthew Corbett had appeared on a Christmas episode of They Think It's All Over, attacking Nick Hancock with Sooty's water pistol after Hancock ruled against them in one game. Hancock exacted revenge by emptying a bottle of water over Corbett's head.\n Sooty and Matthew Corbett appeared on a Christmas edition of Noel Edmonds' comedy show Telly Addicts in 1993 when they put questions to the team which consisted of Craig Charles, Philippa Forrester, Diane Bull and Gary Olsen.\n Bobby Davro hosted a Sooty parody sketch called \"Sooty in Soho\" on his sketch show in 1989, which saw him doing an impression of Matthew and depicting Sooty and Sweep owning a brothel. The sketch was interrupted by the real Matthew Corbett showing up and assuring the audience that the Sooty which Davro had was an imposter. He then produced the real Sooty, who promptly squirted both Davro and Matthew with his water pistol.\n Sooty and Matthew Corbett appeared in a special episode of Thames Television's other mainstay of children's programming, Rainbow. The episode, \"The VIP\" was broadcast in 1990 and saw them performing a magic show for Zippy, George, Bungle and Geoffrey.\n Sooty also appeared in the video for \"Is This the Way to Amarillo\" 2005 remake mimed by Peter Kay. Sooty and his co star Sweep appeared on the shoulders of Peter Kay as he ran down a corridor.\n Sooty and Sweep appeared alongside Richard Cadell in June 2008, for a special 90th Birthday message for Nelson Mandela.\n Sweep made his first appearance on Channel Four as himself in the eighth episode of the second series of The Harry Hill Show.\nSooty, along with Sweep & Soo made an appearance in the music video for the official Children in Need charity single with the 'All-star Animated Band' produced by Peter Kay in November 2009.\nSooty and Sweep appeared as surprise guests on The Chris Moyles Show in his \"Birthday Show\" for BBC Radio 1 on 18 February 2011.\nSooty, Sweep and Soo were the guest judges on the fifth episode of the second series of The Matt Lucas Awards, a TV programme originally shown on BBC One on Tuesday, 9 April 2013.\nSooty and Sweep made guest appearances on a special variety show ('We Are Most Amused and Amazed') in November 2018. The show was recorded live at the London Palladium (and later shown on prime-time ITV) in honour of the 70th birthday of the Prince of Wales in his presence and that of the Duchess of Cornwall. Sooty was introduced from the main stage by Jim Carter – the actor who plays the butler Carson in Downton Abbey.\nIn 2013, UK Voiceover artist Peter Dickson gave Sooty a voice on a famous episode of The Sooty Show on TV, after remaining silent since 1948. \nRichard Cadell and Sooty appeared on the BBC games show, Pointless Celebrities, in 2017, where they read out a selection of questions on children's television, including, \"Which member of the Royal Family did Sooty squirt in 1955?\" (Prince Philip). After this, Sooty squirted the host, Alexander Armstrong, with his water pistol.\n\nSee also\nTrevor Hill\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n The Official Sooty Website\n Backstage with Sooty (1966) Shows the complex animated props\nSooty | Behind the Scenes | Thames Television Thames TV Show showing the production of the show back stage.\n\n \nCategory:Fictional bears\nCategory:Fictional hoteliers\nCategory:Fictional mute characters\nCategory:Fictional shopkeepers\nCategory:Fictional characters who use magic\nCategory:Gullane Entertainment\nCategory:Mass media franchises introduced in 1953\nCategory:Television characters introduced in 1952\nCategory:Television series by Mattel Television", "title": "Sooty" } ]

[ "The US version of Spitting Image was titled \"Spitting Image: Down and Out in the White House\" and was produced in 1986 by Central for the NBC network. Unlike the original, which was sketch-based, the US version had a continuous storyline involving the imminent Presidential election. The storyline featured a conspiracy to replace Ronald Reagan with a double, run by the \"Famous Corporation\", a cabal of ultra-rich individuals. The show was introduced by David Frost and had a unique twist of irreverent humor which was not well received by the American audience because it was still very British and very critical of Ronald Reagan, who was very popular at the time. Despite this, the show received a lot of critical acclaim and was followed by several more television specials.", "No, the US version of Spitting Image was not very successful with its target audience in America. This could be due to the distinctly British humor and the irreverent depiction of Ronald Reagan, who was very popular in the US at the time. However, it did receive praise from critics and led to several other television specials.", "Yes, \"Spitting Image: Down and Out in the White House\" was the US version of the British show Spitting Image. It was an attempt by the original Spitting Image team to enter the American market.", "\"Spitting Image: Down and Out in the White House\" was a 45-minute American adaptation of the original British show, produced in 1986 for the NBC network. The show was different from the sketch-based format of the original, and instead had a storyline involving a conspiracy in the upcoming Presidential election. The plot revolved around a scheme to replace Ronald Reagan with a double, conceived by a powerful group known as the Famous Corporation. Despite the intricate storyline and being backed by the original Spitting Image team, the show didn't achieve much success with its intended American audience, possibly due to its British style of humor and irreverent portrayal of the then very popular Ronald Reagan. However, it was praised by critics and was followed by further television specials.", "The storyline of the US version of Spitting Image, titled \"Spitting Image: Down and Out in the White House\", revolved around an impending Presidential election. The plot involved a conspiracy to replace then President Ronald Reagan with a double, who was actually actor Dustin Hoffman in disguise. This scheme was the brainchild of a group known as the Famous Corporation, a cabal of ultra-rich people led by Ed McMahon, who was represented as Johnny Carson's left-hand man in the show. They held their meetings in a secret cave carved out behind the facade of Mount Rushmore. However, their plot was eventually thwarted, and in their attempt to escape, they activated their escape pod, fashioned out of Abraham Lincoln's nose on the Mount Rushmore monument, heading towards another planet. They met their end in a collision with 'a nonsensical prologue in gigantic lettering', a reference to the opening scene of Star Wars movies.", "Yes. One interesting aspect of this article is the depiction of how the creators attempted to adapt a format popular in the UK for a US audience, which included changing the sketch-based format to a storyline revolving around a conspiracy to replace then President Ronald Reagan with a double. Another interesting aspect is the use of humor, which was very British and might not have resonated with the American audience, especially given its irreverent attitude toward Ronald Reagan who was very popular at the time. The show, despite lack of audience success, received critical acclaim and was followed by several other television specials, showcasing how different humor styles might resonate with critics versus audiences. The follow-up specials also seemed to maintain the irreverent and satirical tone, spoofing various aspects of American and British politics and pop culture.", "The text doesn't provide information on any specific changes made to the US version of Spitting Image in an attempt to make it more successful. However, it does note that it was followed by several more television specials that continued to satirise various aspects of American and British politics and pop culture, such as the Reagans, the Academy Awards, and various musicals.", "Some of the television specials that followed the US version of Spitting Image were \"The Ronnie & Nancy Show,\" which also satirised the Reagans; \"The 1987 Movie Awards,\" which sent up the Academy Awards; \"Bumbledown: The Life and Times of Ronald Reagan,\" a quasi-documentary about the President; and \"The Sound of Maggie,\" a satire on Thatcher and a parody of several musicals like Oliver!, West Side Story, and many others.", "The text does not provide information on any awards related to the US version of Spitting Image or its subsequent specials.", "The text mentions \"Bumbledown: The Life and Times of Ronald Reagan,\" which is described as a quasi-documentary about the President. However, it doesn't provide any further details about this specific special or its content.", "The text mentions that despite the lack of success with the American audience, the US version of Spitting Image did receive praise from critics. This highlights the show's quality and suggests that while the humor might not have resonated with the public, it was appreciated by those with a critical eye for television content. This dichotomy between public reception and critical acclaim often occurs in the entertainment industry. It also resulted in the creation of multiple other television specials by the same team, indicating that the show had enough impact to continue its satirical commentary in various other formats.", "The text does not provide information on what happened after the series of television specials that followed the US version of Spitting Image." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_1e1f08f0833f444888db1f2635bf3635_0_q#0", "C_1e1f08f0833f444888db1f2635bf3635_0_q#1", "C_1e1f08f0833f444888db1f2635bf3635_0_q#2", "C_1e1f08f0833f444888db1f2635bf3635_0_q#3", "C_1e1f08f0833f444888db1f2635bf3635_0_q#4", "C_1e1f08f0833f444888db1f2635bf3635_0_q#5", "C_1e1f08f0833f444888db1f2635bf3635_0_q#6" ]

[ "who were the new mutants", "who or what is xforce", "was the new mutant Cable or a clone", "Did the new mutants work under cable", "what else can you tell me", "what was the first episode of new mutants", "what year was this" ]

[ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1561 ], [ 777 ], [ 529 ], [ 529 ], [ 656 ], [ 0 ], [ 1561 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The X-Force series provided further detail for the character's" ], [ "Cable also led the New Mutants against the Genoshans." ], [ "Cable also led the New Mutants against the Genoshans." ], [ "The New Mutants ended with issue #100," ], [ "In his first adult appearance, Cable is seen in conflict with Stryfe's Mutant Liberation Front, the United States government, and Freedom Force. The New Mutants intervened" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1561, 777, 529, 529, 656, 0, 1561 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "The X-Force series provided further detail for the character's", "Cable also led the New Mutants against the Genoshans.", "Cable also led the New Mutants against the Genoshans.", "The New Mutants ended with issue #100,", "In his first adult appearance, Cable is seen in conflict with Stryfe's Mutant Liberation Front, the United States government, and Freedom Force. The New Mutants intervened", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The context does not provide specific information on who the New Mutants were.", "X-Force is a team that Cable reorganized from the New Mutants. The characters from the New Mutants, including Cable, began appearing in the X-Force series after the New Mutants ended with issue #100.", "The context does not provide specific information on whether Cable was a New Mutant or a clone.", "Yes, Cable became the teacher and leader of the New Mutants and even saw them as potential soldiers in his war against Stryfe. He also reorganized the New Mutants into X-Force.", "According to the context, Cable outfitted the New Mutants and led them in conflicts against various entities, like Stryfe's Mutant Liberation Front, the United States government, and Freedom Force. He also had an old feud with Wolverine. Moreover, Cable was from the future and had traveled to the past to stop Stryfe's plans and prevent Apocalypse's rise to power. Furthermore, Cable had a ship named Graymalkin, with a sentient computer program called Professor. In 1992, a two-issue miniseries, \"Cable: Blood and Metal\" was published, exploring Cable's ongoing battle with Stryfe.", "The context does not provide information on the first episode of the New Mutants.", "The context does not provide specific information on the year these events took place. It only mentions that in 1992 a miniseries titled \"Cable: Blood and Metal\" was published, but the timeline of the other events is not specified." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_1e1f08f0833f444888db1f2635bf3635_1_q#0", "C_1e1f08f0833f444888db1f2635bf3635_1_q#1", "C_1e1f08f0833f444888db1f2635bf3635_1_q#2", "C_1e1f08f0833f444888db1f2635bf3635_1_q#3", "C_1e1f08f0833f444888db1f2635bf3635_1_q#4", "C_1e1f08f0833f444888db1f2635bf3635_1_q#5", "C_1e1f08f0833f444888db1f2635bf3635_1_q#6" ]

[ "When was Cable created?", "What are his super power or abilities?", "What aspects are interesting about the creation of this character?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "What other mutants are relevant to Cable?", "What other appearances did cable had?", "And how did he appear?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 232 ], [ 2615 ], [ 1583 ], [ 0 ], [ 498 ], [ 609 ], [ 688 ] ], "texts": [ [ "revealed Madeline to be pregnant in X-Men/Alpha Flight #1" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "There was no name, no description besides a 'man of action', the opposite of Xavier." ], [ "Nathan Christopher Charles Summers is the son of Scott Summers (aka Cyclops)," ], [ "The character's first appearance as the adult warrior Cable was at the end of The New Mutants #86 (" ], [ "He does not appear anywhere in the issue's story, but the \"next issue\" teaser." ], [ "This was followed by a full appearance in The New Mutants" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 232, 2615, 1583, 0, 498, 609, 688 ], "texts": [ "revealed Madeline to be pregnant in X-Men/Alpha Flight #1", "CANNOTANSWER", "There was no name, no description besides a 'man of action', the opposite of Xavier.", "Nathan Christopher Charles Summers is the son of Scott Summers (aka Cyclops),", "The character's first appearance as the adult warrior Cable was at the end of The New Mutants #86 (", "He does not appear anywhere in the issue's story, but the \"next issue\" teaser.", "This was followed by a full appearance in The New Mutants" ] }

[]

[ "C_476adda6b9c542a6b0e5c09b24fecc0d_1_q#0", "C_476adda6b9c542a6b0e5c09b24fecc0d_1_q#1", "C_476adda6b9c542a6b0e5c09b24fecc0d_1_q#2", "C_476adda6b9c542a6b0e5c09b24fecc0d_1_q#3", "C_476adda6b9c542a6b0e5c09b24fecc0d_1_q#4", "C_476adda6b9c542a6b0e5c09b24fecc0d_1_q#5", "C_476adda6b9c542a6b0e5c09b24fecc0d_1_q#6" ]

[ "What political party was Duncan running for?", "When did Duncan drop out of the presidential race?", "Was Duncan pro-choice?", "What were Duncan's views on border control?", "What happened that made Duncan drop out of the presidential race?", "What state was Duncan a HR member for?", "How did Duncan vote for international trade agreements?" ]

[ 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1 ]

[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 215 ], [ 1258 ], [ 1723 ], [ 1723 ], [ 1270 ], [ 71 ], [ 1723 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Republicans" ], [ "2008" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "his son, Duncan D. Hunter, announced his candidacy for his father's seat," ], [ "42nd District" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 215, 1258, 1723, 1723, 1270, 71, 1723 ], "texts": [ "Republicans", "2008", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "his son, Duncan D. Hunter, announced his candidacy for his father's seat,", "42nd District", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Duncan was running for the Republican party.", "The text does not provide information on when Duncan dropped out of the presidential race.", "The text does not provide information on Duncan's stance on pro-choice.", "The text does not provide information on Duncan's views on border control.", "The text does not provide information on why Duncan dropped out of the presidential race.", "The text does not provide information on what state Duncan was a House of Representatives member for.", "The text does not provide information on how Duncan voted for international trade agreements." ]

[ "Yes", "no", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_1_q#0", "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_1_q#1", "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_1_q#2", "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_1_q#3", "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_1_q#4", "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_1_q#5", "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_1_q#6", "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_1_q#7" ]

[ "What were Dr. Seuss' early years like ?", "What year was he born in ?", "Where did he go to school ?", "What did he do after graduating ?", "What did he do for the magazine ?", "What happened when he was caught drinking ?", "How did he get punished ?", "What did he do after he was forced to resign ?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 1809 ], [ 529 ], [ 695 ], [ 856 ], [ 929 ], [ 1122 ], [ 1277 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Geisel was born and raised in Springfield, Massachusetts, the son of Henrietta (nee Seuss) and Theodor Robert Geisel." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "He enrolled at Springfield Central High School in 1917 and graduated in 1921. He took an art class" ], [ "Geisel attended Dartmouth College, graduating in 1925. At Dartmouth, he joined the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity and the humor magazine Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern," ], [ "eventually rising to the rank of editor-in-chief. While at Dartmouth, he was caught drinking gin" ], [ "was caught drinking gin with nine friends in his room. At the time, the possession and consumption of alcohol was illegal under Prohibition laws," ], [ "As a result of this infraction, Dean Craven Laycock insisted that Geisel resign from all extracurricular activities, including the college humor magazine." ], [ "To continue work on the Jack-O-Lantern without the administration's knowledge, Geisel began signing his work with the pen name \"Seuss\"." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 1809, 529, 695, 856, 929, 1122, 1277 ], "texts": [ "Geisel was born and raised in Springfield, Massachusetts, the son of Henrietta (nee Seuss) and Theodor Robert Geisel.", "CANNOTANSWER", "He enrolled at Springfield Central High School in 1917 and graduated in 1921. He took an art class", "Geisel attended Dartmouth College, graduating in 1925. At Dartmouth, he joined the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity and the humor magazine Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern,", "eventually rising to the rank of editor-in-chief. While at Dartmouth, he was caught drinking gin", "was caught drinking gin with nine friends in his room. At the time, the possession and consumption of alcohol was illegal under Prohibition laws,", "As a result of this infraction, Dean Craven Laycock insisted that Geisel resign from all extracurricular activities, including the college humor magazine.", "To continue work on the Jack-O-Lantern without the administration's knowledge, Geisel began signing his work with the pen name \"Seuss\"." ] }

[]

[ "Dr. Seuss, born Geisel, was raised in Springfield, Massachusetts. His father managed a family brewery until Prohibition forced its closure, after which he supervised the city's park system. Geisel was raised as a Lutheran. He attended Springfield Central High School from 1917, graduating in 1921. He took an art class as a freshman and later managed the school soccer team. He later attended Dartmouth College, joining the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity and eventually becoming editor-in-chief of the humor magazine Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern. However, he was caught drinking alcohol, which was illegal at the time due to Prohibition, and as a result was forced to resign from all extracurricular activities. He then began to use the pen name \"Seuss\" to continue working on the magazine without the administration's knowledge. He credited one of his professors as a big inspiration for his writing, and after graduating he went onto Oxford to study English literature. He met Helen Palmer during this time who encouraged him to pursue a career in drawing rather than becoming an English Teacher.", "The text does not provide information on what year Dr. Seuss (Geisel) was born.", "Dr. Seuss (Geisel) attended Springfield Central High School and graduated in 1921. He later attended Dartmouth College, graduating in 1925. After Dartmouth, he went on to Lincoln College, Oxford, with the intention of earning a PhD in English Literature.", "After graduating from Dartmouth College, Dr. Seuss (Geisel) entered Lincoln College, Oxford, intending to earn a PhD in English literature. While at Oxford, he met Helen Palmer, who encouraged him to pursue drawing as a career instead of becoming an English teacher.", "Dr. Seuss joined Dartmouth College's humor magazine, the Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern, eventually rising to the rank of editor-in-chief. However, after getting caught drinking alcohol during Prohibition, he was forced to resign from all extracurricular activities. He then continued working on the magazine without the administration's knowledge by signing his work with the pen name \"Seuss\".", "When Dr. Seuss (Geisel) was caught drinking gin with nine friends at Dartmouth College during the Prohibition era, Dean Craven Laycock insisted that he resign from all extracurricular activities, which included the college humor magazine. To continue his work on the Jack-O-Lantern magazine without the administration's knowledge, he started using the pen name \"Seuss\".", "When Dr. Seuss was caught drinking gin at Dartmouth College during the Prohibition era, his punishment was that he had to resign from all his extracurricular activities, including his position at the college humor magazine, the Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern.", "After being forced to resign from all extracurricular activities at Dartmouth College due to drinking gin during Prohibition, Geisel continued to work on the Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern, the college's humor magazine, without the administration's knowledge. He did this by using the pen name \"Seuss\"." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_0_q#0", "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_0_q#1", "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_0_q#2", "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_0_q#3", "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_0_q#4", "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_0_q#5", "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_0_q#6", "C_1f1c3d3f62e4459d8ac1a33d4162e864_0_q#7" ]

[ "How is Geisel's early artwork?", "How did this compare with the books?", "What book did he use this method of drawing in?", "What else was significant about his drawing style?", "What book did he use the droopy and rounded strokes in?", "What else did he do in these books?", "What other things were significant about his artwork?", "What else stood out about his artwork?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 96 ], [ 2321 ], [ 311 ], [ 423 ], [ 471 ], [ 767 ], [ 1935 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Geisel's early artwork often employed the shaded texture of pencil drawings or watercolors," ], [ "in his children's books of the postwar period, he generally made use of a starker medium--pen and ink--normally using just black, white, and one or two colors." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Geisel's style was unique - his figures are often \"rounded\" and somewhat droopy." ], [ "the faces of the Grinch and the Cat in the Hat." ], [ "Almost all his buildings and machinery were devoid of straight lines when they were drawn," ], [ "His endlessly varied but never rectilinear palaces, ramps, platforms, and free-standing stairways are among his most evocative creations." ], [ "Geisel also follows the cartoon tradition of showing motion with lines," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 96, 2321, 311, 423, 471, 767, 1935 ], "texts": [ "Geisel's early artwork often employed the shaded texture of pencil drawings or watercolors,", "in his children's books of the postwar period, he generally made use of a starker medium--pen and ink--normally using just black, white, and one or two colors.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Geisel's style was unique - his figures are often \"rounded\" and somewhat droopy.", "the faces of the Grinch and the Cat in the Hat.", "Almost all his buildings and machinery were devoid of straight lines when they were drawn,", "His endlessly varied but never rectilinear palaces, ramps, platforms, and free-standing stairways are among his most evocative creations.", "Geisel also follows the cartoon tradition of showing motion with lines," ] }

[]

[ "Geisel's early artwork often utilized the shaded texture of pencil drawings or watercolors.", "In his children's books of the postwar period, Geisel switched to a starker medium, pen and ink, and commonly used just black, white, and one or two colors. However, his later books, such as The Lorax, utilized more colors.", "He used this method of drawing in the book called \"The Lorax\".", "Geisel's style was unique with figures that are often \"rounded\" and somewhat droopy. This is reflected in the faces of the Grinch and the Cat in the Hat. His drawings of buildings and machinery consistently lacked straight lines, even when representing real objects. Geisel enjoyed drawing architecturally elaborate objects, complex imaginary machines, and outlandish arrangements of feathers or fur. Additionally, he was able to vividly convey motion in his illustrations and often utilized lines to depict movement, senses, and even thought.", "Geisel used his unique drawing style featuring droopy and rounded strokes in books such as \"The Grinch\" and \"The Cat in the Hat.\" He also used it in \"If I Ran the Circus,\" where he depicted a droopy hoisting crane and a droopy steam calliope.", "In these books, Geisel also depicted architecturally elaborate objects and complex imaginary machines. For example, he drew endlessly varied but never rectilinear palaces, ramps, platforms, and free-standing stairways. In \"If I Ran the Circus,\" he drew complex imaginary machines like a droopy hoisting crane and a droopy steam calliope. He also drew outlandish arrangements of feathers or fur, as seen in \"One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish.\" Geisel was also notable for his ability to vividly convey motion through his illustrations.", "Geisel's artwork also incorporated unique hand motions. He was fond of a sort of \"voila\" gesture in which the hand flips outward and the fingers spread slightly backward with the thumb up, seen in characters like Ish in \"One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish.\" He also often drew hands with interlocked fingers that made it look as though his characters were twiddling their thumbs. Further, he followed the cartoon tradition of showing motion with lines and used them to portray the senses of sight, smell, and hearing, and even \"thought\" as seen in \"The Big Brag\".", "Another standout aspect of Geisel's artwork is his penchant for drawing elaborate, intricate objects and non-linear architectural creations, as well as complex, imaginary machines. These elements add depth and intrigue to his illustrations. Examples include the Audio-Telly-O-Tally-O-Count from Dr. Seuss's Sleep Book and the \"most peculiar machine\" of Sylvester McMonkey McBean in The Sneetches. His artwork is also notable for his preference for creating outlandish arrangements of feathers or fur, seen in the 500th hat of Bartholomew Cubbins, the tail of Gertrude McFuzz, and the pet for girls who like to brush and comb, in One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_5cfe934cbe1846218ef5835869c31273_0_q#0", "C_5cfe934cbe1846218ef5835869c31273_0_q#1", "C_5cfe934cbe1846218ef5835869c31273_0_q#2", "C_5cfe934cbe1846218ef5835869c31273_0_q#3", "C_5cfe934cbe1846218ef5835869c31273_0_q#4", "C_5cfe934cbe1846218ef5835869c31273_0_q#5", "C_5cfe934cbe1846218ef5835869c31273_0_q#6", "C_5cfe934cbe1846218ef5835869c31273_0_q#7", "C_5cfe934cbe1846218ef5835869c31273_0_q#8", "C_5cfe934cbe1846218ef5835869c31273_0_q#9" ]

[ "What was the State National Council?", "What did they do?", "What did Gomulka have to do with them?", "Did he become a leader?", "What happened next?", "Did they accomplish anything?", "What is the Polish Committee of National Liberation?", "Was Gomulka part of this group?", "Was there anything else you found interesting?", "What did Gomulka do about that?" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 1, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 73 ], [ 192 ], [ 331 ], [ 754 ], [ 877 ], [ 1765 ], [ 2481 ], [ 2581 ], [ 556 ], [ 725 ] ], "texts": [ [ "a Polish quasi-parliamentary, communist-led body, to be named the State National Council" ], [ "After the Battle of Kursk the expectation was of a Soviet victory and liberation of Poland and the PPR wanted to be ready to assume power." ], [ "Gomulka came up with the idea of a national council and imposed his point of view on the rest of the leadership." ], [ "23 November Gomulka was elected general secretary (chief) of the PPR and Bierut joined the three-person inner leadership." ], [ "The founding meeting of the State National Council took place in the late evening of 31 December 1943." ], [ "Stalin concluded that the existence of the KRN was a positive development and the Poles arriving from Warsaw were received and greeted by him and other Soviet dignitaries." ], [ "), a temporary government headed by Edward Osobka-Morawski, a socialist allied with the communists." ], [ "Gomulka and other PPR leaders left Warsaw and headed for the Soviet-controlled territory, arriving in Lublin on 1 August, the day the Warsaw Uprising erupted in the Polish capital." ], [ "in November the Gestapo arrested Finder and Malgorzata Fornalska, who possessed the secret codes for communication with Moscow and the Soviet response remained unknown." ], [ "In the absence of Finder, on 23 November Gomulka was elected general secretary (chief) of the PPR" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 73, 192, 331, 754, 877, 1765, 2481, 2581, 556, 725 ], "texts": [ "a Polish quasi-parliamentary, communist-led body, to be named the State National Council", "After the Battle of Kursk the expectation was of a Soviet victory and liberation of Poland and the PPR wanted to be ready to assume power.", "Gomulka came up with the idea of a national council and imposed his point of view on the rest of the leadership.", "23 November Gomulka was elected general secretary (chief) of the PPR and Bierut joined the three-person inner leadership.", "The founding meeting of the State National Council took place in the late evening of 31 December 1943.", "Stalin concluded that the existence of the KRN was a positive development and the Poles arriving from Warsaw were received and greeted by him and other Soviet dignitaries.", "), a temporary government headed by Edward Osobka-Morawski, a socialist allied with the communists.", "Gomulka and other PPR leaders left Warsaw and headed for the Soviet-controlled territory, arriving in Lublin on 1 August, the day the Warsaw Uprising erupted in the Polish capital.", "in November the Gestapo arrested Finder and Malgorzata Fornalska, who possessed the secret codes for communication with Moscow and the Soviet response remained unknown.", "In the absence of Finder, on 23 November Gomulka was elected general secretary (chief) of the PPR" ] }

