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Q2662852

_START_ARTICLE_ William Larkin (painter) _START_PARAGRAPH_ William Larkin (early 1580s – 1619) was an English painter active from 1609 until his death in 1619, known for his iconic portraits of members of the court of James I of England which capture in brilliant detail the opulent layering of textiles, embroidery, lace, and jewellery characteristic of fashion in the Jacobean era, as well as representing numerous fine examples of oriental carpets in Renaissance painting. _START_SECTION_ Life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Larkin was born in London in the early 1580s, and lived in the parishes of St Sepulchre-without-Newgate, Holborn, and St Anne Blackfriars. He became a freeman of the Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers on 7 July 1606 under the patronage of Lady Arbella Stuart and Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford. Married before 1612, he buried a stillborn son in that year; a son, William, in 1613; and a daughter, Mary, in January 1614/15, all at St Anne Blackfriars. Another daughter called Mary was alive at the time of his death. He died sometime between the witnessing of his will on 10 April 1619 and its proving on 14 May. The date of his burial is unknown because the parish records were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. _START_SECTION_ Works _START_PARAGRAPH_ About 40 portraits by Larkin have been identified, of courtiers and gentry, but he seems never to have painted members of the royal family. A series of nine full-length portraits by Larkin formerly owned by the Earls of Suffolk and now known as the Suffolk Collection is housed in Kenwood House, London. _START_SECTION_ Rediscovery _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although Larkin's role as a portrait painter is recorded in contemporary documents, no surviving works were attributed to him until 1952, when James Lees-Milne identified Larkin as the painter of two portraits in oil on copper at Charlecote Park of Lord Herbert of Cherbury and Sir Thomas Lucy III which had formerly been assumed to be the work of Isaac Oliver. The identification was based on a reference in Herbert's autobiography to a portrait of himself ordered by Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset, a "Coppy of a Picture which one Larkin a Painter drew for mee, the Originall whereof I intended ... for Sir Thomas Lucy," Cleaning revealed portions of inscriptions that Lees-Milne suggested showed that the oval portraits had been cut down from rectangular originals._NEWLINE_Other documentary evidence of Larkin's work is found in the Diary of Dorset's wife, Lady Anne Clifford, who sat for Larkin in 1619; in the Rutland Papers for 1617 and 1619; and in a seventeenth-century inventory of paintings at Claydon House including a portrait of Frances Carr, Countess of Somerset. _START_SECTION_ The "Curtain Master" _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1969, art historian Roy Strong identified Larkin with the artist formerly known as the "Curtain Master" based on Larkin's patronage by the Earl of Dorset. The works of the Curtain Master are characterized by identically draped, silk-fringed curtains framing the sitter, rendered in various colours, and one of several carpets on the floor. The attribution to Larkin is supported by later technical analysis comparing these portraits to the documented portrait of Lord Herbert at Charlecote Park, although various hands are identified in the backgrounds of the full-length portraits, indicating that Larkin employed assistants in his workshop or studio to paint these repetitive details, a common practice at the time. _START_SECTION_ Critical assessment _START_PARAGRAPH_ Larkin's work marks the last stage in a tradition of English portraiture traceable from the later work of Hans Holbein the Younger through Nicholas Hilliard in which the sitter is painted in flat, lightly modelled fashion, surrounded by meticulously rendered wardrobe and props, with each detail of lace, embroidery, and gilding carefully delineated. Writing in 1960, Sir David Piper said of the paintings now in the Suffolk collection and their ilk "Artistically, they are a dead end, but they have a strange and fascinating splendour." The deaths of Hilliard, Larkin, and fellow-portraitist Robert Peake the Elder in 1619 mark the end of this insular tradition in British art.

3053862639027488564

Q8014753

_START_ARTICLE_ William Lowther Grant _START_SECTION_ Naval career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Grant joined the Royal Navy in 1877, and served in the Anglo-Egyptian War in 1882. He was later Commander on board HMS Doris, flagship of the Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope Station, Admiral Sir Robert Hastings Harris, and was in January 1900 landed in Cape Colony to take part in the Second Boer War. During the next months he commanded a detachment of guns operating in the Orange River Colony, and was specially promoted to captain on 21 October 1900 for services during the war._NEWLINE_Still in South Africa, he was appointed in command of the guardship at Simons Town, the elderly ironclad masted turret ship HMS Monarch on 5 May 1902. After the end of the Second Boer war, he was appointed Naval Advisor to the Inspector-General of Fortifications, and left South Africa on SS Britannic in early October 1902 to take up the position on his return the following month. Appointment as Assistant to the Director of Naval Intelligence followed in 1908, before he became rear admiral providing special service with the Home Fleet in 1910. He served in World War I initially commanding the 6th Cruiser Squadron with cruiser HMS Drake as his flagship. He was made Commander-in-Chief, China Station in 1916 and Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station in 1918. He retired in 1920._NEWLINE_In retirement he sought to justify Admiral Lord Jellicoe's actions at the Battle of Jutland in the face of German criticism. _START_SECTION_ Family _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1892, Grant married Mabel Emily Brodrick, daughter of the Rev. Henry Brodrick and Emily Hester Brodrick.

17877976880742918601

Q16010060

_START_ARTICLE_ William McMullen (politician) _START_PARAGRAPH_ William McMullen (1888–1982), sometimes known as Billy McMullen, was an Irish trade unionist and politician._NEWLINE_Born into a Protestant family in Belfast, McMullen began working in the shipyards and became an active trade unionist. He met James Connolly in 1910, and was thereafter Connolly's most prominent supporter in Belfast, acting as the first Chairman of the Irish Labour Party in the city. Becoming a full-time official for the Irish Transport and General Workers Union (ITGWU), McMullen was a strong opponent of the partition of Ireland._NEWLINE_At the 1925 Northern Ireland general election, McMullen stood in Belfast West for the Northern Ireland Labour Party. Despite coming bottom of the poll, he was elected on transfers from Joe Devlin, the only Nationalist Party candidate. In Parliament, he challenged the Ulster Unionist Party over unemployment, and in 1928, he joined the rest of the party in walking out, earning themselves suspensions from the body. For 1927–28, he was the President of the Irish Trades Union Congress._NEWLINE_Following the restructuring of constituencies, McMullen stood in Belfast Falls in 1929. The Nationalist Party stood Richard Byrne, a publican and landlord. Devlin offered to secure McMullen a seat in the Senate of Northern Ireland should he stand down, but McMullen refused the offer. He produced a newspaper, the Northern Worker, claiming that Byrne was a slum landlord. Byrne secured an injunction to stop distribution two days before the election, and beat McMullen by around 1,400 votes._NEWLINE_In 1934, McMullen was a supporter of the Republican Congress movement, a left-wing split from the Irish Republican Army, unsuccessfully contesting Belfast Central in a by-election. He later moved to Dublin to take up a post as the President of the ITGWU. After the 1951 Irish general election he was elected to Seanad Éireann on the Labour Panel. _NEWLINE_He was declared bankrupt in the High Court on 18 October 1952, which ipso facto vacated his seat, despite his having promptly discharged his bankruptcy. He was re-elected on 25 February 1953 to fill the vacancy. On 1 September 1953 he resigned to join the board of Córas Iompair Éireann.

8602082007248886332

Q28429545

_START_ARTICLE_ William Morgan (rugby league) _START_SECTION_ Club career _START_PARAGRAPH_ William Morgan made his début for Warrington on 3 September 1910, and he played his last match for Warrington on 4 March 1911.

9493630778900563246

Q60795228

_START_ARTICLE_ William Neave _START_PARAGRAPH_ William Neave (c.1662-1713) was an Irish barrister, politician and law officer. He held the office of Serjeant-at-law (Ireland) and in that capacity played a crucial role in the Dublin Castle administration from 1696 to 1711. He sat in the Irish House of Commons in four successive Parliaments as MP for Tulsk._NEWLINE_He was a highly successful barrister by his early 30s, and quickly took silk. He was first elected to the House of Commons for the 1692-3 session, and again in 1695-99. During the latter session he played a leading part in the impeachment of Sir Charles Porter, the flamboyant and controversial Lord Chancellor of Ireland for what were vaguely described as " high crimes and misdemeanours". The impeachment, which was a purely political attack by his enemies, failed largely due to Porter's eloquent speech in his own defence._NEWLINE_Porter during his speech said that he would forgive his enemies, but he evidently did not forgive Neave. When Lord Capell, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, told Porter in late 1695 that he intended to appoint Neave as Second Serjeant, Porter reacted with fury, saying he would not endure it. Capell, whose relations with Porter were always bad, replied that the matter was decided. He argued that Neave was highly regarded by the Law Officers and had been recommended by several influential peers, and that it was vital for the Government to have gifted lawyers to manage its legal business in the Commons. He pointed out sharply that he had allowed Porter to have his own way on several other appointments, including the Prime Serjeant, Sir Thomas Pakenham. As for his personal grievance against Neave, he reminded Porter of his promise to forgive his accusers._NEWLINE_Neave was duly appointed Second Serjeant and became Prime Serjeant in 1708. He played a leading role in the Irish Government until 1711, when the new Tory administration dismissed him on strictly political grounds. He was re-elected to Parliament in 1703 and served as an MP for the remainder of his life. He died in early December 1713.

13499607648742522021

Q8016392

_START_ARTICLE_ William Osmund Kelly _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ On December 10, 1909 in Flint, Kelly was born. In 1928, he graduated from Saint Matthew High School. He then attended Flint Junior College and formed a band, Oz Kelly and his Orchestra, while there. The band played in Cleveland, Ohio, Milwaukee and Flint at the IMA Auditorium. In 1933, he was married to Albina Jayman. _START_SECTION_ Political life _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Flint City Commission selected him as Mayor on November 12, 1940 and select for another two years. During World War II, Kelly resigned to join the Navy and served two years in the Pacific. In 1946, he was the Lieutenant Governor Democratic candidate but lost. Kelly was appointed in 1949 acting Postmaster—Flint then latter appointed 22nd Postmaster. _START_SECTION_ Post-political life _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1956, he became the Flint Manufacturer's Association Executive Director.

3385155465410375435

Q8016465

_START_ARTICLE_ William P. Harrison _START_PARAGRAPH_ William Pope Harrison, D.D., L.D.D. (September 3, 1830 – February 7, 1895) was an American Methodist minister and theologian, and was the 48th Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives. He was an author of books on Methodist theology, most notably The Gospel among the Slaves, the first comprehensive accounting of the religious beliefs of African American slaves in the United States._NEWLINE_Harrison was born in Savannah, Georgia, and attended the preparatory school of Emory College. In 1850, he became an itinerant minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. In 1859, he was appointed to the faculty of the East Alabama Male College in Auburn, Alabama as Adjunct Professor of Languages, and from 1861 through 1862 was president of the Auburn Female College, today Auburn High School. He returned to Emory, receiving the Doctor of Divinity degree in 1866. Later that year, Harrison became pastor of the First Methodist Church in Atlanta, Georgia, the first of four terms as pastor there, the last of which ended in 1877._NEWLINE_Harrison was elected Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives on December 3, 1877. He served in that capacity for the 45th and 46th United States Congress, before resigning in 1881. In 1882, Harrison was elected book editor of the Methodist Episcopal, South publishing house, a position he held for the remainder of his life. Harrison was a delegate to the First (1881) and Second (1891) World Methodist Councils, and was Secretary of the Methodist General Conference in 1890. Harrison died on February 7, 1895, in Columbus, Georgia.

16360541420064683283

Q8017394

_START_ARTICLE_ William Ravenscroft _START_PARAGRAPH_ William Ravenscroft (1561 – 27 October 1628) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1586 and 1628._NEWLINE_Ravenscroft was the son of George Ravenscroft. He was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford in 1578, aged 17 and was awarded BA in 1580. He entered Lincoln's Inn in 1580. In 1586, he was elected Member of Parliament for Flintshire. He was called to the bar in 1589. In 1597 he was elected again as MP for Flintshire. He became Clerk of the petty bag in 1598. In 1601 he was re-elected MP for Flintshire. He was elected MP for Old Sarum in 1604 and 1614. In 1621 he was elected MP for Flint. He became associate bencher and treasurer of Lincoln's Inn in 1621 and became master of the library in 1624. In 1624 he was re-elected MP for Flint. He was elected MP for Flint again in 1625 and 1628._NEWLINE_Ravenscroft died unmarried at the age of about 67.

12473057692976124234

Q17183239

_START_ARTICLE_ William S. Hayward _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hayward was "born and reared a poor boy" in Foster, Rhode Island. As a young man, he attended public schools and worked on a farm. _START_SECTION_ Baker _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hayward moved to Providence 1851. He was hired as an employee of bakery Rice & Hayward, which was owned by Mr. Fitz James Rice and Mr. George W. Hayward. He left the firm for a year, then returned as a salesman until 1858; then moved up to the delivery department, supplying out-of-town customers. In 1860, Hayward became a member of the firm, and the name was changed to Rice, Hayward & Company._NEWLINE_In 1861, at the start of the Civil War, Hayward moved to Washington DC and opened another bakery branch called "Rhode Island Bakery". It supplied biscuits to soldiers stationed in Washington DC. When soldiers moved out of DC into Virginia early in the war, Howard sold the DC location at a loss and returned to Providence._NEWLINE_By 1863 Hayward bought out the business and became full owner of Rice Hayward, & Co. He later partnered again with Fitz James Rice. The company was successful. They supplied biscuits to the Union Army stationed in Rhode Island during the Civil War and grew into one of the largest bakeries in New England. _START_SECTION_ Politician _START_PARAGRAPH_ 1872 Elected to the Common Council from the Sixth Ward, and was re-elected until in 1876 he was elected to the Board of Aldermen. He served as President of the Board of Aldermen from 1878 to 1880._NEWLINE_He was elected mayor of Providence in 1880 and held the post for three years, but declined to run for re-election in 1884. During his years in office, the city's debt was reduced by nearly $600,000._NEWLINE_Hayward was also a member of the board of State Charities and Corrections; commissioner of the City Sinking Fund; and a commissioner of Dexter Asylum. _START_SECTION_ Banker _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hayward was co-founder of Citizens Savings Bank in 1871, along with his bakery partners Fitz James Rice and George Hayward. He was president of the Union Trust Bank of Providence, and a director of the Eagle National and Citizens Savings Banks. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hayward married Lucy Maria Rice in 1859. She was the daughter of Fitz James Rice, Hayward's business partner in the bakery and fellow founder of Citizens Savings Bank._NEWLINE_Hayward was described as "a man of fine physique, and of commanding presence, standing over six feet, two inches in height, and weighing two hundred and twenty pounds"._NEWLINE_Hayward was a member of What Cheer Lodge of Masons, and a member of the Union Congregational Church on Broad Street._NEWLINE_He died of Bright's disease after an illness of eight days and is buried in Swan Point Cemetery. _START_SECTION_ Memorials _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sixth Avenue Park, in Providence, was renamed Hayward Park in his honor in 1889. The park was demolished for construction of the interchange for Interstate 95 and Interstate 195.

6440128178863848433

Q8018415

_START_ARTICLE_ William Shotton _START_PARAGRAPH_ William Shotton (1 December 1840 – 26 May 1909) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club against Kent in 1865, and Gloucestershire in 1874._NEWLINE_Born in Lascelles Hall, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, England, Shotton was a right-handed batsman, who scored 13 runs at 3.25, with a best score of 7 against Kent. His right arm round arm medium bowling was not called upon._NEWLINE_Shotton died in May 1909 in Kirkheaton, Yorkshire. His father in law, Luke Greenwood, played 69 games for Yorkshire.

15852405227147231450

Q8018682

_START_ARTICLE_ William Spurstow (merchant) _START_PARAGRAPH_ William Spurstow (died 1644) was an English merchant and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1644. He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War._NEWLINE_Spurstow was the son of a Shropshire shearman and became a freeman of Shrewsbury in 1597. He moved to London where he became a leading merchant. In 1606 he was largely responsible for a Bill in parliament which relieved Welsh cloth from the need to have a seal of content. He became a member of the Worshipful Company of Mercers and a director of the East India Company. In 1626 he was imprisoned for refusing to pay the forced loan. He was a member of the congregation of St Stephen Coleman Street, and the Massachusetts Bay Company two strongly puritan organisations which were opposed to Crown and Church between 1629 and 1640._NEWLINE_In November 1640, Spurstow was elected Member of Parliament for Shrewsbury in the Long Parliament. He served on the Committees for Scandalous Ministers, and the Committee for Plundered Ministers’. He sat until his death in 1644._NEWLINE_Spurstow died a wealthy man with his cash alone amounting to over £5,000. He left charitable donations which included £300 to Shrewsbury to set poor up in work.

53809841881183156

Q14946785

_START_ARTICLE_ William T. McCarthy _START_SECTION_ Education and career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Somerville, Massachusetts, McCarthy received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from College of the Holy Cross in 1905 and a Juris Doctor from Boston University School of Law in 1908. He entered private practice in Boston, Massachusetts in 1908. He was an Alderman for the Town of Somerville from 1911 to 1913. He was an assistant district attorney of Middlesex County, Massachusetts from 1913 to 1915. He was a member of the Somerville School Board from 1920 to 1921. He was an Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts from 1934 to 1947. He was the United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts from 1947 to 1949. _START_SECTION_ Federal judicial service _START_PARAGRAPH_ McCarthy was nominated by President Harry S. Truman on January 13, 1949, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts vacated by Judge Arthur Daniel Healey. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 31, 1949, and received his commission on February 2, 1949. He assumed senior status on May 31, 1960. McCarthy served in that capacity until his death on April 6, 1964.

12407493305031917956

Q16846866

_START_ARTICLE_ William of Shoreham _START_PARAGRAPH_ William of Shoreham (fourteenth century) was an English poet._NEWLINE_Little is known of his life, but he probably lived in Shoreham, Kent and was vicar of Chart (near Leeds, Kent). Seven poems in English are attributed to him, all contained in a single manuscript now in the British Library (Additional Manuscripts No. 17376). Four of the poems are didactic and address points of Christian doctrine, the other three are in praise of the Virgin Mary (one of them a translation from Robert Grosseteste's Latin). He was once thought to be the author of an English psalter, but this is now considered spurious.

12277056207701947732

Q143489

_START_ARTICLE_ Willie Maley _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Maley was born in Newry Barracks, County Down, Northern Ireland, the third son of Thomas Maley and Mary Montgomery. Thomas came from Ennis, County Clare, while Mary had been born in Canada to Scottish parents. At the time of his son's birth, Thomas was stationed in Newry as a sergeant in the 21st (Royal North British Fusilier) Regiment of Foot. In 1869, Thomas took honourable discharge from the British Army and the family moved to Scotland, settling in Cathcart - at that time a village just south of Glasgow._NEWLINE_Willie Maley left school at the age of 13 and worked for a few years in the printworks of Miller, Higginbotham & Co., and then at the Telephone Company of Glasgow. Eventually he was offered the opportunity to train as a chartered accountant with Smith and Wilson, a Glasgow accountancy firm. As a young man, Maley was much more involved in athletics than in football, although he had played a few games for Cathcart Hazelbank Juniors in 1886 and had played with Third Lanark from later that year. _START_SECTION_ Club career _START_PARAGRAPH_ It was on a visit to in Cathcart in December 1887 to invite his brother Tom Maley to join Celtic that Brother Walfrid and the rest of the Celtic deputation first met Willie Maley and they casually invited Willie to come along. In 1888, he was signed by the fledgling Celtic and became one of the club's first players as a midfielder. In 1896, he made a single appearance for Manchester City in a Second Division match against Loughborough. _START_SECTION_ International career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Due to his Scottish maternal grandparents and having lived in Scotland since the age of one, Maley played for the Scottish national team, earning two caps in 1893 against England and Ireland. Maley represented the Scottish League twice. _START_SECTION_ Manager of Celtic _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1897, the board of Celtic directors appointed Willie Maley, at just 29 years of age, as Secretary-Manager – the first manager – of Celtic. He won the Scottish League championship for the club in his first full season as manager. Mr Maley never worked with his players in training, he watched games from the directors' box and never indulged in team talks or spoke to his players at half-time or post-match. Maley would not even announce the team: players learned if they were in or out through reading the line-up in the newspaper._NEWLINE_Celtic had been a buying club in their opening decade, spending heavily to bring professionals to the club. Maley decided to scrap that and rely almost entirely on recruiting youngsters fresh from junior football._NEWLINE_Maley created a young team who won six consecutive league titles in a row between 1905 and 1910 and won the first Scottish League and Scottish Cup doubles. They were the best team in Glasgow, and the six-in-a-row record remained unbroken until the 1960s. As his six-in-a-row team began to age, Maley set about the task of building a younger team. This younger side, which included Patsy Gallacher and the apparently 'ageless' Jimmy McMenemy, won four league titles in succession between 1914 and 1917. They also set a UK record for an unbeaten run in professional football, 62 games (49 won, 13 drawn) from 13 November 1915 until 21 April 1917, which stood until it was broken by Brendan Rodgers' Celtic in November 2017._NEWLINE_That side won two more titles, in 1919 and 1922. Celtic continued to gather trophies throughout the 1920s and in the mid-1930s Maley built his third great team, featuring Jimmy Delaney and Jimmy McGrory. This side won the league title in 1936 and 1938 and the Scottish Cup in 1937. By then, Maley was approaching 70. The Maley years ended in a less than happy fashion. With Celtic at the bottom of the table, Maley finally retired after a meeting with the board of directors in February 1940. He was the longest-serving manager in Celtic's history. In his 43 years as manager, he won 16 Scottish League championships, 14 Scottish Cups, 14 Glasgow Cups and 19 Glasgow Charity Cups. _START_SECTION_ Cultural references _START_PARAGRAPH_ His Celtic career is detailed in the song Willie Maley, written by David Cameron, one of the most popular Celtic songs amongst fans. The song was unheard of until Cameron gave it to Charlie and the Bhoys, who rewrote some of the lyrics and made the song what it is today.

