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The history of the Hellenic Republic constitutes three discrete republican periods in the modern history of Greece: from 1822 until 1832; from 1924 until 1935; and from 1974 through to the present. See also the constitutional history of Greece. First Hellenic Republic 18221832 The First Hellenic Republic is a historiographic term used for a series of councils and Provisional Governments during the Greek War of Independence. In the first stages of the uprising, various areas elected their own regional governing councils. These were replaced by central administration at the First National Assembly of Epidaurus in early 1822, which also adopted the first Greek Constitution. A series of National Assemblies followed, while Greece was threatened with collapse due to civil war and the victories of Ibrahim Pasha. In 1827, the Third National Assembly at Troezen selected Count Ioannis Kapodistrias, who had previously been in Russia's diplomatic service, as Governor of Greece for a term of seven years. He arrived in Greece in January 1828 and established the Hellenic State, ruling with quasi-dictatorial powers. He was assassinated by political rivals in 1831 and was succeeded by his brother, Augustinos Kapodistrias until in 1832 the Great Powers declared Greece a Kingdom and selected the Bavarian Prince Otto to be its king. Second Hellenic Republic 19241935 The Second Hellenic Republic was declared on 25 March 1924, after the defeat of Greece by Turkey in the Asia Minor Disaster of 1922, the September 1922 Revolution and the subsequent exile and death of King Constantine I in 1923. The king and his chief opponent, Eleftherios Venizelos, had struggled over control of the country from 1915 to his death and the country was sorely divided see National Schism. King Constantine was succeeded by his son, King George II, who in the wake of a failed royalist coup was asked by the parliament to leave Greece so the nation could decide what form of government it should adopt. In 1924, the Republic was proclaimed and confirmed by plebiscite. The first President of the Hellenic Republic was Pavlos Kountouriotis, an Admiral and supporter of Venizelos who resigned after a coup d'état in 1925. He was succeeded by the coup's leader General Theodoros Pangalos, who was likewise deposed by the military 5 months later after embroiling Greece in the War of the Stray Dog. Kountouriotis was reinstated and reelected to the office in 1929, but was forced to resign for health reasons later that year. He was succeeded by Alexandros Zaimis, who served until the restoration of monarchy in 1935. Despite a period of stability and relative prosperity under the last government of Eleftherios Venizelos in 19281932, the effects of the Great Depression were severely felt, and political instability returned. Although the opposition People's Party, which represented the royalist and anti-Venizelos factions of the electorate, had pledged to support the Republic, its imminent rise to power after the March 1933 elections caused fears of a return to the monarchy. A Venizelist coup was launched but quickly suppressed. Following the outbreak of another Venizelist-inspired coup in March 1935, which was suppressed by General Georgios Kondylis the army was purged of Venizelist and republican officers, and the return of the monarchy became inevitable. On 10 October 1935, the chiefs of the Armed Forces overthrew the government of Panagis Tsaldaris, and Kondylis declared himself Regent. He abolished the Republic and staged a plebiscite on 11 November which resulted in return of King George II to the country. Third Hellenic Republic 1974- The current Third Hellenic Republic was declared in 1974 during the Metapolitefsi Greek, regime change, after the end of the Regime of the Colonels which had controlled Greece since the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. The Junta had already held a staged referendum to abolish the monarchy on 29 July 1973, and passed a new Constitution which established a presidential republic with junta leader Georgios Papadopoulos as President. This short-lived attempt at controlled democratization was ended by the hardliners under Brigadier Dimitrios Ioannides, who overthrew Papadopoulos in November 1973 in the aftermath of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. The Republic was maintained, but was nothing more than a façade for the military regime until August 1974, when the Turkish invasion of Cyprus led to the collapse of the Junta. After the fall of the regime and the return to civilian rule in August 1974 however, the legal and constitutional acts of the Junta were deemed invalid, and a new referendum was held on 8 December 1974, which finally abolished the monarchy. A new Constitution, promulgated on 11 June 1975, declared Greece a presidential parliamentary democracy or republic the Greek δημοκρατία can be translated both ways. This constitution, revised in 1985, 2001, 2008 and 2019, is still in force today. External links Hellenic Parliament Constitutional History of Greece Hellenic Republic Hellenic Republic Hellenic Republic *

Ardanj is a village in Yam Rural District, Meshkan District, Khoshab County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 279, in 59 families. References Category:Populated places in Khoshab County

Martín García and Mariano Hood were the defending champions, but Hood could not compete due to his 1-year ban due to doping. Hood decided to retire from professional tennis instead. García teamed up with Luis Horna and successfully defended his title by defeating Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski 7671, 7672 in the final. It was the 6th title for García and the 2nd title for Horna in their respective doubles careers. Seeds Draw Draw References Main Draw Category:Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia Category:2006 ATP Tour

Robert Davol Budlong 19021955 was an American industrial designer from Denver, Colorado. He studied art at Cummings School of Art in Des Moines, Iowa and graduated from Grinnell College, Iowa in 1921. This was followed by further study at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. He started his design career in 1933, with the Hammond Clock Company and, in 1934-1935, became a design consultant with Zenith Radio. This involvement with Zenith was to last until his death. He designed many of Zenith's pre-war portable radios, and virtually their entire Trans-Oceanic line. His other radio designs included a universal portable AC/DC radio with batteries 1940, the Poket radio in 1941, and the Transoceanic Clipper in 1942. Although Zenith wanted him to work full-time as an employee, and head an in-house industrial design group, Budlong wished to remain independent to retain other clients. However, he did relocate his offices to the Zenith building on 333 Michigan Avenue, Chicago, that housed Zenith's corporate showrooms. His other major clients included Sunbeam, Sears-Roebuck, and Victor Cash Register. For Sunbeam, he designed the T-20 Toaster in 1950 - a newer type of appliance that lowered bread automatically, and raised itself silently when done - and worked with Sunbeam staff designer Ivar Jepson on the Shavemaster 1950 electric shaver. This model had a smooth, rounded head and an ergonomic shape to be held in the palm of the hand, rather than the previous elongated shape held like a hammer. Budlong's business was taken over after his death in 1955 by one of his associates, Ken Schory Sr. and renamed Ken Schory Associates. External links IDSA Bio of Budlong Category:1902 births Category:1955 deaths Category:American industrial engineers Category:American industrial designers Category:20th-century American engineers

Hallelujah Hills is a rural locality in the Mid North region of South Australia, situated in the Regional Council of Goyder. The area was originally the territory of the Ngadjuri people. It includes the 413 ha former Hallelujah Hills pastoral property, now held for conservation purposes by Worlds End Conservation Pty Ltd. Worlds End describes the site as the last range of hills and ridges between the mid-north and the mallee plains, and home to rare and threatened flora and fauna. It is home to a large population of the endangered Spiller's wattle Acacia spilleriana. The formal gazetted locality of Hallelujah Hills was established in August 2000. Worlds End Highway marks the eastern boundary of the locality. Hallelujah Hills Road is the only road through Hallelujah Hills itself. References Category:Towns in South Australia Category:Mid North South Australia

Tildesley is a surname, and may refer to: Dominic Tildesley born 1952, a British chemist Donovan Tildesley born 1984, a blind Canadian swimmer Jim Tildesley 18811963, English footballer Mark Tildesley production designer born 1963, British designer and director Miriam Tildesley 18831979, English anthropologist Murder of Mark Tildesley 1984 unsolved murder case See also Tyldesley, a town in Greater Manchester Tyldesley disambiguation

The Baton Rouge Police Department BRPD is the primary law enforcement agency in the city of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The Chief of Police, as of March 8, 2018, was Murphy Paul. The Baton Rouge Police Department has been accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies CALEA since 1996. History Baton Rouge was incorporated in 1817 and the Baton Rouge Police Department was formally established in 1865, just after the end of the Civil War, with the appointment of the first Chief of Police. Currently the Baton Rouge Police Department receives about 215,000 service calls. In an average year, city police officers: Respond to and write reports on 135,000 non-traffic calls Respond to 30,000 false alarms Investigate 21,000 serious crimes Investigate 17,000 traffic crashes Make 8,000 arrests Submit 22,000 pieces of evidence or property Seize 900 firearms Present 200 crime prevention and education seminars to about 10,000 people Destroy 2,500 pounds of seized illegal narcotics License 12,000 bicycles Drive In 2005, due to elevated population levels as a result of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, many of these numbers were significantly higher. Bureaus and command staff The BRPD is divided into four bureaus: Uniform Patrol Bureau - Captain Kevin Newman Criminal Investigations Bureau - Michael Manning Administration Bureau - Deputy chief Herbert Anny Operational Services Bureau - Major Ernie Brewer Uniform Patrol Bureau Uniform Patrol is the largest bureau of the department, and is the primary point of contact for services to the public. The Bureau operates four precinct stations and satellite offices throughout the city. Officers assigned to this bureau perform preventive patrols and respond to public requests for assistance 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The Uniform Patrol Bureau consist of the following divisions: Uniform Patrol Division Uniform Patrol Division is responsible for patrolling all areas of the city, responding to calls from citizens, conducting preliminary investigations of all crimes, and enforcing both criminal and traffic laws. The Uniform Patrol Division is divided into four 4 geographical patrol sections or districts. First District Precinct The First District Precinct is located at 4545 Plank Road and serves what is traditionally known as North Baton Rouge. The area patrolled is roughly bordered on the north and east by Evangeline and Airline Highway, on the west by the Mississippi River and Scenic Highway and on the south by Florida Boulevard. Second District Precinct The Second District Precinct is located at 2265 Highland Road and serves what is traditionally known as South Baton Rouge. The area patrolled is roughly bordered on the north by Florida Boulevard, on the west by the Mississippi River, on the south by Bayou Fountain, and on the east by Bluebonnet Highway, Essen Lane, Jefferson Highway, and Lobdell Avenue. Third District Precinct The Third District is located at 9000 Airline Highway, and serves the eastern part of the city. The area patrolled is roughly bordered on the north by Greenwell Springs Road and the South Choctaw Drive Extension railroad tracks, on the west by Airline Highway and Lobdell Avenue, on the east by North Stevendale Road, Lively Bayou, O'Neal Lane, Jones Creek Road, and Stumberg Lane, and on the south by Airline Highway and Jefferson Highway. Fourth District Precinct The Fourth District Precinct is located at 8227 Scenic Highway and serves the extreme northern part of the city, including the area traditionally known as Scotlandville. The area patrolled is roughly bordered on the north by Blount Road and Thomas Road, on the west by the Mississippi River, on the east by Buttonwood Drive, McClelland Drive, and Plank Road, and on the south by Evangeline and Airline Highway. Traffic Division The Traffic Division is responsible for parking control, radar speed enforcement, motorcycle escort duty, and assisting the uniform patrol division in selective traffic enforcement and accident investigation, as required, as well as special assignments at the discretion of the Chief of Police. The traffic division carries out its mission with the following sections: Motorcycle Section The Motorcycle Section concentrates on traffic enforcement and accident investigation, as well as escorts and other specialized assignments at the discretion of the Chief of Police. Radar Units Radar Units are responsible for enforcement of speeding laws, serve as accident investigators during inclement weather and are periodically assigned to special events. DWI Task Force The DWI Task Force patrols after dark, enforcing laws relating to impaired drivers under the influence of either alcohol or drugs. Bicycle Patrols Bicycle Patrols are utilized for concentrated, more personalized protection of contained areas, such as malls, shopping centers, or areas of high-density pedestrian traffic. Bicycle Patrol officers are also assigned to the Downtown Development District to enforce parking ordinances, contact business owners and residents to check for problems and devise solutions to those problems. Traffic Homicide Unit The Traffic Homicide Unit investigates all traffic crashes involving death or life-threatening injuries and fleet crashes as directed by the Chief of Police. School Crossing Guards School Crossing Guards are civilians used to supplement police protection of children walking to and from schools during the regular school year. Reserve Officers Reserve Officers are civilians who undergo necessary training to become police officers and who donate their time as police officers to supplement existing manpower, especially during special events. Hit and Run Division The Hit and Run Division is responsible for the follow-up investigation of hit and run and incomplete accidents as reported by field officers. Support Services Units The Support Services Units perform functions that supplement the uniform patrol division. Housing Authority Unit The Housing Authority Unit coordinates all security at public housing complexes, working closely with management and residents to enforce laws, resolve problems and provide a safe environment. Building Security Building Security coordinates protection for the East Baton Rouge Parish Governmental Building and its employees. Misdemeanor Investigation Office The Misdemeanor Investigation Office is responsible for conducting follow-up investigations of misdemeanor crimes. K-9 Unit The K-9 Unit is used for building searches, crowd control, tracking fleeing suspects, or searches for missing persons, or any other missions which could more effectively or more safely be carried out by trained Police dogs than by police officers. In 2007, the American Kennel Club awarded the K-9 Division with its 2007 Law Enforcement Award for Canine Excellence due to the units work in the year following Hurricane Katrina. Crime Analysis Section The Crime Analysis Section collects data generated by uniform officers and reports to the bureau commander with respect to manpower allocation and directed patrol initiatives. Criminal Investigations Bureau Criminal Investigations offers some limited first-line response to the public, but is primarily responsible for follow-up investigations of major crimes. Divisions within the Criminal Investigations Bureau include: Crimes Against Persons Crimes Against Persons include the following divisions: Homicide Division is responsible for investigating all criminal calls where a death or life-threatening injury has occurred, any officer involved shooting or the attempted murder of a police officer. Armed Robbery Division is responsible for investigating all criminal calls involving all degrees of robbery. Juvenile and Sex Crimes Division is responsible for maintaining juvenile investigation records, cases of child abuse, and all types of sex crimes. Major Assaults Division is responsible for investigating a wide range of non-life-threatening felony personal crimes and missing person cases. Computer Crimes Division investigates crimes committed against persons or computer systems using the Internet, e-mail or other electronic means. Property Crimes Property Crimes includes the following divisions: Burglary Division is responsible for coordinating all follow-up investigations of burglaries, as well as the recovery of stolen property from local pawn shops. Auto Theft/Impound Division is responsible for conducting follow-up investigations of auto thefts and unauthorized use of movables. The unit also coordinates all records and information relating to vehicles stored and impounded by the Department and monitoring local towing services to insure compliance with applicable standards and ordinances. Forgery Division: is responsible for investigating all crimes involving thefts by fraudulent use of access cards, and forgeries of negotiable documents. Investigative Support Investigative Support includes the following divisions: Evidence Division is responsible for the collection, storage, cataloguing, and disposition of all evidence and property seized by, or turned in to, the department. Crime Scene Division is responsible for assisting in investigations by taking photographs, sketching major crime scenes, collecting and tagging evidence, and performing various scientific tests on suspects and/or evidence as needed. Crime Stoppers Office coordinates all facets of the Crime Stoppers program with local news media, businesses, and the public. Administration Bureau Administration is the Chief's staff bureau, concerned with the overall management of the department's operations and internal controls. Most offices are housed downtown at Police Headquarters located at 9000 Airline Highway. Divisions and Positions within Administration: Legal Advisor acts as an advisor to the Chief of Police and his staff on department matters, to ensure conformity with existing laws and court decisions. Office of Media Relations acts as a liaison between the department and members of the working news media. Fleet Management Division is responsible for all aspects of assigning and maintaining the fleet of vehicles owned and operated by the department. Internal Affairs Division conducts investigations and maintains records on all complaints of wrongdoing lodged against members. Accounting and Personnel Office handles all accounts receivable and payable and prepares the department's annual budget, as well as all personnel records and actions. Operational Management is responsible for providing a wide range of services to the Chief of Police and the department, such as coordinating all research; writing, reviewing and distributing policies and procedures; securing state and federal grant funds; coordinating travel of officers on department business; conducting research on products and equipment; exchanging information with other police agencies regarding operations; inventory control and supply; and accreditation. Staff Inspections Office is responsible for conducting daily inspections of all divisions of the department. Health and Safety analyzes conditions that may affect an officer's performance or result in loss of work time. Community Resources is responsible for establishing liaison with formal community organizations and other community groups. D.A.R.E places police officers in elementary school classrooms to act as anti-drug abuse instructors. Extra Duty Office coordinates and tracks all off-duty employment of police officers. Intelligence Division gathers information on both real and potential threats to the public peace and assimilates and reports such information to the Chief of Police. Explosives and Hazardous Materials UNIT is responsible for on-scene and follow-up investigations of hazardous materials spills or fires, explosions, or crimes involving incendiary devices of all types. Special Response Team, SRT SRT consists of a full-time unit and part-time unit which is composed of officers who are on-call. Their mission is to respond to emergency operations, such as hostage situations, and to provide dignitary and VIP protection. Members of the team competed in the 2008 World SWAT Challenge and finished 5th overall, while also capturing the Rookie Team Championship title. Operational Services Bureau Operational Services is the most diverse bureau of the department, providing numerous and varied support functions, including serving as the repository for all criminal and traffic records. Divisions within this Bureau: Alarm Enforcement Section is responsible for licensing, regulating, maintaining statistics, and collecting fees from alarm users in the city and parish. Licensing Section is responsible for issuing licenses and maintaining records on all persons and businesses licensed by the Chief of Police. Subpoena Services and Court Liaison Section is responsible for serving subpoenas and other court documents to department personnel, and for maintaining liaisons with area courts. Bicycle Registration Division is responsible for registering and licensing all bicycles sold and ridden in the city, as well as enforcing applicable bicycle traffic ordinances. This division is also responsible for storage and disposition of all abandoned, recovered and seized bicycles. Training Services Unit is responsible for the recruitment and training of all prospective and newly hired officers, and the in-service training and re-certification of existing personnel in all aspects of law enforcement as well as the maintenance of records relating to such training. The firearms training section is responsible for all training of potential, newly hired, and existing personnel in the area of firearms safety and proficiency. The recruiting section is responsible for interviewing prospective employees, conducting all necessary background checks and tests, and providing lists of qualified and recommended candidates for employment as officers. Criminal Records Section maintains a centralized record system of all criminal offense reports prepared by officers of the department, arrest reports, fingerprint cards, and all necessary files and systems for criminal information storage, retrieval, archiving, and disposition. Traffic Records Section is responsible for the maintenance of a central traffic records system, providing report production, a public counter service facility, and a system for traffic information storage, retrieval and disposition. Latent Print Section operates as an identification unit, analyzing, comparing, cataloguing and classifying submitted fingerprints. Crime Information Unit is responsible for operating the National Crime Information Center computer and teletype system, receiving and distributing advisories from other agencies, and inputting information originating with this department, for dissemination to other interested agencies. Crime Statistics and Research Unit manages the FBI uniform crime reports and provides statistically oriented data to other divisions and outside agencies. Communications Division is responsible for proper routing of all telephone calls to the department. This division receives and processes all requests for police services. Communications personnel also dispatch, via radio, the appropriate police units to investigate and assist as needed. Technological Support Unit is responsible for operating, maintaining, and updating all computer systems used by the department. Rank structure The Chief of Police is appointed by, and reports to, the Mayor. The Chief is assisted by a Deputy Chief; who is a Colonel. This post has replaced Chief of Staff. All other police positions are promotional and based on seniority, as mandated by state civil service law. Fallen officers Since 1911, the Baton Rouge Police Department has lost 21 Officers and 1 K9 who died while on duty. Former chiefs See also List of law enforcement agencies in Louisiana International Union of Police Associations Officer Down Memorial Page Shooting of Alton Sterling 2016 shooting of Baton Rouge police officers References External links Official website Category:Municipal police departments of Louisiana Category:Government of Baton Rouge, Louisiana Category:1865 establishments in Louisiana Category:Government agencies established in 1865

Paradise Park was a tourist attraction and recreational facility for colored people only, as its sign said, about a from Silver Springs, near Ocala, Florida, founded and run by the same management. It offered similar features, such as glass-bottom boats, jungle cruises, a petting zoo, a dance pavilion with jukebox, performers, a softball field, a horseshoe toss, and a sandy beach with lifeguards. It operated from 1949 to 1969, during which time Silver Springs' boat rides were for whites only. As was the rule during the allegedly separate but equal period, Paradise Park was alright, but it wasn't up on a par with the white parts of Silver Springs. At the time, it was one of three beaches open for African Americans in the state of Florida. Admission was free, though swimming cost 35¢, which provided a towel and clothes storage. Paradise Park drew about 100,000 visitors annually. People came, sometimes by the busload, from as far away as New York and California. At times, the park overflowed with visitors. One day there were 30 buses in the parking lot; on another occasion, 247 cars were counted. Chartered buses brought visitors from many states. Brochures were distributed in Georgia and Alabama, seeking these customers. In 1953, Ebony magazine called it the newest and largest recreational facility for Negroes in the South. Churches held mass baptisms at Paradise Park, as well as picnics. Preachers and choirs had sunrise services. Easter egg hunts, baptisms, and picnics were common and at Christmas, Santa Claus would cruise down the river on a glass-bottom boat to pass out candy, nuts, and fruit for young visitors. Herpetologist Ross Allen even set up a reptile exhibit at the park, similar to the one located upriver at Silver Springs. According to a sign in the promotional movie cited below, Ross Allen's Wild Animal Exhibit included dozens of alligators, hundreds of snakes, monkeys, deer, birds, turtles, lizards, exotic animals and Ole Coochie, a giant alligator. According to a brochure, there was Ross Allen's unusual Reptile Institute, with its great collection of snakes, alligators, Florida wild animals, birds, and an ever changing variety of lions, tigers, and other animals of that breed. At intervals, Mr. Allen, known thruout the world as a top expert on snakes, will tell you all about their habits as he 'milks' them of venom. On Labor Day, there was a beauty pageant, sponsored by a local American Legion post. In 1949, Mildred Jones of Sanford was crowned the first Miss Paradise Park. The Future Farmers of America had their conventions there. The musician B. B. King once visited, as did Mary McLeod Bethune, who didn't care too much for Paradise Park because it was segregated. There was a Bethune-Cookman College day, with the day's proceeds donated to the college. Silver Springs began admitting black patrons in 1967. During Paradise Park's last season, 196869, it was open only Saturdays. Sundays, and holidays. It closed quietly in 1969. Today, Paradise Park remains buried beneath the underbrush. It is remembered fondly by its former employees and visitors. Paradise Park was our roots. Further reading References External links Undated but probably early 1950s 4:30 silent promotional movie for Paradise Park. Photographer was Bruce Mozert. Paradise Lost: Florida's Segregated Beaches and Parks, a program on Florida Crossroads, 09/29/2014 Category:African-American history of Florida Category:Buildings and structures in Marion County, Florida Category:Tourist attractions in Marion County, Florida Category:Resorts in Florida Category:Defunct amusement parks in Florida Category:Defunct amusement parks in the United States Category:African-American culture Category:African-American resorts Category:History of Marion County, Florida Category:Beaches of Florida

The Church of St. John the Evangelist is a Roman Catholic parish church under the authority of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, located in Pawling, Dutchess County, New York. It was established as a mission of Immaculate Conception Church of Amenia in 1869, and elevated to parish status in 1885. History The first priest to visit Pawling was Father Cheveau, a French-Canadian, who came about 1848. Previously, at long intervals, Catholics were compelled to journey thirty-two miles to Danbury, Connecticut to hear Mass. Pawling was a branch mission served first by Father Michael Riordan, pastor of St. Peter's, Poughkeepsie; then later by Denis Sheehan, pastor of St. Mary's, Wappingers Falls. During Father Sheehan's tenure Mass was celebrated once a month in turn at various houses, as well as, at Towner's Station, some six miles south of Pawling. In 1859 Archbishop Hughes appointed Rev. Charles Slevin, as the first resident priest. Father Slevin became responsible for the whole Harlem Valley. He resided at Dover Plains and built the church there. During Father Slevin's tenure, the Civil War broke out, and he was drafted; but the congregation made up the $300 fee to obtain his release and furnish a substitute. Dover Plains was chosen as the headquarters for the missions of Amenia, Beekman, Millbrook, Millerton, and Pawling, where there were no churches. His successor, Rev. John Arsenigo lived in Purdy's Station. In 1866 Rev. Father Tandy was sent as resident pastor to Amenia, with Dover Plains, Millbrook, Millerton, Pawling, and Sylvan Lake as out missions. Father Tandy celebrated Mass on alternate Sundays in the houses of parishioners in Pawling until 1869 when a church was built. In 1872 this church was destroyed by fire; arson was suspected. In 1877 Rev. Father McSweeney was appointed resident pastor in Pawling with Dover Plains and Sylvan Lake as missions. In September 2018, Timothy Cardinal Dolan, Archbishop of New York, officially decreed the merger of St. John the Evangelist with St. Charles Borromeo, creating the new parish church of St. John the Evangelist-St. Charles Borromeo. The main parish office is now located in Pawling, NY. Each church retains its own Sunday Mass schedule but is served now under one pastor. References External links Doulin, Rev. George T., History of the Parish of St. John the Evangelist Category:Religious organizations established in 1869 Category:Religious organizations established in 1885 Category:Roman Catholic churches in New York state Category:Churches in Dutchess County, New York Category:1885 establishments in New York state Category:1869 establishments in New York state

This is a list of women who stood in general elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom up to and including the 1945 general election. Summary of general election candidates Unionist candidates or MPs in Scottish constituencies were counted as Conservatives. Election results 1918 UK general election By-elections, 1918-1922 1922 UK general election By-elections, 1922-1923 1923 UK general election Jewson was elected by taking second place in a two-seat constituency. 1924 UK general election By-elections, 1924-1929 1929 UK general election Rathbone was elected by taking second place in a two-seat constituency. By-elections, 1929-1931 1931 UK general election Horsbrugh was elected by taking second place in a two-seat constituency. By-elections, 1931-1935 1935 UK general election By-elections, 1935-1945 1945 UK general election Castle won in Blackburn by taking second place in a two-seat constituency. See also List of female Members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Parliament Qualification of Women Act 1918 Women in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom References F. W. S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949 Further reading Women Members of Parliament Women Category:House of Commons of the United Kingdom Category:Women in the United Kingdom

Y. P. Varshni born 1932 is a scientist in the areas of physics and astrophysics. Varshni studied at Allahabad University, where he obtained his B.Sc in 1950, his M.Sc. in 1952, and his Ph.D. in 1956. He published his first research paper in 1951 at the age of 19. He served as an assistant professor in the Physics Dept., Allahabad University for the period 195560. Varshni emigrated to Canada as a postdoctorate fellow at the National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada in July 1960. For the next two years he worked in theoretical physics under Ta-You Wu, a distinguished physicist who in China taught T.D. Lee and C.N. Yang, who won the Nobel Prize in 1957. In July 1962, Varshni was appointed as assistant professor in the Department of Physics at the University of Ottawa. He became associate professor in July 1965 and full professor in July 1969. He retired in June 1997 and was then appointed as Emeritus Professor. Varshni has worked in a number of areas of physics and astrophysics. He wrote on the Plasma Laser Star Theory of quasars. He was the Ph.D advisor of David Joseph Singh, a professor at the University of Missouri. He has published more than 260 research papers in important scientific journals. Varshni has also contributed three biographies to the Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Varshni is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, Institute of Physics UK and Royal Astronomical Society UK. He is also a Full Member of the American Astronomical Society. External links Varshni's homepage at U of Ottawa Plasma Laser Star theory of quasars. Category:1932 births Category:Living people Category:Canadian astronomers Category:Canadian physicists Category:20th-century Indian physicists Category:Indian astrophysicists Category:University of Allahabad alumni Category:University of Allahabad faculty

Jeanette Anne Kessler 4 October 1908 18 March 1972 was a British alpine skier who competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics. In 1936 she finished eighth in the alpine skiing combined event. She married James Riddell in 1959. References Alpine skiing 1936 Jeanette Kessler's profile at Sports Reference.com Category:1908 births Category:1972 deaths Category:British female alpine skiers Category:Olympic alpine skiers of Great Britain Category:Alpine skiers at the 1936 Winter Olympics

Robert Sidey Shaw July 24, 1871 February 7, 1953 was president of the Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science now Michigan State University from 1928 to 1941. Dormitory Shaw Hall in the center of campus south of the Red Cedar River is named in his honor. His daughter, Sarah May Shaw, married John A. Hannah, who would succeed Shaw as president of the Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science. External links Biographical Information Michigan State University Archives & Historical Collections Category:1871 births Category:1953 deaths Category:Presidents of Michigan State University

Thal is a settlement in the municipality of Dunkelsteinerwald in Melk District, Lower Austria in northeastern Austria. References Category:Populated places in Lower Austria

A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge stylized onscreen as A Nightmare on Elm Street Part 2: Freddy's Revenge is a 1985 American slasher film directed by Jack Sholder and written by David Chaskin. It stars Mark Patton, Kim Myers, Robert Englund as Freddy Krueger, and Robert Rusler. It is the second installment in the A Nightmare on Elm Street film series. The film follows Jesse Walsh, a teenager who begins having recurring nightmares about Freddy Krueger after moving into the former home of Nancy Thompson from the first film. Freddy's Revenge was released on November 1, 1985, and grossed $30 million at the domestic box office on a budget of $3 million. It received mixed reviews from critics upon release, with many comparing it unfavorably to its predecessor. However, it has enjoyed later success as a cult classic, with critics having reassessed the film's homoerotic themes and subject material. It was distributed by New Line Cinema. The film was followed by A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors. Plot Five years after Freddy Krueger's apparent defeat, the Walshes have moved into the Thompsons' former home. Their teenage son, Jesse, has a nightmare about being stalked by a killer driving a school bus. He wakes up and attributes the dream to the unusual heat in the room. Jesse goes to school with his friend Lisa, whom he is interested in romantically, but is too shy to flirt with her. After getting into a fight with a boy named Grady during gym class, Coach Schneider has them stay after class and they become friends. Lisa comes to visit Jesse after school and they discover a diary from Nancy Thompson detailing her nightmares, which are strikingly similar to Jesse's. Small fires happen around the house, which culminates in the spontaneous combustion of their pet birds. Jesse's father accuses him of sabotage. The following night, Jesse has a nightmare where he encounters Freddy, who tells him to kill for him. The dreams grow more intense and Jesse unsuccessfully attempts different measures to keep himself awake. He eventually begins wandering the streets at night. One night, while dreaming, he is caught by Schneider ordering a drink in a gay bar and is made to run laps at school as punishment. After sending Jesse to the showers, Schneider is attacked by an unseen force that drags him to the showers. Jesse vanishes into the steam and Freddy emerges, killing Schneider by slashing his back. Later, Jesse is horrified to see the glove on his hand. He is escorted home by police after being found wandering the streets naked, and his parents begin to suspect that Jesse may be on drugs or mentally disturbed. Lisa takes Jesse to an abandoned factory where Freddy Krueger worked, but they find nothing there. The following night, Jesse goes to Lisa's pool party and kisses her in the cabana. Afterwards, his body begins to change and he leaves in a panic. He goes to Grady's house, confesses to killing Schneider, and instructs Grady to watch him as he sleeps and to stop him if he tries to leave. When Grady eventually falls asleep, Freddy emerges from Jesse's body and kills Grady. Freddy then changes back to Jesse, who finds himself looking at Freddy's laughing reflection in Grady's mirror. He flees before Grady's parents enter the room. Returning to Lisa's house, Jesse tells her what is going on. Lisa realizes that Jesse's terror is giving Freddy his strength, but he cannot stop fearing him and transforms again. He locks her parents in their bedroom and attacks Lisa, but realizes he cannot harm her due to Jesse's influence. He goes outside where he begins to slaughter the partygoers. Lisa's father emerges with a shotgun, but Lisa stops him from shooting Freddy, who escapes in a ball of flame. She drives to the factory, facing sudden nightmares and having to control her fear before confronting Freddy. She pleads with Jesse to fight Freddy, but Freddy's hold is too strong. When Lisa confesses her love for Jesse and kisses Freddy, Jesse begins to fight back. Freddy combusts and turns to ash, from which Jesse emerges. Later, as Jesse, Lisa, and Lisa's friend Kerry are taking the bus to school, Jesse begins to notice similarities to his original nightmare and panics. After Lisa calms Jesse down, Kerry says that it is all over just before Freddy's clawed arm bursts through her chest. Freddy laughs as the bus drives into the field, just as in Jesse's first nightmare. Cast Production Development Screenwriter Leslie Bohem pitched the producers with his idea of using pregnancy and possession as a plot device for the second film: My concept was a homage to Rosemary's Baby. I came up with a plot that had a new family move into the house, a teenage boy, his pregnant mother and a stepfather the boy didn't get along with. It was a real bloody, scary idea, much more physical and realistic because the dream reality stuff was less central to these movies then. My story was more of a possession scenario with Freddy getting inside the mother's womb, controlling the fetus. But New Line passed on it because [executive] Sara Risher was pregnant at the time, and I understand the idea upset her. So they went with David Chaskin's concept instead. Though both films ended up using the spirit possession concept, the pregnancy idea would eventually be used in the sequel A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child, which Bohem would write the script for. Robert Shaye offered Wes Craven the chance to direct again, but he turned down the offer since he had many problems with the script, such as the possessed parakeet that seemed very ridiculous to him, and of Freddy merging with the main character and manifesting in real life at the pool party to kill scores of teenagers of which many are bigger than him, which Craven thought would diminish Freddy's scare factor as Robert Englund is not very tall in stature. The intro scene with Jesse's nightmare of Freddy driving the bus was carried over from the previous film; Craven was vehemently against Freddy appearing in person as the driver of the car in the epilogue scene, as he felt the storyline for Nancy, Tina, Rod and Glen should be self-contained in the first film. The compromise between him and Shaye was therefore to use the idea of Freddy driving the vehicle for the sequel, but not for any characters from Craven's film. The character of Lisa Webber was named Lisa Poletti in the script. On Wes Craven's suggestions, Chaskin put more emphasis on Lisa in the film than he originally intended; he explains that Craven suggested that we shift the focus from Jesse the male lead. In the script the focus was on Jesse for 90 of the film, then suddenly it shifted to Lisa, his girlfriend. I pretty much added some focus on Lisa, and now it's like 50-50. Casting New Line Cinema originally thought to save money by simply using an unnamed extra in a rubber mask to play Freddy - as had been the case for masked, mute, impersonal killers like Jason Voorhees and Michael Myers - but reconsidered when they realized that the man had the gait and posture of a dimestore monster or Frankenstein's monster as opposed to Robert Englund's classically trained physical acting. The extra as Freddy still remained in one scene left in the film, during coach Schneider's death scene in the shower, though obscured by excessive water steam. Realizing their mistake, the producers quickly brought back Englund for the rest of the film and series. Filming The film's special effects were headed by Kevin Yagher, who handled Freddy's design, and Mark Shostrom, who was responsible for the transformation effects wherein Freddy comes out of Jesse's body. David B. Miller, who created the makeup for the original film, was busy working on Cocoon and My Science Project. In a later interview, Yagher expressed disappointment and confusion regarding the ending of the film. Release Box office The film opened on 522 screens in the New York, Washington D.C., Detroit and Texas areas. Varying figures have been reported for its opening weekend. Daily Variety reported it opening with $3,865,475 placing it second for the weekend behind Death Wish 3. An advert in the following day's Weekly Variety claimed it had grossed $3,220,348 placing it third behind To Live and Die in L.A. and contemporary websites such as Box Office Mojo report it grossing exactly $1 million less than the initial Daily Variety figure, with only $2.9 million, coming in fourth place. Whichever figure is used, the per screen total was higher than the other films in the top 10. The following weekend, it grossed $1,819,203 for a 10-day total of $5,569,334 which New Line also reported in an advertisement, which indicates that the initial figure reported by Daily Variety was overstated. In the US, the film eventually made $30 million on a budget of $3 million. Reception Critical reception Critical reaction of the film was mixed upon release, with some criticism in comparison to its predecessor. Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised the film, saying that it has clever special effects, a good leading performance and a villain so chatty he practically makes this a human-interest story. The review also gave the lead performances positive reviews, noting, Mr. Patton and Miss Myers make likable teen-age heroes, and Mr. Englund actually turns Freddy into a welcome presence. Clu Gulager and Hope Lange have some good moments as Jesse's parents, and Marshall Bell scowls ferociously as the coach who calls his charges dirtballs and who is eventually attacked by a demonic towel. Variety gave the film a positive review saying, Episodic treatment is punched up by an imaginative series of special effects. The standout is a grisly chest-burster setpiece. In a negative review, People called the film a tedious, humorless mess. The film currently holds a 43 approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 28 reviews. The site's consensus is: An intriguing subtext of repressed sexuality gives Freddy's Revenge some texture, but the Nightmare loses its edge in a sequel that lacks convincing performances or memorable scares. Homoerotic subtext Film commentators have often remarked on the film's perceived homoerotic theme, claiming its subtext suggests Jesse is a repressed homosexual never clarified in the movie. They note, in particular, the scenes where he encounters his gym teacher at a gay bar, and his flight to a male friend's house after he attempts to make out with his girlfriend at her pool party. Further, actor Mark Patton, who plays Jesse, played a role so often written as female in the subgenre such as in the first film that it has become known as the final girl. At the time of its release, one publication referred to it as the gayest horror film ever. In the 21st century, it has become a cult film for gay audiences. On Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street Legacy, David Chaskin refers to a 2009 list on Cracked.com which lists The 5 Most Unintentionally Gay Horror Movies, with Freddy's Revenge as number one, and states that There is nothing logical that can explain the level of homoeroticism in this movie. The book Welcome to Our Nightmares: Behind the Scene with Today's Horror Actors elaborates on the film's homoerotic subtext, stating that: The film suggested an undertone of homosexuality, starting with the protagonist's gender-neutral name. Jesse's rarely fully clothed. He and a tormentor have a sweaty wrestling match. His coach, clad in leather, basically hits on him in a gay bar, then gets killed by Freddy, including a bare-ass spanking. Freddy emerges from Jesse's stomach in the same forced-birth technique that made the Alien films legendary. Mark Patton has claimed the film's gay subtext was increasingly emphasised through script rewrites as production progressed. It just became undeniable he told BuzzFeed in 2016. I'm lying in bed and I'm a pietà and the candles are dripping and they're bending like phalluses and white wax is dripping all over. It's like I'm the center of a [...] bukkake video. He has felt betrayed since he knew the filmmakers were aware he was gay, but closeted. They had considerable leverage over him in having him perform a role that, combined with his performance as a gay teen in Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean the year before, led to him being typecast as gay. The role called attention to what he was trying to avoid discussing and would have forestalled him getting any significant roles in 1980s Hollywood. In particular, Patton blames Chaskin, who he says claimed the subtext arose from how Patton played the part. I love when [he] uses the word 'subtext,' he complained. Did you actually go to a freshman English course in high school? This is not subtext. In 2016 he said Chaskin sabotage[d] him. Nobody ever affected my confidencethe boys that threw rocks at me, nobodybut this man did. Chaskin denied for years that there was a gay subtext in his screenplay. Instead, at one point, he told a reporter that Patton had simply played the part too gay. The emotional stress of the film led Patton to leave acting shortly afterwards for a career in interior decorating. While Chaskin has tried to reach out and apologize to Patton over the years, with limited success, he maintains that Patton's interpretations of Jesse were choices that he made ... I have to believe that he 'got it' and that was how he decided to play it. In 2010, Chaskin finally admitted it was a deliberate choice on his part. Homophobia was skyrocketing and I began to think about our core audienceadolescent boysand how all of this stuff might be trickling down into their psyches, he explained. My thought was that tapping into that angst would give an extra edge to the horror. One scene that would have made the gay subtext more apparent, however, was toned down. Englund was actually prepared to insert one of his hand's knife blades into Jessie's mouth instead of merely caressing his lips with it as he does in the finished film, but Patton did not feel comfortable with it. The film's makeup artist suggested to Patton that he not do the scene that way to protect his image. In a February 2010 interview with Attitude magazine, Englund said ... the second Nightmare on Elm Street is obviously intended as a bisexual themed film. It was early '80s, pre-AIDS paranoia. Jesse's wrestling with whether to come out or not and his own sexual desires was manifested by Freddy. His friend is the object of his affection. That's all there in that film. We did it subtly but the casting of Mark Patton was intentional too, because Mark was out and had done Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean. In an article written by Brent Hartinger for AfterElton.com, he notes that a frequent debate in gay pop culture circles is this: Just how 'gay' was 1985's A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge the first Elm Street sequel? The imagery in the movie makes it seem unmistakably gay but the filmmakers have all along denied that that was their intention. During his interview segment for the 2010 documentary film Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street Legacy, David Chaskin admitted that the gay themes were intentional, something he had denied until that point. The rest of the cast and crew have said that they were unaware of any such themes at the time they made the film, but that a series of creative decisions on the part of director Jack Sholder unintentionally brought Chaskin's themes to the forefront. In an interview Sholder said, I simply didn't have the self-awareness to realize that any of this might be interpreted as gay. Now-out Mark Patton said, I don't think that [the character] Jesse was originally written as a gay character. I think it's something that happened along the line by serendipity. Patton also wrote Jesse's Lost Journal about Jesse's life after the film and dealing with his homosexuality. Soundtrack The film's score was composed by Christopher Young. The song Have You Ever Seen a Dream Walking performed by Bing Crosby plays over the film's end credits. The songs Touch Me All Night Long by Fonda Rae, Whisper to a Scream by Bobby Orlando, On the Air Tonight by Willy Finlayson, Moving in the Night by Skagerack, and Terror in My Heart by the Reds are also featured in the film. See also List of ghost films List of monster movies References External links Category:1985 films Category:1985 horror films Category:1980s independent films Category:1980s LGBT-related films Category:1980s sequel films Category:1980s serial killer films Nightmare Elm Street 2 Category:1980s teen horror films Category:American films Category:American independent films Category:American sequel films Category:American serial killer films Category:American slasher films Category:American teen horror films Category:American teen LGBT-related films Category:English-language films Category:Films about nightmares Category:American films about revenge Category:Films about sleep disorders Category:Films about spirit possession Category:Films directed by Jack Sholder Category:Films scored by Christopher Young Category:Films set in 1986 Category:Films set in Ohio Category:Films shot in Los Angeles Category:Gay-related films Category:LGBT-related horror films Category:New Line Cinema films Category:A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise films