[]

[ "The State National Council (Krajowa Rada Narodowa, KRN) was a Polish quasi-parliamentary, communist-led body. It was conceived by the PPR leadership in fall of 1943 as they anticipated a Soviet victory and liberation of Poland. The council was intended to be ready to assume power following this liberation. The founding meeting of the State National Council took place on 31 December 1943.", "The context does not provide specific details on what the State National Council did. However, it mentions that the council was expected to determine the shape of the future executive government of Poland. It also mentions that later on, the Union of Polish Patriots and the Central Bureau of Polish Communists in Moscow were pressured to recognize the primacy of the PPR, the KRN and Wladyslaw Gomulka, indicating that the State National Council held a critical role in the political landscape of Poland during this time.", "Wladyslaw Gomulka was involved in the creation of the State National Council (KRN). He came up with the idea of the council and imposed this view on the rest of the leadership of the PPR. Gomulka was later elected as the general secretary (chief) of the PPR. He felt that Polish communists in occupied Poland had a better understanding of Polish realities than their counterparts in Moscow and that the State National Council should determine the shape of the future executive government of Poland. He also went to Moscow to gain Soviet approval for the KRN. \n\nEventually, the Union of Polish Patriots and the Central Bureau of Polish Communists in Moscow recognized the primacy of the PPR, the KRN, and Wladyslaw Gomulka. ", "Yes, Wladyslaw Gomulka did become a leader. In the absence of Finder, Gomulka was elected general secretary (chief) of the PPR (Polish Workers' Party) on 23rd November. However, the context does not mention if he held a leadership position within the State National Council specifically.", "After the formation of the State National Council and Gomulka's election as general secretary of the PPR, a delegation left Warsaw to Moscow in mid-March to gain Soviet approval and clear any misunderstandings. They arrived in Moscow two months later and were received by Joseph Stalin who concluded that the existence of the KRN was a positive development. \n\nIn mid-July, the Union of Polish Patriots and the Central Bureau of Polish Communists in Moscow recognized the primacy of the PPR, the KRN and Wladyslaw Gomulka. Later, on 20 July, the Soviet forces crossed the Bug River and on the same day, Polish communists from the Moscow and Warsaw factions finalized the arrangements for the establishment of the Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN), a temporary government headed by socialist Edward Osobka-Morawski. Gomulka and other PPR leaders left Warsaw and headed for Soviet-controlled territory, arriving in Lublin on 1 August, the same day the Warsaw Uprising erupted.", "Based on the provided context, the PPR and the State National Council (KRN), including Wladyslaw Gomulka, were successful in establishing a communist-led Poland, aligned with the Soviet Union. They managed to get the Central Bureau of Polish Communists and the Union of Polish Patriots in Moscow to recognize the primacy of the PPR, the KRN, and Gomulka. They also participated in the establishment of the Polish Committee of National Liberation, a temporary government, thus playing key roles in shaping the political landscape of Poland during World War II. However, the context does not provide specific tangible accomplishments of the KRN or Gomulka.", "The Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN) was a temporary government formed on 21 July. This establishment was headed by Edward Osobka-Morawski, a socialist aligned with the communists. The arrangements for establishing PKWN were finalized by Polish communists from the Moscow and Warsaw factions. The creation of PKWN appears to be part of the larger plan to establish a communist-led Poland.", "The context does not explicitly state that Wladyslaw Gomulka was a part of the Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN). It mentions that Gomulka and other PPR leaders left Warsaw for Soviet-controlled territory, arriving in Lublin on 1 August, which is after the establishment of the PKWN. However, the exact role or involvement of Gomulka in the PKWN is not specified.", "As an AI, I don't experience emotions or interest. However, I can tell you that one of the significant points in the context is the strategy and maneuvering by the PPR, under Gomulka's leadership, to establish a communist-led government in Poland ahead of a potential Soviet victory. Despite the arrest of Finder and Malgorzata Fornalska, which temporarily disrupted communication with Moscow, the PPR successfully gained Soviet acceptance of the State National Council. This shows effective political strategy and resilience in the face of obstacles.", "When communication was disrupted due to the arrest of Finder and Malgorzata Fornalska, Gomulka went ahead with the formation of the State National Council and was elected general secretary of the Polish Workers' Party (PPR). To gain Soviet approval and clear misunderstandings about the council, Gomulka and a delegation left Warsaw and traveled to Moscow. Upon their arrival, they were received by Joseph Stalin and other Soviet dignitaries. Stalin concluded the existence of the Council was a positive development. This helped the Union of Polish Patriots and the Central Bureau of Polish Communists in Moscow to finally recognize the primacy of the PPR, the KRN, and Wladyslaw Gomulka." ]

[ "Yes", "Neutral", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "Where was he born?", "Who were his parents?", "Where did he attend school?", "What did he do after that?", "At what age did he become an apprentice?", "Did he ever go to university?", "Did he become a metalworker?", "Did he continue with that work, or change fields?", "How did he get involved in politics?", "Was he involved in any strikes?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 46 ], [ 191 ], [ 962 ], [ 1053 ], [ 1027 ], [ 1109 ], [ 1292 ], [ 2150 ], [ 1659 ], [ 1757 ] ], "texts": [ [ "in Bialobrzegi Franciszkanskie village on the outskirts of Krosno," ], [ "His parents had met and married in the United States, where each had emigrated in search of work in the late 19th century," ], [ "Gomulka attended schools in Krosno for six or seven years," ], [ "he had to start an apprenticeship in a metalworks shop." ], [ "the age of thirteen," ], [ "Throughout his life Gomulka was an avid reader and accomplished a great deal of self-education, but remained a subject of jokes because of his lack of formal education and demeanor." ], [ "In 1922, Gomulka passed his apprenticeship exams and began working at a local refinery." ], [ "In October 1926, Gomulka became a secretary of the managing council in the Chemical Industry Workers Union" ], [ "Gomulka was known for his activism in the metal workers and, from 1922, chemical industry unions." ], [ "He was involved in union-organized strikes and in 1924, during a protest gathering in Krosno," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 46, 191, 962, 1053, 1027, 1109, 1292, 2150, 1659, 1757 ], "texts": [ "in Bialobrzegi Franciszkanskie village on the outskirts of Krosno,", "His parents had met and married in the United States, where each had emigrated in search of work in the late 19th century,", "Gomulka attended schools in Krosno for six or seven years,", "he had to start an apprenticeship in a metalworks shop.", "the age of thirteen,", "Throughout his life Gomulka was an avid reader and accomplished a great deal of self-education, but remained a subject of jokes because of his lack of formal education and demeanor.", "In 1922, Gomulka passed his apprenticeship exams and began working at a local refinery.", "In October 1926, Gomulka became a secretary of the managing council in the Chemical Industry Workers Union", "Gomulka was known for his activism in the metal workers and, from 1922, chemical industry unions.", "He was involved in union-organized strikes and in 1924, during a protest gathering in Krosno," ] }

[]

[ "Gomulka was born in Bialobrzegi Franciszkanskie village on the outskirts of Krosno.", "The text does not provide the names of Wladyslaw Gomulka's mother. His father was named Jan Gomulka.", "He attended schools in Krosno.", "After attending schools up until the age of thirteen, he started an apprenticeship in a metalworks shop. In 1922, Gomulka passed his apprenticeship exams and began working at a local refinery. He also developed connections with the radical Left, joining organizations and participating in activism and protests. He was involved in union-organized strikes and eventually became a secretary of the managing council in the Chemical Industry Workers Union for the Drohobych District.", "He became an apprentice at the age of thirteen.", "The text does not provide any information about Wladyslaw Gomulka attending university.", "Yes, Gomulka became a metalworker after passing his apprenticeship exams in 1922.", "After his work as a metalworker, Wladyslaw Gomulka started working at a local refinery. He later became involved in activism, union work and politics, ultimately serving on the managing council for the Chemical Industry Workers Union in the Drohobych District.", "Gomulka got involved in politics through his connections with the radical Left. He joined the Sila (Power) youth organization in 1922 and the Independent Peasant Party in 1925. He was also known for his activism in the metal workers and chemical industry unions and participated in union-organized strikes and published radical texts in leftist newspapers.", "Yes, he was involved in union-organized strikes." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_897608b8e1104a00b44b2d9800d4a6de_0_q#0", "C_897608b8e1104a00b44b2d9800d4a6de_0_q#1", "C_897608b8e1104a00b44b2d9800d4a6de_0_q#2", "C_897608b8e1104a00b44b2d9800d4a6de_0_q#3", "C_897608b8e1104a00b44b2d9800d4a6de_0_q#4", "C_897608b8e1104a00b44b2d9800d4a6de_0_q#5" ]

[ "What was the first honor or award he received?", "Which other honors did he win?", "Tell me about another award?", "Which award was he most proud of?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "did he receive any other awards for space exploration?" ]

[ 2, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 512 ], [ 584 ], [ 1005 ], [ 1433 ], [ 1525 ], [ 1620 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Williams was awarded the Commonwealth Certificate of Thanks in 1973" ], [ "the Commonwealth Recognition Award (1975" ], [ "In 1983, he also received the psychiatry prize and the Wood Gold Medal from the Faculty of Medicine" ], [ "in 2011, Williams was inducted into the Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame." ], [ "Williams was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2013 for his work in space exploration." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 512, 584, 1005, 1433, 1525, 1620 ], "texts": [ "Williams was awarded the Commonwealth Certificate of Thanks in 1973", "the Commonwealth Recognition Award (1975", "In 1983, he also received the psychiatry prize and the Wood Gold Medal from the Faculty of Medicine", "in 2011, Williams was inducted into the Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame.", "Williams was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2013 for his work in space exploration.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The first honor or award he received was the Commonwealth Certificate of Thanks in 1973.", "Other honors he won include the Commonwealth Recognition Award (1975) for his contribution to the Royal Life Saving Society of Canada, the A.S. Hill Bursary from McGill University (1980), the Walter Hoare Bursary from McGill University (1981), the J.W. McConnell Award from McGill University (1981 to 1983), being named Faculty Scholar (1982) and University Scholar (1983) by the faculty of medicine at McGill University, receiving the psychiatry prize and the Wood Gold Medal in 1983 and being named on the dean's honor list by the physiology department at McGill University for his postgraduate research. He also received second prize for his participation in the University of Toronto Emergency Medicine Research Papers Program in 1986 and 1988, received top honors in the same competition in 1987, was inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame in 2011, and was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2013 for his work in space exploration.", "He was twice awarded the second prize in 1986 and 1988 for his participation in the University of Toronto Emergency Medicine Research Papers Program, and he received top honors in that competition in 1987.", "The text doesn't provide information on which award he was the most proud of.", "The text doesn't provide more specific details that could be interpreted as particularly interesting aspects about the article. However, the subject's broad range of professional memberships within both the medical and aerospace fields could be considered interesting, as well as the wide variety of awards and honors he has received over the years for his contributions to those fields. Ultimately, what is considered \"interesting\" can be subjective.", "Yes, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2013 for his work in space exploration." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Neutral", "No" ]

[ "C_897608b8e1104a00b44b2d9800d4a6de_1_q#0", "C_897608b8e1104a00b44b2d9800d4a6de_1_q#1", "C_897608b8e1104a00b44b2d9800d4a6de_1_q#2", "C_897608b8e1104a00b44b2d9800d4a6de_1_q#3", "C_897608b8e1104a00b44b2d9800d4a6de_1_q#4", "C_897608b8e1104a00b44b2d9800d4a6de_1_q#5" ]

[ "what did He do in the NASA", "How long was basic training?", "What caused him to join NASA?", "did he do anything else for NASA?", "How long was he the director for?", "Is there anything else interesting about this article?" ]

[ 0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 230 ], [ 125 ], [ 0 ], [ 397 ], [ 364 ], [ 1375 ] ], "texts": [ [ "On completing basic training, he was assigned to work technical issues for the payloads/habitability branch of the astronaut office." ], [ "He reported to the Johnson Space Center in March 1995 and completed training and evaluation in May 1996." ], [ "In January 1995, Williams was selected to join the 1995 international class of NASA mission specialist astronaut candidates." ], [ "Williams served as Director of the Space and Life Sciences directorate" ], [ "From July 1998 to November 2002," ], [ "Williams served as an aquanaut on the first NEEMO (NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations) crew aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 230, 125, 0, 397, 364, 1375 ], "texts": [ "On completing basic training, he was assigned to work technical issues for the payloads/habitability branch of the astronaut office.", "He reported to the Johnson Space Center in March 1995 and completed training and evaluation in May 1996.", "In January 1995, Williams was selected to join the 1995 international class of NASA mission specialist astronaut candidates.", "Williams served as Director of the Space and Life Sciences directorate", "From July 1998 to November 2002,", "Williams served as an aquanaut on the first NEEMO (NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations) crew aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory" ] }

[]

[ "C_28785c53c0e943769ca3ec9617163142_1_q#0", "C_28785c53c0e943769ca3ec9617163142_1_q#1", "C_28785c53c0e943769ca3ec9617163142_1_q#2", "C_28785c53c0e943769ca3ec9617163142_1_q#3", "C_28785c53c0e943769ca3ec9617163142_1_q#4", "C_28785c53c0e943769ca3ec9617163142_1_q#5", "C_28785c53c0e943769ca3ec9617163142_1_q#6", "C_28785c53c0e943769ca3ec9617163142_1_q#7", "C_28785c53c0e943769ca3ec9617163142_1_q#8", "C_28785c53c0e943769ca3ec9617163142_1_q#9", "C_28785c53c0e943769ca3ec9617163142_1_q#10" ]

[ "Did Ivan have any siblings?", "How was his parents?", "Was his family of royalty or greatness?", "What happened to his parents growing up?", "Did his mom take over after his father died?", "How did his father die?", "After his parents passed did Ivan have a chance to take over?", "Did he ever marry or have kids of his own?", "What family was fighting for control?", "Why did he feel neglected?", "When was he crowned?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2662 ], [ 0 ], [ 129 ], [ 251 ], [ 467 ], [ 293 ], [ 588 ], [ 1617 ], [ 708 ], [ 874 ], [ 1249 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Ivan was the first son of Vasili III and his second wife, Elena Glinskaya, who was of half Serbian and half Lipka Tatar descent, the Glinski clan" ], [ "the Glinski clan (nobles based in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) claiming descent from the Mongol ruler Mamai (1335-1380.)" ], [ "When Ivan was three years old, his father died" ], [ "Elena Glinskaya initially acted as regent, but she died of what many believe" ], [ "died from an abscess and inflammation on his leg that developed into blood poisoning." ], [ "Ivan was only eight years old. The regency then alternated between several feuding boyar families fighting for control." ], [ "Two weeks after his coronation, Ivan married his first wife Anastasia Romanovna, a member of the Romanov family, who became the first Russian tsaritsa." ], [ "According to his own letters, Ivan, along with his younger brother Yuri, often felt neglected and offended by the mighty boyars" ], [ "In a letter to Prince Kurbski Ivan remembers, \"My brother Iurii, of blessed memory, and me they brought up like vagrants and children of the poorest." ], [ "On 16 January 1547, at age sixteen, Ivan was crowned with Monomakh's Cap at the Cathedral of the Dormition." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2662, 0, 129, 251, 467, 293, 588, 1617, 708, 874, 1249 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "Ivan was the first son of Vasili III and his second wife, Elena Glinskaya, who was of half Serbian and half Lipka Tatar descent, the Glinski clan", "the Glinski clan (nobles based in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) claiming descent from the Mongol ruler Mamai (1335-1380.)", "When Ivan was three years old, his father died", "Elena Glinskaya initially acted as regent, but she died of what many believe", "died from an abscess and inflammation on his leg that developed into blood poisoning.", "Ivan was only eight years old. The regency then alternated between several feuding boyar families fighting for control.", "Two weeks after his coronation, Ivan married his first wife Anastasia Romanovna, a member of the Romanov family, who became the first Russian tsaritsa.", "According to his own letters, Ivan, along with his younger brother Yuri, often felt neglected and offended by the mighty boyars", "In a letter to Prince Kurbski Ivan remembers, \"My brother Iurii, of blessed memory, and me they brought up like vagrants and children of the poorest.", "On 16 January 1547, at age sixteen, Ivan was crowned with Monomakh's Cap at the Cathedral of the Dormition." ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "Yes, Ivan had a younger brother named Yuri.", "Ivan's parents were Vasili III and Elena Glinskaya. Vasili III died from a leg infection that led to blood poisoning when Ivan was three years old. Elena Glinskaya was of half Serbian and half Lipka Tatar descent, and acted as Ivan's regent after the death of his father. She died in 1538, when Ivan was only eight years old, possibly due to assassination by poison.", "Yes, Ivan's family was of royalty. His father, Vasili III, was the Grand Prince of Moscow. After the death of his father, Ivan was proclaimed the Grand Prince of Moscow. His mother, Elena Glinskaya, was from the noble Glinski clan which claimed descent from the Mongol ruler Mamai. Ivan's grandfather, Ivan III the Great, also styled himself \"tsar\" in his correspondence. Furthermore, Ivan married Anastasia Romanovna, a member of the Romanov family, and he himself was the first to be crowned as \"Tsar of All the Russias\".", "Ivan's father, Vasili III, died from an abscess and inflammation on his leg that turned into blood poisoning when Ivan was just three years old. His mother, Elena Glinskaya, initially served as regent following Vasili III's death. However, she died just five years later, when Ivan was eight years old, which many believe to be a result of an assassination by poison.", "Yes, his mother Elena Glinskaya initially acted as regent after the death of his father, Vasili III.", "Ivan's father, Vasili III, died from an abscess and inflammation on his leg that developed into blood poisoning.", "Yes, after his parents' deaths, Ivan was proclaimed the Grand Prince of Moscow at the request of his father. However, as he was still a child at the time, the regency initially passed to his mother Elena, and following her death, alternated between several feuding boyar families fighting for control. Ivan was officially crowned as the Tsar of All the Russias when he was sixteen.", "The text mentions that Ivan married his first wife Anastasia Romanovna, a member of the Romanov family, who became the first Russian tsaritsa. However, the text does not provide information about Ivan having any children.", "The Shuisky and Belsky families were among the boyar families fighting for control after the death of Ivan's mother.", "According to his letters, Ivan, along with his younger brother Yuri, often felt neglected and offended by the boyars from the Shuisky and Belsky families. In a letter to Prince Kurbski Ivan remembers, \"My brother Iurii, of blessed memory, and me they brought up like vagrants and children of the poorest. What have I suffered for want of garments and food!!\"", "Ivan was crowned on 16 January 1547, at the age of sixteen." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "what was his policy?", "where was the policy established?", "what was good about his years?", "and what else did he do?", "what religion?", "did the printing create problems?", "was the printing press opened again?", "was it a new press?", "and who was in charge of the new press?", "what else did he do during his reign?", "what laws were these?", "what year was the law established?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 1 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 559 ], [ 613 ], [ 683 ], [ 808 ], [ 1278 ], [ 876 ], [ 1144 ], [ 1029 ], [ 1194 ], [ 1947 ], [ 2091 ], [ 2156 ] ], "texts": [ [ "He introduced local self-government to rural regions," ], [ "mainly in the northeast of Russia, populated by the state peasantry." ], [ "By Ivan's order in 1553 the Moscow Print Yard was established and the first printing press was introduced to Russia." ], [ "religious books in Russian were printed during the 1550s and 1560s." ], [ "St. Basil's Cathedral" ], [ "The new technology provoked discontent among traditional scribes, leading to the Print Yard being burned in an arson attack." ], [ "printing of books resumed from 1568 onwards," ], [ "Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets, were forced to flee from Moscow to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania." ], [ "Andronik Timofeevich Nevezha and his son Ivan now heading the Print Yard." ], [ "Other events of this period include the introduction of the first laws restricting the mobility of the peasants," ], [ "serfdom, instituted during the rule of future tsar" ], [ "in 1597." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 559, 613, 683, 808, 1278, 876, 1144, 1029, 1194, 1947, 2091, 2156 ], "texts": [ "He introduced local self-government to rural regions,", "mainly in the northeast of Russia, populated by the state peasantry.", "By Ivan's order in 1553 the Moscow Print Yard was established and the first printing press was introduced to Russia.", "religious books in Russian were printed during the 1550s and 1560s.", "St. Basil's Cathedral", "The new technology provoked discontent among traditional scribes, leading to the Print Yard being burned in an arson attack.", "printing of books resumed from 1568 onwards,", "Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets, were forced to flee from Moscow to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.", "Andronik Timofeevich Nevezha and his son Ivan now heading the Print Yard.", "Other events of this period include the introduction of the first laws restricting the mobility of the peasants,", "serfdom, instituted during the rule of future tsar", "in 1597." ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

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[ "What else does she do aside from singing?", "Did she act in anything?", "Did she act in other films?", "Does she have any hobbies?", "Is her work displayed anywhere?", "Does she like her work displayed?", "What does she say about her artistic abilities?", "Was she invited to show her work anywhere ?", "Did she sculpt for any person who invited her show her sculptors?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 1 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1220 ], [ 88 ], [ 227 ], [ 563 ], [ 647 ], [ 1743 ], [ 919 ], [ 1743 ], [ 1743 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In December 2013, Harvey gave her debut public poetry reading at the British Library." ], [ "In 1998 she appeared in Hal Hartley's film The Book of Life as Magdalena -- a modern-day character based on the Biblical Mary Magdalene" ], [ "and had a cameo role as a Playboy Bunny in A Bunny Girl's Tale, a short film directed by Sarah Miles," ], [ "Harvey is also an accomplished sculptor who has had several pieces exhibited at the Lamont Gallery and the Bridport Arts Centre." ], [ "Lamont Gallery and the Bridport Arts Centre." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Speaking of her artistic contributions to the magazine in 2011, Harvey said: \"the first opportunity I ever had to show any work was in this magazine." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1220, 88, 227, 563, 647, 1743, 919, 1743, 1743 ], "texts": [ "In December 2013, Harvey gave her debut public poetry reading at the British Library.", "In 1998 she appeared in Hal Hartley's film The Book of Life as Magdalena -- a modern-day character based on the Biblical Mary Magdalene", "and had a cameo role as a Playboy Bunny in A Bunny Girl's Tale, a short film directed by Sarah Miles,", "Harvey is also an accomplished sculptor who has had several pieces exhibited at the Lamont Gallery and the Bridport Arts Centre.", "Lamont Gallery and the Bridport Arts Centre.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Speaking of her artistic contributions to the magazine in 2011, Harvey said: \"the first opportunity I ever had to show any work was in this magazine.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Aside from singing, PJ Harvey is an occasional artist and actress. She has appeared in films, designed for a literary magazine, given public poetry readings, and published a book of poetry. She is also an accomplished sculptor with several pieces exhibited at renowned galleries.", "Yes, PJ Harvey has acted in Hal Hartley's film The Book of Life, where she played the character Magdalena. She also had a cameo role as a Playboy Bunny in A Bunny Girl's Tale, a short film directed by Sarah Miles.", "Yes, besides The Book of Life and A Bunny Girl's Tale, PJ Harvey also collaborated with Sarah Miles on another film, Amaeru Fallout 1972.", "The text does not provide specific information on PJ Harvey's hobbies.", "Yes, PJ Harvey's sculpture work has been exhibited at the Lamont Gallery and the Bridport Arts Centre. Additionally, her paintings and drawings were featured in the summer issue of Francis Ford Coppola's literary magazine Zoetrope: All-Story.", "The text does not provide specific information on PJ Harvey's feelings about her work being displayed.", "PJ Harvey said that her first opportunity to show any of her work was in Francis Ford Coppola's literary magazine Zoetrope: All-Story. The pieces she contributed were created while she was writing and recording the record Let England Shake, and she states they relate to the record in the cyclical nature of their creation. However, she does not make a direct comment on her artistic abilities.", "Yes, in 2010, PJ Harvey was invited to be the guest designer for the summer issue of Francis Ford Coppola's literary magazine Zoetrope: All-Story. Her paintings and drawings were featured in the issue.", "The text does not provide information on whether PJ Harvey sculpted for a specific person who invited her to show her sculptures." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "no", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_0f41fe11419c40cdb3ae8589580b317f_0_q#0", "C_0f41fe11419c40cdb3ae8589580b317f_0_q#1", "C_0f41fe11419c40cdb3ae8589580b317f_0_q#2", "C_0f41fe11419c40cdb3ae8589580b317f_0_q#3", "C_0f41fe11419c40cdb3ae8589580b317f_0_q#4", "C_0f41fe11419c40cdb3ae8589580b317f_0_q#5" ]

[ "what did he do later?", "what other team did he own", "what did he retire from?", "what accomplishments did he have", "what other accomplishments did he have", "what was his biggest accomplishment" ]