8655610677358829880

Q8022900

_START_ARTICLE_ Wilshire Ward Chapel _START_SECTION_ Construction _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Hollywood Stake Tabernacle was commissioned in the late 1927 after the division of the Los Angeles Stake and designed by architects Hyrum Pope and Harold W. Burton in an Art Deco and Modern style. The cornerstone was laid in 1928 by then Stake President George W. McCune and the building was completed in 1929 at a cost of $250,000. The funds for the building were raised by church members in the area and matched one-to-one with church headquarters. Many local church members provided volunteered labor on the building. The building seats approximately 2,100. Heber J. Grant, the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at the time, dedicated the building and stated that it was "one of the very finest buildings that we have ever erected in any of the stakes of Zion...". Due to its construction and design, the tabernacle was considered the “finest cement building in America” by Architectural Concrete in 1933. The building was recommended for discontinuation of use in 1970, however local leaders fought to preserve the building. It went through major renovations that were completed in 2003 and the building was then rededicated by another church president Gordon B. Hinckley. The building remains in use as a meetinghouse by three Wards (Wilshire, Los Angeles Third (Spanish-speaking), Olympic (Korean-speaking)), but no longer functions as a LDS tabernacle.

10155948805301018088

Q483132

_START_ARTICLE_ Windows 98 _START_SECTION_ Development _START_PARAGRAPH_ Following the success of Windows 95, development of Windows 98 began, initially under the development codename Memphis. The first test version, Windows Memphis Developer Release, was released in January 1997._NEWLINE_Memphis first entered beta as Windows Memphis Beta 1, released on June 30, 1997. It was followed by Windows 98 Beta 2, which dropped the Memphis name and was released in July. Microsoft had planned a full release of Windows 98 for the first quarter of 1998, along with a Windows 98 upgrade pack for Windows 95, but it also had a similar upgrade for Windows 3.x operating systems planned for the second quarter. Stacey Breyfogle, a product manager for Microsoft, explained that the later release of the upgrade for Windows 3 was because the upgrade required more testing than that for Windows 95 due to the presence of more compatibility issues, and without user objections, Microsoft merged the two upgrade packs into one and set all of their release dates to the second quarter._NEWLINE_On December 15, Microsoft released Windows 98 Beta 3. It was the first build to be able to upgrade from Windows 3.1x, and introduced new startup and shutdown sounds._NEWLINE_Near its completion, Windows 98 was released as Windows 98 Release Candidate on April 3, 1998, which expired on December 31. This coincided with a notable press demonstration at COMDEX that month. Microsoft CEO Bill Gates was highlighting the operating system's ease of use and enhanced support for Plug and Play (PnP). However, when presentation assistant Chris Capossela hot plugged a USB scanner in, the operating system crashed, displaying a Blue Screen of Death. Bill Gates remarked after derisive applause and cheering from the audience, "That must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet." Video footage of this event became a popular Internet phenomenon._NEWLINE_Microsoft had quietly marketed the operating system as a "tune-up" to Windows 95. It was compiled as Windows 98 on May 11, 1998, before being fully released to manufacturing on May 15. The company was facing pending legal action for allowing free downloads of, and planning to ship Windows licenses with, Internet Explorer 4.0 in an alleged effort to expand its software monopoly. Microsoft's critics believed the lawsuit would further delay Windows 98's public release; it did not, and the operating system was released on June 25, 1998._NEWLINE_A second major version of the operating system called Windows 98 Second Edition was later unveiled in March 1999. Microsoft compiled the final build on April 23, 1999, before publicly releasing it on May 5, 1999. _START_SECTION_ Web integration and shell enhancements _START_PARAGRAPH_ Windows 98 includes Internet Explorer 4.01 in First Edition and 5.0 in Second Edition. Besides Internet Explorer, many other Internet companion applications are included such as Outlook Express, Windows Address Book, FrontPage Express, Microsoft Chat, Personal Web Server and a Web Publishing Wizard, and NetShow. NetMeeting allows multiple users to hold conference calls and work with each other on a document._NEWLINE_The Windows 98 shell is web-integrated; it contains deskbands, Active Desktop, Channels, ability to minimize foreground windows by clicking their button on the taskbar, single-click launching, Back and Forward navigation buttons, favorites, and address bar in Windows Explorer, image thumbnails, folder infotips and Web view in folders, and folder customization through HTML-based templates. The taskbar supports customizable toolbars designed to speed up access to the Web or the user's desktop; these toolbars include an Address Bar and Quick Launch. With the Address Bar, the user accesses the Web by typing in a URL, and Quick Launch contains shortcuts or buttons that perform system functions such as switching between windows and the desktop with the Show Desktop button. Another feature of this new shell is that dialog boxes show up in the Alt-Tab sequence._NEWLINE_Windows 98 also integrates shell enhancements, themes and other features from Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 such as DriveSpace 3, Compression Agent, Dial-Up Networking Server, Dial-Up Scripting Tool and Task Scheduler. 3D Pinball Space Cadet is included on the CD-ROM, but not installed by default. Windows 98 had its own separately purchasable Plus! pack, called Plus! 98._NEWLINE_Title bars of windows and dialog boxes support two-color gradients. Windows menus and tooltips support slide animation. Windows Explorer in Windows 98, like Windows 95, converts all uppercase filenames to sentence case for readability purposes; however, it also provides an option Allow all uppercase names to display them in their original case. Windows Explorer includes support for compressed CAB files. The Quick Res and Telephony Location Manager Windows 95 PowerToys are integrated into the core operating system. _START_SECTION_ Windows Driver Model _START_PARAGRAPH_ Windows 98 was the first operating system to use the Windows Driver Model (WDM). This fact was not well-publicized when Windows 98 was released, and most hardware producers continued to develop drivers for the older VxD driver standard, which Windows 98 supported for compatibility's sake. The WDM standard only achieved widespread adoption years later, mostly through Windows 2000 and Windows XP, as they were not compatible with the older VxD standard. With the Windows Driver Model, developers could write drivers that were compatible with other versions of Windows. Device driver access in WDM is actually implemented through a VxD device driver, NTKERN.VXD which implements several Windows NT-specific kernel support functions. NTKERN creates IRPs and sends them to WDM drivers._NEWLINE_Support for WDM audio enables digital mixing, routing and processing of simultaneous audio streams and kernel streaming with high quality sample rate conversion on Windows 98. WDM Audio allows for software emulation of legacy hardware to support MS-DOS games, DirectSound support and MIDI wavetable synthesis. The Windows 95 11-device limitation for MIDI devices is eliminated. A Microsoft GS Wavetable Synthesizer licensed from Roland shipped with Windows 98 for WDM audio drivers. Windows 98 supports digital playback of audio CDs, and the Second Edition improves WDM audio support by adding DirectSound hardware mixing and DirectSound 3D hardware abstraction, DirectMusic kernel support, KMixer sample-rate conversion for capture streams and multichannel audio support. All audio is sampled by the Kernel Mixer to a fixed sampling rate which may result in some audio getting upsampled or downsampled and having a high latency, except when using Kernel Streaming or third-party audio paths like ASIO which allow unmixed audio streams and lower latency. Windows 98 also includes a WDM streaming class driver (Stream.sys) to address real time multimedia data stream processing requirements and a WDM kernel-mode video transport for enhanced video playback and capture._NEWLINE_Windows Driver Model also includes Broadcast Driver Architecture, the backbone for TV technologies support in Windows. WebTV for Windows utilized BDA to allow viewing television on the computer if a compatible TV tuner card is installed. TV listings could be updated from the Internet and WaveTop Data Broadcasting allowed extra data about broadcasts to be received via regular television signals using an antenna or cable, by embedding data streams into the vertical blanking interval portion of existing broadcast television signals. _START_SECTION_ Other device support improvements _START_PARAGRAPH_ Windows 98 had more robust USB support than Windows 95, which only had support in OEM versions OSR2.1 and later. Windows 98 supports USB hubs, USB scanners and imaging class devices. Windows 98 also introduces built-in support for some USB Human Interface Device class (USB HID) and PID class devices such as USB mice, keyboards, force feedback joysticks etc. including additional keyboard functions through a certain number of Consumer Page HID controls._NEWLINE_Windows 98 introduced ACPI 1.0 support which enabled Standby and Hibernate states. However, hibernation support was extremely limited, and vendor-specific. Hibernation was only available if compatible (PnP) hardware and BIOS are present, and the hardware manufacturer or OEM supplied compatible WDM drivers, non-VxD drivers. However, there are hibernation issues with the FAT32 file system, making hibernation problematic and unreliable._NEWLINE_Windows 98, in general, provides improved — and a broader range of — support for IDE and SCSI drives and drive controllers, floppy drive controllers and all other classes of hardware than Windows 95. There is integrated Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) support (although the USB Supplement to Windows 95 OSR2 and later releases of Windows 95 did have AGP support). Windows 98 has built-in DVD support and UDF 1.02 read support. The Still imaging architecture (STI) with TWAIN support was introduced for scanners and cameras and Image Color Management 2.0 for devices to perform color space transformations. Multiple monitor support allows using up to nine multiple monitors on a single PC, with the feature requiring one PCI graphics adapter per monitor. Windows 98 shipped with DirectX 5.2, which notably included DirectShow. Windows 98 Second Edition shipped with DirectX 6.1. _START_SECTION_ Networking enhancements _START_PARAGRAPH_ Windows 98 networking enhancements to TCP/IP include built-in support for Winsock 2, SMB signing, a new IP Helper API, Automatic Private IP Addressing (also known as link-local addressing), IP multicasting (including IGMPv2 support and ICMP Router Discovery – RFC 1256), and performance enhancements for high-speed high bandwidth networks (TCP large windows and time stamps – RFC 1323, Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) – RFC 2018, TCP Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery). Multihoming support with TCP/IP is improved and includes RIP listener support._NEWLINE_The DHCP client has been enhanced to include address assignment conflict detection and longer timeout intervals. NetBT configuration in the WINS client has been improved to continue persistently querying multiple WINS servers if it failed to establish the initial session until all of the WINS servers specified have been queried or a connection is established._NEWLINE_Network Driver Interface Specification 5 support means Windows 98 can support a wide range of network media, including Ethernet, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), token ring, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), ISDN, wide area networks, X.25, and Frame Relay. Additional features include NDIS power management, support for QoS, Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) and support for a single INF file format across all Windows versions._NEWLINE_Windows 98 Dial-Up Networking supports PPTP tunneling, support for ISDN adapters, multilink support, and connection-time scripting to automate non-standard login connections. Multilink channel aggregation enables users to combine all available dial-up lines to achieve higher transfer speeds. PPP connection logs can show actual packets being passed and Windows 98 allows PPP logging per connection. The Dial-Up Networking improvements are also available in Windows 95 OSR2 and are downloadable for earlier Windows 95 releases._NEWLINE_For networked computers that have user profiles enabled, Windows 98 introduces Microsoft Family Logon which lists all users that have been configured for that computer, enabling users to simply select their names from a list rather than having to type it in._NEWLINE_Windows 98 supports IrDA 3.0 that specifies both Serial Infrared Devices and Fast Infrared devices, which are capable of sending and receiving data at 4 Mbit/s. Infrared Recipient, a new application for transferring files through an infrared connection is included. The IrDA stack in Windows 98 supports networking profiles over the IrCOMM kernel-mode driver. Windows 98 also has built-in support for browsing DFS trees on SMB shares._NEWLINE_UPnP and NAT traversal APIs can be installed on Windows 98 by installing the Windows XP Network Setup Wizard. An L2TP/IPsec VPN client can also be downloaded. By installing Active Directory Client Extensions, Windows 98 can take advantage of several Windows 2000 Active Directory features. _START_SECTION_ Performance improvements _START_PARAGRAPH_ Windows 95 introduced the 32-bit, protected-mode cache driver VCACHE, replacing SMARTDrv to cache the most recently accessed information from the hard drive in memory, divided into chunks. However, the cache parameters needed manual tuning as it degraded performance by consuming too much memory and not releasing it quickly enough, forcing paging to occur far too early. The Windows 98 VCACHE cache size management for disk and network access, CD-ROM access and paging is more dynamic compared to Windows 95, resulting in no tuning being required for cache parameters. On the FAT32 file system, Windows 98 has a performance feature called MapCache that can run applications from the disk cache itself if the code pages of executable files are aligned/mapped on 4K boundaries, instead of copying them to virtual memory. This results in more memory being available to run applications, and lesser usage of the swap file._NEWLINE_Windows 98 registry handling is more robust than Windows 95 to avoid corruption and there are several enhancements to eliminate limitations and improve registry performance. The Windows 95 registry key size limitation of 64 KB is gone. The registry uses less memory and has better caching._NEWLINE_WinAlign (Walign.exe and Winalign.exe) are tools designed to optimize the performance of executable code (binaries). WinAlign aligns binary sections along 4 KB boundaries, aligning the executable sections with the memory pages. This allows the Windows 98 MapCache feature to map directly to sections in cache. Walign.exe is included in Windows 98 for automatically optimizing Microsoft Office programs. Winalign.exe is included in the Windows 98 Resource Kit to optimize other programs._NEWLINE_Disk Defragmenter has been improved to rearrange program files that are frequently used to a hard disk region optimized for program start._NEWLINE_Windows 98 also supports a Fast Shutdown feature that initiates shutdown without uninitializing device drivers. Windows 98 supports write-behind caching for removable disk drives. A utility for converting FAT16 partitions to FAT32 without formatting the partition is also included. _START_SECTION_ Other system tools _START_PARAGRAPH_ A number of improvements are made to various other system tools and accessories in Windows 98. Microsoft Backup supports differential backup and SCSI tape devices in Windows 98. Disk Cleanup, a new tool, enables users to clear their disks of unnecessary files. Cleanup locations are extensible through Disk Cleanup handlers. Disk Cleanup can be automated for regular silent cleanups._NEWLINE_Scanreg (DOS) and ScanRegW are Registry Checker tools used to back up, restore or optimize the Windows registry. ScanRegW tests the registry's integrity and saves a backup copy each time Windows successfully boots. The maximum number of copies could be customized by the user through "scanreg.ini" file. The restoration of a registry that causes Windows to fail to boot can only be done from DOS mode using ScanReg._NEWLINE_System Configuration Utility is a new system utility used to disable programs and services that are not required to run the computer. A Maintenance Wizard is included that schedules and automates ScanDisk, Disk Defragmenter and Disk Cleanup. Windows Script Host, with VBScript and JScript engines is built-in and upgradeable to version 5.6. System File Checker checks installed versions of system files to ensure they were the same version as the one installed with Windows 98 or newer. Corrupt or older versions are replaced by the correct versions. This tool was introduced to resolve the DLL hell issue and was replaced in Windows Me by System File Protection._NEWLINE_The Windows 98 Startup Disk contains generic, real-mode ATAPI and SCSI CD-ROM drivers and has been preconfigured to automatically start MS-DOS mode with CD-ROM support enabled. For computers without an operating system and that do not support booting from optical drives, the Startup disk can be used to boot into MS-DOS and automatically start Windows 98 setup from the CD._NEWLINE_The system could be updated using Windows Update. A utility to automatically notify of critical updates was later released._NEWLINE_Windows 98 includes an improved version of the Dr. Watson utility that collects and lists comprehensive information such as running tasks, startup programs with their command line switches, system patches, kernel driver, user drivers, DOS drivers and 16-bit modules. With Dr. Watson loaded in the system tray, whenever a software fault occurs (general protection fault, hang, etc.), Dr. Watson will intercept it and indicate what software crashed and its cause. All of the collected information is logged to the \Windows\DrWatson folder._NEWLINE_Windows Report Tool takes a snapshot of system configuration and lets users submit a manual problem report along with system information to technicians. It has e-mail confirmation for submitted reports. _START_SECTION_ Accessories _START_PARAGRAPH_ Windows 98 includes Microsoft Magnifier, Accessibility Wizard and Microsoft Active Accessibility 1.1 API upgradeable to MSAA 2.0. A new HTML Help system with 15 Troubleshooting Wizards was introduced to replace WinHelp._NEWLINE_Users can configure the font in Notepad. Microsoft Paint supports GIF transparency. HyperTerminal supports a TCP/IP connection method, which allows it to be used as a Telnet client. Imaging for Windows is updated. System Monitor supports output to a log file. _START_SECTION_ Removed features _START_PARAGRAPH_ Windows 98 Second Edition did not ship with the WinG API or RealPlayer 4.0 unlike the original release of Windows 98, due to both of these being superseded by DirectX and Windows Media Player. _START_SECTION_ Windows 98 Second Edition _START_PARAGRAPH_ Windows 98 Second Edition (often shortened to Windows 98 SE and sometimes to Win98 SE) is an updated release of Windows 98, released on May 5, 1999. It includes many bug fixes, improved WDM audio and modem support, improved USB support, the replacement of Internet Explorer 4.0 with Internet Explorer 5.0, Web Folders (WebDAV namespace extension for Windows Explorer), and related shell updates. Also included is basic OHCI-compliant FireWire DV camcorder support (MSDV class driver) and SBP-2 support for mass storage class devices. Wake-On-LAN reenables suspended networked computers due to network activity, and Internet Connection Sharing allows multiple networked client computers to share an Internet connection via a single host computer. Other features in the update include DirectX 6.1 which introduced major improvements to DirectSound and the introduction of DirectMusic, improvements to Asynchronous Transfer Mode support (IP/ATM, PPP/ATM and WinSock 2/ATM support), Windows Media Player 6.1 replacing the older Media Player, Microsoft NetMeeting 3.0, MDAC 2.1 and WMI. A memory overflow issue was resolved which in the older version of Windows 98 would crash most systems if left running for 49.7 days (equal to 2³² milliseconds). Windows 98 SE could be obtained as retail upgrade and full version packages, as well as OEM and a Second Edition Updates Disc for existing Windows 98 users. USB audio device class support is present from Windows 98 SE onwards. Windows 98 Second Edition improved WDM support in general for all devices, and it introduced support for WDM for modems (and therefore USB modems and virtual COM ports). Microsoft driver support for both USB printers, and for USB mass-storage device class is not available for Windows 98. _START_SECTION_ Limitations _START_PARAGRAPH_ Windows 98 is not designed to handle more than 1.0 GB of RAM without changes. Workarounds and third-party patches are available to fix this shortcoming._NEWLINE_Both Windows 98 and Windows 98 Second Edition have problems running on hard drives bigger than 32 GB and certain Phoenix BIOS settings. A software update fixed this shortcoming. In addition, until Windows XP with Service Pack 1, Windows was unable to handle hard drives that are over 137 GB in size with the default drivers, because of missing 48-bit Logical Block Addressing support. While Microsoft never officially fixed this issue, unofficial patches are available to fix this shortcoming in Windows 9x, although the author stated that data corruption is possible and did not guarantee that it would work as expected. _START_SECTION_ Support lifecycle _START_PARAGRAPH_ Microsoft planned to stop its support for Windows 98 on January 16, 2004. However, because of the continued popularity of the operating system (27% of Google's page views were on Windows 98 systems during October–November 2003), Microsoft decided to maintain support until July 11, 2006. Support for Windows Me also ended on this date. Under minimized software support now the Windows 98 (SE) market share as published by hitslink had diminished slowly to 2.7%. Windows 98 is no longer available in any form due to the terms of Java-related settlements Microsoft made with Sun Microsystems. In 2011, Microsoft removed the update websites for Windows 98 and Windows 98 SE. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ Windows 98 was released to generally favorable reviews, with praise directed to its improved graphical user interface and customizability, ease of use, and addressing complaints users and critics had with Windows 95. Michael Sweet of Smart Computing characterized it as heavily integrating features of the Internet browser, and found file and folder navigation easier. Ed Bott of PC Computing lauded the bug fixes, easier troubleshooting, and support for hardware advances such as DVD players and the USB. However, he also found the operating system to crash only slightly less frequently, and criticized the high upgrade price and system requirements. He rated it four stars out of five. _START_SECTION_ Sales _START_PARAGRAPH_ Windows 98 sold 530,000 licenses in its first four days of availability, overtaking Windows 95's 510,000. It later sold a total of 580,000 and 350,000 licenses in the first and second months of availability, respectively._NEWLINE_By a year since its release, Windows 98 sold a total of 15 million licenses, 2 million more than its predecessor. However, International Data Corporation estimated that of the roughly 89 million shipped computers in the desktop market, the operating system had a market share of 17.2 percent, compared to Windows 95's 57.4 percent. Meanwhile, the two operating systems continued to observe a trend whereby Windows 98 improved in sales performance, whereas Windows 95 dwindled.

13016533657304083623

Q8024855

_START_ARTICLE_ Windy Point/Windy Flats _START_SECTION_ Location _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Windy Point/Windy Flats project is located in Goldendale, Washington, along the Columbia River some 100 miles (160 km) east of Portland, Oregon, 70 miles (100 km) south of Yakima, Washington, and 100 miles (160 km) west of the Tri-Cities. The terrain is generally rolling with an elevation of 1,620 feet (494 m) at the airport. _START_SECTION_ Partners _START_PARAGRAPH_ Cannon's other projects in development include the Valle del Sol Solar Project in San Bernardino County, California, and a utility-scale wind and solar project in Baja California, Mexico, immediately across the California-Mexico border. Cannon anticipates developing 200-300 megawatts of clean renewable energy in Mexico for the California (U.S.) market._NEWLINE_The Maryhill Museum of Art has entered into an agreement with Cannon Power Group to site 15 wind turbines on the eastern end of the museum's 5,300 acres (21 km²) in SW Washington State. According to the American Wind Energy Association, this is believed to be the first wind energy project in the United States to generate revenues for a nonprofit museum. The relationship is now positioned to generate more than $100,000 in revenue for the museum each year. _START_SECTION_ Financing _START_PARAGRAPH_ Cannon Power Group, a San Diego wind energy developer, closed a $178 million financing deal with Siemens Financial Services in October, allowing it to expand an existing wind generation project in southern Washington State. Cannon combined a government grant with a pre-pay agreement involving a public power authority to complete the financial arrangement. Cannon Power received a first $19.4 million tranche of stimulus grants. The expansion of Windy Point/Windy Flats brought the capacity of the Windy Point/Windy Flats projects to 400 megawatts and total investment in excess of $1 billion.