The 2018 European Skateboarding Championships was held in Basel, Switzerland, between 31 August and 2 September for street skateboarding and in Malmö, Sweden, between September 36 for park skateboarding. Medal summary Park skateboarding Street skateboardingWomen's results °His name is misspelled Dowwe in the official scoresheet. °°Douwe Macare came 4th in the competition, but he was the 3rd placed European, as the third best score was made by the sole competitor from outside of Europe 's Matias Dell Olio 82,33. References 2018 European Skateboarding Championships European Skateboarding Championships 2018 European Skateboarding Championships European Climbing Championships Category:European Skateboarding Championships

Rokitno-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rokitno, within Biała Podlaska County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately north-east of Biała Podlaska and north-east of the regional capital Lublin. The village has a population of 110. References Category:Villages in Biała Podlaska County

Sheikh Fazlul Karim Selim, better known as Sheikh Selim, is a Bangladeshi member of parliament and a member of the standing committee of Bangladesh Awami League party. Early life Selim is the nephew of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, former President of Bangladesh. He is the younger brother of Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani founder of Jubo League. He is a cousin of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. Career Salim is the current parliamentary representative for the a constituency of Gopalganj-2. He is a Presidium member of Bangladesh Awami League. He has won parliamentary elections from Gopalganj-2 seven times. He served as the Minister for Health and Family Welfare in the First Sheikh Hasina Cabinet. He is the Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare Ministry. Controversy On 23 April 2008 Bangladesh Anti Corruption Commission sued him for corruption with Ramna Police Station. He secured bail from Bangladesh High Court on 16 September 2008. Bangladesh High Court in September stayed proceeding of the case against Selim. On 24 October 2010 Bangladesh Supreme Court stayed the High Court order allowing the case to proceed. Personal life Selim lost a grandson in the 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings, which also left the grandson's father wounded. References Category:Living people Category:Bangladesh Awami League politicians Category:1947 births Category:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman family Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members Category:Health and Family Welfare ministers of Bangladesh Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members Category:3rd Jatiya Sangsad members Category:People from Gopalganj District, Bangladesh