[ 2, 1, 2, 0, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 2359 ], [ 2030 ], [ 436 ], [ 1610 ], [ 2359 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Nolan Ryan's post-retirement business interests include ownership of two minor league teams: the Corpus Christi Hooks," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "After retiring from baseball, Ryan teamed up with the federal government to promote physical fitness." ], [ "He became the president of the Texas Rangers in 2008." ], [ "Ryan was majority owner and chairman of Express Bank of Alvin" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 2359, 2030, 436, 1610, 2359 ], "texts": [ "Nolan Ryan's post-retirement business interests include ownership of two minor league teams: the Corpus Christi Hooks,", "CANNOTANSWER", "After retiring from baseball, Ryan teamed up with the federal government to promote physical fitness.", "He became the president of the Texas Rangers in 2008.", "Ryan was majority owner and chairman of Express Bank of Alvin", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "C_0f41fe11419c40cdb3ae8589580b317f_1_q#0", "C_0f41fe11419c40cdb3ae8589580b317f_1_q#1", "C_0f41fe11419c40cdb3ae8589580b317f_1_q#2", "C_0f41fe11419c40cdb3ae8589580b317f_1_q#3", "C_0f41fe11419c40cdb3ae8589580b317f_1_q#4" ]

[ "What did Ryan do with the Mets?", "What accomplishments did he have on the team?", "What difficulties did he face?", "Did he face other challenges?", "What records did he set?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 59 ], [ 1625 ], [ 482 ], [ 536 ], [ 1735 ] ], "texts": [ [ "drafted by the New York Mets in the 12th round of the 1965 Major League Baseball draft." ], [ "Ryan tied a Mets record by striking out 15 batters in one game." ], [ "Ryan missed much of the 1967 season due to illness," ], [ "an arm injury," ], [ "topped it with a then MLB record 19 against the San Diego Padres (" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 59, 1625, 482, 536, 1735 ], "texts": [ "drafted by the New York Mets in the 12th round of the 1965 Major League Baseball draft.", "Ryan tied a Mets record by striking out 15 batters in one game.", " Ryan missed much of the 1967 season due to illness,", "an arm injury,", "topped it with a then MLB record 19 against the San Diego Padres (" ] }

[]

[ "Ryan was a pitcher for the New York Mets. After he was drafted by the Mets in 1965, he went on to join the major leagues in 1966. However, he couldn't secure a regular place in the Mets' pitching rotation, which was led by Tom Seaver and Jerry Koosman, and was used more as a reliever and spot starter. In 1969, he played an important role in the Mets' victory in the World Series. Despite being used as a backup, Ryan tied a Mets record by striking out 15 batters in one game in 1970. He credits his time with the Mets, and specifically with Seaver, for changing him from just a flamethrower to a pitcher. However, he was somewhat embittered by his experience with the team, feeling betrayed that they traded him.", "While playing for the New York Mets, Ryan notably tied a Mets record in 1970 by striking out 15 batters in a single game. Additionally, during the 1969 postseason, he played a key role in the Mets' victory. He completed a sweep against the Braves in the National League Championship Series (NLCS) by throwing seven innings of relief in Game 3, obtaining his first playoff win. Then in Game 3 of the 1969 World Series, he saved the game, pitching 2 1/3 shutout innings against the Baltimore Orioles. This victory gave the Mets a 2-1 lead in the series, which they ultimately won. This would be Ryan's one and only World Series appearance in his career.", "During his time with the New York Mets, Ryan experienced several difficulties. Initially, upon being called up to the New York club, he was the second-youngest player in the league. He also missed most of the 1967 season due to illness, an arm injury, and service with the Army Reserve, during which he only pitched 7 innings for the Mets' minor league affiliate. Furthermore, he struggled to break into the Mets' pitching rotation, which was led by Tom Seaver and Jerry Koosman, and was mostly used as a reliever and spot starter. Ryan also had to deal with frequent blisters on his throwing hand, which he tried to alleviate by soaking his fingers in pickle brine — a method whose effectiveness was questioned by his teammates and coaches. Additionally, contrary to popular belief, Ryan did not wish to be traded from the Mets and felt betrayed by the team that drafted him when they did so.", "Based on the provided text, the only mentioned challenges Ryan faced included being the second-youngest player in the league when he was called up to the New York club, missing much of the 1967 season due to illness, an arm injury, and Army Reserve service, struggling to secure a regular spot in the Mets' pitching rotation, dealing with frequent blisters on his throwing hand, and feeling betrayed when he was traded by the Mets. There were no additional challenges mentioned.", "Ryan tied a Mets record on April 18, 1970, by striking out 15 batters in one game. Furthermore, his teammate Tom Seaver set a then MLB record of 19 strikeouts just a few days after Ryan's record, a record which Ryan himself would tie four years later, although it is not specified in the passage if this occurred during his time at the Mets." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_0_q#0", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_0_q#1", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_0_q#2", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_0_q#3", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_0_q#4", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_0_q#5", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_0_q#6", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_0_q#7", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_0_q#8", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_0_q#9", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_0_q#10", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_0_q#11" ]

[ "When did she go to the netherlands", "why did she go to the netherlands", "what did she do there", "what else did she do", "how did she help there", "anything else intersting", "does she speak dutch", "how many languages does she speak", "what kind of jobs did she do", "does it mention other jobs", "did she go to the Netherlands alone", "what else did she do there" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 88 ], [ 205 ], [ 281 ], [ 581 ], [ 1239 ], [ 1351 ], [ 1743 ], [ 499 ], [ 581 ], [ 1829 ], [ 868 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Hirsi Ali arrived in the Netherlands in 1992." ], [ "visit her family in Dusseldorf and Bonn, Germany and gone to the Netherlands to escape an alleged arranged marriage." ], [ "Once there, she requested political asylum and obtained a residence permit." ], [ "She used her paternal grandfather's early surname on her application and has since been known in the West as Ayaan Hirsi Ali." ], [ "She worked as a translator at a Rotterdam refugee center which, according to a friend interviewed in 2006 by The Observer newspaper, marked her deeply." ], [ "she studied at Leiden University, obtaining an MSc degree in political science in 2000." ], [ "Hirsi Ali also worked as an independent Somali-Dutch interpreter and translator," ], [ "Hirsi Ali speaks six languages: English, Somali, Arabic, Swahili, Amharic, and Dutch." ], [ "At first she held various short-term jobs, ranging from cleaning to sorting post." ], [ "She worked as a translator at a Rotterdam refugee center" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Sigmund Freud's work introduced her to an alternative moral system that was not based on religion." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 88, 205, 281, 581, 1239, 1351, 1743, 499, 581, 1829, 868 ], "texts": [ "Hirsi Ali arrived in the Netherlands in 1992.", "visit her family in Dusseldorf and Bonn, Germany and gone to the Netherlands to escape an alleged arranged marriage.", "Once there, she requested political asylum and obtained a residence permit.", "She used her paternal grandfather's early surname on her application and has since been known in the West as Ayaan Hirsi Ali.", "She worked as a translator at a Rotterdam refugee center which, according to a friend interviewed in 2006 by The Observer newspaper, marked her deeply.", "she studied at Leiden University, obtaining an MSc degree in political science in 2000.", "Hirsi Ali also worked as an independent Somali-Dutch interpreter and translator,", "Hirsi Ali speaks six languages: English, Somali, Arabic, Swahili, Amharic, and Dutch.", "At first she held various short-term jobs, ranging from cleaning to sorting post.", "She worked as a translator at a Rotterdam refugee center", "CANNOTANSWER", "Sigmund Freud's work introduced her to an alternative moral system that was not based on religion." ] }

[]

[ "Hirsi Ali went to the Netherlands in 1992.", "She went to the Netherlands to escape an alleged arranged marriage.", "In the Netherlands, Hirsi Ali first held various short-term jobs, including cleaning and sorting post, and worked as a translator at a Rotterdam refugee center. She took courses in Dutch and an introductory course in social work at the De Horst Institute for Social Work in Driebergen. She also studied at Leiden University, where she obtained an MSc degree in political science in 2000. Additionally, between 1995 and 2001, she worked as an independent Somali-Dutch interpreter and translator, frequently working with Somali women in asylum centers, hostels for abused women, and at the Dutch immigration and naturalization service (IND, Immigratie en Naturalisatiedienst).", "In addition to her jobs and education, Hirsi Ali also became critical of how the Dutch immigration and naturalization service handled asylum seekers. She also spent time reading, finding new books and ways of thought in the Netherlands that both stretched her imagination and frightened her, including the work of Sigmund Freud.", "While in the Netherlands, Hirsi Ali helped by working as a translator at a Rotterdam refugee center and as an independent Somali-Dutch interpreter and translator. In these roles, she frequently worked with Somali women in asylum centers and hostels for abused women, and served at the Dutch immigration and naturalization service. This allowed her to aid these communities and individuals with language barriers and other issues related to their immigration status or conditions.", "Another interesting aspect about Hirsi Ali's life in the Netherlands is her transition from various short-term jobs, including cleaning and sorting post, to becoming an accomplished scholar and translator. She not only became fluent in Dutch, but also studied social work and political science. Her efforts culminated in obtaining an MSc degree in political science from Leiden University in 2000. This shows her perseverance and ability to adapt and succeed in a new environment. Moreover, her critical view on the Dutch immigration service's handling of asylum seekers also indicates her active involvement and critique of societal and policy issues.", "Yes, Hirsi Ali speaks Dutch.", "Hirsi Ali speaks six languages: English, Somali, Arabic, Swahili, Amharic, and Dutch.", "Hirsi Ali held various short-term jobs in the Netherlands, which ranged from cleaning to sorting post. She also worked as a translator at a Rotterdam refugee center and as an independent Somali-Dutch interpreter and translator, frequently working with Somali women in asylum centers, hostels for abused women, and at the Dutch immigration and naturalization service.", "No, the text does not mention any other jobs that Hirsi Ali held.", "The text does not provide information on whether Hirsi Ali went to the Netherlands alone.", "The text does not provide any further information on what else Hirsi Ali did in the Netherlands other than what has been previously mentioned: she held various short-term jobs, became a translator, studied Dutch, social work, and political science, became critical of the Dutch immigration and naturalization service's handling of asylum seekers, and spent time reading and exploring new ways of thought." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_1_q#0", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_1_q#1", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_1_q#2", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_1_q#3", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_1_q#4", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_1_q#5", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_1_q#6", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_1_q#7", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_1_q#8", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_1_q#9", "C_bb1c6660fe9646019faf1b8de22df020_1_q#10" ]

[ "Where was he born?", "Who where her parents?", "What did her father do for a job?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Who was her mother?", "What happened after her father was jailed?", "Where did she go to school?", "Did she go to college?", "Did get obtain a degree?", "What was her childhood like?", "What did she do after moving to kenya?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 46 ], [ 80 ], [ 189 ], [ 2711 ], [ 674 ], [ 901 ], [ 1996 ], [ 2711 ], [ 295 ], [ 1576 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Ayaan was born in 1969 in Mogadishu, Somalia." ], [ "Her father, Hirsi Magan Isse," ], [ "a prominent member of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front and a leading figure in the Somalian Revolution." ], [ "Shortly after she was born, her father was imprisoned due to his opposition to the Siad Barre government." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "After her father escaped from prison, he and the family left Somalia in 1977, going to Saudi Arabia and then to Ethiopia, before settling in Nairobi, Kenya by 1980." ], [ "Hirsi Ali attended the English-language Muslim Girls' Secondary School." ], [ "Hirsi Ali attended a secretarial course at Valley Secretarial College in Nairobi for one year." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Hirsi Ali's father had studied abroad and was opposed to female genital mutilation, but while he was imprisoned, Hirsi Ali's grandmother had a man perform the procedure" ], [ "She sympathised with the views of the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood, and wore a hijab with her school uniform." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 46, 80, 189, 2711, 674, 901, 1996, 2711, 295, 1576 ], "texts": [ "Ayaan was born in 1969 in Mogadishu, Somalia.", "Her father, Hirsi Magan Isse,", "a prominent member of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front and a leading figure in the Somalian Revolution.", "Shortly after she was born, her father was imprisoned due to his opposition to the Siad Barre government.", "CANNOTANSWER", "After her father escaped from prison, he and the family left Somalia in 1977, going to Saudi Arabia and then to Ethiopia, before settling in Nairobi, Kenya by 1980.", "Hirsi Ali attended the English-language Muslim Girls' Secondary School.", "Hirsi Ali attended a secretarial course at Valley Secretarial College in Nairobi for one year.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Hirsi Ali's father had studied abroad and was opposed to female genital mutilation, but while he was imprisoned, Hirsi Ali's grandmother had a man perform the procedure", "She sympathised with the views of the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood, and wore a hijab with her school uniform." ] }

[]

[ "Ayaan was born in Mogadishu, Somalia.", "The context only provides information about Ayaan's father, Hirsi Magan Isse, who was a prominent member of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front and a leading figure in the Somalian Revolution. Information about her mother is not provided in the context.", "Her father, Hirsi Magan Isse, was a prominent member of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front and a leading figure in the Somalian Revolution.", "The context discusses various interesting aspects of Ayaan's life, including her experience with female genital mutilation, her family's relocation to Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia, and Kenya, her religious education and her sympathies towards the views of the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood. It also highlights her admiration for the Qur'an during her childhood, her support for the fatwa against writer Salman Rushdie and her early reading interests. Her defiance towards restrictions in society, particularly as a woman, inspired by sturdy feminine figures she encountered in her life, forms another critical aspect of the account.", "The context does not provide information about Ayaan's mother.", "After Ayaan's father was imprisoned, her grandmother had a man perform female genital mutilation on Ayaan when she was five years old. After her father escaped from prison, he and the family left Somalia in 1977, going to Saudi Arabia and then to Ethiopia, before settling in Nairobi, Kenya by 1980.", "Hirsi Ali attended the English-language Muslim Girls' Secondary School in Nairobi, Kenya. After completing secondary school, she attended a secretarial course at Valley Secretarial College in Nairobi for one year.", "After completing secondary school, Hirsi Ali attended a secretarial course at Valley Secretarial College in Nairobi for one year. The context does not provide further information about her post-secondary education.", "The context does not provide information about Ayaan obtaining a degree.", "Ayaan's childhood was filled with several challenges and dramatic changes. Shortly after her birth, her father was imprisoned due to his opposition to the Siad Barre government. At the age of five, she underwent female genital mutilation, a procedure her father was opposed to, but was carried out by her grandmother while he was in prison. Following her father's escape from prison, her family left Somalia and lived in Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia, and finally settled in Nairobi, Kenya by 1980. She was raised in a comfortable upper-class life established by her father and attended the English-language Muslim Girls' Secondary School. Influenced by a charismatic religious teacher, she adopted more rigorous Saudi Arabian interpretations of Islam. She was impressed by the Qur'an and identified with the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood. She even agreed with the fatwa against writer Salman Rushdie. Despite the adversities, she found inspiration in English-language adventure stories and the strong women she associated with Somalia.", "After moving to Kenya, Ayaan Hirsi Ali attended the English-language Muslim Girls' Secondary School. She was influenced by a charismatic religious teacher and adopted the more rigorous Saudi Arabian interpretations of Islam. She wore a hijab with her school uniform and even agreed with the fatwa against British Indian writer Salman Rushdie. After completing her secondary school, she attended a secretarial course at Valley Secretarial College in Nairobi for one year." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_13c6d2787aea403db1b1cca030e1a30d_0_q#0", "C_13c6d2787aea403db1b1cca030e1a30d_0_q#1", "C_13c6d2787aea403db1b1cca030e1a30d_0_q#2", "C_13c6d2787aea403db1b1cca030e1a30d_0_q#3", "C_13c6d2787aea403db1b1cca030e1a30d_0_q#4", "C_13c6d2787aea403db1b1cca030e1a30d_0_q#5", "C_13c6d2787aea403db1b1cca030e1a30d_0_q#6", "C_13c6d2787aea403db1b1cca030e1a30d_0_q#7" ]

[ "what were aimee's media relations like?", "how did she become so influencial?", "what was her social issue she brought to the media?", "did she have supporters\"", "what types of media did she use to spread her teachings?", "did she also have a radio show?", "was other things are nteresting about media relations for Aimee?", "did they come to her for healing?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 794 ], [ 863 ], [ 503 ], [ 1604 ], [ 1941 ], [ 113 ], [ 1941 ] ], "texts": [ [ "By early 1926, McPherson had become one of the most charismatic and influential women and ministers of her time." ], [ "She was influential in many social, educational and political areas." ], [ "McPherson made personal crusades against anything that she felt threatened her Christian ideals, including the drinking of alcohol and teaching evolution in schools." ], [ "According to Carey McWilliams, she had become \"more than just a household word: she was a folk hero" ], [ "\"Ten thousand members of Angelus Temple with her millions of radio church membership send grateful appreciation" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Her fame equaled, to name a few, Charles Lindbergh, Johnny Weissmuller, Jack Dempsey, Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb, Knute Rockne, Bobby Jones, Louise Brooks, and Rudolph Valentino." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 794, 863, 503, 1604, 1941, 113, 1941 ], "texts": [ "By early 1926, McPherson had become one of the most charismatic and influential women and ministers of her time.", "She was influential in many social, educational and political areas.", "McPherson made personal crusades against anything that she felt threatened her Christian ideals, including the drinking of alcohol and teaching evolution in schools.", "According to Carey McWilliams, she had become \"more than just a household word: she was a folk hero", "\"Ten thousand members of Angelus Temple with her millions of radio church membership send grateful appreciation", "CANNOTANSWER", "Her fame equaled, to name a few, Charles Lindbergh, Johnny Weissmuller, Jack Dempsey, Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb, Knute Rockne, Bobby Jones, Louise Brooks, and Rudolph Valentino.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on Aimee McPherson's media relations.", "The text does not provide specific details on how Aimee McPherson became so influential. However, it mentions that she became a major American phenomenon, and that she was considered a folk hero and a civic institution, engaging in personal crusades against anything that threatened her Christian ideals. She was influential in many social, educational and political areas. Her popularity equaled that of many famous figures of the time.", "The text mentions that Aimee McPherson made personal crusades against anything that she felt threatened her Christian ideals, including the drinking of alcohol and teaching evolution in schools. She also supported William Jennings Bryan during the 1925 Scopes trial, in which John Scopes was tried for illegally teaching evolution at a Dayton, Tennessee, school. She believed that Darwinism was poisoning the minds of the nation's children, calling it the greatest triumph of Satanic intelligence.", "Yes, Aimee McPherson had supporters. The text mentions that she had an adoring public who admired her. Also noted is that she had ten thousand members of the Angelus Temple, along with millions from her radio church membership who appreciated her stance against evolution during the 1925 Scopes trial.", "The text mentions that Aimee McPherson used radio broadcasting as a medium to spread her teachings, as she had millions of radio church membership.", "The text implies that she had a radio presence, as it references her \"millions of radio church membership,\" but it does not explicitly state that Aimee McPherson had a radio show.", "The text does not provide any additional information about Aimee McPherson's media relations.", "The text does not provide information on whether people came to Aimee McPherson for healing." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_13c6d2787aea403db1b1cca030e1a30d_1_q#0", "C_13c6d2787aea403db1b1cca030e1a30d_1_q#1", "C_13c6d2787aea403db1b1cca030e1a30d_1_q#2", "C_13c6d2787aea403db1b1cca030e1a30d_1_q#3", "C_13c6d2787aea403db1b1cca030e1a30d_1_q#4", "C_13c6d2787aea403db1b1cca030e1a30d_1_q#5", "C_13c6d2787aea403db1b1cca030e1a30d_1_q#6" ]

[ "What is Faith healing ministry?", "What happened after she discovered this?", "Did she get better after Aimee touched her?", "How did the people react to this?", "What other injured or illed person did she help?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "What other things did she do that are part of her legacy?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 202 ], [ 501 ], [ 773 ], [ 900 ], [ 1491 ], [ 1033 ], [ 1090 ] ], "texts": [ [ "the evangelist discovered when she laid hands on sick or injured persons, they got well." ], [ "During a 1916 revival meeting in Corona, Long Island, New York, a young woman in the advanced stages of rheumatoid arthritis was brought to the altar by friends." ], [ "McPherson laid hands on her and prayed. Before the gathered parishioners, the woman walked out of the church without crutches." ], [ "McPherson's reputation as a faith healer rapidly became known and the sick and injured people came to her by the tens of thousands." ], [ "Scheduled weekly and monthly healing sessions nevertheless remained highly popular with the public until her death in 1944." ], [ "The Faith Healing Ministry of Aimee Semple McPherson was extensively written about in the news media and was a large part of her early career legacy." ], [ "extensively written about in the news media and was a large part of her early career legacy." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 202, 501, 773, 900, 1491, 1033, 1090 ], "texts": [ "the evangelist discovered when she laid hands on sick or injured persons, they got well.", "During a 1916 revival meeting in Corona, Long Island, New York, a young woman in the advanced stages of rheumatoid arthritis was brought to the altar by friends.", "McPherson laid hands on her and prayed. Before the gathered parishioners, the woman walked out of the church without crutches.", "McPherson's reputation as a faith healer rapidly became known and the sick and injured people came to her by the tens of thousands.", "Scheduled weekly and monthly healing sessions nevertheless remained highly popular with the public until her death in 1944.", "The Faith Healing Ministry of Aimee Semple McPherson was extensively written about in the news media and was a large part of her early career legacy.", "extensively written about in the news media and was a large part of her early career legacy." ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide a specific definition of the Faith healing ministry.", "After McPherson discovered her apparent ability to heal the sick or injured by laying hands on them, many sick and injured people started coming to her by the tens of thousands. Her reputation as a faith healer quickly spread and it became a significant part of her early career legacy. It was so extensively written about in the news media that no one has ever been credited by secular witnesses with anywhere near the numbers of faith healings attributed to McPherson, especially during the years 1919 to 1922. Over time, she reduced her focus on the faith-healing aspect of her services as it was overwhelming other areas of her ministry, but she still held weekly and monthly healing sessions which remained highly popular with the public until her death in 1944.", "Yes, after Aimee Semple McPherson laid her hands on the young woman who was in the advanced stages of rheumatoid arthritis and prayed, the woman was able to walk out of the church without crutches in front of the gathered parishioners.", "After witnessing the apparent healings performed by McPherson, people started coming to her in the tens of thousands. It suggests people reacted positively and strongly to the faith healing, as her reputation as a faith healer spread rapidly and she was often sought after by the sick and injured.", "The text does not provide specific details about any other sick or injured individuals that Aimee Semple McPherson helped apart from the woman with advanced rheumatoid arthritis.", "One interesting aspect of the article is that despite the seemingly successful faith healings attributed to McPherson, which were so numerous that the text claims no one else has been credited with similar numbers, she eventually almost withdrew from the faith-healing aspect of her services. This decision was apparently because it was overwhelming other areas of her ministry. Yet, her scheduled healing sessions remained highly popular until her death in 1944.", "According to the provided text, McPherson’s faith healing was a large part of her early career legacy. However, the text does not provide any specific details about other aspects of McPherson's work or actions that contributed to her legacy." ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_ea45f9a49279427d8340899bb74498df_1_q#0", "C_ea45f9a49279427d8340899bb74498df_1_q#1", "C_ea45f9a49279427d8340899bb74498df_1_q#2", "C_ea45f9a49279427d8340899bb74498df_1_q#3", "C_ea45f9a49279427d8340899bb74498df_1_q#4", "C_ea45f9a49279427d8340899bb74498df_1_q#5", "C_ea45f9a49279427d8340899bb74498df_1_q#6", "C_ea45f9a49279427d8340899bb74498df_1_q#7", "C_ea45f9a49279427d8340899bb74498df_1_q#8" ]

[ "What did he do after climbing Mt. Everest?", "Did he do any more climbing after 1965?", "Did he find anything related to the abominable snowman?", "What did he do after this search?", "What other places did he go?", "What did he find there?", "What did he do later in life?", "How did he do on the show?", "Did he appear on any other game shows?" ]