14632040798473653244

Q8025221

_START_ARTICLE_ Wingham Wildlife Park _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The park was first opened in 1986 under the name of Wingham Bird Park, with a small collection of aviary birds, waterfowl and a tea room. As new animals were added to the collection to include a variety of mammals (initially starting with farm animals such as African pygmy goats and pigs), the current, more appropriate, name of Wingham Wildlife Park was adopted in around 1996. However, locally it is still commonly referred to as Wingham Bird Park._NEWLINE_In February 2008 the park ownership changed hands, with the following 3 years seeing the collection grow by almost 100 new species, including numerous animals which are of high conservation interest. The changes which have been made at the park have led to the park's inclusion in the International Zoo Educators Association and the International Species Information System, in 2010. In 2012 the park even adopted the ZIMS software, which at the time was the latest addition to the ISIS software catalogue. In 2014 the park also became an associate institutional member of the South East Asian Zoos Association, further strengthening in situ conservation ties for this collection. _START_SECTION_ Exhibits _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tropical House – The tropical house was first opened in 2004 and (including the foyer which houses the bat exhibit) covers 1100 m². This area is home to a variety of tropical plants, three ponds containing goldfish and koi, a butterfly house, silvery-cheeked hornbill enclosure and a variety of free roaming animals including: common marmosets, chattering lory, black-winged lory, white-cheeked turaco, diamond dove and many more._NEWLINE_Reptile House – Was refurbished and most of it re-built through much of 2008 through to 2010, to make the improvements required for the growth of the animal collection (from 18 species in 2008 to 46 species at the start of 2011). A wide variety of reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates are housed in the reptile collection including; western diamondback rattlesnake, Gray's monitors, Cuban crocodiles, dwarf crocodiles, common snapping turtles, white lipped tree vipers, rhinoceros iguanas, golden mantella frogs (for which Wingham Wildlife Park hold the ESF studbook) and many more._NEWLINE_Mandrill Island – Is situated on 1 of 2 islands within an area of the park called the top lake (so named because it is the largest body of water within the park and can be found at the furthest end of the park from the reception). The island acts as a natural enclosure for a troop of mandrills, using the water itself to contain the animals as opposed to fencing, with a bridge leading off the island to a housing complex on the opposite shore. When it was first opened, the island was home to a pair of Ring-tailed lemurs and a pair of black-and-white ruffed lemurs, with the addition of a pair of western lesser bamboo lemurs at the end of 2010 and a trio of red fronted brown lemurs in May 2011. In January 2012 it was re-opened as an exhibit showing the mandrills, which are part of the European Endangered Species Programme for this species._NEWLINE_Penguin Pool – In 2010 the park opened the only penguin exhibit in Kent. The £100,000 project consists of a pool which is serviced by a sand filtration system and automatic chlorine level control computer. There are caves built into the side of the plant room which also makes up the back to the beach area. Viewing is facilitated through the use of a raised walkway and an underwater viewing window at the deepest end of the pool. Since it was opened the park has housed a Humboldt penguin group in this exhibit. In 2014 this part of the park became the center of international media attention as two male penguins in the enclosure had pair bonded a number of years before and then successfully hatched and reared an egg given to them as surrogate parents after the mother abandoned the egg._NEWLINE_Tiger enclosure – In 2011 the zoo was offered two young male hybrid tigers cubs and an enclosure had to be built for them. This enclosure was based on the former deer enclosure and includes two separate enclosures in order to separate the brothers at feeding time. The larger of the two enclosures includes a pool, a hill for the tigers to view across the park and another viewing platform. As such, the tigers were hand-reared by the owners and their corresponding family, making them particularly friendly. They are one of, if not the, most popular animals at the park and their keeper talk at 14:30 every day is the busiest event of any day._NEWLINE_Big cat row – Starting from 2012, a series of big cat enclosures have been created along the top end of the park. At first this started with the zoo's two rescued lions (Brutus and Clarence) and now the enclosures include jaguars, pumas, cheetahs and even some smaller species of cat, including Scottish wildcats and caracals._NEWLINE_Wolf enclosure – In January 2013 a pack of five European Wolves arrived at the park and were installed in a laked enclosure at the bottom of the park. However, their arrival was almost called off after a £3000 digger bought from ebay failed to materialise. This didn't stop construction and the wolves happily arrived. Their arrival was influenced by visitors' suggestions and pleas to see the species up close, which if facilitated by the glass viewing window into the enclosure._NEWLINE_Chimp House – In December 2015 the park opened a brand new state of art chimp house, which was built on the site of the former parrot house. This £1 million pound project is the biggest and most expensive project in the park's history and was built to house a group of 7 laboratory chimps that were donated from the Yerkes Primate Center. Viewing is from a two-level area, which includes an outdoor covered enclosure and two indoor enclosures, followed with six offshow dens. The ground floor has views of both the outside and insides enclosures, however, the first floor has higher viewing windows of the onshow areas but also includes a group of permanent enclosures for other residents of the park, such as a variety of different species of tamarins, sloths, armadillos and a tamandua. _START_SECTION_ Species _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the start of 2013 the park was home to over 200 species, which includes: amazon parrot, capybara, Chilean flamingo, cockatoo, Cuban crocodile, eastern green mamba, Egyptian fruit bat, Gila monster, koi, kookaburra, lory, macaw, Mandarin duck, Nile crocodile, northern white-cheeked gibbon, pink-backed pelican, reindeer, silvery-cheeked hornbill, skunk, spiny turtle, smooth-coated otter, tiger and Vietnamese pheasant. Since then the park has grown even more. The following section is intended to provide a rough idea of the current holdings for the park from the main animal groups:_NEWLINE_Birds – As the park started as a bird park and with the current owner's love of birds, there are a variety of bird species held at the park including pelicans, storks, cockatoos, birds of prey, kookaburras, emus, penguins, pheasants, guinea fowl, chickens and macaws._NEWLINE_Mammals – The mammal species held at the park include: goats, llamas, Brazilian tapirs, chipmunks, rats, northern luzon cloud rats, red pandas, meerkats, rabbits, guinea pigs, wallabies and deer._NEWLINE_Carnivores – The carnivores include lions, tigers, jaguars, pumas, cheetahs, smooth coated otters, Asian short clawed otters, wolves and pardine genets._NEWLINE_Primates – The primate species include ring tailed lemurs, red ruffed lemurs, white cheeked gibbons, mandrills, squirrel monkeys, barbary macaques, capuchins, vervet monkeys and various species of tamarins._NEWLINE_Apes – The park currently houses one species of apes which are Chimpanzees._NEWLINE_Reptiles and Amphibians – The reptile and amphibian species currently held at the park include tortoises, turtles, various species of crocodiles, snakes, spiders, chameleons, various species of frog, grey's monitors, gila monsters, rhinoceros iguanas and many more. _START_SECTION_ Notable Species _START_PARAGRAPH_ Gray's monitors (Varanus olivaceus) were introduced to the collection in 2010, becoming the only Gray's monitors on display in a UK zoo, and 1 of only 2 zoos in Europe. These very specialised lizards are a focal point of the direction which the reptile house at the park is heading in, and at 2 years of age at the time of arrival it will be a number of years before the park can try to achieve the first breeding of this species in Europe. The collection currently has a pair of this species to try to achieve this._NEWLINE_Little red flying foxes (Pteropus scapulatus) came to the park in 2010 in the form of 2 pairs, which live in the foyer of the Tropical House alongside a group of Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). These 4 individuals are the only ones of this species on display in a European zoo._NEWLINE_Julian the ring-tailed lemur became one of the park's most well known animals when he started his own Facebook page on 20 May 2011. Julian is just one of the inhabitants of the popular walk-through ring-tailed lemur exhibit at the park. In contrast to most lemur walk-through enclosures which tend to be single-sex groups, Wingham use a mixed-sex group in their exhibit and have successfully bred this species every year since 2008. Julian was put to sleep in January 2016 after his health started to deteriorate._NEWLINE_As of 2013 the park became the home of the only 6 Spix's night monkeys (Aotus vociferans) outside of South America. These animals are on display by the tropical house and are being used as a flagship species both by Wingham Wildlife Park and Colombian charity Fundacion Entropika, to raise awareness of rainforest destruction along the Colombian / Peruvian border. The park even sells a free dried yellow chili found in the rainforest of Colombia to raise awareness and funding for the native people of Colombia who cultivate this chili as an alternative income over capturing night monkeys._NEWLINE_As of 2016 Wingham Wildlife Park is one of the 3 zoos worldwide currently displaying Pardine genets (according to Zootierliste). _START_SECTION_ Rescue projects _START_PARAGRAPH_ The staff and owners at Wingham Wildlife Park have always striven to take part in rescue projects since they took the park over in 2008 and have since worked with organisations such as the AAP Foundation in the Netherlands and Tonga Terre d'Accueil in France, as well as a number of individual projects. These projects are mainly self-funded by the park, however help has been given in the larger projects by members of the public, through fund raising events._NEWLINE_The largest rescue which the park has been involved in culminated in January 2012 with the arrival of Clarence and Brutus the lions. These two lions had been rescued 6 months prior to arrival at Wingham Wildlife Park by Tonga Terre d'Accueil, which is run by Espace Zoologique Saint Martin la Plaine. They had been seized by the French authorities from a circus where they had been mistreated to the point where both were dangerously underweight and one had sustained injuries which have left him scarred for life._NEWLINE_A further notable rescue project was the park's first major project in 2009. In conjunction with the AAP Foundation, a group of five Barbary macaques made up of the individuals Filipo, Momo, Jo, Nancy and Memouna made their way to a purpose-built enclosure in the park. All 5 animals came from a background of being kept in private homes via the illegal pet trade. Due to poor care in their past, both Filipo and Nancy suffered irreversible damage to their limbs and posture due to poor diet and being kept in small bird cages for many years._NEWLINE_In 2010 Wingham Wildlife Park were involved in their most long distance project when 10 primates (6 tufted capuchins and 4 squirrel monkeys) were flown to the park from the Israeli Primate Sanctuary Foundation, based in Kfar Daniel, Israel. These animals had been seized from illegal breeders for the pet trade, while others came from a legal controlled breeding programme. _START_SECTION_ Visitor facilities _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since 2008 a lot of changes, improvements and additions have been made to the park, to ensure not only the successful keeping of their livestock collection but also to ensure that visitors are kept comfortable during their time at the park. Improvements to outdated facilities included a complete renovation of the main toilet block, replacement of the outdoor adventure play area and the continued improvement of footpaths. In 2016 new tarmac footpaths were installed in the main areas of the park to improve access for disabled visitors and those with pushchairs. The outdoor play area was also updated in 2016 to make it safer for both younger and older children, including an updated softer substrate. A permanent dinosaur area behind the outdoor soft play area was built in 2016 after a huge number of requests from visitors. The exhibit features 30 animatronic dinosaurs, information about local fossil discoveries including artefacts, a children's fossil discovery pit and their picture taken in the Jeep or peering out of giant dinosaur eggs._NEWLINE_New additions include work which was carried out during 2012 and the start of 2013, to allow the opening of an indoor soft play area named "Lions Den Soft Play Area" in time for Easter 2013. This centre will also replace the old refreshment kiosk, which had been a longtime feature of the adventure play area._NEWLINE_A further addition which opened in 2011 was the education centre, which was created as a renovation of the old soft bill aviary. The pheasants and kookaburras which lived in the soft bill aviary were moved to a new pheasantry along the front of the tropical house, while a group of Old English Game fowl from the building now join the other free-roaming animals (including peafowl, helmeted guineafowl, silver pheasant, chicken and Parma wallaby). This new centre houses a hands-on animal encounter hall in which both schools and general visitors are given the chance to hold bearded dragons, corn snake and a Chilean rose tarantula, while being given an educational talk about them. On the adjoining side there is also a museum which displays a variety of items which have been seized by HM customs at Heathrow Airport and donated to the park, a display of tribal artefacts (including genuine weaponry, tattoo kits and replica shrunken heads), displays of bones, feathers, eggs and fossils, along with an alligator skin which visitors are able to touch._NEWLINE_There is a café which serves both hot and cold meals and drinks, as well as a variety of snacks, next to a gift shop, which are located in the main reception building on the park. This building has been at the park since it was first opened, and was updated at the end of the 2013 peak season to include a brand new reception, gift shop and café.

531561140077595303

Q20814906

_START_ARTICLE_ Wings for the Eagle _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1940, Corky Jones (Dennis Morgan) and Gil Borden (Don DeFore) come to Burbank, California, looking for jobs. They get work at the Lockheed aircraft factory. Although the United States is still neutral, the country is frantically gearing up for war, and Lockheed is producing fighters and bombers. As he has little money before his first paycheck, Corky stays with his friend Brad Maple (Jack Carson) and his wife Roma (Ann Sheridan) (whom he tried to pick up earlier before he knew who she was). Brad is unemployed, even though factory jobs are plentiful, because he thinks they are beneath him. This strains the marriage._NEWLINE_At work, Corky befriends Jake Hanso (George Tobias) and his son Pete (Russell Arms). Pete is studying to become a military pilot. Corky rents a room from Jake after Brad becomes jealous of him. Later, Jake is let go because he is not an American citizen, enraging Pete. However, Jake and Corky calm him down, and Pete is accepted into the United States Army Air Corps as originally planned. Jake opens a diner. Later, he becomes a citizen and goes back to work building aircraft._NEWLINE_Meanwhile, Roma leaves Brad. Corky, though sheer persistence, manages to get her to go out with him. Brad finally swallows his pride and gets a job at the Lockheed factory. This pleases Roma, who also now works at the factory, but not enough to take him back. This leads to an uneasy romantic triangle. In the end, Corky arranges for Roma and Brad to get back together._NEWLINE_When the Japanese launch a sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, Pete reports back to base and is shipped out._NEWLINE_For the 2000th aircraft produced, a Lockheed Hudson bomber, the factory holds a ceremony. The company president singles out Jake, who played a major part in speeding up production tremendously. However, Jake has just received a telegram informing him that Pete was killed in action in the Philippines. He asks Corky, who has himself enlisted, to shoot down a couple of Japanese aircraft for Pete. Corky promises to do so. While Corky is flying a Hudson, his turret gunner shoots down two attacking Japanese fighters. _START_SECTION_ Production _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wings for the Eagle, originally titled Shadow of Their Wings was partly set in Burbank, California near the Lockheed Corporation which had built a production facility where 45 buildings spread out over 550 acres. Warner Bros. received permission to shoot at the Lockheed plant, but, for security reasons, the film crew and actors were instructed to keep a birth certificate on them at all times. The original casting had Ronald Reagan co-starring with Dennis Morgan but he was replaced by Morgan and Jack Carson became the "sidekick"._NEWLINE_Warner Bros. advertised the connection with Lockheed in a full-page ad in Life magazine, dedicating the film, "to the workers who actually build Wings for the Eagle. To the workers of America's Fighting aircraft industry ... men and women devoted to the new gospel "We can! We must! We Will!" _NEWLINE_Wings for the Eagle was churned out quickly between January 12–February 1942 at both the Lockheed plant and the Curtiss-Wright Aircraft Company in Buffalo, New York, using a near-documentary film style. At the conclusion of the production, Sheridan, Morgan and Carson go on war bond tours together. Later, best friends Morgan and Carson would visit hospitals and camps throughout the South Pacific during the war. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ Film reviewer Theodore Strauss (T.S.) of The New York Times said, "Out of the drama of our roaring airplane assembly lines Warners has made a rather substantial and satisfying film. Wings for the Eagle. now at the Strand, doesn't have the tight construction of its planes and it lacks some of the flaring excitement of films devoted mainly to scenes of air combat. But in the less spectacular job of making the war birds, emphasized by the urgent tempo of stamp presses and drills and cranes as the ribbed crates become sleek and perfect, it has taken some of the drama of battling planes out of the air and onto the ground. And because Warners' writers have the knack of taking dialogue out of a dinner jacket and putting it to work in overalls their smudged assembly line fighters act and talk like the ordinary folk they are supposed to be."_NEWLINE_Aviation film historian Stephen Pendo in Aviation in the Cinema (1985) described how Wings for the Eagle benefitted from its association with Lockheed, especially being able to photograph the ceremony highlighting the rollout of the 2,000th aircraft produced for the war effort. A interesting anecdote involved "Billy Curtis, a midget, who showed one way of solving a fuselage construction problem."

5126747594281044023

Q8025372

_START_ARTICLE_ Winifred C. Stanley _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Winifred C. Stanley was born to Mary and John Francis Stanley on August 14, 1909 in Bronx, NY, the eldest of six children. Stanley's mother was an English and music teacher, and her father was an architect, neither professions exhibiting political inclination. Although she was born in Bronx, she and her family spent her childhood in Buffalo, NY. _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Following graduation from Lafayette High School, Stanley pursued her undergraduate degree at the University of Buffalo, eventually graduating with honors in 1930. Stanley returned to the University of Buffalo to pursue her L.L.B. and J.D., which she earned in 1933, graduating first in her class. _START_SECTION_ Early career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Prior to pursuing politics, Winifred Stanley became a practicing attorney. She started this following her first year out of school in 1934 by entering the bar at age 25. She gained her legal prowess following an encounter with New York Judicial System; Stanley found the barring of women from being able to participate on a jury absolutely abhorrent and started a movement by mobilizing different parts of society such as church societies, women's clubs, and political organizations to stand behind her endeavors. Her efforts were largely successful in acquiring the right for women to participate in jury panels in the state of New York. Her abilities did not go unnoticed by the law community as well, landing her a job with the then District Attorney Leo J. Hagerty who appointed her as the first female assistant deputy attorney in Erie County (1938-1942). Stanley accomplished this all by the age of 28 years old. _START_SECTION_ Congressional Service _START_PARAGRAPH_ When New York was redistricted following the 1940 Census, two seats were lost in the process. This warranted the Republican Party to search for a candidate to take a short-term seat slated for elimination. At this point in her career, Stanley was an accomplished attorney who wouldn't threaten a higher-ranking Republican when reelection came around, making her the prime candidate for the job. Stanley ran on a campaign of $6.00 and was elected to the 78th Congress in November 1942. She beat out eight other candidates for the position by garnering nearly 2 million votes. Three of the eight candidates she ran against were women; Stanley's female opponents were Flora D. Johnson (Syracuse Democrat also running on the American Labor Party's ticket), Elizabeth Gurly Flynn (New York City Communist and famed activist for workers' and women's rights), and Layle Lane (Harlem Socialist and African American educator, civil rights activist and labor organizer). Her term would start in January 3, 1943 and would run until January 3, 1945. _START_SECTION_ Women's Rights Legislative Work _START_PARAGRAPH_ Stanley was a major advocate for women's rights in society and the workplace, as she made very clear in her efforts against the New York Judicial System. She continued this work in Congress by introducing the first equal pay for equal work bill on June 19, 1944. Stanley did this in the form of a bill to amend the NLRA (National Labor Relations Act of 1935). Her proposed amendment included a provision making it unlawful to discriminate against any employee on account of sex(HR 5056). Stanley made clear that she wanted to maintain in "peacetime the drive and energy which women have contributed to the war." She introduced HR 5056 to the House floor with the accompanying statement, "It has often been remarked that this is a 'man's world.' The war and its far-reaching effects have provided the answer. It's 'our world,' and this battered old universe needs and will need the best brains and ability of both men and women." Despite her efforts, the bill was referred to the Committee on Labor where it expired and was never made into law._NEWLINE_Stanley also argued for women to be commissioned as surgeons in the US Army, as well as being a great supporter for the fight to renew the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in 1943. _START_SECTION_ Post-War Planning Legislative Work _START_PARAGRAPH_ Beyond being an advocate for Women's rights, Stanley was a major proponent of Post-World War II reconstruction, and was well known as a driving force in sensible post-war planning._NEWLINE_Stanley introduced a concurrent resolution calling for a special joint committee to discuss plausible legislation addressing postwar employment on January 24, 1944. This committee was, per her request, to deal with the influx of returning soldiers into the economy, who would flood the job market. In order to handle this effectively, Stanley suggested this be a bipartisan committee with members from every region of the country._NEWLINE_Legislative records show that Stanley also supported Beardsley Ruml's 1943 plan to forgive all 1942 income taxes while instating a withholding tax on all 1943 wages. She supported this in hopes that the withheld tax could bring in an easily acquired source of revenue for federal government's war effort._NEWLINE_In addition to this work, Stanley made a speech in the House of Representative's chambers proposing a resolution that would support an American delegation to the proposed UN (United Nations). _START_SECTION_ Other Noted Legislative Support _START_PARAGRAPH_ Stanley was a noted supporter of increasing wages for postal employees, along with eliminating the poll tax._NEWLINE_She was a vocal opponent of New Deal programs during the 1944 campaign._NEWLINE_She favored protecting veteran's rights, attempting to put forth legislation for construction of more Veterans' Administration hospitals in her constituency of Upstate New York. _START_SECTION_ Later career _START_PARAGRAPH_ After her short-lived career in Congress, Stanley stayed in the public sector and was appointed to New York Governor Dewey's administration. She was appointed counsel for the State Employees' Retirement System(1945-1955) and later returned to her position as an Assistant District Attorney in Albany(1955-1979). She retired in 1979, but continued in private practice until 1986. _START_SECTION_ Death and Internment _START_PARAGRAPH_ Stanley died in Kenmore, NY on February 29, 1996, following an illness. She is interred Mount Olivet Cemetery in Tonawanda, NY.

2624189046658350697

Q82741

_START_ARTICLE_ Winnenden _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The earliest record of Winnenden is found in a document of 1181 where Gottfried of Schauenburg-Winnenden is mentioned as a witness testifying that Emperor Friedrich I held the castle in the town. Around 1200 the castle, which was then called Windin, came into the possession of Heinrich of Neuffen. In 1277 it was transferred to Konrad von Weinsberg. On 10 October 1325 the castle and town were sold to Württemberg._NEWLINE_In the German Peasants' War Winnenden was first under the control of the Armer Konrad or the peasants' army, but by 1519 it was under the control of the Swabian League. In 1616 an epidemic took the lives of approximately half of the population of Winnenden. During the Thirty Years' War the city was pillaged twice, in 1638 and 1643, and Imperial, French, and Swedish troops occasionally occupied Winnenden during this conflict. Around the same time the town's castle became the seat of the Württemberg-Winnental line of the House of Württemberg._NEWLINE_In March 2008, Winnenden and the nearby town of Backnang jointly hosted the World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships in cooperation with the German Debating Society. The competition was conducted at one of Winnenden's high schools, the Lessinggymnasium, and at a high school in Backnang, the Max-Borngymnasium. _START_SECTION_ Politics _START_PARAGRAPH_ The following parties constitute the city council according to the 2004 municipal elections: the CDU (10 seats), voter Free Association (8), SPD (5), and Green Alternative List (3) _START_SECTION_ 2009 school shooting incident _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 11 March 2009, the town made international headlines following a school shooting at the Albertville-Realschule, one of Winnenden's secondary schools. The gunman was a former pupil who opened fire without warning. The shooting resulted in the deaths of twelve people, and the attacker committed suicide at Wendlingen after killing three civilians. According to Heribert Rech, interior minister for Baden-Württemberg state, most of the victims at the school were female; eight female students, three female teachers, and one male student were killed in the school shooting. _START_SECTION_ Breuningsweiler _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since 1972, Breuningsweiler is a village in Winnenden in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Breuningsweiler has about 1000 inhabitants.