Arab citizens of Israel, or Arab Israelis, are Israeli citizens who are Arab. Many Arab citizens of Israel self-identify as Palestinian and commonly self-designate themselves as Palestinian citizens of Israel or Israeli Palestinians. According to a 2017 survey by University of Haifa professor Sammy Smooha, 16 of the Arab population prefers the term Israeli Arab, while the largest and fastest growing proportion prefers Palestinian in Israel, and 17 prefer Palestinian Arab, rejecting entirely the identity of Israeli. The traditional vernacular of most Arab citizens, irrespective of religion, is Levantine Arabic, including Lebanese Arabic in northern Israel, Palestinian dialect of Arabic in central Israel and Bedouin dialects across the Negev desert; having absorbed much Hebrew loanwords and phrases, the modern dialect of Arab citizens of Israel is defined by some as the Israeli Arabic dialect. Most Arab citizens of Israel are functionally bilingual, their second language being Modern Hebrew. By religious affiliation, most are Muslim, particularly of the Sunni branch of Islam. There is a significant Arab Christian minority from various denominations as well as the Druze, among other religious communities. According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, the Arab population in 2019 was estimated at 1,890,000, representing 20.95 of the country's population. The majority of these identify themselves as Arab or Palestinian by nationality and Israeli by citizenship. Arab citizens of Israel mostly live in Arab-majority towns and cities; eight of Israel's ten poorest cities are Arab. The vast majority attend separate schools to Jewish Israelis, and Arab political parties have never joined a government coalition. Many have family ties to Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip as well as to Palestinian refugees in Jordan, Syria and Lebanon. Galilee Bedouins, Negev Bedouins and the Druze tend to identify more as Israelis than other Arab citizens of Israel. The Arabs living in East Jerusalem and the Druze in the Golan Heights, occupied by Israel in the Six-Day War of 1967 and later annexed, were offered Israeli citizenship, but most have refused, not wanting to recognize Israel's claim to sovereignty. They became permanent residents instead. They have the right to apply for citizenship, are entitled to municipal services and have municipal voting rights. Terminology How to refer to the Arab citizenry of Israel is a highly politicized issue, and there are a number of self-identification labels used by members of this community. Generally speaking, supporters of Israel tend to use Israeli Arab or Arab Israeli to refer to this population without mentioning Palestine, while critics of Israel or supporters of Palestinians tend to use Palestinian or Palestinian Arab without referencing Israel. According to The New York Times, most preferred to identify themselves as Palestinian citizens of Israel rather than as Israeli Arabs, as of 2012. The New York Times uses both 'Palestinian Israelis' and 'Israeli Arabs' to refer to the same population. Common practice in contemporary academic literature is to identify this community as Palestinian as it is how the majority self-identify See Self-Identification below for more. Terms preferred by most Arab citizens to identify themselves include Palestinians, Palestinians in Israel, Israeli Palestinians, the Palestinians of 1948, Palestinian Arabs, Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel or Palestinian citizens of Israel. There are, however, individuals from among the Arab citizenry who reject the term Palestinian altogether. A minority of Israel's Arab citizens include Israeli in some way in their self-identifying label; the majority identify as Palestinian by nationality and Israeli by citizenship. The Israeli establishment prefers Israeli Arabs or Arabs in Israel, and also uses the terms the minorities, the Arab sector, Arabs of Israel and Arab citizens of Israel. These labels have been criticized for denying this population a political or national identification, obscuring their Palestinian identity and connection to Palestine. The term Israeli Arabs in particular is viewed as a construct of the Israeli authorities. It is nonetheless used by a significant minority of the Arab population, reflecting its dominance in Israeli social discourse. Other terms used to refer to this population include Palestinian Arabs in Israel, Israeli Palestinian Arabs, the Arabs inside the Green Line, and the Arabs within . The latter two appellations, among others listed above, are not applied to the East Jerusalem Arab population or the Druze in the Golan Heights, as these territories were occupied by Israel in 1967. As the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics defines the area covered in its statistics survey as including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, the number of Arabs in Israel is calculated as 20.95 of the Israeli population 2019. History 1948 ArabIsraeli War Most Israelis refer to the 1948 ArabIsraeli War as the War of Independence, while most Arab citizens refer to it as al-Nakba the catastrophe, a reflection of differences in perception of the purpose and outcomes of the war. In the aftermath of the 194749 war, the territory previously administered by the British Empire as Mandatory Palestine was de facto divided into three parts: the State of Israel, the Jordanian-held West Bank, and the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip. Of the estimated 950,000 Arabs that lived in the territory that became Israel before the war, over 80 fled or were expelled. The other 20, some 156,000, remained. Arab citizens of Israel today are largely composed of the people who remained and their descendants. Others include some from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank who procured Israeli citizenship under family-unification provisions made significantly more stringent in the aftermath of the Second Intifada. Arabs who left their homes during the period of armed conflict, but remained in what had become Israeli territory, were considered to be present absentees. In some cases, they were refused permission to return to their homes, which were expropriated and turned over to state ownership, as was the property of other Palestinian refugees. Some 274,000, or 1 of every 4 Arab citizens of Israel are present absentees or internally displaced Palestinians. Notable cases of present absentees include the residents of Saffuriyya and the Galilee villages of Kafr Bir'im and Iqrit. 19491966 While most Arabs remaining in Israel were granted citizenship, they were subject to martial law in the early years of the state. Zionism had given little serious thought as to how to integrate Arabs, and according to Ian Lustick subsequent policies were 'implemented by a rigorous regime of military rule that dominated what remained of the Arab population in territory ruled by Israel, enabling the state to expropriate most Arab-owned land, severely limit its access to investment capital and employment opportunity, and eliminate virtually all opportunities to use citizenship as a vehicle for gaining political influence'. Travel permits, curfews, administrative detentions, and expulsions were part of life until 1966. A variety of Israeli legislative measures facilitated the transfer of land abandoned by Arabs to state ownership. These included the Absentee Property Law of 1950 which allowed the state to take control of land belonging to land owners who emigrated to other countries, and the Land Acquisition Law of 1953 which authorized the Ministry of Finance to transfer expropriated land to the state. Other common legal expedients included the use of emergency regulations to declare land belonging to Arab citizens a closed military zone, followed by the use of Ottoman legislation on abandoned land to take control of the land. Arabs who held Israeli citizenship were entitled to vote for the Israeli Knesset. Arab Knesset members have served in office since the First Knesset. The first Arab Knesset members were Amin-Salim Jarjora and Seif el-Din el-Zoubi who were members of the Democratic List of Nazareth party and Tawfik Toubi member of the Maki party. In 1965 a radical independent Arab group called al-Ard forming the Arab Socialist List tried to run for Knesset elections. The list was banned by the Israeli Central Elections Committee. In 1966, martial law was lifted completely, and the government set about dismantling most of the discriminatory laws, while Arab citizens were granted the same rights as Jewish citizens under law. 19672000 After the 1967 Six-Day War, Arab citizens were able to contact Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip for the first time since the establishment of the state. This along with the lifting of military rule, led to increased political activism among Arab citizens. In 1974, a committee of Arab mayors and municipal councilmen was established which played an important role in representing the community and pressuring the Israeli government. This was followed in 1975 by the formation of the Committee for the Defense of the Land, which sought to prevent continuing land expropriations. That same year, a political breakthrough took place with the election of Arab poet Tawfiq Ziad, a Maki member, as mayor of Nazareth, accompanied by a strong communist presence in the town council. In 1976, six Arab citizens of Israel were killed by Israeli security forces at a protest against land expropriations and house demolitions. The date of the protest, 30 March, has since been commemorated annually as Land Day. The 1980s saw the birth of the Islamic Movement. As part of a larger trend in the Arab World, the Islamic Movement emphasized moving Islam into the political realm. The Islamic movement built schools, provided other essential social services, constructed mosques, and encouraged prayer and conservative Islamic dress. The Islamic Movement began to affect electoral politics particularly at the local level. Many Arab citizens supported the First Intifada and assisted Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, providing them with money, food, and clothes. A number of strikes were also held by Arab citizens in solidarity with Palestinians in the occupied territories. The years leading up to the Oslo Accords were a time of optimism for Arab citizens. During the administration of Yitzhak Rabin, Arab parties played an important role in the formation of a governing coalition. Increased participation of Arab citizens was also seen at the civil society level. However, tension continued to exist with many Arabs calling for Israel to become a state of all its citizens, thereby challenging the state's Jewish identity. In the 1999 elections for prime minister, 94 of the Arab electorate voted for Ehud Barak. However, Barak formed a broad left-right-center government without consulting the Arab parties, disappointing the Arab community. 2000present Tensions between Arabs and the state rose in October 2000 when 12 Arab citizens and one man from Gaza were killed while protesting the government's response to the Second Intifada. In response to this incident, the government established the Or Commission. The events of October 2000 caused many Arabs to question the nature of their Israeli citizenship. To a large extent, they boycotted the 2001 Israeli Elections as a means of protest. This boycott helped Ariel Sharon defeat Ehud Barak; as aforementioned, in the 1999 elections, 94 percent of Israel's Arab minority had voted for Ehud Barak. IDF enlistment by Bedouin citizens of Israel dropped significantly. During the 2006 Lebanon War, Arab advocacy organizations complained that the Israeli government had invested time and effort to protect Jewish citizens from Hezbollah attacks, but had neglected Arab citizens. They pointed to a dearth of bomb shelters in Arab towns and villages and a lack of basic emergency information in Arabic. Many Israeli Jews viewed the Arab opposition to government policy and sympathy with the Lebanese as a sign of disloyalty. In October 2006, tensions rose when Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert invited a right-wing political party Yisrael Beiteinu, to join his coalition government. The party leader, Avigdor Lieberman, advocated an ethnicity based territory exchange, the Lieberman Plan, by transferring heavily populated Arab areas mainly the Triangle, to Palestinian Authority control and annexing major Jewish Israeli settlement blocs in the West Bank close to the green line as part of a peace proposal. Arabs who would prefer to remain in Israel instead of becoming citizens of a Palestinian state would be able to move to Israel. All citizens of Israel, whether Jews or Arabs, would be required to pledge an oath of allegiance to retain citizenship. Those who refuse could remain in Israel as permanent residents. In January 2007 the first non-Druze Arab minister in Israel's history, Raleb Majadele, was appointed minister without portfolio Salah Tarif, a Druze, had been appointed a minister without portfolio in 2001. The appointment was criticized by the left, which felt it was an attempt to cover up the Labor Party's decision to sit with Yisrael Beiteinu in the government, and by the right, who saw it as a threat to Israel's status as a Jewish state. Sectarian and religious groupings In 2006, the official number of Arab residents in Israel including East Jerusalem permanent residents many of whom are not citizens was 1,413,500 people, about 20 of Israel's population. The Arab population in 2019 was estimated at 1,890,000, representing 20.95 of the country's population. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics May 2003, Muslims, including Bedouins, make up 82 of the entire Arab population in Israel, along with around 9 Druze, and 9 Christians. Projections based on 2010 data, predicted that Arab Israelis will constitute 25 of Israel's population by 2025. The national language and mother tongue of Arab citizens, including the Druze, is Arabic and the colloquial spoken language is of the Palestinian Arabic dialect. Knowledge and command of Modern Standard Arabic varies. Muslims Settled Traditionally settled communities of Muslim Arabs comprise about 70 of the Arab population in Israel. In 2010, the average number of children per mother was 3.84, dropping from 3.97 in 2008. The Muslim population is mostly young: 42 of Muslims are under the age of 15. The median age of Muslim Israelis is 18, while the median age of Jewish Israelis is 30. The percentage of people over 65 is less than 3 for Muslims, compared with 12 for the Jewish population. Bedouin nomadic According to the Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel, 110,000 Bedouins live in the Negev, 50,000 in the Galilee, and 10,000 in the central region of Israel. Prior to the establishment of Israel in 1948, there were an estimated 65,00090,000 Bedouin living in the Negev. The 11,000 who remained were relocated by the Israeli government in the 1950s and 1960s to an area in the northeastern Negev comprising 10 of the Negev desert. The Israeli government built seven development towns for the Bedouin between 1979 and 1982. Around half the Bedouin population live in these towns, the largest of which is the city of Rahat, others being Ar'arat an-Naqab Ar'ara BaNegev, Bir Hadaj, Hura, Kuseife, Lakiya, Shaqib al-Salam Segev Shalom and Tel as-Sabi Tel Sheva. Approximately 4050 of Bedouin citizens of Israel live in 3945 unrecognized villages that are not connected to the electrical grid and water mains. Druze Most Israeli Druze live in the north of the country and are recognised as a separate community to Arabs. The Galilean Druze and Druze of the Haifa region received Israeli citizenship automatically in 1948. After Israel captured the Golan Heights from Syria in 1967 and annexed it to Israel in 1981, the Druze of the Golan Heights were offered full Israeli citizenship under the Golan Heights Law. Most declined Israeli citizenship and retain Syrian citizenship and identity and are treated as permanent residents of Israel. During the British Mandate for Palestine, the Druze did not embrace the rising Arab nationalism of the time or participate in violent confrontations. In 1948, many Druze volunteered for the Israeli army and no Druze villages were destroyed or permanently abandoned. Since the establishment of the state, the Druze have demonstrated solidarity with Israel and distanced themselves from Arab and Islamic radicalism. Druze citizens serve in the Israel Defense Forces. From 1957, the Israeli government formally recognized the Druze as a separate religious community, and are defined as a distinct ethnic group in the Israeli Ministry of Interior's census registration. While the Israeli education system is basically divided into Hebrew and Arabic speaking schools, the Druze have autonomy within the Arabic speaking branch. In a survey conducted in 2008 by Dr. Yusuf Hassan of Tel Aviv University 94 of Druze respondents identified as Druze-Israelis in the religious and national context, while a 2017 Pew Research Center poll reported that while 99 of Muslims and 96 of Christians identified as ethnically Arab, a smaller share of Druze, 71, identified likewise. Compared to other Christians and Muslims, Druze place less emphasis on Arab identity and self-identify more as Israeli. Most do not identify as Palestinians. Druze politicians in Israel include Ayoob Kara, who represented Likud in the Knesset; Majalli Wahabi of Kadima, the Deputy Speaker of the Knesset; and Said Nafa of the Arab party Balad. Christians Christian Arabs comprise about 9 of the Arab population in Israel. Approximately 70 reside in the north, in Jish, Eilabun, Kafr Yasif, Kafr Kanna, I'billin, Shefa-'Amr. Some Druze villages, such as Hurfeish and Maghar, have small Christian Arab populations. Nazareth has the largest Christian Arab population. The near entirety of Haifa's Arab minority is Christian as well. There are 117,000 or more Christian Arabs in Israel and more than 35,000 non-Arab Christians. As of 2014 the Melkite Greek Catholic Church was the largest Christian community in Israel, where about 60 of Israeli Christians belonged to the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, while around 30 of Israeli Christians belonged to the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem. Many Christian Arabs have been prominent in Arab political parties in Israel, and leaders have included Archbishop George Hakim, Emile Toma, Tawfik Toubi, Emile Habibi, and Azmi Bishara. Notable Christian religious figures include the Melkite Archbishops of the Galilee Elias Chacour and Boutros Mouallem, the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem Michel Sabbah, and Bishop Munib Younan of the Lutheran Church of Jordan and the Holy Land. Israeli Supreme Court judge Salim Joubran is a Christian Arab. Notable Christian figures in science and high tech include Hossam Haick who has many contributions in multidisciplinary fields such as Nanotechnology, Nanosensors and Molecular Electronics, and Johny Srouji who is Apple's senior vice president of Hardware Technologies. Since September 2014 Christian families or clans who can speak the Aramaic language are eligible to register as Arameans in Israel. This recognition comes after about seven years of activity by the Aramean Christian Foundation in Israel, which rather than sticking to an Arab identity, wishes to assimilate into an Israeli lifestyle. Aram is led by IDF Major Shadi Khalloul Risho and the Israeli Christian Recruitment Forum, headed by Father Gabriel Naddaf of the Greek-Orthodox Church and Major Ihab Shlayan. The move was condemned by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, which described it as an attempt to divide the Palestinian minority in Israel. Christian Arabs are one of the most educated groups in Israel. Statistically, Christian Arabs in Israel have the highest rates of educational attainment among all religious communities, according to a data by Israel Central Bureau of Statistics in 2010, 63 of Israeli Christian Arabs have had college or postgraduate education, the highest of any religious and ethno-religious group. Despite the fact that Arab Christians only represent 2 of the total Israeli population, in 2014 they accounted for 17 of the country's university students, and for 14 of its college students. There are more Christians who have attained a bachelor's degree or higher academic degrees than the median Israeli population. The rate of students studying in the field of medicine was higher among Christian Arab students than that of all other sectors. and the percentage of Arab Christian women who are receiving higher education is also higher than that of other groups. The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics noted that when taking into account the data recorded over the years, Israeli Christian Arabs fared the best in terms of education in comparison to any other group receiving an education in Israel. In 2012 Christian Arabs had the highest rates of success at matriculation examinations, namely 69, both in comparison to Muslim and Druze Israelis 50 and 64 respectively, and to the students from the different branches of the Jewish education system considered as one group 61. In terms of their socio-economic situation, Arab Christians are more similar to the Jewish population than to the Muslim Arab population. They have the lowest incidence of poverty and the lowest percentage of unemployment, at 4.9, compared to 6.5 among Jewish men and women. They have also the highest median household income among Arab citizens of Israel and second highest median household income among the Israeli ethno-religious groups. Also Arab Christians have a high presentation in science and in the white collar professions. In Israel Arab Christians are portrayed as a hard working and upper middle class educated ethno-religious minority. According to the study Are Christian Arabs the New Israeli Jews? Reflections on the Educational Level of Arab Christians in Israel by Hanna David from the University of Tel Aviv, one of the factors why Israeli Arab Christians are the most educated segment of Israel's population is the high level of the Christian educational institutions. Christian schools in Israel are among the best schools in the country, and while those schools represent only 4 of the Arab schooling sector, about 34 of Arab university students come from Christian schools, and about 87 of the Israeli Arabs in the high tech sector have been educated in Christian schools. A 2011 Maariv article described the Christian Arab sector as the most successful in the education system, an opinion supported by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics and others who point out that Christian Arabs fared best in terms of education in comparison to any other group receiving an education in Israel. Self-identification The relationship of Arab citizens to the State of Israel is often fraught with tension and can be regarded in the context of relations between minority populations and state authorities elsewhere in the world. Arab citizens consider themselves to be an indigenous people. The tension between their Palestinian Arab national identity and their identity as citizens of Israel was famously described by an Arab public figure as: My state is at war with my nation. Between 1948 and 1967, very few Arab citizens of Israel identified openly as Palestinian, and an Israeli-Arab identity, the preferred phrase of the Israeli establishment and public, was predominant. Public expressions of Palestinian identity, such as displays of the Palestinian flag or the singing and reciting of nationalist songs or poetry were illegal. With the end of military administrative rule in 1966 and following the 1967 war, national consciousness and its expression among Israel's Arab citizens spread. A majority then self-identified as Palestinian, preferring this descriptor to Israeli Arab in numerous surveys over the years. In a 2017 telephone poll, 40 of Arab citizens of Israel identified as Arab in Israel / Arab citizen of Israel, 15 identified as Palestinian, 8.9 as Palestinian in Israel / Palestinian citizen of Israel, and 8.7 as Arab; the focus groups associated with the poll provided a different outcome, in which there was consensus that Palestinian identity occupies a central place in their consciousness. Arabs living in East Jerusalem, occupied and administered by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967, are a special case. Although they hold Israeli ID cards, most are permanent residents since few accepted Israel's offer of citizenship after the war's end, refusing to recognize its sovereignty, and most maintain close ties with the West Bank. As permanent residents, they are eligible to vote in Jerusalem's municipal elections, although only a small percentage takes advantage of this right. The remaining Druze population of the Golan Heights, occupied and administered by Israel in 1967, are considered permanent residents under the Golan Heights Law of 1981. Few have accepted full Israeli citizenship and the vast majority consider themselves citizens of Syria. Population In 2006, the official number of Arab residents in Israel was 1,413,500 people, about 20 of Israel's population. This figure includes 209,000 Arabs 14 of the Israeli Arab population in East Jerusalem, also counted in the Palestinian statistics, although 98 of East Jerusalem Palestinians have either Israeli residency or Israeli citizenship. In 2012, the official number of Arab residents in Israel increased to 1,617,000 people, about 21 of Israel's population. The Arab population in 2019 was estimated at 1,890,000 people, representing 20.95 of the country's population. In Israel's Northern District Arab citizens of Israel form a majority of the population 52 and about 50 of the Arab population lives in 114 different localities throughout Israel. In total there are 122 primarily if not entirely Arab localities in Israel, 89 of them having populations over two thousand. The seven townships as well as the Abu Basma Regional Council that have been constructed by the government for the Bedouin population of the Negev, are the only Arab localities to have been established since 1948, with the aim of relocating the Arab Bedouin citizens see preceding section on Bedouin. 46 of the country's Arabs 622,400 people live in predominantly Arab communities in the north. In Nazareth was the largest Arab city, with a population of , roughly 40,000 of whom are Muslim. Shefa-'Amr has a population of approximately and the city is mixed with sizable populations of Muslims, Christians, and Druze. Jerusalem, a mixed city, has the largest overall Arab population. Jerusalem housed 332,400 Arabs in 2016 37.7 of the city's residents and together with the local council of Abu Ghosh, some 19 of the country's entire Arab population. 14 of Arab citizens live in the Haifa District predominantly in the Wadi Ara region. Here is the largest Muslim city, Umm al-Fahm, with a population of . Baqa-Jatt is the second largest Arab population center in the district. The city of Haifa has an Arab population of 10, much of it in the Wadi Nisnas, Abbas and Halissa neighborhoods. 10 of the country's Arab population resides in the Central District of Israel, primarily the cities of Tayibe, Tira, and Qalansawe as well as the mixed cities of Lod and Ramla which have mainly Jewish populations. Of the remaining 11, 10 live in Bedouin communities in the northwestern Negev. The Bedouin city of Rahat is the only Arab city in the Southern District and it is the third largest Arab city in Israel. The remaining 1 of the country's Arab population lives in cities that are almost entirely Jewish, such as Nazareth Illit with an Arab population of 22 and Tel Aviv-Yafo, 4. In February 2008, the government announced that the first new Arab city would be constructed in Israel. According to Haaretz, [s]ince the establishment of the State of Israel, not a single new Arab settlement has been established, with the exception of permanent housing projects for Bedouins in the Negev. The city, Givat Tantur, was never constructed even after 10 years. Major Arab localities Arabs make up the majority of the population of the heart of the Galilee and of the areas along the Green Line including the Wadi Ara region. Bedouin Arabs make up the majority of the northeastern section of the Negev. Perceived demographic threat In the northern part of Israel the percentage of Jewish population is declining. The increasing population of Arabs within Israel, and the majority status they hold in two major geographic regions the Galilee and the Triangle has become a growing point of open political contention in recent years. Dr. Wahid Abd Al-Magid, the editor of Al-Ahram Weekly's Arab Strategic Report, predicts that: The Arabs of 1948 i.e. Arabs who stayed within the bounds of Israel and accepted citizenship may become a majority in Israel in 2035, and they will certainly be the majority in 2048. Among Arabs, Muslims have the highest birth rate, followed by Druze, and then Christians. The phrase demographic threat or demographic bomb is used within the Israeli political sphere to describe the growth of Israel's Arab citizenry as constituting a threat to its maintenance of its status as a Jewish state with a Jewish demographic majority. Israeli historian Benny Morris stated in 2004 that, while he strongly opposes expulsion of Israeli Arabs, in case of an apocalyptic scenario where Israel comes under total attack with non-conventional weapons and comes under existential threat, an expulsion might be the only option. He compared the Israeli Arabs to a time bomb and a potential fifth column in both demographic and security terms and said they are liable to undermine the state in time of war. Several politicians have viewed the Arabs in Israel as a security and demographic threat. The phrase demographic bomb was famously used by Benjamin Netanyahu in 2003 when he noted that, if the percentage of Arab citizens rises above its current level of about 20 percent, Israel will not be able to maintain a Jewish demographic majority. Netanyahu's comments were criticized as racist by Arab Knesset members and a range of civil rights and human rights organizations, such as the Association for Civil Rights in Israel. Even earlier allusions to the demographic threat can be found in an internal Israeli government document drafted in 1976 known as the Koenig Memorandum, which laid out a plan for reducing the number and influence of Arab citizens of Israel in the Galilee region. In 2003, the Israeli daily Ma'ariv published an article entitled Special Report: Polygamy is a Security Threat, detailing a report put forth by the Director of the Population Administration at the time, Herzl Gedj; the report described polygamy in the Bedouin sector a security threat and advocated means of reducing the birth rate in the Arab sector. The Population Administration is a department of the Demographic Council, whose purpose, according to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, is: ...to increase the Jewish birthrate by encouraging women to have more children using government grants, housing benefits, and other incentives. In 2008 the minister of the interior appointed Yaakov Ganot as new head of the Population Administration, which according to Haaretz is probably the most important appointment an interior minister can make. A January 2006 study rejects the demographic time bomb threat based on statistical data that shows Jewish births have increased while Arab births have begun to drop. The study noted shortcomings in earlier demographic predictions for example, in the 1960s, predictions suggested that Arabs would be the majority in 1990. The study also demonstrated that Christian Arab and Druze birth rates were actually below those of Jewish birth rates in Israel. The study used data from a Gallup poll to demonstrate that the desired family size for Arabs in Israel and Jewish Israelis were the same. The study's population forecast for 2025 predicted that Arabs would comprise only 25 of the Israeli population. Nevertheless, the Bedouin population, with its high birth rates, continues to be perceived as a threat to a Jewish demographic majority in the south, and a number of development plans, such as the Blueprint Negev, address this concern. A study showed that in 2010, Jewish birthrates rose by 31 and 19,000 diaspora Jews immigrated to Israel, while the Arab birthrate fell by 2. Land and population exchange Some Israeli politicians advocate land-swap proposals in order to assure a continued Jewish majority within Israel. A specific proposal is that Israel transfer sovereignty of part of the Arab-populated Wadi Ara area west of the Green Line to a future Palestinian state, in return for formal sovereignty over the major Jewish settlement blocks that lie inside the West Bank east of the Green Line. Avigdor Lieberman of Yisrael Beiteinu, the fourth largest faction in the 17th Knesset, is one of the foremost advocates of the transfer of large Arab towns located just inside Israel near the border with the West Bank e.g. Tayibe, Umm al-Fahm, Baqa al-Gharbiyye, to the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority in exchange for Israeli settlements located inside the West Bank. In October 2006, Yisrael Beiteinu formally joined in the ruling government's parliamentary coalition, headed by Kadima. After the Israeli Cabinet confirmed Avigdor Lieberman's appointment to the position of minister for strategic threats, Labour Party representative and science, sport and culture minister Ophir Pines-Paz resigned his post. In his resignation letter to Ehud Olmert, Pines-Paz wrote: I couldn't sit in a government with a minister who preaches racism. The Lieberman Plan caused a stir among Arab citizens of Israel. Various polls show that Arabs in Israel do not wish to move to the West Bank or Gaza if a Palestinian state is created there. In a survey conducted by Kul Al-Arab among 1,000 residents of Um Al-Fahm, 83 percent of respondents opposed the idea of transferring their city to Palestinian jurisdiction, while 11 percent supported the proposal and 6 percent did not express their position. Of those opposed to the idea, 54 said that they were against becoming part of a Palestinian state because they wanted to continue living under a democratic regime and enjoying a good standard of living. Of these opponents, 18 said that they were satisfied with their present situation, that they were born in Israel and that they were not interested in moving to any other state. Another 14 of this same group said that they were not prepared to make sacrifices for the sake of the creation of a Palestinian state. Another 11 percent cited no reason for their opposition. Politics Arab political parties There are three mainstream Arab parties in Israel: Hadash a joint Arab-Jewish party with a large Arab presence, Balad, and the United Arab List, which is a coalition of several different political organizations including the Islamic Movement in Israel. In addition to these, there is Ta'al. All of these parties primarily represent Arab-Israeli and Palestinian interests, and the Islamic Movement is an Islamist organization with two factions: one that opposes Israel's existence, and another that opposes its existence as a Jewish state. Two Arab parties ran in Israel's first election in 1949, with one, the Democratic List of Nazareth, winning two seats. Until the 1960s all Arab parties in the Knesset were aligned with Mapai, the ruling party. A minority of Arabs join and vote for Zionist parties; in the 2006 elections 30 of the Arab vote went to such parties, up from 25 in 2003, though down on the 1999 31 and 1996 elections 33. Left-wing parties i.e. Labor Party and Meretz-Yachad, and previously One Nation are the most popular parties amongst Arabs, though some Druze have also voted for right-wing parties such as Likud and Yisrael Beiteinu, as well as the centrist Kadima. Arab-dominated parties typically do not join governing coalitions. However, historically these parties have formed alliances with dovish Israeli parties and promoted the formation of their governments by voting with them from the opposition. Arab parties are credited with keeping Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in power, and they have suggested they would do the same for a government led by Labor leader Isaac Herzog and peace negotiator Tzipi Livni. A 2015 Haaretz poll found that a majority of Israeli Arabs would like their parties, then running on a joint list, to join the governing coalition. Representation in the Knesset Palestinian Arabs sat in the state's first parliamentary assembly in 1949. In 2011, 13 of the 120 members of the Israeli Parliament are Arab citizens, most representing Arab political parties, and one of Israel's Supreme Court judges is a Palestinian Arab. The 2015 elections included 18 Arab members of Knesset. Along with 13 members of the Joint List, there were five Arab parliamentarians representing Zionist parties, which is more than double their number in the previous Knesset. Some Arab Members of the Knesset, past and present, are under police investigation for their visits to countries designated as enemy countries by Israeli law. This law was amended following MK Mohammad Barakeh's trip to Syria in 2001, such that MKs must explicitly request permission to visit these countries from the Minister of the Interior. In August 2006, Balad MKs Azmi Bishara, Jamal Zahalka, and Wasil Taha visited Syria without requesting nor receiving such permission, and a criminal investigation of their actions was launched. Former Arab Member of Knesset Mohammed Miari was questioned 18 September 2006 by police on suspicion of having entered a designated enemy country without official permission. He was questioned under caution for 2.5 hours in the Petah Tikva station about his recent visit to Syria. Another former Arab Member of Knesset, Muhammad Kanaan, was also summoned for police questioning regarding the same trip. In 2010, six Arab MKs visited Libya, an openly anti-Zionist Arab state, and met with Muammar al-Gaddafi and various senior government officials. Gaddafi urged them to seek a one-state solution, and for Arabs to multiply in order to counter any plots to expel them. According to a study commissioned by the Arab Association of Human Rights entitled Silencing Dissent, over the period 19992002, eight of nine of the then Arab Knesset members were beaten by Israeli forces during demonstrations. Most recently according to the report, legislation has been passed, including three election laws [e.g., banning political parties], and two Knesset related laws aimed to significantly curb the minority [Arab population] right to choose a public representative and for those representatives to develop independent political platforms and carry out their duties. Representation in the civil service sphere In the public employment sphere, by the end of 2002, 6 of 56,362 Israeli civil servants were Arab. In January 2004, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon declared that every state-run company must have at least one Arab citizen of Israel on its board of directors. Representation in political, judicial and military positions Cabinet: Nawaf Massalha, an Arab Muslim, has served in various junior ministerial roles, including Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, since 1999. Until 2001, no Arab had been included in a Prime Minister's cabinet. In 2001, this changed, when Salah Tarif, a Druze Arab citizen of Israel, was appointed a member of Sharon's cabinet without a portfolio. Tarif was later ejected after being convicted of corruption. In 2007 the first non-Druze Arab minister in Israel's history, Raleb Majadele, was appointed a minister without portfolio, and a month later appointed minister for Science, Culture and Sport. The appointment of Majadele was criticized by far-right Israelis, some of whom are also within the Cabinet, but this drew condemnation across the mainstream Israeli political spectrum. Meanwhile, Arab lawmakers called the appointment an attempt to whitewash Israel's discriminatory policies against its Arab minority. Knesset: Arab citizens of Israel have been elected to every Knesset, and currently hold 17 of its 120 seats. The first female Arab MP was Hussniya Jabara, a Muslim Arab from central Israel, who was elected in 1999. Supreme Court: Abdel Rahman Zuabi, a Muslim from northern Israel, was the first Arab on the Israeli Supreme Court, serving a 9-month term in 1999. In 2004, Salim Joubran, a Christian Arab from Haifa descended from Lebanese Maronites, became the first Arab to hold a permanent appointment on the Court. Joubran's expertise lies in the field of criminal law. George Karra, a Christian Arab from Jaffa has served as a Tel Aviv District Court judge since 2000. He was the presiding judge in the trial of Moshe Katsav. In 2011, he was nominated as a candidate for the Israeli Supreme Court. Foreign Service: Ali Yahya, an Arab Muslim, became the first Arab ambassador for Israel in 1995 when he was appointed ambassador to Finland. He served until 1999, and in 2006 was appointed ambassador to Greece. Other Arab ambassadors include Walid Mansour, a Druze, appointed ambassador to Vietnam in 1999, and Reda Mansour, also a Druze, a former ambassador to Ecuador. Mohammed Masarwa, an Arab Muslim, was Consul-General in Atlanta. In 2006, Ishmael Khaldi was appointed Israeli consul in San Francisco, becoming the first Bedouin consul of the State of Israel. Israel Defense Forces: Arab Generals in the IDF include Major General Hussain Fares, commander of Israel's border police, and Major General Yosef Mishlav, head of the Home Front Command and current Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories. Both are members of the Druze community. Other high-ranking officers in the IDF include Lieutenant Colonel Amos Yarkoni born Abd el-Majid Hidr/ عبد الماجد حيدر from the Bedouin community, a legendary officer in the Israel Defense Forces and one of six Israeli Arabs to have received the IDF's third highest decoration, the Medal of Distinguished Service. Israeli Police: In 2011, Jamal Hakroush became the first Muslim Arab deputy Inspector-General in the Israeli Police. He has previously served as district commander of two districts. Jewish National Fund: In 2007, Ra'adi Sfori became the first Arab citizen of Israel to be elected as a JNF director, over a petition against his appointment. The court upheld the JNF's appointment, explaining, As this is one director among a large number, there is no chance he will have the opportunity to cancel the organization's goals. Other political organizations and movements Abna el-Balad Abnaa el-Balad is a political movement that grew out of organizing by Arab university youth, beginning in 1969. It is not affiliated with the Arab Knesset party Balad. While participating in municipal elections, Abnaa al-Balad firmly reject any participation in the Israeli Knesset. Political demands include the return of all Palestinian refugees to their homes and lands, [an] end [to] the Israeli occupation and Zionist apartheid and the establishment [of] a democratic secular state in Palestine as the ultimate solution to the Arab-Zionist conflict. High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel The High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel is an extra-parliamentary umbrella organization that represents Arab citizens of Israel at the national level. It is the top representative body deliberating matters of general concern to the entire Arab community and making binding decisions. While it enjoys de facto recognition from the State of Israel, it lacks official or de jure recognition from the state for its activities in this capacity. Ta'ayush Ta'ayush is a grassroots movement of Arabs and Jews working to break down the walls of racism and segregation by constructing a true Arab-Jewish partnership. Regional Council of Unrecognized Villages The Regional Council of Unrecognized Villages is a body of unofficial representatives of the unrecognized villages throughout the Negev region in the south. Attempts to ban Arab political parties Amendment 9 to the 'Basic Law: The Knesset and the Law of Political Parties' states that a political party may not participate in the elections if there is in its goals or actions a denial of the existence of the State of Israel as the state of the Jewish people, a denial of the democratic nature of the state, or incitement to racism. A number of attempts were done to disqualify Arab parties based on this rule, however as of 2010, all such attempts were either rejected by the Israeli Central Elections Committee or overturned by the Israeli Supreme Court. Progressive List for Peace An Israeli Central Elections Committee ruling which allowed the Progressive List for Peace to run for the Knesset in 1988 was challenged based on this amendment, but the committee's decision was upheld by the Israeli Supreme Court, which ruled that the PLP's platform calling for Israel to become a state of all its citizens does not violate the ideology of Israel as the State of the Jewish people, and thus section 7a does not apply. Balad In December 2002, Azmi Bishara and his party, Balad, which calls for Israel to become a state of all its citizens, were banned by the Israeli Central Elections Committee, for refusing to recognize Israel as a Jewish and democratic state and making statements promoting armed struggle against it. The Supreme Court overruled the decision in January 2003. Bishara served as a Knesset member from 1996 to 2007. He reportedly told an audience in Lebanon in December 2005 that Arab citizens [...] are like all Arabs, only with Israeli citizenship forced upon them [...] Return Palestine to us and take your democracy with you. We Arabs are not interested in it. Bishara resigned his Knesset office and left the country in 2007 amidst news that criminal charges were being laid against him. He has been charged with espionage and money laundering, stemming from allegations that he gave Hizbullah information on strategic targets that should be attacked with rockets during the 2006 Lebanon War, in exchange for large amounts of money. United Arab List Ta'al and Balad In 2009, United Arab List Ta'al and Balad were disqualified, on grounds that they do not recognize the State of Israel and call for armed conflict against it. The Supreme Court of Israel overturned the Committee's decision by a majority of eight to one. Legal and political status Israel's Declaration of Independence called for the establishment of a Jewish state with equality of social and political rights, irrespective of religion, race, or sex. The rights of citizens are guaranteed by a set of basic laws Israel does not have a written constitution. Although this set of laws does not explicitly include the term right to equality, the Israeli Supreme Court has consistently interpreted Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty and Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation 1994 as guaranteeing equal rights for all Israeli citizens. The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that Arab Israelis are citizens of Israel with equal rights and states that The only legal distinction between Arab and Jewish citizens is not one of rights, but rather of civic duty. Since Israel's establishment, Arab citizens have been exempted from compulsory service in the Israel Defense Forces IDF. Druze and Circassians are drafted into the Israeli army, while other Arabs may serve voluntarily; however, only a very small number of Arabs choose to volunteer for the Israeli army. Many Arab citizens feel that the state, as well as society at large, not only actively limits them to second-class citizenship, but treats them as enemies, affecting their perception of the de jure versus de facto quality of their citizenship. The joint document The Future Vision of the Palestinian Arabs in Israel, asserts: Defining the Israeli State as a Jewish State and exploiting democracy in the service of its Jewishness excludes us, and creates tension between us and the nature and essence of the State. The document explains that by definition the Jewish State concept is based on ethnically preferential treatment towards Jews enshrined in immigration the Law of Return and land policy the Jewish National Fund, and calls for the establishment of minority rights protections enforced by an independent anti-discrimination commission. A 2004 report by Mossawa, an advocacy center for Palestinian-Arab citizens of Israel, states that since the events of October 2000, 16 Arabs had been killed by security forces, bringing the total to 29 victims of institutional violence in four years. Ahmed Sa'adi, in his article on The Concept of Protest and its Representation by the Or Commission, states that since 1948 the only protestors to be killed by the police have been Arabs. Yousef Munayyer, an Israeli citizen and the executive director of The Jerusalem Fund, wrote that Palestinians only have varying degrees of limited rights in Israel. He states that although Palestinians make up about 20 of Israel's population, less than 7 of the budget is allocated to Palestinian citizens. He describes the 1.5 million Arab citizens of Israel as second-class citizens while four million more are not citizens at all. He states that a Jew from any country can move to Israel but a Palestinian refugee, with a valid claim to property in Israel, cannot. Munayyer also described the difficulties he and his wife faced when visiting the country. Arabic and Hebrew as official languages Arabic was until July 2018 one of Israel's official languages. The use of Arabic increased significantly following Supreme Court rulings in the 1990s. Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People defines Hebrew as the official language of the State and gives the Arabic language a special status. Government ministries publish all material intended for the public in Hebrew, with selected material translated into Arabic, English, Russian, and other languages spoken in Israel. There are laws that secure the Arab population's right to receive information in Arabic. Some examples include a portion of the public television channels' productions must be in Arabic or translated into Arabic, safety regulations in working places must be published in Arabic if a significant number of the workers are Arabs, information about medicines or dangerous chemicals must be provided in Arabic, and information regarding elections must be provided in Arabic. The country's laws are published in Hebrew, and eventually English and Arabic translations are published. Publishing the law in Hebrew in the official gazette Reshumot is enough to make it valid. Unavailability of an Arabic translation can be regarded as a legal defense only if the defendant proves he could not understand the meaning of the law in any conceivable way. Following appeals to the Israeli Supreme Court, the use of Arabic on street signs and labels increased dramatically. In response to one of the appeals presented by Arab Israeli organizations, the Supreme Court ruled that although second to Hebrew, Arabic is an official language of the State of Israel, and should be used extensively. Today most highway signage is trilingual Hebrew, Arabic, and English. Many Arab villages lack street signs of any kind and the Hebrew name is often used. The state's schools in Arab communities teach in Arabic according to a specially adapted curriculum. This curriculum includes mandatory lessons of Hebrew as foreign language from the 3rd grade onwards. Arabic is taught in Hebrew-speaking schools, but only the basic level is mandatory. In the summer of 2008, there was an unsuccessful attempt of right-wing lawmakers to strip Arabic of its status alongside Hebrew as an official language of the state. Israeli national symbols Some Arab politicians have requested a reevaluation of the Israeli flag and national anthem, arguing that the Star of David at the flag's center is an exclusively Jewish symbol, and Hatikvah does not represent Arab citizens, since it speaks of the Jewish people's desire to return to their homeland. The High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel and the National Committee for the Heads of the Arab Local Authorities in Israel stated in 2006, Michael Oren, the former Israeli ambassador to the United Nations, has argued that since the Seal of Solomon Star of David is also considered to be an Islamic symbol, Arab citizens of Israel should be able to feel the same sense of loyalty to the flag as Jewish citizens do. Independence Day In Israel, Independence Day takes place on 5 Iyar according to the Hebrew calendar, which means it falls on different dates every year under the Gregorian calendar. Arab citizens of Israel generally mark al-Nakba both on this day, and on 15 May, as do other Palestinians. Druze soldiers, however, were present at Israel's first Independence Day Parade in 1949, and there have since been parades for Druze and Circassians, as well as special events for Bedouins, on Independence Day. In January 2008, the mayor of Shefa-'Amr, Ursan Yassin, met with officials of the Israeli state committee on the celebrations for the 60th anniversary of independence and announced that Shefa-'Amr intended to take part in the celebrations. He stated: This is our country and we completely disapprove of the statements made by the Higher Monitoring Committee. I want to hold a central ceremony in Shefa-'Amr, raise all the flags and have a huge feast. The 40,000 residents of Shefa-'Amr feel that they are a part of the State of Israel...The desire to participate in the festivities is shared by most of the residents. We will not raise our children to hate the country. This is our country and we want to live in coexistence with its Jewish residents. Citizenship and Entry Law On 31 July 2003, Israel enacted the Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law Temporary Provision, 5763-2003, a one-year amendment to Israel's Citizenship Law denying citizenship and Israeli residence to Palestinians who reside in the West Bank or Gaza Strip and who marry Israelis; the rule has been waived for any Palestinian who identifies with the State of Israel and its goals, when he or a member of his family has taken concrete action to advance the security, economy or any other matter important to the State. Upon expiration the law was extended for six months in August 2004, and again for four months in February 2005. On 8 May 2005, the Israeli ministerial committee for issues of legislation once again amended the Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law, to restrict citizenship and residence in Israel only to Palestinian men over the age of 35, and Palestinian women over the age of 25. Defenders of the Citizenship and Entry Law say it is aimed at preventing terrorist attacks and preserving the Jewish character of Israel by restricting Arab immigration. The new bill was formulated in accordance with Shin Bet statistics showing that involvement in terror attacks declines with age. This newest amendment, in practice, removes restrictions from half of the Palestinian population requesting legal status through marriage in Israel. This law was upheld by a High Court decision in 2006. Although this law theoretically applies to all Israelis, it has disproportionately affected Arab citizens of Israel; Arabs are far more likely to have Palestinian spouses than other Israelis. Thus the law has been widely considered discriminatory and the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination has unanimously approved a resolution saying that the Israeli law violated an international human rights treaty against racism. Civil rights The Israeli Declaration of Independence stated that the State of Israel would ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex, and guaranteed freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture. While formally equal according to Israeli law, a number of official sources acknowledge that Arab citizens of Israel experience discrimination in many aspects of life. Israeli High Court Justice Ret. Theodor Or wrote in The Report by the State Commission of Inquiry into the Events of October 2000: The Arab citizens of Israel live in a reality in which they experience discrimination as Arabs. This inequality has been documented in a large number of professional surveys and studies, has been confirmed in court judgments and government resolutions, and has also found expression in reports by the state comptroller and in other official documents. Although the Jewish majority's awareness of this discrimination is often quite low, it plays a central role in the sensibilities and attitudes of Arab citizens. This discrimination is widely accepted, both within the Arab sector and outside it, and by official assessments, as a chief cause of agitation. The Or Commission report also states that activities by Islamic organizations may be using religious pretenses to further political aims. The commission describes such actions as a factor in 'inflaming' the Muslim population in Israel against the authorities, and cites the al-Sarafand mosque episode, with Muslims' attempts to restore the mosque and Jewish attempts to stop them, as an example of the 'shifting of dynamics' of the relationship between Muslims and the Israeli authorities. According to the 2004 U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Israel and the Occupied Territories, the Israeli government had done little to reduce institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's Arab citizens. The 2004 U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices notes that: Israeli-Arab advocacy organizations have challenged the Government's policy of demolishing illegal buildings in the Arab sector, and claimed that the Government was more restrictive in issuing building permits in Arab communities than in Jewish communities, thereby not accommodating natural growth. In June, the Supreme Court ruled that omitting Arab towns from specific government social and economic plans is discriminatory. This judgment builds on previous assessments of disadvantages suffered by Arab Israelis. Israeli-Arab organizations have challenged as discriminatory the 1996 Master Plan for the Northern Areas of Israel, which listed as priority goals increasing the Galilee's Jewish population and blocking the territorial contiguity of Arab towns. Israeli Arabs were not required to perform mandatory military service and, in practice, only a small percentage of Israeli Arabs served in the military. Those who did not serve in the army had less access than other citizens to social and economic benefits for which military service was a prerequisite or an advantage, such as housing, new-household subsidies, and employment, especially government or security-related industrial employment. The Ivri Committee on National Service has issued official recommendations to the Government that Israel Arabs not be compelled to perform national or civic service, but be afforded an opportunity to perform such service. According to a 2003 University of Haifa study, a tendency existed to impose heavier prison terms to Arab citizens than to Jewish citizens. Human rights advocates claimed that Arab citizens were more likely to be convicted of murder and to have been denied bail. The Orr Commission of Inquiry's report [] stated that the 'Government handling of the Arab sector has been primarily neglectful and discriminatory,' that the Government 'did not show sufficient sensitivity to the needs of the Arab population, and did not take enough action to allocate state resources in an equal manner.' As a result, 'serious distress prevailed in the Arab sector in various areas. Evidence of distress included poverty, unemployment, a shortage of land, serious problems in the education system, and substantially defective infrastructure.' The 2007 U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices notes that: According to a 2005 study at Hebrew University, three times more money was invested in education of Jewish children as in Arab children. Human Rights Watch has charged that cuts in veteran benefits and child allowances based on parents' military service discriminate against Arab children: The cuts will also affect the children of Jewish ultra-orthodox parents who do not serve in the military, but they are eligible for extra subsidies, including educational supplements, not available to Palestinian Arab children. According to the Guardian, in 2006 just 5 of civil servants were Arabs, many of them hired to deal with other Arabs, despite the fact that Arab citizens of Israel comprise 20 of the population. Although the Bedouin infant mortality rate is still the highest in Israel, and one of the highest in the developed world, The Guardian reports that in the 2002 budget, Israel's health ministry allocated Arab communities less than 1 of its budget for healthcare facility development. In March 2010, a report released by several Israeli civil rights groups stated that the current Knesset was the most racist in Israeli history with 21 bills proposed in 2008 and 2009 that would discriminate against the country's Arab minority. A preliminary report commissioned by Israel's Courts Administration and the Israel Bar Association found in 2011 that Israeli Arabs are more likely than Israeli Jews to be convicted of crimes after being charged, more likely to be given custodial sentences, and were given longer sentences. It did not account for mitigating or aggravating circumstances, prior criminal record and the convict's gender. Property ownership and housing The Jewish National Fund is a private organization established in 1901 to buy and develop land in the Land of Israel for Jewish settlement; land purchases were funded by donations from world Jewry exclusively for that purpose. The JNF currently owns 13 of land in Israel, while 80 is owned by the government, and the rest, around 7, is evenly divided between private Arab and Jewish owners. Thus, the Israel Land Administration ILA administers 94 of the land in Israel Government Press Office, Israel, 22 May 1997. A significant portion of JNF lands were originally properties left behind by Palestinian absentees and as a result the legitimacy of some JNF land ownership has been a matter of dispute. The JNF purchased these lands from the State of Israel between 1949 and 1953, after the state took control of them according to the Absentee Properties Law. While the JNF charter specifies the land is for the use of the Jewish People, land has been leased to Bedouin herders. Nevertheless, JNF land policy has been criticized as discrimination. When the ILA leased JNF land to Arabs, it took control of the land in question and compensated the JNF with an equivalent amount of land in areas not designated for development generally in the Galilee and the Negev, thus ensuring that the total amount of land owned by the JNF remains the same. This was a complicated and controversial mechanism, and in 2004 use of it was suspended. After Supreme Court discussions and a directive by the Attorney General instructing the ILA to lease JNF land to Arabs and Jews alike, in September 2007 the JNF suggested reinstating the land-exchange mechanism. While the JNF and the ILA view an exchange of lands as a long-term solution, opponents say that such maneuvers privatize municipal lands and preserve a situation in which significant lands in Israel are not available for use by all of its citizens. As of 2007, the High Court delayed ruling on JNF policy regarding leasing lands to non-Jews, and changes to the ILA-JNF relationship were up in the air. Adalah and other organizations furthermore express concern that proposed severance of the relation between the ILA and JNF, as suggested by Ami Ayalon, would leave the JNF free to retain the same proportion of lands for Jewish uses as it seeks to settle hundreds of thousands of Jews in areas with a tenuous Jewish demographic majority in particular, 100,000 Jews in existing Galilee communities and 250,000 Jews in new Negev communities via the Blueprint Negev. The Israel Land Administration, which administers 93 of the land in Israel including the land owned by the Jewish National Fund, refuses to lease land to non-Jewish foreign nationals, who include Palestinian residents of Jerusalem who have identity cards but are not citizens of Israel. When ILA land is bought in Israel it is actually leased to the owner for a period of 49 years. According to article 19 of the ILA lease, foreign nationals are excluded from leasing ILA land, and in practice foreigners may just show that they qualify as Jewish under the Law of Return. Israeli law also discriminates between Jewish and Arab residents of Jerusalem regarding rights to recover property owned before the dislocations created by the 1948 ArabIsraeli War. The 1950 Absentees Property Law said that any property within post-war Israel which was owned by an Arab who had left the country between 29 November 1947 and 19 May 1948, or by a Palestinian who had merely been abroad or in area of Palestine held by hostile forces up to 1 September 1948, lost all rights to that property. Palestinians who fled or were expelled from their homes by Jewish or Israeli forces, before and during the 1948 ArabIsraeli war, but remained within the borders of what would become Israel, that is, those currently known as Arab citizens of Israel, are deemed present absentees by the legislation. Present absentees are regarded as absent by the Israeli government because they left their homes, even if they did not intend to leave them for more than a few days, and even if they did so involuntarily. Following the 1967 Six-Day War in which Israel occupied the West Bank, from where it annexed East Jerusalem, Israel then passed in 1970 the Law and Administration Arrangements Law allowing for Jews who had lost property in East Jerusalem and the West Bank during the 1948 war to reclaim it. Palestinian residents of Jerusalem absentees in the same positions, and Arab Israelis present absentees, who owned property in West Jerusalem or other areas within the state of Israel, and lost it as a result of the 1948 war, cannot recover their properties. Israeli legislation, therefore, allows Jews to recover their land, but not Arabs. In the early 2000s, several community settlements in the Negev and the Galilee were accused of barring Arab applicants from moving in. In 2010, the Knesset passed legislation that allowed admissions committees to function in smaller communities in the Galilee and the Negev, while explicitly forbidding committees to bar applicants based on the basis of race, religion, sex, ethnicity, disability, personal status, age, parenthood, sexual orientation, country of origin, political views, or political affiliation. Critics, however, say the law gives the privately run admissions committees a wide latitude over public lands, and believe it will worsen discrimination against the Arab minority. Contesting allegations of discrimination While groups are not separated by official policy, Israel has a number of different sectors within the society that maintain their strong cultural, religious, ideological, and/or ethnic identity. The Israeli foreign ministry maintains that in spite of the existing social cleavages and economic disparities, the political systems and the courts represent strict legal and civic equality. The Israeli foreign ministry describes the country as: Not a meltingpot society, but rather more of a mosaic made up of different population groups coexisting in the framework of a democratic state. According to Ishmael Khaldi, an Arab citizen of Israel and the nation's first high-ranking Muslim in the Israeli foreign service, while Israeli society is far from perfect, minorities in Israel fare far better than any other country in the Middle East. He wrote: I am a proud Israeli along with many other non-Jewish Israelis such as Druze, Bahai, Bedouin, Christians and Muslims, who live in one of the most culturally diversified societies and the only true democracy in the Middle East. Like America, Israeli society is far from perfect, but let us deal honestly. By any yardstick you choose educational opportunity, economic development, women and gay's rights, freedom of speech and assembly, legislative representation Israel's minorities fare far better than any other country in the Middle East. Opposition to intermarriage Intermarriage is prohibited by the Jewish Halakha. In the case of mixed Arab-Jewish marriages, emotions run especially high. A 2007 opinion survey found that more than half of Israeli Jews believed intermarriage was equivalent to national treason. A group of Jewish men in the Jerusalem neighborhood of Pisgat Ze'ev started patrolling the neighborhood to stop Jewish women from dating Arab men. The municipality of Petah Tikva has also announced an initiative to providing a telephone hotline for friends and family to report Jewish girls who date Arab men as well as psychologists to provide counselling. The city of Kiryat Gat launched a campaign in schools to warn Jewish girls against dating local Bedouin men. A 2015 survey found that 82 of Israeli Muslims and 88 of Israeli Christians would be uncomfortable with a child of theirs marrying a Jew. 97 of Israeli Jews would be uncomfortable if a child of theirs married a Muslim and 89 would be uncomfortable if a child of theirs married a Christian. Knesset The Mossawa Center an advocacy organization for Arabs in Israel blames the Knesset of discrimination against Arabs, citing a 75 increase in discriminatory and racist bills submitted to the Knesset in the year 2009. According to the report, 11 bills deemed by the center to be discriminatory and racist were placed on the legislature's table in 2007, while 12 such bills were initiated in 2008. However, in 2009 a full 21 bills deemed discriminatory by the Mossawa Center were discussed in the Knesset. The reports categorizes as racist proposals such as giving academic scholarships to soldiers who served in combat units, and a bill to revoke government funding from organizations acting against the principles of the State. The Coalition Against Racism and the Mossawa Center said that the proposed legislation seeks to de-legitimize Israel's Arab citizens by decreasing their civil rights. Economic status Inequality in the allocation of public funding for Jewish and Arab needs, and widespread employment discrimination, present significant economic hurdles for Arab citizens of Israel. On the other hand, the Minorities at Risk MAR group states that despite obvious discrimination, Israeli Arabs are relatively much better off economically than neighboring Arabs. The predominant feature of the Arab community's economic development after 1949 was its transformation from a predominantly peasant farming population to a proletarian industrial workforce. It has been suggested that the economic development of the community was marked by distinct stages. The first period, until 1967, was characterised by this process of proletarianisation. From 1967 on, economic development of the population was encouraged and an Arab bourgeoisie began to develop on the margin of the Jewish bourgeoisie. From the 1980s on, the community developed its economic and, in particular, industrial potential. In July 2006, the Government categorized all Arab communities in the country as 'class A' development areas, thus making them eligible for tax benefits. This decision aims to encourage investments in the Arab sector. Raanan Dinur, director-general of Prime Minister office, said in December 2006 that Israel had finalized plans to set up a NIS 160 million private equity fund to help develop the businesses of the country's Arab community over the next decade. According to Dinur, companies owned by Arab citizens of Israel will be eligible to apply to the fund for as much as NIS 4 million US$952,000, enabling as many as 80 enterprises to receive money over the next 10 years. The Israeli government will, according to Dinur, solicit bids to operate the fund from various financial institutes and private firms, which must pledge to raise at least NIS 80 million about US$19 million from private investors. In February 2007, The New York Times reported that 53 percent of the impoverished families in Israel were Arabs. Since the majority of Arabs in Israel do not serve in the army, they are ineligible for many financial benefits such as scholarships and housing loans. Arab towns in Israel are reluctant to collect city taxes from their residents. Sikkuy, a prominent Arab-Jewish NGO, found that Arabs as a group have the highest home ownership in Israel: 93 compared to 70 among Jews. While per capita income is lower in the Arab community, these figures do not take into account age the average age in the Arab community is lower and young people earn less, the low percentage of women who join the workforce, and the large size of Arab families. In 2005, of the 40 towns in Israel with the highest unemployment rates, 36 were Arab towns. According to the Central Bank of Israel statistics for 2003, salary averages for Arab workers were 29 lower than for Jewish workers. Difficulties in procuring employment have been attributed to a comparatively low level of education vis-a-vis their Jewish counterparts, insufficient employment opportunities in the vicinity of their towns, discrimination by Jewish employers, and competition with foreign workers in fields, such as construction and agriculture. Arab women have a higher unemployment rate in the work force relative to both religious and secular Jewish women. While among Arab men the employment was found to be on par with Jewish men, 17 of Arab women were found to be employed. This puts the Arab employment at 68 of the Israeli average. The Druze and Christian Arabs have higher employment than Muslims. Imad Telhami, founder and CEO of Babcom, a call center in the Tefen Industrial Park with 300 employees, is committed to developing career opportunities for Arab workers in Israel. Telhami, a Christian Arab, was a senior executive at the Delta Galil Industries textile plant before establishing Babcom. He hopes to employ 5,000 workers within five years: Israeli companies have been exporting thousands of jobs to India, Eastern Europe and other spots around the globe. I want to bring the jobs here. There are terrific engineers in the Arab sector, and the potential is huge. In March 2010, the government approved a $216 million, five-year development plan for the Israeli Arab sector with the goal of increasing job accessibility, particularly for women and academics. Under this program, some 15,000 new employees will be added to the work roster by 2014. By the 2010s, the Israeli-Arab standard of living was found to be improving, with the number of middle class Arabs growing. In 2017, Haaretz, which termed Arabs as Israel's new yuppies, reported that Arabs, especially women, were pursuing higher education in increasing numbers, and increasingly seeking white-collar jobs. According to Professor Aziz Haidar of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, in 2017 about 27 of Arabs were middle class as opposed to 17 two decades before and 3 were wealthy, and although most Arabs were still in lower-income brackets, the Arab middle class is expanding dramatically. Health The most common health-related causes of death are heart disease and cancer. Roughly 14 were diagnosed with diabetes in 2000. Around half of all Arab men smoke. Life expectancy has increased 27 years since 1948. Further, due largely to improvements in health care, the Arab infant mortality rate dropped from 32 deaths per thousand births in 1970 to 8.6 per thousand in 2000. However, the Bedouin infant mortality rate is still the highest in Israel, and one of the highest in the developed world. In 2003, the infant mortality rate among Arab citizens overall was 8.4 per thousand, more than twice as high as the rate 3.6 per thousand among the Jewish population. In the 2002 budget, Israel's health ministry allocated Arab communities less than 1 of its 277 m-shekel £35m budget 1.6 m shekels {£200,000} to develop healthcare facilities. Despite the fact that Arab represent 20 of the total Israeli population, in 2015 they accounted 35 of all doctors in Israel, and according to a study by the Tel Aviv University Arabs account about 35 of all pharmacists in Israel. The Arabic local council Arraba has one of the highest numbers of doctors per capita in the world. Education The Israeli government regulates and finances most of the schools operating in the country, including the majority of those run by private organizations. The national school system has two major branches a Hebrew-speaking branch and an Arabic-speaking branch. The curricula for the two systems are almost identical in mathematics, sciences, and English. It is different in humanities history, literature, etc.. While Hebrew is taught as a second language in Arab schools since the third grade and obligatory for Arabic-speaking school's matriculation exams, only basic knowledge of Arabic is taught in Hebrew-speaking schools, usually from the 7th to the 9th grade. Arabic is not obligatory for Hebrew speaking school's matriculation exams. The schooling language split operates from preschool, up to the end of high school. At the university level, they merge into a single system, which operates mostly in Hebrew and in English. In 2001, Human Rights Watch described government-run Arab schools as a world apart from government-run Jewish schools. The report found striking differences in virtually every aspect of the education system. In 2005, the Follow-Up Committee for Arab Education said that the Israeli government spent an average of $192 a year on Arab students compared to $1,100 for Jewish students. The drop-out rate for Arabs was twice as high as for Jews 12 versus 6. There was a 5,000-classroom shortage in the Arab sector. According to the 2004 U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Israel and the occupied territories, Israeli Arabs were underrepresented in the student bodies and faculties of most universities and in higher professional and business ranks. Well educated Arabs often were unable to find jobs commensurate with their level of education. According to Sikkuy, Arab citizens held approximately 60 to 70 of the country's 5,000 university faculty positions. Arab educators have long voiced concerns over institutionalized budgetary discrimination. An August 2009 study published by the Hebrew University's School of Education claimed that Israel's Education Ministry discriminated against Arabs in its allocations of special assistance for students from low socioeconomic backgrounds and the average per-student allocation at Arab junior high schools was one-fifth the average at Jewish ones. This was due to the allocation method: funds were first divided between Arab and Jewish school systems according to the number of students in each, and then allocated to needy students; however, due to the large proportion of such students in the Arab sector, they receive less funds, per student, than Jewish students. The Ministry of Education said it was discontinuing this method in favor of a uniform index. Ministry data on the percentage of high school students who passed their matriculation exams showed that Arab towns were ranked lowest except for Fureidis, which had the third highest pass rate 76 in Israel. Higher education Nearly half of Arab students who passed their matriculation exams failed to win a place in higher education because they performed poorly in the Psychometric Entrance Test, compared to 20 of Jewish applicants. Khaled Arar, a professor at Beit Berl College, believes the psychometric test is culturally biased: The gap in psychometric scores between Jewish and Arab students has remained steady at more than 100 points out of a total of 800 since 1982. That alone should have raised suspicions. However, a 1986 research found negligible differences in construct or predictive test validity across varying cultural groups and the findings appeared to be more consistent with the psychometric than with the cultural bias position. Military conscription Arab citizens are not required to serve in the Israeli military, and, outside the Bedouin community, very few around 120 a year volunteer. Until 2000, each year between 510 of the Bedouin population of draft age volunteered for the Israeli army, and Bedouin were well known for their unique status as volunteers. The legendary Israeli soldier, Amos Yarkoni, first commander of the Shaked Reconnaissance Battalion in the Givati Brigade, was a Bedouin born Abd el-Majid Hidr. Bedouin soldiers dominate the elite human tracking units that guard Israel's northern and southern border. Lieutenant Colonel Magdi Mazarib, a Bedouin, who is the Israeli army's highest-ranking tracking commander, told the AFP that he believes that the state of Bedouin in Israel is better, as far as the respect we get, our progress, education. Today the number of Bedouin in the army may be less than 1. A 2003 report stated that willingness among Bedouin to serve in the army had drastically dropped in recent years, as the Israeli government has failed to fulfill promises of equal service provision to Bedouin citizens. However, a 2009 article in Haaretz stated that volunteer recruitment for a crack elite Bedouin army unit rose threefold. IDF figures indicate that, in 2002 and 2003, Christians represented 0.1 percent of all recruits. In 2004, the number of recruits had doubled. Altogether, in 2003, the percentage of Christians serving had grown by 16 percent over the year 2000. The IDF does not publish figures on the exact number of recruits by religious denomination, and it is estimated that merely a few dozen Christians currently serve in the IDF. The Druze are required to serve in the IDF in accordance with an agreement between their local religious leaders and the Israeli government in 1956. Opposition to the decision among the Druze populace was evident immediately, but was unsuccessful in reversing the decision. It is estimated that 85 of Druze men in Israel serve in the army, many of them becoming officers and some rising to general officer rank. In recent years, a growing minority from within the Druze community have denounced this mandatory enrollment, and refused to serve. In 2001, Said Nafa, who identifies as a Palestinian Druze and serves as the head of the Balad party's national council, founded the Pact of Free Druze, an organization that aims to stop the conscription of the Druze and claims the community is an inalienable part of the Arabs in Israel and the Palestinian nation at large. National Service Rather than perform army service, Israeli Arab youths have the option to volunteer to national service and receive benefits similar to those received by discharged soldiers. The volunteers are generally allocated to Arab populations, where they assist with social and community matters. there are 1,473 Arabs volunteering for national service. According to sources in the national service administration, Arab leaders are counseling youths to refrain from performing services to the state. According to a National Service official: For years the Arab leadership has demanded, justifiably, benefits for Arab youths similar to those received by discharged soldiers. Now, when this opportunity is available, it is precisely these leaders who reject the state's call to come and do the service, and receive these benefits. Intercommunal relations Surveys and polls In a 2004 survey by Sammy Smooha of the University of Haifa Jewish-Arab Center, 85 of Israeli Arabs stated that Israel has a right to exist as an independent state, and 70 that it has a right to exist as a democratic, Jewish state. A Truman Institute survey from 2005 found that 63 of the Arab citizens accepted the principle that Israel is the state of the Jewish people. A 2006 poll by the Arab advocacy group the Center Against Racism showed negative attitudes towards Arabs. The poll found that 63 of Jews believe Arabs are a security threat; 68 would refuse to live in the same building as an Arab; 34 believe that Arab culture is inferior to Israeli culture. Support for segregation between Jewish and Arab citizens was higher among Jews of Middle Eastern origin. In a 2006 patriotism survey, 56 of Israeli Arabs were not proud of their citizenship and 73 were not ready to fight to defend the state, but 77 said that Israel was better than most other countries and 53 were proud of the country's welfare system. Eighty-two percent said they would rather be a citizen of Israel than of any other country in the world. An Israeli Democracy Institute IDI poll in 2007 showed that 75 of Israeli Arabs would support a constitution that maintained Israel's status as a Jewish and democratic state while guaranteeing equal rights for minorities, while 23 said they would oppose such a definition. Another survey that year showed that 62 of Israel's Arabs would prefer to remain Israeli citizens rather than become citizens of a future Palestinian state. A separate 2008 poll found that 77 would rather live in Israel than in any other country in the world. Another 2007 poll by Sammy Smooha found that 63 of Jewish Israelis avoided entering Arab towns and cities; 68 feared the possibility of widespread civil unrest among Israeli Arabs; 50 of Israeli Arabs justified Hezbollah's capture of IDF reservists Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev in a cross-border raid; 19 thought Israel was justified in going to war following the kidnapping; 48 justified Hezbollah rocket attacks on northern Israel during the 2006 Lebanon War; 89 of Israeli Arabs saw the IDF bombing of Lebanon as a war crime, while 44 of Israeli Arabs viewed Hezbollah's bombing of Israel as a war crime; 62 of Israeli Arabs worried that Israel could transfer their communities to the jurisdiction of a future Palestinian state, and 60 said they were concerned about a possible mass expulsion; 76 of Israeli Arabs described Zionism as racist; 68 of Israeli Arabs would be content to live in the Jewish state alongside a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip; 41 of Israeli Arab citizens denied the Holocaust ever happened. In 2007, the Association for Civil Rights in Israel reported a dramatic increase in racism against Arab citizens, including a 26 percent rise in anti-Arab incidents. ACRI president Sami Michael said that Israeli society is reaching new heights of racism that damages freedom of expression and privacy. A 2008 poll on intercommunal relations by Harvard Kennedy School found that Arabs and Jews in Israel underestimated the extent to which their communities liked one another. 68 of the Jews supported teaching Arabic in Jewish schools. A 2008 poll by the Center Against Racism found that 75 of Israeli Jews would not live in a building with Arabs; over 60 would not invite Arabs to their homes; 40 believed that Arabs should be stripped of the right to vote; over 50 agreed that the State should encourage emigration of Arab citizens to other countries; 59 considered Arab culture primitive. Asked What do you feel when you hear people speaking Arabic? 31 said hate and 50 said fear. Only 19 reported positive or neutral feelings. Surveys in 2009 found a radicalization in the positions of Israeli Arabs towards the State of Israel, with 41 of Israeli Arabs recognizing Israel's right to exist as a Jewish and democratic state down from 66 in 2003, and 54 believing Israel has a right to exist as an independent country down from 81 in 2003. Polls also showed that 40 of Arab citizens engaged in Holocaust denial. A 2010 poll of Israeli high school students found that 50 did not think Israeli Arabs were entitled to the same rights as Jews in Israel, and 56 thought Arabs should not be elected to the Knesset. The figures rose among religious students. A 2010 Arab Jewish Relations Survey, compiled by Prof. Sami Smoocha in collaboration with the Jewish-Arab Center at the University of Haifa shows that 71 Arab citizens of Israel said they blamed Jews for the hardships suffered by Palestinians during and after the Nakba in 1948. 38 denied the Holocaust. The percentage supporting the use of violence to advance Arab causes climbed from 6 in 1995 to 12 in 2010. 66 say they reject Israel as a Jewish and Zionist state, while 30 opposed its existence under any terms. 63 saw the Jews as foreign settlers who do not fit into the region and will eventually leave, when the land will return to the Palestinians. A 2010 University of Maryland / Zogby International poll of 600 Arab Israelis compiled by Shibley Telhami found that 36 percent considered their Arab identity to be most important, while 22 answered Palestinian, 19 Muslim, and 12 Israeli. Amongst other things, a 2012 survey by Mada al-Carmel, the Arab Center for Applied Social Research, asked Arab students what obstacles they felt they faced in getting into university: 71 said the psychometric exam was the primary obstacle, while 40 cited Jewish racism. The survey also found that 45 percent of those questioned felt no pride in Israeli achievements in whatever field, with another 13 reporting negative feelings about them. A Pew Research poll released in March 2016 showed that close to half of all Israeli Jews are in favor of transferring or expelling Israel's Arab population. 48 of Israeli Jews strongly agree or agree with the idea, and 46 strongly disagree or disagree. The in-person polling was conducted in a relatively calm from late 2014 through early 2015. Involvement in terrorist attacks Because Israeli Arabs have Israeli citizenship, they have become increasingly targeted for recruitment as operatives by organizations that attack civilians. According to the Israeli General Security Service Shabak, from 2001 to 2004, at the height of the Second Intifada, there were 102 cases where some Arab-Israelis were involved in some way in terrorist attacks killing hundreds of Israelis. In 2001, for example, passengers disembarking from a train in Nahariya were attacked by an Israeli Arab who killed 3 and wounded 90. In March 2007, two Israeli Arabs were convicted of manslaughter for smuggling a suicide bomber into Israel. From 2000 to 2004, some 150 Arabs from East Jerusalem were arrested for participation in such attacks. Hezbollah has taken advantage of family and criminal ties with Israeli-Arabs who can easily cross the border into Lebanon, meet with Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, transfer weapons, drugs and money to Israel, gather intelligence and recruit operatives. This phenomenon is particularly widespread in the village of Ghajar. Arab citizens of Israel have been convicted of espionage for Hezbollah. Arab-Israeli terror cells have been established, such as a cell in Reineh whose members were arrested in February 2004. Violence against Arab citizens in Israel Alexander Yakobson of Jerusalem's Hebrew University has said There is very little actual violence between Israeli Jews and Israeli Arabs. Given the length and the intensity of the conflict, that is both surprising and encouraging. In the 1956 Kafr Qasim massacre, 48 unarmed Arab citizens, returning to their village, were gunned down by an Israel Border Police platoon; a curfew had been imposed, but the villagers were not informed of it. Arab citizens have also been killed by Israeli security forces in the wake of violent demonstrations and riots, such as the March 1976 Land Day demonstrations, which left 6 dead, and the October 2000 events in which 12 Israeli Arabs and one Palestinian from Gaza were killed. In 2005 an AWOL IDF soldier, Eden Natan-Zada opened fire in a bus in Shefa-Amr in northern Israel, murdering four Arabs and wounding twenty-two others. No group had taken credit for the terrorist attack and an official in the settler movement denounced it. Arab victims of terrorism Arab citizens have also been victims of Palestinian, Arab, or Islamist attacks on Israel and Israelis. For example, on 12 September 1956, three Druze guards were killed in an attack on Ein Ofarim, in the Arabah region. Two Arab citizens were killed in the Ma'alot massacre carried out by the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine on 15 May 1974. In March 2002, a resident of the Arab town of Tur'an was killed in an attack on a Haifa restaurant Two months later, a woman from Jaffa was killed in a Hamas suicide bombing in Rishon LeZion On 18 June 2002: A woman from the Arab border town of Barta'a was one of 19 killed by Hamas in the Pat Junction Bus Bombing in Jerusalem In August 2002, a man from the Arab town of Mghar and woman from the Druze village of Sajur were killed in a suicide bombing at Meron junction On 21 October 2002, an Isfiya man and a Tayibe woman were among 14 killed by Islamic Jihad in the Egged bus 841 massacre. On 5 March 2003, a 13-year-old girl from the Druze town of Daliyat al-Karmel was one of 17 killed in the Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing. In May 2003: A Jisr az-Zarqa man, was killed in an Afula mall suicide bombing. On 19 March 2004, Fatah al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades gunmen killed George Khoury, a Hebrew University student. On 12 December 2004, five Arab IDF soldiers were killed in an explosion and shooting at the border with Egypt for which the Fatah Hawks claimed responsibility. On 4 October 2003, four Arab citizens of Israel were among the 21 killed by Hanadi Jaradat in the Maxim restaurant suicide bombing. In July 2006, 19 Arab citizens were killed due to Hezbollah rocket fire in the course of the 2006 Lebanon War. On 22 August 2006, 11 Arab tourists from Israel were killed when their bus overturned in Egypt's Sinai Peninsula. Israel sent Magen David Adom, but the ambulances waited for hours at the border before receiving Egyptian permission to enter and treat the wounded, responsible for at least one of the deaths. The victims say that the driver acted as part of a planned terrorist attack, and are attempting to receive compensation from the government. Culture Many Arab citizens of Israel share in the culture of the Palestinian people and wider Arab region of which many of them form a part. There are still some women who produce Palestinian cultural products such as Palestinian embroidery, and costume. The Palestinian folk dance, known as the dabke, continues to be taught to youth in cultural groups, and is often danced at weddings and other parties. Language Linguistically speaking, the majority of Arabic citizens of Israel are fluently bilingual, speaking both a Palestinian Arabic dialect and Hebrew. In Arab homes and towns, the primary language spoken is Arabic. Some Hebrew words have entered the colloquial Arabic dialect. For example, Arabs often use the word beseder equivalent of Okay while speaking Arabic. Other Hebrew words that are regularly interspersed are ramzor stoplight, mazgan air conditioner, and mahshev computer. The resulting dialect is usually referred to as 'Israeli Arabic'. Such borrowings are often Arabized to reflect not only Arabic phonology but the phonology of Hebrew as spoken by Arabs. For example, the second consonant of מעונות me'onot, dormitory would be pronounced as a voiced pharyngeal fricative rather than the glottal stop traditionally used by the vast majority of Israeli Jews. There are different local colloquial dialects among Arabs in different regions and localities. For example, the Little Triangle residents of Umm al-Fahm are known for pronouncing the kaph sound with a ch as-in-cheese rather than k as-in-kite. Some Arabic words or phrases are used only in their respective localities, such as the Nazareth word for now which is issa, and silema a local modification of the English word cinema. Arab citizens of Israel tend to watch both the Arab satellite news stations and Israeli cable stations and read both Arabic and Hebrew newspapers, comparing the information against one another. Music and art The Palestinian art scene in general has been supported by the contributions of Arab citizens of Israel. In addition to the contribution of artists such as singer Amal Murkus from Kafr Yasif to evolving traditional Palestinian and Arabic music styles, a new generation of Arab youth in Israel has also begun asserting a Palestinian identity in new musical forms. For instance of the Palestinian hip hop group DAM, from Lod, has spurred the emergence of other hip hop groups from Akka, to Bethlehem, to Ramallah, to Gaza City. Athletics Arab Citizens of Israel have been prominent in the field of Athletics, as seen specifically by their contributions to Israeli football. Players such as Abbas Suan have had illustrious careers playing not only professional football, but also most notably for the Israel national football team. These players have been argued to represent symbols of political movement and civil justice for the Arab Citizens of Israel, considering alleged discriminatory sentiments against the Arab population. Specifically in a 2005 World Cup Qualifying match, Suan and his Arab teammates played significant roles for the Israeli National Team, where Suan scored an equalising goal against the Republic of Ireland national football team. Following this match, Arab Citizens of Israel received unprecedented media attention from Israeli TV stations. Even without the publicity, the Arab Citizens of Israel have been said to look up to these players in hopes that they speak up for them as their political voice within Israel. In the following months, Suan and other players were supposedly being criticised by the Hebrew Media for their involvement with political issues. This was due to their answers to questions regarding their partaking in the singing of the Hatikvah, the national anthem of Israel. Overall, Israel-Palestinian soccer players are looked up to greatly by the Arab citizens of Israel, yet are allegedly criticised and silenced when it comes to their attempts to involve themselves in political issues surrounding equality for Arab Citizens in Israel. Cinema and theater Arab citizens of Israel have made significant contributions in both Hebrew and Arabic cinema and theater. Mohammad Bakri, and Juliano Mer-Khamis have starred in Israeli film and television. Directors such as Mohammad Bakri, Elia Suleiman, Hany Abu-Assad, and Michel Khleifi have put Arab citizens of Israel on the cinematic map. Literature Acclaimed Israeli-Arab authors include Emil Habibi, Anton Shammas, and Sayed Kashua. See also Arab-Israeli peace projects Israeli Jews Israelis List of Arab citizens of Israel List of Arab members of the Knesset Racism in Israel Sumud Notes Further reading Morris, Benny, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, 2009 Yale University Press. Orgad, Liav PhD, IDC, Hertzlia, Internationalizing the issue of Israeli Arabs, Maariv, 19 March 2006. p. 7. Israel's Arab Citizens: The Continuing Struggle by Mark Tessler; Audra K. Grant. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 555, Israel in Transition. Jan., 1998, pp. 97113. . The Israeli Palestinians: an Arab minority in the Jewish state / Alexander Bligh 2003. book Tall shadows: interviews with Israeli Arabs / Smadar Bakovic 2006 English Book 313 p. Lanham, MD: Hamilton Books, Israel's Arab Citizens / Laurence Louër; John King 2006 London: C. Hurst & Co. Ltd. Arab citizens in Israel: the ongoing conflict with the state / Massoud Ahmad Eghbarieh. Thesis PhD. University of Maryland at College Park, 1991. [https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/eastern-mediterranean/israelpalestine/identity-crisis-israel-and-its-arab-citizens Identity crisis: Israel and its Arab citizens]. International Crisis Group. 2004. Pappe, Ilan, The Forgotten Palestinians: A History of the Palestinians in Israel, 2011 Yale University Press Peleg, Ilan, and Dov Waxman, Israel's Palestinians: The Conflict Within, 2011 Cambridge University Press Reiter, Yitzhak, National Minority, Regional Majority: Palestinian Arabs Versus Jews in Israel Syracuse Studies on Peace and Conflict Resolution, 2009 Syracuse Univ Press Sd. * Arab citizens Category:Israeli society