[ 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 397 ], [ 556 ], [ 102 ], [ 1185 ], [ 1865 ], [ 1017 ], [ 1085 ], [ 1865 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Hillary climbed ten other peaks in the Himalayas on further visits in 1956, 1960-1961, and 1963-1965." ], [ "1960 Hillary organized an expedition to search for the fabled abominable snowman. Hillary was with the expedition for five months, although it lasted for ten." ], [ "No evidence of Yetis was found, instead footprints and tracks were proven to be from other causes." ], [ "He also reached the South Pole as part of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, for which he led the New Zealand section, on 4 January 1958." ], [ "In 1977, he led a jetboat expedition, titled \"Ocean to Sky\", from the mouth of the Ganges River to its source." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "In 1962 he was a guest on the television game show What's My Line?;" ], [ "he stumped the panel, comprising Dorothy Kilgallen, Arlene Francis, Bennett Cerf, and Merv Griffin." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 397, 556, 102, 1185, 1865, 1017, 1085, 1865 ], "texts": [ "Hillary climbed ten other peaks in the Himalayas on further visits in 1956, 1960-1961, and 1963-1965.", "1960 Hillary organized an expedition to search for the fabled abominable snowman. Hillary was with the expedition for five months, although it lasted for ten.", "No evidence of Yetis was found, instead footprints and tracks were proven to be from other causes.", "He also reached the South Pole as part of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, for which he led the New Zealand section, on 4 January 1958.", "In 1977, he led a jetboat expedition, titled \"Ocean to Sky\", from the mouth of the Ganges River to its source.", "CANNOTANSWER", "In 1962 he was a guest on the television game show What's My Line?;", "he stumped the panel, comprising Dorothy Kilgallen, Arlene Francis, Bennett Cerf, and Merv Griffin.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "After climbing Mt. Everest, Hillary climbed ten other peaks in the Himalayas in 1956, 1960-1961, and 1963-1965. He reached the South Pole as part of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, for which he led the New Zealand section, and his party was the first to reach the Pole overland since Amundsen in 1911 and Scott in 1912, they were also the first ever to do so using motor vehicles. Furthermore, Hillary organized an expedition to search for the abominable snowman in 1960. In 1977, he led a jetboat expedition, titled \"Ocean to Sky\", from the mouth of the Ganges River to its source. He also commentated aboard Antarctic sightseeing flights operated by Air New Zealand from 1977 to 1979. In 1985, Hillary accompanied Neil Armstrong in a small twin-engined ski plane over the Arctic Ocean and landed at the North Pole, thus becoming the first man to stand at both poles and on the summit of Everest.", "The text does not provide information on whether Hillary did any more climbing after 1965.", "Hillary's expedition to search for the abominable snowman did not find any concrete evidence of Yetis. Instead, footprints and tracks attributed to Yetis were proven to be from other causes. Hillary also examined \"Yeti scalps\" found in remote temples, but after bringing back three relics, two were found to be from bears and one from a goat antelope. Hillary concluded that most Yeti phenomena could be rationally explained.", "After the search for the abominable snowman, Hillary was a guest on the television game show 'What's My Line?' in 1962. Later in 1977, he led a jetboat expedition titled \"Ocean to Sky\", from the mouth of the Ganges River to its source. He also commentated aboard Antarctic sightseeing flights operated by Air New Zealand from 1977 to 1979. In 1985, Hillary accompanied Neil Armstrong in a ski plane and landed at the North Pole, making Hillary the first man to be at both poles and at the summit of Everest. In 2007, he travelled to Antarctica to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of Scott Base.", "Apart from climbing the Himalayas and Everest, Hillary visited both the South Pole and North Pole. He travelled over the Arctic Ocean, landed at the North Pole, and went to Antarctica to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of Scott Base. Additionally, he led an expedition from the mouth to the source of the Ganges River and visited remote temples during his search for the abominable snowman. Hillary also took part in Antarctic sightseeing flights operated by Air New Zealand.", "The text does not provide specific details about what Hillary found at the North Pole, South Pole, the Ganges River, or during the Antarctic sightseeing flights. During his expedition to search for the abominable snowman, he did not find evidence of Yetis but instead found footprints and tracks from other causes. In the remote temples he visited during this expedition, he found \"Yeti scalps\" which were later identified as being from bears and a goat antelope.", "Later in life, Hillary led a jetboat expedition titled \"Ocean to Sky\" from the mouth of the Ganges River to its source in 1977. He also commentated aboard Antarctic sightseeing flights operated by Air New Zealand from 1977 to 1979. In 1985, he accompanied Neil Armstrong in a small twin-engined ski plane over the Arctic Ocean and landed at the North Pole. In January 2007, Hillary travelled to Antarctica as part of a delegation commemorating the 50th anniversary of the founding of Scott Base.", "When Hillary was a guest on the television game show 'What's My Line?' in 1962, he stumped the panel, which comprised Dorothy Kilgallen, Arlene Francis, Bennett Cerf, and Merv Griffin.", "The text does not provide information on whether Hillary appeared on any other game shows apart from 'What's My Line?'." ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "What was Chris Farley's first film?", "How successful was TOmmy Boy?", "What was his next film?", "Was Black sheep well received by the public or critics?", "Tell me one of his most famous or successful films?", "What did he do after Black sheep?", "WHy did he go to rehab?", "What was his last film?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 572 ], [ 648 ], [ 586 ], [ 692 ], [ 826 ], [ 1559 ], [ 922 ], [ 1041 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Tommy Boy" ], [ "earning around $32 million" ], [ "Black Sheep." ], [ "a large cult following on home video." ], [ "of Beverly Hills Ninja, which finished in first place at the box office on its opening weekend." ], [ "he relapsed on the night of the premiere, which required further rehab before he could begin work" ], [ "Drug and alcohol abuse related problems" ], [ "Almost Heroes," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 572, 648, 586, 692, 826, 1559, 922, 1041 ], "texts": [ "Tommy Boy", "earning around $32 million", "Black Sheep.", "a large cult following on home video.", "of Beverly Hills Ninja, which finished in first place at the box office on its opening weekend.", "he relapsed on the night of the premiere, which required further rehab before he could begin work", "Drug and alcohol abuse related problems", "Almost Heroes," ] }

[]

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[ "How did Olsen begin his club career?", "Did he ever play in school?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "What position did he play when he turned pro?", "Did he win any sports related awards?", "Did he play in any well known tournaments?", "Did his team win the tournament?", "Anything else important to note during this time?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 21 ], [ 3280 ], [ 408 ], [ 92 ], [ 1483 ], [ 2393 ], [ 2458 ], [ 2702 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Morten Olsen started playing youth football at the local club in 1957." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Olsen played three seasons at B 1901, before he moved abroad to play professionally with Belgian club Cercle Brugge K.S.V. in 1972," ], [ "He started his career playing as a right winger." ], [ "At Anderlecht, Olsen won his first trophy of his senior career." ], [ "the final game of the international 1982-83 UEFA Cup tournament." ], [ "Anderlecht faced Portuguese team S.L. Benfica in the final, and won 2-1" ], [ "Olsen scored a goal in the first leg, but missed his shot in the deciding penalty shoot-out which Tottenham won." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 21, 3280, 408, 92, 1483, 2393, 2458, 2702 ], "texts": [ "Morten Olsen started playing youth football at the local club in 1957.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Olsen played three seasons at B 1901, before he moved abroad to play professionally with Belgian club Cercle Brugge K.S.V. in 1972,", "He started his career playing as a right winger.", "At Anderlecht, Olsen won his first trophy of his senior career.", "the final game of the international 1982-83 UEFA Cup tournament.", "Anderlecht faced Portuguese team S.L. Benfica in the final, and won 2-1", "Olsen scored a goal in the first leg, but missed his shot in the deciding penalty shoot-out which Tottenham won." ] }

[]

[ "Olsen began his club career playing youth football at the local club in Vordingborg in 1957. He started his career playing as a right winger. In 1970, he was brought to B 1901 in the top-flight Danish 1st Division championship. At B 1901, Olsen was moved from right winger to central midfielder.", "The text does not provide information on whether Morten Olsen ever played football in school.", "The article mentions several interesting aspects of Olsen's career such as:\n\n1. After moving from B 1901, Olsen joined Belgian club Cercle Brugge K.S.V. in 1972 and was used as a multi-purpose player, playing every position except for goalkeeper.\n\n2. Olsen's move to R.S.C. Anderlecht was notable as it was here that he won his first trophy of his senior career, played for six years, and was named team captain.\n\n3. Despite a severe shin injury in 1982, Olsen went on to control an aggressive form of off-side trap, which assisted in Anderlecht's success.\n\n4. Olsen was named the 1983 Danish Player of the Year after Anderlecht's victory in the final game of the 1982-83 UEFA Cup tournament.\n\n5. When Olsen played for German team 1. FC Koln at the age of 36, he helped them reach third and second-place finishes in the Bundesliga seasons.", "When Morten Olsen turned pro and joined Belgian club Cercle Brugge K.S.V in 1972, he was used as a multi-purpose player, playing every position except for goalkeeper. Prior to this, at B 1901, he was moved from a right winger to a central midfielder.", "Yes, Morten Olsen was named the 1983 Danish Player of the Year after his team Anderlecht's victory in the final game of the international 1982-83 UEFA Cup tournament.", "Yes, Morten Olsen participated in the international 1982-83 UEFA Cup tournament where his team, Anderlecht, faced off against FC Porto, Valencia CF, and S.L. Benfica in the final. Anderlecht also reached the 1983-84 UEFA Cup final against Tottenham Hotspur from England.", "Yes, Morten Olsen's team, Anderlecht, won the 1982-83 UEFA Cup tournament. However, they were runners-up in the 1983-84 UEFA Cup final which was won by Tottenham Hotspur.", "During his time at R.S.C. Anderlecht, Olsen won his first trophy of his senior career and the team won three Belgian championships. Olsen was eventually named Anderlecht team captain. Additionally, Olsen also suffered from a severe shin injury in 1982 which prompted the Anderlecht manager to move him back from midfield to the libero position. As the libero, Olsen controlled an aggressive form of off-side trap integral to the team's strategy." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

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[ "What was his first international team?", "What position did he play for Denmark?", "Where did he play next?", "What position did he play for them?", "What was his greatest international success?", "Did his teams ever win?", "Were there any other important things in his international career?", "What was the farthest his team got in the World Cup?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 393 ], [ 171 ], [ 440 ], [ 657 ], [ 1710 ], [ 2022 ], [ 1578 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Olsen made his debut for the Denmark under-21 national team in September 1970," ], [ "as a right winger, but eventually settled as a defensive midfielder." ], [ "he was called up for the senior Danish national team under the Austrian national team manager Rudi Strittich," ], [ "defensive midfielder." ], [ "Olsen became the seventh Dane to play 50 games for the national team, in June 1981." ], [ "Olsen's most noticeable effort at the tournament came in the 2-0 group stage win against West Germany." ], [ "Olsen was identified as one of the overall top performers at the World Cup, and he was subsequently named 1986 Danish Player of the Year." ], [ "He captained Denmark at the 1986 World Cup, Denmark's first World Cup participation, which ended in a second round defeat to Spain." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 393, 171, 440, 657, 1710, 2022, 1578 ], "texts": [ "Olsen made his debut for the Denmark under-21 national team in September 1970,", "as a right winger, but eventually settled as a defensive midfielder.", "he was called up for the senior Danish national team under the Austrian national team manager Rudi Strittich,", "defensive midfielder.", "Olsen became the seventh Dane to play 50 games for the national team, in June 1981.", "Olsen's most noticeable effort at the tournament came in the 2-0 group stage win against West Germany.", "Olsen was identified as one of the overall top performers at the World Cup, and he was subsequently named 1986 Danish Player of the Year.", "He captained Denmark at the 1986 World Cup, Denmark's first World Cup participation, which ended in a second round defeat to Spain." ] }

[]

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[ "Does he have children?", "Does he have a wife?", "What are his hobbies?", "What other hobbies does he enjoy?", "Does he like a lot of water sports?", "What is a notable fact about his personal life?", "When did he make the movie?", "Where does he live?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 435 ], [ 0 ], [ 331 ], [ 435 ], [ 589 ], [ 764 ], [ 1591 ], [ 1949 ] ], "texts": [ [ "He would jam with his son who is a drummer which, according to Hillenburg, is \"a great way to bond with each other.\"" ], [ "Hillenburg's wife, Karen, is a chef who teaches at the New School of Cooking in Culver City, California." ], [ "His hobbies include surfing, snorkeling, scuba diving, and performing \"noisy rock music\" on his guitar." ], [ "He would jam with his son who is a drummer which, according to Hillenburg, is \"a great way to bond with each other.\"" ], [ "but says that he was always \"an ocean freak\"." ], [ "co-producer of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie," ], [ "he affirmed that he would continue to work on SpongeBob SquarePants \"for as long as [he is] able.\"" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 435, 0, 331, 435, 589, 764, 1591, 1949 ], "texts": [ "He would jam with his son who is a drummer which, according to Hillenburg, is \"a great way to bond with each other.\"", "Hillenburg's wife, Karen, is a chef who teaches at the New School of Cooking in Culver City, California.", "His hobbies include surfing, snorkeling, scuba diving, and performing \"noisy rock music\" on his guitar.", "He would jam with his son who is a drummer which, according to Hillenburg, is \"a great way to bond with each other.\"", "but says that he was always \"an ocean freak\".", "co-producer of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie,", "he affirmed that he would continue to work on SpongeBob SquarePants \"for as long as [he is] able.\"", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

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[ "What was his first career?", "How many years did he do this?", "When did he retire?", "What did he do next ?", "How many years did he do that?", "What did he do next?", "Was he well known for anything?", "Any other movies?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 84 ], [ 2857 ], [ 2857 ], [ 501 ], [ 530 ], [ 772 ], [ 1268 ], [ 2857 ] ], "texts": [ [ "park service attendant in Utah" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "marine-biology teacher" ], [ "for three years:" ], [ "staff artist." ], [ "SpongeBob SquarePants" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 84, 2857, 2857, 501, 530, 772, 1268, 2857 ], "texts": [ "park service attendant in Utah", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "marine-biology teacher", "for three years:", "staff artist.", "SpongeBob SquarePants", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Hillenburg's first career was as a marine-biology teacher at the Orange County Marine Institute.", "Hillenburg was a marine-biology teacher for three years.", "The text does not provide information on when Hillenburg retired.", "After working as a marine-biology teacher, Hillenburg left his job in 1987 to become an animator. He enrolled in the Experimental Animation Program at CalArts in 1989.", "The text does not provide specific information on how many years Hillenburg worked as an animator. However, it does mention that he graduated with a Master of Fine Arts in experimental animation in 1992.", "The text does not provide information on what Hillenburg did after graduating with a Master of Fine Arts in experimental animation in 1992.", "Hillenburg created a comic called The Intertidal Zone, used to teach his students about sea life. Many characters from this comic would later evolve into characters in SpongeBob SquarePants, including \"Bob the Sponge\". His work in animation is implied to be significant, though the text does not provide specific details of his accomplishments in this field.", "The text does not provide information on whether Hillenburg worked on any other movies." ]

[ "no", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "no", "no", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_1_q#0", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_1_q#1", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_1_q#2", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_1_q#3", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_1_q#4", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_1_q#5", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_1_q#6", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_1_q#7", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_1_q#8", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_1_q#9" ]

[ "What happened in 1983?", "Were there any special singles released from that album?", "Was there a follow up album?", "Did the album achieve success?", "Did the band members get along?", "When did the band break up?", "How many albums did the band release?", "Has the band ever reunited?", "Is there anything else noteable about the band?", "Did they win any awards?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1484 ], [ 1542 ], [ 2657 ], [ 1648 ], [ 2464 ], [ 2896 ], [ 2966 ], [ 2966 ], [ 156 ], [ 1648 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The album Kilroy Was Here went Platinum in 1983," ], [ "two Top Ten hits, the synthesizer-based \"Mr. Roboto\" (#3 US) and power ballad \"Don't Let It End\" (#6 US)." ], [ "In 1984, the band released its first live album, Caught in the Act." ], [ "The album earned a nomination as Best Engineered Recording" ], [ "Kilroy Was Here brought the creative and competitive tensions within the band beyond the breaking point." ], [ "By the time of the album's release, the band had already parted ways." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "It is set in a future where performing and playing rock music has been outlawed due to the efforts of a charismatic evangelist," ], [ "The album earned a nomination as Best Engineered Recording" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1484, 1542, 2657, 1648, 2464, 2896, 2966, 2966, 156, 1648 ], "texts": [ "The album Kilroy Was Here went Platinum in 1983,", "two Top Ten hits, the synthesizer-based \"Mr. Roboto\" (#3 US) and power ballad \"Don't Let It End\" (#6 US).", "In 1984, the band released its first live album, Caught in the Act.", "The album earned a nomination as Best Engineered Recording", "Kilroy Was Here brought the creative and competitive tensions within the band beyond the breaking point.", "By the time of the album's release, the band had already parted ways.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "It is set in a future where performing and playing rock music has been outlawed due to the efforts of a charismatic evangelist,", "The album earned a nomination as Best Engineered Recording" ] }

[]

[ "In 1983, the band released the album Kilroy Was Here, which went Platinum and had two Top Ten hits. The album also earned a nomination for Best Engineered Recording at the 26th Grammy Awards. In the same year, the band staged a theatrical show in support of the album. However, the show was expensive and not as profitable. Towards the end of the year, guitarist Tommy Shaw left the band for a solo career.", "Yes, two Top Ten hits, \"Mr. Roboto\" and \"Don't Let It End\", were singles released from the album Kilroy Was Here.", "The following year, in 1984, the band released its first live album, Caught in the Act. This was after guitarist Tommy Shaw had left the band and it included one studio track, \"Music Time\", which became a Top 40 hit. The concert was also filmed and released on VHS under the same title (and on DVD in 2007).", "The album Kilroy Was Here was successful, as it went Platinum in 1983. It also boasted two Top Ten hits and earned a nomination for Best Engineered Recording at the 26th Grammy Awards. However, the live album released the following year, Caught in the Act, only featured one studio track, \"Music Time\", that became a Top 40 hit. It is not clearly stated in the context whether the live album was a success.", "According to the context, the band members had creative and competitive tensions that were exacerbated by the Kilroy Was Here project. These tensions resulted in guitarist Tommy Shaw departing the band for a solo career at the conclusion of the tour. Therefore, it can be inferred that the band members had some conflicts.", "The context does not provide a specific date, but it is mentioned that guitarist Tommy Shaw left the band after the tour that was held in support of the Kilroy Was Here album, which was released in 1983. The band had already parted ways by the time their first live album, Caught in the Act, was released in 1984.", "The context mentions two albums released by the band: Kilroy Was Here in 1983, and their first live album, Caught in the Act, in 1984.", "The context does not provide information on whether the band has ever reunited.", "Yes, the band was known for creating concept albums, particularly Kilroy Was Here, which embraced the rock opera form. They staged ambitious theatrical presentations in support of this album, which caused creative and competitive tensions within the band. Also notable is that the introduction of the James Young's song \"Heavy Metal Poisoning\" from this album intentionally included a backward message, the Latin phrases, \"annuit coeptis\" and \"novus ordo seclorum\", from the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States.", "The context does not mention any awards won by the band, although it does note that the album Kilroy Was Here earned a nomination for Best Engineered Recording at the 26th Grammy Awards (1983)." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_0_q#0", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_0_q#1", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_0_q#2", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_0_q#3", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_0_q#4", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_0_q#5", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_0_q#6", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_0_q#7", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_0_q#8", "C_8ee46fb75bcc4d898b514f529ac77111_0_q#9" ]

[ "Was the band successful with their solo careers?", "What was the name of Shaw's solo album?", "Were any of the songs from the album popular?", "What was the name of DeYoung's solo album?", "What were some of the singles from the album?", "Were there any other hits from the album?", "Did Shaw produce any music videos?", "Did Shaw release more than one solo album?", "Was What If a popular album?", "Did DeYoung release more than one solo album?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 137 ], [ 112 ], [ 334 ], [ 89 ], [ 229 ], [ 488 ], [ 2384 ], [ 883 ], [ 1001 ], [ 1919 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Both Shaw and DeYoung generated a moderate amount of interest with their first solo albums." ], [ "Girls with Guns" ], [ "Shaw also cracked the Top Forty with \"Girls with Guns\"" ], [ "Desert Moon" ], [ "DeYoung scored a Top 10 hit with the title track, \"Desert Moon\"," ], [ "\"Don't Wait for Heroes\" also featured a video that was heavily featured on MTV, but it failed to generate significant radio airplay, only peaking at No. 83." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "1985 album What If" ], [ "Shaw's \"What If (Remo's Theme)\" from Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins entered the Billboard Hot 100," ], [ "James Young recorded his own solo albums: City Slicker (1985 with Jan Hammer) and Out on a Day Pass (1988)," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 137, 112, 334, 89, 229, 488, 2384, 883, 1001, 1919 ], "texts": [ "Both Shaw and DeYoung generated a moderate amount of interest with their first solo albums.", "Girls with Guns", "Shaw also cracked the Top Forty with \"Girls with Guns\"", "Desert Moon", "DeYoung scored a Top 10 hit with the title track, \"Desert Moon\",", "\"Don't Wait for Heroes\" also featured a video that was heavily featured on MTV, but it failed to generate significant radio airplay, only peaking at No. 83.", "CANNOTANSWER", "1985 album What If", "Shaw's \"What If (Remo's Theme)\" from Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins entered the Billboard Hot 100,", "James Young recorded his own solo albums: City Slicker (1985 with Jan Hammer) and Out on a Day Pass (1988)," ] }

[]

[ "The context suggests that both Dennis DeYoung and Tommy Shaw had some initial success with their solo careers with their singles and albums receiving moderate interest and some charting on the Billboard Hot 100. However, by the late 1980s, their solo careers had simmered down to a modest but loyal fan base. Their later albums did not achieve the same levels of success as their earlier works. James Young's solo albums only attracted minimal attention. So, overall their solo careers had some success but did not sustain the same levels of achievement over time.", "Tommy Shaw released several solo albums, among them are \"Girls with Guns\" in 1984 and \"What If\" in 1985. Another one mentioned is \"Ambition\" which was released in 1987.", "Yes, from Tommy Shaw's \"Girls with Guns\" album, the title track \"Girls with Guns\" cracked the Top Forty. From his 1985 album \"What If\", the song \"What If (Remo's Theme)\" from the film Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins entered the Billboard Hot 100. His cover of Jim Peterik's \"Ever Since the World Began\" from the \"Ambition\" album also briefly charted.", "Dennis DeYoung released several solo albums including \"Desert Moon\" in 1984, \"Back to the World\" in 1986, and \"Boomchild\" in 1989.", "From Dennis DeYoung's \"Desert Moon\" album, the title track \"Desert Moon\" was a Top 10 hit that was heavily featured on MTV, and \"Don't Wait for Heroes\" also had a video that received heavy airplay on MTV. From his 1986 album \"Back to the World\", the first single \"Call Me\" peaked at number 6 on the Adult Contemporary chart and at number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100. His song \"This Is the Time\" from The Karate Kid, Part II soundtrack was featured for a short time on MTV as well. ", "The context does not provide information on any other hits from Dennis DeYoung's solo albums beyond \"Desert Moon\", \"Don't Wait for Heroes\", and \"Call Me\".", "The text does not provide information on whether Tommy Shaw produced any music videos for his solo albums.", "Yes, Tommy Shaw released several solo albums, including \"Girls with Guns\" in 1984, \"What If\" in 1985, and \"Ambition\" in 1987.", "The text mentions that Tommy Shaw's 1985 album \"What If\" did chart and the theme song \"What If (Remo's Theme)\" from the movie Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins entered the Billboard Hot 100. However, it does not provide further details on the overall popularity or success of the \"What If\" album.", "Yes, Dennis DeYoung released several solo albums, including \"Desert Moon\" in 1984, \"Back to the World\" in 1986, and \"Boomchild\" in 1989." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Neutral", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

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[ "How did China respond to the film?", "Was it allowed to be shown in China?", "Where was the film set?", "Is there a time period it was set in?", "What was it about?", "Anything else of note in this section?", "Was it shown in Japan?", "Did it end up being shown in China theatres at all?", "Did the media publish any stories about the movie or controversy?", "Any other articles?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 70 ], [ 1096 ], [ 1121 ], [ 1238 ], [ 1310 ], [ 1877 ], [ 972 ], [ 1498 ], [ 528 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The film received some hostile responses in Mainland China," ], [ "its banning by the People's Republic of China." ], [ "The film is set in Japan" ], [ "during World War II, when the Second Sino-Japanese War was taking place." ], [ "Chinese women to serve as \"comfort women\" for their military personnel." ], [ "Controversy arose in China from an apparent confusion of equating geisha with prostitution," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "considering the film as \"too sensitive\". In doing so, it overturned a November decision to approve the film for screening." ], [ "Newspaper sources, such as the Shanghai-based Oriental Morning Post and the Shanghai Youth Daily, quoted the fears that the film might be banned by censors;" ], [ "Writer Hong Ying argued that \"Art should be above national politics" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 70, 1096, 1121, 1238, 1310, 1877, 972, 1498, 528 ], "texts": [ "The film received some hostile responses in Mainland China,", "its banning by the People's Republic of China.", "The film is set in Japan", "during World War II, when the Second Sino-Japanese War was taking place.", "Chinese women to serve as \"comfort women\" for their military personnel.", "Controversy arose in China from an apparent confusion of equating geisha with prostitution,", "CANNOTANSWER", "considering the film as \"too sensitive\". In doing so, it overturned a November decision to approve the film for screening.", "Newspaper sources, such as the Shanghai-based Oriental Morning Post and the Shanghai Youth Daily, quoted the fears that the film might be banned by censors;", "Writer Hong Ying argued that \"Art should be above national politics" ] }

[]

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[ "what kind of reviews did it get", "what did they have to say about it", "what were the bad reviews", "how did it do in the box office", "how long was it in theaters", "did it win any awards", "any thing else interesting about it", "what year was it relesed", "who was in the movie", "who else", "did they have anything to say about their roles in the film" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 0, 2, 1 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 29 ], [ 65 ], [ 727 ], [ 1029 ], [ 2468 ], [ 2468 ], [ 1068 ], [ 1395 ], [ 1768 ], [ 2049 ], [ 2468 ] ], "texts": [ [ "mixed reviews from western critics." ], [ "Illinois' Daily Herald said that the \"[s]trong acting, meticulously created sets, beautiful visuals, and a compelling story of a celebrity" ], [ "Rotten Tomatoes; the consensus stated \"Less nuanced than its source material," ], [ "$57 million during its box office run." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The film peaked at 1,654 screens, facing off against King Kong, The Chronicles of Narnia, and Fun with Dick and Jane." ], [ "2005." ], [ "Zhang Ziyi," ], [ "Gong Li," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 29, 65, 727, 1029, 2468, 2468, 1068, 1395, 1768, 2049, 2468 ], "texts": [ "mixed reviews from western critics.", "Illinois' Daily Herald said that the \"[s]trong acting, meticulously created sets, beautiful visuals, and a compelling story of a celebrity", "Rotten Tomatoes; the consensus stated \"Less nuanced than its source material,", "$57 million during its box office run.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "The film peaked at 1,654 screens, facing off against King Kong, The Chronicles of Narnia, and Fun with Dick and Jane.", "2005.", "Zhang Ziyi,", "Gong Li,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

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[ "What city did Fraiser end up leaving?", "Why did Fraiser move to Seattle?", "What did Fraisers father do for a living?", "What is the name of the dog on the show?" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2706 ], [ 65 ], [ 2706 ], [ 2706 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Frasier's apartment, Frasier and Martin regularly argue over the living arrangements and each other's personalities:" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2706, 65, 2706, 2706 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "Frasier's apartment, Frasier and Martin regularly argue over the living arrangements and each other's personalities:", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

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[ "Is she still playing Basketball?", "Was she still coaching?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "DId they win the game" ]