1738931420644687454

Q8025734

_START_ARTICLE_ Winnipeg Centre (provincial electoral district) _START_SECTION_ Winnipeg Centre (original constituency, 1888-1920) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Winnipeg Centre was created for the 1888 election, when the city of Winnipeg was granted a third seat. It had previously been represented in the legislature by Winnipeg North and Winnipeg South._NEWLINE_Winnipeg Centre, a single-member constituency, was turned into a two-member dual-ballot district prior to the 1914 election. Electors were allowed to cast two ballots, one for each of the two separate seats, which were called "Winnipeg Centre A" and "Winnipeg Centre B"._NEWLINE_The constituency only returned four representatives in its history, all of whom were prominent figures. Daniel Hunter McMillan was a cabinet minister in Thomas Greenway's government, and later served as the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba from 1911 to 1916. Thomas Taylor, his successor, had served as Mayor of Winnipeg in the 1890s. Thomas Herman Johnson was a prominent minister under Tobias Norris._NEWLINE_Fred Dixon, elected in Winnipeg Centre in 1920, had previously sat as a Winnipeg MLA in 1914 and was notable as the first Labour representative in the legislature. In the elections of 1914 and 1915, he was co-endorsed by the Liberal Party and the Labour Representation Committee. _START_SECTION_ Winnipeg Centre (four-member constituency, 1949-1958) _START_PARAGRAPH_ The single Winnipeg constituency into three multiple-member districts for the 1949 election: Winnipeg North, Winnipeg Centre and Winnipeg South. All three constituencies elected four members to the legislature, with electors choosing representatives by a single transferable ballot._NEWLINE_The electorate of Winnipeg Centre included supporters of the socialist Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, the Liberal-Progressive and the Progressive Conservative Party. Independent candidate Stephen Juba also won election to the legislature in 1953. _START_SECTION_ Winnipeg Centre (single member constituency, 1958-1981) _START_PARAGRAPH_ The single-member electoral division of Winnipeg Centre was created with the 1958 election, after the four-member division of the same name was eliminated._NEWLINE_The constituency was represented by Progressive Conservative James Cowan from 1958 to 1969, and was considered safe for the PC Party. Joseph "Bud" Boyce of the New Democratic Party won it in 1969, and held it until its abolition in 1981. Boyce left the NDP to join the newly formed Progressive Party prior to the 1981 election.

5630210519574538774

Q6017151

_START_ARTICLE_ Winona Area Public Schools _START_PARAGRAPH_ Winona Area Public Schools is the public school system in Winona, Minnesota, United States. It is also known as Independent School District 861. The superintendent is Richard Dahman ._NEWLINE_The local public school system includes eight early learning programs, five elementary schools (three in Winona), the Winona Middle School, an alternative school, and the Winona Senior High School._NEWLINE_The five elementary schools in the district are Goodview Elementary, Jefferson Elementary, Madison Elementary, Washington-Kosciusko (W-K), and Rollingstone Community School.

14089289049370958028

Q8025890

_START_ARTICLE_ Winona Masonic Temple _START_SECTION_ Masonic history of Winona _START_PARAGRAPH_ Many Euro-American men who came to Minnesota in the mid to late nineteenth century were Freemasons. Consequently, the development of Masonry in Minnesota paralleled the organization of many of the state's first towns. In 1853 a Grand Masonic Lodge was organized by the three lodges that already existed in Stillwater, Saint Paul, and St. Anthony. The Grand Lodge dispensed charters for new lodges and created standard procedures and rituals. In January 1857 a charter was issued for Winona Lodge No. 18._NEWLINE_For the first several years of its existence the Winona Lodge met in various buildings. Meetings were mostly held in members' places of business. In 1863 and 1864 local chapters of the Royal Arch and Knights Templar Masons merged with the Winona Lodge. In 1873 the Masons moved to the third floor of the new Laird Norton Lumber Company Building. The space was designed according to the Masons' specifications._NEWLINE_In the late nineteenth century membership grew and the Masonic activities of the Winona Masons became more complex. New Masonic chapters were formed under other Masonic orders. Several bodies were charted that followed the Scottish Rite Valley, one of the most complex orders of Freemasonry. In 1900 a local chapter of the Order of the Eastern Star was formed that allowed female members._NEWLINE_With membership growing the Winona Masonic Benevolent Association (WMBA) was formed in 1906. Part of the WMBA's mission was to construct a new Masonic temple. The WMBA commissioned architects Warren Powers Laird and C.F. Osborne of Philadelphia. Local contractor John Lohse constructed the building. The temple was built in a red brick and stone Beaux-Arts tradition of the Neoclassical style._NEWLINE_The most prominent interior feature was a large proscenium-arch stage at the heart of the building. The stage and its scenery were important in the rites and rituals of the various orders of masons, especially the Scottish Rite. The WMBA bought ninety-eight hand-painted scenic drops that were produced by Sosman and Landis Scene Painting Studios in Chicago. The temple was completed in December 1909 with mahogany finishes that reflected Masonic ideology. Masonic furniture and other decorations were also purchased._NEWLINE_The Masons were highly respected in Winona, and the construction of the temple only served to heighten their presence in the community. Masonic events held at the temple consistently brought large numbers of people to Winona. The town's role as a Scottish Rite headquarters also brought regional Masonic conferences to the city for over eighty years. The large ballroom hosted balls, banquets, and civic events._NEWLINE_In the 1930s membership in Masonic organizations began to wane. The Winona Temple, because it was a center for the Scottish Rite, fared better than many others. However, in 1978 the Winona Temple lost what made it prominent when the Scottish Rite was moved to a temple in Rochester, Minnesota. A year later the WMBA sold the Winona Temple to the city. The valuable scenic drops were left in the building even though the Scottish Rite had moved. _START_SECTION_ Current use _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1979 the Winona Masonic Benevolent Association sold the building to the city to create a senior center on the ground floor, while retaining access to the upper second and third floors. In 1997 the Theatre du Mississippi was founded and began performances in the Masonic Temple. The city of Winona also rents out the facility as an event venue.

8105109153952269225

Q8026152

_START_ARTICLE_ Winston cone _START_PARAGRAPH_ A Winston cone is a non-imaging light collector in the shape of an off-axis parabola of revolution with a reflective inner surface. It concentrates the light passing through a relatively large entrance aperture through a smaller exit aperture. The collection of incoming rays is maximized by allowing off-axis rays to make multiple reflections before reaching the exit aperture. Winston cones are used to concentrate light from a large area onto a smaller photodetector or photomultiplier. They are widely used for measurements in the far infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in part because there are no suitable materials to form lenses in the range._NEWLINE_Winston cones take their name from their inventor, the physicist Roland Winston. It is commercialized by companies such as Winston Cone Optics

4485352453411726585

Q8026297

_START_ARTICLE_ Winter Passing (song) _START_SECTION_ Music video _START_PARAGRAPH_ The music video, directed by Jack (The Camera Guy) Edinger, features William walking around snow-covered streets in his neighborhood and Oak Park, and also cuts to him playing the guitar several times. The video was released on December 22, 2008 via The William Beckett Blog and YouTube.

11032142875367614744

Q8026597

_START_ARTICLE_ Wintney Priory _START_SECTION_ Foundation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The priory was founded in the 12th century, and was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin and St. Mary Magdalene. There is some uncertainty over the name of the founder: the obituary of the convent calendar states that Richard Holte and Christina his wife, the daughter of Thomas Cobreth, founded the house and Geoffrey Fitz Peter founded the first church. But Leland states that the founders were Roger Cobreth and his son Thomas. The Cobreth family clearly had close associations with the priory since various members were benefactors and one Dame Diana Cobreth had her heart buried before the high altar. _START_SECTION_ 12th to 16th centuries _START_PARAGRAPH_ The original temporary church or chapel was replaced in 1234 by a stone church, founded by Richard de Herriard. Several other members of the de Herriard family were benefactors of the convent._NEWLINE_In 1316 the priory's finances were in a poor state due to "negligence and poor administration" and the nuns were dispersing since no provisions were being made for their food. This was perhaps related to the famines of 1315 and subsequent years. The Archbishop of Canterbury instituted a commission with full powers "to visit the nunnery and to inquire, correct, reform and punish the excesses of delinquents". This seems to have turned matters around by the 1320s. However, in 1398 and again in 1404 the priory was exempted from collection of the second moiety of the tenth "because it is a house of poor nuns heavily encumbered"._NEWLINE_Occasionally the nunnery's superiors were termed abbesses rather than prioresses._NEWLINE_The church of St. Mary, Hartley Wintney, was included in the original endowment and the prioress and nuns presented the vicars till the Dissolution. _START_SECTION_ Dissolution _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 23 May 1536 commissioners visited the priory of Wintney, "a hedde house of nuns, order of Cisteaux". They estimated its annual value at £52 5s. 8d. and found there ten nuns, "by reporte of good conversation, which trooly desieren to contynue in the same religion". There were also two priests, a waiting servant, thirteen hinds, nine woman servants, and two "corrodiers" with their two servants. The church and mansion were in good repair save the tiling, but the kitchen and brewhouse were in great decay._NEWLINE_The priory was surrendered on 22 July 1536. _START_SECTION_ Post-Dissolution _START_PARAGRAPH_ A grant of the site and lands of the prioress was given to Sir William Poulet, comptroller of the king's household, in August 1536. In May 1538 "the house and site of the dissolved priory of Wintney, with the church, steeple and churchyard of the same, the manor and rectory of Hartley Wintney and all lands pertaining" were granted to Richard Hill and Elizabeth his wife. A letter of 1538 from Richard Poulet to Mr. Hill ordered him "in the name of the king's commissioners, to cease to deface any of the buildings of the late priory of Wintney besides those which the king had given him, which were only the cloister and the dorter". _START_SECTION_ Present day _START_PARAGRAPH_ An 18th-century farmhouse, Wintney Farm, stands on the site of the priory. The old parish church of St. Mary, which was originally a substantial church of the 13th and 14th centuries, and hence extant when the convent existed, still remains.

8858330165330421122

Q51268777

_START_ARTICLE_ Wired for Sound (song) _START_SECTION_ Covers _START_PARAGRAPH_ In May 2000, Australian duo B(if)tek featuring Julee Cruise released an electronic music cover version as a single from their album 2020. It reached number 82 in the Australian charts._NEWLINE_The song was also covered by Shed Seven for an unreleased Cliff Richard tribute album, which was eventually released on their Going for Gold best-of.

18438078880567706718

Q26910896

_START_ARTICLE_ Wisden Leading Woman Cricketer in the World _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Wisden Leading Woman Cricketer in the World is an annual cricket award selected by the editor of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. It was established in 2015, to select the best female cricketer based upon their performances anywhere in the world in the previous calendar year. Prior to the establishment of this dedicated award, women were also eligible for inclusion in Wisden's Cricketers of the Year; two were selected, England's Claire Taylor in 2009 and Charlotte Edwards in 2014._NEWLINE_The inaugural recipient of the Wisden Leading Woman Cricketer in the World was Australian international cricketer Meg Lanning._NEWLINE_The most recent awardee is Mithali Raj of India; Australia's Ellyse Perry won for 2016.

1408411324703668792

Q316447

_START_ARTICLE_ Wissant _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wissant is a fishing port and farming village located approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) north of Boulogne, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west-southwest of Calais, 36 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of Dover, 53 kilometres (33 mi) west-southwest of Dunkirk, 66 kilometres (41 mi) from the Belgian coast, 191 kilometres (119 mi) north of Le Havre, 523 kilometres (325 mi) northeast of Brest, and 231 kilometres (144 mi) north of Paris, at the junction of the D238 and the D940 roads, on the English Channel coast. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Located at the eastern end of a lagoon formed by a storm-breach of the coastal dunes, probably in the mid-10th century, Wissant has been a fishing village for a millennium: along with Audresselles it is the last fishing village in France to use a traditional method of fishing using a wooden boat called a flobart and was in the Middle Ages a major port for embarkation for England: In a mid-11th century Life of St. Vulganius, Wissant was specified, probably anachronistically, as the natural disembarkation point for the early eighth-century Celtic saint in his evangelizing travels. Wissant was the embarkation port of Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester, for his ill-fated invasion of England in 1173, with an army of 3000 Flemings. Henry III of England of England was stranded at Wissant for lack of cash. According to Matthew Paris (mid-13th century) its naucleri habitually interfered with English fishing fleets._NEWLINE_From the 7th to the 14th century, the local language was the West Franconian dialect called Old Dutch and the village was called Witsant and reckoned part of Flanders._NEWLINE_Shifting coastal sands silted up the harbor, at the same time that Calais was rising in importance as a port towards the end of the 12th century. Grierson 1941:81. At the end of the 19th century, the coastal dunes of Wissant began to be covered with seaside villas. During the 20th century, an entrepreneur, Mr. Létendart from Calais, extracted sand and gravel from the dunes to the west of Wissant, in the bed of the ancient lagoon. The huge excavations now form lakes and a nature reserve. At the time of the exploitation of these gravel pits, the bones of a complete mammoth with its tusks were discovered by four workers._NEWLINE_In July 1909 Wissant stood at the centre of worldwide focus. Three contenders for the £1,000 Northcliffe prize offered by the Daily Mail for the first heavier-than-air craft to cross the English channel were camped along the coast between Calais and Wissant. The Franco-Russian Comte Charles de Lambert who had two Wright Flyers (Nos. 2 and 18) and was camped at Wissant. While practising over the dunes he crashed heavily and cancelled his plans. Louis Blériot won the prize and worldwide fame, from his camp at Calais._NEWLINE_Today, because of the frequent and usually favourable winds and the proximity of the TGV railway station and the Eurostar trains to Frethun, Parisians call Wissant the "Mecca” of surfing. _START_SECTION_ Notable people _START_PARAGRAPH_ Jacques and Pierre de Wissant were, with four other, voluntarily hostages in the siege of Calais during the 100-years war, and on 4 August 1347 they went barefooted and dressed only with shirts and ropes around their necks to the English king who had intended to leave them to die as a retaliation for his losses in that siege. Only by Queen Philippa of Hainaut's request were the six men saved. Auguste Rodin used this subject for his famous sculpture The Burghers of Calais (1889)._NEWLINE_The French President Charles de Gaulle had a small summer house in Wissant that still exists today.

14726212472419939548

Q8028069

_START_ARTICLE_ With You I'm Born Again _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The music from Fast Break was credited to David Shire and James DiPasquale, and Carol Connors put words to four of the songs on the soundtrack album. Connors recalls, "I had written most of the lyrics to 'With You I'm Born Again' in 22 minutes, but I couldn't find two words and it was driving me crazy." The right words came to her on her way to an ice cream parlor, where she requested a pencil and paper along with her order. "I had finally found it—the line I was seeking--'Come show me your kindness, in your arms I know I'll find this'—and I wanted to get it down on paper."_NEWLINE_Motown executive Suzanne de Passe chose Wright as Preston's partner for the two duets that had been written for the film, and each singer also had a solo number to cut for the soundtrack album as well. Connors recalled, "Billy and Syreeta were originally not very fond of the idea of recording together—they each wanted to do their own thing, but this worked out extremely well for both of them." The reluctant pair were surprised by the success of "With You I'm Born Again". "Though both liked the song, they never dreamed of it being a hit single."_NEWLINE_Connors noted the impression some were left with by the song and Preston. "When David Shire heard Billy Preston play the song on the organ, he said to me, 'Now I know why he's a star.'" Connors also shared, "The late great Marvin Hamlisch told me that he was in the barber chair when he first heard the song on the radio and stood straight up in amazement, narrowly missing getting his throat cut by the scissors. True story."_NEWLINE_But radio airplay and record sales almost never happened. The Fast Break soundtrack was released in early 1979, when disco still permeated the airwaves, and the other of the duo's recordings from the album, the dance tune "Go for It", was chosen as the single that would be issued to promote the album. That selection barely made a dent in the charts, spending one week on the Disco singles chart at number 80 in Billboard magazine and "bubbling under" the Billboard Hot 100 for one week at number 108._NEWLINE_The film did not get much attention, either, and Preston described their next effort to give "With You I'm Born Again" more exposure, explaining that "after the film didn't do very well, the [soundtrack] album didn't sell well. We pulled it off that album and put it on mine." Preston's album, Late at Night, came out later in 1979, but even with that reissue of the song, Preston insisted that "we still didn't think of it as a single." It did, however, begin to get airplay in the European market and was finally released as a single at the end of the year._NEWLINE_Another hurdle the song had to overcome was the fact that its title did not click with some record buyers. "Connors says her only regret about 'With You I'm Born Again' is that she didn't title it 'Come Bring Me Your Softness'. 'Berry Gordy called me to let me know we had a monster hit on our hands but that early on many people were going into record stores asking for "Come Bring Me Your Softness", and some record sales were lost as a result.'" The fact that the phrase "born again" is often associated with Christianity may have also been confusing, and Connors admitted, "Many thought the song had religious overtones, but Robert Culp and I were lovers at the time, and that's the way we felt about one another. Culp was the inspiration." The singers also felt the song could be interpreted in a religious context as well as being a romantic love song. Preston explained, "When we saw [Fast Break], we understood it was a romantic song. But I think of it as religious because God is love, so it all inter-relates." _START_SECTION_ Chart success _START_PARAGRAPH_ "With You I'm Born Again" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 in the issue of the magazine dated December 8, 1979, and peaked at number four over the course of 29 weeks. The following week marked its first appearance on the UK singles chart and on Billboard's list of the 50 most popular Adult Contemporary songs in the U.S., and both chart runs resulted in a number two showing. It also started three weeks on the magazine's Hot Soul Singles chart in the January 19, 1980, issue and got as high as number 86. It was Preston's biggest hit in five years and the biggest pop hit of Wright's career.

5180451829386921819

Q99509

_START_ARTICLE_ Wolf Kaiser _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Kaiser made his stage début in 1941 at the Stadtheater in Jihlava, Czechoslovakia, when that country was occupied by Germany. This led to Kaiser's engagement at the Volksbühne in Berlin from 1942 until 1945. Kaiser then had engagements in Frankfurt am Main, Munich and the Schauspiel Leipzig. In 1950 Kaiser returned to Berlin, where Bertolt Brecht recruited him to the Deutsches Theater and the Berliner Ensemble. Kaiser starred as Mack the Knife in Brecht and Weill's The Threepenny Opera in more than 450 times. Kaiser stayed with the Berliner Ensemble until 1967, becoming one of East Germany's foremost stage actors._NEWLINE_Kaiser had acted in films since the Second World War, including roles in Wolfgang Staudte's Die Geschichte vom kleinen Muck (1953), Kurt Maetzig's Ernst Thälmann, Sohn Seiner Klasse (1954), Martin Hellberg's Thomas Müntzer and Peter Palitzsch and Manfred Wekwerth's film of Brecht's play, Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder (1961). Kaiser's first starring role was in 1956 in Hellberg's Die Millionen der Yvette, and he was noted for his roles in Helmut Spieß's 1956 film version of The Valiant Little Tailor, Martin Hellberg's 1959 film version of Friedrich Schiller's Intrigue and Love and Robert Vernay's 1965 film Das Stacheltier – Das blaue Zimmer. From 1969 Kaiser concentrated his career on screen acting, including Peter Zadek's 1973 version of Kleiner Mann – was nun? and Egon Günther's 1978 television version of Ursula. Kaiser's last major film role was in 1981 as Casanova in Martin Eckermann's Casanova auf Schloß Dux. Kaiser appeared frequently on East German television. _START_SECTION_ Death _START_PARAGRAPH_ Kaiser believed in and supported the East German Communist state. He was distressed at its collapse in 1989, its corruption that came to light after its fall and German reunification, and the return of capitalism and mass unemployment to eastern Germany from 1989 onwards. In 1992, a few days before his birthday, Kaiser committed suicide by leaping out of the study window of his apartment. Kaiser is buried in the Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichswerder Cemetery in Berlin.

4084456828280683865

Q3569677

_START_ARTICLE_ Wolfgang-Adam Töpffer _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wolfgang-Adam Töpffer, also Adam-Wolfgang or simply Adam Töpffer (20 May 1766, Geneva - 10 August 1847, Geneva) was a Swiss painter who specialized in landscapes and watercolors. His son was the well-known illustrator and cartoonist, Rodolphe Töpffer, who is sometimes called the "father of the comic book". _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ He was the son of a German tailor from Schweinfurt, who had come to work in the Republic of Geneva for a few years, but decided to stay and become a citizen. After showing some talent for art, he was apprenticed to an engraver and later studied at the "Society of Arts'. _NEWLINE_He worked as an engraver in Lausanne for a short time, then went on an Alpine expedition with Horace-Bénédict de Saussure; making sketches. In 1786, members of the Society, impressed with his work, recommended that he go to study in Paris and offered a scholarship. While there, he attended the École des Beaux-Arts, where he studied with Nicolas Delaunay (1739-1792) and learned watercolor technique from Jean-Thomas Thibault._NEWLINE_When he returned home in 1789, he found the city in turmoil from the effects of the French Revolution and was unable to find regular employment, so he did his best to make a living from teaching drawing and doing the occasional portrait. He held an exhibit of these in 1792, then accompanied the painter Pierre-Louis de la Rive (1753-1817) on his travels, becoming interested in landscapes and what would later be called plein-air painting._NEWLINE_In the early years of the 19th Century, when the political situation had settled down a little, his works began to be successful, especially abroad. Some of his paintings were purchased by Empress Maria Feodorovna and the former Empress, Joséphine de Beauharnais. In 1812, he was awarded a gold medal at the Salon. He became a caricaturist and political cartoonist during the final years of the French Occupation and was sometimes called the "Hogarth of Geneva". For a time, some drawings from this period were mistakenly attributed to his son._NEWLINE_He arranged for his daughter to marry a wealthy art collector and, after forty years of teaching and chairing the art society, died wealthy himself at the advanced age of 81, surviving his even more famous son by over a year.