The 1922 San Jose State Spartans football team represented State Teachers College at San Jose during the 1922 college football season. San Jose State competed in the inaugural season of the California Coast Conference CCC. The team was led by second-year head coach David Wooster, and they played home games at Spartan Field in San Jose, California. The team finished the season with a record of two wins, five losses and one tie 251, 03 CCC. The Spartans were outscored by their opponents 34-127 for the season, including being shutout in their last four games. Schedule Notes References San Jose State Category:San Jose State Spartans football seasons San Jose State Spartans f

Großmugl is a town in the district of Korneuburg in Lower Austria in Austria. It is situated about 15 km north of Stockerau within the Weinviertel in Lower Austria. Großmugl takes up about 64.49 square kilometers, 29.91 percent of which are forest. The giant tumulus The name of the village literally translates as large steep hill, and refers to a nearby tumulus locally known as the Leeberg that is believed to have been erected by the people of the Kalenderberg culture, probably around 600-500 B.C. This was a northeastern subgroup of the Hallstatt culture, with a standard of living generally somewhat poorer than the other coexisting subgroups of the eastern Hallstatt cultural area. The geographic position of the Leeberg is 48° 29.34'N/16°13.45'E. With 55 m diameter and 16 m height remaining, the Leeberg is the largest hill grave in Central Europe. Taking erosion into account, its original size can be estimated at 1820 m height and a base diameter of about 70 m. Because of its unusual size it has apparently defied graverobbers and also the more recent efforts of amateur archeologists. Although it is beyond doubt that this huge tumulus must be a powerful local chieftain's burial place, no serious attempt at scientific investigation of the Leeberg has been made either. Großmugl opened a permanent star walk installation designated for astronomical observations with the unaided eye. The Großmugl Star Walk was designed by Project Nightflight and built in close collaboration with the municipality of Großmugl. References External links Großmugl Homepage German Großmugl Star Walk Installation Category:Cities and towns in Korneuburg District Category:Iron Age Austria Category:Tumuli in Austria

Garin de Monglane is a fictional character created by Conrad von Stöffler in 1280. The character gives his name to the second cycle of Old French chansons de geste, La Geste de Garin de Monglane. His cycle tells stories of fiefless lads of noble birth who went off seeking land and adventure fighting the Saracens. The several heroes who rode off seeking war and wealth in this way are given genealogies that made Garin de Monglane their common ancestor. Apart from fathering a race of landless knights, Garin de Monglane himself is a character whose portrait in the poems is otherwise drawn very sketchily. Poems belonging to the Garin cycle include the chansons of Girart de Vienne, Aimeri de Narbonne, and Guillaume. Of these poems, Aimeri de Narbonne has the largest literary interest. See also Matter of France Girart de Roussillon Franco-Provençal language Category:Fictional French people Category:Literary characters Category:Fictional knights Category:Matter of France Category:Chansons de geste

Steven Glenn Cargile born June 2, 1982 is a former American football safety in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys, Denver Broncos, Cleveland Browns and New York Giants. He played college football at Columbia University. Early years Cargile attended St. Peter Chanel High School, where he practiced football, basketball, track and baseball. As a senior in football, he was an All-state selection at wide receiver and All-conference at safety, while helping his team achieve a 13-1 record. He was named all-county in basketball, while helping hid team win the Division III state championship. He accepted a football scholarship from Columbia University, where he played as a wide receiver in his first three years. As a sophomore, he appeared in 7 games a backup, tallying 14 receptions for 184 yards and 3 touchdowns. As a junior, he started 7 out of 10 games at wide receiver, making 24 receptions fourth on the team for 320 yards and 4 touchdowns. As a senior, he was converted into a strong safety, registering 10 starts, 99 tackles led the team, 3 passes defensed, 2 interceptions and one forced fumble, while receiving Second-team All-Ivy League recognition. Professional career Dallas Cowboys Cargile was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Dallas Cowboys after the 2004 NFL Draft. He was waived on September 5 and signed to the practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on December 5, but was declared inactive for the game against the New York Giants. He was released on May 3, 2005. Tampa bay Buccaneers first stint After being out of football for a year, he was signed as a free agent by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on January 10, 2006. He was cut on September 2. Denver Broncos On November 13, 2006, the Denver Broncos signed him to their practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster and played in three games, after safety Nick Ferguson was placed on the injured reserve list. In 2007, he was tried at outside linebacker before being released on September 1 and later signed to the practice squad. On September 29, he was promoted to the active roster. He was cut on April 28, 2008, after playing mainly on special teams for the Broncos. Cleveland Browns On April 30, 2008, he was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Browns. He was released on August 10. New York Giants On January 16, 2009, he signed with the New York Giants as a free agent. He was waived on August 1. Tampa Bay Buccaneers second stint On August 19, 2009, he was signed as a free agent by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was released on September 5. He was re-signed on September 19 and cut 3 days later. Personal life Since 2011, he has worked as a professional scout for the New England Patriots. References Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:People from Bedford, Ohio Category:Players of American football from Ohio Category:American football cornerbacks Category:American football safeties Category:Columbia Lions football players Category:Dallas Cowboys players Category:Denver Broncos players Category:Tampa Bay Buccaneers players Category:New England Patriots scouts

This term, derived from the Greek for against death 'athánatos, was incorporated into name of the gene Bcl-2-associated athanogene 1 BAG-1; alias HAP46/BAG-1M upon discovery of its ability to confer transfected cells with resistance to apoptosis. References Category:Genes Category:Apoptosis Category:Cloning

Robert Gibbons June 22, 1958 - is an American economist, currently the Sloan Distinguished Professor of Management at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Education Ph. D. Decision Sciences, Stanford Graduate School of Business, September 1985. M. Phil. Economics, with honours, Cambridge University, June 1981. A. B. Applied Mathematics, magna cum laude, Harvard University, June 1980. Selected publications Gibbons, Robert 1992 Game Theory for Applied Economists, Princeton University Press The non US version is A Primer in Game Theory References Category:Living people Category:MIT Sloan School of Management faculty Category:21st-century American economists Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge Category:Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni Category:1958 births Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society

This article is about the phonology of Levantine Arabic also known as Shāmi Arabic, and its sub-dialects. Varieties As in most Arabic-speaking areas, the spoken language differs significantly between urban, rural and nomad populations. In the Levant, nomads trace to various tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, and their dialect is consequently close to Peninsular Arabic Najdi. Note that although claiming a Bedouin ancestry sounds prestigiousin the Levant, the Bedouin influence on this old sedentary area should not be overestimated. These dialects are not covered in detail here, as they are not specific to the area. The rural language is the one that changes most, and as in every old sedentary area, the changes are gradual, with more marked forms in extremal or isolated areas e.g. general shift of to in rural Palestinian, or conservation of the diphthongs and in the Lebanese mountains. The urban language spoken in the major cities is remarkably homogeneous, with a few shibboleths markers only to distinguish the various cities see below. Levantine Arabic is commonly understood to be this urban sub-variety. Teaching manuals for foreigners provide a systematic introduction to this sub-variety, as it would sound very strange for a foreigner to speak a marked rural dialect, immediately raising questions on unexpected family links, for instance. Urban Levantine Arabic As mentioned above, the urban varieties are remarkably homogeneous throughout the whole area, compared to the changes the language undergo in rural populations. This homogeneity is probably inherited from the trading network among cities in the Ottoman Empire. It may also represent an older state of affairs. As a matter of facts, there is a current trend to diverge from this unity, the language of the cities taking on some of the features of their neighboring villages e.g. Jerusalem used to say as Damascus 'we' and 'they' at the beginning of the 20th century, and this has moved to the more rural and nowadays.. The table below shows the main historical variants which have shibboleth role, most of the rest of the language remaining the same. Rural subdialects Rural Levantine Arabic can be divided into two groups of mutually intelligible subdialects. Again, these dialect considerations have to be understood to apply mainly to rural populations, as the urban forms change much less. Northern Levantine Arabic, spoken in Lebanon, Northern Israel and Syria except the Hauran area south of Damascus. It is characterized by: a widespread pronunciation of as the Druze, however, retain the uvular . A strong tendency to pronounce long as imala in a front phonemic context or tafkhim in a back phonemic context. This tendency is stronger as one goes northward. For instance, Damascus and Beirut only have final consistently pronounced as , e.g. 'rain' is pronounced . This feature may be used to distinguish Central from Northern Levantine. A widespread realization of as , especially along the Mediterranean coast. This feature may be used to distinguish northwest coastal, Nusayriyyah from northeast e.g. Aleppo, Idlib Levantine Arabic where is realized as . The second and third person plural pronominal suffixes end in : , or in Galilee. The characteristic vowel of the imperative is long: > . The first and third person singular imperfect are 'I say' and 'he says' in Lebanon and Damascus instead of and , respectively, everywhere else, which may be used to further distinguish Central from Northern and Southern Levantine Arabic. South Levantine Arabic, spoken in Israel and the Palestinian territories between Nazareth and Bethlehem, in the Syrian Hauran mountains, and in western Jordan. Tafkhim is nonexistent there, and imala affects only the feminine ending > after front consonants and not even in Gaza where it remains , while is . In central Palestinian Jaffa, West Bank, Nazareth, Tiberias rural speech, changes to , changes to , interdentals are conserved, and is pronounced . In southern Palestinian Ashdod, Asqelon, Hebron countryside as well as western Jordan and Syrian Hauran, changes to and changes to before front vowels. This latter feature resembles the North Arabian Bedouin dialects. In Israel, apart from Galilee and the Negev, rural dialects are almost extinct, and this description gives is the pre-1948 state of affairs. Palestinian refugees in Jordan have brought with them their typical features, although they tend to adopt the emerging Jordanian urban speech. To these typical, widespread subdialects, one could add marginal varieties such as: Outer South Levantine, spoken in the GazaBeersheva area in Israel and the Palestinian territories, as well as in cities east of the Dead Sea in Jordan Karak, Tafilah, which display different Bedouin influences as compared to south Levantine. For instance, there, never changes to . This reflects Hijazi or Sinai Bedouin Arabic pronunciation rather than that of North Arabian Bedouin dialects. Bedouin dialects proper, which on top of the above-mentioned features that influence the sedentary dialects, present typical stress patterns e.g. gahawa syndrome or lexical items. Linguistic description Phonetics Consonants The table below shows the correspondence between Modern Standard Arabic MSA phonemes, and their counterpart realization in Levantine Arabic. The Urban speech is taken as reference, the variations are given relative to it. NB. Hamza has a special treatment: at the end of a closed syllable, it vanishes and lengthens the preceding vowel, e.g. > see compensatory lengthening. If followed by , it is realized as , > . These evolutions plead for a Hijazi origin of Levantine Arabic. Word initially, hamza is often realized as in Southern Levantine. Vowels and diphthongs The table below shows the correspondence between Modern Standard Arabic MSA phonemes and their counterpart realization in Levantine Arabic. Levantine Arabic vowels can be represented in the Arabic script in many ways because of etymological and grammatical reasons, e.g. 'today'. References Phonology Category:Arabic phonology Category:Language comparison

Józef Rysula born 13 March 1939 is a Polish cross-country skier. He competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics, the 1964 Winter Olympics and the 1968 Winter Olympics. References Category:1939 births Category:Living people Category:Polish male cross-country skiers Category:Olympic cross-country skiers of Poland Category:Cross-country skiers at the 1960 Winter Olympics Category:Cross-country skiers at the 1964 Winter Olympics Category:Cross-country skiers at the 1968 Winter Olympics Category:People from Tatra County

Dragon Tamer Sound Spirit is a role-playing video game published by Namco Bandai for the Nintendo DS handheld video game console. Story The hero, a nameless teenage boy in Japan, is trying out his new guitar one sunny day when he suddenly finds himself whisked away to another world. He is woken by Tonto, an otomori and servant of the recently deceased Orochi, one of the seven wise dragons. Tonto informs the hero that he was summoned by Orochi to be his champion, raising and pitting dragon against dragon in a series of battles to change the world. Gameplay Most of the game centers around the battles, which use a turn-based system pitting parties of up to three dragons at a time with up to three more in reserve against each other. Dragons can be commanded to attack, defend, use a special power Dragon Force, charge to restore points enabling special moves, or change with another dragon in reserve. Dragons gain experience points from battles with which they can attain higher levels. The game also has a unique system by which the player acquires new dragons. After finding a dragon egg, it can be brought to the Nest in a town, where the player may hatch it by recording sounds into the DS's built in microphone. Some dragons can only be attained by playing particular melodies. External links IGN: Dragon Tamer Sound Spirit Official Website Japanese Category:2007 video games Category:Japan-exclusive video games Category:Nintendo DS games Category:Nintendo DS-only games Category:Role-playing video games Category:Video games developed in Japan

John Kőszegi ; died after 1327 was a Hungarian influential lord in the early 14th century, who served as Master of the horse from 1311 until 1314. He inherited large-scale domains in Slavonia and Transdanubia in 1310. After 1314 or 1315, he became an ardent enemy of Charles I of Hungary, who defeated him in 1316 and 1317, resulting the collapse of his province within months. He was the ancestor of the Tamási family. Family John was born into the powerful Kőszegi family around 1280 as the son of Henry II Kőszegi and his unidentified wife, the daughter of Palatine Mojs II. He had two siblings, Peter the Duke, the ancestor of the Herceg de Szekcső family, and a sister, who married into the Venetian patriarch Morosini family. His three sons Nicholas, Peter and Henry bore the Tamási surname since 1339, when they first appeared in contemporary records. The Tamási family descended from Henry and provided influential barons during the reign of King Sigismund; the kinship became extinct in 1444. Powerful lord After the death of his father in the spring of 1310, John inherited his large-scale and contiguous domains in Upper Slavonia e.g. Krapina Korpona, Belec, Kostel, Vrbovec Orbolc, Oštrc Oszterc, Đurđevac, Koprivnica Kapronca and Southern Transdanubia e.g. Somogyvár, Döbrököz, Dombóvár and Kőszeg Batina , becoming one of the most powerful lords in the Kingdom of Hungary, who administered his province independently of the monarch. John inherited Henry's political positions too; he functioned as ispán of Bodrog, Somogy and Tolna counties from 1310 until his defeat in 1316. Initially, John continued his father's latest policy and nominally supported the efforts of Charles I, who became the incontestable King of Hungary after years of civil war fought for the throne. He was made Master of the horse in late 1311 and held the dignity until the second half of 1314. On 23 January 1312, Nicholas III Kőszegi confirmed his previously concluded alliance with the House of Habsburg in Fürstenfeld , beyond his own person, on behalf of his brother Andrew, his uncle Bishop Nicholas of Győr and the sons of the late Henry, John and Peter the Duke. Despite his court position, John administered his province without the king's intervention. In the following years, there are several reports of his committed crimes and dominations against his neighbors, when aimed to further spread his influence over the remaining portions of Slavonia and the eastern counties of Southern Transdanubia. For instance, he seized the forts of Kéménd from James Győr around 1313 and Harsány from the Matucsinai family in Baranya County. There, he also owned Orahovica Raholca, a possible heritage from his father. After his successful expansions, he was also styled as ispán of the county since 1315. In addition, John also owned the castles of Nyék, Tamási and Tolnavár in Tolna County at least since 1315. John also had interests in the southeastern part of Veszprém County, after he besieged and acquired Essegvár today ruins near Bánd from Lőrinte II Lőrinte around 1314. Simultaneously, he also made plundering raids and invasions from his territory of Upper Slavonia. He acquired the fort of Ludbreg from the Péc kindred in Bjelovar-Križevci County and Béla Castle from the Priory of Vrana Order of Saint John and Lobor in Varaždin County. Around 1314, John also besieged and occupied Alsólendva in southern Zala County today Lendava, Slovenia from Stephen Hahót or his son Nicholas formerly historians János Karácsonyi and Erik Fügedi incorrectly identified Ivan Kőszegi as belligerent and set 1292 for the date of the siege. Egyed Monoszló made his last will and testament in March 1313, not long before his death; according to his intention, his widow and minor orphan daughters were supposed to inherit the whole Atyina lordship today Voćin in Croatia. However, as Charles I narrated in his document issued on 22 May 1317, John Kőszegi demanded Atyina for his family in accordance with the right of escheatage. Nevertheless, Egyed's son-in-law Nicholas Aba and his brothers acquired Atyina Castle. John Kőszegi captured and imprisoned Nicholas and Peter Aba or Atyinai shortly thereafter. In the first half of 1314, Nicholas was taken tied up before the Atyina Castle and dragged along the walls at the heels of a horse to persuade the defenders to surrender the fort. Despite this, John Kőszegi was unable to capture Atyina and took Nicholas back to prison, who languished in captivity in the subsequent three years. Sometimes before 1316, John also occupied the fort of Korođ Kórógy in Valkó County from its owners, the Kórógyi family. Downfall According to historian Pál Engel, John Kőszegi's behavior regarding the heirdom of Atyina, among others, contributed to the open confrontation between Charles I and the oligarchic powers, which reached its peak at the general diet in the autumn of 1314. In Engel's hypothesis, Charles launched a military campaign against the Kőszegis beyond the river Drava in the summer. There were some clashes, where numerous familiares of John Kőszegi were captured. Accordingly, Charles summoned the diet thereafter and broke the alliance with the provincial lords and intended to defeat them one after another. In contrast, historian Gyula Kristó questioned Engel's analysis: there is no information that the diet has been held in 1314, which proved to be a peaceful year without serious military campaigns. Kristó said there are no proofs that a confrontation between John and the royal armies took place in that year, and it was only a local war against the Atyinai or Nyéki family. In the autumn of 1315, Charles I launched his first large-scale campaign against John and Peter Kőszegi and their territory. Charles personally led his troops into Tolna County. He besieged and captured the fort of Nyék in November. However John sought assistance from his relatives, Andrew, who administered Western Transdanubia and Nicholas II; they represented the other two branches of the Kőszegi family. According to Pál Engel, the united Kőszegi troops managed to expel the royal army from the region, while successfully recovered the castle of Nyék. Gyula Kristó doubted Charles' personal presence and considered the royal troops failed to take Nyék. After a few months of ceasefire, Charles launched his second campaign against the Kőszegis' province in Southern Transdanubia in the spring of 1316. John's relatives, were unable to provide help, including Andrew, because his several familiares pledged allegiance to the king and left his army in the same time. The royal army stormed into John's territory across the port of Báta along the Danube in May, in order to eliminate the Kőszegis' hinterland. They besieged and destroyed Somogyvár in Somogy County, then captured the forts of Tolnavár, Nyék and Tamási in Tolna County within weeks in June. Subsequently, Charles' army occupied Harsány and Kéménd in Baranya County before their ultimate successful siege at Kőszeg Batina in July. John's other castles in Transdanubia for instance, Dombóvár, Szekcső, Döbrököz and Máré surrendered without combat. Pál Engel argued several familiares of John Kőszegi, including Nicholas Felsőlendvai, Alexander Ozorai and Stephen Máréi, had departed from his allegiance before the war due to Charles' successful persuasion and bribery, which resulted the monarch's decisive victory. In the upcoming months, Charles handed over a significant part of the occupied lands and castles to their original rightful owners. The king returned to Temesvár present-day Timișoara, Romania by August. After the loss of Southern Transdanubia, John and Peter Kőszegi withdrew to Upper Slavonia beyond the Drava. Kristó argued the aforementioned minor clashes there occurred in the second half of 1316 and not in 1314, as Engel proposed, when Mikcs Ákos captured seventeen servants of the Kőszegis, who tried to destroy the village of Križevci. John and Peter Kőszegi entered alliance with the sons of the late Stephen Babonić, who ruled Lower Slavonia, at the end of 1316. Their anti-Charles league, which directed against the newly appointed Ban John Babonić, was also supported by a local powerful lord, Peter Monoszló. Charles I, who managed three other campaigns against the oligarchs including Andrew Kőszegi at the same time, sent his army, led by Demetrius Nekcsei, Paul Garai and Stephen Máréi, against the insurgents in June 1317. John Babonić launched a counterattack too; he defeated the Kőszegis in two battles and also captured several castles, including Orahovica, Monoszló today Podravska Moslavina, Croatia, Polosnica, Međurača Megyericse and Zdenci Izdenc by the end of the year. Withdrawing to the northwestern portions of Slavonia, John Kőszegi was able to retain his lands and forts only in Varaždin County and Zagorje, where from his father, Henry II extended his power over the decades. There were some border conflicts in the following years, and John retook Međurača; Charles' general Paul Szécsi was killed, when attempted to recapture the fort in late 1318. John and Peter fought in the army of their relative Andrew, whose province was ultimately crushed by the royal troops in the first half of 1319. Nicholas Ludbregi recaptured Béla Castle for the Priory of Vrana by the end of the year, and finally retook his seat Ludbreg from the Kőszegi brothers in early 1320. John surrendered by the spring of 1320, only some castles remained in his possession, including Krapina and Koprivnica. On 18 March 1322, Charles I referred to John and Peter as former rebels, now Our adherents. When his namesake cousin, John the Wolf rose up in open rebellion against Charles I in 1327, John and Peter joined to him. However royal generals Mikcs Ákos and Alexander Köcski defeated them within months. During the military campaign, John Kőszegi lost his fortress of Koprivnica, which was captured by Mikcs Ákos. John died sometime after 1327, but presumably before 1336; when the Kőszegis made an alliance with the Habsburgs in that year, only Peter's name was listed among the traitors by Charles I. His three sons pledged allegiance to the king in May 1339; in exchange for Vrbovec, they were granted back Tamási, following that they were referred to with the surname Tamási. References Sources |- |- John Category:13th-century Hungarian people Category:14th-century Hungarian people

Patrick Gray Cheves or Cheeves May 16, 1820 April 21, 1883 was an American farmer from Norway, Wisconsin who served two terms, 1856 and 1878, 22 years apart, as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Racine County, Wisconsin. Background Cheeves was born in Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire, Scotland on May 16, 1820, son of James Cheves, a stonemason, and Elizabeth Morrison Cheves. Due to the poverty of his father and the ill health of his mother, Cheves was sent at an early age to live with his grandmother, and remained there until the age of eight; spent six more years with one uncle working on the farm and as a herdboy and occasionally attending the local schools; then two more years with another uncle, a farmer and small merchant. He left home for Aberdeen, and after many tribulations found employment in a counting house. Returning home, he was welcomed by the family he'd fled, but eventually resolved to emigrate to the United States. Having met one William Smith, a native Scotsman now resident in Pike Grove, Kenosha County, in the Wisconsin Territory who was home visiting friends and family, Cheves accepted Smith's offer of passage money to America, and a job once he arrived there. He traveled in company with three others: Margaret, a sister of William Smith; James Smith, his nephew; and James Duguid, a kinsman of Cheves. They sailed from Liverpool in April 1840, landed in New York City, and proceeded by land and lakeboat, arriving in Southport now Kenosha in the Wisconsin Territory, on June 1 of 1840. He worked for Smith until his debt was paid, and then briefly worked on the Illinois and Michigan Canal. In 1842 he move on to the lead mining district flourishing at and around Mineral Point, Wisconsin. There he worked in a brewery during the winters, while in the summers he worked washing copper ore. While working in the mining country, he became involved in the spontaneous defense of two British-born abolitionist speakers from a rowdy crowd, and developed a lifelong antipathy to slavery. The winter of 1844-45 he worked in a sawmill near Racine. In the spring of 1845 he purchased eighty acres of land in what was then the Town of Yorkville, where he took up the profession of farming. In June 1845, he married Elizabeth Smith of Pike Grove in Kenosha County, like himself a native of Scotland born February 10, 1822. They eventually had six children, two of whom died in infancy. Public office and private business In 1847 the town Yorkville was divided, and the Town of Norway named after the homeland of many of its settlers was split off from it. The new town had only nine legal voters, none of whom had previously held public office, and Cheves found himself elected town clerk, an office he held for three years. He was subsequently elected to the town board, holding office for three years, and chairman of the town board, thus ex officio a member of the county Board of Supervisors. Cheves had been known as a Free Soiler, and was elected to the legislature in the fall of 1855, from Racine County's 4th Assembly district, as a Republican Party succeeding fellow Republican Ebenezer Adams. He served one term, and was succeeded the following year by James Catton, another Republican. In the autumn of 1856 he was elected by the new party as clerk of the board of supervisors of Racine County, a position he held for two years. In the autumn of 1856 his barn, which contained all his crops and farming implements, burnt down with all its contents. During his term of office he speculated in personal loans, often to his profit; but also sustained reverses in that business, and in several years of expensive and vexatious litigation. In 1863 he was once again elected clerk of the board, a position which he held for four years more. He then purchased a soap and candle factory in Racine, which he conducted successfully for several years, as well as engaging in other branches of business and continued to operate his rebuilt farm. In 1869, he was the Republican candidate for Racine County Judge, but was defeated by an independent, Elbert O. Hand who also received the Democratic endorsement by 886 votes. Back to the Assembly In 1876 he was again elected to the Assembly from Racine County's 2nd District the Towns of Burlington, Caledonia, Dover, Mt. Pleasant, Norway, Rochester, Raymond, Waterford and Yorkville as a member of the Liberal Reform Party a short-lived coalition of Democrats, reform and Liberal Republicans, and Grangers formed in 1873, which had secured the election for two years of a Governor of Wisconsin as well as electing a number of state legislators, but was in the last throes of disintegration. He won 1,194 votes to 1,034 for Jacob S. Crane, the Republican candidate Republican incumbent John T. Rice was not a candidate. He was assigned to the standing committee on town and county organization, and the joint committee on claims. He was not a candidate for re-election in 1877, and was succeeded by Republican Knud Adland; there was no Reformer or Democrat in the race in that district. Returning home He died April 21, 1883, at his farm in Norway. Elizabeth lived until July 7, 1902, dying after a fall at the old family farm in Norway; in her obituary, Patrick was recalled as one of the most prominent farmers and Republicans in the county. References Category:1820 births Category:1883 deaths Category:County supervisors in Wisconsin Category:Farmers from Wisconsin Category:Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly Category:Scottish emigrants to the United States Category:People from Norway, Wisconsin Category:Wisconsin Free Soilers Category:19th-century American politicians Category:Wisconsin Reformers 19th century Category:Wisconsin Republicans Category:People from Fraserburgh

Dr. Ketan Desai is the former president of Medical Council of India and the President 2016 of the World Medical Association. He has served as Head of Urology department at B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad. He is currently a member of Gujarat Medical Council. Early life Desai is a native of Gujarats Maroli village. He completed his school graduation from Hansraj Morarji Public School, where his father Dirubhai Desai was a teacher for the primary section. After school, he completed his MBBS and M.Ch in urology in the year 1983 from B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad . Career After graduating from B.J. Medical College in Ahmedabad in 1983, he became the head of urology department in the same year and still serves as Head. He became the youngest head ever in Indian history. He later became syndicate and senate member of the Gujarat University with most of the time uncontested. He became president of Gujarat Medical Council in the 1990s and became president of Medical Council of India in 2001. He has also served as president of Indian Medical Association and Dental Council of India. He later become president of World Medical Association in 2016. On 23 April 2010, he and other doctors were arrested on corruption charges of Rs 2 crore to recognize a college in Punjab. His medical practitioner's license was suspended by the MCI in October. In the year 2010 he was reelected as senate member of Gujarat University after a legal challenge was dismissed. In 2013, the Gujarat University senate unanimously nominated Dr Desai to the MCI, which apparently has no powers to reject the nomination. Controversy The MCI was dissolved by the President of India on 15 May 2010 following the arrest of MCI's president Ketan Desai by the CBI on 22 April 2010. Desai, alleged middle-man J. P. Singh and doctors Sukhwinder Singh and Kanwaljit Singh have been booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act. The CBI recovered 1.5 kg of gold and 80 kg of silver from Desai's premises. Further, gold worth ₨ 35 lakhs were recovered from Desai's bank lockers in Ahmedabad. CBI told that he had more than 35 lockers which were then yet to be opened and contents noted. He also was reported to own more than 400 properties across the country. References External links Official Website Category:Indian academics Category:Living people Category:People from Gujarat Category:Gujarat University alumni Category:Indian medical academics Category:People from Navsari district Category:Year of birth missing living people

Villard is a city in Pope County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 254 at the 2010 census. History Villard was platted in 1882, and named for Henry Villard, a railroad official. A post office has been in operation at Villard since 1882. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. Minnesota State Highway 28 serves as a main route in the community. Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 254 people, 115 households, and 72 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 127 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 95.7 White, 2.0 Native American, 0.8 Asian, and 1.6 from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4 of the population. There were 115 households of which 24.3 had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.4 were married couples living together, 9.6 had a female householder with no husband present, 2.6 had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.4 were non-families. 33.0 of all households were made up of individuals and 13.1 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.79. The median age in the city was 45.3 years. 22.4 of residents were under the age of 18; 6.3 were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.8 were from 25 to 44; 31.6 were from 45 to 64; and 18.9 were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.6 male and 50.4 female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 244 people, 99 households, and 68 families living in the city. The population density was 308.5 people per square mile 119.3/km². There were 116 housing units at an average density of 146.7 per square mile 56.7/km². The racial makeup of the city was 98.36 White, 0.41 Native American, 0.82 Asian, and 0.41 from two or more races. There were 99 households out of which 34.3 had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6 were married couples living together, 11.1 had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3 were non-families. 26.3 of all households were made up of individuals and 15.2 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.04. In the city, the population was spread out with 26.6 under the age of 18, 6.1 from 18 to 24, 22.1 from 25 to 44, 24.6 from 45 to 64, and 20.5 who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $24,688, and the median income for a family was $33,214. Males had a median income of $25,156 versus $15,357 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,154. About 12.2 of families and 18.3 of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.2 of those under the age of eighteen and 16.0 of those sixty five or over. References Category:Cities in Pope County, Minnesota Category:Cities in Minnesota

The Nordheide literally: North Heath is the northernmost part of the Lüneburg Heath in Germany. It runs from the Harburg Hills to the municipality of Handeloh. South of that lies the Lüneburg Heath Nature Park and the Südheide with the Südheide Nature Park. The highest point on the Nordheide is the Brunsberg near Buchholz in der Nordheide which has a height of . External links Nordheide Region website Category:Lüneburg Heath

The Mitsubishi Silver Pigeon is a series of scooters made in Japan by Mitsubishi between 1946 and 1963. The first was the C-10, based on a scooter imported from the United States by Koujiro Maruyama, which began production at the Nagoya Machinery Works of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Along with the Mizushima three-wheeler pickup truck it represented Mitsubishi's first contributions to the Japanese post-war personal transport boom. The Silver Pigeon's primary competitor was the Fuji Rabbit and in 1954, the Honda Juno. Motor scooters were so important to the post-war vehicle industry that In May 1948 both a Silver Pigeon and a Rabbit were presented to the Emperor of Japan. The Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan lists the Silver Pigeon C-10 model introduced in 1946 as one of their 240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology. The Silver Pigeon proved sufficiently successful to remain in production for almost twenty years. Motor Cyclist magazine voted it best in styling for three consecutive years in the 1950s, a decade after its introduction, while from 1950 to 1964 it maintained an average 45 percent share of the domestic scooter market. American retailer Montgomery Ward imported the Silver Pigeon and sold it via their catalog under the Riverside captive import brand. By the time production came to an end in 1963 over 463,000 had been manufactured, with the 1960 C-200 proving the most popular individual model, with almost 38,000 sales. See also List of motorcycles of the 1940s List of motorcycles of the 1950s References External links What's a Silver Pigeon?, Marvin Wuehle, silverpigeons.com 1959 Silver Pigeon, Max's scooter page Silver Pigeon Category:Motor scooters Category:Japanese motorcycles Category:Motorcycle manufacturers of Japan Category:Motorcycles introduced in the 1940s

Charles V. Blanchard February 2, 1866 February 20, 1939 was an American politician who served as a Massachusetts State Representative and as a Massachusetts State Senator. While he was a member of the Massachusetts House Blanchard developed a close friendship with Calvin Coolidge. Blanchard, it was rumored, taught Coolidge how to properly dress for various occasions. Blanchard did not seek reëlection to the senate in 1913. Blanchard was replaced by Charles W. Eldridge for the 1914 legislative term. Blanchard worked for many years for the N. E. Tel & Tel Co. Blanchard had a heart attack and died while he was on a trip to Florida, where he had gone to spend the winter. Notes Category:1866 births Category:1939 deaths Category:Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Category:Massachusetts state senators Category:Politicians from Cambridge, Massachusetts Category:Massachusetts Republicans

Gabriele Mehl born 25 February 1967, in Hagenbach is a former German rower. She won a bronze medal at the Olympic Games in 1992. Career Mehl was Member of the rowing club am Baldeneysee in Essen, Germany. In 1987 and 1988 she and Meike Holländer formed a coxless pair team at the German Championship and scored second. At the World Championship in 1987 the team started as part of an Eight and scored fifth. In 1990, Mehl and Holländer participated as a coxless four team with Cerstin Petersmann and Sylvia Drödelmann. After their victory at the German Championships they scored second at the World Championships in Tasmania. After the German reunification in 1990 the rowing clubs of western and eastern Germany united. As a newly formed coxless four team, Gabriele Mehl, Cerstin Petersmann, Judith Zeidler and Kathrin Haaker won the German Championship and scored third at the World Championship. In 1992, Gabriele Mehl was member of a coxless four with Antje Frank, Birte Siech and Annette Hohn at the Olympic Games 1992. They scored third, arriving after both the Canadian and the American team. Further reading Nationales Olympisches Komitee für Deutschland: Barcelona 1992. Die deutsche Olympiamannschaft. Frankfurt am Main 1992 German References External links Gabriele Mehl database of Sports-Reference German coxless four championships Category:1967 births Category:Living people Category:Rowers at the 1988 Summer Olympics Category:Rowers at the 1992 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Germany Category:Olympic rowers of West Germany Category:Olympic rowers of Germany Category:Olympic medalists in rowing Category:West German female rowers Category:World Rowing Championships medalists for West Germany Category:World Rowing Championships medalists for Germany Category:Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics

D. Gordon Smith born 16 November 1962 is the current dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School of Brigham Young University BYU. Smith has taught classes in business associations, contracts, corporate finance, law & entrepreneurship, and securities regulation. Smith was born in Bremerton, Washington. He received a bachelor's degree in accounting from BYU in 1986. He then went to the University of Chicago Law School where he earned his JD in 1990. He then was a clerk for W. Eugene Davis of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. Smith spent three years with the law firm of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom before joining the faculty of Lewis and Clark Law School. After being on the faculty there for a few years he was a professor at the University of WisconsinMadison until 2007 when he joined the BYU faculty with the appointment of being the Glen L. Farr Professor of Law. Smith's main expertise is in business law. He co-authored with Cynthia Williams the casebook Business Organizations: Cases, Problems and Case Studies. Sources Smith's vita BYU Law School bio of Smith listing of BYU law professors References Category:1962 births Category:Brigham Young University alumni Category:Brigham Young University faculty Category:Lewis & Clark College faculty Category:Living people Category:People from Bremerton, Washington Category:Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom alumni Category:University of Chicago Law School alumni Category:University of WisconsinMadison faculty Category:Law school deans

Miss Kumari 19321969 was a Malayalam film actress active between 1949 and 1969. Early life Miss Kumari, whose real name was Thresiamma, was born on 1 June 1932, to Thomas and Eliyamma, at Bharananganam in Kottayam, Travancore, British India, which is now part of the state of Kerala. She had her primary education from Bharanganam Sacred Hearts high school, a school for girls run by Franciscan Clarist Sisters. After studies she worked as a teacher in the same school. Family She was married to Hormis Thaliath, a F.A.C.T engineer and the couple had three children: Johnny, Thomas and Babu. She was forced to stop acting. Gradually, she disappeared from public gaze, confined to the four walls of her house. Johnny is in the movie industry, Thomas is an engineer in California and Babu is a Professor in Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi. Malayalam cinema Miss Kumari debuted in Malayalam with the 1949 film Vellinakshatram. She got her break through the 1950 box office hit film Nalla Thanka. Sathyan and Miss Kumari were elevated to stardom after the huge success of the film Neelakuyil 1954. She acted in more than 50 films, in a career spanning about two decades. She has acted in a few Tamil movies as well. Petraval Kanda Peruvazhvu along with Prem Nazir was one among them. Another one was Kanchana. She also received the Madras State award for best actress in 1956. She died on 9 June 1969. The newspapers had a bold heading, but very little details on her death. It simply read something like Miss Kumari was rushed to Jawaharlal Memorial Hospital, Udyogamandal, following a stomach ailment but she died on the way. The burial took place in Bharananganam, her native place. Miss Kumari Memorial Mini Stadium was built in Bharananganam, which was inaugurated by veteran actor Prem Nazir. Filmography References External links Category:1932 births Category:1969 deaths Category:Indian film actresses Category:Actresses from Kottayam Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema Category:20th-century Indian actresses

Edward Lee Victor Howard 27 October 1951 12 July 2002 was a CIA case officer who defected to the Soviet Union. Pre-CIA career Howard served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Bucaramanga, Colombia. There he met Mary Cedarleaf in 1973, and they were married three years later in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 1976, Howard earned a master's degree in business administration from the American University in Washington, D.C., and joined USAID. In February 1977, the Howards left for two years to live in Lima, Peru, where he worked on loan projects. There is no evidence to suggest that Howard was anything but a USAID loan officer. After Peru, the Howards returned to the United States, and he went to work in Chicago for a company doing environmental work. On March 19, 1983, the Howards had a son named Lee Howard. CIA career Howard was hired by the CIA in 1980 and was later joined by his wife, Mary, where they were both trained in intelligence and counter-intelligence methods. Shortly after the end of their training and before going on their first assignment, a routine polygraph test indicated that he had lied about past drug use, and he was fired by the CIA in 1983 shortly before he was to report to the CIA's station at the American embassy in Moscow. Disgruntled over the perceived unfairness of having been dismissed over accusations of drug use, petty theft and deception, he began to abuse alcohol. He then began making mysterious phone calls to some former colleagues, both in Washington and in Moscow. In February 1984 after a drunken brawl he was arrested and charged with assault with a deadly weapon. The charges were later reduced to aggravated assault. At some point Howard apparently began providing classified information to the KGB, possibly contacting KGB officers in Austria in 1984 during a visit there. His information has been blamed for exposing Adolf Tolkachev who was then executed by the KGB. In 1985, the CIA was severely shaken by several security leaks that led to exposure of officers and assets. On August 1, 1985, after twenty-five years of service in the KGB, Vitaly Yurchenko walked into the US Embassy in Rome and defected to the United States. In the following interrogations by the CIA, he accused Howard and another officer, Ronald Pelton, of working for the KGB. In November of that year, Yurchenko himself re-defected back to the Soviet Union. It has been suggested that Yurchenko was acting as a re-doubled agent, seeking to fool the CIA with wrong leads to protect one of the Soviet Union's most important CIA double-agents, Aldrich Ames. Surveillance and escape to Helsinki The FBI began watching the Howards in Santa Fe, New Mexico. A search warrant was subsequently secured to tap the Howards phone. On September 20, 1985, Howard walked up to a member of a surveillance team and indicated that he was ready to talk but wanted first to get a lawyer; a meeting was scheduled for the following week. The following night, however, Howard disappeared. As he and his wife Mary drove back from a dinner away from their home, Howard leapt from the car as Mary slowed to round a corner. He left a dummy made from stuffed clothes and an old wig stand in his seat to fool the pursuing agents, and fled to Albuquerque, where he took a plane to New York City. Once at home, Mary called a number she knew would reach an answering machine, and played a pre-recorded message from Edward to fool the wiretap and buy her husband more time. From New York, Howard flew to Helsinki, and there he walked into the Soviet embassy. Howard maintained his innocence until his death. He only fled, he said, because he could see the agency had chosen him to fill Yurchenkos profile and wanted a scapegoat. Howard insisted he refused to divulge anything of real importance in exchange for his Soviet protection. In 1995 Howards memoirs, called Safe House, were published by National Press Books in which Howard indicated that he was prepared for a plea bargain with the U.S. Death Howard died on July 12, 2002, at his Russian dacha, reportedly from a broken neck after a fall in his home. See also Robert Hanssen Aldrich Ames Harold James Nicholson References External links Paranoia Magazine interview Peace Corps biography of Edward Lee Howard Category:1951 births Category:2002 deaths Category:American intelligence personnel who defected to the Soviet Union Category:Peace Corps volunteers Category:People from Santa Fe, New Mexico Category:People of the Central Intelligence Agency Category:Double agents Category:Fugitives wanted under the Espionage Act of 1917 Category:People granted political asylum in the Soviet Union Category:American memoirists