[ 1, 1, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2488 ], [ 2488 ], [ 1818 ], [ 1972 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "but the score was 59-37 in the fourth quarter when Rush pulled her starters and the bench players allowed the Queens team to score 15 consecutive points." ], [ "The win completed the first undefeated season in US college women's basketball history," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2488, 2488, 1818, 1972 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "but the score was 59-37 in the fourth quarter when Rush pulled her starters and the bench players allowed the Queens team to score 15 consecutive points.", "The win completed the first undefeated season in US college women's basketball history," ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on whether Rene Portland is still playing basketball.", "The text does not provide information on whether Rene Portland is still coaching.", "The article provides various interesting aspects such as Rene Muth's, later Rene Portland, involvement in each of the championship teams, the introduction of the \"Bucket Brigade\" noise maker, and the unusual attire of the team which included pleated tunics. It also highlights Immaculata's consistent success, with the team going on to win three consecutive championships in 1972, 1973 and 1974. The article also mentions that the 1973 championship win marked the first undefeated season in US college women's basketball history.", "Yes, the Immaculata team won all the games described in this passage. They won first round and quarterfinals games in the 1972-1973 season, and a closely contested semi-final game. They then won the championship game against Queens, and the following year, they won games against Kansas State, Indiana, and William Penn, as well as the final against Mississippi State College for Women." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

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[ "where was he a monarch of", "what time period was this", "what was his religion", "did he have supporters", "who was his critics", "what did he do", "what was he", "when did he die" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 53 ], [ 77 ], [ 989 ], [ 941 ], [ 892 ], [ 2223 ], [ 2160 ], [ 2394 ] ], "texts": [ [ "European" ], [ "Middle Ages." ], [ "Christian" ], [ "sponsored by the popes," ], [ "Modern medievalists" ], [ "enlightened figure ahead of his time" ], [ "\"A Medieval Emperor,\"" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 53, 77, 989, 941, 892, 2223, 2160, 2394 ], "texts": [ "European", "Middle Ages.", "Christian", "sponsored by the popes,", "Modern medievalists", "enlightened figure ahead of his time", "\"A Medieval Emperor,\"", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "Frederick II was a monarch of Sicily and the Holy Roman Empire.", "Frederick II was a monarch during the Middle Ages.", "Frederick II understood himself as a Christian monarch.", "The text does not provide specific information on whether Frederick II had supporters.", "The text does not provide specific information on who were critics of Frederick II.", "Frederick II made extensive concessions to German princes in hopes of securing his base for his Italian projects. This action, however, weakened the political power of the Holy Roman Emperor and delayed the unity of Germany for many centuries. Additionally, he served as a Christian monarch in a way that paralleled a Byzantine emperor, seeing himself as God's \"viceroy\" on earth and ruling under the Kaiser-Idee ideology, which claimed the Holy Roman Emperor as the legitimate successor to the Roman Emperors. He also established a vibrant cultural center in medieval Palermo, with a diverse, polyglot court and administration.", "Frederick II was a European monarch during the Middle Ages and was a significant figure as Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily. He is also noted for his polyglot court and administration in Palermo and the cultural innovation associated with his rule. He viewed himself as a Christian monarch, in the manner of a Byzantine emperor, and as the Holy Roman Emperor, a successor to the Roman Emperors.", "The text does not provide information on when Frederick II died." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "no", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_1_q#0", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_1_q#1", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_1_q#2", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_1_q#3", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_1_q#4", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_1_q#5", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_1_q#6", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_1_q#7", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_1_q#8", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_1_q#9" ]

[ "when was the group formed?", "why did they choose the name Queens of the stone age?", "Where did the name come from?", "what albums did they release?", "did this album have any singles?", "was the song a hit on the charts?", "did they go on tour between 1996 - 1999?", "where did they tour to?", "what other albums did they release during this time?", "did anybody else leave the group?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 169 ], [ 465 ], [ 574 ], [ 1054 ], [ 1115 ], [ 2570 ], [ 2161 ], [ 2570 ], [ 1673 ], [ 2397 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 1996 they released the eponymous Gamma Ray EP, featuring \"Born to Hula\" and \"If Only Everything\" (which would later appear on their self-titled debut as 'If Only')." ], [ "Gamma Ray changed their name in 1997 after the German power metal band Gamma Ray threatened to sue. The name \"Queens of the Stone Age\" came" ], [ "\"Queens of the Stone Age\" came from a nickname given to Kyuss by their producer Chris Goss." ], [ "The first release under the Queens of the Stone Age name was the song \"18 A.D.,\" released on the compilation album Burn One Up!" ], [ "the song \"18 A.D.,\"" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Soon after the recording sessions were finished for the album, former Kyuss bassist Nick Oliveri joined the group, and touring commenced" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Queens of the Stone Age released their self-titled debut in 1998 on Stone Gossard's and Regan Hagar's label Loosegroove Records," ], [ "From this point forward, the band's line-up would change frequently; by the time their second album was being recorded, Hernandez had left the group" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 169, 465, 574, 1054, 1115, 2570, 2161, 2570, 1673, 2397 ], "texts": [ "In 1996 they released the eponymous Gamma Ray EP, featuring \"Born to Hula\" and \"If Only Everything\" (which would later appear on their self-titled debut as 'If Only').", "Gamma Ray changed their name in 1997 after the German power metal band Gamma Ray threatened to sue. The name \"Queens of the Stone Age\" came", "\"Queens of the Stone Age\" came from a nickname given to Kyuss by their producer Chris Goss.", "The first release under the Queens of the Stone Age name was the song \"18 A.D.,\" released on the compilation album Burn One Up!", "the song \"18 A.D.,\"", "CANNOTANSWER", "Soon after the recording sessions were finished for the album, former Kyuss bassist Nick Oliveri joined the group, and touring commenced", "CANNOTANSWER", "Queens of the Stone Age released their self-titled debut in 1998 on Stone Gossard's and Regan Hagar's label Loosegroove Records,", "From this point forward, the band's line-up would change frequently; by the time their second album was being recorded, Hernandez had left the group" ] }

[]

[ "The group was formed in 1996.", "The name \"Queens of the Stone Age\" was chosen because it came from a nickname given to Kyuss by their producer Chris Goss. Josh Homme, the founding member, explained that \"Kings would be too macho. The Kings of the Stone Age wear armor and have axes and wrestle. The Queens of the Stone Age hang out with the Kings of the Stone Age's girlfriends when they wrestle ... Rock should be heavy enough for the boys and sweet enough for the girls. That way everyone's happy and it's more of a party. Kings of the Stone Age is too lopsided.\"", "The name \"Queens of the Stone Age\" came from a nickname given to Kyuss by their producer Chris Goss.", "The albums they released, as stated in the text, are the eponymous Gamma Ray EP in 1996 and the self-titled \"Queens of the Stone Age\" in 1998. They also released a split EP with Kyuss in December 1997, titled \"Kyuss/Queens of the Stone Age\".", "The text does not provide information on whether any singles were released from the \"Queens of the Stone Age\" album.", "The text does not provide information on whether the song \"18 A.D.\" or any other song by Queens of the Stone Age was a hit on the charts.", "Yes, they went on tour soon after the recording sessions were finished for the album, and the touring commenced with a band consisting entirely of ex-Kyuss members. The text, however, does not specify the exact dates of the tour.", "The text does not provide information on where Queens of the Stone Age toured.", "According to the text, the only albums they released during this time were the eponymous Gamma Ray EP in 1996, the self-titled \"Queens of the Stone Age\" in 1998, and a split EP with Kyuss in December 1997, titled \"Kyuss/Queens of the Stone Age\".", "Yes, by the time their second album was being recorded, drummer Alfredo Hernandez had left Queens of the Stone Age to play in other bands." ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "no", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_95b10fd4b2474567acde18498a06f198_1_q#0", "C_95b10fd4b2474567acde18498a06f198_1_q#1", "C_95b10fd4b2474567acde18498a06f198_1_q#2", "C_95b10fd4b2474567acde18498a06f198_1_q#3" ]

[ "When was the seventh seal relased?", "How did it chart?", "Did he have any hits?", "what did this album mean to them?" ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 332 ], [ 2580 ], [ 2229 ], [ 688 ] ], "texts": [ [ "2009;" ], [ "The Seventh Seal received generally mixed or average reviews from most music critics; it holds an aggregate score of 59/100 at Metacritic." ], [ "\"Holy Are You\", which was released on July 14, 2009, and \"Walk These Streets\" which was released on October 7, 2009. It features production from several renowned hip hop artists," ], [ "Seventh Seal deals with that and also some revelations in the Bible." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 332, 2580, 2229, 688 ], "texts": [ "2009;", "The Seventh Seal received generally mixed or average reviews from most music critics; it holds an aggregate score of 59/100 at Metacritic.", "\"Holy Are You\", which was released on July 14, 2009, and \"Walk These Streets\" which was released on October 7, 2009. It features production from several renowned hip hop artists,", "Seventh Seal deals with that and also some revelations in the Bible." ] }

[]

[ "C_95b10fd4b2474567acde18498a06f198_0_q#0", "C_95b10fd4b2474567acde18498a06f198_0_q#1", "C_95b10fd4b2474567acde18498a06f198_0_q#2", "C_95b10fd4b2474567acde18498a06f198_0_q#3" ]

[ "WHO RETAIN THE TRACK OF RAKIM?", "WHO TAKE THE INTERVIEW TO RAKIM?", "WHAT IS A SIGNIFICANT OF SEVEN?", "DID HE RELEASED AN ANOTHER ALBUM?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 820 ], [ 1428 ], [ 1299 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 2011, Rakim performed Paid in Full in its entirety at the Blue Note Jazz Club in New York City, in honor of the album's 25th anniversary." ], [ "In 2014, Rakim is featured on the collaborative single with American rock band Linkin Park," ], [ "\"This is one of those albums where I can have fun. My last album, The Seventh Seal," ], [ "On April 27, 2015, Rakim announced he was working on a new album" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 820, 1428, 1299 ], "texts": [ "In 2011, Rakim performed Paid in Full in its entirety at the Blue Note Jazz Club in New York City, in honor of the album's 25th anniversary.", "In 2014, Rakim is featured on the collaborative single with American rock band Linkin Park,", "\"This is one of those albums where I can have fun. My last album, The Seventh Seal,", "On April 27, 2015, Rakim announced he was working on a new album" ] }

[]

[ "The context does not provide information on who retains the track of Rakim.", "The Detroit Free Press took the interview with Rakim.", "The context does not provide information on the significance of the number seven.", "Yes, the context mentions that Rakim released a solo album at the end of 2012 and he was also working on a new album to release in 2015." ]

[ "No", "No", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_7727c38d9a174ed182bfb63e2f0bbc7e_1_q#0", "C_7727c38d9a174ed182bfb63e2f0bbc7e_1_q#1", "C_7727c38d9a174ed182bfb63e2f0bbc7e_1_q#2", "C_7727c38d9a174ed182bfb63e2f0bbc7e_1_q#3", "C_7727c38d9a174ed182bfb63e2f0bbc7e_1_q#4", "C_7727c38d9a174ed182bfb63e2f0bbc7e_1_q#5", "C_7727c38d9a174ed182bfb63e2f0bbc7e_1_q#6", "C_7727c38d9a174ed182bfb63e2f0bbc7e_1_q#7" ]

[ "What is J-Glam Inc?", "How did J glam inc come to be", "Was his first solo tour a success", "What was the album that his first solo tour was based around", "is there anything else important about this tour", "Was that single a hit?", "Did he have any hits after that one?", "How many copies did that album sell?" ]

[ 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 6725 ], [ 52 ], [ 114 ], [ 6725 ], [ 171 ], [ 191 ], [ 726 ], [ 6725 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "In February he went on his first solo tour, Tokyo Dassou," ], [ "in July additional dates were added in Korea" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "In June his seventh single, \"Ashita, Genki Ni Naare\", was released," ], [ "single," ], [ "another single, \"Freedom Fighters -Icecream wo Motta Hadashi no Megami to," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 6725, 52, 114, 6725, 171, 191, 726, 6725 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "In February he went on his first solo tour, Tokyo Dassou,", "in July additional dates were added in Korea", "CANNOTANSWER", "In June his seventh single, \"Ashita, Genki Ni Naare\", was released,", "single,", "another single, \"Freedom Fighters -Icecream wo Motta Hadashi no Megami to,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "C_7727c38d9a174ed182bfb63e2f0bbc7e_0_q#0", "C_7727c38d9a174ed182bfb63e2f0bbc7e_0_q#1", "C_7727c38d9a174ed182bfb63e2f0bbc7e_0_q#2", "C_7727c38d9a174ed182bfb63e2f0bbc7e_0_q#3", "C_7727c38d9a174ed182bfb63e2f0bbc7e_0_q#4", "C_7727c38d9a174ed182bfb63e2f0bbc7e_0_q#5", "C_7727c38d9a174ed182bfb63e2f0bbc7e_0_q#6" ]

[ "Did he act in the USA?", "What movie was he in?", "was he in any other movies?", "Did he do any music tours during this time?", "Did he sing with any other artists?", "Did he also do tv shows?", "Is there anything else interesting" ]

[ 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2 ]

[ 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2272 ], [ 1207 ], [ 2699 ], [ 2072 ], [ 2632 ], [ 2741 ], [ 794 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Los Angeles," ], [ "Unbroken." ], [ "live video recording from the world tour." ], [ "fourth world tour, \"Slap the World\"," ], [ "Miyavi collaborated with Jam and Lewis and Jeff Blue," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "On February 28, 2013, \"Ahead of the Light\", Miyavi's fourteenth single, was released;" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2272, 1207, 2699, 2072, 2632, 2741, 794 ], "texts": [ "Los Angeles,", "Unbroken.", "live video recording from the world tour.", "fourth world tour, \"Slap the World\",", "Miyavi collaborated with Jam and Lewis and Jeff Blue,", "CANNOTANSWER", "On February 28, 2013, \"Ahead of the Light\", Miyavi's fourteenth single, was released;" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on whether Miyavi acted in the USA.", "Miyavi was in the movie \"Unbroken.\"", "The text does not provide information on whether Miyavi acted in any other movies besides \"Unbroken.\"", "Yes, Miyavi went on a world tour called \"Slap the World\" in 2014.", "Yes, Miyavi collaborated with several artists. He released his thirteenth major single, \"Day 1,\" in collaboration with French electronic producer and DJ, Yuksek. Moreover, his second EP, Samurai Sessions vol.1, featured collaborations with various artists. He also collaborated with Jam and Lewis and Jeff Blue on his single \"Real?\".", "The text does not provide information on Miyavi appearing in any TV shows.", "Some interesting highlights from the text include Miyavi being the only Asian representative at the Main Square Festival in Arras, France, and his venture into professional acting in Angelina Jolie's second feature film as director, \"Unbroken.\" Additionally, his seventh studio album, \"Miyavi,\" was his best-selling album so far, reaching number eight on the Oricon charts. He also created music for \"Top Of The World\" by SMAP, which topped the Oricon singles charts. Additionally, he was nominated for the MTV Europe Music Award for Best Japanese Act in 2013, and won the Best Collaboration category with Yuksek at the MTV Video Music Awards Japan the same year." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "no", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_0_q#0", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_0_q#1", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_0_q#2", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_0_q#3", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_0_q#4", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_0_q#5", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_0_q#6", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_0_q#7", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_0_q#8", "C_6564e566348b494bb59ad6208ccacf97_0_q#9" ]

[ "Why did Oliveri leave?", "Was that true?", "Who did they get to replace him?", "Was Songs for the Deaf an album?", "How well did it do?", "Any other gold hits for the band?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Why was Grohl replaced?", "Who did he get replaced by?", "How many replacements were there during this timespan?" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1457 ], [ 1793 ], [ 2305 ], [ 102 ], [ 805 ], [ 2305 ], [ 1284 ], [ 1290 ], [ 1373 ], [ 2305 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Homme fired Oliveri, as he was convinced that Oliveri had been physically abusive to his girlfriend: \"" ], [ "Oliveri countered in the press that the band had been \"poisoned by hunger for power\" and that without him, they were \"Queens Lite.\"" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "their third album." ], [ "Songs for the Deaf was a critical hit and was certified gold in 2003," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Grohl returned to his other projects and was replaced on" ], [ "returned to his other projects" ], [ "former Danzig drummer Joey Castillo," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1457, 1793, 2305, 102, 805, 2305, 1284, 1290, 1373, 2305 ], "texts": [ "Homme fired Oliveri, as he was convinced that Oliveri had been physically abusive to his girlfriend: \"", "Oliveri countered in the press that the band had been \"poisoned by hunger for power\" and that without him, they were \"Queens Lite.\"", "CANNOTANSWER", "their third album.", "Songs for the Deaf was a critical hit and was certified gold in 2003,", "CANNOTANSWER", "Grohl returned to his other projects and was replaced on", "returned to his other projects", "former Danzig drummer Joey Castillo,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "C_a0c9202af28a481caa86a1e99a911f06_1_q#0", "C_a0c9202af28a481caa86a1e99a911f06_1_q#1", "C_a0c9202af28a481caa86a1e99a911f06_1_q#2", "C_a0c9202af28a481caa86a1e99a911f06_1_q#3", "C_a0c9202af28a481caa86a1e99a911f06_1_q#4" ]

[ "what was the firefly?", "what were some of the early operetta's?", "how did those songs do in the musical?", "what was their greatest accomplishment mentioned in the article?", "which were they?" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 2 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 256 ], [ 1498 ], [ 1846 ], [ 1279 ], [ 1426 ] ], "texts": [ [ "operetta on Broadway by Herbert with lyricist Otto Harbach entitled The Firefly." ], [ "He also contributed songs to a musical in 1915 entitled The Peasant Girl." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "After The Firefly, Friml produced three more operettas that each had longer runs than The Firefly," ], [ "These were High Jinks (1913), Katinka (1915) and You're in Love (1917)." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 256, 1498, 1846, 1279, 1426 ], "texts": [ "operetta on Broadway by Herbert with lyricist Otto Harbach entitled The Firefly.", "He also contributed songs to a musical in 1915 entitled The Peasant Girl.", "CANNOTANSWER", "After The Firefly, Friml produced three more operettas that each had longer runs than The Firefly,", "These were High Jinks (1913), Katinka (1915) and You're in Love (1917)." ] }

[]

[ "The Firefly was a new operetta composed by Friml and lyricist Otto Harbach, featuring Emma Trentini. It opened on Broadway on December 2, 1912 at the Lyric Theatre and later moved to the Casino Theatre where it ran until March 15, 1913.", "Some of the early operettas mentioned in the text are The Firefly, High Jinks, Katinka, and You're in Love.", "The context does not provide information on how individual songs did in the mentioned operettas.", "The context does not specifically state any greatest accomplishment of the figures mentioned. However, it mentions The Firefly as the first theatrical success of Friml, an almost unknown composer before the operetta, and that he subsequently produced three more operettas that each had longer runs than The Firefly.", "The three operettas that Friml produced after The Firefly and each had longer runs than it were High Jinks (1913), Katinka (1915) and You're in Love (1917)." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_a0c9202af28a481caa86a1e99a911f06_0_q#0", "C_a0c9202af28a481caa86a1e99a911f06_0_q#1", "C_a0c9202af28a481caa86a1e99a911f06_0_q#2", "C_a0c9202af28a481caa86a1e99a911f06_0_q#3", "C_a0c9202af28a481caa86a1e99a911f06_0_q#4" ]

[ "What was his greatest piece he released?", "What was it about?", "How did it do?", "Was there another great release?", "When was this released?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 52 ], [ 82 ], [ 212 ], [ 291 ], [ 55 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 1924, he wrote Rose-Marie." ], [ "This operetta, on which Friml collaborated with lyricists Oscar Hammerstein II and Otto Harbach and co-composer Herbert Stothart, was a hit worldwide," ], [ "was a hit worldwide," ], [ "\"The Mounties\" and \"Indian Love Call\"." ], [ "1924," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 52, 82, 212, 291, 55 ], "texts": [ "In 1924, he wrote Rose-Marie.", "This operetta, on which Friml collaborated with lyricists Oscar Hammerstein II and Otto Harbach and co-composer Herbert Stothart, was a hit worldwide,", "was a hit worldwide,", "\"The Mounties\" and \"Indian Love Call\".", "1924," ] }

[]

[ "The context does not provide information on what was Friml's greatest piece he released.", "The context does not provide information about what any specific piece by Friml was about.", "The context does not provide information on how any specific piece by Friml did.", "Friml had several successful releases according to the context, including \"Rose-Marie\" in 1924, \"The Vagabond King\" in 1925 and \"The Three Musketeers\" in 1928. Each of these operettas was a hit.", "\"Rose-Marie\" was released in 1924, \"The Vagabond King\" was released in 1925 and \"The Three Musketeers\" was released in 1928." ]

[ "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_1_q#0", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_1_q#1", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_1_q#2", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_1_q#3", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_1_q#4", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_1_q#5", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_1_q#6", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_1_q#7", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_1_q#8", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_1_q#9" ]

[ "What is Biograph Studios?", "What film was Florence Lawrence in while with Biograph Studios?", "Was Florence Lawrence successful with Biograph Studios?", "what did Florence Lawrence play in the \"Jones\" series?", "What happened as result of Florence Lawrence being in the Jones films?", "What did Florence Lawrence play with John R. Cumpson?", "What was the success of Florence Lawrence's movies?", "Is there anything else I should know about Florence Lawrence during this time?", "Where work came as a result of them writing to the Essanay Company?", "What happened after Lawrence was fired?" ]

[ 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 1 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 116 ], [ 582 ], [ 1777 ], [ 1861 ], [ 1945 ], [ 2047 ], [ 2404 ], [ 2138 ], [ 2277 ], [ 2404 ] ], "texts": [ [ "in a film to be produced by the Biograph Studios under the direction of D.W. Griffith." ], [ "Lawrence managed to convince Solter and Griffith that she was the best suited for the starring role in The Girl and the Outlaw." ], [ "She achieved great popularity in the \"Jones\" series, filmdom's first comedy series, in which she played" ], [ "in which she played Mrs. Jones in around a dozen films. More popular still were the" ], [ "dramatic love stories in which she co-starred with John R. Cumpson, as Mr. Jones, and Arthur Johnson. The two played husband and" ], [ "The two played husband and wife in The Ingrate, and the adulterous lovers in Resurrection." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Lawrence and Solter began to look elsewhere for work, writing to the Essanay Company to offer their services as leading lady and director." ], [ "Rather than accepting this offer, however, Essanay reported the offer to Biograph's head office, and they were promptly fired." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 116, 582, 1777, 1861, 1945, 2047, 2404, 2138, 2277, 2404 ], "texts": [ "in a film to be produced by the Biograph Studios under the direction of D.W. Griffith.", "Lawrence managed to convince Solter and Griffith that she was the best suited for the starring role in The Girl and the Outlaw.", "She achieved great popularity in the \"Jones\" series, filmdom's first comedy series, in which she played", "in which she played Mrs. Jones in around a dozen films. More popular still were the", "dramatic love stories in which she co-starred with John R. Cumpson, as Mr. Jones, and Arthur Johnson. The two played husband and", "The two played husband and wife in The Ingrate, and the adulterous lovers in Resurrection.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Lawrence and Solter began to look elsewhere for work, writing to the Essanay Company to offer their services as leading lady and director.", "Rather than accepting this offer, however, Essanay reported the offer to Biograph's head office, and they were promptly fired.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "Biograph Studios is a film production company where D.W. Griffith, a prominent producer-director, worked. It's the studio that produced films in which Florence Lawrence starred.", "Florence Lawrence starred in several films while with Biograph Studios, including The Girl and the Outlaw, Betrayed by a Handprint, The Red Girl, Resurrection, and the \"Jones\" series. She also played parts in most of the 60 films directed by Griffith in 1908.", "Yes, Florence Lawrence was successful with Biograph Studios. She had parts in most of the 60 films directed by Griffith in 1908, including roles in The Girl and the Outlaw, Betrayed by a Handprint, The Red Girl, and Resurrection, among others. She also achieved great popularity through the \"Jones\" series in which she played Mrs. Jones. However, despite her wide recognition and success, Biograph Studios didn't publicly announce her name due to policies of the time, leading fans to call her \"The Biograph Girl\".", "Florence Lawrence played the character Mrs. Jones in the \"Jones\" series.", "The context does not provide specific information about what happened as a result of Florence Lawrence being in the \"Jones\" series films.", "Florence Lawrence played in dramatic love stories with John R. Cumpson. They portrayed husband and wife in the film \"The Ingrate\" and adulterous lovers in \"Resurrection.\"", "Florence Lawrence had success with several films at Biograph Studios, including \"The Girl and the Outlaw\". She also gained popularity for her role as Mrs. Jones in the \"Jones\" series, as well as for her performances in dramatic love stories alongside John R. Cumpson and Arthur Johnson. Specifically, after starring in the highly successful film \"Resurrection\", she gained widespread recognition and her fans referred to her as \"The Biograph Girl\".", "During this time at Biograph Studios, Florence Lawrence was initially paid $20 per week at Vitagraph Company and had to work also as a costume seamstress in addition to her acting role. D.W. Griffith offered her a job, where she solely focused on acting and was paid $25 a week. Her demand to be paid by the week rather than daily was eventually met at Biograph and she received double the normal rate. However, as silent screen actors were not credited by the studios during cinema's formative years, Lawrence's name was never publicized, this was a strategy to avoid fame led demands for higher wages. After achieving recognition and success, she and her husband Harry Solter sought to change employment, writing to Essanay Company to offer their services as leading lady and director. However, their actions led to them being fired by Biograph Studios after Essanay reported their offer to Biograph.", "Rather than finding work as a result of writing to the Essanay Company, Florence Lawrence and Harry Solter were fired from Biograph Studios. The Essanay Company reported their offer to Biograph's head office which led to their termination.", "The text does not provide information on what happened after Florence Lawrence was fired from Biograph Studios." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_0_q#0", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_0_q#1", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_0_q#2", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_0_q#3", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_0_q#4", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_0_q#5", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_0_q#6", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_0_q#7", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_0_q#8", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_0_q#9", "C_f5a9d693c2d9497ca80e87a24846c50b_0_q#10" ]