16615836077228492571

Q118363

_START_ARTICLE_ Wolfgang Demtröder _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wolfgang Demtröder (b. 5 September 1931 in Attendorn) is a German physicist and spectroscopist. He is the author of several textbooks on laser spectroscopy and a series of four textbooks on experimental physics. His books entitled Laserspektroskopie and Laser Spectroscopy are considered classics in the field. From 1970 til 1999, he was ordinary professor at Kaiserslautern University of Technology. Awarded the Max Born Prize in 1994.

13718053693083502213

Q8030533

_START_ARTICLE_ Wolverine: Prodigal Son _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wolverine: Prodigal Son is an Amerimanga written by Antony Johnston with art by Wilson Tortosa published by Del Rey Manga in 2009. Only one volume was released, the second one has been canceled.

2756509037741063370

Q26381967

_START_ARTICLE_ Woman with a Suitcase _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ The series tells the story of how Cha Geum-joo (Choi Ji-woo) went from a disgraced manager at a law firm to a great attorney.

13314048097688860674

Q24680163

_START_ARTICLE_ Women's Torah Project _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Women's Torah Project (WTP) was an initiative to have the first Torah scroll scribed entirely by women. The project began in 2003 and was completed in Seattle in 2010. Wendy Graff was the leader of WTP. The WTP was commissioned by the Seattle-based Kadima Reconstructionist community. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Kadima Reconstructionist community of Seattle decided to purchase a Torah scroll written by women for their congregation in the early 2000s. Previously, they had been borrowing scrolls. They started looking for women scribes, but had trouble finding any at first. The reason there were no women scribes was because of the prohibition in Jewish law against women writing a Torah scroll for ritual use. Kadima eventually found a "halachically acceptable" way to create the Torah and began to look at multiple scribes for the project._NEWLINE_The scroll was commissioned in 2003. Kadima supported the training of two women scribes and the other four trained on their own. The scribes included Rachel Reichhardt, who was also the only officially certified scribe, Linda Coppleson, Irma Penn, Rabbi Hanna Klebansky, Julie Seltzer, and Aviel Barclay. The lead scribe (or soferet) on the project was Shoshana Gugenheim. Gugenheim said that "it was important to me that there would be other women scribes". The work of the scribes was checked by Jen Taylor Friedman, who created a Scroll of Esther and was the first woman to scribe any part of the Torah in modern times. When the pages were finished, the parchment panels were further checked and minor tikkunim (corrections) made by experts in New York and Jerusalem. The individual sections were sewn together by a group of women._NEWLINE_Special parchment to write the Torah, made at a factory in Israel, could be purchased only by men. In order to purchase the parchment, Rabbi Hanna Klebansky had to pretend to be purchasing the parchment for her husband. The mantle for the Torah was created by Sooze Bloom deLeon Grossman, and was created out of more than 70 pieces of fabric. Many of the pieces of fabric were formerly pieces of clothing belonging to Jewish women that were sent to Grossman for the mantle. The portions of women's belongings makes up the shape of a pomegranate on the mantle. The Torah crown was created by Aimee Golant._NEWLINE_The total cost of the project was nearly $100,000. The Women's Torah was dedicated on October 15, 2010. On October 16, women read from the Women's Torah for the first time during the Shabbat service. _START_SECTION_ Jewish law and the Women's Torah _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to the Talmud (Gittin 45b), a Torah scroll written by a woman for ritual use is invalid. The Arba'ah Turim, however, does not prohibit women from becoming scribes. Several modern-day rabbis have presented arguments supporting the view that a woman can write a scroll for ritual use. A Conservative Israeli Rabbi, Simcha Roth, wrote that since women may learn the Torah, "they should certainly be eligible to write a scroll". Linda Coppleson, who is a Conservative Jew, expresses that while the Talmud forbids women from writing Torah scrolls, it also states that "whoever is qualified should write a Torah;" and when women have "the same opportunities as men, it is fitting to remove them from forbidden categories". Wendy Graff, the project's leader, said that "if my daughter could read and study the Torah and yet not be allowed to create the scroll that is the basis of our faith, then we still have a long way to go"._NEWLINE_Members of the Women's Torah Project recognize that some Jewish communities do not see the Women's Torah as valid. Taylor Friedman says that it is important to keep women's Torah scrolls out of Orthodox Jewish communities. Torah scrolls written by women are not considered kosher by all Jewish communities.

7878677195982057152

Q8031208

_START_ARTICLE_ Women's oversized fashion in the United States since the 1920s _START_SECTION_ The 1920s _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 1920s were marked by a post-war aesthetic. After World War I, the fashion world experienced a great switch: from tight corsets and hobble skirts—to shapeless, oversized, and sparsely decorated garments. Women began to wear more comfortable fashions, including blousy skirts and trousers. Further, this era gave birth to sportswear fashion. Sportswear, previously recognized as America's main contribution to fashion, consisted of a casual more relaxed style. Coco Chanel, known as the first modern dressmaker, made one of the greatest contributions to style in the 1920s: the two-piece dress. She created two-piece dresses out of jersey (fabric), a comfortable stretchy fabric. The American public was receptive, embracing this relaxed style, which was perfect for the active woman on the go. The combination of these new ideas yielded this loosely fitted, modernized style._NEWLINE_The "boyish figure", moreover, became a prevalent trends of the era, with shapeless silhouettes and dropped waistlines giving a more masculine look to the female figure. The emphasis on a flattened chest revolutionized the construction of undergarments. Along with this new silhouette, 1920s fashions were further modernized by the coming of a new generation of sewing-machines, each with an individual electric motor, enabling designers to create more oversized fashions, while saving time and resources._NEWLINE_In contrast to the "boyish figure" were the types of hats and accessories women wore in "the roaring twenties". Flapper dresses were juxtaposed with oversized hats, often trimmed with large bows, feathers, ribbons, or sequins. Furthermore, bold headbands were often worn to compliment women's customarily shorter hair lengths. Since a lot of women's fashion from this decade were quite masculine in style, many women adorned them with accessories that were rather feminine._NEWLINE_Music also had an influence in the ways in which fashions evolved. The Jazz Age saw the popularization of flaps in dresses; and stars such as the entertainer Josephine Baker became known for their semi-translucent flapper frocks. _START_SECTION_ The 1930s _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 1930s started in depression and ended with the onset of World War II. With rising unemployment and despair, no industry was left unaffected. In the fashion industry, designers cut their prices and produced new lines of ready-to-wear clothes, along with clothing made of more economical and washable fabrics, such as rayon and nylon. For example, Coco Chanel showed a collection of evening dresses made of cotton and sold dresses reduced by 50%. The fashions of the 1930s were stylish and elegant, with flowing lines and Paris-based coutures._NEWLINE_Since many women could not afford to update their wardrobes, women changed their look by resorting to alterations to exemplify the oversized fashion of the 1930s. They used lengthening bands of contrasting fabric and added fur to their hems. This inventive way to put together new articles of clothing gave birth to the "Feedsack Dress"; constructed from the material of a sack of animal feed, these frocks were typically cut similarly to shift dresses. This A-line cuts were boxy and contrasted the slinky and sensual bias-cut dresses that became famous during the same era for their ability to cover the woman's body while clinging to each curve. Furthermore, material was added to collars and sleeves. Another trend rising from the 1930s was the "Banjo Sleeve", created by sewing two rectangular pieces of fabric with the top seam only sewn halfway to allow the arm to flow out. The boxy shape was oversized and blousy. As the era progressed, skirts that flared out fell to the bottom of the calf and sleeves were loosely tied as they fell from the elbow to wrist._NEWLINE_From the harsh economic conditions of the time came about the glamorous 1930s in film, and the glamorous clothing worn seen on the screen grew in popularity. Dresses constructed from Chiffon fabric were rather loose-fitting as they flew away from the body, and embodied the elegance that was maintained throughout the 1930s despite the economic struggles. _START_SECTION_ The 1940s _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the first half of the 1940s, many clothing-related commodities were in short supply due to World War II; the United States Government relinquished numerous products for utilization in warfare. Leather, for example, was much used in the uniforms of American servicemen—so the material, to a large extent, went out of use in mainstream fashion. As a consequence, oversized fashion utilizing excessive amounts of material was not in style._NEWLINE_Designers such as Cristóbal Balenciaga, Digby Morton, and Norman Hartnell, however, utilized oversized fashion practices in their early 1940s collections to manifest the consequential happenings of the war. While men were abroad taking up arms, many women took on their positions in factories and offices. Accordingly, women's fashion became more masculine. Wide-legged slacks and pronounced shoulder pads became all the rage, and most American women embraced the virile style._NEWLINE_Not until the second half of the decade, though, with the introduction of Dior's “New Look,” was oversized fashion widely put to use. Dior's “New Look,” which first grew in popularity in Europe, featured full skirts that reached the mid-calves. When Dior initially set in motion this new style, the fashion house received a lot of criticism. Sir Stafford Cripps, then President of the Britain's Board of Trade, was quoted as saying that the “New Look” was “utterly stupid” and an enormous waste of labor and materials. He was not the only one opposed to the excessive usage of material. In the U.S, legislation was passed that restricted yardage in fabric for clothing, under a policy entitled L-85._NEWLINE_Many American citizens resisted the new legislation, with groups being formed such as the “A Little Below the Knee Club” in Texas. However, in the U.S, Dior's "New Look" was also shaping the trends of the time. Designer Claire McCardell, influenced by Parisian design, created the monastic dress, in jersey, featuring a criss-cross string belt at midriff and a draped full skirt. A few years later, however, once World War II ended, the “New Look” and its oversized flair was relished both within the fashion world and the consumer market. _START_SECTION_ The 1950s _START_PARAGRAPH_ The post-war era of the 1950s brought a change to the family dynamic as well as to the fashion world. In 1947, Christian Dior launched as the first collection from his fashion house his "Corelle line", which featured oversized designs. The "Corelle line" became the look of the decade, ushering femininity, luxury and grace into the era, and making a great impacct on the female silhouette. This change implemented by Christian Dior dominated the decade._NEWLINE_Clothes transformed from boxy styles, with square shoulders, to feminine and luxurious, with soft shoulder lines, corseted waists, round padded hips, and long skirts, leading to the knee-length "sack" dress. The knee-length skirts and dresses were the most oversized items of this 1950s. The introduction of new fabrics, including Terylene, Orlon, Banlon, Acrilan and Poplin, allowed for new fashion styles to be both created and introduced. Among these were the "wash-and-wear" sweater, the permanently pleated skirt, and the "drip-dry" skirt. Skirts of this era known as circle skirts were supported by layers of petticoats, creating a circular look that accentuated the waist line. Essentially, the petticoat reinforced the femininity of this period._NEWLINE_The 1950s woman also tended to be influenced by the fashions worn by movie stars such as Marilyn Monroe and Audrey Hepburn. Hepburn in her roles in various movies such as Roman Holiday famously wore an oversized skirt that accentuated her waist, together with a tighter shirt. _START_SECTION_ The 1960s _START_PARAGRAPH_ The look of the 1960s was in marked contrast to the “New Look” developed in the end of the 1940s that heavily influenced trends of the 1950s with femininity and sensuality. The look of the 1960s reflected the main issue of that time: Civil Rights. The 1960s woman “demanded equal rights and equal pay, wanted to be free, to look young and to have fun”. Oversized fashions were utilized in more subtle ways in this decade, giving rise to trends that revolutionized the working woman and gave a voice to more conservative feminines._NEWLINE_To achieve this youthful and flirty look, skirts were shortened, creating a look reminiscent of the 1920s. During this era, in 1965, the miniskirt was developed. An alternative to this exposed look was in high demand, thus leading to the creation of the midi skirt. This new "midi" mainly featured a pleated A-line bodice, which allowed it to flow away from the body. This oversized fashion began to make its way to the workplace as it provided both femininity and formality. Evening wear was also affected, and both long and short dresses could be seen at engagements. Designs embraced the oversized look through more elegant silhouettes, specially in evening wear, which boasted loose forms and fluid fabrics. The change in fashion during this period was also due to international influences such as from London and France, where designers were young. A notable point about this period is that women also began to wear pants-suits and jeans._NEWLINE_The materials used for both clothing and accessories changed during this era. Increasingly used were easy-care synthetic fabrics such as Crimplene, Dacron and Terylene. The benefits of such synthetic fabrics were that they were crease-resistant, easy to wash, and required little to no ironing. Designers such as Cristóbal Balenciaga embraced these new types of materials, using them in oversized dolman-sleeve jackets. The pattern for this piece was cut in a rectangular shape forming a boxy blousy look._NEWLINE_During this period, synthetic yarns that took dyes easily were used. Leather-look plastic also helped to create a vibrant feel to accessories such as shoes, umbrellas and additional clothing items such as mini-skirts. While in this era, clothing became split along lines of age, there were overriding oversized trends including: midi skirts, Dolman sleeves, loose jackets and shapeless frocks. Another factor contributing to the trends of this period was the “post-industrial boom” that helped to generate wealth in the United States. Jackie Kennedy, wife of President John F. Kennedy, became a model of French fashions and helped to spur the spread of the miniskirt, along with Twiggy, who gained iconic status as the face and body of the era wearing the shapeless mod dresses that were a huge trend. Jackie Kennedy's “beehive” hairstyle also highlighted oversized fashion. _START_SECTION_ The 1970s _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 1970s is often referred to as the “Me Decade”, a term originally coined by writer Tom Wolfe. There were many groups, such as political and extremist groups, wanting a piece of the action. With respect to dress, it was an “anything goes” era, without rules. This manifested in some ways via the production of oversized fashion._NEWLINE_Fashion styles were inspired by previous decades, hinting at both nostalgia and an interest in other cultures. The current political and economic situation of the United States, including the civil rights, unemployment levels, war and terrorism, were reflected in the manner in which individuals dressed. With the women's movement of the 1970s, radical feminists could be stereotyped for their anti-high fashion sentiments; these women required low maintenance and made a statement. With regards to high fashion, established fashion houses produced more ready-to-wear collections and casual attire._NEWLINE_With nostalgia a big theme of this period, secondhand clothes were key. Similar to the 1950s, 1920s clothing also influenced this decade, along with fashions of the '30s, '40s and '50s. Television and movies such as The Godfather and Grease also played homage to styles of the past. When not inspired by nostalgia, fashion took another turn whereby "the idea was to appear as if your body had been spray painted". To achieve this look, leotards were worn and were accessorized with short frilled skirts, cap sleeves and leg-warmers. “Hot pants” or skimpy shorts were also popular in the beginning of the '70s. By the mid-1970s, we see the reemergence of “unstructured design” from the fashion houses. These were considered the simplest cuts, appearing to look as if no skilled cutting was required. Typical of this cut is Issey Miyake’s wool cowboy look for winter 1978-79, an example of experimentation in textured knitting. The unstructured design of the 1970s highlights the oversized fashion of the decade. _START_SECTION_ The 1980s _START_PARAGRAPH_ The beginning of the 1980s was the first time when women assumed high-status roles in the workplace. Akin to the 1940s, women’s fashion in the 1980s was quite masculine, which was a reflection of women wanting to be taken seriously as working professionals. The three most important designers at the start of this decade, Calvin Klein, Giorgio Armani, and Ralph Lauren, were designing clothing that was characterized by broad and square shoulders. This use of oversized shoulders was largely a demonstration of women not wanting to be viewed by their feminine figures, but rather to be viewed equally in their careers._NEWLINE_Designers such as Rei Kawakubo of Comme des Garçons and Yohji Yamamoto began designing with a Japanese-inspired aesthetics. Clothing became much more oversized to better resemble kimonos and other flowing Japanese garments. As with oversized shoulders, this Japanese style had the effect of disguising the womanly shape. Donna Karan, who became known at the time as “the Queen of 7th Avenue,”, also began utilizing this Japanese style of dress._NEWLINE_Figures both within and outside the fashion world took on this gender-neutral style and made the look ever more popular. Singer, actress, and model Grace Jones was a key figure in furthering this type of fashion—keeping her hair short and wearing manly, oversized clothing. Scottish singer Annie Lennox did the same, but had much more of an effect in the musical realm._NEWLINE_Another essential person who helped further the style of oversized fashion in the 1980s was Princess Diana, who for her wedding to Charles, Prince of Wales in July 1981 wore an oversized wedding dress—making the tailor popular all around the world for the remainder of the decade. _START_SECTION_ The 1990s _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 1990s was one of the most diverse eras for fashion. As the fashion world began to experience technological modernization, along with a widespread support from mainstream consumers, the industry felt the need to appeal to different types of audiences. Some of the women's fashion trends included neon and pastel colors, legging and exercise wear, the hippie look, and a hip-hop style. The last of those examples, hip-hop style, is identifiable as the oversized fashion of the '90s. The influence of hip-hop on urban fashion was overtly strong. Urban fashion was distinctly designed for African-American youth._NEWLINE_The 1990s urban style heavily influenced by Black Nationalism and African trends began with the blousy pant sported by famous figures in the rap world such as MC Hammer, who popularized oversized "Hammer pants", and fezzes. However, men were not the only ones to embrace this new form of street wear. Women too began to explore the trend. The group TLC (band) and R&B singer Aaliyah created their own urban fashion for women. The trend consisted of wearing oversized pants and big flannel shirts. The hardcore aspect of rap did not fully permit the women to embrace a feminine look that might make them appear weaker. However, some femininity was maintained by the wearing of more fitted shirts, bare midsections and sports bras, while still being hard with the blousy pieces._NEWLINE_During the upheaval of the streetwear fashion, models of color began to make their mark in the industry. It was during the 1990s that Tyra Banks found fame. After being rejected by six modeling agency the young Banks was signed by Elite Model Management, and in her first season as a model she booked 25 shows in Paris Fashion Week. Banks' seductive walk impressed designers and made her a hot commodity. Designers who were influenced by the new oversized streetwear were more likely to book models of color to show their designs. Other famous models of color during the time include Naomi Campbell and Iman. Undoubtedly, oversized fashion marked the beginning of a new trend for urban youth during the 1990s. _START_SECTION_ The 2000s _START_PARAGRAPH_ Women's oversized fashion at the turn of the century is largely displayed in various accessories. At the beginning of the 2000s, many designers began using sizable and bulky glasses and jewelry in their lines, and women in the spheres of fashion, music, and film began wearing these oversized decorations. Celebrities such as Nicole Richie and Rachel Zoe helped to further this wearing of oversized accessories, and assisted in making the items popular in everyday wear. As the decade progressed, the utility of oversized accessories did not wane, but rather became even more widely used._NEWLINE_Since the year 2006, three designers have garnered massive amounts of attention for their adoption of oversized fashion: Stella McCartney, Alexander McQueen, and Marc Jacobs. In 2006, McQueen put on a show in which an enormous hologram of Kate Moss dressed in yards of rippling fabric adorned the backdrop of catwalk; this move furthered the attention of oversized fashion and made Moss the poster model for oversized styling. The death of McQueen in February 2010 led to his style of fashion accruing even more attention, which put oversized fashion even more on the map._NEWLINE_Another exhibition of the trend is the oversized handbag. Designers such as Balenciaga, Betsey Johnson, and Michael Kors began producing purses and satchel-like bags that were larger than usual and complied with the oversized aesthetic. As a result of the enormous increase in influence of the internet and social media, these bags quickly became very popular after pictures of celebrities carrying them were posted online for many to see and then emulate._NEWLINE_The reviews of oversized fashion use in the new millennium have been mixed. Some designers and critics have welcomed the utilization of oversized accessories, while others view the trend as prodigal. Young designers and fashion houses such as McCartney, McQueen, and Jacobs generally esteem oversized accessories, while older and more established couturiers such as Chanel find much oversized accessories distasteful and extravagant.

7758434277106219459

Q8031489

_START_ARTICLE_ Women in Senegal _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The traditional division of labour in Senegal saw women responsible for household tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and childcare. They were also responsible for a large share of agricultural work, including weeding and harvesting, for such common crops as rice. Women of the nobility used to be influential in political scenes. This is partly because matrilineage was the means for a prince to become king (particularly in the Wolof kingdoms). Such lingeer as Yacine Boubou, Ndate Yalla and her sister Njembeut Mbodji are hailed as inspirations for contemporary Senegalese women._NEWLINE_In recent decades, economic change and urbanization has led to many young men migrating to the cities, such as Dakar. Rural women have become increasingly involved in managing village forestry resources and operating millet and rice mills. The government's rural development agency aims to organize village women and involve them more actively in the development process. Women play a prominent role in village health committees and prenatal and postnatal programs. In urban areas, despite women's second-class status within Islam, cultural change has led to women entering the labour market as office and retail clerks, domestic workers and unskilled workers in textile mills and tuna-canning factories._NEWLINE_Non-government organizations are also active in promoting women's economic opportunities. Micro-financing loans for women's businesses have improved the economic situation of many._NEWLINE_Senegal ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, as well as the additional protocol. Senegal is also a signatory of the African Charter of Human and People's Rights, which was adopted during the 2003 African Union Summit. However, Senegalese feminists have been critical of the government's lack of action in enforcing the protocols, conventions and other texts that have been signed as a means of protecting women's rights. _START_SECTION_ Women's rights _START_PARAGRAPH_ Women in Senegal face a number of disparities in their social status. Women have high rates of illiteracy. They make up less than 10% of the formal labour force. Female genital mutilation is a persistent practise in some rural areas, despite being outlawed by the constitution of 2001. Women's legal rights are blunted by such practises as polygyny marriages, and Islamic law involving property ownership. _START_SECTION_ Female genital mutilation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Female genital mutilation is present in Senegal. According to 2005 survey, the FGM prevalence rate is 28% of all women aged between 15 and 49. There are significant differences in regional prevalence. FGM is most widespread in the Southern Senegal (94% in Kolda Region) and in Northeastern Senegal (93% in Matam Region)._NEWLINE_FGM rates are lower in other regions: Tambacounda (86%), Ziguinchor (69%), and less than 5% in Diourbel and Louga Regions. Senegal is 94% Muslim. The FGM prevalence rate varies by religion: 29% of Muslim women have undergone FGM, 16% of Animists, and 11% of Christian women.