In mathematics, the limit of a sequence of sets A1, A2, ... subsets of a common set X is a set whose elements are determined by the sequence in either of two equivalent ways: 1 by upper and lower bounds on the sequence that converge monotonically to the same set analogous to convergence of real-valued sequences and 2 by convergence of a sequence of indicator functions which are themselves real-valued. As is the case with sequences of other objects, convergence is not necessary or even usual. More generally, again analogous to real-valued sequences, the less restrictive limit infimum and limit supremum of a set sequence always exist and can be used to determine convergence: the limit exists if the limit infimum and limit supremum are identical. See below. Such set limits are essential in measure theory and probability. It is a common misconception that the limits infimum and supremum described here involve sets of accumulation points, that is, sets of x = limk→∞xk, where each xk is in some Ank. This is only true if convergence is determined by the discrete metric that is, xn → x if there is N such that xn = x for all n ≥ N. This article is restricted to that situation as it is the only one relevant for measure theory and probability. See the examples below. On the other hand, there are more general topological notions of set convergence that do involve accumulation points under different metrics or topologies. Definitions The two definitions Suppose that is a sequence of sets. The two equivalent definitions are as follows. Using union and intersection, define and If these two sets are equal, then the set-theoretic limit of the sequence An exists and is equal to that common set. Either set as described above can be used to get the limit, and there may be other means to get the limit as well. Using indicator functions, let 1Anx equal 1 if x is in An and 0 otherwise. Define and where the expressions inside the brackets on the right are, respectively, the limit infimum and limit supremum of the real-valued sequence 1Anx. Again, if these two sets are equal, then the set-theoretic limit of the sequence An exists and is equal to that common set, and either set as described above can be used to get the limit. To see the equivalence of the definitions, consider the limit infimum. The use of DeMorgan's rule below explains why this suffices for the limit supremum. Since indicator functions take only values 0 and 1, if and only if 1Anx takes value 0 only finitely many times. Equivalently, if and only if there exists n such that the element is in Am for every m ≥ n, which is to say if and only if x ∉ An for only finitely many n. Therefore, x is in the iff x is in all except finitely many An. For this reason, a shorthand phrase for the limit infimum is x ∈ An all except finitely often or x ∈ An all but finitely often, typically expressed by An a.e.f.o. or by An a.b.f.o.. Similarly, an element x is in the limit supremum if, no matter how large n is there exists m ≥ n such that the element is in Am. That is, x is in the limit supremum iff x is in infinitely many An. For this reason, a shorthand phrase for the limit supremum is x ∈ An infinitely often, typically expressed by An i.o.. To put it another way, the limit infimum consists of elements that eventually stay forever are in each set after some n, while the limit supremum consists of elements that never leave forever are in some set after each n. Monotone sequences The sequence {An} is said to be nonincreasing if each An+1 ⊂ An and nondecreasing if each An ⊂ An+1. In each of these cases the set limit exists. Consider, for example, a nonincreasing sequence {An}. Then From these it follows that Similarly, if {An} is nondecreasing then Properties If the limit of 1Anx, as n goes to infinity, exists for all x then Otherwise, the limit for {An} does not exist. It can be shown that the limit infimum is contained in the limit supremum: for example, simply by observing that x ∈ An all except finitely often implies x ∈ An infinitely often. Using the monotonicity of and of , By using DeMorgan's rule twice, with set complement Ac = X\A, That is, x ∈ An all except finitely often is the same as x ∉ An finitely often. From the second definition above and the definitions for limit infimum and limit supremum of a real-valued sequence, and Suppose is a σ-algebra of subsets of X. That is, is nonempty and is closed under complement and under unions and intersections of countably many sets. Then, by the first definition above, if each An ∈ then both and are elements of . Examples Let Then and So exists. Change the previous example to Then and So does not exist, despite the fact that the left and right endpoints of the intervals converge to 0 and 1, respectively. Let }. Then which is all rational numbers between 0 and 1, inclusive since even for j < n and 0 ≤ k ≤ j, k/j = n×k/n×j is an element of the above. Therefore, On the other hand, which implies In this case, the sequence A1, A2, ... does not have a limit. Note that is not the set of accumulation points, which would be the entire interval according to the usual Euclidean metric. Probability uses Set limits, particularly the limit infimum and the limit supremum, are essential for probability and measure theory. Such limits are used to calculate or prove the probabilities and measures of other, more purposeful, sets. For the following, is a probability space, which means is a σ-algebra of subsets of and is a probability measure defined on that σ-algebra. Sets in the σ-algebra are known as events. If A1, A2, ... is a monotone sequence of events in then exists and BorelCantelli lemmas In probability, the two BorelCantelli lemmas can be useful for showing that the limsup of a sequence of events has probability equal to 1 or to 0. The statement of the first original BorelCantelli lemma is The second BorelCantelli lemma is a partial converse: Almost sure convergence One of the most important applications to probability is for demonstrating the almost sure convergence of a sequence of random variables. The event that a sequence of random variables Y1, Y2, ... converges to another random variable Y is formally expressed as . It would be a mistake, however, to write this simply as a limsup of events. That is, this is not the event ! Instead, the complement of the event is Therefore, References Category:Set theory Category:Probability theory

Chains Of Love, a 12-bar blues, was written by Doc Pomus a.k.a. Jerome Solon Felder who sold the copyright to Ahmet Ertegun in 1950 for $50.00 referencing Doc Pomus and his family. Since Ertegun owned the copyright from that point forward, he had legal right to claim the song as his own which he did using the pseudonym A. Nugetre. The song has charted numerous times in the US and abroad the first by Big Joe Turner as Joe Turner in 1951 reaching number 2 on the US Billboard R&B chart.. Turner's version was his first success on the Atlantic label established by Ertegun. In 1956, the song was covered by Pat Boone, whose version made no. 10 on the Billboard Hot 100. Another commercially successful version was by Bobby Bland, whose recording reached no. 9 on the R&B chart and no. 60 on the Hot 100 in 1969. American country music artist Mickey Gilley released this song in October 1977 as the third and final single from his album, First Class. The song reached number 9 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles chart[1] and number 7 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada. Other Cover versions The Hollywood Flames released a version of the song as a single in 1958. Other covers include: Johnny Burnette & The Rock 'N' Roll Trio 1957; Sam Cooke 1962; B. B. King 1962; Bobby 'Blue' Bland 1969; Little Richard 1973; Lou Rawls 1992; and Irma Thomas 1992. References Category:1951 songs Category:1951 singles Category:1956 singles Category:1958 singles Category:1959 singles Category:Songs written by Ahmet Ertegun Category:Big Joe Turner songs Category:Pat Boone songs Category:Bobby Bland songs Category:The Hollywood Flames songs Category:Atlantic Records singles

Capella Aircraft Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer based in Austin, Texas. Formed about 1988, the company specialized in the design and manufacture of light aircraft in the form of kits for amateur construction, including for the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules. The company went out of business about 2007. Capella produced a number of aircraft designs, all of a strut-braced, high wing configuration. The first series were all enclosed cockpit designs, starting with the Capella SS, a single seat model introduced in 1988. In 1990 the Capella XS two-seat conventional landing gear model followed, along with a tricycle gear model, the Capella XLS. The Capella Fastback was introduced in 1995. In 1998 the open cockpit single-seat Capella Javelin I was introduced as a FAR 103 ultralight. This was followed by the Capella Javelin II the same year and finally the Capella T-Raptor, all variants of the basic Javelin design. Aircraft References Category:Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States Category:Ultralight aircraft Category:Homebuilt aircraft

Uxbridge is a suburban town in west London, and the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Hillingdon. west-northwest of Charing Cross, it is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. Uxbridge historically formed part of the parish of Hillingdon in the county of Middlesex, and was a significant local commercial centre from an early time. As part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century it expanded and increased in population, becoming a municipal borough in 1955, and has formed part of Greater London since 1965. It is a significant retail and commercial centre, and is the location of Brunel University and the Uxbridge campus of Buckinghamshire New University. The town is close to the boundary with Buckinghamshire, which is locally the River Colne. Several historical events have taken place in and around the town, including attempted negotiations between King Charles I and the Parliamentary Army during the English Civil War. The public house at the centre of those events, since renamed the Crown & Treaty, still stands. Uxbridge also houses the Battle of Britain Bunker, from where the air defence of the south-east of England was coordinated during the Battle of Britain. Situated in RAF Uxbridge, the No. 11 Group Operations Room within the bunker played a crucial role during the battle and was later used during the D-Day landings. Uxbridge overall includes Harefield, Ickenham, Hillingdon, Newyears Green and Cowley; altogether are represented by six electoral wards that are used for the election of councillors to Hillingdon Council and for statistical purposes. The 2011 Census recorded a population figure of 70,560 for all wards combined. History Toponymy The name of the town is derived from Wixan's Bridge, which was sited near the bottom of Oxford Road where a modern road bridge now stands, beside the Swan and Bottle public house. The Wixan were a 7th-century Saxon tribe from Lincolnshire who also began to settle in what became Middlesex. Anglo-Saxons began to settle and farm in the area of Uxbridge in the 5th century, clearing the dense woodland and remaining there for around 500 years. Two other places in Middlesex bore the name of the Wixan: Uxendon Wixan's Hill, a name now preserved only in the street names of Uxendon Hill and Crescent in Harrow, and Waxlow Wixan's Wood near Southall. Archaeologists found Bronze Age remains before 700 BC and medieval remains during the construction of The Chimes shopping centre; two miles 3.2 km away at Denham, Upper Paleolithic remains have been found. Uxbridge is not mentioned in the Domesday Book of the 11th century, but a hundred years later the existing church, St Margaret's, was built. The town appears in records from 1107 as Woxbrigge, and became part of the Elthorne Hundred with other settlements in the area. Early developments The Parliamentary Army garrisoned the town upon the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 and established their headquarters there in June 1647 on a line from Staines to Watford, although the king passed through Uxbridge in April 1646, resting at the Red Lion public house for several hours. Charles I met with representatives of Parliament at the Crown Inn in Uxbridge in 1645, but negotiations for the end of hostilities were unsuccessful due in part to the king's stubborn attitude. The town had been chosen as it was located between the Royal headquarters at Oxford and the Parliamentary stronghold of London. The covered market was built in 1788, replacing a building constructed in 1561. In the early 19th century, Uxbridge had an unsavoury reputation; the jurist William Arabin said of its residents They will steal the very teeth out of your mouth as you walk through the streets. I know it from experience. For about 200 years most of London's flour was produced in the Uxbridge area. The Grand Junction Canal opened in 1794, linking Uxbridge with Birmingham. By 1800 Uxbridge had become one of the most important market towns in Middlesex, helped by its status as the first stopping point for stagecoaches travelling from London to Oxford. The development of Uxbridge declined after the opening of the Great Western Railway in 1838, which passed through West Drayton. A branch line to Uxbridge was not built until 1904. Harman's Brewery was established in Uxbridge by George Harman in 1763, and moved into its new headquarters in Uxbridge High Street in 1875. The eventual owners of the brewery, Courage, closed the headquarters in 1964. It was demolished and replaced by a Budgen's supermarket, which in turn was demolished with the construction of The Chimes shopping centre. The brewery building in George Street remained in place until it was demolished in 1967. The office building Harman House was built on the site in 1985, named after the brewery. Urban development The enclosure of Hillingdon Parish in 1819 saw the reduction in size of Uxbridge Common, which at its largest had been in circumference. The common originally covered both sides of Park Road to the north of the town centre but now covers . In 1871 the town's first purpose-built police station was built in Windsor Street. The building included three cells and stables. The Metropolitan Police continued to use the building until 1988, when operations moved to a new site in Harefield Road. The building subsequently became the Old Bill public house in 1996, renamed the Fig Tree in 2006. In the early 1900s the Uxbridge and District Electricity Supply Company had been established in Waterloo Road, and much of the town was connected by 1902, although some houses still had gas lighting in 1912. A water tower on Uxbridge Common was built in 1906, resembling a church tower, to improve the supply to the town. Wood panelling from a room in the Crown & Treaty public house was sold in 1924 to an American businessman, who installed it in his office in the Empire State Building in New York. It was returned in 1953 as a gift to the newly crowned Queen Elizabeth II and returned to the house, although the monarch retained ownership. On 31 August 1935 Uxbridge Lido, an outdoor swimming pool built in the Moderne or Art Deco style, was officially opened. Before the opening, many residents swam in a section of the Frays River near Harefield Road, and the Colne. The pool, pavilion building, entrance building and both fountains were designated Grade II listed buildings in 1998. Despite the listing, the pool was closed to the public and the buildings became subject to heavy vandalism. Uxbridge open-air pool was fully refurbished during 2009 and re-opened in May 2010. Added to the site, now named Hillingdon Sports and Leisure Complex, is a 50 m indoor competition pool, a leisure pool, a 100-station gym, a wide range of exercise classes, an athletics stadium and track, 3G floodlit pitches, a sports hall, a café and a crèche. The Grade II listed buildings are still standing. During the Second World War Uxbridge adopted the Royal Navy destroyer in 1942, to help towards the ship's costs; Intrepid was lost to enemy action the following year. The town and surrounding areas suffered bombing by the Luftwaffe. V1 flying bombs fell on the town between June 1944 and March 1945. The first recorded bombing using a V1 was on 22 June 1944 at 07:00, when the bomb passed over the top of a bus and hit four houses nearby. Seven people were killed and 25 injured, leaving 46 houses in the area uninhabitable. In all the Uxbridge Urban District suffered 79 civilian deaths through enemy action in the war. In 1958 the Lowe & Shawyer plant nursery to the west of RAF Uxbridge entered voluntary liquidation. The nursery had stood in Kingston Lane since 1868, and was the largest producer of cut flowers in the country. Demolition work began in 1962, and the construction of Brunel University commenced. Chrysanthemums are included the coat of arms of the Borough of Uxbridge in memory of the nursery. The Uxbridge Vine Street railway branch line, which partly ran alongside the site, was closed in 1964 and in 1966 the university opened, purchasing the land where the railway had run from the local council for £65,000. The Uxbridge Cricket Club moved from Cricketfield Road in 1971 to make way for the new Civic Centre. The club had been at Cricketfield Road since 1858, but moved to a new site on part of Uxbridge Common on Park Road. The Market Square shopping precinct in the town centre was built in the late 1970s, but its lack of shelter made it unpopular and it did not attract the expected levels of custom. Many buildings along the High Street and Windsor Street had been demolished to make way for the new precinct, which was eventually sold to the Prudential Assurance Company and redeveloped with a roof in the early 1980s to become the Pavilions Shopping Centre. The Peacock public house in one of the two main squares was demolished and replaced with a café named The Chequers, which remains. Rayner's pharmacy shop was also demolished during the Market Square development, although the shopfront was saved by the Museum of London and is held in storage. The Chimes shopping centre was built beside Uxbridge station in 2001, incorporating many of the existing buildings into the new structure. The centre was originally to be named St George's Centre in plans dating back to the early 1990s, though this name was eventually taken by another shopping centre in Harrow. Instead, The Chimes was said to refer to the sound of the bells from the nearby market house on the High Street. An Odeon cinema opened as a major part of the centre, with the smaller cinema at the opposite end of the High Street closing. Some houses on Chippendale Way and the St George's car park were demolished to allow for the construction of the new shopping centre car park. The offices of the local building company Fassnidge were also included in the new development; built in the 19th century, they now house a Pizza Express restaurant. Preserved timber from earlier demolished buildings in Uxbridge was used in the construction of a new building beside the former offices of Fassnidge, designed to resemble a much older structure. In 2002 the dry ski slope near Park Road and the Uxbridge Lido was closed and the remaining buildings and structures removed. The Hillingdon Ski Centre had been subject to several arson attacks during 2001 and the company operating it became insolvent. The slope, which had been built in 1977, was left to return to nature. Work began in 2008 to extensively refurbish and extend Uxbridge Lido, and it reopened to the public in February 2010 as the Hillingdon Sports and Leisure Complex. On 8 September 2010 the 75th anniversary of the first opening of the Lido was celebrated at the pool. Governance Uxbridge originally formed a chapelry within the parish of Hillingdon. It was split off as a separate civil parish in 1866, and became part of the Uxbridge Urban District under the Local Government Act 1894. In 1955 the urban district council successfully petitioned for a charter of incorporation and became a municipal borough. This remained until 1965, when the borough was incorporated into the new London Borough of Hillingdon. Within the borough, Uxbridge is split into two wards: Uxbridge North and Uxbridge South. Each is served by three Conservative Party councillors. Uxbridge had its own parliamentary constituency until boundary changes at the 2010 general election meant it became part of the Uxbridge and South Ruislip constituency. Uxbridge and South Ruislip is represented by the UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson MP, of the Conservative Party. He took over from John Randall in 2015, who was first elected to represent Uxbridge in a 1997 by-election after the sitting MP, Sir Michael Shersby, died shortly after the 1997 general election. Geography Uxbridge lies at a mean elevation of above mean sea level. Like much of the rest of the UK its climate is generally temperate, with few extremes of temperature or weather. The landscape upon which the settlement of Uxbridge was established is largely unchanged from the Mesolithic era. Much of it was covered by oak and elm trees, which were gradually cleared by early settlers. An archaeological excavation by the Museum of London in the 1990s found evidence of flint items shaped by Mesolithic hunters, as well as various animal bones and traces of charcoal from the remains of campfires. The River Pinn runs through Uxbridge, passing through the former site of RAF Uxbridge and the grounds of Brunel University. It joins the Frays River, which branches off from the River Colne and acts as the boundary between Uxbridge and the neighbouring county of Buckinghamshire. Uxbridge is located from Charing Cross in Central London; from Hayes; from Ruislip; from Northolt; from Slough; and from High Wycombe. Demography The approximate population figure for Uxbridge North was recorded in 2009 by the Office for National Statistics as 11,812, and 11,887 in Uxbridge South. The majority of residents in Uxbridge North were White, with 85 categorised, against 79 for the entire borough of Hillingdon. Uxbridge South also had a majority of White residents, matching the borough figure. In both wards, the remaining percentage was made up of mixed-race, Asian or Asian British, Black or Black British, and Chinese or other ethnic groups. Of the two wards, Uxbridge South had a higher percentage of Black and Chinese residents, when compared with the borough. By the time of the 2011 UK Census, the population of Uxbridge had reached 12,048 in Uxbridge North and 13,979 in Uxbridge South. The most common ethnic group was White British in Uxbridge North, at 69.8, followed by Asian or Asian British 19.5 and Black or Black British 4.1. The remaining percentage was made up of mixed-race and other unspecified ethnic groups. White British was also the largest ethnic group in Uxbridge South, at 62.1, followed by Asian or Asian British 22.6, Black or Black British 7.3 and mixed-race 4.3. The remaining percentage was made up of other unspecified ethnic groups. In terms of employment, Uxbridge North had a larger number of residents employed in managerial roles, at the time of the 2001 UK Census. The majority of residents in Uxbridge South were categorised as not classifieds. The life expectancy for men is 77 years in Uxbridge North, compared with 74 years in Uxbridge South. The figures for women are 83 years in Uxbridge North and 81 years in Uxbridge South. The table below shows housing data for Uxbridge and its neighbourhoods. Religion In the 2011 census, 72.8 of residents in the Uxbridge North ward answered that they had a religion, compared with 19.3 who did not and 7.9 who did not answer. Of those who answered, 53 identified as Christian, followed by 6.7 who identified as Muslim and 6.2 as Sikh. The percentage identifying as Hindu was 5.4. Figures for residents identifying as either Jewish, Buddhist or other unspecified religions were each below 1. Within the Uxbridge South ward, 69.2 of residents answered that they had a religion, compared with 23.8 who did not and 7 who did not answer. As with Uxbridge North, the majority 46.4 identified as Christian, followed by 13.4 who identified as Muslim and 5 as Hindu. The percentage identifying as Sikh was 2.3 and those identifying as Buddhist were 1.2. Figures for residents identifying as either Jewish or other unspecified religions were each below 1. Churches St Margaret's Church This is the original parish church of Uxbridge, and one of the oldest buildings in the town. Located in Windsor Street, it is known to have existed since at least 1245, when a series of hearings took place there in which the Abbot of Bec in Normandy brought an action against the rector of Great Wratting in Suffolk for non-payment of tithes. On parchments kept at St. George's Chapel, Windsor, in connection with this event, St. Margaret's is mentioned by name, and there are several other references between 1245 and 1247 to the chapel at Uxbridge. The oldest portion of the existing building is part of the north tower, which was built in the late 14th century. The north aisle, together with the nave and its arcades, dates from the early 15th century, while the south aisle, with its fine hammer-beam roof, was added about 1450. The carved stone font was placed in the church soon afterwards, dating from about 1480. For most of its history, St Margaret's served as a chapel-of-ease to St John the Baptist's Church in Hillingdon; it was not until 1827 that it was given its own parish. St Andrew's Church By the 1850s the population of both Hillingdon and Uxbridge was beginning to rise. With new housing being built between the two centres the then Vicar of Hillingdon, the Rev Richard Croft 185669 gained permission to build a new church in the area, sometimes referred to as Hillingdon West. He asked the well-known architect Sir George Gilbert Scott: Scott produced his plans and local Uxbridge builder William Fassnidge was employed to construct the church. On St Peter's Day, 29 June 1864, the foundation stone was laid at the south end of the chancel arch by the Lord Bishop of London, Archibald Campbell Tait. He returned less than a year later to consecrate and open the church on the feast of SS Philip and James, 1 May 1865. The spire was completed the following year. Together with the bells, vestry and organ and other embellishments, the cost of the building, in Hillingdon Road, was some £12,000. Church of Our Lady of Lourdes and St Michael After St Margaret's turned Protestant in the 16th century, there was no official Roman Catholic place of worship in Uxbridge until the late 19th century, following the passing of the Catholic Emancipation Act. In 1892 Father Michael Aloysius Wren bought a presbytery at 37 Lawn Road, next to which a temporary church was built of corrugated iron, dedicated to Our Lady of Lourdes and St Michael. St Mary's School was also founded on Rockingham Road at this time. Fr Wren was helped by his nephew John, who acted as his assistant priest. They covered an extensive area, including the modern Catholic parishes of Ruislip and Hillingdon. The mission grew from strength to strength, and by 1907 the congregation numbered 150, with school attendance at 60. In time plans were made for a larger, more permanent church. This was the brainchild of Father Thomas Moloney, who bought the current presbytery and acquired the land that stood at the back so that a church could be built. The foundation stone was eventually laid on Low Sunday 1931 by Archbishop Alban Goodier, an English Jesuit who had been Archbishop of Bombay between 1919 and 1926. The new church, in Oxford Road, was designed by the diocesan architect, T. H. B. Scott. It was built of brick in the Romanesque style, seating 350. The church was built quickly and opened by Cardinal Bourne on 29 September 1931. It was officially consecrated on 14 May 1936, after its debts were cleared. Faith Assembly, Uxbridge There is a contemporary Pentecostal church now in Uxbridge. The parish of The Redeemed Christian Church of God teaches the whole counsel of God and accommodates families from all nations of the world. The church is currently located in Belmont Road, and they worship in the famous Hermitage Primary School every Sunday at 11:00 am. http://www.rccgfaithassembly.com Economy As of 2012, Uxbridge has of total town centre floorspace. Uxbridge has two shopping centres, The Pavilions and Intu Uxbridge formerly The Chimes. Much of the town centre is pedestrianised. Just off the High Street is Windsor Street, a short road populated by older shops. A notable landmark on Vine Street is Randalls, the Art Deco style former department store owned by the family of the former MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip, John Randall. The present store was constructed in 1939 on the site of another that had been built in 1900. It was awarded Grade II listed status in October 2008. The store closed in January 2015 following a decline in trade. The town centre consists of retail outlets and a number of office buildings, including the main UK and European offices of international companies such as Coca-Cola European Partners, Cadbury plc, Xerox, General Mills, F. Hinds, PAREXEL, Arri, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Monster Energy, APL, Herbalife Europe. Other employers include NetApp, Anixter International, PricewaterhouseCoopers, WMS Gaming, IBB Solicitors and Nexen. Within the borough of Hillingdon, 55.1 of residents travel to the Uxbridge North and Uxbridge South wards to work, and only 8 of residents working there also live within the wards. The 2001 census measured a total of 6,007 35.9 of residents leaving the North ward to go to work. Uxbridge South had a figure of 5,666 26.5 of residents leaving the ward to work elsewhere. In 2005 retail footprint research, Uxbridge ranked 9th in terms of retail expenditure in Greater London at £311 million. Education Primary schools in Uxbridge include Hermitage Primary School, St Andrew's Church of England Primary School, St Mary's Catholic Primary School, Whitehall Infant School, and Whitehall Junior School. Uxbridge High School is a comprehensive secondary school in the town. Uxbridge is also home to Brunel University and the Buckinghamshire New University's nursing campus. The main campus of Uxbridge College is also in the town. Transport Uxbridge tube station is the western terminus for branches of the Metropolitan and Piccadilly lines of the London Underground. The station, built in 1933, is fronted by a pedestrian high street and is connected to a bus terminus with connections to Hillingdon, Hayes, Ealing, Ruislip, and Slough. There were once two railway stations: Uxbridge Vine Street originally just Uxbridge Station and Uxbridge High Street. Both were planned to be linked, hence High Street ending on a half-built bridge. High Street closed to passengers as a war economy and never reopened. Despite having the most intensive service, the Vine Street line was one of the first Western Region urban branches to close under the Beeching axe. Uxbridge Belmont Road was the first underground station, built slightly outside the town centre to allow for a possible extension to High Wycombe. This was subsequently replaced by the current station. The B483 road connects the centre of Uxbridge with the Swakeleys Roundabout junction of the A40. Uxbridge is also connected by major roads to Slough, Denham, Ickenham, Cowley, Iver Heath, Hillingdon Heath and Hayes. The Grand Union Canal, formerly the Grand Junction Canal, connects London with Birmingham and passes immediately to the west of Uxbridge, forming part of the borough boundary. The first stretch was built in the late 18th century from Brentford to Uxbridge. Further upstream is Uxbridge Lock, and nearby is a derelict flour mill formerly owned by Allied Mills. The mill was bought in the 19th century by William King, who named it Kingsmill. Kingsmill continues to be used as a brand of bread by Associated British Foods. London Buses routes 222, 331, 427, 607, A10, U1, U2, U3, U4, U5, U7, U9, U10 and N207 serve the area, alongside 8 non-Transport for London TfL routes: First Berkshire & The Thames Valley route 3, Green Line route 724 and Carousel Buses routes 101, 102, 105, 580, 581 & 583. The proposed West London Tram was postponed indefinitely by TfL in August 2007 after it was announced that the Crossrail project would be going ahead. TfL cited an effective bus-based solution as an alternative, delivered in conjunction with local councils. Since 2013 the route has been served by the 427, 207, and 607 bus services. Landmarks Civic Centre The London Borough of Hillingdon's Hillingdon Civic Centre was built in Uxbridge High Street in 1973, as part of an effort to unite the services of the council, which had formed in 1965 with the merger of the Municipal Borough of Uxbridge, Ruislip-Northwood Urban District, Hayes and Harlington Urban District and Yiewsley and West Drayton Urban District. Before the new building was completed, council services had been spread throughout Uxbridge and the rest of the borough and various buildings, as a result of the merging of the former district councils. Part of the original Middlesex County Council office building that stood on site was incorporated into the new Civic Centre. The centre's clock tower is the only visible section from the old building. The Uxbridge Cricket Club Ground and Uxbridge fire station were relocated as part of the new development, which became controversial owing to its size and cost. Areas of the building, particularly the council chambers, continue to suffer from poor acoustics. Uxbridge Magistrates' Court The original Magistrates' Court opened in 1907 in an Edwardian style. A new building with little exterior styling opened nearby in the 1990s and legal proceedings were transferred. The Magistrates' Court is often referred to in John Mortimer's Rumpole of the Bailey short stories. RAF Uxbridge, Battle of Britain Bunker and Hillingdon House Uxbridge had a Royal Air Force station, known as RAF Uxbridge, until its closure on 31 March 2010. The station was built within the grounds of Hillingdon House, a 19th-century mansion bought by the British government in 1915, and became most famous as the home of RAF Fighter Command's No. 11 Group Operations Room during the Battle of Britain. Fighter squadrons at airfields in the south-east of England were directed from the station, which was visited by Prime Minister Winston Churchill during the battle, and other foreign leaders throughout the rest of the war. Following the station's closure, the replica No. 33 Squadron Supermarine Spitfire gate guardian was removed from the main entrance for restoration work and moved to the entrance of the Operations Room now known as the Battle of Britain Bunker. The area around the bunker was retained as an enclave under the RAF Uxbridge name, under the care of RAF Northolt. An additional guardian, a Hawker Hurricane in the colours of No. 303 Polish Squadron, was added to the area in November 2010. Sport and leisure Uxbridge has a Non-League football team, Uxbridge F.C., which plays at Honeycroft, West Drayton. Uxbridge Cricket Club is also based in Uxbridge and is a member of the Middlesex County Cricket League, a designated ECB Premier League. Hillingdon Sports and Leisure Complex has recently been refurbished and contains an indoor and outdoor swimming pool, an athletic track and large sports complex. The South Korean Olympic Team used the centre for training during the 2012 Olympic Games. Neighbouring areas Notable people A number of notable people have lived in Uxbridge. Christine Keeler, the 1960s model who became involved in the 1963 Profumo affair, was born here, as was the actor, writer and director Bernard Miles 19071991, who attended Bishopshalt Grammar School. Also born here was the poet, novelist and illustrator Peggy Eileen Whistler 19091958, who used the pseudonym Margiad Evans, and John Stears 19341999, the Academy Award-winning creator of James Bond's Aston Martin DB5 and Star Wars robots. Charles Brown 18271905, was a British engineer and inventor of the Brown valve gear. Notes References Citations Sources Bainbridge, John. 2001 Middlesex Photographic Memories. Salisbury: Frith Book Company Cotton, Carolynne. 1994 Uxbridge Past. London: Historical Publications Crozier, Hazel. 2007 RAF Uxbridge 90th Anniversary 19172007. RAF High Wycombe: Air Command Media Services Hearmon, Carolynne. 1982 Uxbridge. A Concise History. Uxbridge: Hillingdon Borough Libraries Pearce, K. R. 2009 Uxbridge From Old Photographs. Stroud: Amberley Publishing Pearce, K. 2011 Uxbridge Through Time. Stroud: Amberley Publishing Sherwood, Philip. 2007 Around Uxbridge Past & Present. Stroud: Sutton Publishing Skinner, James. 2008 Growing Up In Wartime Uxbridge. Stroud: Tempus Publishing Further reading External links London Borough of Hillingdon Category:Areas of London Category:Districts of the London Borough of Hillingdon Category:Metropolitan centres of London Category:Market towns in London Category:Places formerly in Middlesex

Gjoko Zajkov Macedonian: Ѓоко Зајков; born 10 February 1995 is a Macedonian professional football player, currently playing for Charleroi. Early career Zajkov began his football career with FK Rabotnički. Career Born in Skopje into a family originally from Udovo, Gjoko Zajkov was playing in Macedonia for the youth team of Rabotnichki, until the summer in 2012 when he made his first appearance for the senior team of the club, competing in the Macedonian First League. He was voted best defender that year, at the age of 17. On 23 June 2014 he left Macedonia for the French club Stade Rennais F.C., with whom he signed a three-year contract. After his first season in France, where he spent the majority of the time playing for the youth team of Rennais only, in the summer of 2015 he was loaned for one year to Charleroi in Belgium. International career He has been a member of Macedonian U-19 and U-21 national teams. Career statistics Club Honours Club Rabotnički Macedonian First League: 201314 Macedonian Football Cup: 201314 References External links Profile at Macedonian Football Category:1995 births Category:Living people Category:Macedonian footballers Category:North Macedonia international footballers Category:North Macedonia youth international footballers Category:Macedonian expatriate footballers Category:Belgian First Division A players Category:FK Rabotnički players Category:Stade Rennais F.C. players Category:R. Charleroi S.C. players Category:Expatriate footballers in France Category:Expatriate footballers in Belgium Category:Macedonian expatriate sportspeople in France Category:Association football defenders

TW1 Tourismus und Wetter 1 Tourism and Weather 1 was an Austrian digital television channel, broadcasting programmes about news, culture, leisure, travel and weather. It was owned by the Austrian national broadcaster, Österreichischer Rundfunk ORF. TW1 was replaced by the ORF III on 26 October 2011. TW1 broadcast a variety of programmes, which usually followed current events not just in Austria but also the rest of continental Europe. These included interviews with politicians and debate shows, live weather information, which was provided through web cams located all over Austria, travel shows, up to date travel information also via web cams ASFINAG and shows of cultural interest. TW1 was launched in 1997 on the Astra satellite at 19.2° east on the unencrypted ORF Digital package, and on cable networks in German-speaking countries. Initially, the channel was also available for some time on terrestrial analogue television in Salzburg on the Gaisberg Transmitter. Since October 2005, TW1 was 100 owned by ORF. In May 2000, ORF started a regular sports programme on TW1. Both live broadcasts as well as magazine programmes were broadcast several times a week on TW1. With the launch of ORF Sport Plus in May 2006, most sports programmes were moved to the new channel, and were now no longer being broadcast on TW1. External links TW1 Live Streaming Category:Defunct television channels in Austria Category:Television channels and stations established in 1997 Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2011 Category:1997 establishments in Austria Category:2011 disestablishments in Austria Category:ORF broadcaster

The Saṃbhogakāya Sanskrit: body of enjoyment, Tib: longs spyod rdzog pa'i sku is the second mode or aspect of the Trikaya. Definition Celestial manifestations The Sambhogakaya is a subtle body of limitless form. Both celestial Buddhas such as Bhaisajyaguru and Amitābha, as well as advanced bodhisattvas such as Avalokiteśvara and Manjusri can appear in an enjoyment-body. A Buddha can appear in an enjoyment-body to teach bodhisattvas through visionary experiences. Those Buddhas and Bodhisattvas manifest themselves in their specific pure lands. These worlds are created for the benefits of others. In those lands it is easy to hear and practice the Dharma. A person can be reborn in such a pure land by the transfer of some of the huge stock of 'merit' of a Land's presiding Buddha, stimulated by devout prayer. One of the places where the Sambhogakāya body appears is the extra-cosmic realm or pure land called Akaniṣṭha. This realm should be not confused with the akanistha of the pure abodes, for is a realm that completely transcends it. Absolutely seen, only the Dharmakāya is real; the Sambhogakāya and Nirmanakaya are provisional ways of talking about and apprehending it. Access by advanced practitioners Sambhogakaya also refers to the luminous form of clear light the Buddhist practitioner attains upon the reaching the highest dimensions of practice. According to tradition, those skilled in meditation, such as advanced Tibetan lamas and yogis, as well as other highly realized Buddhists, may gain access to the Sambhogakaya and receive direct transmission of doctrine. Understanding in Buddhist tradition Tibetan Buddhism There are numerous Sambhogakāya realms almost as numerous as deities in Tibetan Buddhism. These Sambhogakaya-realms are known as Buddha-fields or Pure Lands. One manifestation of the Sambhogakaya in Tibetan Buddhism is the rainbow body. This is where an advanced practitioner is walled up in a cave or sewn inside a small yurt-like tent shortly before death. For a period of a week or so after death, the practitioners' body transforms into a Sambhogakaya light body, leaving behind only hair and nails. Lopön Tenzin Namdak as rendered by John Myrdhin Reynolds conveyed the relationship of the mindstream Sanskrit: citta santana of Sambhogakaya that links the Dharmakaya with the Nirmanakaya. Chán Buddhism In the Chán 禪 Jp. Zen tradition, the Sambhogakāya Chin. 報身↔baoshen, lit. retribution body, along with the Dharmakaya and the Nirmanakaya, are given metaphorical interpretations. In the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch, Chan Master Huineng describes the Samboghakaya as a state in which the practitioner continually and naturally produces good thoughts: See also Trikaya Refuge tree Thoughtform Yidam Notes References Sources Snellgrove, David 1987. Indo-Tibetan Buddhism Vol.1. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, Inc. Snellgrove, David 1987. Indo-Tibetan Buddhism Vol.2. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, Inc. Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts

Parliamentary elections were held in Vietnam on 26 April 1981. The Vietnamese Fatherland Front was the only party to contest the election, and won all 496 seats. Voter turnout was reported to be 98.0. Results References Category:1981 elections in Asia Category:Elections in Vietnam Category:1981 in Vietnam Category:One-party elections

snoRNA U82 also known as SNORD82 or Z25 is a non-coding RNA ncRNA molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs snRNAs. This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA snoRNA and also often referred to as a guide RNA. snoRNA U82/Z25 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box UGAUGA and the D box CUGA. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. snoRNA U82 has been identified in both humans and mice: it is located in the fifth intron of the nucleolin gene in both species. Two additional snoRNAs C/D box snoRNA U20 and the H/ACA snoRNA U23 are also encoded within the introns of the nucleolin gene. U82 is predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of 18S ribosomal RNA rRNA residue A1678. Another, different snoRNA, named U82 has been predicted in the introns of L3 ribosomal protein gene RPL3 in humans and cows. However, the expression of this snoRNA could not be confirmed by northern blotting or Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR and it should not be confused with this snoRNA located in the nucleolin gene. References External links Category:Small nuclear RNA

Vito foaled 1925 in Kentucky was an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 1928 Belmont Stakes, the third and oldest leg of the U.S. Triple Crown series. Bred and raced by Alfred H. Cosden, he was sired by Negofol, a French colt owned by American William K. Vanderbilt, who won the 1909 French Derby. His dam was Forever, a daughter of two-time American Champion Older Male Horse Ballot. Vito was conditioned for racing by future U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Max Hirsch. As a two-year-old, Vito won the prestigious Grand Union Hotel Stakes at Saratoga Race Course. References Category:1925 racehorse births Category:Racehorses bred in Kentucky Category:Racehorses trained in the United States Category:Belmont Stakes winners Category:Thoroughbred family 8-k

Donaldo Alfonso Méndez born June 7, 1978 is a former professional baseball player. A shortstop, he played parts of three seasons in Major League Baseball for the San Diego Padres in 2001 and 2003. In a two-year career, Méndez was a .183 hitter with three home runs and 14 RBI in 72 games. But showed strong fielding skills. He finished his career playing for the Long Island Ducks of the independent Atlantic League in 2008. See also List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela External links , or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota VPBL Category:1978 births Category:Living people Category:Águilas del Zulia players Category:Altoona Curve players Category:Auburn Doubledays players Category:Cardenales de Lara players Category:Fresno Grizzlies players Category:Gulf Coast Astros players Category:Gulf Coast Pirates players Category:Kansas City T-Bones players Category:Kissimmee Cobras players Category:Leones del Caracas players Category:Long Island Ducks players Category:Major League Baseball players from Venezuela Category:Major League Baseball shortstops Category:Michigan Battle Cats players Category:Mobile BayBears players Category:Navegantes del Magallanes players Category:Newark Bears players Category:Sportspeople from Barquisimeto Category:Portland Beavers players Category:Rochester Red Wings players Category:San Diego Padres players Category:Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States