[ "how did her career with this company begin?", "what were her achievements in this company", "what more is know about the star system?", "did this publicity stunt lead to any positive consequenxe?", "did this popularity lead to greater success?", "how?", "did she demand a wage increase?", "what else she did for this IMP?", "what happened after that?", "what followed this vacation work wise?", "headed by whom?" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 31 ], [ 1331 ], [ 467 ], [ 1362 ], [ 1418 ], [ 2519 ], [ 1427 ], [ 1718 ], [ 1804 ], [ 1838 ], [ 1906 ] ], "texts": [ [ "\" Lawrence and Solter in 1909 were able to join the Independent Moving Pictures Company of America (IMP)." ], [ "the \"star system\" was born" ], [ "publicity stunt by starting a rumor" ], [ "before long, Florence Lawrence became a household name." ], [ "However, her fame also proved that the studio executives who had concerns over wage demands soon had their fears proved correct." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "her fame also proved that the studio executives who had concerns over wage demands soon had their fears proved correct." ], [ "Lawrence and Solter worked for IMP for eleven months, making fifty films. After" ], [ "they went on vacation in Europe." ], [ "When they returned to the United States, they joined a film company headed" ], [ "headed by Siegmund Lubin, described" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 31, 1331, 467, 1362, 1418, 2519, 1427, 1718, 1804, 1838, 1906 ], "texts": [ "\" Lawrence and Solter in 1909 were able to join the Independent Moving Pictures Company of America (IMP).", "the \"star system\" was born", "publicity stunt by starting a rumor", "before long, Florence Lawrence became a household name.", "However, her fame also proved that the studio executives who had concerns over wage demands soon had their fears proved correct.", "CANNOTANSWER", "her fame also proved that the studio executives who had concerns over wage demands soon had their fears proved correct.", "Lawrence and Solter worked for IMP for eleven months, making fifty films. After", "they went on vacation in Europe.", "When they returned to the United States, they joined a film company headed", "headed by Siegmund Lubin, described" ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "Florence Lawrence's career with the Independent Moving Pictures Company of America (IMP) began after Carl Laemmle, the founder of IMP, lured her away from Biograph by promising her a marquee. First, he organized a publicity stunt by falsely claiming that she had died in a streetcar accident in New York City. After gaining significant media attention, he published ads in newspapers declaring Lawrence was still alive, was well, and was making a new movie called The Broken Oath for IMP that was to be directed by Solter. This made Lawrence one of the first performers to be identified by name by her studio and helped her become a household name.", "During her time at the Independent Moving Pictures Company of America (IMP), Florence Lawrence starred in fifty films over the course of eleven months. Thanks to a publicity stunt orchestrated by IMP's founder, Carl Laemmle, she became one of the first performers to be identified by name by her studio. As a result, she attained significant fame and became a household name, establishing the \"star system\" in the process. Despite facing opposition from the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), IMP survived and thrived largely due to Florence Lawrence's popularity.", "The context does not provide more information about the \"star system\".", "Yes, the publicity stunt led to several positive consequences. It not only made Florence Lawrence a household name, but it also established the \"star system,\" where performers were publicly identified and promoted by their studios. Additionally, despite facing strong opposition from the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), IMP managed to survive and flourish largely due to Lawrence's popularity, which was significantly boosted by the publicity stunt.", "The context suggests that Florence Lawrence's popularity did lead to greater success, both for her and the Independent Moving Pictures Company of America (IMP). Specifically, it cites that IMP managed to survive and prosper largely due to Lawrence's popularity. However, the text does not provide specific details about the tangible metrics of this success, such as box office earnings or award wins.", "Florence Lawrence's popularity, fuelled by the publicity stunt, drew in audiences and helped the Independent Moving Pictures Company of America (IMP) maintain its operations and thrive despite not being part of the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC). This created a greater demand for IMP films, which likely led to an increase in revenue and further productions. It also set precedence for the \"star system\" in Hollywood, making actors themselves a major draw for audiences.", "The context doesn't explicitly state that Florence Lawrence demanded a wage increase. However, it does imply that her fame and popularity caused studio executives who had previously expressed concerns about wage demands to feel those concerns were justified, suggesting that higher wages might have been a consequence of her stardom.", "In addition to starring in fifty films for the Independent Moving Pictures Company of America (IMP), Florence Lawrence also made a personal appearance in St. Louis, Missouri in March 1910. This was to reassure her fans that she was alive, following a publicity stunt circulated by the company's founder, Carl Laemmle, that falsely claimed she had been killed. The stunt, along with the subsequent appearance, significantly contributed to boosting Lawrence's fame and establishing the \"star system\" in Hollywood.", "After working for the Independent Moving Pictures Company of America (IMP) for eleven months and making fifty films, Florence Lawrence and Solter went on a vacation to Europe. Upon their return to the United States, they joined a film company headed by Siegmund Lubin. There, Lawrence teamed up with Arthur Johnson to create 48 films under Lubin's direction.", "After their vacation to Europe, Florence Lawrence and Solter returned to the United States and joined a film company headed by Siegmund Lubin. There, she once again teamed up with Arthur Johnson, and together they made 48 films under Lubin's direction.", "The film company they joined after their vacation was headed by Siegmund Lubin." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "Which year Cabral prepared for war for independence?", "How did he plan his movement?", "How much resistance he faced?", "What he did for the war for independence?", "Did he peruse more strategies?", "How the war of independence ended?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "What other strategies he took?" ]

[ 0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 362 ], [ 1893 ], [ 1010 ], [ 1238 ], [ 1893 ], [ 619 ], [ 1563 ] ], "texts": [ [ "From 1963 to his assassination in 1973, Cabral led the PAIGC's guerrilla movement (in Portuguese Guinea) against the Portuguese government," ], [ "as the movement captured territory from the Portuguese, Cabral became the de facto leader of a large portion of what became Guinea-Bissau." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "he taught his troops to teach local crop growers better farming techniques, so that they could increase productivity and be able to feed their own family and tribe," ], [ "When not fighting, PAIGC soldiers would till and plow the fields alongside the local population." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Cabral trained his lieutenants through various techniques, including mock conversations to provide them with effective communication skills" ], [ "set up a roving hospital and triage station to give medical care to wounded PAIGC soldiers and quality-of-life care to the larger populace," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 362, 1893, 1010, 1238, 1893, 619, 1563 ], "texts": [ "From 1963 to his assassination in 1973, Cabral led the PAIGC's guerrilla movement (in Portuguese Guinea) against the Portuguese government,", "as the movement captured territory from the Portuguese, Cabral became the de facto leader of a large portion of what became Guinea-Bissau.", "CANNOTANSWER", "he taught his troops to teach local crop growers better farming techniques, so that they could increase productivity and be able to feed their own family and tribe,", "When not fighting, PAIGC soldiers would till and plow the fields alongside the local population.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Cabral trained his lieutenants through various techniques, including mock conversations to provide them with effective communication skills", "set up a roving hospital and triage station to give medical care to wounded PAIGC soldiers and quality-of-life care to the larger populace," ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide a specific year when Cabral prepared for the war for independence.", "Cabral planned his movement by setting up training camps in Ghana, where he trained his lieutenants in effective communication skills. His goal was to mobilize Guinean tribal chiefs to support the PAIGC. He also realized the importance of sustainability, teaching his troops, all of whom were agronomists, to live off the land and increase productivity so they could feed themselves and their communities. He implemented a trade-and-barter bazaar system that provided goods at lower prices compared to colonial stores. During the war, he also established a roving hospital and triage station to provide medical care to his soldiers and the populace, using medical supplies from the USSR and Sweden.", "The text does not provide specific details about the amount of resistance Cabral faced. However, it mentions that the bazaars and triage stations set up by Cabral came under frequent attack from Portuguese regime forces.", "Cabral led the PAIGC's guerrilla movement against the Portuguese government from 1963 until his assassination in 1973. The goal of this movement was to gain independence for both Portuguese Guinea and Cape Verde. Cabral set up training camps in Ghana where he taught his lieutenants effective communication skills to mobilize Guinean tribal chiefs for supporting the PAIGC. As an agronomist, he taught his troops to teach the local crop growers better farming techniques to increase productivity. He also set up a trade-and-barter bazaar system to provide staple goods at lower prices. During the war, he set up a roving hospital and triage station for wounded PAIGC soldiers and quality-of-life care for the larger populace. These strategies made Cabral and his movement one of the most successful wars of independence in modern African history.", "The text mentions several strategies Cabral pursued: setting up training camps for his lieutenants in Ghana; teaching them to live off the land and increase productivity; establishing a trade-and-barter bazaar system to deliver goods to the countryside at lower prices; and setting up a roving hospital and triage station to provide medical care. However, the text does not specify if he pursued more strategies beyond these.", "The text does not provide information on how the war of independence ended.", "The text does not provide specific additional interesting aspects beyond the information already discussed about Amilcar Cabral's leadership of the PAIGC, his training strategies, the establishment of a trade-and-barter system, and the creation of a roving hospital and triage station during the war of independence.", "The text does not provide information on any other strategies taken by Cabral beyond the ones mentioned: training his lieutenants in Ghana, teaching them to live off the land and increase productivity, establishing a trade-and-barter bazaar system, and setting up a roving hospital and triage station during the war of independence." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

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[ "what was the 1st life performance", "what year did they tour", "what type of music do they make", "who did they have connections with in the music world", "who is someone they made music with", "any other groups or bands they have connections with", "who did they look up to", "what time period did they begin to get big" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 152 ], [ 249 ], [ 0 ], [ 2002 ], [ 2198 ], [ 2293 ], [ 2293 ], [ 225 ] ], "texts": [ [ "spanned their Head Trauma (1987-1988)," ], [ "1992" ], [ "Skinny Puppy is noted for theatrical and controversial live performances which blend performance art with music," ], [ "Though Ogre and Key have remained the only constant members of Skinny Puppy's live act since the death of Dwayne Goettel," ], [ "They include drummer Justin Bennett, guitarist William Morrison, and guitarist Matthew Setzer." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "1990" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 152, 249, 0, 2002, 2198, 2293, 2293, 225 ], "texts": [ "spanned their Head Trauma (1987-1988),", "1992", "Skinny Puppy is noted for theatrical and controversial live performances which blend performance art with music,", "Though Ogre and Key have remained the only constant members of Skinny Puppy's live act since the death of Dwayne Goettel,", "They include drummer Justin Bennett, guitarist William Morrison, and guitarist Matthew Setzer.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "1990" ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

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[ "What were their greatest influencer?", "Did they have any person who influenced them?", "How did they influence them?", "Did she preform with anyone?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Can you tell me more about the contributions?", "Where there any other influencers?", "what is KMFDM?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 130 ], [ 506 ], [ 802 ], [ 1653 ], [ 1583 ], [ 1860 ], [ 1673 ], [ 1995 ] ], "texts": [ [ "industrial and electronic music" ], [ "Nine Inch Nails" ], [ "on her music," ], [ "DJ Josh Wink," ], [ "contributions from a wide array of musicians" ], [ "Wayne Static of Static-X provided drums and backup vocals, respectively, for the song \"Use Less\" from The Greater Wrong of the Right." ], [ "KMFDM" ], [ "Ogre worked with KMFDM on several occasions, touring with them" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 130, 506, 802, 1653, 1583, 1860, 1673, 1995 ], "texts": [ "industrial and electronic music", "Nine Inch Nails", "on her music,", "DJ Josh Wink,", "contributions from a wide array of musicians", "Wayne Static of Static-X provided drums and backup vocals, respectively, for the song \"Use Less\" from The Greater Wrong of the Right.", "KMFDM", "Ogre worked with KMFDM on several occasions, touring with them" ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "The context does not provide information on who Skinny Puppy's greatest influencers were.", "The context does not provide information on specific individuals or groups that influenced Skinny Puppy.", "The context does not provide specific information on how Skinny Puppy influenced other artists. However, it is mentioned that their unique sound and live performance style, and their pioneering work in industrial rock and electro-industrial genres, inspired other bands. The song \"Dig It\" in particular inspired the very first Nine Inch Nails track. Other artists have also mentioned Skinny Puppy as an influence on their music.", "The context does not specify a female artist performing with Skinny Puppy.", "The context mentions several interesting aspects about Skinny Puppy. They are recognized as pioneers of industrial rock and electro-industrial and have a considerable influence on the said genres and electronic music. Despite little mainstream airplay, they have charted in North America and Europe. Their music has been used in several film soundtracks, and the band even had a brief role in a movie. Artists ranging from Nine Inch Nails to Grimes cite them as an influence, and they were recognized with a tribute album. Additionally, they collaborated with various artists in their remix album, and members of the band collaborated with other music projects and artists too.", "As part of Skinny Puppy's remix album 'Remix Dystemper', a range of musicians contributed to their work. These included electronic music DJ Josh Wink, Guru, KMFDM, Deftones, and former Nine Inch Nails drummer Chris Vrenna. Chris Vrenna's solo project, Tweaker, also opened for Skinny Puppy during their 2004 North American tour. Danny Carey from Tool and Wayne Static of Static-X contributed drums and backup vocals, respectively, for the song \"Use Less\" from the album 'The Greater Wrong of the Right'. The singer of Skinny Puppy, Ogre, worked with KMFDM, providing vocals on multiple songs, and also toured with them. Skinny Puppy also remixed the Motley Crue song 'Hooligan's Holiday'.", "The context does not provide information on any other influencers of Skinny Puppy.", "The context does not provide specific information on what KMFDM is. However, it is mentioned that Ogre, a member of Skinny Puppy, has worked with and toured with KMFDM." ]

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[ "when was it created?", "how was it created?", "what genre was that?", "did he have any other influences?", "what was special about the conception?", "test of social what?", "what label did he go with?", "did he produce an album?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "was the album successful?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ 247, 252, 176, 2615, 2047, 2169, 2479, 2214, 2504, 2615 ], "texts": [ "(1959),", "), Charles was influenced by the genre in his youth, stating that he \"used to play piano in a hillbilly band\"", "country music", "CANNOTANSWER", "meant more to Charles as a test of his record label's faith in him and respect for his artistic freedom than as a test of social", "social tolerance among listeners amid racial distinctions of country and R&B.", "his own Tangerine label,", "distinctions of country and R&B. Fueled by his esteem for creative control, Charles pitched the idea of a country album to ABC representatives.", "Charles prepared his band for the recording sessions that produced Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "The text does not provide specific information on when \"it\" was created.", "The text does not provide specific information on how \"it\" was created.", "Ray Charles' album \"Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music\" which he worked on in 1961, during a period of racial segregation and tension in the United States, was of country music genre. He had integrated his brassy R&B sound with the more middle of the road, pop-oriented style and performed in the presence of a big band ensemble. This was a crossover ambition from his previous works.", "Yes, Ray Charles had multiple influences in his music. Apart from being influenced by country music from his youth, he had also fused blues with gospel and jazz influences in his earlier Atlantic material. His acclaimed studio effort \"The Genius of Ray Charles\" showcased his jazz and pop crossover ambitions. Charles also explored a more middle of the road, pop-oriented style while performing with a big band ensemble.", "The special thing about the conception of \"Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music\" was that Ray Charles proposed to make a \"single-less concept album\". This approach went against the popular trend of producing commercially successful singles. Despite the racial segregation and tensions in the United States during the period, with the genre of country music being racially marked, he proposed an album of country music. This decision drew negative reactions from his peers, including other R&B musicians and ABC-Paramount executives, but Charles saw it as a test of his record label's faith in him and respect for his artistic freedom. He successfully pitched the concept to ABC representatives which, following contract negotiations, led to the creation of this album.", "Charles saw his country album as a test of social tolerance among listeners amid the racial distinctions of country and R&B music.", "Ray Charles went with ABC-Paramount label and also launched his own label called Tangerine.", "Yes, Ray Charles produced an album titled \"Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music\".", "The article highlighted that, despite controversy and pushback due to the racial segregation and tension in the United States at the time, Ray Charles decided to experiment with the country music genre. This artistically bold move was not just a shift from his previous blues, gospel, and jazz influences, but also reflected his belief as a musician in his own creative freedom and the ability to cross music genre boundaries. Another interesting aspect was the initiation of his own record label, Tangerine, linked to his contract renewal with ABC-Paramount.", "The text does not provide information on whether the album \"Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music\" was successful or not." ]

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[ "What was recording like", "What was the name of the album", "Did it hit the billboards", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "What else was he known for", "What was his western music like", "How did they react", "Did he have any albums", "When did the album come out", "What else stood out in this article" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 221 ], [ 1096 ], [ 2196 ], [ 1018 ], [ 1304 ], [ 1890 ], [ 2038 ], [ 1096 ], [ 2196 ], [ 665 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The recording sessions for the album took place at three sessions in mid-February 1962." ], [ "Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Feller amassed around 250 songs on tape for Charles to consider recording for Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music." ], [ "While his selections provided the album's country and western foundation, the musical arrangements represented its contemporary influence." ], [ "Charles would put together voice-and-piano demos and pass them along to the arrangers, informing them of what he wanted to do with specific sounds." ], [ "According to Feller, at one point during recording, Charles rewrote an entire botched arrangement and dictated the parts to each of the 18 backing musicians." ], [ "Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Charles asked Feller, his newly appointed A&R (Artists and Repertoire) man, to research top country standards through major country music publishers." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 221, 1096, 2196, 1018, 1304, 1890, 2038, 1096, 2196, 665 ], "texts": [ "The recording sessions for the album took place at three sessions in mid-February 1962.", "Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Feller amassed around 250 songs on tape for Charles to consider recording for Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music.", "While his selections provided the album's country and western foundation, the musical arrangements represented its contemporary influence.", "Charles would put together voice-and-piano demos and pass them along to the arrangers, informing them of what he wanted to do with specific sounds.", "According to Feller, at one point during recording, Charles rewrote an entire botched arrangement and dictated the parts to each of the 18 backing musicians.", "Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Charles asked Feller, his newly appointed A&R (Artists and Repertoire) man, to research top country standards through major country music publishers." ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "for the album \"Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music\"?\n\nAnswer: The recording for the album \"Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music\" took place in three sessions in mid-February 1962 in New York and Hollywood. The title of the album and the songs to be recorded were selected by producer Sid Feller and Ray Charles. Feller collected around 250 songs from major country music publishers for Charles to consider and sent these to him in California. The musical arrangements for the album were made by jazz arrangers Gerald Wilson, Gil Fuller, and Marty Paich, but Charles wanted to control the artistic direction of the recordings and would even dictate specific parts to the backing musicians.", "The name of the album was \"Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music.\"", "The text does not provide information on whether the album \"Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music\" hit the billboards.", "The text provides insight into the process of creating the album \"Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music.\" One interesting aspect is that Ray Charles requested his producer, Sid Feller, to research top country standards for him to consider, instead of just drawing from his own knowledge of country music. Feller ended up collecting around 250 songs for Charles to choose from. Additionally, it's notable that Charles was not only involved in the song selection process but also in the artistic direction of the album's recording, even going so far as dictating specific parts to the backing musicians. Another interesting aspect is the blend of styles in the album, with Charles enlisting jazz arrangers for the contemporary influence, even though it's a country and western album.", "The text does not provide information on what else Ray Charles was known for.", "The text does not provide specific information on what Ray Charles' western music was like.", "The text does not provide information on how anyone reacted to something.", "Yes, Ray Charles had albums. The text mentions \"Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music\" as one of his albums, noting that it was the 18th LP he had recorded.", "The text does not provide information on when the album \"Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music\" came out.", "Apart from the detailed description of the creation process for the album \"Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music,\" what also stands out in this article is the unusual method Ray Charles used to select the country standards for the album, with Sid Feller amassing around 250 potential songs from major country music publishers for Charles to consider. Another noteworthy point is Charles' hands-on approach to the musical arrangements and recordings, as he often specified what he wanted to be emphasized in certain songs and even rewrote an entire arrangement during one recording session." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "when did they join Megaforce", "What album did they release with them", "When was it released", "was it a success", "what hit is in the album", "Is there any other album released with them", "Any hit in the album", "was it a success" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 86 ], [ 0 ], [ 83 ], [ 92 ], [ 233 ], [ 494 ], [ 928 ], [ 569 ] ], "texts": [ [ "1988." ], [ "The group released its debut album as King's X, entitled Out of the Silent Planet," ], [ "in 1988." ], [ "Despite being hailed by music critics, the album did not fare well commercially, peaking at No. 144 on the Billboard album charts." ], [ "\"King\" and \"Shot of Love\"" ], [ "the band released Gretchen Goes to Nebraska. Considered by many fans to be their landmark album" ], [ "\"Summerland\", \"Mission\", and \"The Burning Down\"." ], [ "their landmark album and most creative period, the album fared only slightly better" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 86, 0, 83, 92, 233, 494, 928, 569 ], "texts": [ "1988.", "The group released its debut album as King's X, entitled Out of the Silent Planet,", "in 1988.", "Despite being hailed by music critics, the album did not fare well commercially, peaking at No. 144 on the Billboard album charts.", "\"King\" and \"Shot of Love\"", "the band released Gretchen Goes to Nebraska. Considered by many fans to be their landmark album", "\"Summerland\", \"Mission\", and \"The Burning Down\".", "their landmark album and most creative period, the album fared only slightly better" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on when the group joined Megaforce.", "The text does not provide information on what album the group released with Megaforce.", "The text does not provide information on when an album was released with Megaforce.", "The text does not provide information on whether an album released with Megaforce was a success.", "The text does not provide information on any hits from an album released with Megaforce.", "The text does not provide information on any albums released with Megaforce.", "The text does not provide information on any hits from an album released with Megaforce.", "The text does not provide information on whether an album released with Megaforce was a success." ]

[ "no", "no", "no", "no", "No", "no", "No", "no" ]

[ "C_0b2ae363299f4f7cab10748322d58027_0_q#0", "C_0b2ae363299f4f7cab10748322d58027_0_q#1", "C_0b2ae363299f4f7cab10748322d58027_0_q#2", "C_0b2ae363299f4f7cab10748322d58027_0_q#3", "C_0b2ae363299f4f7cab10748322d58027_0_q#4", "C_0b2ae363299f4f7cab10748322d58027_0_q#5", "C_0b2ae363299f4f7cab10748322d58027_0_q#6", "C_0b2ae363299f4f7cab10748322d58027_0_q#7" ]

[ "What was something that happened in the Atlantic Era?", "when was it released?", "What were some of the songs on the album?", "What else can you tell me about the atlantic era?", "Was this release successful?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "why did they part ways?", "Did they have any other albums?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 116 ], [ 2565 ], [ 2175 ], [ 2329 ], [ 530 ], [ 604 ], [ 442 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The band was moved up to Megaforce's parent label Atlantic Records for the release of their fourth album," ], [ "in early 1992." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The band's third release under Atlantic, 1996's Ear Candy, would also be their last for the label (" ], [ "). Although it sold to the band's sizeable core following, it lacked the relative mainstream success of previous efforts." ], [ "Not long after the release of King's X, the band parted ways with Taylor." ], [ "The details of the split were not made public," ], [ "\"Black Flag" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 116, 2565, 2175, 2329, 530, 604, 442 ], "texts": [ "The band was moved up to Megaforce's parent label Atlantic Records for the release of their fourth album,", "in early 1992.", "CANNOTANSWER", "The band's third release under Atlantic, 1996's Ear Candy, would also be their last for the label (", "). Although it sold to the band's sizeable core following, it lacked the relative mainstream success of previous efforts.", "Not long after the release of King's X, the band parted ways with Taylor.", "The details of the split were not made public,", "\"Black Flag" ] }

[]

[ "In the Atlantic Era, the band King's X moved from Megaforce to Atlantic Records and released their fourth album, King's X, in 1992. During this period they also parted ways with Taylor, took a year break, and changed their sound in search of new styles. They returned and released the album Dogman in 1994, which was promoted heavily by Atlantic Records. Despite this, the album did not sell as well as hoped. Their third and final release under Atlantic was the 1996 album Ear Candy, which also did not achieve mainstream success.", "The album \"Ear Candy\" was released in 1996.", "The text does not provide information on the specific songs that were included on the album \"Ear Candy\" by King's X.", "During the Atlantic Era, King's X underwent several significant changes. After transitioning from the parent label Megaforce, their music style became darker and more introspective, which did not resonate as well with their audience resulting in fewer sales compared to their previous album, Faith, Hope, Love. This culminated in them parting ways with Taylor. After a year off, they returned seeking a new sound, enlisting the help of producer Brendan O'Brien and produced a heavier sound with their album Dogman in 1994. Despite a significant promotional effort by Atlantic, and touring with notable bands like Pearl Jam and Motley Crue, the album did not meet the sales expectations. Their final album with Atlantic, Ear Candy in 1996, also did not achieve mainstream success, and the band's relationship with the label ended shortly after.", "The album \"Ear Candy\" did not achieve mainstream success. It sold to the band's sizable core following, but it was soon out of print and seemed to indicate that the group's chance for commercial success had passed.", "One interesting aspect of this article is the influence of the band on the grunge genre, with Pearl Jam's bassist Jeff Ament stating that \"King's X invented grunge,\" despite their style being different from typical grunge music. Additionally, during this time, band members pursued non-musical interests such as guitarist Ty Tabor, who took up semi-professional motocross motorcycle racing. Despite their lack of mainstream success and changes in their music style, the band also toured with major bands like Scorpions, Pearl Jam, Motley Crue, and Type O Negative, highlighting their relevance in the music industry.", "The band King's X parted ways with Taylor due to rising tensions and his admission later in 1996 that his company Wilde Silas MusicWorks was growing and he was no longer able to give King's X the attention they deserved. The specific details of the split, however, were not made public.", "The text mentions three albums released by King's X during the Atlantic Era - their fourth album \"King's X\", \"Dogman\" in 1994, and \"Ear Candy\" in 1996. Additionally, it mentions their previous album, \"Faith, Hope, Love\". However, the text does not provide information on any other albums released by the band." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "no" ]

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[ "Who were the Traveling Wilburys?", "What did the Traveling Wilburys do?", "How did the album do?", "When did Tom break into a solo career?", "What is known about his solo career?" ]

[ 1, 2, 1, 1, 2 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 9 ], [ 274 ], [ 2120 ], [ 2120 ], [ 1642 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Petty joined George Harrison's group, the Traveling Wilburys, which also included Bob Dylan, Roy Orbison, and Jeff Lynne." ], [ "the group decided to record a full album," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Before leaving MCA Records, Petty and the Heartbreakers got together to record, live in the studio, two new songs for a Greatest Hits package: \"Mary Jane's Last Dance\"" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 9, 274, 2120, 2120, 1642 ], "texts": [ "Petty joined George Harrison's group, the Traveling Wilburys, which also included Bob Dylan, Roy Orbison, and Jeff Lynne.", "the group decided to record a full album,", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "Before leaving MCA Records, Petty and the Heartbreakers got together to record, live in the studio, two new songs for a Greatest Hits package: \"Mary Jane's Last Dance\"" ] }