11891318749414125531

Q2347024

_START_ARTICLE_ Wood splitting _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wood splitting (riving, cleaving) is an ancient technique used in carpentry to make lumber for making wooden objects, some basket weaving, and to make firewood. Unlike wood sawing, the wood is split along the grain using tools such as a hammer and wedges, splitting maul, cleaving axe, side knife, or froe. _START_SECTION_ Woodworking _START_PARAGRAPH_ In woodworking carpenters use a wooden siding which gets its name, clapboard, from originally being split from logs—the sound of the plank against the log being a clap. This is used in clapboard architecture and for wainscoting. Coopers use oak clapboards to make barrel staves. Split-rail fences are made with split wood. _START_SECTION_ Basket making _START_PARAGRAPH_ Some Native Americans traditionally make baskets from Black ash by pounding the wood with a mallet and pulling long strips from the log. _START_SECTION_ Firewood _START_PARAGRAPH_ Log splitting is the act of splitting firewood from logs that have been pre-cut into sections (rounds, bolts, billets). This can be done by hand, using an axe or maul, or by using a mechanical log splitter. When splitting a log by hand, it is best to aim for the cracks (called checks), if there are any visible. Some types of wood are harder to split than others, including extremely hard woods, as well as types like gum which an axe will often bounce off of, and cherry, which is typically so twisted it's near impossible to get a clean split, and elm. Any type of wood, being thick or tall, having large knots or twisted grain can make it difficult to split. In some cases, it is easiest to aim for the edges and split the log into multiple pieces. Batoning is splitting small pieces of wood for kindling or other purposes sometimes with a batoning chisel, a special chisel with one sharp side used for splitting. _START_SECTION_ Advantages _START_PARAGRAPH_ The advantages of splitting wood along its grain, rather than sawing it is that the wood is much stronger. Due to this, it was historically used for building ships (e.g. drekars) and traditional skis. A defining feature of shakes, which are like shingles, are that they are split rather than sawn and because the cell structure of the wood remains intact may be more durable, and similarly trunnels when split are stronger than when sawn. _START_SECTION_ Prevention _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sometimes wood splitting is undesirable. Methods to prevent splitting in woodworking are the butterfly joint, truss connector plates, or metal straps. Columns may be hollowed in the center to prevent splitting. Nail points may be blunted or pilot holes drilled to prevent splitting of lumber while nailing or screwing. End grain sealers are liquid products usually containing wax which helps prevent rapid drying of the ends of lumber resulting in splits. Metal end plates or S-shaped pieces of metal may be driven into the butt ends of a timber. Splitting is the primary reason building codes do not allow notching in the bottom of joists and beams.

10528159158133437990

Q16826963

_START_ARTICLE_ Woodcut map of London _START_PARAGRAPH_ The "Woodcut" map of London, formally titled Civitas Londinum, and often referred to as the "Agas" map of London, is one of the earliest true maps (as opposed to panoramic views, such as those of Anton van den Wyngaerde) of the City of London and its environs. The original map probably dated from the early 1560s, but it survives only in later and slightly modified copies. It was printed from woodcut blocks on eight sheets, and in its present state measures approximately 2 feet 4 inches (71 cm) high by 6 feet (180 cm) wide. (There has been some damage to the blocks, and it was probably originally fractionally larger.)_NEWLINE_The Woodcut map is a slightly smaller-scale, cruder and lightly modified copy of the so-called "Copperplate" map, surveyed between 1553 and 1559, which, however, survives only in part. It also bears a close relationship to the map of London included in Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg's Civitates Orbis Terrarum, published in Cologne and Amsterdam in 1572, although this is on a greatly reduced scale._NEWLINE_The Woodcut map was traditionally attributed to the surveyor and cartographer Ralph Agas, but this attribution is now considered to be erroneous. _START_SECTION_ Impressions _START_PARAGRAPH_ Three impressions of the Woodcut map survive in its earliest known state of c.1633. They are held in London Metropolitan Archives, the Pepys Library at Magdalene College, Cambridge, and The National Archives at Kew. _START_SECTION_ Date and creation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The three early copies of the map are dated by an inscription to c.1633. However, it is evident that the map in this form has been updated from an earlier state. The royal arms in the upper left corner are those of the House of Stuart (1603–49), but are clearly an insertion, almost certainly replacing the earlier Tudor arms, which do appear (at a very small scale) on the royal barge, pictured on the Thames. Similarly, the Royal Exchange (erected 1566–70; opened 1571) appears on the map, but is again clearly an insertion. The map is now known to be a close – though slightly less detailed – copy of the "Copperplate" map, surveyed between 1553 and 1559; but one difference between the two maps is that St Paul's Cathedral appears on the Woodcut version without its spire. The spire was lost in a fire in 1561, and so the map cannot be earlier than that date. The Woodcut map is therefore now dated with a reasonable degree of probability to the 1560s. A reference in the Stationers' Register for 1562–3 to the "Carde of London" may possibly refer to it._NEWLINE_The map has also been slightly modified from the Copperplate map by the introduction of a higher degree of perspective to the projection: this is particularly obvious in the northern and western areas (beyond Bishopsgate towards Shoreditch, and in the Westminster and Whitehall area). It is therefore closer to a bird's-eye view of the City, seen from an imaginary viewpoint above the south bank of the Thames, as opposed to the "bird's-flight view" projection of the Copperplate map. Stephen Powys Marks suggests that this adjustment "may be an indication of an appeal to a less sophisticated public than that which would buy the fine copper engraving". _START_SECTION_ Attribution to Agas _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Woodcut map was traditionally attributed to the surveyor and cartographer Ralph Agas (c.1540–1621). This attribution has its roots in a claim made by Agas in 1588 to the effect that for ten years past he had been hoping to undertake a survey of London. On the basis of this statement, the late 17th-century engraver of a copy of the map on pewter sheets associated Agas's name with it; and the attribution was then asserted more firmly by the antiquary George Vertue in 1737–8. However, the probable date of the Woodcut map and its relationship to the Copperplate map make it extremely unlikely that Agas – who began practising as a surveyor in about 1566 – played any part in its creation, and the attribution is now treated as highly dubious. Nevertheless, the map is still often referred to as the "Agas" map. _START_SECTION_ Reproductions _START_PARAGRAPH_ Reproductions of the map have been published on several occasions in modern times. An edition based on the "pewter" copy was published by Taperell & Innes in 1849. A facsimile of the Woodcut map was published in 1874, with an introduction by W. H. Overall. The map was printed in large-format atlas form in 1979 by the London Topographical Society (in association with Harry Margary and Guildhall Library) as The A to Z of Elizabethan London, overprinted with street names and a basic grid, and with introductory notes by John Fisher and a comprehensive index. A zoomable online digitised version is published by British History Online; and another version, with significant sites marked, as the "Map of Early Modern London" hosted by the University of Victoria. The map is also available to view on Layers of London.

5367101899611736777

Q8032636

_START_ARTICLE_ Woodford, New South Wales _START_SECTION_ History and description _START_PARAGRAPH_ The site was originally known as Twenty Mile Hollow. In the 1830s an inn called The Woodman was built there. Ten years later the inn became known as the King's Arms, later popularly known as Buss's Inn after 1855. Sydney businessman Alfred Fairfax converted the building into a private home some time later and renamed it Woodford House. The railway station adopted the name Woodford in 1871. Woodford House later became a private boys' school and is now a heritage-listed building._NEWLINE_A centenary time capsule was buried at Woodford railway station on 14 December 2002 by Chris Parr, Woodford's station master at the time. He collected items from the locals which went into the capsule to be opened in a hundred years. _START_SECTION_ Sports _START_PARAGRAPH_ Woodford is well known to mountain bike riders and walkers as the start point for the renowned Oaks and St Helena tracks. It is also the finish point for Andersons and Ingar fire trails, also popular with mountain bike riders and walkers. Each June or July, Careflight International raises money by conducting the Woodford to Glenbrook Classic, a cycling and running race from Woodford railway station to Euroka picnic area at Glenbrook in the Blue Mountains National Park. The Classic follows the Oaks and Bennetts Ridge fire trails, and is 25 km in length. _START_SECTION_ Tourism _START_PARAGRAPH_ The area also presents opportunities for bushwalking and photography in places like Murphys Glen and Wilson Glen (on the south side) and Mabel Falls Reserve (on the north side).

17475989789297637129

Q8032669

_START_ARTICLE_ Woodford Wells _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bancroft School a Secondary school, has been at Woodford Wells since the 1880s. _NEWLINE_St Aubyn's School was founded here in January 1884. In 1893, and again in 1919, it moved southwards along the High Road. It can now be found at Bunces Lane, Woodford Green. _START_SECTION_ Religion _START_PARAGRAPH_ The area became a separate Anglican ecclesiastical parish in 1911 (All Saints Church, Woodford Wells ), with the completion of St Barnabas' Church taking responsibility for the area near Woodford Underground Station.

11449012945757309382

Q17022494

_START_ARTICLE_ Woore Racecourse _START_SECTION_ Layout _START_PARAGRAPH_ The racecourse was found near the hamlet of Pipe Gate, on farmland owned by Mr Icke and leased to the racecourse company. The middle of the track was located at 52°58'07.3"N 2°24'25.2"W (52.968689, -2.406994) and the grandstand at grid reference SJ733413. The track was a mile round, with very sharp left hand bends. Horses had to gallop over a bridge between the last two jumps. As the course was constantly turning, it paid to be close to the rails. According to former jockey, Bernard Wells, it felt "as though you were going round on the inside of a saucepan." Since the course was also used for grazing, it was regularly covered with cow pats, an unpleasant experience for the jockeys who would be covered by it; low-hanging branches also made riding difficult for jockeys. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Races are first recorded at Woore in 1883. The original site proved unsuitable, however, and in 1885, races were held for the first time at Pipe Gate. Early meetings were funded through the subscriptions of local farmers and huntsmen, but in 1905, a racecourse company was formed to manage the business._NEWLINE_Woore had its most successful period between the World Wars, when, despite the existence of just a single, wooden grandstand, the meeting became popular with National Hunt fans, sometimes drawing crowds in excess of 1500. In 1937, King George VI attended to watch his horse, Slam, take part in the Betton Hurdle, in which it finished fourth._NEWLINE_By the end of World War II, Woore held three meetings a year, and in 1952, a fourth meeting was added. Nearby Mucklestone held point-to-point meetings and it was common for racegoers to attend the Mucklestone meeting on Easter Saturday and the Woore meeting on Easter Monday, when, often, the same horses would run again._NEWLINE_The nearby Pipe Gate railway station, opened 1870, provided access to the course. However, when passenger services to this station stopped in 1956, attendance at Woore became more difficult. Despite this expansion of the course continued. In 1957, buildings from Bedford Aerodrome were acquired and converted to stewards' rooms, a weighing room and a restaurant. _START_SECTION_ Closure _START_PARAGRAPH_ The final meeting was held on 1 June 1963, although it was not known it would be the last meeting at the time. 3,996 paid through the turnstiles to attend, just over 1,000 in the 16 shilling Tattersalls enclosure, the rest in the 4 shilling enclosure. Terry Biddlecombe won the opening race of the final meeting, and Reg Hollinshead the last - the only race on the card not won by the favourite._NEWLINE_The Levy Board had announced a couple of months previously that it would be withdrawing funding from Woore, along with several other courses. This left the course in a precarious financial situation. Nevertheless, the lease on the course was not set to expire until 1965, so it was originally hoped that racing could continue. Accordingly, three one-day meetings were scheduled for 1964._NEWLINE_The problem for the course was that one of the scheduled meetings was for Easter Saturday. This clashed with the Mucklestone point-to-point meeting run by North Staffordshire Hunt. When the hunt were refused permission to postpone, they instead bought the entire assets of Woore racecourse and sold them off, thus bringing racing at Woore to a close._NEWLINE_Today, very little remains to suggest the existence of a racecourse. Part of the racecourse stable block survived until 2005 as a livestock barn, until it burnt down. The land is now used by Bearstone Stud breeding operation, maintaining the Thoroughbred racing link to the area. _START_SECTION_ Significant events _START_PARAGRAPH_ The leading jockey at the course was Stan Mellor. Dick Francis, the jockey and author, had his first ride at Woore in 1946 on a horse called Russian Hero, as did commentator Brough Scott, on 21 March 1963, riding a filly called Tamhill. Jockeys to win their first race at the course were Tim Brookshaw, Reg Hollinshead and Bernard Wells.

16386469863125180444

Q16903720

_START_ARTICLE_ Wordie Seamount _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wordie Seamount is a seamount located in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. The feature is named after James Wordie, geologist on Ernest Shackleton's 1914 expedition to Antarctica. _START_SECTION_ Location _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wordie Seamount is located at 61°48′S 55°27′W, which is 37 km south of Gibbs Island in the South Shetland Islands.