The Ecology of the North Cascades is heavily influenced by the high elevation and rain shadow effects of the mountain range. The North Cascades is a section of the Cascade Range from the South Fork of the Snoqualmie River in Washington, United States, to the confluence of the Thompson and Fraser Rivers in British Columbia, Canada, where the range is officially called the Cascade Mountains but is usually referred to as the Canadian Cascades. The North Cascades Ecoregion is a Level III ecoregion in the Commission for Environmental Cooperation's classification system. The terrain of the North Cascades is composed of high, rugged mountains. It contains the greatest concentration of active alpine glaciers in the conterminous United States and has a variety of climatic zones. A dry continental climate occurs in the east and mild, maritime, rainforest conditions are found in the west. It is underlain by sedimentary and metamorphic rock in contrast to the adjoining Cascades which are composed of volcanics. The North Cascades has a diversity of plant and animal species. It contains more than 1630 vascular plant species. The range has a number of top predators, including bald eagles, wolves, grizzly bears, mountain lions and black bears. The range is home to at least 75 species of mammals and 200 species of birds that either pass through or use the North Cascades for a breeding area. There are also 11 species of fish on the west side of the Cascades. Examples of amphibian species occurring in the North Cascades include the western toad Bufo boreas and the rough-skinned newt Taricha granulosa. The ecology of the area can be understood by following a west-to-east line at the southern end of the North Cascades, at approximately 47.5 degrees north. As the line passes through the Cascade range, it passes through a number of ecoregions, first getting higher and colder, then getting warmer, yet drier. Each of these component ecoregions can be described by either a tree indicator species, or by a lack of trees: western hemlock, Pacific silver fir, subalpine mountain hemlock, alpine, subalpine fir, and grand fir/Douglas fir. Western Hemlock Ecoregion The Western Hemlock Ecoregion huddles in the lower west-side elevations of the North Cascades. Western hemlock is found from sea level up to in elevation. In the Alpine Lakes Wilderness this ecoregion can be found in the lower elevations around The average annual temperature is and it gets between in precipitation per year. This ecoregion is evidenced by the dense stands of western hemlock, Douglas fir, western red cedar and red alder. The understory is primarily composed of salal, hazel, salmonberry, devil's club and Oregon grape. The western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla is an extremely shade tolerant tree and it is common to find its seedlings and saplings in the understories of the forest floors. It prefers moist temperate conditions. As conditions get drier and colder they don't fare as well. Western hemlocks can reach over in height with a diameter of . They can be identified by their drooping leader at the top of the tree. It is not uncommon to find western hemlocks growing in a row on a nurse log. The Western Hemlock Ecoregion offers an abundance of life. Black-tailed deer graze in their understories. Fox, coyotes, cougars, and an assortment of herbivore mammals and birds can also be found in these low elevation forests. Silver Fir Ecoregion The mid-elevation forests in the North Cascades with an elevation between is the Silver Fir Ecoregion. The Silver Fir Ecoregion makes up for much of the valleys in the Alpine Lakes area. The average annual temperature in this ecoregion is and the average precipitation in centimeters is between . Typical montane forests in this ecoregion is dominated by Pacific silver fir and also contains noble fir, Douglas fir, and Alaska yellow-cedar. Coarse woody debris is very characteristic of the Silver Fir Ecoregion, providing microsites for organisms. The Pacific silver fir zone is in some of the steepest parts of the topography and heavy snow often leads to avalanche gullies. In every major drainage basin along the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains there is evidence of avalanche tracks breaking up the forested vegetation with nonforested vegetation. These gullies provide sites of new successional growth as they move toward a coniferous forest again. Because of the dense forests of the Silver Fir Ecoregion, it was the preferred area for commercial logging prior to designation of areas as wilderness. The Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis is extremely tolerant of shade and does not fare as well in drought or warmer temperatures. It can grow as high as and reach in diameter. The understory communities of the Pacific silver fir can vary depending on moisture availability. Common understory shrubs include the vine maple, salal, Cascade Oregon grape, blueberry, mountain huckleberry, devil's club, and fool's huckleberry. Common understory herbs are bear grass, twin flower, pipsissewa, dwarf dogwood or bunchberry, bead lily, trailing blackberry, low false Solomon's seal, foam flower, trillium, oak fern, and lady fern. The microclimate of the understory is moderated by the forest canopy causing the conditions to be cooler and moister in the summer and warmer in the winter. Pacific silver fir seedlings and saplings are often found growing under their own canopies or those of a mixed canopy forest. Along streams in this ecoregion, breaks in the forest are replaced by mountain alder, willow and vine maple and herbs such as saxifrage, yellow willow-herb, monkey flowers, and bluebells can be found. Mountain alder and vine maple can also be found around lake edges and in areas of flat or gentle slopes, bogs, or marsh habitat. Examples of Pacific silver fir forests can be found in the Commonwealth Basin and the Snow Lake areas of the Alpine Lakes Wilderness. Subalpine Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion Moving up in elevation from the Silver Fir Ecoregion, between about on the west side of the Cascade Range, the ecoregion shifts to the Subalpine Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion. This ecoregion has a colder annual average temperature of with average annual precipitation between . This ecoregion consists of mountain hemlock forests, subalpine meadows, streams, lakes, wetlands and avalanche gullies creating distinct patterns of new succession. In the lower ends of this ecoregion there are continuous closed canopy forests while the higher reaches will see mosaics of meadows with patches of mountain hemlock forests. The mountain hemlock forests consist of mountain hemlock, subalpine fir, Alaska yellow-cedar, and Pacific silver fir. Washington's alpine and subalpine areas account for about 4.4 of its total land area. Progressing upward from the gradient of Silver Fir and Mountain Hemlock ecoregions, the mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana tends to become the dominant conifer, although it may codominate with the Alaska cedar and Pacific silver fir. Mountain hemlock trees live as long as 1000 years: longer than the Pacific silver fir. Trees between 500700 years may be tall. Hemlock cones are about in length and develop at the ends of branches. These conifers are easy to distinguish amongst the others with their dense grayish-green needles. According to Franklin and Dyrness, the understory where the mountain hemlock and Pacific silver fir co-dominate is dominated by tall mountain huckleberry; where the Alaska cedar dominates, the understory is dominated by dense collage of rhododendron, huckleberry and mountain ash. In the higher boundaries of subalpine ecosystem, where the abiotic conditions are more stressful, trees are clumped together in patchy islands. Trees in this area can be recognized by its krummholz form. Trees of this upper boundary will take on a flag appearance with branches extending from one side indicating the prevailing wind directions. The skirt height of the trees is indicative of the height of snow cover where branches tend not to grow. There are various reasons as to why these trees take this form. Strong winds combined with ice particles will cause abrasion scouring the waxy cuticle from one side of the tree creating damage that will prevent branch formation and growth. In addition, the wind will cause desiccation and evaporation in the needles causing branches to die on this side of the trees. Scattered amongst the island patches of trees in the upper boundaries are parkland areas with showy meadows. Events such as fire, avalanches, snow slumping and climate change make the boundaries of these areas and the balance of trees and meadows dynamic. The forest islands typically consist of mountain hemlock, subalpine fir, and Alaska cedar. Often there are invasions of trees into meadow areas and this reached a peak in the 1930s due to considerable warming. Invasions of meadows by trees can also occur with disturbances. The beauty of meadows is very popular amongst hikers. Wildflowers that are found in this ecoregion are the tiger lily, glacier lily, bead lily, queen's cup, columbine, aster, trillium, pearly everlasting, valerian, skyrocket, shooting star, penstemon, lousewort, mountain bog gentian, monkey flower, monkshood, bluebell, bellflower, bleeding heart, Tweedy's lewisia, balsamroot, wild orchids and more. The wildflowers are at their peak in the meadows and along streams from mid-July to mid-August. The parklands of the Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion draw their distinct characteristics from the climate and topography. The two dominant vegetation types of this mountain region, forests and meadows, have very distinct differences in their microclimates. The amount of solar radiation and UV exposure can vary substantially in our northern latitude largely based on the time of day, slope, season, cloud cover and vegetation. Temperatures adjust accordingly to this solar radiation and exposure. The parklands of this montane region have a much larger range of temperatures as compared to the hemlock forests. The range can be as much as while the range in the forests rarely exceeds . This is due to the canopy of the trees, creating a much more protected environment as compared to the open meadows. In addition soil temperatures directly impact biological activity affecting soil organisms and root systems. Daily and season temperature changes greatly affect the soils' heat loss and gain. However, the snowpack acts as an insulating buffer against temperature change in soils. The mountain hemlock forests are the wettest and coldest of the Cascade forest zones. In the richness of this region many animal species pass through this zone at least one season a year such as mountain goat, black-tailed deer, American black bear, elk, cougar, and many bird species. Only the whistling hoary marmot is restricted to alpine and subalpine areas. Besides the richness of mammals there is a richness of insects that are integral to the abundance of flowering plant species in this area. Another important pollinator in this area is the hummingbird. There is still much to be researched and discovered to better understand species interactions and reliance in both the alpine and subalpine ecosystems. Alpine Ecoregion The Alpine Ecoregion makes up much of the North Cascades. Alpine areas such as this are rugged with rocky ridges, snowfields, partially vegetated terrain, and are above the natural treeline. The timberline in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness is found at approximately . The average annual temperature is with only a mean annual precipitation of . These conditions along with winds and blowing ice are not conducive for trees. Because of the extreme temperatures and low precipitation there are few plant species as compared to lower elevation ecosystems and they are simpler in structure. However, precipitation, or lack thereof, is a more important limiting factor than temperature. Both plant and animal species have adapted in many different ways to deal with this challenging environment. This high elevation habitat of high winds, prolonged snow cover, steep terrain, high temperature variability, and intense UV radiation lead to special species adaptations. Alpine regions generally have hypoxic conditions that lead to additional energy expenses for organisms. Increased elevations usually lead to shorter breeding season in animals, as is the case in the alpine ecosystems in the North Cascades. In addition to the shorter breeding season, wildlife often requires seasonal movement to different elevations in order to find adequate food and habitat. However, species such as the white-tailed ptarmigan, hoary marmots, and pikas remain in high elevations of the Cascades year round left only to go to patchy and scattered alpine vegetation. The majority of species will move to lower elevations at some time throughout their life history. Adaptations such as torpor in hummingbirds, the ability of mountain goats and coyotes to camouflage in the landscape, animals developing extra fat deposits, and the raptor's ability to move efficiently in the strong winds illustrate just some of the ways species have been ability to cope with alpine conditions. The white-tailed ptarmigan has an adaption of changing its plumage from white in the winter to brown in the summer in order to camouflage. Many species in higher elevations produce fewer offspring than in lower elevations but spend more time nurturing their young. While alpine ecosystems provide challenging abiotic conditions for species there are advantages to animal species to habituate these areas. In the winter while there is extensive snow pack there are also strong winds that will expose herbaceous stems and seeds for animals to forage on. Insects that are blown up from lower elevations will land on the snow beds in the spring offering much nutrition for birds and other mammals that breed in the alpine. When snowfields melt it creates a gradient of plant phenology which provides emerging vegetation over a period of time for herbivores to feed on and migrate along this line. Spring foraging is believed to be crucial in the breeding in a number of species such as the mountain goat. Leaf budding and fruiting in late summer past the edges of snowfields also offer food for the animals that depend on this area. Black bears, songbirds and marmots in the North Cascades and Alpine Lakes can find cover in lush vegetation in avalanche chutes adjacent to the subalpine forests. There seems to also be evidence that there is a lower rate of parasitism and disease in these high alpine elevations offering yet another advantage to alpine species. The alpine grouse is one example of an alpine animal that has few blood infections or intestinal parasites. Other animal species in the summer months will migrate into the higher alpine elevations to avoid insects and forage in the meadows. Subalpine Fir Ecoregion The Subalpine Fir Ecoregion, descending down the east-side of the Cascade Range, reaches elevations between . This area has the same mean annual temperature of as the Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion, but a drastically lower annual average precipitation of between with a much larger portion falling as snow rather than as rain. The ecosystems in this ecoregion are the subalpine fir forests, subalpine meadows, avalanche gullies, and freshwater wetlands, streams and lakes. The subalpine fir forests in the North Cascades include Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, subalpine larch, and whitebark pine. The Engelmann spruce and the subalpine fir are commonly found together. In the higher boundaries of this ecoregion the subalpine fir takes on the krummholz form. The Subalpine Fir Ecoregion is characterized by its patches of forest and meadows in its upper range similarly to the Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion. Grand Fir/Douglas Fir Ecoregion Descending down the east side of the Cascade Range is the Grand Fir/Douglas Fir Ecoregion with a very diverse forest. This forest has the most diverse trees of the forested ecoregions in Washington state which includes grand fir, Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, western white pine, whitebark pine, western larch, and subalpine larch. This ecoregion has an annual mean temperature of and receives between of precipitation per year. The elevation range of this ecoregion is between . In the upper regions of this ecoregion, the dominant conifers are the mountain hemlock and subalpine fir and in the lower boundary the grand fir and Douglas fir dominate. There is a variety of understory vegetation in this ecoregion that includes pinegrass, elk sedge, sedges, low shrubs, vine maple, white alder, and huckleberry. This diverse landscape offers habitat to many species including grazers such as deer, elk, black bear, herbivores, and a variety of birds. Fauna A variety of reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds and arthropods are found in the North Cascades. A small number of grizzly bears Ursus arctos horribilis inhabit the far northern Cascades, near the CanadaUnited States border. A breeding pack of wolves was confirmed in Okanogan County in 2008, the first such pack in Washington state since the 1930s. Other predator species include mountain lions, black bears, fishers, and wolverines. Over 75 species of mammals occur in the range, including the mountain goat that lives in the high alpine tundra. Bird species include the bald eagle, osprey, and harlequin duck. Examples of amphibians occurring in the North Cascades include the western toad, Bufo boreas, and the rough-skinned newt, Taricha granulosa. An unusual feature of the rough-skinned newt populations is that approximately ninety percent of the adult population is perennibranchiate. See also Alpine Lakes Wilderness Glacier Peak Wilderness Henry M. Jackson Wilderness North Cascades National Park Ecozones of Canada Biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia References Category:North Cascades North Cascades Category:Ecoregions of the United States Category:Ecozones and ecoregions of British Columbia Category:Natural history of British Columbia Category:Natural history of Washington state

Pat Phillips 9 June 1927 29 May 1994 was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League VFL. Notes External links Category:1927 births Category:1994 deaths Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria Australia Category:Richmond Football Club players Category:Chelsea Football Club Australia players

List of Rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem Okere See also Akan Ghana Gold Coast Lists of Incumbents Category:Politics of Ghana

Gerson Hosea Malangalila Lwenge born 20 February 1951 is a Tanzanian CCM politician and Member of Parliament for Njombe West constituency since 2010. References Category:1951 births Category:Living people Category:Tanzanian engineers Category:Chama Cha Mapinduzi MPs Category:Tanzanian MPs 20102015 Category:Tanzanian MPs 20152020 Category:Tosamaganga Secondary School alumni Category:Mkwawa Secondary School alumni Category:Deputy government ministers of Tanzania Category:University of Dar es Salaam alumni

The Scottish Play: A Play is a play written by Graham Holliday, and published by Samuel French. Synopsis The play features Michael, one of the better actors in a fictional amateur theatre society, The Shellsfoot Thespians, who dreams of directing William Shakespeare's Macbeth, which is known in the real theatrical world as The Scottish Play. Real theatrical custom has it to not refer to the play by its real name, due to a mythical curse. When his wife and his best friend are cast in the leading parts, Michael begins to wonder if this is due by his stubborn desire to direct at all costs, or by the curse associated with the play. Despite problems, he has separated his personal life from his professional life, and a lack of support from all but the set designer and technician, he continues with the production. References The Scottish Play: A Play, Graham Holliday. Samuel French, 1989, ASIN: B000VNGY10 The Scottish Play: A Play Acting Edition. Samuel French, 1989, External links ''The Scottish Play: A Play at playdatabase The Scottish Play at Worldcat reviews of a 1990 performance at the Edward Alterton Theatre, England Category:English plays Category:Comedy plays Category:1989 plays Category:Plays and musicals based on Macbeth

Alison Marion Gurney born 1957 is professor of Pharmacology at the University of Manchester. She previously held the W.C. Bowman Chair of Pharmacology at the University of Strathclyde, where she was the first female appointed to a science professorship and the first female Professor of Pharmacology in Scotland. She is known for her research into the pharmacology and physiological roles of ion channels, especially in the pulmonary circulation. Education Gurney was educated at Prestwick Academy before attending the University of Aberdeen, where she graduated with a BSc degree in Pharmacology in 1979, then University College London, where she obtained a PhD in Pharmacology under the supervision of Professor Humphrey Rang. Together they identified a novel mechanism by which drugs that block neurotransmission across autonomic ganglia interact with neuronal nicotinic receptors. Career and research In 1982, Gurney moved to California to carry out postdoctoral research with Henry Lester at the California Institute of Technology, making use of novel light-sensitive compounds to study the interactions between drugs and receptors. She returned to the UK in 1985 to take up a lectureship in pharmacology at the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's hospitals now part of King's College, where she established a laboratory investigating ion channels in the cardiovascular system as a target for drugs to treat cardiovascular disease. While there she identified a positive feedback effect of cytoplasmic Ca2+ on cardiac calcium channels, a role for ATP-sensitive potassium channels in regulating the membrane potential of artery smooth muscle cells and the main features of the ion channels that set the resting potential of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. After 10 years in London, Gurney moved to Glasgow to take up the W.C. Bowman Chair of Pharmacology at the University of Strathclyde. For the next 10 years she continued studying the pulmonary circulation, identifying key roles for store-operated SOC channels and the two-pore-domain potassium channel TASK-1 in regulating pulmonary artery tone and in the development of pulmonary hypertension. Along with physicists Allister Ferguson and John Girkin, she founded the Centre for Biophotonics and acted as its Director for the next 5 years. In 2005, Gurney moved to the University of Manchester, where she continues to study ion channels in pulmonary artery disease, identifying KCNQ channels as a possible biological target for drugs to treat pulmonary hypertension. Recognition Gurney was awarded the British Pharmacological Society Sandoz prize for her research in pharmacology in 1991, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain Conference Science Medal in 1992 and a Royal Society Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellowship in 2002. One of Gurney's papers, The channel-blocking action of methonium compounds on rat submandibular ganglion cells was recognised in Landmarks in Pharmacology, a collection of the most significant papers published by the British Journal of Pharmacology during its first 50 years. References Category:Academics of the University of Manchester Category:1957 births Category:Living people Category:Academics of the University of Strathclyde Category:People from Ayr

Caberfae is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Wexford County, Michigan, United States. Its population was 64 as of the 2010 census. Caberfae Peaks Ski & Golf Resort is located in Caberfae. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the community has an area of , all of it land. References Category:Unincorporated communities in Wexford County, Michigan Category:Unincorporated communities in Michigan Category:Census-designated places in Wexford County, Michigan Category:Census-designated places in Michigan

Servigney is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. See also Communes of the Haute-Saône department References INSEE Category:Communes of Haute-Saône

This is a list of chapters for the manga series Revolutionary Girl Utena, written and illustrated by Chiho Saito based on a story by Be-Papas. Revolutionary Girl Utena Revolutionary Girl Utena began serialization in the June 1996 issue of Shogakukan's monthly shōjo manga magazine Ciao. The series ended in 1998, with five tankōbon volumes being released. It was licensed for an English-language release in North America by Viz Media in 2000, first serialized in Viz's manga magazine Animerica Extra and later published in five trade paperback volumes from 2002 to 2004. Viz re-released the series in a two-volume hardcover box set on April 11, 2017. Revolutionary Girl Utena: The Adolescence of Utena A manga adaptation of the 1999 film Adolescence of Utena written and illustrated by Saito was serialized from May to September 1999 in the manga magazine Bessatsu Shōjo Comic Special. While the manga is not a one-to-one adaptation of the film, it broadly incorporates its major plot points; Saito has commented that she regards the manga as a more direct story, while the film is more thematic and abstract. As the manga was published in a special edition of Bessatsu Shōjo Comic aimed at a josei audience older teenage girls and adult women, it maintains a more mature tone relative to the original Revolutionary Girl Utena manga and anime. An English-language translation of the manga licensed by Viz Media was serialized in Animerica Extra before being published as a collected volume by Viz on November 11, 2004. Revolutionary Girl Utena: After the Revolution On May 20, 2017, Shogakukan announced that the first chapter of an Utena sequel series written and illustrated by Saito, Revolutionary Girl Utena: After the Revolution, would be published in the September issue of its monthly josei manga magazine Flowers. Two additional chapters were published in the March and May 2018 issues. Released to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the release of the anime series, After the Revolution depicts the lives of the primary cast 20 years after the events of the original series. Shogakukan collected all three chapters into a single tankōbon volume on May 10, 2018. An English-language translation of After the Revolution will be published by Viz Media in Fall 2020. References Category:Revolutionary Girl Utena Revolutionary Girl Utena

The Jackson Zoo is located in Jackson, Mississippi. The Jackson Zoo has attracted people from across the state and beyond for more than 90 years. The zoo boasts an animal collection representing over 200 species and nearly 380 individual animals that provide glimpses of native wildlife from around the world. The Jackson Zoo is situated within the historic Livingston Park and welcomes approximately 112,000 visitors annually from Mississippi and surrounding states. 20,000 school children make their way to the zoo throughout the school year. Guests can also enjoy fare from the Elephant House Cafe, purchase keepsake merchandise from the Jackson Zoo Trading Company. Picnics are permitted in Livingston Park and rides are available on the Endangered Species Carousel or the train. A Splash Pad is open in the summer. The Jackson Zoo is the second largest zoo in the state behind the Tupelo Buffalo Park and Zoo and is the only zoo accredited by the Zoo and Aquarium Association ZAA in the state. History of the Jackson Zoo In 1916, the city of Jackson purchased from Samuel Livingston of undeveloped land, then on the outskirts of town. By 1919, a group of firefighters were collecting various animals, housing them in the central fire station, what is now the Chamber of Commerce Building. In 1921, after the collection had evolved from rabbits and squirrels to include exotics like zebras, the city decided to move them to the newly purchased land and the Livingston Park Zoo was created. In the 1930s, many new buildings were erected with help from the Works Progress Administration WPA during the Great Depression. The City of Jackson, like almost every other city and state, used funds from the New Deal programs to create construction jobs for its citizens in those hard times. With the public works, the City and zoo director Irl Bennett left a heritage of facilities that have served Jackson for some 80 years. Today, many of the buildings constructed by the WPA are still standing. At the time, the Castle served as Monkey Island, housing several dozen rhesus macaques and the Elephant House Café was home to a young Asian elephant. The grounds also served as a park to its visitors, with much of the zoo's land remaining open, a scenic location with a lake for visitors to enjoy during the hot summers. In 1948, the collection was expanded thanks to the efforts of Dr. Jacob L. Reddix, President of Jackson State College. With his help, the zoo was able to purchase several rain forest specimens from the government of Liberia, including three chimpanzees, three rare mangabey monkeys, a colobus monkey, a lemur, and two pythons. In 1962, three African American residents of Jackson sued the City of Jackson for de facto segregation of the city's recreational facilities, including the city's zoo, golf courses, pools, and parks. Even though a three judge panel concluded that the arrest of an African American boy and girl at Livingston Park was an isolated publicity stunt, the court did not agree with the city's argument in favor of voluntary segregation and supported the racial integration of all of Jackson's recreational facilities, including Jackson Zoo. Soon thereafter, instead of allowing for a seamless integration of the Jackson's recreational facilities, Mayor Thompson ordered all of the city's public pools and bathrooms closed, while also removing benches and picnic tables from public parks, including the Jackson Zoo. In the 1970s, the children's petting zoo was added, later renovated to what is now the Discovery Zoo. An animal hospital was built to perform routine checkups, for surgeries for any of the residents, and to quarantine new arrivals before they can live amongst the permanent collection. In 1975, James L. Swigert became the director. With the help of the City Council and a design group, he put together the first Master Plan. In 1985, taking in more space from Livingston Park allowed for the development of the African Rainforest Exhibit. In 1987, Barbara Barrett Piazza was hired as director. In 1989, accreditation came from the Association of Zoos and Aquariums now known as the AZA. In 1995, the state government provided $4 million for improvements to the facilities. In 1998, the city agreed to a $1.5 million match. Including the African Savannah and the Mississippi Wilderness Exhibits, it would be the largest capital improvement project in the zoo's history. In 1996, the zoo became a member of a community organization called ZAPP Zoo Area Progressive Partnership in an endeavor to assist with the regeneration of the neighborhoods surrounding the location. In 2004, the Friends of the Zoo installed a new Endangered Species Carousel. Built with the site in mind, it features zebras, leopards, giraffes, and tigers to ride, instead of the traditional horses. Even an alligator bench was built, with handicapped accessibility. In 2005, the African Savannah Exhibit opened to the public. Barbara Piazza retired as director; Beth Poff became the fifth. In 2006, the Wilderness Mississippi area opened. Renovations were completed to exhibit two orangutans from Borneo. The zoo was named a Southern Travel Treasure by AAA Magazine. In 2007, recognizing the expanded facilities, the Jackson Zoo was named the Travel Attraction of the Year presented by the Mississippi Tourism Association; it received the Attraction of the Year at the Jackson Convention & Visitors Bureau Summit Awards. Drawings began for Asia exhibit improvements, including a new tiger facility and a water garden. Also in 2007, a groundbreaking was held for the Gertrude C. Ford Education Center in the Wilderness Mississippi area. In October that year, renovations were completed in the animal hospital, with state funding and donations from Baptist Medical Center. In August, 2018, amid an ongoing funding crisis, the Jackson Zoological Society asked for, and received, Director Poff's resignation the same day in which the City of Jackson provided a $200,000 bailout. Director Poff was asked to resign for misusing state funds to improperly cover operating costs, an event that caused the City of Jackson to begin the search to replace the Jackson Zoological Society that had been managing the Zoo since the 1980s. As of January 2020 the zoo is closed to the public Exhibits and animal collection The Jackson Zoo currently has nearly 380 animals, representing more than 200 different species from all over the world. Currently, the zoo is renovating many of its older exhibits to new exhibits that simulate the animal's natural environment so that visitors can not only see many of the world's beautiful animals, but also the scenery in which these animals live. The zoo has several areas dedicated to specific places on Earth, including the African Rainforest, African Savannah, Wilderness Mississippi, Froggy Bottom, Jewels of South America Aviary, the Discovery Zoo, and several other exhibits throughout the park. African Rainforest The African Rainforest is a boardwalk off the main path of the zoo that is designed to submerse visitors into the dense jungle of the forest. This simulated ecosystem is home to many of the zoo's more popular residents, including the chimpanzees and many of the zoo's monkey exhibits. Pygmy hippopotamus pool - The first exhibit on the African Rainforest is a large lake to the right of the wooden boardwalk. In this lake, with the native red eared sliders, river cooters, and fish, are two pygmy hippopotamuses. Smaller than their larger cousins, the Nile hippopotamus, these mammals typically can be found either in their lake, or wallowing in several of their mud holes in the back portion of the exhibit. Chimpanzee Island - The zoo currently has seven chimpanzees, all of which live on a large Island in the African Rainforest exhibit. The zoo has two males and five females, and to ensure the safety of the males, the zoo keeps a pair, male and female, and a family group, the other male and the four females separated. To accommodate both groups of great apes, the zoo alternates the pair and family groups access to the island each day, letting the other group only access to the inside enclosure, a building simulated to look like a large rock/cliff on the side of the Island. Red-tailed guenon, colobus monkey and klipspringer exhibit - this mixed exhibit, with two different species of monkey and a deer like animal is designed to show visitors how many animals coexist within the same environment. The zoo has several of both species of primates, many of which can typically be seen playing with several enrichment items that keeper staff give to these inquisitive animals. The rest of the African Rainforest has several exhibits with animals that occupy various niches within the rainforest ecosystem, including Diana monkeys, red river hogs, golden-bellied mangabeys, and rock hyraxes. On the outskirts of the boardwalk as the scenery changes from dense jungle to open land, the zoo introduces a mammal that would typically live in an open savannah in Africa, the southern white rhinoceros. African Savannah The zoo's African Savannah exhibit is built as two large open plains, separated by a small row of trees. Completed in 2005, these mixed exhibits were designed so that when visitors view its residents, they feel like they are out on a field expedition on the open Savannah. The Savannah is home to many species of antelope, birds, and even reptiles. The zoo accommodates this by having a large field, with several night houses for the animals to sleep in and several places for the weary animals to hide if need be. Currently, the zoo has several animals calling the African Savannah home, including sable antelope, Nile lechwe, addra gazelle, spur-winged geese, African spurred tortoises, zebra, wattled cranes, and ostriches. Wilderness Mississippi In the spring of 2006, the Jackson Zoo opened its newest area of the park, a section of the zoo dedicated completely to Mississippi's most beautiful creatures. With newly designed exhibits portraying many of the states natural ecosystems, the Jackson Zoo has many of the states most represented animals including black bears, mountain lions, and rattlesnakes now calling the zoo home. The first building found on the zoo's new facility is the Backyard Creatures, a venomous snake house. Notes External links Category:Zoos in Mississippi Category:Buildings and structures in Jackson, Mississippi Category:1916 establishments in Mississippi Category:Landmarks in Mississippi Category:Works Progress Administration in Mississippi Category:Tourist attractions in Jackson, Mississippi Category:Protected areas of Hinds County, Mississippi

Mulatu Teshome Wirtu Ge'ez: ሙላቱ ተሾመ ውርቱ; born 1957 is an Ethiopian politician who was President of Ethiopia from 7 October 2013 to 25 October 2018. Biography Mulatu was born in the town of Arjo in Welega Province. He was educated in China, receiving his bachelor's degree in philosophy of political economy and doctorate in international law at Peking University. He received his Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in 1990. He taught at some foreign universities and institutions, according to Speaker Abadula Gemeda. In the mid-1990s he was Deputy Minister of Economic Development and Cooperation under Minister Girma Birru, and he was appointed as Minister of Agriculture in 2001. He was also Speaker of the House of Federation from 2002 to 2005. He served as Ethiopia's Ambassador to China, Japan, Turkey, and Azerbaijan. While serving as Ambassador to Turkey, he was elected as President of Ethiopia by a unanimous parliamentary vote on 7 October 2013. Girma Seifu of the Unity for Democracy and Justice, the sole opposition member of parliament, welcomed his election. Like his predecessors Girma Wolde-Giorgis and Negasso Gidada, he is Oromo. Mulatu has one son. References Category:1955 births Category:Ambassadors of Ethiopia to China Category:Ambassadors of Ethiopia to Japan Category:Ambassadors of Ethiopia to Turkey Category:Government ministers of Ethiopia Category:Living people Category:Oromo people Category:Presidents of Ethiopia Category:Peking University alumni Category:Beijing Language and Culture University Category:Ethiopian Orthodox Christians Category:Ethiopian Oriental Orthodox Christians Category:Oromo Peoples' Democratic Organization politicians Category:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front politicians Category:Speakers of the House of Federation Category:Ambassadors of Ethiopia to Azerbaijan Category:People from Oromia Region

This page covers all the important events in the sport of tennis in 2012. Primarily, it provides the results of notable tournaments throughout the year on both the ATP and WTA Tours, the Davis Cup, and the Fed Cup. Important Events January The Czech Republic has won the Hyundai Hopman Cup for the second time with top seeds Petra Kvitová and Tomáš Berdych going right through the week unbeaten in singles ending with straight-set singles victories in the final inside the Burswood Dome, Perth on January 7 against France's Marion Bartoli and Richard Gasquet. The mixed-doubles match was not played because the championship was decided in singles. Andy Murray began the season by playing in the Brisbane International making his debut appearance at the tournament as the top seed in singles and also winning the title against Alexandr Dolgopolov in the final. Estonian tennis player Kaia Kanepi won the Brisbane International by defeating Daniela Hantuchová in the final. Milos Raonic wins Aircel Chennai Open in Chennai, India, overcomes Janko Tipsarević in the final. Raonic did not drop serve during the tournament, becoming the first player to do so since Roger Federer at the 2008 Gerry Weber Open. Zheng Jie began the season by winning the ASB Classic over Flavia Pennetta as she retired due to injury. Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, began his 2012 season at the Qatar ExxonMobil Open in Doha, as the #3 seed of the tournament. After Roger Federer announced an unexpected withdrawal from the tournament due to a back problem, Tsonga had a walkover to the final where he defeated Gaël Monfils to become the champion of the Qatar ExxonMobil Open. Finland's best player ever, Jarkko Nieminen won the Apia International Sydney against Julien Benneteau Victoria Azarenka won her first tournament of the year by winning Apia International Sydney defeating the defending champion Li Na. David Ferrer won his first tournament of 2012 in Auckland, New Zealand at the Heineken Open over Olivier Rochus. Mona Barthel achieved her highest singles ranking of world no. 44 in singles on 16 January 2012 by defeating top seed Yanina Wickmayer in the final of Moorilla Hobart International claiming her first WTA Tour title. With this win, Mona became the first qualifier since September 2010 to win a WTA tournament. Victoria Azarenka has claimed her first Grand Slam title, becoming the first Belarusian player to win a Grand Slam in singles, by defeating Maria Sharapova in the Australian Open final and over took Caroline Wozniacki as the number one ranked player on the WTA Tour. For the first time of his career, Novak Djokovic will enter the season as reigning World No. 1. Novak Djokovic was the defending champion and retain the Australian Open title by winning in the final against Rafael Nadal. It was the longest match in the history of the Australian Open, and in fact, the longest ever final in Grand Slam history; clocked at 5 hours and 53 minutes. It marked the 5th Grand Slam of his career and his 3rd Australian Open. It also marked the first time that he had defended a Grand Slam title. After winning the 2012 Australian Open, Djokovic is on the edge of history, as is having an opportunity to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slams at the same time chances of completing a Golden Slam this year., after winning the previous two in 2011. Nadal went on to become the first player to lose three Grand Slam finals in a row in the Open Era. Leander Paes completed a Career Grand Slam while Radek Štěpánek won his first ever Slam after winning the Australian Open in Men's Doubles. The unseeded Russian pair Svetlana Kuznetsova and Vera Zvonareva defeated the all Italian pair of Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci in Australian Open in Women's Doubles. Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Horia Tecău won the Australian Open in Mixed Doubles tournament by defeating Elena Vesnina and Leander Paes. Mattek-Sands was the only American, man or woman, to win a title at the Australian Open. World number one wheel chair tennis player, Esther Vergeer defended her title against Aniek van Koot in the final of Australian Open in Wheelchair Women's Singles. February In the first round of Davis Cup, Spain and the United States won all five matches against their respective opponents, Kazakhstan and Switzerland. France def. Canada, the Czech Republic def. Italy, and Argentina def. Germany by 4-1. Austria and Croatia won 3-2 against Russia and Japan, respectively. During the week of February 13, Roger Federer defeated Juan Martín del Potro to win the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament, a 500 event on the ATP World Tour held in Rotterdam, Netherlands. After his defeat in Rotterdam, del Potro played the next week in Marseille, France, winning his 1st title of the year. The Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Memphis International, took place from February 17 to February 26. The Regions Morgan Keegan Championships was an ATP World Tour 500 series event, and the Mephis International was a WTA Tour International event. In the final, Jürgen Melzer defeated Milos Raonic, 7-5, 7-64. The 2012 Dubai Tennis Championships, an ATP World Tour 500 series event and WTA Tour Premier event, was held over two weeks in the United Arab Emirates. The women's event, took place between February 20 to February 25, and was won by 5th seed Agnieszka Radwańska, after she defeated Julia Görges in the final. The men's event, took place a week later, from February 27 to March 3, 2012. Roger Federer, seeded second, defeated Andy Murray, 7-5, 6-2, to take home his fifth Dubai title. Murray defeated ATP world No.1 and three-time defending champion Novak Djokovic in the semifinals. During the week of February 27, the Abierto Mexicano Telcel, also an ATP World Tour 500 event and a WTA International event was held in Acapulco, Mexico. David Ferrer, who was ranked 5th but seeded 1st at the event, won the final over Fernando Verdasco, 6-1, 6-2. March The BNP Paribas Open, the first ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event and WTA Premier Mandatory event of the year, took place in Indian Wells, United States from March 5 to March 12. The men's singles event was won by Roger Federer who defeated John Isner, 7-67, 6-3.Defending champion Novak Djokovic lost in the semifinals to Isner. The women's singles event was won by Victoria Azarenka who defeated Maria Sharapova, 6-2, 6-3. From March 21 to March 26, the second ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event and WTA Premier Mandatory event took place in Miami, United States. The men's singles title was won by defending champion Novak Djokovic who defeated Andy Murray, 6-1, 7-64. April May June July August September The Entire Year The 2012 Australian Open was held from January 16 to January 29. Defending champion Novak Djokovic defeated Rafael Nadal, 5-7, 6-4, 6-2, 6-75, 7-5, to win the longest final in history. The second Grand Slam event of the year was won by Nadal who defeated Djokovic 6-4, 6-3, 2-6, 7-5 to win a record seventh French Open title. At Wimbledon, Roger Federer would equal this record, held by Nadal and Pete Sampras, by winning the final 4-6, 7-5, 6-3, 6-4 against Andy Murray. Murray went on to win the last Grand Slam event of the year, by defeating defending champion Djokovic, 7-610, 7-5, 2-6, 3-6, 6-2. At the ATP World Tour Finals, Djokovic won against defending champion Federer, 7-66, 7-5. November On November 12th, Novak Djokovic won the singles title of the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals by defeating defending champion Roger Federer 7686, 75 in the final. Djokovics win was his 6th title of the year and his 2nd win at the event having won back in 2008. On November 12th, Marcel Granollers and Marc López defeated Mahesh Bhupathi and Rohan Bopanna 75, 36, [103] in the final of the doubles draw of the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals. On November 18th, the Czech Republic became champions of the 2012 Davis Cup World Group after defeating Spain 3-2 in the final held at the O2 Arena in Prague from the 16th to the 18th of November. The Davis Cup title was the Czech Republics first as an independent nation. December ITF Grand Slam events Australian Open The 2012 Australian Open is a tennis tournament that is taking place in Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Australia from January 16 to January 29, 2012. It is the 100th edition of the Australian Open, and the first Grand Slam event of the year. The 2012 Australian Open will take place from the January 2012 and is to be held at Melbourne Park. The Men's singles will be staged for the 100th time. There have been different 59 previous winners and the 100th staging of the event was marked by a special coin and the 2012 Champion will receive a special medallion. The tournament will also mark 50 years since Rod Laver won his first Grand Slam. For the first time Hawk eye will be used on the Margaret Court Arena, while Ken Fletcher will be inducted into the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame. French Open The French Open or Tournoi de Roland-Garros, , named after the famous French aviator Roland Garros is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June in Paris, France, at the Stade Roland Garros. It is the premier clay court tennis tournament in the world and the second of the four annual Grand Slam tournaments the other three are the Australian Open, US Open and Wimbledon. Roland Garros is the only Grand Slam held on clay and ends the spring clay court season. Wimbledon Championships The Championships, Wimbledon, or simply Wimbledon 25 June 8 July in 2012, is the only Major still played on grass, the game's original surface, which gave the game of lawn tennis its name. The tournament takes place over two weeks in late June and early July, culminating with the Ladies' and Gentlemen's Singles Final, scheduled respectively for the second Saturday and Sunday. Each year, five major events are contested, as well as four junior events and three invitational events. US Open The US Open, formally the United States Open Tennis Championships, is a hardcourt tennis tournament held annually in August and September over a two-week period the weeks before and after Labor Day weekend. Davis Cup The 2012 Davis Cup also known as the 2012 Davis Cup by BNP Paribas for sponsorship purposes is the 100th edition of the tournament between national teams in men's tennis. The draw took place on 21 September 2011 in Bangkok, Thailand. World Group Draw S-Seeded U-Unseeded Choice of ground Fed Cup The 2012 Fed Cup also known as the 2012 Fed Cup by BNP Paribas for sponsorship purposes is the 50th edition of the most important tournament between national teams in women's tennis. The final will take place on 45 November. World Group Draw S-Seeded U-Unseeded Choice of ground 2012 London Olympics The tennis competitions of the 2012 Summer Olympics were staged at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, from 29 July to 5 August 2012. 172 tennis players competed in five events; singles and doubles for both men and women and for the first time since 1924 mixed doubles were officially included. ATP World Tour The 2012 ATP World Tour is the global elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals ATP for the 2012 tennis season. The 2012 ATP World Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments supervised by the International Tennis Federation ITF, the ATP World Tour Masters 1000, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series, the ATP World Team Championship, the Davis Cup organized by the ITF, the ATP World Tour Finals, and the tennis event at the London Summer Olympic Games. Also included in the 2012 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which is organized by the ITF and does not distribute ranking points. ATP Challenger Tour The Association of Tennis Professionals ATP Challenger Tour is the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2012 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprises 15 top tier Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments, and approximately 150 regular series tournaments, with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $150,000. WTA Tour The 2012 WTA Tour is the elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Women's Tennis Association WTA for the 2012 tennis season. The 2012 WTA Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments supervised by the International Tennis Federation ITF, the WTA Premier tournaments Premier Mandatory, Premier 5, and regular Premier, the WTA International tournaments, the Fed Cup organized by the ITF, the year-end championships the WTA Tour Championships and the Tournament of Champions, and the tennis event at the London Summer Olympic Games. Also included in the 2012 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which is organized by the ITF and does not distribute ranking points. Retirements Following is a list of notable players winners of a main tour title, and/or part of the ATP Rankings Top 100 singles or Top 50 doubles for at least one week who announced their retirement from professional tennis, became inactive after not playing for more than 52 weeks, or were permanently banned from playing, during the 2012 season: Peter Luczak born 31 August 1979 in Warsaw, Poland, moved to Australia in 1980 joined the main circuit in 2000, peaking at No. 64 in singles in 2009. Competing mainly on the ITF Men's Circuit and the ATP Challenger Tour during his career, Luczak's best result came with a gold medal in doubles w/ Hanley at the 2010 New Delhi Commonwealth Games. The Australian retired from the sport after losing in the second round of the Australian Open doubles in January. Rainer Schüttler born 25 April 1976 in Korbach, West Germany, now Germany turned professional in 1995, reaching career-high rankings of singles No. 5 in 2004, and doubles No. 40 in 2005. Schüttler won four singles and four doubles titles during his stint on the main circuit, his best Grand Slam results coming with a final at the Australian Open 2003, lost to Agassi, and a semifinal run at Wimbledon 2008. Alongside countryman Nicolas Kiefer, the German also took the silver medal in doubles at the 2004 Athens Olympics, losing the final in five sets to González/Massú. Schüttler last played in Melbourne in January. Juan Pablo Brzezicki born 12 April 1982 in Buenos Aires, Argentina joined the tour in 2001, reaching a career-high ranking of singles No. 94 in 2008. Winner of one doubles titles on the main circuit, Brzezicki competed for the last time in Buenos Aires in February. Fernando González born July 29, 1980, in Santiago, Chile joined the main tour in 1999, and reached his best singles ranking, No. 5, in early 2007, finishing two seasons in the Top Ten 200607. A Junior World No. 1, winner of the boys' doubles at the US Open in 1997 and the boys' singles and doubles at the French Open in 1998, González won 11 singles and three doubles titles on the pro circuit, and gathered three medals at the Olympics : the bronze in singles and the gold in doubles w/ Nicolás Massú, def. Kiefer/Schüttler in 2004, and the silver in singles lost the final to Nadal in 2008. The Chilean reached the last eight at every major, making three quarterfinals at Wimbledon 2005 and the US Open 2002, 2009, one semifinal at the French 2009, and one final at the Australian Open 2007, lost to Federer. Struggling with injuries for more than a year before deciding to retire, González played his last event in Miami in March. José Acasuso born 20 October 1982 in Posadas, Argentina turned professional in 1999, reaching career-high rankings of singles No. 20 and doubles No. 27, both in 2006. Mainly a clay court specialist, the Argentine took three singles and five doubles career titles, all on the surface. Playing for Argentina, Acasuso competed in two Davis Cup finals 2006, 2008, but helped claim one World Team Cup title 2007. Acasuso announced his retirement in February, less than a year after his last match in the French Open qualifying in May 2011. Ivan Ljubičić born 19 March 1979 in Banja Luka, SFR Yugoslavia, now Bosnia and Herzegovina turned professional in 1998, peaking at No. 3 in singles in 2006, ending two seasons in the Top Ten 200506. During his career Ljubičić won 10 singles titles, including one Masters shield at Indian Wells 2010, and went past the fourth round twice in Grand Slam tournaments, reaching one quarterfinal at the Australian Open 2006 and one semifinal at the French Open 2006. Playing for his country, the Croat partnered Mario Ančić to a bronze medal in doubles at the 2004 Athens Olympics, and took part in one successful Davis Cup campaign 2005. Ljubičić played his last tournament in Monte Carlo in April. Arnaud Clément born 17 December 1977 in Aix-en-Provence, France became a tennis professional in 1996, peaking as singles No. 10 in 2001, and doubles No. 8 in 2008. In singles, Clément won four titles, made the quarterfinals at all majors but one the French Open, and reached one Grand Slam final at the Australian Open 2001, lost to Agassi. In doubles, he collected 12 titles and made two major finals with Michaël Llodra, winning one at Wimbledon 2007, and losing the other in Australia 2008. A member of the French Davis Cup team for nine years, winner of one title 2001, Clément was selected in June to become the new captain starting in 2013. The Frenchman played his last event on the tour in the Wimbledon doubles in July. Andy Roddick born 30 August 1982 in Omaha, United States turned professional in 2000, and became the sixth American player to be ranked World No. 1 in singles when he reached the top spot on November 3, 2003, holding it for a single spell of 13 straight weeks. Roddick finished nine seasons in the ATP Rankings singles Top Ten 200210, including one year as No. 1 2003, and also reached the No. 50 ranking in doubles in 2010. As a Junior, the American took two singles Grand Slam titles at the Australian Open and the US Open in 2000, finishing the season as Junior World No. 1. Over his 12-year pro career, Roddick collected 32 singles titles, on every surface, among which five Masters shields and one Grand Slam title, at the US Open 2003, def. Ferrero. Roddick's other best results in majors came with four semifinals at the Australian Open 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, three finals at Wimbledon 2004, 2005, 2009, all lost to Federer, and another final at the US Open 2006, lost to Federer. In doubles, Roddick won four titles including one Masters trophy. Part of the United States Davis Cup roster for 25 ties over 10 years, Roddick helped the team to a final in 2004, and a title the country's 32nd in 2007. The American announced he would retire after the US Open in September. International Tennis Hall of Fame Class of 2012: Jennifer Capriati, player Gustavo Kuerten, player Manuel Orantes, player Michael Davies, contributor See Also 2012 Australian Open 2012 French Open 2012 Wimbledon Championships 2012 US Open tennis Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics References External links Official website of the Association of Tennis Professionals ATP Official website of the Women's Tennis Association WTA Official website of the International Tennis Federation ITF Official website of London 2012 Olympics Category:Tennis by year