[]

[ "The Traveling Wilburys were a group formed by George Harrison. The group included Tom Petty, George Harrison, Bob Dylan, Roy Orbison, and Jeff Lynne.", "The Traveling Wilburys were a band that recorded music together. Their first song \"Handle with Care\" was initially intended to be a B-side for one of Harrison's singles but it was considered too good for that and led to the group recording a full album. They went on to record two albums together: Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 and Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3. Tom Petty incorporated their songs into his live shows.", "The context does not provide information on how the albums by the Traveling Wilburys performed commercially or critically.", "Tom Petty released his first solo album, Full Moon Fever, in 1989. Several other musicians, including Heartbreakers and fellow Traveling Wilbury members, also participated in the album.", "Tom Petty's solo career, as mentioned in the text, began in 1989 with the release of Full Moon Fever. This album featured hits such as \"I Won't Back Down\", \"Free Fallin'\" and \"Runnin' Down a Dream\". Several Heartbreakers and well-known musicians participated in the album, including Mike Campbell, who co-produced the album with Petty and Jeff Lynne. Petty also incorporated songs from his group Traveling Wilburys into his live shows." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_ea9b4bb89da44a56876196b3bb97af3f_0_q#0", "C_ea9b4bb89da44a56876196b3bb97af3f_0_q#1", "C_ea9b4bb89da44a56876196b3bb97af3f_0_q#2", "C_ea9b4bb89da44a56876196b3bb97af3f_0_q#3", "C_ea9b4bb89da44a56876196b3bb97af3f_0_q#4", "C_ea9b4bb89da44a56876196b3bb97af3f_0_q#5", "C_ea9b4bb89da44a56876196b3bb97af3f_0_q#6", "C_ea9b4bb89da44a56876196b3bb97af3f_0_q#7" ]

[ "What does \"Jahero\" refer to?", "Was Jahero successful?", "What was Rosie Radio?", "Did anyone else appear on the radio show?", "Was Rosie Radio successful?", "To what does \"Love, Loss, and What I Wore\" refer?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Who else was in \"America\"?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 747 ], [ 1872 ], [ 2000 ], [ 2102 ], [ 1788 ], [ 1529 ], [ 2137 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In March 2007, O'Donnell started a video blog, Jahero, on her website Rosie.com answering fans questions, giving behind the scenes information and serving as a video diary." ], [ "It became so popular that O'Donnell and her creative team considered an \"on the road\" version of the video blog" ], [ "In November 2009 ,\"Rosie Radio\", a daily two-hour show with O'Donnell discussing news and events on Sirius XM Radio, premiered." ], [ "O'Donnell said she was approached by the company after she appeared on Howard Stern's Sirius XM show." ], [ "The radio show ended in June 2011." ], [ "In October 2009, she appeared in the original cast of Love, Loss, and What I Wore." ], [ "O'Donnell starred in and executive produced America, a Lifetime channel original movie in which she plays the therapist" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 747, 1872, 2000, 2102, 1788, 1529, 2137 ], "texts": [ "In March 2007, O'Donnell started a video blog, Jahero, on her website Rosie.com answering fans questions, giving behind the scenes information and serving as a video diary.", "It became so popular that O'Donnell and her creative team considered an \"on the road\" version of the video blog", "In November 2009 ,\"Rosie Radio\", a daily two-hour show with O'Donnell discussing news and events on Sirius XM Radio, premiered.", "O'Donnell said she was approached by the company after she appeared on Howard Stern's Sirius XM show.", "The radio show ended in June 2011.", "In October 2009, she appeared in the original cast of Love, Loss, and What I Wore.", "O'Donnell starred in and executive produced America, a Lifetime channel original movie in which she plays the therapist", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "\"Jahero\" refers to a video blog that O'Donnell started on her website Rosie.com in 2007. It served as a platform for answering fan questions, giving behind-the-scenes information, and acting as a video diary. The name Jahero is composed of the first two letters of each of the first names of O'Donnell, her hair and make-up artist Helene Macaulay, and her writer from The Rosie O'Donnell Show, Janette Barber.", "Yes, Jahero was successful. It became so popular that O'Donnell and her creative team considered creating an \"on the road\" version of the video blog using fan-submitted suggestions. Additionally, O'Donnell won the title for \"best celebrity blogger\" at the 2007 Blogger's Choice Awards.", "\"Rosie Radio\" was a daily two-hour show on Sirius XM Radio where O'Donnell discussed news and events. It premiered in November 2009 and ended in June 2011.", "The text does not provide information on whether anyone else appeared on \"Rosie Radio\" aside from O'Donnell.", "The text does not provide information on whether \"Rosie Radio\" was successful.", "\"Love, Loss, and What I Wore\" refers to a cast in which O'Donnell appeared in October 2009. However, the text does not provide further details about what it was specifically (i.e., film, play, etc).", "The text also provides some interesting aspects about O'Donnell's career and personal life. For one, she expressed interest in replacing Bob Barker as the host of CBS's game show The Price Is Right after his retirement. However, she later announced on her blog that she wouldn't be pursuing this opportunity, mainly due to the need to uproot her family to California. Additionally, in 2008, O'Donnell starred in and executive produced a Lifetime channel original movie called \"America,\" in which she plays the therapist of a 16-year-old boy aging out of the foster care system. The film is based on the E.R. Frank book of the same name.", "The text does not provide information on who else starred in the film \"America\" alongside Rosie O'Donnell." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "What was her earliest work?", "what was star search?", "what did she do after star search?", "was it successful?", "Did she do anything after that?", "was anyone famous on the show?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Did she do any other movies?", "Did she win any awards?" ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 457 ], [ 635 ], [ 1992 ], [ 813 ], [ 1992 ], [ 1064 ], [ 1524 ], [ 1992 ] ], "texts": [ [ "O'Donnell toured as a stand-up comedian in clubs from 1979 to 1984. She got her first big break on Star Search," ], [ "talent booker from Star Search called and said, we're going to fly you out to L.A. [...] I won," ], [ "she moved on to television sitcoms, making her series debut as Nell Carter's neighbor on Gimme a Break!" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "She started hosting a series for VH1, Stand-up Spotlight, a showcase for up-and-coming comedians." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "O'Donnell made her feature film debut in A League of Their Own (1992) alongside Tom Hanks, Geena Davis, and Madonna." ], [ "she appeared in Sleepless in Seattle as Meg Ryan's character's best friend; as Betty Rubble" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 457, 635, 1992, 813, 1992, 1064, 1524, 1992 ], "texts": [ "O'Donnell toured as a stand-up comedian in clubs from 1979 to 1984. She got her first big break on Star Search,", "talent booker from Star Search called and said, we're going to fly you out to L.A. [...] I won,", "she moved on to television sitcoms, making her series debut as Nell Carter's neighbor on Gimme a Break!", "CANNOTANSWER", "She started hosting a series for VH1, Stand-up Spotlight, a showcase for up-and-coming comedians.", "CANNOTANSWER", "O'Donnell made her feature film debut in A League of Their Own (1992) alongside Tom Hanks, Geena Davis, and Madonna.", "she appeared in Sleepless in Seattle as Meg Ryan's character's best friend; as Betty Rubble", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Her earliest work was as a stand-up comedian in clubs from 1979 to 1984.", "The text does not provide information on what Star Search is.", "After Star Search, she moved on to television sitcoms, making her series debut as Nell Carter's neighbor on Gimme a Break! in 1986. In 1988, she joined music video station VH1's lineup of veejays. She started hosting a series for VH1, Stand-up Spotlight, a showcase for up-and-coming comedians.", "The text does not provide information on whether her time at VH1 and her hosting of Stand-up Spotlight were successful.", "Yes, after her time at VH1 and hosting Stand-up Spotlight, she starred in Stand By Your Man, a Fox Network sitcom co-starring Melissa Gilbert in 1992. Her movie career also took off around the same time, with her debut feature film role in A League of Their Own (1992). From there she went on to play a variety of roles in different films such as Sleepless in Seattle, The Flintstones, Beautiful Girls, Exit to Eden, and Disney's Tarzan and Wide Awake.", "Yes, Melissa Gilbert co-starred with her in the Fox Network sitcom Stand By Your Man. Melissa Gilbert is a well-known actress, particularly recognized for her role on the television series Little House on the Prairie.", "One interesting tidbit from the article is that Rosie O'Donnell was actually originally considered for the role of Mary Sanderson in Disney's Hocus Pocus, which was eventually given to Kathy Najimy. According to her blog, she turned down the offer because she did not want to portray a frightening evil witch. Additionally, her career has spanned a wide range of roles and genres, from comedies to dramas and animation, showcasing her versatility as an actress.", "Yes, she did other movies as well. Some of them included Sleepless in Seattle with Meg Ryan; The Flintstones alongside John Goodman, Elizabeth Perkins and Rick Moranis; Beautiful Girls with Timothy Hutton; Exit to Eden alongside Dan Aykroyd; Disney's Tarzan where she voiced a tomboyish female gorilla named Terk; and M. Night Shyamalan's Wide Awake where she played a baseball-loving nun.", "The text does not provide information on whether Rosie O'Donnell won any awards." ]

[ "Yes", "no", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_e154bc40939a4593bfb7a906e1f27971_1_q#0", "C_e154bc40939a4593bfb7a906e1f27971_1_q#1", "C_e154bc40939a4593bfb7a906e1f27971_1_q#2", "C_e154bc40939a4593bfb7a906e1f27971_1_q#3" ]

[ "What does The Colbert Report and the Set have to do with eachother?", "Tell me about the Set.", "Was there any one individual he focused on?", "How was the show received by critics?" ]

[ 1, 2, 2, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 1, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 7541 ], [ 0 ], [ 4514 ], [ 1478 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The Colbert Report satirized conservative personality-driven political pundit programs, and focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert," ], [ "The Colbert Report was designed as an extension of the satiric goals of The Daily Show, combining it with general silliness and character-driven humor." ], [ "the show \"quickly became a fixture in the late-night lineup.\" At its peak, the show averaged 1.5 million viewers each evening." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 7541, 0, 4514, 1478 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "The Colbert Report satirized conservative personality-driven political pundit programs, and focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert,", "The Colbert Report was designed as an extension of the satiric goals of The Daily Show, combining it with general silliness and character-driven humor.", "the show \"quickly became a fixture in the late-night lineup.\" At its peak, the show averaged 1.5 million viewers each evening." ] }

[]

[ "The set of The Colbert Report, known as \"The Eagle's Nest,\" was designed to reflect and facilitate the self-aggrandizing style of the Stephen Colbert character. Elements incorporated into the set include architectural lines converged to Colbert's desk, and radial beams coming out from behind his chair. Virtually every inch of the set is emblazoned with Colbert's name or the initial C. Additionally, the set includes faux artifacts from the character's backstory, which are seldom seen by viewers. One notable feature of the set is a portrait of Colbert which was updated each year to include the previous year's painting.", "The set of The Colbert Report was called \"The Eagle's Nest\" and was designed to reflect and facilitate Colbert's self-aggrandizing style. It was intended to capture the character's ego and be \"hyper-American.\" Architectural lines of the set converged to Colbert's desk and radial beams came from behind his chair. Colbert's main inspiration for the set was Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, with a distinct emphasis on Colbert's character.\n\nVirtually every inch of the set was emblazoned with Colbert's name or the initial \"C\". His name, initials, and the name of the show appeared on the desk's plasma screen, on the rafters above the desk, and the desk itself was shaped like a giant \"C\". The background included faux artifacts from the character's backstory, which were seldom seen by viewers. \n\nOne distinct feature of the set was a portrait of Colbert, which was updated every year with a new portrait that showed Colbert standing in front of the previous year's painting. The show's sets and graphics were saturated with American flags, bald eagles, Captain America's shield, and other patriotic imagery.", "While Stephen Colbert's character on The Colbert Report was a parody of cable news pundits and not based on any one individual, when developing the show, the one-line pitch Colbert, Stewart, and Karlin came up with was \"Our version of the O'Reilly Factor with Stephen Colbert.\" The O'Reilly Factor was a popular news commentary show hosted by Bill O'Reilly. The reference suggests that O'Reilly's persona may have influenced the creation of the Colbert character.", "The text does not provide information on how The Colbert Report was received by critics." ]

[ "No", "No", "No", "no" ]

[ "C_e154bc40939a4593bfb7a906e1f27971_0_q#0", "C_e154bc40939a4593bfb7a906e1f27971_0_q#1", "C_e154bc40939a4593bfb7a906e1f27971_0_q#2", "C_e154bc40939a4593bfb7a906e1f27971_0_q#3" ]

[ "What happened to the show in the later years?", "How did that turn out?", "Was the show still popular during this time?", "Any other well-known guests?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 130 ], [ 1052 ], [ 645 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 2010, while in character, Colbert appeared before judiciary subcommittee hearing on the issue of farm workers and immigration." ], [ "The New Yorker used Colbert's testimony before Congress as an example of the \"third\" Colbert: \"Colbert was thoughtful and sincere--" ], [ "President Barack Obama guested during the show's final month, in a show taped from George Washington University in Washington, D.C.;" ], [ "In 2012, Colbert interviewed illustrator/author Maurice Sendak," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 130, 1052, 645 ], "texts": [ "In 2010, while in character, Colbert appeared before judiciary subcommittee hearing on the issue of farm workers and immigration.", "The New Yorker used Colbert's testimony before Congress as an example of the \"third\" Colbert: \"Colbert was thoughtful and sincere--", "President Barack Obama guested during the show's final month, in a show taped from George Washington University in Washington, D.C.;", "In 2012, Colbert interviewed illustrator/author Maurice Sendak," ] }

[]

[ "In the later years of the show, from 2010 to its conclusion in 2014, several significant events occurred. In 2010, Colbert appeared in character before a judiciary subcommittee hearing on farm workers and immigration. In 2011, the show began a long-running gag with Colbert starting his own super PAC, called Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow. In 2012, he interviewed Maurice Sendak, during which he broke character, marking one of the show's memorable moments. In September 2013, he conducted an awkward interview with intelligence official Philip Mudd. President Barack Obama guested on the show in 2014 during its final month. The final episode aired on December 18, 2014 where Colbert becomes immortal and bids a final farewell to his viewers.", "The show's final years were filled with significant events and notable guests, including President Obama. One of the most memorable moments was when Colbert broke character during an interview with Maurice Sendak in 2012. Laughter was also generated from a running gag in which Colbert started his own Super PAC. However, Colbert's interview with intelligence official Philip Mudd in September 2013 was deemed awkward by the Los Angeles Times due to Mudd's barely concealed contempt for Colbert. The final episode, which aired on December 18, 2014, saw Colbert becoming immortal and bidding his viewers a final farewell before riding off with Santa Claus, Abraham Lincoln, and Alex Trebek. Overall, the show's later years were marked by humor, unexpected moments, and memorable interactions.", "The context does not provide specific information on the popularity of the show during its later years.", "The context mentions that President Barack Obama was a guest on the show during its final month. Other guests in the final episode included Santa Claus, Abraham Lincoln and Alex Trebek. Maurice Sendak, an illustrator/author, was also interviewed by Colbert in 2012." ]

[ "No", "No", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_4564785fdfb54c69a92a7d9a954f2c83_1_q#0", "C_4564785fdfb54c69a92a7d9a954f2c83_1_q#1", "C_4564785fdfb54c69a92a7d9a954f2c83_1_q#2", "C_4564785fdfb54c69a92a7d9a954f2c83_1_q#3", "C_4564785fdfb54c69a92a7d9a954f2c83_1_q#4", "C_4564785fdfb54c69a92a7d9a954f2c83_1_q#5" ]

[ "How did the August 2002 memo describe Abu Zubaydah?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Were the CIA's tactics deemed effective?", "Did the CIA get useful information from these techniques?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Did any CIA officials justify the program?" ]

[ 1, 0, 2, 1, 2, 2 ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2673 ], [ 866 ], [ 1819 ], [ 2673 ], [ 2230 ], [ 2503 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "have reported the CIA was already using these harsh tactics before the memo authorizing their use was written," ], [ "Many other techniques developed by the CIA were held to constitute inhumane" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "the United States had prosecuted Japanese military officials after World War II and American soldiers after the Vietnam War for waterboarding." ], [ "CIA constitute inhuman and degrading treatment and torture under the United Nations Convention against Torture, and Article 3" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2673, 866, 1819, 2673, 2230, 2503 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "have reported the CIA was already using these harsh tactics before the memo authorizing their use was written,", "Many other techniques developed by the CIA were held to constitute inhumane", "CANNOTANSWER", "the United States had prosecuted Japanese military officials after World War II and American soldiers after the Vietnam War for waterboarding.", "CIA constitute inhuman and degrading treatment and torture under the United Nations Convention against Torture, and Article 3" ] }

[]

[ "The August 2002 memo does not provide a description of Abu Zubaydah.", "The article discusses the usage of controversial interrogation methods by the CIA on Abu Zubaydah, including waterboarding. It notes that these aggressive interrogation techniques were detailed in a memo referred to as the first Torture Memo, which was intended to authorize the usage of these methods that were previously considered illegal both domestically and internationally. The memo was reportedly written after the techniques had already been used. This raises questions about the legality and ethicality of these actions.", "The text does not provide information on the effectiveness of the CIA's interrogation tactics.", "The text does not provide information on whether the CIA obtained useful information from these interrogation techniques.", "Another interesting aspect of this article is it highlights the controversy of legal interpretations regarding torture. The drafting of the memo by Jay Bybee and John Yoo to authorize the use of specific enhanced interrogation techniques emphasizes the blurred lines of legality and morality during the time. Furthermore, the legal complications were not limited to the United States, but also involved violation of established international laws and conventions like the United Nations Convention against Torture, and the European Convention on Human Rights. The article also notes that the United States had previously prosecuted its own soldiers and Japanese military officials for using the same methods, like waterboarding, showcasing a historical precedent of such acts being considered illegal and unacceptable.", "The text does not provide information on whether any CIA officials justified the interrogation program." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_4564785fdfb54c69a92a7d9a954f2c83_0_q#0", "C_4564785fdfb54c69a92a7d9a954f2c83_0_q#1", "C_4564785fdfb54c69a92a7d9a954f2c83_0_q#2", "C_4564785fdfb54c69a92a7d9a954f2c83_0_q#3", "C_4564785fdfb54c69a92a7d9a954f2c83_0_q#4", "C_4564785fdfb54c69a92a7d9a954f2c83_0_q#5" ]

[ "what was the memo about", "were his interroorgation tactics violent", "anything stand out in article", "what were some of the interrigation methods", "how many people were interrigated", "any other forms of torture" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 49 ], [ 49 ], [ 276 ], [ 694 ], [ 2722 ], [ 2722 ] ], "texts": [ [ "It claimed that due to the enhanced interrogation techniques, Zubaydah" ], [ "It claimed that due to the enhanced interrogation techniques, Zubaydah \"provided significant information on two operatives," ], [ "\" This claim is strongly disputed by Ali Soufan, the FBI interrogator who first interrogated Zubaydah following his capture, by traditional means." ], [ "The memo noted that not all of the waterboarding sessions were necessary for Zubaydah," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 49, 49, 276, 694, 2722, 2722 ], "texts": [ "It claimed that due to the enhanced interrogation techniques, Zubaydah", "It claimed that due to the enhanced interrogation techniques, Zubaydah \"provided significant information on two operatives,", "\" This claim is strongly disputed by Ali Soufan, the FBI interrogator who first interrogated Zubaydah following his capture, by traditional means.", "The memo noted that not all of the waterboarding sessions were necessary for Zubaydah,", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The memo discussed the use of enhanced interrogation techniques on Zubaydah, who allegedly provided significant information about two operatives planning to detonate a 'dirty bomb' in Washington DC. The memo also discussed that not all the waterboarding sessions were necessary and mentioned a case where these techniques might have been unnecessarily used on Zubaydah. It also acknowledged that the CIA had difficulty initially distinguishing detainees who had information but were resisting interrogation from those who did not actually have the information.", "The context does describe the interrogation tactics used on Zubaydah as \"enhanced,\" a term often used to describe methods that are highly coercive and can be physically or psychologically harsh. Specifically, the text mentions the use of waterboarding, a technique generally considered to be a form of torture. So, according to the context, it can be inferred that the interrogation tactics used were indeed violent.", "There are several key points that stand out in the article: \n1) The claim that Zubaydah provided information on important operatives due to enhanced interrogation techniques, a statement that is disputed by Ali Soufan, the FBI interrogator who first interrogated Zubaydah. \n2) The memo's acknowledgment that some of the waterboarding sessions for Zubaydah were not necessary and that there were difficulties in distinguishing between detainees who had information but were resisting interrogation from those who did not have any information. \n3) The contrasting views of John McLaughlin and George Tenet, both former CIA directors who emphasized the importance of Zubaydah's capture and the valuable information he provided. \n4) The 2006 report arguing that Zubaydah was mentally unstable and his importance was overstated, a claim dismissed by George Tenet.", "The only specific interrogation method mentioned in the context is waterboarding. Other techniques are referred to as \"enhanced interrogation techniques,\" but these are not detailed or specified in the provided text.", "The context does not provide information on the total number of people who were interrogated. It specifically discusses the interrogation of Zubaydah, but does not mention the interrogation of any other individuals.", "The context only specifically mentions waterboarding as a form of torture, or \"enhanced interrogation technique,\" used on Zubaydah. No other specific forms of torture are mentioned in the provided text." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_c9aaf9b1f7114d6fb2d4457ab99b03a5_1_q#0", "C_c9aaf9b1f7114d6fb2d4457ab99b03a5_1_q#1", "C_c9aaf9b1f7114d6fb2d4457ab99b03a5_1_q#2", "C_c9aaf9b1f7114d6fb2d4457ab99b03a5_1_q#3", "C_c9aaf9b1f7114d6fb2d4457ab99b03a5_1_q#4", "C_c9aaf9b1f7114d6fb2d4457ab99b03a5_1_q#5", "C_c9aaf9b1f7114d6fb2d4457ab99b03a5_1_q#6" ]

[ "What early stage careers did Donen perform in?", "What productions did he perform in a the town theater?", "What else did Donen study to get better at acting?", "What other actors influenced his acting skills?", "What show was he in with Astaire and Rogers?", "When did he get his big break into Hollywood?", "When did he decide to become a cheoreographer?" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1028 ], [ 2301 ], [ 1503 ], [ 645 ], [ 586 ], [ 1603 ], [ 1918 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Inspired by Astaire, Donen took dance lessons in Columbia and performed at the local Town Theater." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Encouraged by his mother, he moved to New York City to pursue dancing on stage in the fall of 1940." ], [ "Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers" ], [ "The film that had the strongest impact on him was the 1933 Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers musical Flying Down to Rio." ], [ "After two auditions he was cast as a chorus dancer in the original Broadway production of Rodgers and Hart's Pal Joey, directed by the legendary George Abbott." ], [ "Broadway show Best Foot Forward. He became the show's assistant stage manager, and Kelly asked him to be his assistant choreographer." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1028, 2301, 1503, 645, 586, 1603, 1918 ], "texts": [ "Inspired by Astaire, Donen took dance lessons in Columbia and performed at the local Town Theater.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Encouraged by his mother, he moved to New York City to pursue dancing on stage in the fall of 1940.", "Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers", "The film that had the strongest impact on him was the 1933 Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers musical Flying Down to Rio.", "After two auditions he was cast as a chorus dancer in the original Broadway production of Rodgers and Hart's Pal Joey, directed by the legendary George Abbott.", "Broadway show Best Foot Forward. He became the show's assistant stage manager, and Kelly asked him to be his assistant choreographer." ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "C_ab06f20af1824f2eaea291a32c1ed602_1_q#0", "C_ab06f20af1824f2eaea291a32c1ed602_1_q#1", "C_ab06f20af1824f2eaea291a32c1ed602_1_q#2", "C_ab06f20af1824f2eaea291a32c1ed602_1_q#3", "C_ab06f20af1824f2eaea291a32c1ed602_1_q#4", "C_ab06f20af1824f2eaea291a32c1ed602_1_q#5", "C_ab06f20af1824f2eaea291a32c1ed602_1_q#6", "C_ab06f20af1824f2eaea291a32c1ed602_1_q#7", "C_ab06f20af1824f2eaea291a32c1ed602_1_q#8" ]

[ "What did he write?", "Any other book writen by him?", "Who published these books?", "Did anyone else help his with these books?", "how many books did he publish?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "What were his paranormal claims?", "Did he have proof?", "Anything else interesting about his books" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0 ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 868 ], [ 726 ], [ 2029 ], [ 0 ], [ 999 ], [ 106 ], [ 2029 ], [ 1774 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Randi is the author of ten books, among them Conjuring (1992), a biographical history of noted magicians." ], [ "Randi also wrote a children's book in 1989 titled The Magic World of the Amazing Randi, which introduced children to magic tricks." ], [ "This illustrated work was published in 1976 and was co-authored with Bert Sugar." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Randi is the author of ten books," ], [ "In addition to his magic books, he has written several educational works about paranormal and pseudoscientific claims." ], [ "The book is subtitled Being a Definitive History of the Venerable Arts of Sorcery, Prestidigitation, Wizardry, Deception, & Chicanery" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Randi was a regular contributor to Skeptic magazine," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 868, 726, 2029, 0, 999, 106, 2029, 1774 ], "texts": [ "Randi is the author of ten books, among them Conjuring (1992), a biographical history of noted magicians.", "Randi also wrote a children's book in 1989 titled The Magic World of the Amazing Randi, which introduced children to magic tricks.", "This illustrated work was published in 1976 and was co-authored with Bert Sugar.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Randi is the author of ten books,", "In addition to his magic books, he has written several educational works about paranormal and pseudoscientific claims.", "The book is subtitled Being a Definitive History of the Venerable Arts of Sorcery, Prestidigitation, Wizardry, Deception, & Chicanery", "CANNOTANSWER", "Randi was a regular contributor to Skeptic magazine," ] }