1202137135920941999

Q3077255

_START_ARTICLE_ World of Eberron _START_SECTION_ Creation _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the mythic past, the world was one great mass. The progenitor wyrms, the first and the greatest of dragon-kind, ruled all. The three most powerful – Siberys, Eberron, and Khyber – discovered the Prophecy. A world shattering struggle ensued. The battle split the world into three parts. Siberys became the glowing ring that surrounds the world and gave birth to the next generation of dragons. Khyber was bound to the darkest depths and spat out various fiends and demons. However, Eberron laid amid them, to heal the world and from this sacrifice sprang all manner of living things. The Prophecy was scattered across the width and breadth of existence and lost._NEWLINE_The number 13, also known as a "baker's dozen", has been part of a theme of Keith Baker regarding aspects of the world. _START_SECTION_ Setting _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 4th and 5th edition cosmology of the Eberron campaign setting is divided into Siberys (The Astral Sea), Eberron (The Mortal World), and Khyber (The Elemental Chaos). Siberys consists of 7 planes: Daanvi (Perfect Order), Irian (Eternal Day), Syrania (Azure Sky), Lamannia (Twilight Forest), Mabar (Endless Night), Baator (Nine Hells), and Shavarath (Battleground). The physical world has three planes called Coils which consists of: Dolurrh (The Shadowfell), Thelanis (The Feywild) and Dal Quor (Region of Dreams). Khyber includes: Fernia (Sea of Fire), Risia (Plain of Ice), Kythri (Churning Chaos) and the Abyss. Xoriat (The Realm of Madness) is a fourth anomalous plane existing beyond the known cosmology. _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Mortal World of Eberron is made up of seven continents surrounded by oceans and a vast underworld. The continents are named: Aerenal, Argonnessen, Everice, Frostfell, Khorvaire, Sarlona, and Xen'drik._NEWLINE_Adventure primarily takes place in the central region of Khorvaire known as the Five Nations consisting of Aundair (Scholarly), Breland (Cosmopolitan), Karrnath (Militaristic), Thrane (Theocratic), Mournland (Formerly Cyre, but now an uninhabited haunted zone)._NEWLINE_Southeast is the small continent of Aerenal, ruled by elves. Due south is the jungle continent of Xen'drik, once ruled by an empire of giants that collapsed, now largely wilderness, with some areas under tribal dominion of the drow (with a polar continent to the south called Everice). Frostfell is an unexplored land of ice in the north. The other two main continents are Sarlona (a continent ruled by quori, creatures from the Region of Dreams) and Argonnessen (a continent inhabited by dragons)._NEWLINE_The world of Eberron has twelve moons; some sages believe there is a thirteenth moon that has vanished or is invisible to the naked eye._NEWLINE_"Eberron" is also referred to as the Dragon Between. Siberys, the Dragon Above, is the name given to the planetary rings which surround the planet. Khyber, the Dragon Below, is the name given to the underworld, and is similar to the Underdark in many other settings. According to the creation story, the world was formed when the progenitor wyrms changed their form into what they are now. Siberys created the dragons, Eberron created humanoids and other "lower races", and Khyber created the "demons" of the world (The term "demons" is meant to use the common definition, not the D&D outsider). _START_SECTION_ Aerenal _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aerenal is an island continent inhabited by elves that lies to the southeast of Khorvaire. After the fall of the giant civilization in Xen'drik much of the elven race fled to Aerenal. There they established their own nation where a court of Undying rules over the living. _START_SECTION_ Argonnessen _START_PARAGRAPH_ A continent to the far east of Khorvaire and south of Sarlona. The continent of Argonnessen is almost totally unexplored by any race of Khorvaire because it is inhabited primarily by dragons. The continent went to war with Aerenal and destroyed the giant civilization. Argonnessen occupy the southeastern part of the world. Off of Argonnessen lies the island of Seren. Argonnessen (and Seren) are for the most part off limits to the "lesser races" (which includes almost everyone except a dragon). The continent and island are also inhabited by dragon-worshipping human barbarians. Many of the continent's dragons are members of a group known as the Chamber, which interprets the Draconic Prophecy and uses it to shape the world to the dragons' liking. Some of the dragons rule cities and kingdoms. One race that seems common on the continent is the dragonborn. _START_SECTION_ Everice _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Everice is a shifting sheet of ice located south of Xen'drik in the Icemaw Sea. It is believed that several large island land masses exist beneath the sheet of ice, though it is unknown. _START_SECTION_ Frostfell _START_PARAGRAPH_ The frozen wasteland to the north known only as the Frostfell is as enigmatic as it is cold. There is only one recorded expedition to the Frostfell from Khorvaire and it was little more than a notch in a belt than a true exploratory mission. That expedition was headed by Lord Boroman ir'Dayne, a halfling and the founder of the Wayfinder Foundation. _START_SECTION_ Khorvaire _START_PARAGRAPH_ Khorvaire is the main continent of Eberron consisting of most of the world's people. Khorvaire is home to the five nations of Aundair, Breland, Cyre, Karrnath and Thrane, as well as other smaller states. Most of the published material for the Eberron campaign setting concerns Khorvaire and its residents. _START_SECTION_ Sarlona _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sarlona is a continent to the east of Khorvaire; it is the cradle of human civilization as it was once the only continent featuring the presence of the human race. Sarlona is home to both humans and kalashtar. _START_SECTION_ Xen'drik _START_PARAGRAPH_ Xen'drik is a fictional continent in Eberron, consisting of a jungle continent of vast size and varying climate that lies to the south of Khorvaire. Xen'drik's coastline has been mapped, but its interior remains largely unexplored, and the continent has a reputation as a land of secrets, danger, and mystery. Xen'drik and Khorvaire are separated by Shargon's Teeth and the Thunder Sea._NEWLINE_The trade city of Stormreach is located at the northernmost point of Xen'drik, and is the only modern city on the continent. Originally a pirate hideout built among the ruins of a giant city, it now serves as the first stop for travelers to the continent. At the northeastern edge of Shargon's Teeth are located Korthos Island and Korthos Village. This is the starting point of Dungeons & Dragons Online: Stormreach. _START_SECTION_ Khyber _START_PARAGRAPH_ Said to be the body of one of the three Progenitor Dragons that created the world of Eberron, Khyber is a massive subterranean realm beneath every continent that is filled with danger, dark secrets, and untold treasure. _START_SECTION_ The Dragonmarked Houses _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Dragonmarked Houses are thirteen extended families which control most business throughout Khorvaire. Within the houses, only a small percentage of every generation manifest dragonmarks, which are marks on the body that grant spell-like abilities to those born with them. These dragonmarks are designated by taking the Least, Lesser or Greater Dragonmark feat or taking levels in the Dragonmark Heir prestige class. There used to be thirteen dragonmarks but only twelve remain. Each family possesses only one type of mark, and only one or two races can manifest a particular type of mark. Additionally, only races listed in the Player's Handbook can manifest a dragonmark at all – however, this was revised in the 4th Edition Eberron Player's Guide. With the exception of House Phiarlan and House Thuranni (which both possess the Mark of Shadow), each house exclusively has one type of dragonmark._NEWLINE_Dragonmarks come in five forms: aberrant, least, lesser, greater, and Siberys. Aberrant dragonmarks are deviations from normal marks and are not recognized by the dragonmarked houses. People who have aberrant dragonmarks are commonly believed to have been warped by Khyber, the Dragon Below. Least, lesser, and greater dragonmarks can be gained by taking the appropriate feats or taking levels in the Dragonmark Heir prestige class. These types of marks must be taken in order. The Siberys mark is the greatest mark, but someone cannot have both a least, lesser, or greater mark along with a Siberys mark. A Siberys mark is gained by taking the Heir of Siberys prestige class. In 4th edition, dragonmarks are gained by taking the feat associated with the mark, and its power can be increased by choosing the corresponding dragonmark paragon path._NEWLINE_Another family line known as Vol possessed an additional dragonmark known as the Mark of Death, but that line was mostly destroyed in a conflict between dragons and other elves. Only one heir remains today (named Erandis Vol), but because she is a lich she cannot use her dragonmark. However, she tries to gather information to restore the mark through the Order of the Emerald Claw and the religion known as the Blood of Vol._NEWLINE_The worst punishment for a member of a dragonmarked house is called excoriation. It is similar to excommunication in that the other members of the house are not allowed to have any contact with the excoriate under threat of severe punishment themselves. Excoriates may not even avail themselves of the publicly available services their house provides. Excoriation is the punishment for only the worst offenses that dishonor the house. In prior times, the house would actually flay the dragonmark from the person's body. If the person survived excoriation, the missing dragonmark would regrow on a different part of the body and continue to function, but its use caused severe pain to the person. _START_SECTION_ Dragonshards _START_PARAGRAPH_ Dragonshards are rock or crystal fragments originating from the three legendary dragons of Eberron's creation myth. The three sections of Eberron's world, Siberys, Eberron and Khyber, each produce a distinct form of dragonshard, with a unique appearance and distinct magic affinity. Dragonshards are among Eberron's most important resources. Their scarcity makes them valuable and a frequent goal of quests._NEWLINE_Dragonshards are hard, translucent rock or crystal fragments with swirling, pulsating veins of color suspended within them. The veins have the appearance of dragonmarks. Although dragonshards are translucent, their glowing veins give them a distinctive color and make them look almost alive._NEWLINE_Siberys shards fall from the Ring of Siberys that encircles Eberron. They are usually found in equatorial regions such as Xen'drik. They contain a pulsating swirl of golden veins. Siberys shards are the rarest type of dragonshard, and the type most closely associated with the dragonmarked houses. Because of their scarcity and importance to powerful groups, a new find of Siberys shards is often the focus of intrigue or theft. They are sometimes called sunstones or starmotes, or simply dragonshards, because of their association with the dragonmarked houses. Siberys shard items focus or enhance the power of dragonmarked characters, and can enhance psionic powers. Dragonmarked houses are of central importance to the economy and society of Khorvaire, so their artificers have both the means and the need to develop methods to enhance the power of dragonshards. The resulting proliferation of Siberys shard items range from devices focused on enhancing the power of a specific mark to generalized tools that work for anyone who bears a dragonmark. Kalashtar psions and the Inspired lords of Riedra have found a way to harness the power of Siberys shards by undergoing a painful process that embeds a shard in their body, providing enhanced mental or physical abilities._NEWLINE_Khyber shards are found beneath the earth near layers of magma or sulfur vents, typically growing on volcanic cavern walls. They are found throughout Eberron but are particularly common in areas known for fiendish activity, such as the Demon Wastes. Khyber shards have a smoky appearance, with writhing midnight blue to oily black veins running through them. They are sometimes known as nightshards or demonstones. Khyber shard items have an affinity for binding magic. They are common components of binding diagrams, soul trapping spells and similar magic associated with binding creatures._NEWLINE_Eberron shards are found buried in shallow soil in clusters encased in geodes. They are found only in Khorvaire and Aerenal. Eberron shards have a pinkish appearance and churn with crimson blood-red swirls. They are commonly known as bloodstones. Eberron shard items store magical energy or psionic power as spellbooks, spell-storing items or psionic power stones. Intelligent magical items often incorporate Eberron shards. Their magical affinity is very broad compared to the specific powers of Siberys and Khyber shards. Spellcasters can attune Eberron shards to a specific spell, enhancing the power of that spell when it is cast on the shard, and they can encode their spells in shards instead of scribing them._NEWLINE_Dragonshards can be crafted to power magic items, artifacts and constructs, or to augment dragonmark abilities. Dragonshard items vary in power depending on the purity of the dragonshard used. They are rarely large enough to craft into items of significant size; most often, small dragonshards are formed into jewelry. Larger dragonshards, up to the size of a fist, can be crafted into larger focus items. _START_SECTION_ Dhakaan _START_PARAGRAPH_ Dhakaan was an ancient goblinoid empire that dominated the continent of Khorvaire, until the coming of the extraplanar Daelkyr 16,000 years ago. The Dhakaani goblinoids could not stand against the might and madness of the alien invasion. By the time the Gatekeeper druids bound the Daelkyr and their servants in the depths of Khyber, the empire was a shadow of its former glory. Over the course of millennia it collapsed into savagery, and by the time humanity arrived on Khorvaire, all that was left of the empire was ruins and several clans trying to preserve the remains of the ancient lore and dreaming about the reestablishment of the Empire._NEWLINE_Recently some of the Dhakaani clans have begun to vie for control of Darguun with another goblinoid clan that currently holds control of that territory, the Ghaal'dar clan, which have wrestled the territory of Darguun from Cyre during the Last War._NEWLINE_Most of the Dhakaani clans reside near the Seawall Mountains. They are divided into Kech Volaar and Kech Shaarat clans. _START_SECTION_ The Last War _START_PARAGRAPH_ The most recent significant event in the Eberron Campaign Setting is an event called the Last War, so-called because the people of Khorvaire believed that after the war was over everybody would grow tired of war (much as World War I was known as "the war to end all wars"). Coincidentally, the Last War ended on the 11th Day of Aryth (the equivalent to November 11, the day Germany signed the Armistice officially ending World War I). It refers to a series of conflicts in Khorvaire over 102 years that began with a dispute over the throne of the Kingdom of Galifar and the ruling of the Five Nations._NEWLINE_Two years prior to the end of the Last War, the nation of Cyre was destroyed in an incident known as the Day of Mourning. (The Eberron Campaign Setting does not give an official cause for this disaster, but it had a similar effect to the atomic bombings that ended World War II. Even a magical "radiation" mutates flora and fauna alike, similar to stereotypical but inaccurate depictions of the results of the nuclear radiation.) This event helped expedite the end of the Last War. Now, the region that was once Cyre is referred to as the Mournland and is the home of living spells, preserved dead bodies, and a militant sect of warforged (see Races) led by one called the Lord of Blades whose avowed goal is the total domination of the continent by the warforged at the expense of all "flesh and blood" humanoids. Those in the Mournland do not heal naturally, and magical healing has no effect. For all these reasons, few people enter the region._NEWLINE_The Last War officially ended two years prior to the start of the campaign, with the Treaty of Thronehold, as each of the Five Nations and most of the nations that broke off during the war officially became independent. _START_SECTION_ Eneko _START_PARAGRAPH_ The eneko are the offspring of half-giants and ogres, who now breed true. _START_SECTION_ Inspired _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Inspired are the psionically gifted rulers of Sarlona and willing hosts of their quori overlords. They are human-like in appearance, possessed of great physical beauty and were created over the course of hundreds of years through the mixing of human stock with blood of demons and elves by the quori. As the ruling caste of the nations of Sarlona, the Inspired are loved and respected by the overwhelming majority of their subjects. To be selected as a host is a tremendous honor and the sole goal of virtually all Inspired._NEWLINE_Though they have recently acquired the ability to possess willing hosts of any type, quori find the Inspired to be their preferred hosts; likewise an Inspired can never resist possession by the quori it was bred to host (in game terms Inspired are never allowed to make saving throws against possession attempts by their master). Over the decades that an Inspired is possessed, it develops a portion of the quori's considerable psionic power (represented by gaining levels in psychic classes), even as its personality shifts to completely match that of its master._NEWLINE_While the recent trend in Dungeons & Dragons has been towards allowing players to play any race, the Inspired are strongly discouraged as player characters, due to their utter domination by the near universally evil Quori. Players who wish to play a psionic race or focus on the quori/kalashtar conflict are encouraged to play kalashtar. _START_SECTION_ Kalashtar _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Kalashtar are a race of psionic people and are descendants of a group of human monks from Adar who allowed themselves to be possessed by good-aligned Quori fleeing Dal Quor. Over time, the connection between the two has become inseparable. As the kalashtar greatly outnumber the good-aligned Quori, the spiritual essence of each Quori is divided out amongst many Kalashtar, known collectively as a lineage. Thus, the only way to completely destroy one of the good-aligned Quori is to exterminate its entire lineage. Many kalashtar follow the Path of Light._NEWLINE_The Kalashtar were created −1800 YK, almost 2800 years before the start of the Eberron campaign, when the rebel Quori Tarantai and her followers fled from the region of dreams, Dal Quor into the material plane. In their desperation to escape the Dreaming Dark Taratai found a passage out of Dal Quor and into the body of a meditating monk in the Sarlonan nation of Adar. The monk and sixty-six other volunteers from the monastery agreed to bond with and house the renegade Quori spirits within themselves, at the cost of earning the eternal enmity of the Dreaming Dark._NEWLINE_The Quori spirits were initially concerned about what would happen when their hosts died, but instead were surprised when they learned that when a child of the same gender was born of the host (mother or father) they shared the same bond with the child as they did with the host parent. As the families of the original hosts grew and expanded, the Quori found themselves spread thinner and thinner. The memories and basic personality of the benevolent quori spirit were imprinted upon the child and the Quori lived on through the eyes of a thousand descendants. _START_SECTION_ Physiology _START_PARAGRAPH_ Kalashtar appear similar to humans in many regards, but are graceful and elegant in a way that is almost alien. They are slightly taller and their faces more angular than humans, but in a way that only further accents their natural beauty. Kalashtar tend to wear their hair long. Female kalashtar prefer loose clothing over more restricting garb; while male kalashtar may tend to abstain from shirts and the like._NEWLINE_All Kalashtar due to their dualistic human/Quori heritage possess basic innate psionic talents. From a young age Kalashtar learn how to create temporary telepathic connections with others and psionically focus their minds. Many within the Kalashtar community go further in their psionic training as psions, wilders, psychic warriors or soulknives. Wielding such potent psionic might comes naturally to the Kalashtar and they must be eternally vigilant for the spies and assassins of the Dreaming Dark. _START_SECTION_ Society and culture _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Kalashtar believe that at the center of Dal Quor lies the Quor Tarai, the vast image of an unseen and unbelievably powerful dreamer that permeates all things. The Quori are an aspect of the Quor Tarai and they change as the Quori Tarai does. The Kalashtar believe that they live in the third incarnation of the Quor Tarai and that the age is one of Darkness. Called il-Lashtavar by the Quori, the Darkness That Dreams is the third age that came into existence soon after the cataclysm that destroyed the Giants of Xen'Drik. According to the teachings of Tarantai the Quor Tarai slowly shifts and changes, eventually passing away. This death heralds the implosion and then explosion of Dal Quor as a new Quor Tarai is created. The Dreaming Dark will stop at nothing to prevent the turning of the age while the Kalashtar following the Path of Light attempt to push the cycle forward._NEWLINE_The Kalashtar follow il-Yannah or The Path of Light and it reflects every aspect of their lives. Deeply spiritual and meditative, the Kalashtar work within the communities they live within, helping spread good and the light to every corner of the world. They intensely believe that by actively promoting and acting on the behalf of good, they will slowly move the cycle of Quor Tarai towards its conclusion and herald a new age of Light and Joy._NEWLINE_Sheshan talarash dasyannah or as it is more commonly known, the Path of Shadows, is a martial art form in every sense of the term. Part exercise, meditation, combat training, and artistic expression, the Path of Shadows is a smooth, soft, graceful, and fluid art of hypnotic moves and sweeping motions. A Kalashtar focusing purely on the movement is said to be staying in the light while one who instead uses it to train for battle is facing the shadows. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ 40,000 years prior to the end of the Last War, the quori of that age invaded Eberron in an attempt to prevent the dawning of a new age but were repelled by the giants of Xen'drik, who managed to sever all connections between Eberron and Dal Quor using immensely powerful magic._NEWLINE_The current Quori are servants of a potent evil, called Il'Lashtavar or "the Dreaming Dark", which dwells within the heart of Dal Quor. Though their power is unchallenged on their home plane, for thousands of years the Quori were incapable of reaching beyond the plane of dreams and could only observe the wider world via the dreams of mortals. Possibly motivated by the escape of a rogue group of Quori who opposed the Dreaming Dark to Eberron (which led to the creation of the Kalashtar); the Quori were able to find a way to exert direct influence on Eberron and engineer the breeding of special human vessels, capable of being possessed by a Quori spirit, that would become the Inspired._NEWLINE_During a period of great upheaval several hundred years ago (presumably engineered by the Quori) the Inspired appeared among the nations of Sarlona, and presented themselves as ambassadors of powerful and beneficent gods. They quickly established order and dominated all of the continent under the nation of Riedra save Adar where the Kalashtar and their human associates resisted their advances from fortified monasteries high in the mountains._NEWLINE_Over the centuries, the Quori, in the guise of the Inspired, have supervised the building of great monoliths all over Sarlona, that somehow tap into the background psionic energy of the human population and use it to slowly draw Dal'Quor closer to Eberron. It is the influence of these monoliths that has recently allowed Quori to possess any willing human, as opposed to being restricted to Inspired hosts. _START_SECTION_ Present day Eberron _START_PARAGRAPH_ The ultimate goal of the Quori is to prevent the dawning of another new age and the death of Il'Lastavar by "establishing a static world, in which nothing ever changes and there is no light to threaten the darkness" (extract taken from "The Shattered Land" by Keith Baker). In other words, to take over the world of Eberron and take control of the dreams of its people, in order to manipulate the dream-world of Dal'Quor._NEWLINE_In order to accomplish this the Quori are served by two primary organisations on Eberron, namely the government of Riedra and the secret organization known as the Dreaming Dark._NEWLINE_As the divine rulers of Riedra, the Quori act openly, sending their supernaturally charming Inspired Ambassadors to the courts of Khorvaire and posing as benevolent allies. The Inspired offer a portion of their vast resources at generous prices to aid the war-torn continent. They act as impartial observers and mediators in negotiations between the nations, integrating themselves with Khorvaire's political elite. The precise purpose of the Inspired's political machinations is left deliberately vague, but as tools of the Quori their ultimate purpose is to subjugate Khorvaire much as they do Riedra either covertly or through open alliance with one of the warring nations should the Last War resume. The Inspired also show an open interest in the continent of Xen'Drik, and have established numerous bases there, though likewise the precise goals of the Inspired there are left to the discretion of the DM._NEWLINE_Meanwhile, the Dreaming Dark serve as the more direct arm of Dal'Quor, whose agents serve the Darkness directly rather than through the Inspired. A highly secretive organization, kept entirely separate from Riedra (so as not to damage Riedra politically should the Dreaming Dark's numerous crimes be discovered) few people in Eberron other than the Kalashtar and the Inspired are aware of their existence._NEWLINE_While the Dreaming Dark is assigned to carry out any task advantageous to Il'Lashtavar that would be too impractical or politically damaging for Riedra, the Dreaming Dark's primary tasks are the hunting down of the Kalashtar all over the world (in order to harvest their Quori spirits and reincarnate them as servants of the darkness) and the domination of Khorvaire through covert means. The Dreaming Dark makes frequent use of 'Mind Seeds' people who have been subjected to powerful psionic techniques and had their minds wiped and replaced with personalities loyal to the Dreaming Dark. Using this technique they brainwash highly placed nobles, politicians, generals, merchants and other valuable pawns and use their influence to subvert the organizations under their command, in order to prepare for the domination of Khorvaire by either the Inspired or a new breed of Quori hosts. _START_SECTION_ Physical description and subspecies _START_PARAGRAPH_ All Quori have bizarre forms that are a nightmarish cross between a worm, insect, crustacean and humanoid. Pincers or blades, and a red and black coloration seem to be among the common features. Of the Quori, 6 subspecies are known. The Tsucora is the most common, and is the only one presented in the basic Eberron Campaign Setting sourcebook. The Dream Master and Tsoreva feature in Magic of Eberron, whilst the Du'Lora, Hashalaq and Kalaraq appear in Dragon Magazine. _START_SECTION_ Dream Master _START_PARAGRAPH_ Snakelike creatures with four-armed humanoid torsos. Each arm ends in a pincer. A void of darkness sits where its head should be. The dream masters dedicate themselves to preparing for the return of Quori to the material world. To that end they visit many mortal dreams, planting the necessary dream seeds that will usher in a new age of Quori rule. _START_SECTION_ Du'ulora _START_PARAGRAPH_ Du'ulora are a whirlwind of eyes, wings, and shadow wreathed in smoky shadows. They are spirits of rage, capable of driving mortals mad by their very presence. They act as guardians and sentinels of the Quori. _START_SECTION_ Hashalaq _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hashalaq serve as loremasters of the Quori. They spend a great deal of time studying mortal worlds, magic, and psionic powers. They also serve as inquisitors. In its natural form they are composed of hundreds of translucent tendrils that surround a point of blue light. _START_SECTION_ Kalaraq _START_PARAGRAPH_ Kalaraq are the brilliant and ruthless princes of nightmare who guide the quori race. They are masters of manipulation, capable of twisting the thoughts of mortals and spirits. They can consume and trap souls, preserving their knowledge in their essence. _START_SECTION_ Tsoreva _START_PARAGRAPH_ Having a segmented, many-legged body which ends in a powerful scaled, headless torso that has two handless arms from which blades of energy erupt, these enforcers of Dal Quor are bred for battle. Like most quori, a tsoreva typically acts through its human host rather than by a physical presence of its own, though the tsoreva are very capable warriors in their own right. _START_SECTION_ Tsucora _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tsucoras are among the weakest and most numerous of the Quori. In their own world they appear as great red and black worms with two massive pincered arms and lots of smaller, useless arms beneath them, and chitinous armor plates. _START_SECTION_ 3rd Edition _START_PARAGRAPH_ The trademark ability of the race is their ability to shift; that is, to bring their more animalistic talents to the fore, gaining some useful ability and a bonus to a single, usually physical, statistic for a short time. Most shifters can only use this ability once a day and for less than 30 seconds, but feats introduced in the Eberron Campaign Setting and Races of Eberron allow a player character to shift multiple times per day, and to maintain each shift for a minute or longer._NEWLINE_Beasthide shifters can increase their natural Armor Class, making them harder to damage, while gaining a bonus to Constitution and therefore extra Hit Points, making them harder to bring down._NEWLINE_Longtooth shifters can grow fangs and gain a natural bite attack, as well as an increase in Strength._NEWLINE_Cliffwalk shifters gain a bonus to Dexterity and much improved climbing ability._NEWLINE_Razorclaw shifters gain a claw attack and an increase in their Strength score._NEWLINE_Longstride shifters become fleeter of foot and gain an increase to their Dexterity score._NEWLINE_Wildhunt shifters gain the extraordinary ability to smell as well as a predatory animal, allowing them to track by scent, as well as a bonus to Constitution. Wildhunt shifters also gain a permanent bonus to their tracking ability even when not shifted, due to their residual ability to smell well at all times._NEWLINE_Dreamsight shifters are the rarest of all. While shifting, they gain a bonus to their Wisdom as well as the ability to speak with animals in a supernatural manner. Dreamsight shifters, like Wildhunt shifters, also have a permanent bonus to their skills, but in the case of Dreamsight shifters it is an increase in their ability to communicate with animals (reflected in the skill Handle Animal)._NEWLINE_Gorebrute shifters gain a pair of horns which can thereafter be used in a natural charge attack, as well as a bonus to Strength._NEWLINE_Swiftwing shifters gain a bonus to their Dexterity scores while at the same time growing leathery flaps of skin similar to a bat's wings which allow him to fly at slightly less than walking pace._NEWLINE_Truedive shifters receive a bonus to their Constitution score, a bonus to their Swim skill, and an increase in their swimming speed while shifting. Even when not shifting, a Truedive shifter can hold their breath for amazing amounts of time. _START_SECTION_ 4th Edition _START_PARAGRAPH_ The trademark ability of the race is their ability to shift; that is, to bring their more animalistic talents to the fore, gaining some useful abilities and a bonus to a single, usually physical, statistic for a short time. This ability is an encounter power under 4th Edition Rules. Currently, only two traits are given for Shifters, which were introduced in the Monster Manual I for 4th edition._NEWLINE_Longtooth shifters can gain slight regeneration and a bonus to damage._NEWLINE_Razorclaw shifters can gain a bonus to movement rate and armor class. _START_SECTION_ 5th Edition _START_PARAGRAPH_ The first "Unearthed Arcana" article on the Wizards of the Coast web site presented a playtest version of the Shifter for Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition. The article also included the Beasthide, Cliffwalk, Longstride, Longtooth, Razorclaw, and Wildhunt subraces. _START_SECTION_ In Xen'drik _START_PARAGRAPH_ The origins of the warforged on Eberron are not clear. According to a "docent" (ancient and sentient memory-containing magic item) found in Secrets of Xen'drik, the very first warforged were created as "host bodies" for a group of Quori (which were very different from Quori of 998 YK). The giants of Xen'drik created their own versions for their wars against the Quori, because the warforged are immune to many Quori tactics. However, according to Tales of the Last War, the giants invented the warforged, after which the Quori stole the secrets of their creation from the dreams of giants and created their own._NEWLINE_Either way, the secrets of warforged creation seem to have originated on the continent of Xen'drik. The ability of ancient Xen'drik docents to meld with modern-day warforged supports this theory. The existence of Xulo, a huge and powerful warforged found in Xen'drik, also supports this theory. _START_SECTION_ In 4th Edition _START_PARAGRAPH_ Warforged appear in the 4th Edition Monster Manual, released in June 2008._NEWLINE_The 4th Edition player's guide for Eberron also features a paragon path called the Self-Forged, which is for creatures that strive to make themselves like Warforged by replacing parts of their bodies with magical metal prosthetics, becoming fantasy-themed cyborgs. _START_SECTION_ In 5th Edition _START_PARAGRAPH_ The first "Unearthed Arcana" article on the Wizards of the Coast web site presented a playtest version of the Warforged for Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition. _START_SECTION_ Other creatures and races _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Eberron Campaign Setting introduced four new player races: the warforged, the shifters, the changelings and the kalashtar. Two other playable races were later added in the Magic of Eberron supplement: The Psiforged, and the Daelkyr Half-Blood._NEWLINE_Psiforged are a new breed of Warforged that can focus and channel psionic energy. Psionic crystals are imbedded within their bodies and can be seen beneath their exoskeletons. These crystals help focus the psionic energy that can be found in all living things. Although they are the same race as the Warforged, they have come to be set apart by being referred to as the "Psiforged"._NEWLINE_Changelings developed through the breeding of humans and doppelgangers. While they do not have the full shapechanging and telepathic abilities of doppelgangers, they still have a minor change shape ability that allows them to take on other appearances at will. Changelings lack a distinct culture and history of their own, instead using their abilities to blend into the societies they live in, in many cases keeping their true race a secret to all._NEWLINE_Daelkyr Half-Bloods, introduced in the supplement Magic of Eberron, are formed when the venomous spirit of a Daelkyr, sealed beneath the earth, leaks into the surrounding environment. Unborn children within this sphere of influence are born Daelkyr Half-Bloods._NEWLINE_Eneko, introduced in the supplement Secrets of Sarlona, are the descendants of half-giants and ogres, and are most common in the Sarlonan nation of Syrkarn. Half-giants themselves can be played as characters from Xen'drik or Sarlona_NEWLINE_Finally, Eberron introduced the kalashtar—humans bound with a spiritual psychic connection to a quori, a creature originally from Dal Quor, the Region of Dreams. This bonding first happened thousands of years ago and resulted in a new and distinct race with minor physical differences from humans and significant mental ones; kalashtar have psionic abilities and some degree of shared memory due to the common spirit they share with their ancestors._NEWLINE_As for traditional races, elves are relative newcomers to the continent of Khorvaire. Originally the elves were slaves to a race of giants on the continent of Xen'drik. They escaped to and founded a nation on the smaller continent of Aerenal. Aerenal elves in Eberron practice a form of ancestor worship. On Aerenal, those elves deemed to be particularly beneficial to the race are magically revived as Undying. The lich-like beings are enchanted with positive energy instead of the negative energy that animates undead. The Undying act as counselors to the Aerenal elves. Elves have occupied parts of Khorvaire sporadically, only recently forming their own nation there known as Valenar. Valenar elves hold different traditions from Aerenal elves, and stress bringing glory to their Xen'drik ancestors through combat._NEWLINE_Dwarves, by legend, originated from the Arctic subcontinent of Frostfell and now live in a region called the Mror Holds. In addition to their traditional role as elite warriors, they also put much importance on wealth, and their dragonmarked house – House Kundarak—is used throughout Khorvaire for banking._NEWLINE_Halflings usually live in nomadic tribes in the Talenta Plains where they train dinosaurs as mounts._NEWLINE_In the Eberron campaign setting, unlike other campaign settings, orcs are given to spirituality and nature-worship. They established successful societies, learning druidic secrets from the black dragon Vvaraak while the goblinoid races built a mighty empire, some 16,000 years ago. The orc societies took a massive blow during the daelkyr invasion 9,000 years ago, though it was the orcs now known as the Gatekeepers who were able to stop the invasion by sealing the daelkyr beneath Eberron and severing the link between Eberron and the daelkyr home plane of Xoriat. The Gatekeeper druidic sect remains a presence in Eberron, albeit one largely concerned with defending the world from outsiders, aberrations and other unnatural foes rather than politics._NEWLINE_Gnomes commonly live in their own country of Zilargo and are considered excellent shipwrights, the masters of elemental binding, information seekers, and social manipulators. Because of widespread immigration though, any race can be found anywhere on Khorvaire._NEWLINE_Other significant races and monsters to Eberron include goblinoids (goblins, hobgoblins, and bugbears) who had an empire which once dominated Khorvaire, but powerful magics unleashed during the daelkyr invasion led to a period of decline. The remnants of their empire were largely wiped by the humans when they immigrated from Sarlona; however the Last War weakened the Five Nations to a degree that the goblinoids were able to form a new nation in part of what was once Cyre. Drow, unlike the elves, remained in Xen'drik. They use scorpion imagery but they do not venerate scorpions as drow in Greyhawk or the Forgotten Realms do for spiders. Rather than being a subrace of elves, Keith Baker considers drow their own distinctive race. A special warped race of drow called the Umbragen or the shadow elves also exists, with information on them revealed in Dragon magazine and the computer game Dragonshard._NEWLINE_Couatl are good creatures of positive energy responsible (with the aid of the dragons) for bringing an end to the Age of Demons 100,000 years before the campaign begins. Some believe that most couatl have bound themselves to the force known as the Silver Flame, which now has a church devoted to it._NEWLINE_Shulassakar are humanoids who possess some similarity to yuan-ti, but possess feathers covering their scales, and especially powerful ones also possess feathered wings. They rever couatls, who created their race, and dwell in the ruins of krezent on the Talenta plains (on Khorvaire), and help the remaining couatl prevent the rise of the rakshasa and their rajahs._NEWLINE_Rakshasas are part of an evil organization called the Lords of Dust who scheme in Khorvaire to release their godlike masters from Khyber. These evil spirits are the undisputed masters of illusion, treachery, and subversion, and they have a hand in the politics of practically every nation of Khorvaire._NEWLINE_Daelkyr are extremely powerful, evil creatures from the plane of Xoriat, the Realm of Madness. Only a handful in number, several Daelkyr were trapped in Khyber by potent seals of magic that were established by the Gatekeepers thousands of years ago. Though each likely seeks to free itself from Khyber, return to Xoriat, or destroy Eberron, as a whole they seem content to remain in their subterranean prisons for now; their motives and intents inscrutable to even their most trusted lieutenants. _START_SECTION_ Religions _START_PARAGRAPH_ Religions in Eberron are not in general specific to a race, although both the elven Undying Court and the kalashtar Path of Light are not commonly worshipped by other races. Furthermore, unlike other settings, the gods neither walk the earth, nor can be visited by means of planar travel. If they even exist at all is a question open for debate. Divine magic, however, clearly exists and most people believe it originates from the gods. _START_SECTION_ Alignment and the gods _START_PARAGRAPH_ The idea that good people can do evil is a central concept in Eberron. As a result, clerics have no alignment restrictions whatsoever. A cleric may be punished by the church for violating the tenets of the faith, but alignment doesn't affect any class abilities. Thus, a cleric of the Silver Flame might be greedy or corrupt, or perhaps loyal to the church but willing to torture and kill in the interest of the "greater good". One well-known example of such a cleric is the de facto ruler of Thrane, High Cardinal Krozen, who is lawful evil._NEWLINE_Paladins, on the other hand, are held to a higher standard in D&D 3rd edition. A paladin embodies good, and must therefore be pure of heart and never stray from the path of righteousness. In other words, as in other settings, a paladin in Eberron must be lawful good. In D&D 4th edition, paladins are only required to have the same alignment as their deity, and thus evil or unaligned paladins are permitted. _START_SECTION_ Silver Flame _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Silver Flame is a disembodied lawful good force associated with a former mortal woman and paladin of Dol Arrah named Tira Miron, who merged with a silvery pillar of fire and a Couatl approximately 700 years ago. Miron, now an immortal known as the Voice of the Silver Flame, serves as the intermediary between the Silver Flame and mortals._NEWLINE_The Church of the Silver Flame is dedicated to protecting people against the supernatural forces of evil. The Silver Flame itself resides within the impressive Cathedral of the Silver Flame, around which the city of Flamekeep is built and from which both the church and the nation of Thrane is governed. The head of the church is the Keeper of the Flame, a position currently held by eleven-year-old Jaela Daran. Below her is, in theory, the Council of Cardinals. In practice, the Keeper of the Flame concerns herself mostly with spiritual matters, while the cardinals handle the workings of the church and government, sometimes in conflict with the wishes of the Keeper. Below the cardinals, archbishops rule the provinces and cities of Thrane._NEWLINE_The church is divided into three orders: the ministers, the templars and the friars. The ministers provide spiritual guidance to the faithful in every part of the world where the church has a presence. The templars are the warriors and exorcists, in charge of protecting the church by means of arms and spells. The friars, finally, are zealous missionaries trying to spread the faith to areas where the church does not yet exist. Many paladins belong to the faith and archery is a traditionally important discipline. The domains of the deity are Exorcism, Good, Law and Protection, and its favored weapon is the longbow. _START_SECTION_ Blood of Vol _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Blood of Vol is a lawful evil cult that reveres the ancient traditions of the elven line of Vol. A subsect of the group, the Order of the Emerald Claw, is devoted to serving Erandis Vol, the Queen of the Dead and last scion of House Vol. Cultists exist on Khorvaire, Aerenal, and Xen'drik. They see blood as a path to divinity, and are fascinated by the literal and figurative meanings of blood. They invoke negative energy and manipulate bloodlines to achieve their goals. Despite the cult's overall evil alignment, there are many good-aligned members, who revere the undead as self-sacrificing champions in the war against death. The cult's domains are Death, Evil, Law and Necromancy, and the favored weapon is the dagger. _START_SECTION_ Lady Vol _START_PARAGRAPH_ Lady Vol, or Erandis Vol, is the last member of House Vol, and carries the thirteenth dragonmark: the Mark of Death. She is the daughter of an elf mother—the matriarch of House Vol—and a green dragon father. When her existence became known, both elves and dragons came together to destroy the half-dragon abomination and the House of Vol. To save her daughter—and the family bloodline—The matriarch turned Erandis into a lich just before she was killed herself. However, becoming a Lich caused Vol to lose access to the power of her dragonmark, which she seeks to restore. It is often considered improper to refer to her as d'Vol, since the convention of using the honorific d' was not established until after House Vol was destroyed. _START_SECTION_ Cults of the Dragon Below _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Cults of the Dragon Below are a diverse group of generally neutral evil sects that revere the power of Khyber, the underground world. Some seek to raise the dragon Khyber or release the daelkyr, while others commune with fiends summoned from the underworld. A few seek a promised land below the surface. The cults' favored weapon is the heavy pick. _START_SECTION_ Path of Light _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Path of Light is a lawful neutral religion followed by the kalashtar of Adar. Followers revere a positive energy they call il-Yannah ("the Great Light"). They seek to, through spiritual meditation and other subtle means, bring about the Turn of the Wheel of Dal Quor, which would result in the destruction of the current Dal Quor and its evil Quori denizens. Most followers are psions and psychic warriors, seeking to perfect themselves through meditation and communing with the light. They are in particular conflict with the Inspired of Riedra. Their favored weapon is the unarmed strike._NEWLINE_The Path of Light was first developed by the de facto "mother" of the kalashtar, known as Taratai. Like all modern Quori, Taratai sprang from the Dream of the Age, known as il-Lashtavar (roughly translated as "the darkness that dreams"). However, Taratai was inherently good, unlike her brethren, and felt at odds with the age into which she was created. After a period of research, Taratai discovered that the current Dream of the Age would eventually expire, and the one that will replace it will be one of joy and light. The Path of Light was developed as a series of actions that, she believed, would accelerate this process._NEWLINE_After the good Quori were driven from Dal Quor into the bodies of the monks of Adar, Taratai and her followers continued to practice the Path of Light. However, all of Taratai's descendants sacrificed themselves to create the Shroud, a great magical creation that protects Adar from the Inspired and agents of the Dreaming Dark; it is unknown if she still exists, and if so, in what form. _START_SECTION_ Path of Inspiration _START_PARAGRAPH_ As the kalashtar follow the Path of Light, the people of Riedra follow the Path of Inspiration. Invented by the il-Lashtavar as a way to control their population, the Path of Inspiration is propagated by the Inspired and is integrated into every element of Riedran society. The Path posits that there are good spirits in the world, steering Riedra in the right direction, and there are bad spirits trying to corrupt them as well. With enough good acts and obedience, a person can ascend to join these spirits._NEWLINE_The Path of Inspiration is lawful neutral, as its practitioners and goals are not inherently evil. Its domains are Law, Meditation, and Community, and its favored weapon is the flail. _START_SECTION_ Undying Court _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Undying Court is a neutral good pantheon of ancient deathless elves animated by positive energy. The elves of Aerenal seek their counsel and petition their favor. The court's favored weapon is the scimitar. _START_SECTION_ Keepers of the Past _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Keepers of the Past are bards and clerics who determine which ancestor will guide a newborn Tairnadal elf through life. In Tairnadal religion, each elf is duty-bound to honor and emulate his or her patron ancestor. The Tairnadal believe that these warrior ancestors, known as Spirits of the Past, can live again in the present if their deeds are recreated. Elves who share a common ancestor will compete with each other to become the perfect embodiment of their patron. The Spirits of the Past are neutral. The favored weapon of the Keepers is the double scimitar. _START_SECTION_ Vulkoor _START_PARAGRAPH_ Though not a formalized church, almost all Vulkoori drow in Xen'drik worship Vulkoor, the scorpion god. He is usually portrayed as a drow/scorpion hybrid; a scorpion body, with its head replaced with the upper body of an adult male drow. Vulkoor shares some traits with Lolth, encouraging trickery and destruction among his devotees and having a special affinity for arachnids. In the Eberron setting, he is also said to be the drow version of the Mockery. _START_SECTION_ Dragonmarked houses _START_PARAGRAPH_ Dragonmarked houses are organizations in the fictional Eberron campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game that are based on bloodlines descended from families that first manifested dragonmarks. Not all members of the Houses have dragonmarks; nor is it an assurance of power. Talent is considered a better choice. Most common people have at least a small amount of House blood in their ancestry, usually unnoticed._NEWLINE_In the fictional world, the Dragonmarked Houses are the cornerstone of the economy of Khorvaire. Most banking, security, communications, transportation and fabrication are run by the Dragonmarked Houses. The Houses use their exclusive access to the powers of dragonmarks to sustain their economic empires that extend far beyond arcane powers of the dragonmarks themselves. The houses can attribute most of their success to their meticulously crafted reputations for standardization and quality that have elevated bearers of dragonmarks with a status that mundane wizards and artificers cannot possibly match. _START_SECTION_ Aerenal _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aerenal is the ancient island kingdom of the Aereni elves, who take their name from Aeren, a mythical hero said to have freed the elves from the giants of Xen'drik. It is also home to the deathless Undying Court. Aerenal is ruled by both the Sibling Kings, a brother and sister pair that serves as the temporal authority of Aerenal who rule from Shae Cairdal, and the Undying Court, the religious leader of the elves, which resides in Shae Mordai, the City of the Dead. In addition to the Aereni elves, a small group of Tairnadal elves inhabits the northern steppes of Aerenal, though many have since migrated to Valenar. Due to fear of the "walking dead" and the isolationist nature of the Aereni elves, few non-elves ever visit the small continent. While the Aereni despise the creation of the undead, the deathless of Aerenal, unlike the undead, draw power from positive, rather than negative energy, and are generally good in alignment. A manifest zone of Irian is thought to make the existence of the Undying Court possible. Aerenal is heavily forested, and many exotic plants grow there, such as the soarwood tree, whose wood is used to build airship hulls, and the necromatically charged Covadish plant. _START_SECTION_ Argonnessen _START_PARAGRAPH_ Argonnessen is the continent of dragons, occupying the southeastern part of the world. Off of Argonnessen lies the island of Seren. Argonnessen (and Seren) are for the most part off limits to the "lesser races" (which includes almost everyone except a dragon). The continent and island are also inhabited by dragon-worshipping human barbarians. Many of the continent's dragons are members of a group known as the Chamber, which interprets the Draconic Prophecy and uses it to shape the world to the dragons' liking. Unlike most dragons in Dungeons & Dragons, there is no correspondence between a dragon of Argonnessen's breed and its alignment. Thus, a silver dragon could be chaotic evil while a red dragon could be neutral good. _START_SECTION_ Khorvaire _START_PARAGRAPH_ Khorvaire features a number of countries including Aundair, Breland, Karrnath, Thrane, and Zilargo. Khorvaire is home to 15,520,020 people. The bulk of the population, 43.2%, is human. The second largest population is of dwarves, which make up another 9.3%._NEWLINE_Sharn is the largest city in the kingdom of Breland. It is a melting pot of all races, with the human population being the largest but still only a third of Sharn's some 212,000 citizens. A vertical city, Sharn is linked with the plane of Syrania, granting enhanced power to flight and levitation magic, a feature that the city's residents have used to build towers that rise higher into the sky than any other place on Khorvaire and possibly the world of Eberron. Due to the myriad of cultures that live and have lived in Sharn, examples of architecture from all over Khorvaire can be found. Most of Sharn's wealthiest inhabitants live in the upper regions of the city, enjoying the freshest air and least claustrophobic views._NEWLINE_A layer-by-layer depiction of Sharn can be found on the Wizards of the Coast Dungeons and Dragons site. _START_SECTION_ Sarlona _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sarlona is the ancient cradle of human civilization. Once home to many kingdoms, it is now dominated by the empire of Riedra, home to the Inspired. Other nations of Sarlona include the heavily fortified and isolated land of Adar (a refuge for those who oppose the Inspired), the frozen Tashana Tundra and the land of Syrkarn. _START_SECTION_ Manifest Zones _START_PARAGRAPH_ Manifest zones are regions of Eberron that demonstrate influence from the planes. For example, the Elden Reaches has a close connection to the astral dominion of Mabar. Sharn, the City of Towers in Breland, is situated within a manifest zone linked to the astral dominion of Syrania (p52 of Eberron Campaign Guide 4E). Enhanced magic related to levitation in Sharn makes for magnificent architecture such as the Skyway. _START_SECTION_ Daanvi _START_PARAGRAPH_ Daanvi is a realm of absolute, ideal order – strongly permeated with the multiversal force of Law. Its primary inhabitants are the ant-like formians and the mechanical inevitables._NEWLINE_Daanvi's orbit brings it particularly close – coterminous – to the Material Plane in which the world of Eberron is located one century out of four, and takes it particularly remote from the Material Plane for an equal length of time starting one century after the end of a coterminous period. _START_SECTION_ Dal Quor _START_PARAGRAPH_ When the mortal creatures of Eberron dream, they project their minds to Dal Quor. The outer edge of the plane is ringed with the "dreamscapes" where these night-time fantasies play out. Within this ring, nightmarish psionic beings known as quori dwell. Dal Quor (and the quori) is subject to a cycle of implosions and renewals. The plane is periodically destroyed along with all its inhabitants to emerge in a different state of being/age. The current age is an age of darkness due to the fall of the giant civilization. The whole quori/kalashtar war is about halting or furthering the cycle, as this renewal would destroy all the current quori._NEWLINE_Forty thousand years before the "present" of the Eberron setting, the quori attempted to invade and conquer the Material Plane. The giant civilizations of Xen'drik managed to repel the invasion; in the process, their powerful magics displaced Dal Quor from its metaphysical orbit, causing it to become permanently remote from Eberron. Current game products suggest these past quori were in fact refugees from an unknown event in Dal Quor who were attacked by the giants, now all destroyed with the last shift of Dal Quor. Upon the discovery of the cycle by the quori, two factions emerged leading to the creation of the kalashtar and the Inspired. As the link between Dal Quor and the Material Plane was severed, the quori were forced to find another path to power in the Material Plane, one which culminated in the establishment of their rule as the Inspired – believed by their subjects to be incarnate gods – over the empire of Riedra on the continent of Sarlona and the efforts to bring Eberron and Dal Quor coterminous again. _START_SECTION_ Xoriat _START_PARAGRAPH_ Beyond words or comprehension, Xoriat is called the Realm of Madness. Not only do its alien geometry and unspeakable inhabitants seem like the product of a madman's nightmare, but any who visit Xoriat risk finding their minds shattered by the experience._NEWLINE_Xoriat has been likened to a stack of translucent parchment, an apparently infinite connection of layers and dimensions. Its inhabitants exist on multiple layers simultaneously. Massive, drifting entities too large to notice visitors to the plane; free-floating rivers of milk-white liquid; rains of blue globes falling from unseen heights, only to burst and release horse-sized ticks when they strike another object—such are the madness-inducing features of Xoriat. Gelatinous worms wriggle from layer to layer, wending through tentacled vegetation encrusted with orange moss, all suspended above an amoebic sea. Over this mad realm the daelkyr are absolute masters._NEWLINE_Xoriat's last period of being coterminous with the Material Plane was a disastrous period of warfare. Over seven thousand years ago, Xoriat became coterminous and the daelkyr sent their minions into Khorvaire to conquer it. Before the orc and hobgoblin druids known as the Gatekeepers managed to end the planes' alignment, the mind flayers and lesser minions of the daelkyr had decimated the hobgoblin empire of Dhakaan. The Gatekeepers' magic was less cataclysmic than the giants' attempt to close the connection to Dal Quor, however; Xoriat moved quickly out of alignment but is sure to return one day