Devin Williams born May 31, 1994 is an American professional basketball player for Tofaş of the Turkish Basketball Super League. He played college basketball at West Virginia. High school career Williams first attended Withrow High School in his hometown of Cincinnati, Ohio. As a sophomore in 201011, he averaged 13.0 points and 10.6 rebounds per game for the school's basketball team. As a junior at Withrow in 201112, he averaged 15.2 points and 10.5 rebounds per game and earned All-Cincinnati Metro Athletic Conference First Team honors. In 2012, Williams transferred to Montverde Academy in Montverde, Florida for his senior year. In April 2013, he helped Montverde rally from a 16-point deficit to beat Saint Benedict's Preparatory School 6765 in the final of the High School National Tournament. On a roster full of Division I recruits, Williams was first-team all-state for independent players. College career Freshman year As a freshman at West Virginia in 201314, Williams started 31 of 33 games, averaging 23.3 minutes per game. He shot 41.1 percent from the field and averaged 8.4 points per game while leading the team in rebounds with 7.2 per game. He was subsequently named to the Academic All-Big 12 Rookie Team. He posted eight double-doubles and had nine double-figure rebounding performances throughout the season. His eight double-doubles are the third most all-time by a WVU freshman, and he tied for the most double-doubles by a Big 12 Conference freshman with Kansas' Joel Embiid. Williams' 238 rebounds were the fourth most all-time by a WVU freshman, as he finished seventh in the Big 12 Conference in rebounds per game. On March 8, 2014, he scored a season-high 22 points and tied his season high for rebounds with 13 in a 9286 win over Kansas. Sophomore year As a sophomore in 201415, Williams played in 34 games for the Mountaineers, starting all 34 of those contests, and averaged 24.9 minutes per game. He registered 11.6 points and led WVU in rebounding with 8.1 boards per game. He was 15th in the Big 12 Conference in scoring and third in rebounding, and had the second-most double-doubles in the Big 12 with nine. He subsequently earned All-Big 12 Honorable Mention honors. On March 7, 2015, he tied his career-best performance with 22 points and 13 rebounds in an 8172 win over Oklahoma State. Junior year As a junior in 201516, Williams started 34 of 35 games for the Mountaineers, averaging 25.4 minutes per game. He averaged career highs in points 13.3, rebounds 9.5 and assists 1.4, and subsequently earned second-team All-Big 12, USBWA All-District II Team and NABC All-District 8 second team honors. Williams also earned Big 12 All-Tournament Team honors after recording 31 points and 10 rebounds in the Big 12 Tournament championship game, a game West Virginia lost 8171 to Kansas. The point total was a career best and it marked his 15th double-double of the season, the most of any Big 12 player. He became just the 11th player in West Virginia program history to record 1,000 points and 800 rebounds. On March 29, 2016, Williams declared for the NBA draft, forgoing his final year of college eligibility. He subsequently signed with an agent in April but was not invited to the NBA combine. He later admitted he received some bad advice regarding the draft. Professional career Melbourne United 201617 After going undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft, Williams joined the Milwaukee Bucks for the 2016 NBA Summer League in Las Vegas. In five games for the Bucks, he averaged 2.0 points and 2.4 rebounds in 7.6 minutes per game. On August 9, 2016, Williams signed with Melbourne United for the 201617 NBL season. Williams struggled to make an impact for United off the bench over the first month of the season, which led to speculation of him being released by the club. That was not to be, and on November 6, he had a season-best game with 13 points and seven rebounds in an 8273 loss to the Illawarra Hawks. His next best game came on December 11, as he had a 6-point, 10-rebound effort in an 8881 win over the Sydney Kings. In the following game however on December 17, Williams went down with a knee injury early in United's 10090 loss to the Brisbane Bullets, and was subsequently ruled out for four to six weeks with a Grade 2 medial ligament strain. On January 31, 2017, after fully recovering, Williams was granted a release from his contract to source opportunities to play in the US. Greensboro Swarm 2017 On February 14, 2017, he was acquired by the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA Development League. Maine Red Claws 201718 In June 2017, Williams joined the Charlotte Hornets for the 2017 NBA Summer League. On September 26, 2017, he signed with the Boston Celtics for training camp. He was waived by the Celtics on October 5, 2017. Vaqueros de Bayamón 2018 On April 25, 2018, Vaqueros de Bayamón of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional was reported to have signed Williams. Büyükçekmece 20182019 On July 13, 2018, he has signed with Büyükçekmece of the Basketball Super League BSL. KK Budućnost 2019 On February 14, 2019, Devin signed with Budućnost of the Montenegrin League. Personal life Williams is the son of Angela Williams, and had two older brothers. Donshae Williams, the youngest of Williams' two older brothers, was shot and killed in Cincinnati in August 2011, just before Williams started his junior year at Withrow High. In December 2015, Williams said of the incident, Just a bad night. Wrong place, wrong time. It's sad, but that's how my city is. That's how my city is going. I just use it for motivation to get my nephew out of there and make it better for him and the whole family. References External links West Virginia Mountaineers bio Devin Williams at euroleague.net Devin Williams at nba.com Devin Williams at washingtonpost.com Category:1994 births Category:Living people Category:American expatriate basketball people in Australia Category:American expatriate basketball people in Montenegro Category:American expatriate basketball people in Turkey Category:American men's basketball players Category:Basketball players from Ohio Category:Büyükçekmece Basketbol players Category:Greensboro Swarm players Category:KK Budućnost players Category:Maine Red Claws players Category:Melbourne United players Category:Power forwards basketball Category:Sportspeople from Cincinnati Category:Tofaş S.K. players Category:United States men's national basketball team players Category:West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball players Category:Montverde Academy alumni

The BOR-5 БОР-5 , , Unpiloted Orbital Rocketplane 5 is a 1:8 sized test flight vehicle, used to study the main aerodynamic, thermal, acoustic and stability characteristics of the Buran. It follows upon the BOR-4 reentry test vehicle. It was put into a suborbital trajectory by a K65M-RB5 rocket launched from Kapustin Yar, near Volga, towards Lake Balkhash. Flights Six flights were made: 4 July 1984 - aborted 5 June 1984 - No. 501 17 April 1985 - No. 502 27 December 1986 - No. 503 27 August 1984 - No. 504 22 June 1988 - No. 505 Current locations Two survivors of the BOR-5 tests are known to exist: BOR-5 No. 502 - Central Air Force Museum, Monino, Russia BOR-5 No. 505 - Technik Museum Speyer, Speyer, Germany References External links BOR family page at Buran-Energia.com Category:Buran program Category:Crewed spacecraft Category:Spacecraft launched in 1984

Pilodeudorix ula, the cobalt playboy, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Nigeria west and the Cross River loop, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and western Uganda. The habitat consists of primary forests. References Category:Butterflies described in 1895 Category:Deudorigini Category:Butterflies of Africa

A Thorpe tube flowmeter is an instrument used to directly measure the flow rate of a gas in medical instruments. It consists of a connection to a gas source, a needle valve opened and closed by turning an attached dial for control of flow rate, a float resting in a clear tapered tube, and an outlet port. It is primarily used in health care institutions during delivery of medical gases, often in conjunction with other devices such as pressure gauges or pressure reducing valves. Function When a driving pressure is applied to the inlet of a Thorpe tube flowmeter, the ball rises in the tapered tube until the flow rate creates an applied pressure on the ball equal to its weight. The tube's shape, that of a slender cone, decreases the pressure behind the ball as it rises. A cylindrical tube would not permit driving pressure to decrease with flow rate, resulting in the ball rising to the top of the tube, and allowing for no variance in readings. The flow rate of a specific gas necessary to cause the float to rise to a given height is precalculated in order to calibrate a tube. A variety of float shapes may be seen with older Thorpe tube flowmeters, and all floats should be read from the top of the float, except for the ball float, which is read from its center. Floats should rotate in the airstream, and the absence of rotation may indicate faulty readings resulting from the float catching on the tube. The needle valve may be located proximal or distal to the inlet port; these two types of flowmeter are respectively called 'non-compensated' or 'compensated'. The original Thorpe tube flowmeter is the non-compensated type: it works with a fixed orifice and variable pressure. The non-compensated type is more accurate for low flow rates, such as are used in neonatal units, laboratory experiments, or anaesthetic machines. Compensated flowmeters work with a variable orifice and fixed pressure. They read back pressure, and take into account resistance changes downstream from the needle valve. If pressure exceeds 50 psig downstream, flow ceases. The types can be distinguished by their response when gas starts to flow. In compensated flowmeters, the ball will initially jump as the gas flows through the tube before being released through the needle valve just before the outlet. No result will be observed in the non-compensated flow meter, as the gas will release before reaching the tapered tube containing the float. Although Thorpe tube flowmeters are very similar in design and function to rotameters, the latter are more accurate. As a result, Thorpe fube flowmeters are often checked against rotameters to ensure their accuracy. Rotameters are also used on anaesthesia machines, where precise measurement of gas delivery is crucial to the wellbeing of the patient. Application Thorpe tube flowmeters are designed for use only on systems not supplying more than 50 PSI about 3 bar. The flowmeters will be labelled for the gas they are specific to. Additional color-coding may be used, for example, O2 flowmeters may have white and green labels, since white and green are respectively the Canadian and American colours identifying this gas. The flowmeter will have a safety Relief valve to relieve excess pressure. Inaccurate flow readings may occur if the device is damaged, or contaminated with water or debris. Flowmeters are only calibrated for a specified gas and will not directly read accurately on gases of different density. Changes in pressure or temperature will also affect the accuracy, and may be significant in air transport, or cities at high altitudes. Flowmeters are only calibrated in the vertical position, and for flow rates less than 15 litres per minute. See also Flow measurement References Branson, Richard D., et al. 'Respiratory Care Equipment, 2nd Edition'. Cont. Banner et al. pp. 5862. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999. Cairo, J.M., et Pilbeam, Susan. 'Mosby's Respiratory Care Equipment'. Ed. Kelli Chronister et al. pp. 6162. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Elsevier, 2010. Wilkins, Robert L. et al. 'Egan's Fundamentals of Respiratory Care, Ninth Edition'. Ed. Lucy Kester et al. pp. 862865, 898-899. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Elsevier, 2009. Category:Medical equipment Category:Respiratory system procedures Category:Respiratory therapy

The 1977 Seattle Seahawks season was the team's second campaign in the National Football League. The 1977 season was the team's first in the AFC West the conference swap was part of the NFL's expansion plan that saw both the Seahawks and Tampa Bay Buccaneers play every other team in the NFL in their first two seasons; the Seahawks would return to the NFC West in 2002. The Seahawks lost five of their first six games. On October 30, the Seahawks earned their second win of the season when quarterback Jim Zorn returned from an injury and threw four touchdown passes in a 56-17 win over the Buffalo Bills at the Kingdome. Two weeks later, the team recorded its first shutout, beating the Jets 17-0 in New York. The Seahawks would go on to finish with a 5-9 record, winning their final two games in the process; it was a three-game improvement from the inaugural season. 1977 NFL Draft Personnel Staff Final roster {{NFL final roster |Year=1977 |TeamName=Seattle Seahawks |BC1=#00338D |FC1=white |BDC1=#008542 |offseason=no |ufa=no |rfa=no |erfa=no |Active=53 |Inactive=0 |PS=0 |Quarterbacks= {{NFLplayer|10|Jim Zorn}} |Running Backs= {{NFLplayer|47|Sherman Smith}} {{NFLplayer|42|Don Testerman}} FB |Wide Receivers= {{NFLplayer|89|Duke Fergerson|rookie=y}} {{NFLplayer|80|Steve Largent}} |Tight Ends= {{NFLplayer|87|Ron Howard|d=American football}} |Offensive Linemen= T {{NFLplayer|63|Nick Bebout}} T {{NFLplayer|60|Ron Coder}} G {{NFLplayer|73|Norm Evans}} T {{NFLplayer|64|Gordon Jolley}} G/T {{NFLplayer|54|Art Kuehn}} C G G C C |Defensive Linemen= DT DE {{NFLplayer|74|Ron East}} DT {{NFLplayer|77|Richard Harris|d=football player}} DE DE {{NFLplayer|70|Bob Lurtsema}} DT DT/DE {{NFLplayer|75|Alden Roche}} DE DT |Linebackers= {{NFLplayer|58|Terry Beeson|rookie=y}} {{NFLplayer|36|Ken Geddes}} {{NFLplayer|56|Sammy Green}} |Defensive Backs= {{NFLplayer|27|Autry Beamon}} S {{NFLplayer|22|Dave Brown|d=cornerback}} CB S {{NFLplayer|41|Eddie McMillan}} CB Starters in bold. Schedule Preseason Source: Seahawks Media Guides Regular season In its second year, Seattle played all of the teams in the AFC as a member of the AFC West. Bold indicates division opponents. Source: 1977 NFL season results Standings Game summaries Preseason Week P1: at San Francisco 49ers Week P2: vs. Dallas Cowboys Week P3: vs. Oakland Raiders Week P4: vs. Detroit Lions Week P5: vs. Denver Broncos Week P6: at San Diego Chargers Regular Season Week 1: vs. Baltimore Colts Week 2: at Cincinnati Bengals Week 3: vs. Denver Broncos Week 4: at New England Patriots Week 5: vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers Week 6: at Miami Dolphins Week 7: vs. Buffalo Bills Week 8: at Oakland Raiders Week 9: at New York Jets Week 10: vs. Houston Oilers Week 11: vs. San Diego Chargers Week 12: at Pittsburgh Steelers Week 13: at Kansas City Chiefs Week 14: vs. Cleveland Browns References External links Seahawks draft history at NFL.com 1977 NFL season results at NFL.com Seattle Category:Seattle Seahawks seasons

KSLL 1080 AM, is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Price, Utah, United States, the station serves the Central Utah area. The station is currently owned by Ajb Holdings, LLC. KSLL's skywave signal has been reported in Salt Lake City, Utah and Green River, Wyoming 1080 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency, on which KOAN in Anchorage, Alaska, KRLD in Dallas, Texas, and WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut share Class A status. KSLL must leave the air between sunset and sunrise to protect the nighttime skywave signals of the Class A stations. FM translator The KSLL 1080 kHz True Country signal is relayed to an FM translator; this translator provides the listener with the choice of FM 24 hours per day with stereophonic high fidelity sound. References External links FCC History Cards for KSLL Category:Country radio stations in the United States SLL Category:Daytime-only radio stations

Deh-e Bala , also Romanized as Deh-e Bālā is a village in Sar Asiab-e Farsangi Rural District, in the Central District of Kerman County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 232, in 71 families. References Category:Populated places in Kerman County

The 2018 CAF Champions League Final was the final of the 2018 CAF Champions League, the 54th edition of Africa's premier club football tournament organized by the Confederation of African Football CAF, and the 22nd edition under the current CAF Champions League title. The final was contested in two-legged home-and-away format between Al-Ahly from Egypt and Espérance de Tunis from Tunisia. The first leg was hosted by Al-Ahly on 2 November 2018, while the second leg was hosted by Espérance de Tunis at the Stade Olympique de Radès in Radès on 9 November 2018. Espérance de Tunis won the final 43 on aggregate for their third CAF Champions League title. As winners, they earned the right to represent the CAF at the 2018 FIFA Club World Cup, entering at the second round, as well as play in the 2019 CAF Super Cup against the winner of the 2018 CAF Confederation Cup. Teams In the following table, finals until 1996 were in the African Cup of Champions Club era, since 1997 were in the CAF Champions League era. Background Al-Ahly are the most successful club in Egypt and Africa with eight titles, winning eight 1982, 1987, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2013 and losing three 1983, 2007, 2017. Al-Ahly were playing their twelfth and second consecutive final. Espérance de Tunis had reached the final six times before, more than any other Tunisian side, winning two 1994, 2011 and losing four 1999, 2000, 2010, 2012. Espérance de Tunis were playing their seventh final and the first since 2012. The two sides had previously played 18 matches in African competitions. The first meetings between the two sides took place in the 1990 African Cup of Champions Clubs round of 16, where Espérance de Tunis beat Al-Ahly on penalties after the home and away matches ended 00. The most recent meetings between the clubs had taken place in the 2018 CAF Champions League group stage, where Al-Ahly's home match ended 00, and then Espérance de Tunis lost 01 at home to Al-Ahly on a Walid Azaro goal. Venues Borg El Arab Stadium The Borg El Arab Stadium is a stadium commissioned in 2006 in the Mediterranean Sea resort of Borg El Arab; 25 km west of Alexandria, Egypt. It is the largest stadium in Egypt and the second largest in Africa after FNB Stadium in Johannesburg with a capacity of 86,000 and is an all-seater. It is also the 27th largest stadium in the world, and the 9th largest association football stadium in the world. It is located on the Cairo-Alexandria desert highway 10 km from Borg El Arab Airport and 15 km from Alexandria's city centre. A running track runs around the pitch, and the ground has four large floodlights. Only one stand is covered by a roof. Stade Olympique de Radès The Stade Olympique de Radès is a multi-purpose stadium in Radès, Tunisia about 10 kilometers south-east of the city center of Tunis, in the center of the Olympic City. It is currently used mostly for football matches and it also has facilities for athletics. The stadium holds 60,000 and was built in 2001 for the 2001 Mediterranean Games and is considered to be one of the best stadiums in Africa. The stadium was built for the 2001 Mediterranean Games, the 60,000-seat covered area covers 13,000 m2 and consists of a central area, 3 adjoining grounds, 2 warm-up rooms, 2 paintings and an official stand of 7,000 seats. The press gallery is equipped with 300 desks. Road to the final Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first H: home; A: away. Format The final was played on a home-and-away two-legged basis, with the order of legs determined by the knockout stage draw, which was held on 3 September 2018, 20:00 EET UTC+2, at the CAF headquarters in Cairo, Egypt. If the aggregate score was tied after the second leg, the away goals rule would be applied, and if still tied, extra time would not be played, and the penalty shoot-out would be used to determine the winner. Matches First leg Statistics Second leg Statistics See also 2018 CAF Confederation Cup Final 2019 CAF Super Cup References External links Total Champions League 2018, CAFonline.com 2018 *Final CCL CCL CAF Champions Leage Category:International club association football competitions hosted by Egypt Category:International club association football competitions hosted by Tunisia Category:Sports competitions in Radès Category:21st century in Radès

This article lists political parties in Canada. Federal parties In contrast with the political party systems of many nations, Canadian parties at the federal level are often only loosely connected with parties at the provincial level, despite having similar names. One exception is the New Democratic Party, which is organizationally integrated with most of its provincial counterparts including a shared membership. Provincial and territorial parties Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories From approximately 1897 to 1905, political parties were active; however, legislative government was eliminated when the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created out of the heavily populated area of NWT. Elected legislative government was re-established in 1951. Like Nunavut, NWT elects independent candidates and operates by consensus. Some candidates in recent years have asserted that they were running on behalf of a party, but territorial law does not recognize parties. Historical parties 18971905 Northwest Territories Liberal Party Northwest Territories Liberal-Conservative Party Nova Scotia Nunavut The territory, established in 1999, has a legislature that runs on a consensus government model, candidates running as independents, and no parties are represented in the Legislative Assembly. Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon Municipal parties The majority of municipal politics in Canada are non-partisan, but the municipal governments of Vancouver and Montreal operate on a party system. Montreal Vancouver Canada Political party *

The North Dakota House of Representatives is the lower house of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly and is larger than the North Dakota Senate. North Dakota is divided into between 40 and 54 legislative districts apportioned by population as determined by the decennial census. The 2000 redistricting plan provided for 47 districts. As each district elects 2 Representatives to the House, there are currently 94 Representatives in the House. Representatives serve 4-year terms. Elections are staggered such that half the districts have elections every 2 years. Originally, the North Dakota Constitution limited members of the North Dakota House of Representatives to two-year terms, with all representatives standing for reelection at the same time. That practice continued until 1996, when the voters approved a constitutional amendment that changed the term for representatives to four-years with staggered terms. The amendment went into effect July 1, 1997, and was first applied in the 1998 elections. Every two years half the districts elect both their representatives by block voting. The House Chamber is located in the North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck, North Dakota. Composition of the House 66th Legislative Assembly 20192020 20192020 Officers Members of the 66th House The below individuals are members of the North Dakota House of Representatives for the 66th Legislative Assembly 20192021. †Representative was appointed when they first joined the House Past composition of the House of Representatives See also List of Speakers of the North Dakota House of Representatives List of Majority Leaders of the North Dakota House of Representatives References External links North Dakota Legislative Assembly official site North Dakota House of Representatives at Ballotpedia Legislature of North Dakota at Project Vote Smart North Dakota campaign financing at FollowTheMoney.org Category:North Dakota Legislative Assembly Category:State lower houses in the United States

The European Cultivated Potato Database ECPD is an online collaborative database of potato variety descriptions. The information that it contains can be searched by variety name, or by selecting one or more required characteristics. 159,848 observations 29 contributors 91 characters 4,119 cultivated varieties 1,354 breeding lines The data is indexed by variety, character, country of origin, and contributor. There is a facility to select a variety and to find similar varieties based upon botanical characteristics. ECPD is the result of collaboration between participants in eight European Union countries and five East European countries. It is intended to be a source of information on varieties maintained by them. More than twenty-three scientific organisations are contributing to this information source. The database is maintained and updated by the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency within the framework of the European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic Resources Networks ECP/GR, which is organised by Bioversity International. The European Cultivated Potato Database was created to advance the conservation and use of genetic diversity for the well-being of present and future generations. External links The European Cultivated Potato Database Category:Biodiversity databases Category:Databases in Scotland Category:Government databases in the United Kingdom Category:Information technology organizations based in Europe Category:Online databases Category:Potatoes

Richmond Castle in Richmond, North Yorkshire, England, stands in a commanding position above the River Swale, close to the centre of the town of Richmond. It was originally called Riche Mount, 'the strong hill'. The castle was constructed by Alan Rufus from 1071 onwards following the Norman Conquest of England, and the Domesday Book of 1086 refers to 'a castlery' at Richmond. In the 12th century, his great-nephew Conan expanded the castle and built the keep. Although it was derelict by 1540, it was restored centuries later. The property is the best-preserved early Norman castle in England and an important tourist attraction. Layout Richmond Castle consists of four main parts: a triangular main enclosure, an outer enclosure to the east, a keep at the northern corner of the main enclosure, and a small enclosure around the keep. History In 1069 William the Conqueror had put down a rebellion at York which was followed by his harrying of the North an act of ethnic cleansing which depopulated large areas for a generation or more. As a further punishment, he divided up the lands of north Yorkshire among his most loyal followers. Alan Rufus, of Brittany, received the borough of Richmond and began constructing the castle to defend against further rebellions and to establish a personal power base. His holdings, called the Honour of Richmond, covered parts of eight counties and amounted to one of the most extensive Norman estates in England. A -high keep of honey-coloured sandstone was constructed at the end of the 12th century by Duke Conan IV of Brittany. The Earldom of Richmond was seized in 1158 by Henry II of England. It was King Henry II who probably completed the keep which had -thick walls. Modern visitors can climb to the top of the keep for of the town of Richmond. At the same time that the keep was probably completed, Henry II considerably strengthened the castle by adding towers and a barbican. Henry III and King Edward I spent more money on the site including Edward's improvements to the keep interior. In addition to the main circuit of the wall, there was the barbican in front of the main gate which functioned as a sealed entry space, allowing visitors and wagons to be checked before they gained entry to the castle itself. On the other side of the castle, overlooking the river, was another enclosure or bailey called the Cockpit, which may have functioned as a garden and was overlooked by a balcony. A drawing of 1674 suggests there was another longer balcony overlooking the river side of Scolland's Hall, the Great Hall. Richmond Castle had fallen out of use as a fortress by the end of the 14th century and it did not receive major improvements after that date. A survey of 1538 shows it was partly in ruins, but paintings by Turner and others, together with the rise of tourism and an interest in antiquities, led to repairs to the keep in the early 19th century. In 1855 the castle became the headquarters of the North Yorkshire Militia, and a military barracks block was constructed in the great courtyard. For two years, from 1908 to 1910, the castle was the home of Robert Baden-Powell, later founder of the Boy Scouts, while he commanded the Northern Territorial Army but the barracks building was demolished in 1931. The castle was used during the First World War as the base of the Non-Combatant Corps made up of conscientious objectors conscripts who refused to fight. It was also used to imprison some conscientious objectors who refused to accept army discipline and participate in the war in any way. These included the Richmond Sixteen who were taken to France from the castle, charged under Field Regulations, and then sentenced to death, but their death sentences were commuted to ten years' hard labour. The original 11th-century main gate arch is now in the basement of the later 12th century keep which was built in front of it; the original arch was unblocked in the 19th century. The castle is a scheduled monument, a nationally important historic building and archaeological site which has been given protection against unauthorised change. It is also a Grade I listed building and therefore recognised as an internationally important structure. According to legend, King Arthur and his knights are sleeping in a cave underneath the castle. It is said that they were once discovered by a potter named Thompson, who ran away when they began to awake. Another legend tells that a drummer boy was lost while investigating a tunnel, and that his ghostly drumming is sometimes heard around the castle. See also List of castles in England Notes References Notes Bibliography Further reading External links English Heritage's page on Richmond Castle Gatehouse record for Richmond Castle, containing a comprehensive bibliography http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/york/hi/people_and_places/religion_and_ethics/newsid_8342000/8342995.stm Category:Castles in North Yorkshire Category:Grade I listed buildings in North Yorkshire Category:English Heritage sites in North Yorkshire Category:Locations associated with Arthurian legend Category:Ruins in North Yorkshire Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in North Yorkshire Category:Richmond, North Yorkshire

The Ashburnham Baronetcy, of Broomham in the County of Sussex, is a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 15 May 1661 for Denny Ashburnham, Member of Parliament for Hastings. He was the grandson of Adam Ashburnham, Member of Parliament for Winchelsea in 1592, who was the son of Laurence Ashburnham, and a descendant of Richard Ashburnham of Broomham 15th century, second son of Thomas Ashburnham, whose eldest son John was the ancestor of the Earls of Ashburnham. He was succeeded by his elder son, William, the second Baronet. He represented Hastings and Seaford in the House of Commons. He died childless in 1755 and was succeeded by his younger brother, Charles, the third Baronet. His son, William, the fourth Baronet, was Bishop of Chichester. On his death the title passed to his son, the fifth Baronet. He sat as Member of Parliament for Hastings. His eldest son, William, the sixth Baronet, died childless in 1843 and was succeeded by his younger brother, John, the seventh Baronet. He was Chancellor and Prebendary of Chichester. On his death in 1854 the title passed to his eldest surviving son, Anchitel, the eighth Baronet. In 1858 he was found by the House of Lords to be a co-heir to the ancient barony of Grandison, which had been in abeyance since 1375. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Anchitel, the ninth baronet. He married Elizabeth Ellen, daughter of George Burry Clement. In 1899 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Clement. He was succeeded by his younger brother, Reginald, the tenth Baronet. He was childless and on his death in 1944 the title passed to his younger brother, Fleetwood, the eleventh Baronet. He was succeeded by his second but eldest surviving son, Denny, the twelfth Baronet the eldest son, Anchitel Fleetwood Ashburnham having died on active service in Palestine in 1940. As of 2008 the title is held by the latter's grandson, James, the thirteenth Baronet, who succeeded in 1999. He is a co-heir to the abeyant barony of Grandison. Another member of the family to gain distinction was Sir Cromer Ashburnham 18311917, youngest son of the seventh Baronet. He was a Major-General in the British Army. Ashburnham baronets, of Broomham 1661 Sir Denny Ashburnham, 1st Baronet died 1697 Sir William Ashburnham, 2nd Baronet 16781755 Sir Charles Ashburnham, 3rd Baronet c. 16801762 Sir William Ashburnham, 4th Baronet 17101797 Sir William Ashburnham, 5th Baronet 17391823 Sir William Ashburnham, 6th Baronet 17691843 Sir John Ashburnham, 7th Baronet 17701854 Sir Anchitel Ashburnham, 8th Baronet 18281899 Sir Anchitel Piers Ashburnham-Clement, 9th Baronet 18611935 Sir Reginald Ashburnham, 10th Baronet 18651944 Sir Fleetwood Ashburnham, 11th Baronet 18691953 Sir Denny Reginald Ashburnham, 12th Baronet 19161999 Sir James Fleetwood Ashburnham, 13th Baronet born 1979 See also Earl of Ashburnham Notes References Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David editors. Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 1990 edition. New York: St Martin's Press, 1990, Asburnham Category:1661 establishments in England

The Roper River is a large perennial river located in the Katherine region of the Northern Territory of Australia. Location and features Formed by the confluence of the Waterhouse River and Roper Creek, the Roper River rises east of Mataranka in the Elsey National Park and flows generally east for over to meet the sea in Limmen Bight on the Gulf of Carpentaria. The river is joined by fifteen tributaries including the Chambers, Strangways, Jalboi, Hodgson and the Wilton Rivers. The river descends over its course and has a catchment area of , which is one of the largest river catchment areas in the Northern Territory. The Roper River is navigable for about , until the tidal limit at Roper Bar, and forms the southern boundary of the region known as Arnhem Land. Mataranka Hot Springs and the township of Mataranka lie close to the river at its western end. Port Roper lies near its mouth on Limmen Bight. The river has a mean annual outflow of . Etymology The first European to explore the Roper River was Ludwig Leichhardt in 1845 as he made his way from Moreton Bay to Port Essington. Leichhardt crossed the river at Roper Bar, a rocky shelf which conveniently lies at the high tide limit on the river. He named the river after John Roper, a member of the expedition. Roper River Mission The Roper River Mission was established by the Church of England Missionary Society in 1908. After it was closed in 1968, the government took over management of the community. In 1988, control of the town was handed to the Yugul Mangi Community Government Council, and the township was renamed Ngukurr. See also List of rivers of Northern Territory References Category:Rivers of the Northern Territory

San Giorgio Maggiore is a basilica church located on the corner of Via vicaria Vecchia and Via Duomo, in central Naples, Italy. The apse of the church lies diagonally across the street from San Severo al Pendino. A church at the site was built by the 4th century, and was initially known as la severiana, after the bishop San Severo of Naples. The present name dates to the 9th century, and is dedicated to a martyred warrior in the battles against the Lombards. In 1640, a fire destroyed part of the church, and reconstruction followed plans by Cosimo Fanzago, who inverted the orientation. The present church's entrance is the former apse of the primitive church. After 1694, it was rebuilt after an earthquake. Cosimo Fanzago transferred into this church some of the granite columns from the nearby church of Santa Maria degli Angeli alle Croci. During the 18th century Risanamiento, when certain streets in Naples were being widened, the nave on the right side of the church was eliminated to widen Via Duomo. Near the lateral door of the church is the marble seat, constructed from spolia, of St Severus, founder of the church. In the left of main altar of the church are frescoes painted by a young Solimena. The church also holds a painting in Byzantine style, a wooden crucifix from the 13th century, and the relics of St Severus. The church has canvases by Camillo Lionti and Francesco Peresi. Bibliography Vincenzo Regina, Le chiese di Napoli. Viaggio indimenticabile attraverso la storia artistica, architettonica, letteraria, civile e spirituale della Napoli sacra, Newton and Compton editor, Naples 2004. Giorgio Maggiore Category:17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings Category:Baroque architecture in Naples

Joseph or Giuseppe Ruffini 1690 - February 7, 1749 was an Italian-Austrian painter, mainly active in Germany. Biography He was born in Merano in the Tyrol. He trained with his father, and by 1711 he had moved to work in Munich in Bavaria. He is best known for his late-Baroque cycle of paintings for the Ottobeuren Abbey. He died in Bavaria. References Category:1690 births Category:1749 deaths Category:People from Tyrol Category:People from Merano Category:18th-century Italian painters Category:Italian male painters

Gribov is a village and municipality in Stropkov District in the Prešov Region of north-eastern Slovakia. History In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1414. Geography The municipality lies at an altitude of 284 metres and covers an area of 7.942 km². It has a population of about 191 people. External links https://web.archive.org/web/20071217080336/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html Category:Villages and municipalities in Stropkov District Category:Šariš

Carlo Otte born 20 May 1908; date of death unknown was a German Nazi administrator. During World War II he chaired the economy section of Reichskommissariat Norwegen, and was Josef Terboven's adviser on economical issues. By holding this position, he had significant influence on Norwegian economy during the German occupation of Norway. References Further reading External links Category:1908 births Category:Year of death missing Category:German people of World War II Category:German expatriates in Norway

The Marshall Chair of French Language and Literature is one of two established chairs in French at the University of Glasgow, the other being the Stevenson Chair which is not currently occupied. It was established in 1917 as the Marshall Chair of Modern Romance Language from a lectureship instituted in 1895, and had its title changed in 1966. Robert Marshall, after whom the Chair is named, owned the Grangehill Estate near Beith, Ayrshire, and left it to the University in his will to assist with the foundation of a chair in modern languages. He died in 1912. His legacy was combined with that of James Clason-Harvie of Brownlie and others to endow the existing lectureship, created as a Chair in 1917. Marshall Professors of French In 1919, the Marshall Lecturer in French, Charles Martin, became the first Marshall Professor. He was succeeded in 1937 by Alan Boase, a graduate of Oxford, Cambridge and the Sorbonne, and an authority on influential French Renaissance writer Michel de Montaigne. He was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour by the French government and in 1979 won the Prix du Rayonnement de la Langue Française, awarded by the Académie française. Under his leadership, the department grew into one of the largest and most dynamic in Britain. Boase retired in 1966 and died in 1982. Boase was followed in 1966 by Austin Gill, a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford who had previously been the British Council's Representative in North Africa and Director of the British Institute in Paris, and had been awarded a CBE in 1955. Gill was a specialist in French literature of the 19th century and particularly the work of symbolist poet Stéphane Mallarmé. He retired from the Chair in 1971 to focus on this research, being succeeded by Henry Barnwell, and died in 1990. In 1980, Colin Smethurst was appointed to the Chair from the University of Liverpool. He was made an Officier dans l'Ordre des Palmes académiques, the second of three grades of that Order. Smethurst retired in 1998 and Noël Peacock was appointed to the Chair, holding it until his own retirement in 2010. List of Professors 1919: Charles Martin MA DTheol 1937: Alan Boase MA PhD 1966: Austin Gill CBE MA Le-ès-L 1971: Henry Barnwell MA D-de-l'U 1980: Colin Smethurst MA BLitt Officier dans l'Ordre des Palmes académiques 1998: Noël Peacock BA MA Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Palmes académiques, Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 2012: Michael Syrotinski See also List of Professorships at the University of Glasgow References Who, What and Where: The History and Constitution of the University of Glasgow. Compiled by Michael Moss, Moira Rankin and Lesley Richmond Category:Professorships at the University of Glasgow Category:Professorships in literature French Category:1917 establishments in Scotland

Kakumia ideoides is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo Uele, Tshopo, Sankuru and Lualaba, Uganda and western Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests at altitudes between 900 and 1,400 metres. References External links Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 65 b Category:Butterflies described in 1887 Category:Poritiinae Category:Butterflies of Africa Category:Taxa named by Hermann Dewitz

Neville William Shaw born 4 October 1964 is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League VFL. Shaw, a Keon Park Stars recruit, was the youngest of three brothers to play for Collingwood. Ray Shaw, 10 years older, had finished his Collingwood career by the time Neville came to the club but he did get to play with his other brother Tony. Not picked for the opening two rounds of the 1984 season, Shaw made his debut against Essendon at Windy Hill and was a regular fixture for the rest of the year, with his only stint on the sidelines being because of a two-week suspension, for striking Hawthorn's Russell Shields. His 20 appearances in 1984 included three finals. In 1985 he missed two weeks after being injured in a car accident and another five when he dislocated his shoulder, but Shaw still managed to put together 15 games. Shaw played in the first eight rounds of the 1986 season, then tore a cruciate ligament in his right knee, which ruled him out for the rest of the year. He wouldn't play again for Collingwood. He finished the decade at West Adelaide, where he won back to back club Best and Fairest awards in 1988 and 1989. In 1992 and 1993, Shaw coached Lavington in the Ovens & Murray Football League, winning a Best and Fairest in each those years. References Category:1964 births Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria Australia Category:Collingwood Football Club players Category:West Adelaide Football Club players Category:Lavington Football Club players Category:Living people