[ { "text": "Media may refer to:\n\nCommunication \n Media (communication), tools used to deliver information or data\n Advertising media, various media, content, buying and placement for advertising\n Broadcast media, communications delivered over mass electronic communication networks\n Digital media, electronic media used to store, transmit, and receive digitized information\n Electronic media, communications delivered via electronic or electromechanical energy\n Hypermedia, media with hyperlinks\n Interactive media, media that is interactive\n Mass media, technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication\n MEDIA Programme, a European Union initiative to support the European audiovisual sector\n Multimedia, communications that incorporate multiple forms of information content and processing\n New media, the combination of traditional media and computer and communications technology\n News media, mass media focused on communicating news\n Print media, communications delivered via paper or canvas\n Published media, any media made available to the public\n Recording medium, devices used to store information\n Social media, media disseminated through social interactions\n\nArts, entertainment, and media\n Media (album), the 1998 album by The Faint\n Media, a 2017 American TV thriller film directed by Craig Ross Jr.\n List of art media, materials and techniques used by an artist to produce a work of art\n\nComputing \n Media player (software), for playing audio and video\n Storage media, in data storage devices\n\nLife sciences \n Media, a group of insect wing veins in the Comstock-Needham system\n Growth medium, objects in which microorganisms or cells can experience growth\n Media filter, a filter consisting of several different filter materials\n Tunica media, the middle layer of the wall of a blood vessel\n\nPlaces\n\nUnited States\n Media, Illinois\n Media, Kansas\n Media, Pennsylvania\n\nElsewhere\n Media (castra), a fort in the Roman province of Dacia\n Media (region), a region of and former empire based in north-western Iran\n Media, Africa, an Ancient city and former bishopric, now a Latin Catholic titular see in Algeria\n\nTransport\n Media (automobile company)\n , a World War II US Navy ship that was never commissioned\n , a Cunard Line cargo liner in service 1948–61\n\nSee also \n \n Medium (disambiguation)\n Medea (disambiguation)\n Midea (disambiguation)", "title": "Media" } ]

[ "Randi wrote ten books. Some of these include Conjuring (1992), a biographical history of magicians, Houdini, His Life and Art (1976), co-authored with Bert Sugar, The Magic World of the Amazing Randi (1989), aimed at children, and several educational works about paranormal and pseudoscientific claims. He is also known for writing books focusing on major paranormal figures such as Uri Geller and Nostradamus. Currently, he is working on a book titled A Magician in the Laboratory. Other works by him include Flim-Flam! (1982), The Faith Healers (1987), James Randi, Psychic Investigator (1991), Test Your ESP Potential (1982), and An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural (1995). He is also a frequent contributor to Skeptic magazine and Skeptical Inquirer magazine.", "The context provides a list of books written by Randi and does not mention any others beyond these.", "The context does not provide information on who published the books written by Randi.", "Yes, Randi co-authored the book titled Houdini, His Life and Art with Bert Sugar, which was published in 1976. The context does not mention any other collaborators for his other books.", "Randi has published ten books.", "Yes, there are several interesting aspects in the article. It mentions that Randi was a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his good friend Isaac Asimov's fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers. He is a regular contributor to Skeptic magazine and also served on its editorial board. He frequently contributes to Skeptical Inquirer magazine, published by CSI, where he is also a Fellow.", "The context does not provide specific information about Randi's own paranormal claims, but it does mention that he wrote several educational works about paranormal and pseudoscientific claims, including biographies of Uri Geller and Nostradamus along with reference material on other major paranormal figures.", "The context does not provide information on whether Randi had proof for the paranormal and pseudoscientific claims discussed in his books.", "Yes, another interesting aspect about Randi's books, particularly \"Conjuring,\" is its subtitle: Being a Definitive History of the Venerable Arts of Sorcery, Prestidigitation, Wizardry, Deception, & Chicanery and of the Mountebanks & Scoundrels Who have Perpetrated these Subterfuges on a Bewildered Public, in short, MAGIC! His book's cover also specifies that it was written by \"James Randi, Esq., A Contrite Rascal Once Dedicated to these Wicked Practices but Now Almost Totally Reformed\". This suggests that he used to be a magician himself before becoming a writer and skeptic." ]

[ "Yes", "no", "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

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[ "When did he start JREF?", "Why did he start it?", "Did he have any sponsors or was it privately funded?", "Was that hosting well received?", "Did he travel to promote the foundation?", "Where was his foundations HQ?", "Was it a struggle for him to gain support in other countries?", "What podcasts has he been featured on?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 123 ], [ 352 ], [ 636 ], [ 2337 ], [ 2005 ], [ 763 ], [ 878 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 1996," ], [ "Topics have included the interesting mathematics of the one-seventh area triangle, a classic geometric puzzle." ], [ "Beginning in 2003, the JREF annually hosted The Amaz!ng Meeting, a gathering of scientists, skeptics, and atheists." ], [ "quickly became the largest gathering of skeptics in the world, drawing audiences from Asia, Europe, South America, and the UK." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "the U.S. and Canada," ], [ "It also attracted large percentage of younger folks. Randi has been regularly featured on many podcasts," ], [ "The Skeptics Society's official podcast Skepticality and the Center for Inquiry's official podcast Point of Inquiry." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 123, 352, 636, 2337, 2005, 763, 878 ], "texts": [ "In 1996,", "Topics have included the interesting mathematics of the one-seventh area triangle, a classic geometric puzzle.", "Beginning in 2003, the JREF annually hosted The Amaz!ng Meeting, a gathering of scientists, skeptics, and atheists.", "quickly became the largest gathering of skeptics in the world, drawing audiences from Asia, Europe, South America, and the UK.", "CANNOTANSWER", "the U.S. and Canada,", "It also attracted large percentage of younger folks. Randi has been regularly featured on many podcasts,", "The Skeptics Society's official podcast Skepticality and the Center for Inquiry's official podcast Point of Inquiry." ] }

[ { "text": "Media may refer to:\n\nCommunication \n Media (communication), tools used to deliver information or data\n Advertising media, various media, content, buying and placement for advertising\n Broadcast media, communications delivered over mass electronic communication networks\n Digital media, electronic media used to store, transmit, and receive digitized information\n Electronic media, communications delivered via electronic or electromechanical energy\n Hypermedia, media with hyperlinks\n Interactive media, media that is interactive\n Mass media, technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication\n MEDIA Programme, a European Union initiative to support the European audiovisual sector\n Multimedia, communications that incorporate multiple forms of information content and processing\n New media, the combination of traditional media and computer and communications technology\n News media, mass media focused on communicating news\n Print media, communications delivered via paper or canvas\n Published media, any media made available to the public\n Recording medium, devices used to store information\n Social media, media disseminated through social interactions\n\nArts, entertainment, and media\n Media (album), the 1998 album by The Faint\n Media, a 2017 American TV thriller film directed by Craig Ross Jr.\n List of art media, materials and techniques used by an artist to produce a work of art\n\nComputing \n Media player (software), for playing audio and video\n Storage media, in data storage devices\n\nLife sciences \n Media, a group of insect wing veins in the Comstock-Needham system\n Growth medium, objects in which microorganisms or cells can experience growth\n Media filter, a filter consisting of several different filter materials\n Tunica media, the middle layer of the wall of a blood vessel\n\nPlaces\n\nUnited States\n Media, Illinois\n Media, Kansas\n Media, Pennsylvania\n\nElsewhere\n Media (castra), a fort in the Roman province of Dacia\n Media (region), a region of and former empire based in north-western Iran\n Media, Africa, an Ancient city and former bishopric, now a Latin Catholic titular see in Algeria\n\nTransport\n Media (automobile company)\n , a World War II US Navy ship that was never commissioned\n , a Cunard Line cargo liner in service 1948–61\n\nSee also \n \n Medium (disambiguation)\n Medea (disambiguation)\n Midea (disambiguation)", "title": "Media" } ]

[ "Randi started the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF) in 1996.", "The context does not provide specific information on why James Randi started the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF).", "The context does not provide information on whether the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF) had any sponsors or was privately funded.", "The context implies the The Amazing Meeting (TAM), hosted annually by the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF) from 2003 to 2015, was well received as it became the largest gathering of skeptics in the world, attracting audiences from various continents and a large percentage of younger people.", "The context does not provide information on whether James Randi traveled to promote the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF).", "The context does not provide information on the location of the headquarters of the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF).", "The context does not provide information on whether it was a struggle for James Randi to gain support for the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF) in other countries.", "James Randi has been featured on several podcasts including The Skeptics Society's official podcast, Skepticality, the Center for Inquiry's official podcast, Point of Inquiry, and The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast. He also has his own podcast called The Amazing Show." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "no", "No", "Yes" ]

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[ "When did Andre start his career?", "Did he wrestle with anyone of note?", "When did he find success?", "What made him an immediate success?", "Did he ever make any televised appearances?", "Who was his most notable company to wrestle with?", "What was his most notable match up?", "During his early career did he travel to other countries to wrestle?", "Was there any controversy during his early career?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Was he successful in Japan?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 798 ], [ 959 ], [ 1159 ], [ 1899 ], [ 1459 ], [ 2149 ], [ 1221 ], [ 2149 ], [ 610 ], [ 734 ] ], "texts": [ [ "At the age of 17, Roussimoff moved to Paris and was taught professional wrestling" ], [ "was made the company's tag-team champion alongside Michael Nador." ], [ "Roussimoff next moved to Montreal, Canada, where he became an immediate success," ], [ "the novelty of his size" ], [ "set up a travel-intensive schedule, lending him to wrestling associations around the world," ], [ "World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF)," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Roussimoff was defeated by Adnan Al-Kaissie in Baghdad in 1971," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "He made his Japanese debut in 1970, billed as \"Monster Roussimoff\", wrestling for the International Wrestling Enterprise." ], [ "Wrestling as both a singles and tag-team competitor, he quickly was made the company's tag-team champion" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 798, 959, 1159, 1899, 1459, 2149, 1221, 2149, 610, 734 ], "texts": [ "At the age of 17, Roussimoff moved to Paris and was taught professional wrestling", "was made the company's tag-team champion alongside Michael Nador.", "Roussimoff next moved to Montreal, Canada, where he became an immediate success,", "the novelty of his size", "set up a travel-intensive schedule, lending him to wrestling associations around the world,", "World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF),", "CANNOTANSWER", "Roussimoff was defeated by Adnan Al-Kaissie in Baghdad in 1971,", "CANNOTANSWER", " He made his Japanese debut in 1970, billed as \"Monster Roussimoff\", wrestling for the International Wrestling Enterprise.", "Wrestling as both a singles and tag-team competitor, he quickly was made the company's tag-team champion" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide a specific date or year when Andre started his career.", "The only person of note that Andre Roussimoff is mentioned to have wrestled with in the context is Adnan Al-Kaissie in Baghdad in 1971. He was also made the tag-team champion alongside Michael Nador when he wrestled for the International Wrestling Enterprise in Japan.", "Roussimoff found immediate success when he moved to Montreal, Canada. However, the text does not specify a date or year for this.", "The text does not provide specific reasons for why Roussimoff was an immediate success when he moved to Montreal, Canada. However, it mentions that he regularly sold out the Montreal Forum.", "The text does not provide any information on whether Andre Roussimoff made any televised appearances.", "The most notable company Andre Roussimoff is mentioned to have wrestled with is the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), which later became the WWF and then WWE. This was after Verne Gagne's American Wrestling Association (AWA), and the International Wrestling Enterprise in Japan.", "The text does not provide information on Andre Roussimoff's most notable match up.", "Yes, during his early career Andre Roussimoff traveled to wrestle in the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, and Japan.", "The text does not provide any information about any controversy during Andre Roussimoff's early career.", "The text reveals several interesting aspects about Andre Roussimoff's wrestling career. For example, he was trained in Paris at the age of 17 due to his notable size. He made his wrestling debut in Japan as \"Monster Roussimoff\", and quickly became the company's tag-team champion alongside Michael Nador. While in Japan, he was diagnosed with a condition called acromegaly. When he moved to Montreal, Canada, he became an immediate success and regularly sold out the Montreal Forum. Vince McMahon Sr., founder of the WWWF, made several changes to Roussimoff's image, including billing him as \"Andre the Giant\", and setting up a travel-intensive schedule for him.", "Yes, Andre Roussimoff was successful in Japan. He quickly became the company's tag-team champion alongside Michael Nador while wrestling for the International Wrestling Enterprise." ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "What appearances did he make in 1990?", "Did he make any other appearances in 1990?", "Did he make any appearances in wrestling during 1990-1992?", "Did he win any matches during those years?", "What was his most notable appearance during those years?", "Did he win any titles?", "Did he have any other notable match ups?", "Was that match a success for him?", "Why was he on crutches?", "Was there anything else notable during this time?", "How well did he perform?", "How did that end up?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 88 ], [ 258 ], [ 1012 ], [ 844 ], [ 792 ], [ 2901 ], [ 1926 ], [ 2053 ], [ 554 ], [ 2511 ], [ 2589 ], [ 2627 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Instead, Andre made an interview appearance for Herb Abrams' fledgling Universal Wrestling Federation on October 11th in Reseda, California." ], [ "He appeared in an interview segment with Captain Lou Albano and put over the UWF." ], [ "On May 10th he participated in a 17-man battle-royal at a house show in Detroit. (won by Kerry Von Erich)." ], [ "in a six-man tag-team matchup when he teamed with the Rockers in a winning effort against Mr. Fuji and the Orient Express at a house show in Belfast, Northern Ireland." ], [ "Andre finally returned to action on April 26, 1991, in a six-man tag-team matchup" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Andre's final major WWF appearance at SummerSlam '91, where he seconded the Bushwhackers in their match against the Disasters." ], [ "Andre was on crutches at ringside, and after the Disasters won the match, they set out to attack Andre," ], [ "Andre was also mentioned as a participant on television but would ultimately back out due to a leg injury." ], [ "His final WWF appearance came at a house show in Paris, France, on October 9." ], [ "He was in Davey Boy Smith's corner" ], [ "the Bulldog faced Earthquake. Davey Boy hit Earthquake with Andre's crutch, allowing Smith to win." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 88, 258, 1012, 844, 792, 2901, 1926, 2053, 554, 2511, 2589, 2627 ], "texts": [ "Instead, Andre made an interview appearance for Herb Abrams' fledgling Universal Wrestling Federation on October 11th in Reseda, California.", "He appeared in an interview segment with Captain Lou Albano and put over the UWF.", "On May 10th he participated in a 17-man battle-royal at a house show in Detroit. (won by Kerry Von Erich).", "in a six-man tag-team matchup when he teamed with the Rockers in a winning effort against Mr. Fuji and the Orient Express at a house show in Belfast, Northern Ireland.", "Andre finally returned to action on April 26, 1991, in a six-man tag-team matchup", "CANNOTANSWER", "Andre's final major WWF appearance at SummerSlam '91, where he seconded the Bushwhackers in their match against the Disasters.", "Andre was on crutches at ringside, and after the Disasters won the match, they set out to attack Andre,", "Andre was also mentioned as a participant on television but would ultimately back out due to a leg injury.", "His final WWF appearance came at a house show in Paris, France, on October 9.", "He was in Davey Boy Smith's corner", "the Bulldog faced Earthquake. Davey Boy hit Earthquake with Andre's crutch, allowing Smith to win." ] }

[]

[ "In 1990, Andre made an interview appearance for Herb Abrams' fledgling Universal Wrestling Federation on October 11th in Reseda, California. This interview segment with Captain Lou Albano was aired in 1991.", "The context does not provide information on any other appearances Andre made in 1990.", "Yes, Andre made several appearances in wrestling from 1990-1992. In November 1990, the World Wrestling Federation announced Andre's return as a participant in the 1991 Royal Rumble. Andre's on-air return finally came at WrestleMania VII in 1991, when he came to the aid of The Big Boss Man. He returned to action on April 26, 1991, in a six-man tag-team matchup when he teamed with the Rockers against Mr. Fuji and the Orient Express. On May 10th, 1991, he participated in a 17-man battle-royal. His last major WWF storyline following WrestleMania VII involved the major heel managers trying to recruit him. Andre's final major WWF appearance was at SummerSlam '91, where he assisted the Bushwhackers in their match against the Disasters. His final WWF appearance came at a house show in Paris, France, on October 9 in Davey Boy Smith's corner as the Bulldog faced Earthquake. His last U.S. television appearance was in a brief interview on World Championship Wrestling's (WCW) Clash of the Champions XX special that aired on TBS on 2 September 1992.", "The context mentions that Andre won a six-man tag-team matchup when he teamed with the Rockers against Mr. Fuji and the Orient Express on April 26, 1991. However, the context does not provide information on any other matches won by Andre during 1990-1992.", "One of Andre's most notable appearances during those years was WrestleMania VII in 1991, when he returned on-air and came to the aid of The Big Boss Man in his match against Mr. Perfect. However, what is considered his \"most\" notable appearance could be subjective and dependent on personal opinion. Information from the context provided does not definitively determine which appearance was the most notable.", "The context does not provide information on Andre winning any titles from 1990-1992.", "Yes, Andre had several notable match-ups from 1990-1992. In 1991, he participated in the Royal Rumble, as announced by the World Wrestling Federation. However, he had to back out due to a leg injury. His return to action was in a six-man tag-team match where he teamed with the Rockers to win against Mr. Fuji and the Orient Express. He also participated in a 17-man battle-royal at a house show in Detroit in May 1991. Andre's final major match presence was at SummerSlam '91, where, despite being on crutches, he struck both Earthquake and Typhoon with the crutch as they left following their match against the Bushwhackers. His final WWF appearance was in Davey Boy Smith's corner at a house show in Paris, France.", "The context indicates that Andre's final WWF appearance, in which he was in Davey Boy Smith's corner, was successful. During the match, Davey Boy hit his opponent Earthquake with Andre's crutch, enabling Smith to win.", "The context indicates that Andre was on crutches due to being attacked from behind by Earthquake, which resulted in a knee injury.", "Notable events during this period, as mentioned in the context, include Andre's involvement in a major WWF storyline following WrestleMania VII. This involved major heel managers like Bobby Heenan, Sensational Sherri, Slick, and Mr. Fuji trying to recruit Andre one-by-one, only to be turned down in various humiliating ways. Also noteworthy is the event where Jimmy Hart announced that he had managed to sign Andre, only for Andre to deny this, leading to an ambush by Earthquake. Later, Jimmy Hart avenged his humiliation by secretly signing Tugboat and forming the Natural Disasters. These sequence of events led to Andre's final major WWF appearance at SummerSlam '91. His last U.S. television appearance was in a brief interview on World Championship Wrestling's Clash of the Champions XX special, which aired in September 1992.", "The context does not provide specific details on Andre's performance from 1990-1992. However, it does mention that he won a six-man tag-team matchup when he teamed with the Rockers against Mr. Fuji and the Orient Express and that he was able to assist Davey Boy Smith win a match against Earthquake during his final WWF appearance. He was also actively involved in several prominent storylines and appeared in major events like WrestleMania VII and SummerSlam '91 despite dealing with a knee injury.", "Andre's final years in wrestling from 1990-1992 ended with him making appearances despite his knee injury. He had several notable moments, including coming to the aid of The Big Boss Man at WrestleMania VII, participating in a six-man tag-team winning match, and assisting the Bushwhackers at SummerSlam '91 while on crutches. His very last WWF appearance was at a house show in Paris, France, where he appeared in Davey Boy Smith's corner, helping Smith win by hitting their opponent with his crutch. Andre's last U.S. television appearance was in a brief interview on WCW's Clash of the Champions XX special in September 1992." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_a2e6d137cb274a0891b74b29f3c7ab97_0_q#0", "C_a2e6d137cb274a0891b74b29f3c7ab97_0_q#1", "C_a2e6d137cb274a0891b74b29f3c7ab97_0_q#2", "C_a2e6d137cb274a0891b74b29f3c7ab97_0_q#3", "C_a2e6d137cb274a0891b74b29f3c7ab97_0_q#4", "C_a2e6d137cb274a0891b74b29f3c7ab97_0_q#5" ]

[ "Did Affirmed win the triple crown", "Which race did he win first", "Who did he beat in the Derby", "What was the next race he won", "How much did he win the Preakness by", "Who did he beat in the preakness" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2176 ], [ 37 ], [ 422 ], [ 536 ], [ 2579 ], [ 700 ] ], "texts": [ [ "His Triple Crown win set two records: the shortest and longest gaps between the previous and next Triple Crown winners." ], [ "Kentucky Derby," ], [ "held off Alydar's fast-closing charge to win by 1 1/2 lengths." ], [ "Preakness Stakes," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Affirmed held a short lead entering the stretch and held it to defeat Alydar by a neck." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2176, 37, 422, 536, 2579, 700 ], "texts": [ "His Triple Crown win set two records: the shortest and longest gaps between the previous and next Triple Crown winners.", "Kentucky Derby,", "held off Alydar's fast-closing charge to win by 1 1/2 lengths.", "Preakness Stakes,", "CANNOTANSWER", "Affirmed held a short lead entering the stretch and held it to defeat Alydar by a neck." ] }

[]

[ "C_7bcb15945e484623b6e1d6f074af3e14_0_q#0", "C_7bcb15945e484623b6e1d6f074af3e14_0_q#1", "C_7bcb15945e484623b6e1d6f074af3e14_0_q#2", "C_7bcb15945e484623b6e1d6f074af3e14_0_q#3", "C_7bcb15945e484623b6e1d6f074af3e14_0_q#4", "C_7bcb15945e484623b6e1d6f074af3e14_0_q#5", "C_7bcb15945e484623b6e1d6f074af3e14_0_q#6" ]

[ "Who were the members of the band during this period?", "Who asked him to leave?", "Did the band have any hits during this time?", "What albums were released during this time?", "How did the band come together during this time?", "What other band members were there at this time, other than Jani Liimatainen?", "How did the band form?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 180 ], [ 129 ], [ 1653 ], [ 805 ], [ 1653 ], [ 275 ], [ 1653 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Jani Liimatainen had been asked to leave the band due to problems related to his conscription." ], [ "the band announced on their website that guitarist Jani Liimatainen had been asked to leave the band" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The Days of Grays" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "He was replaced by Elias Viljanen" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 180, 129, 1653, 805, 1653, 275, 1653 ], "texts": [ "Jani Liimatainen had been asked to leave the band due to problems related to his conscription.", "the band announced on their website that guitarist Jani Liimatainen had been asked to leave the band", "CANNOTANSWER", "The Days of Grays", "CANNOTANSWER", "He was replaced by Elias Viljanen", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on all the members of the band during this period.", "The band asked guitarist Jani Liimatainen to leave.", "The text does not provide information on whether the band had any hits during this period.", "The albums \"Unia\" and \"The Days of Grays\" were released during this time.", "The text does not provide information on how the band came together during this period.", "The text mentions Henrik and Elias Viljanen as part of the band during this time in addition to Jani Liimatainen.", "The text does not provide information on how the band formed." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_7bcb15945e484623b6e1d6f074af3e14_1_q#0", "C_7bcb15945e484623b6e1d6f074af3e14_1_q#1", "C_7bcb15945e484623b6e1d6f074af3e14_1_q#2", "C_7bcb15945e484623b6e1d6f074af3e14_1_q#3", "C_7bcb15945e484623b6e1d6f074af3e14_1_q#4", "C_7bcb15945e484623b6e1d6f074af3e14_1_q#5" ]

[ "How was the grouped formed?", "Did they know each other previously?", "Why did the change the name?", "How did they decide on Sonata Arctica for the name?", "Did they have any influences?", "What label were they with?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 198 ], [ 1661 ], [ 1796 ], [ 384 ], [ 1566 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The band was founded by Marko Paasikoski (guitar), Jani Liimatainen (guitar) and Tommy Portimo (drums) in Kemi" ], [ "Originally named Tricky Beans, they played hard rock rather than the power metal with which they grew to fame." ], [ "because they thought they wouldn't be able to sell metal albums with the previous name" ], [ "\"Sonata Arctica\" was suggested by a friend of the band: \"sonata\" for the music and \"arctica\" for their home (" ], [ "the band was going to play \"a mixture of Megadeth and Spin Doctors\"." ], [ "Spinefarm," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 198, 1661, 1796, 384, 1566 ], "texts": [ "The band was founded by Marko Paasikoski (guitar), Jani Liimatainen (guitar) and Tommy Portimo (drums) in Kemi", "Originally named Tricky Beans, they played hard rock rather than the power metal with which they grew to fame.", "because they thought they wouldn't be able to sell metal albums with the previous name", "\"Sonata Arctica\" was suggested by a friend of the band: \"sonata\" for the music and \"arctica\" for their home (", "the band was going to play \"a mixture of Megadeth and Spin Doctors\".", "Spinefarm," ] }

[]

[ "The band was formed when Marko Paasikoski (guitar), Jani Liimatainen (guitar) and Tommy Portimo (drums) founded it at the end of 1995 in Kemi. Tony Kakko (vocals) and Pentti Peura (bass) joined the band in early 1996.", "The text does not provide information on whether the band members knew each other previously.", "The band first changed their name from Tricky Beans to Tricky Means in 1997 to reflect their evolving style. Later, they changed their name again to Sonata Arctica because they believed that they wouldn't be able to sell metal albums with the previous name and also because their label, Spinefarm, asked them to do so. The name \"Sonata Arctica\" was suggested by a friend of the band, with \"sonata\" representing their music and \"arctica\" symbolizing their home in Northern Finland.", "The name \"Sonata Arctica\" was suggested by a friend of the band. The term \"sonata\" was chosen to represent their music and \"arctica\" was chosen to represent their home in Northern Finland.", "Yes, the band's change of sound was influenced by the Finnish power metal band Stratovarius.", "The band was signed to Spinefarm Records." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]