Mareeba Shire Hall is a heritage-listed former town hall at 136 Walsh Street, Mareeba, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eddie Oribin and built from 1960 to 1961 by Ernest William Lepinath. It is also known as Former Mareeba Shire Hall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 October 2013. History The former Mareeba Shire Hall in Walsh Street was constructed in 1960-1961 for the Mareeba Shire Council. It was designed by Cairns based architect Edwin Henry Eddie Oribin in 1956, and was his first major solo project. It was constructed by local builder Ernest Lepinath, with engineering details provided by R McLean. The hall's structure is a combination of timber framing, concrete and brick, and features a striking semi-circular roof of laminated timber arches, an early use of this structural system in Queensland. The Atherton Tableland, west of Cairns in Far North Queensland, was named after squatter John Atherton, who was the first person to establish a cattle run in the area in the late 1870s. In the 1880s the Atherton family established a wayside inn and store at the crossing of Granite Creek, supplying goods to traffic passing between Port Douglas to the north and the new tin mining township of Herberton to the south. A settlement grew on the southern side of Granite Creek and a town, named Mareeba, was surveyed by EB Rankin in 1891. In 1893 it became a railhead when the Tableland railway from Cairns to Kuranda was extended, and by 1919 Mareeba was the district's most important town. In 1919 Mareeba became the administrative centre for what was then Woothakata Shire, and a Shire Council Chambers building was constructed on the corner of Rankin and Walsh streets in 1924. The shire changed its name to Mareeba in 1947. Owing its prosperity to a diverse agricultural economy, post-World War II Mareeba grew to become the largest tobacco-growing centre in Australia, and in 1954 the town's population reached 3369. The former Mareeba Shire Hall was constructed on the site of the council-owned Mareeba School of Arts 1907 which was destroyed by fire on 28 March 1954. The loss of the largest hall in Mareeba was keenly felt by the community; however disagreements between local councillors about the possible relocation of the hall to another site, and the burden of reconstruction costs to ratepayers, delayed the decision to rebuild. During this process, Cairns architects Barnes and Oribin, who were designing a hall in Ravenshoe at the time, were consulted about cost estimates. In July 1955 it was announced that a new Shire Hall would be built on the existing Walsh Street site at an estimated cost of . Plans prepared by Barnes and Oribin were accepted, with the new design incorporating all the functions of the previous School of Arts. The proposed building was described as an igloo building, with brick front and timber structure and with a hall said to be larger than that of Innisfail's famous civic headquarters. To accommodate the width of the new hall and provide sufficient access to side and rear entrances, the Council purchased additional land along the northern boundary of the site in 1955 and 1957. Edwin Henry Eddie Oribin was born in Cairns in 1927. As a teenager during World War II, he spent time in Brisbane working with the Allison Aircraft Division of General Motors rebuilding aircraft engines. Returning to Cairns in 1944, Oribin commenced architectural training with Sid G Barnes, Chief Architect of the Allied Works Council for North Queensland, whose training gave Oribin a solid grounding in structural design and construction. In 1950 Oribin moved to Brisbane to work and study, and on 10 February 1953 he obtained his registration as an architect in Queensland, returning to Cairns the following month to begin a partnership with Barnes. This partnership lasted until Barnes' death in 1959, after which Oribin continued practicing on his own. Oribin undertook a wide range of work in North Queensland between 1953 and 1973. Throughout his career, he was devoted to experimenting with different structural and aesthetic ideas, drawing inspiration from a wide variety of Australian and international publications. Characteristics of Oribin's work included meticulous detailing, structural creativity and concern for the modulation of light. He was also known for his model-making skills and superb craftsmanship, often creating objects himself. During the 1950s Barnes, and later Barnes and Oribin, were well known architects in Cairns and the Atherton Tablelands, receiving numerous commissions for a range of small- and medium-scale projects, such as fire stations, shops and hospital facilities. Prior to working on the Mareeba Shire Hall, Barnes and Oribin had designed at least two other halls in the region: the RSL Memorial Hall at Babinda completed 1954, destroyed by Cyclone Larry in 2006, rebuilt 2010 and Ravenshoe Divisional Hall designed 1954, completed early 1960. Public halls of varying design and dimension are landmarks of Australia's cities and suburbs, shires and towns, important as social venues and focal points for their communities. In the mid to late 20th century, hall designs were evolving away from the traditional concept of a central auditorium with council chambers and municipal offices attached, towards more multi-purpose halls and civic centres. Many new halls constructed throughout Queensland during this period replaced earlier halls that had been destroyed or become inadequate for communities' needs. While each contained a different combination of features and facilities, such as clock towers, libraries, supper rooms, public toilets, memorials, shops or offices, common to all public halls was a large multi-purpose auditorium with stage and dressing rooms. Construction of the Mareeba hall began in 1960. The laminated timber arches were constructed by the builder E Lepinath in a nearby warehouse before being transported to the site and erected. These arches were able to span the wide floor, allowing for an unobstructed ceiling height of . Laminated timber arches, constructed by overlapping and bolting together small pieces of timber to make a single, large member, have been in use in Australia since the mid-19th century. Cost-effective and able to span large distances without intermediate posts, laminated timber arches also became an alternative system for roof structures of large buildings such as markets, factories and, from the early 20th century, large auditoriums and picture theatres. The process of glue lamination, using casein glue to bond the layers of timber rather than bolts, originated in Germany before being introduced to the United States in the 1920s. Several publications in the 1930s and early 1940s provided the necessary data for constructing glued laminated timber arches, and became a source of inspiration for Australian designers. The earliest experiments in Australia took place in the early 1940s and the arrival of powerful synthetic resin adhesives in the post-World War II period increased the reliability and range of applications of glue lamination. The former Burge Bros Factory in Melbourne 1945-1946 is considered to be the oldest known surviving example of this technology in Australia, with semi-circular arches spanning , manufactured by Sydney-based company Ralph Symonds Ltd. Despite the technology being available, it wasn't until the 1950s, when curved shapes such as conoids and hyperbolic parabolas became fashionable, that glue laminated arches were more commonly used in Australia, particularly for church structures. Recognising the structural and aesthetic potential of this new technology, Oribin specified glue laminated timber arches for two of his earliest buildings, St Paul's Anglican Memorial Church in Proserpine and the Mareeba Shire Hall; both were designed in 1956 and completed within 5 years, making them an early use of the technology in Queensland. The Proserpine church was completed first, in 1959, with engineering details for both buildings provided by Cairns engineer R McLean. The igloo type of construction of the hall's design, made possible by the glue laminated arches, was viewed favourably by the local councillors, as it was seen as a cheaper method of covering large areas than more conventional structures. World War II igloos, with their large curved trusses made from small pieces of timber, were a familiar building type in the region and to Oribin, who had worked in the Allison Overhaul Assembly Plant igloos at Albion during World War II. The hall was officially opened on 15 March 1961 by the chairman of the Mareeba Shire Council, Cedric Lewis Davies, having cost a total of . The main auditorium provided seating accommodation for 800 people and a dance floor of approximately . The area under the stage and dressing rooms contained a kitchen and supper room. The main entrance foyer provided cloak room facilities, a ticket box and soft drink bar, as well as stairs to a gallery level above. Sliding metal and coloured glass screens separated the foyer from the auditorium. The library was located in front of the auditorium with a separate entrance, and contained outdoor reading rooms and a workroom enclosed with vertical wooden louvres. A newspaper article described the hall as having been constructed on very modern lines and featured flood and spot lighting designed to give the best effects for stage production. Considerable attention was given to natural ventilation, through the ridgeline and high side windows and through the perforated brick panels in the side window bays. Oribin's characteristic innovation and attention to detail was evident throughout the design, from the carefully planned layout and circulation routes, the complex intersection of horizontal and curved elements in the roof structure, to the use of the circle motif in ornamentation. The new hall soon became the heart of social and cultural life in Mareeba, hosting numerous events including dances, plays, musical performances and film screenings. The integrity of Oribin's design led to the hall's survival through many cyclones and its use as a community evacuation centre during severe tropical Cyclone Yasi in February 2011. The hall has been occupied by the Mareeba Police-Citizens Youth Club PCYC since 1999 and in 2013 is still used for a variety of community purposes. Various alterations have been made to the hall over time. Partitions within the former library were changed to create office and storage areas, and no library shelving or joinery remains. The former cloak room, ticket office and soft drink bar have also become office space. A recent store room has been constructed along the southern wall of the auditorium, an original store room converted into a kitchen, and the original tiered floor has been removed. Additions to the northern side include a timber partition wall, concealing the entrances to the toilets, and a kitchenette. The renovated former supper room retains its early layout, with a modernised kitchen at the northern end. Oribin's significant contribution to Queensland architecture was recognised by the Queensland Chapter of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects in 2000, when the new Building of the Year award for the Far North Region was named in his honour. In 2013, two of Oribin's other works, the first Oribin House and the Oribin Studio, received the Enduring Architecture Award at the Australian Institute of Architects' Queensland Architecture Awards. Description The former Mareeba Shire Hall in the Atherton Tablelands town of Mareeba stands on the western side of Walsh Street, which runs parallel to Byrnes Street, the town's main thoroughfare. Located towards the centre of a town block bounded by Middlemiss Street to the north and Atherton Street to the south, the hall with its high curved roof is a prominent building along Walsh Street, which has low-rise residential, commercial and semi-industrial buildings generously spread out along its length. The block is flat and rectangular with an additional small rectangular area to the rear on the southern side, used as a car park. The hall addresses the street with the main entrance approached by a set of steps. The layout of the hall is designed to a square grid with a circle motif used for ornamentation. Natural finishes are used, with brickwork generally unpainted and timberwork stained. The main structure is cavity brick with a timber and steel roof structure supported by eight semi-circular, laminated timber, three pin arch frames. Concrete piers support the timber auditorium floor and the laminated timber arches are bolted to concrete footings. Along the ridgeline, natural light enters the hall through sections of translucent roof sheeting. A suspended, arched light cove partially shields views of the roof structure and five large metal ventilators along the ridgeline. The arched roof is clad with corrugated metal sheeting. The main elevation is composed of overlapping, geometric elements. The dominant semi-circular arch of the auditorium is broken up by a tall brick tower on the northern side of the main entrance. The exaggerated inclined soffit of the single-storey side walls of the hall cuts across the main elevation and around the projecting box of the former library on the southern side of the entrance. A smaller, secondary entrance on the far northern side is set back, and long brick planter boxes project towards the street. The pavement and stairs in front of the main entrances are of green concrete inscribed with a pattern of squares. The upper end wall of the auditorium is of frosted glass set in metal frames in wide vertical strips divided by aluminium-clad fins. The glazed main entrance doors are four sets of timber-framed double doors ornamented with semi-circle and quarter-circle timber pieces. The doors swing from round poles and the circle motif is carried through to the pattern of vinyl tiles on the foyer floor. To the left of the main entrance a corridor leads to the former library entrance, which has a glazed wall along one side. The former library has plain brick walls and banks of frosted glass windows running below soffit level, turning the corner at the southern end. Attached to the northern wall is a plaque commemorating the hall's opening. The tower is ornamented with a pattern of lines formed by raised brickwork. Two semi-circular elements protrude through the tower continuing the curve of the auditorium roof, a single aluminum-clad truss towards the front and a section of curved roofing at the rear, sheltering a garden bed which was originally a small pool. The side walls are divided by brick piers into bays, with ventilation openings incorporated within raised brickwork patterns. Banks of rectangular awning windows connect the top of each bay with the roof soffit. Clerestory windows above this roof level run the length of the auditorium. The inclined face of the roof soffits are clad in flat fibrous plaster sheeting ornamented with regularly spaced cover strips painted a contrasting colour. The top fascia is made from horizontal tongue-and-groove v-jointed boards. The rear wall of the hall is flat brickwork with no ornamentation. Concrete steps lead from the south-west corner down to a sunken area behind the building, overlooked by louvred windows and three doors from the former supper room below the stage. Timber staircases at either end of this area lead to the rear of the stage and to a small toilet block at the northern end. The interior layout consists of the entrance foyer at the front with a concrete staircase on the northern side leading to the gallery level. On the southern side of the foyer are the former cloak room, ticket box and soft drink bar. The auditorium occupies the full width of the main portion of the hall with the stage and dressing rooms at the far end. The toilets are located in the north-west corner of the hall and a sunken area along the northern wall provides access to side doors. Along the southern wall, ramps lead down to the side doors and a former store room at the western end is now a kitchen. Between this kitchen and the stage a staircase leads down to the former supper room. The former library in the south-east corner of the building has been divided into an office at the front and store rooms at the rear. Passing through all ground-level rooms and on both sides of the auditorium are continuous flat lighting coves. Clad in stained plywood with an angled timber fascia, the undersides of the lighting coves are pierced by regularly spaced square lights. The ceiling above these coves is clad in perforated plywood. Other light fittings are generally circular. Throughout the building the footings of the laminated timber arches are exposed. The front portion of the former library has been converted into an office with no early joinery remaining. The floor is carpeted and the brick walls have been lined and painted. The rear portion, accessed from inside the hall, has had modern partition walls inserted to form two store rooms. Remnant cork flooring remains attached to the concrete slab, revealing the location of original walls which enclosed a workroom and children's outdoor reading room. The original ceiling and lighting coves remain throughout. The entrance foyer has vinyl floor tiles and a low ceiling clad in perforated panels with decorative cover strips. Round columns support the gallery above. One panel of a sliding decorative metal screen remains in its track under the lighting cove. The cantilevered concrete staircase to the gallery has a metal balustrade with circle ornamentation. The gallery is a stepped concrete slab surrounded by a solid balustrade, which is ornamented with cover strips in a pattern of lines and rectangles on the auditorium side. The former cloak room, ticket box and soft drink bar are partially surrounded by timber counters with sliding windows above. Inside, an opening has been created between the rooms and the ticket box and cloak room counters removed. The main arched ceiling of the auditorium is clad in perforated ceiling panels and the ceiling cove is clad in fibrous plaster sheeting. The cove is supported by curved timber hangers and has circular lights in two rows in the underside. The auditorium floor is polished timber. The southern side of the auditorium has bench seating along the exterior wall. The kitchen, accessed by a sliding timber door, has laminated timber benches and a tiled floor. A recent store room adjacent to the former library, constructed from timber stud walls, is not of cultural heritage significance. Along the northern side of the hall, low brick walls define the edges of the sunken area, which has the same green concrete steps and floor as used for the exterior entrance areas. Double doors are aligned with the steps. The middle section of this area has been raised to the same level as the auditorium floor, with alterations made to the light cove and brick walls to accommodate a kitchenette. The male and female toilets have tiled floors and rendered and painted walls. A store room adjacent to the male toilets contains solid timber shelving. The stage is accessed from the hall by a set of movable steps. On either side are curving walls ornamented with battens that conceal the side wings. The sounding board above the stage is clad in stained plywood. The stage floor is raked and curves outwards, clad in polished timber boards with footlights concealed beneath a removable timber board. Curtains line the wings and rear wall of the stage and the ceiling structure is exposed. The former supper room is a long, low space with exposed steel beams supporting the stage above. The ceiling is clad in perforated panels, the walls are rendered and painted and the concrete floor has a recent epoxy coating. Exit doors in the western wall are accessed by concrete steps. The raised kitchen area at the northern end has been refurbished. The hall is a striking building that stands out from surrounding low-set commercial buildings on Walsh Street. Heritage listing The former Mareeba Shire Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 October 2013 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. The Mareeba Shire Hall, completed in 1961, is important in demonstrating the Queensland pattern of local governments expressing civic pride through building public halls. With its bold design, the hall is an outstanding example of the type of public halls constructed in the mid to late 20th century to replace older halls that had been destroyed or become inadequate for the community's needs. As his first large solo project, the Mareeba Shire Hall is an outstanding example of the work of Cairns architect Edwin Henry Eddie Oribin, who produced a range of innovative and unique buildings in north Queensland between 1953 and 1973. Oribin's contribution to Queensland architecture is recognised by the Australian Institute of Architects' establishment of the Eddie Oribin Building of the Year Award for the Far North Queensland region. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. The Mareeba Shire Hall is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a public hall, with an impressive exterior, a large multi-purpose auditorium, stage and dressing rooms, entrance foyer, gallery, kitchen, supper room, and former cloakroom, ticket box, bar and library. The creativity, craftsmanship and attention to detail evident in the hall's design are characteristic of the works of architect Eddie Oribin, whose buildings are remarkable for their complex geometries, unconventional roof forms, innovative use of materials and structural systems, and manipulation of natural light and ventilation. The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. The Mareeba Shire Hall has aesthetic significance as a distinctive building of exceptional architectural quality. The striking asymmetrical composition of strong, dynamic forms, including the semi-circular hall, deeply inclined soffits and tall brick tower, reflects the worldwide influence of expressive modern architecture. These qualities are evident in the interior of the hall, where the architect has created a daring and complex composition of horizontal and curving forms, utilising natural materials and finishes and carefully manipulating natural light. The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period. The Mareeba Shire Hall demonstrates a high degree of creative and technical achievement for the period in Queensland. It was the first major building solely designed by Oribin, displaying his enthusiasm for experimentation and his ability to adapt international architectural influences to suit local site and climatic conditions. The main structural feature of the hall, semi-circular arches made from glue laminated timber, was an early use of this technology in Queensland. References Attribution External links Category:Queensland Heritage Register Category:Mareeba Category:Town halls in Queensland Category:Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register Category:Buildings and structures in Far North Queensland

Acleris zimmermani is a moth of the family Tortricidae described by John Frederick Gates Clarke in 1978. It is native to Mexico, but was introduced to the Hawaiian islands of Kauai, Maui and Hawaii for the control of blackberry. The wingspan is 1114 mm. The larvae feed on Rubus species. External links zimmermani Category:Moths of Mexico Category:Moths described in 1978

Stefano Zacchetti 1968 April 29, 2020 was an Italian academic specialising in Buddhist studies. From 2012 until his death in 2020 he was Yehan Numata Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of Oxford and a professorial fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. Career Born in 1968, Zacchetti studied Chinese and Sanskrit at Ca' Foscari University of Venice from 1986 to 1994, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree; this included two years of study abroad, at Sichuan University 199092. He then carried out doctoral studies at Venice and spent time studying at the Sinologisch Instituut and the Kern Institute at Leiden University. Ca' Foscari University of Venice awarded him a PhD in Asian Studies in 1999. Zacchetti taught Sinology at University of Padua for the 19992000 academic year. In 2001, he was appointed an associate professor at the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Sōka University in Tokyo. He returned to Ca' Foscari University of Venice in 2005 to take up a tenured lectureship in the Department of Asian and North African Studies. In the autumn of 2011 he was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley. In 2012, he was appointed Yehan Numata Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of Oxford and a professorial fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. Zacchetti died on 29 April 2020. Research According to an obituary written by Balliol College, Zacchetti's specialisms were: early Chinese Buddhist translations 2nd-5th centuries CE; Mahāyāna literature in Sanskrit and Chinese; the history of the Chinese Buddhist canon; and Chinese Buddhism particularly early Chinese Buddhist commentaries. Publications In Praise of the Light: A Critical Synoptic Edition with an Annotated Translation of Chapters 1-3 of Dharmarakṣas Guang zan jing 光讚經, Being the Earliest Chinese Translation of the Larger Prajñāpāramitā, Bibliotheca Philologica et Philosophica Buddhica VIII Tokyo: The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, 2005. References Category:1968 births Category:2020 deaths Category:Buddhist scholars Category:Sinologists Category:Italian academics Category:Ca' Foscari University of Venice alumni Category:Soka University faculty Category:Ca' Foscari University of Venice faculty Category:Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford Category:Academics of the University of Oxford

Mohanlal is a 2018 Indian Malayalam-language family comedy film directed by Sajid Yahiya and written by Suneesh Varanad from a story by Yahiya. Manju Warrier plays Meenukutty, an ardent Mohanlal fan having celebrity worship syndrome, and Indrajith Sukumaran as her husband Sethumadhavan. Principal photography took place between May and December 2017 at locations in Ernakulam, and Palakkad and Thrissur districts. Mohanlal was released in Kerala on 14 April 2018. Plot The movie starts with Sethumadhavan entering a railway station and meeting Mr Who, a homeless wanderer and his dog. Mr Who deduces accurately that Sethu has come to the station to commit suicide by jumping in front of train. He then asks Sethu to tell him his story before he commits suicide as there is a long time for the next train to pass by the station. The first quarter of the movie shows the childhood and growth into adulthood of Meenukutty and friendship wth classmate Sethumadhavan who supports her abnormal adoration of Superstar Mohanlal and romance develops between the two. The movie depicts how Meenukutty in every aspect or event in her life finds some connection to Mohanlal and his various movie roles and scenes. The movie also portrays how Sethumadhavan who marries Meenukutty deals with her manic adoration of Mohanlal which leads to several embarrassing life events for him like how she acts like a madwoman when she goes to see Ravanaprabhu movie whereby earning the utmost respect of the regional Mohanlal fans club members, or how she advises a girl to meet her boyfriend because Mohanlal did it in one movie and Sethu had to deal with parents ire. There are hilarious scenes of her attacking both verbally and physically anyone who complains about Mohanlal movies. She becomes pregnant with a child which is a long cherished dream of Sethu and his family but a late night trip to watch a movie followed by a bike accident on the way back leads to the miscarriage of the child which breaks both Meenu and Sethu's hearts and Sethu relocated from his home village to the city by getting a transfer from his bank job in the village to a branch in the city. There they meet several colourful characters in the colony and other hilarious scenes occur related Meenukutty's Mohanlal addiction. The climax of the movie shows Meenukutty being duped by one the residents of the colony who claims to be a scriptwriter for a Mohanlal movie who takes advantage of Meenukutty's manic addiction to Mohanlal and convinces her to give him all her gold and any money to help her become a producer for a Mohanlal movie. While Meenukutty gives him all her gold ornaments she also finds a bag in the cupboard which was given to Sethu by his close friend as it contained all the money he has collected by selling everything he owned to pay back a bank loan. Meenukutty under a misunderstanding thinks the money is a surprise Sethu had hidden from her to give to Aamod to pay for the movie production and takes it and gives it to Aamod. When Sethu comes back from work and realises what Meenu has done he goes blind with anger and frustration and slaps her and tells her he does not want to live with her and even claims he was a fool to not to listen to the villagers and the doctor back home who said Meenu was not mentally well because he loved her and thought they could have a good life together. Then he leaves the house for the railway station to die because now he will be labelled as a dishonest person and a thief and his reputation as an honest man was one of the most valuable things he had. Mr Who listens to his story and berates him for acting like a coward and tells him to learn from the lessons of Mohanlal movies and how even in situations worse than this the hero faces all his problems headstrong and succeeds in life. Sethu convinced by Mr Who leaves the station and on the way back to his home he calls the Mohanlal fans club leader tells him of a man who committed a scam in the name of Mohanlal and is on the run with the money. The enraged fans ask for a photo of Aamod from Setho in whatsapp and spread his face across social media using Mohanlal fans and eventually track him to a railway station where he is waiting for a train to escape the city. The fans and Sethu capture him and retrieve the money. Sethu gets a call from one of his neighbours in the colony telling him to come to the hospital as Meenu has tried to commit suicide. Doctor tells Sethu that his wife is in urgent need for blood and Sethu who felt helpless once again relies on the power of the Mohanlal fan club to get lots of club members to come and donate blood. The doctor chides Sethu for not understanding what was the underlying cause for Meenu's love for Mohanlal and the Doctor gives Sethu his wife's suicide note where she explains to him that when she was little her father died in an accident and she was depressed and afraid of the world and Mohanlal and his movies gradually helped her become normal in his and that he was the light which helped her come out of her darkest moment in her childhood. Sethu feels guilty and sad for his actions. The final scenes involve Meenu waking up at the Hospital the Doctor and Sethu greet her with smiles and tells her she is fine and well but Meenu is more concerned about how the new Mohanlal movie Pulimurugan was doing in the cinemas. The movie ends with both Meenu and Sethu along with fan club members watching Pulimurugan in theaters with celebrations. Cast Manju Warrier as Meenukutty Indrajith Sukumaran as Sethumadhavan Shebin Benson as Teenage Sethumadhavan Master Vishal Krishna as Young Sethumadhavan Unni Krishnan as Unni Lalettan Salim Kumar as Sathan Jose Aju Varghese as Aluva Aamod Krittika Pradeep as Teenage Meenukutty Baby Meenakshi as Childhood Meenukutty Soubin Shahir as Mr. Who K. P. A. C. Lalitha as Sethu's mother Hareesh Kanaran as Contractor, G.P Siddique as Dr. Jacob Peter Sreejith Ravi as Sabu Anjali Nair as Meenukutty's mother young Balachandran Chullikkadu as Sethu's father Pradeep Kottayam as Sethu's uncle Krishnakumar as Meenkutty's father Riyas Doha Adish Praveen Gokulan as Mujeeb Shafeek Muhammed as Rameshan Bijukuttan as Solomon Sudhi Koppa as Vllager Sunil Sukhada as Kaimal Manoj Guinness as Goorka Sajan Palluruthy Indian Pallassery as Teen Sabu Balaji Sharma as Police officer Sajid Yahiya as an auto driver Maniyanpilla Raju as Himself Kottayam Nazeer as Padmanabhan Unni Rajan P. Dev Ambika Mohan as Meenukutty's mother old Anjana Appukuttan as Mrs. Padmnanabhan Praseetha Menon as Ammini Sethu Lakshmi as Sheela Syama Salim as Meenukutty's friend Asha Aravind as Dr. Parvathy Sreeya Remesh as Sethu's sister Molly Kannamaly as Lady at railway station Prithviraj Sukumaran voice-over Production Pre-production The film was initially reported by media outlets in August 2016 as the second directorial of Sajid Yahiya reportedly entitled Mohanlal, which tells the story of an ardent female fan of actor Mohanlal. Later in that month, Yahiya confirmed the project without divulging much details as it was on its early pre-production phase, and was also reported that the makers are trying to register the film's title as Mohanlal and Manju Warrier and Indrajith Sukumaran were cast in the leading roles. The Times of India reported that the film is about a girl who is deeply influenced by Mohanlal's onscreen persona; she was born on the same time as Mohanlal makes his onscreen debut in Manjil Virinja Pookkal premiere day. Beside directing, Yahiya also wrote the film's story and Anil Kumar was signed to produce the film through Mindset Movies production house. In May 2017, Indrajith revealed that the film is a humorous family entertainer in which he plays a working man in a middle-class family with Warrier playing his wife and how they cope with the issues arising due to his wife's extreme adoration for Mohanlal forms the plot. On Mohanlal's birthday on 21 May, posters were released confirming the title and revealing the character name of Warrier as Meenukutty and Indrajith as Sethumadhavan, both the character names in Mohanlal's early films. In that month, Soubin Shahir and Aju Varghese were confirmed to be in important roles and a casting call was released by Yahiya in search of two child actors for the childhood roles of Warrier and Indrajith. Including them, the film consists of a large star cast. Yahiya describes Meenukutty as a crazy fan who compares everything she encounters to Mohanlal characters, and Sethu Sethumadhavan as a devout husband who supports his wife in everything. He also revealed that the filming would begin in May last week. Filming The film began principal photography on 27 May 2017 in Kochi. In the first schedule, filming took place in and around Ernakulam and at locations in Kolenchery, Ottapalam, and Guruvayur. The schedule was concluded in Kolenchery by 13 June 2017. The complete filming process was wrapped on 23 December 2017. Soundtrack The film's original songs were composed by debutant Tony Joseph. The soundtrack album consists of 12 tracks. Manu Manjith wrote the lyrics for all songs, except Aaranu Njhan by Suhail Koya. All the songs were major hits especially La La Laletta, Va Va Vo and Thoovenilla.The film's music launch function was held on 9 April 2018 at Gokulam Convention Centre in Kochi. At the function, Mallika Sukumaran released the audio music. Soundtrack album was distributed by the label Zee Music Company. Release Mohanlal was released in Kerala on 14 April 2018 on the occasion of Vishu festival. It was reported Jyothika is likely to act in the Tamil remake of the film titled Rajini Selvi and she attended the special screening of Mohanlal. The buzz originated after the scriptwriter of Mohanlal, Suneesh Waranad, posted on his social media page that they had approached the actress for the remake. However, no official confirmation has yet been made. References External links Category:Indian films Category:2010s Malayalam-language films Category:Indian comedy films

Dollie can refer to: People Dollie Radford 18581920, English poet and writer Dollie McLean, founder of Artists Collective, Inc. Other uses Dollie Clothes an online fashion brand Dollie, West Virginia Dollie de Luxe, a Norwegian pop music duo The Dollies, a 5-member dance group for the Stanford Band Dollie & Me a brand of children's clothing The Adventures of Dollie, a 1908 film by D.W Griffith Princess Dollie Aur Uska Magic Bag, an Indian television series See also Dolley, a given name Dolly disambiguation Doily

Tomás Herrera is the name of: Tomás de Herrera 18041859, Central and South American statesman and general Tomás Herrera Martínez born 1950, Cuban basketball player Tomás Herrera baseball Tomás Herrera ranchero - Nuevo Mexico born immigrant to Alta California.

Minahan is a variant surname of the Irish Moynihan. Notable people with the surname include: Cotton Minahan 18821958, American baseball player and track and field athlete Daniel Minahan, American television and film director and writer Daniel F. Minahan 18771947, American politician James Minahan 18721941, Irish-born Australian politician Patrick Minahan 18661933, Irish-born Australian politician Robert E. Minahan 18581935, American mayor References

Daniel Alfred Poling November 30, 1884 - February 7, 1968 was an American clergyman. Early life and family Poling was born in Portland, Oregon, to Charles Cupp Poling and Savilla Kring Poling in 1884. His father was also a minister, and two of his brothers, Paul N. Poling and Charles S. Poling, became clergymen as well. Charles Cupp Poling came to Oregon as a missionary of the Evangelical Association in 1883, shortly before Daniel Poling's birth, and was one of the ministers who helped found the United Brethren Church. Daniel Poling graduated from Dalles College, which his father had founded. He married Susan Jane Vandersall in 1906. Among their children was Clark V. Poling, one of the Four Chaplains lost aboard the SS Dorchester in World War II. Minister Poling was ordained in the United Brethren Church in 1906 in Carey, Ohio. He quickly became involved in the campaign to prohibit alcohol in the United States. During World War I, Poling helped to organize a unit of chaplains to serve with the American Expeditionary Force in France. He served near the front, was involved in an enemy gas attack, and received a citation from the United States government. From 1922 to 1939, he preached at the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan, and began giving weekly radio addresses. While there, he came to know Norman Vincent Peale, who later described Poling as one of the greatest servants of Jesus Christ in this age or any other. In 1927, he became the editor of the Christian Herald, a non-denominational Protestant journal that became more successful under his leadership. He would remain at the Herald's helm until 1966. The same year, he became the head of the Young People's Society of Christian Endeavour. He resigned from the Marble Collegiate Church in 1939 to become owner of the Herald. Under his editorship, the journal continued to support American military actions, the draft, and the development of atomic weapons. Poling was also a strong proponent of the separation of church and state. After his son, Clark, was lost at sea during World War II along with three other clergymen, Poling helped found the Chapel of the Four Chaplains in Philadelphia in their memory. He served there until his death in 1968. Politics Although he was never elected, Poling ran for several offices. He was the Prohibition Party's candidate for governor of Ohio in 1912, but polled very few votes. In 1951, having moved to Philadelphia, he was the Republican candidate for mayor in the election that year. He was defeated by Democrat Joseph S. Clark Jr. The following month, President Harry S. Truman selected Poling as an investigator into tax scandals in his administration. In 1960, he endorsed Richard M. Nixon for president, based on his distrust of John F. Kennedy's Catholic faith. References Sources Books Magazine Newspapers Category:1884 births Category:1968 deaths Category:American clergy Category:Clergy from Portland, Oregon

Jankowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately south of Ożarów, east of Opatów, and east of the regional capital Kielce. The village has a population of 220. References Category:Villages in Opatów County

Megachile pseudobrevis, the southeastern little leaf-cutter bee, is a species of hymenopteran in the family Megachilidae. References Further reading External links pseudobrevis Category:Insects described in 1936

Ömercik, Çubuk is a village in the District of Çubuk, Ankara Province, Turkey. References Category:Populated places in Ankara Province Category:Çubuk, Ankara Category:Villages in Turkey

|} The Irish Champion Stakes Irish: Curadh-Dhuais na hÉireann is a Group 1 flat horse race in Ireland open to horses aged three years or older. It is run at Leopardstown over a distance of 1 mile and 2 furlongs 2,012 metres, and it is scheduled to take place each year in September. History The event was established in 1976, and it was initially held at Leopardstown as the Joe McGrath Memorial Stakes. It was named in memory of Joe McGrath 18871966, the founder of the Irish Hospitals' Sweepstake and a successful racehorse owner. The race was transferred to Phoenix Park and renamed the Phoenix Champion Stakes in 1984. Its present title was introduced in 1991, when the event returned to Leopardstown after the closure of its former venue. The Irish Champion Stakes became part of the Breeders' Cup Challenge series in 2009. The winner now earns an automatic invitation to compete in the same year's Breeders' Cup Turf. The Irish Champion Stakes has become a very useful prep race for the remaining major races in the Autumn schedule such as the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, Champion Stakes, Breeders Cup, Hong Kong International Festival and major Group 1 races in Japan. The 2016 edition of the race was possibly one of its strongest editions with eight out of 12 participants winning 17 career Group 1's between them prior to the race. The form of the race would later see four of the participants win further Group 1 honours by the end of the 2016 season, producing a first & second in that year's Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, first and second in the Champion Stakes, the winner of the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes, and first and second in the Breeders' Cup Turf. Winners of the Irish Champion Stakes have gone on to win the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe in the same season on five occasions: Carroll House 1989, Suave Dancer 1991, Dylan Thomas 2007, Sea The Stars 2009 and Golden Horn 2015, and a sixth Arc win was achieved when 2016 Irish Champion Stakes runner-up, Found, won the 2016 edition of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. Winners of the Irish Champion Stakes have gone on to win the Champion Stakes in the same season on six occasions: Triptych 1987, Indian Skimmer 1988, Pilsudski 1997, New Approach 2008, Almanzor 2016 and Magical 2019. The race has produced two further winners of the Champion Stakes with the 1986 third, Triptych, and the 2010 third, Twice Over, subsequently winning the British race that season. Participants in the Irish Champion Stakes have gone on to win several Breeders' Cup titles in the same season. This includes five winners of the Breeders' Cup Turf, with Irish Champion Stakes winners such as Daylami 1999, Fantastic Light 2001, High Chaparral 2003 achieving a season double, while 2015 Irish Champion Stakes runner-up, Found, and a 2016 participant, Highland Reel, found success in the respective season's edition. In 2006, third placed Ouija Board went on to win that season's edition of the Breeders Cup' Filly & Mares Turf. Success has been also achieved in Japan where the Irish Champion Stakes winners, Stanerra 1983 and Pilsudski 1997 won the Japan Cup in the same season. Meanwhile, 2011 runner-up, Snow Fairy, gained compensation by winning that year's Queen Elizabeth II Commemorative Cup Records Most successful horse 2 wins: Dylan Thomas 2006, 2007 Leading jockey 7 wins: Michael Kinane Carroll House 1989, Cezanne 1994, Pilsudski 1997, Giant's Causeway 2000, High Chaparral 2003, Azamour 2004, Sea the Stars 2009 Leading trainer 7 wins: Aidan O'Brien Giant's Causeway 2000, High Chaparral 2003, Oratorio 2005, Dylan Thomas 2006, 2007, Cape Blanco 2010, So You Think 2011 Leading owner 7 wins: includes part ownership Sue Magnier / Michael Tabor Giant's Causeway 2000, High Chaparral 2003, Oratorio 2005, Dylan Thomas 2006, 2007, Cape Blanco 2010, So You Think 2011 Winners See also Horse racing in Ireland List of Irish flat horse races Recurring sporting events established in 1976 this race is included under its original title, Joe McGrath Memorial Stakes. References Paris-Turf: , , , , Racing Post: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , galopp-sieger.de Irish Champion Stakes. horseracingintfed.com International Federation of Horseracing Authorities Irish Champion Stakes 2018. irishracinggreats.com Irish Champion Stakes Group 1. pedigreequery.com Irish Champion Stakes Leopardstown. Category:Flat races in Ireland Category:Open middle distance horse races Category:Breeders' Cup Challenge series Category:Leopardstown Racecourse Category:1976 establishments in Ireland

The President of the Senate of Cambodia , is the presiding officer of the upper chamber of the legislature. The Senate was created in the Khmer Republic in 1972 and replaced the previous upper house, the Council of Kingdom. Presidents of the Senate of Cambodia Presidents of the Council of Kingdom Presidents of the Council of Kingdom from 1947 to 1972. There were 24 members in the council. References Senate, President Cambodia, Senate Category:1972 establishments in Cambodia

Nouzha Skalli born May 25, 1950 in El Jadida, Morocco is a Moroccan politician from the Party of Progress and Socialism who served as Minister of Solidarity, Women, Family, and Social Development from October 2007 until January 2012 in the government of Abbas El Fassi. She received her degree in pharmacy from the University of Montpellier. Political career In 2002, she was elected MP at the house of Representatives for the PPS Party for progress and socialism In 2003-2004, she became chairwoman of the Socialist Alliance parliamentary group Vice chairwoman of the commission for social sectors at the House of representatives Member of the political bureau of the Party for progress and socialism Founding member and one of the national representatives of the democratic association of women of Morocco ADFM, created in 1985 Founding member and animator of the CLEF Center for Feminine Leadership, created in 1997 in Casablanca Founding member of the Moroccan organisation of human rights OMDH Founding member of the Center for legal advice and support to assaulted women, created in 1995 in Casablanca Member of the administrative board of the National institution for solidarity to battered women INSAF Founder of the National committee for the political participation of women in 1992, Casablanca Former chairwoman of the national union of pharmaceutical workers unions of Morocco 19931997 Member of the Global Network for Local Governance's steering committee GNLG, based in New Delhi Awards By Espode: Feminine talents March 2005 By Washington's Population Institute: Best leader award, December 2004 By the Democratic association of Women of Morocco on Casablanca, 2002 By the Parpaceutical union in 2001 In November 2009 the Club de la Donne wives club awarded her the Minerva Anna Mammolitti prize, politics section Publications Nouzha Skalli wrote several articles and interviews in national and foreign newspapers: Al Bayane The Economist The New Tribune Al Adath Al Maghribia Women of Morocco Citadine Wall street Journal Le Monde Le Point, etc. ADFM publications Women's Rights in Morocco: The Universal and Specific 1992; Women and Power in Morocco: Mutilated Democracy 2001; Participative Budget 2003 References Further reading External links Social.gov.ma Category:Living people Skalli Nouzha Category:Government ministers of Morocco Category:1950 births

Lukas Rindos born August 23, 1987 is a Czech professional ice hockey player. He played with HC Litvínov in the Czech Extraliga during the 201011 Czech Extraliga season. References External links Category:1987 births Category:Czech ice hockey forwards Category:HC Litvínov players Category:Living people

Prasophyllum validum, commonly known as the Mount Remarkable leek orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to South Australia. It has a single tubular leaf and up to forty five green to yellowish-green flowers with a white labellum. A similar leek orchid occurring in Victoria, previously included in this species, is known recognised as the undescribed Prasophyllum sp. aff. validum. Description Prasophyllum validum is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single tube-shaped leaf long and wide. Between twenty and forty five flowers are arranged along a flowering spike long reaching to a height of . The flowers are green to yellowish-green, about wide and fragrant. As with others in the genus, the flowers are inverted so that the labellum is above the column rather than below it. The dorsal sepal is lance-shaped, long and about wide. The lateral sepals are long, about wide and joined to each other except near the tips. The petals are long and about wide. The labellum is white, long, about wide and turns sharply upwards near its middle, the upturned part sharply pointed with wavy edges. There is a fleshy, shiny green callus in the centre of the labellum and extending almost to its tip. Flowering occurs in November and December. A similar orchid found in Victoria, formerly included in this species, is now recognised as an undescribed species with the temporary name Prasophyllum sp. aff. validum. Taxonomy and naming Prasophyllum validum was first formally described in 1927 by Richard Sanders Rogers and the description was published in Transactions, proceedings and report, Royal Society of South Australia. The specific epithet validum is a Latin word meaning strong or sound. Distribution and habitat The Mount Remarkable leek orchid grows in woodland on slopes and gullies in the Mount Remarkable National Park although it had a wider distribution in the past. Conservation Prasophyllum validum including Prasophyllum sp. aff. validum is listed as Vulnerable under the Commonwealth Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 EPBC Act and under the South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. In 2008 the total population in South Australia was estimated to be about 1500 plants. The spesies was formerly known from other populations but the last of these was seen in 1994. The main threats to the population are competition from weeds, grazing by kangaroos, rabbits and livestock and by vehicles and machine use near roadsides. References External links validum Category:Flora of South Australia Category:Endemic orchids of Australia Category:Plants described in 1927

Certified Payment-Card Industry Security Implementer CPISI is a certification in the field of Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard PCI DSS. The Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council PCI SSC manages the standard and certifies training organizations. PCI SSC is a collective formed by MasterCard, Visa, American Express, JCB and Discover. See also Certified Payment-Card Industry Security Auditor External links PCI SSC SISA PISM Category:Payment systems