15305102173223765074

Q1975301

_START_ARTICLE_ World tag team championship _START_PARAGRAPH_ The world tag team championship is the name usually given to the primary tag team championships in professional wrestling promotions. _START_SECTION_ Nomenclature _START_PARAGRAPH_ The name of the promotion is often preceded to the term "world tag team championship" as the complete name of the title. Examples of this included the ECW World Tag Team, WCW World Tag Team, and WWF World Tag Team Championship. However, some are also correctly known simply as the "World Tag Team Championship" without bearing the name of an organization. In some cases, this occurs in organizations where other world tag team championships are also competed for, as was the case in WCW in the early 1990s and WWE in the 2000s. The term "world tag team championship" can apply to any world tag team championship in general or to a specific one in particular, though this often creates confusion over which tag team championship is being referenced when the term is used._NEWLINE_Due to the variations of tag team wrestling other World Tag Team Championships may exclude the "tag team" portion of the name and use a more suitable term like "trios" or "six-man tag" to indicate a championship for tag teams with three members._NEWLINE_Promotions can also recognize subordinate titles to World Tag Team Championships that are often designated as regional, national, or international championships. Examples of these subordinate titles include the NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship and WWF International Tag Team Championship, which are national and international subordinates respectively._NEWLINE_A professional wrestling championship is not won or lost competitively, but instead the championship is scripted by the decision of the bookers of a wrestling promotion. The title is awarded after the chosen champion "wins" a match to maintain the illusion that professional wrestling is a competitive sport.

22847851457193188

Q20055682

_START_ARTICLE_ Worplesdon Place Hotel, Guildford _START_PARAGRAPH_ Worplesdon Place Hotel near Guildford, Surrey is a house of historical significance. It appears to have been built in about 1845 by Sir William Bovill. It was a private residence for the next 100 years and was owned by several notable people. In the 1950s it became a hotel and still operates in this manner today. The hotel provides accommodation and restaurant facilities and caters for special events particularly weddings. _START_SECTION_ Sir William Bovill and Lady Maria Bovill _START_PARAGRAPH_ William Bovill was born in 1814 in Barking Essex. His father was Benjamin Bovill of Durnford Lodge in Wimbledon. He began his legal career as an article clerk in London and was called to the bar in 1841. In 1844 he married Maria Bolton of Lee Park in Blackheath. It seems it was about this time that he built Worplesdon Lodge (later renamed Worplesdon Place) as there is a record of a donation given by Maria in 1845 which she records her address as Worplesdon Lodge, Guildford._NEWLINE_William became a QC in 1855 and was elected Member of Parliament for Guildford in 1857. In 1866 he was appointed Solicitor-General and shortly after became a Chief Justice. Bovill became famous throughout the country as the judge in the Tichborne trial. This was one of the most celebrated cases of the Victorian period which concerned the claim of a man to be Roger the long-lost son of the wealthy Tichbornes. William dismissed his claim and ordered that he be indicted for perjury._NEWLINE_William and Maria had eight children and Worplesdon Lodge became their country estate. The newspapers record frequent fund raising bazaars in the grounds of their house. It appears that in the 1860s the property was fairly substantial as at one event the house is referred to as a mansion and it is mentioned that there is a hall adjoining the mansion in which 120 children were entertained on this occasion. In about 1868 they sold the property to Joseph Hornby Baxendale. _START_SECTION_ Joseph and Elizabeth Baxendale _START_PARAGRAPH_ Joseph Hornby Baxendale was born in 1817 in Lancashire. He was aged about 50 and a very wealthy man when he bought Worplesdon Lodge. He was head of the firm Pickfords and Company which was a large courier firm and still exists today. He continued to call the property Worplesdon Lodge for several years and then in the early 1870s changed the name to Worplesdon Place. It is likely that he made substantial additions to the house and constructed the ornamental pond as in 1887 the sale advertisement for the house states that it now has 22 bedrooms and dressing rooms._NEWLINE_In 1846 he married Elizabeth Mary Brockedon who was the daughter of the famous painter William Brockedon. The couple had two children. Their son also called Joseph lived in Worplesdon at a house called “The Firs” for many years._NEWLINE_In 1886 Joseph died and his wife died the following year. The house was advertised for sale and bought by Sir Richard Charles Garton. _START_SECTION_ Sir Richard Charles Garton and Lady Ellen Garton _START_PARAGRAPH_ Richard Garton and Ellen lived in the house from 1887 until about 1902. Richard was born in 1857 in Bristol. His father William Garton was in the brewing firm Manbre and Garton and when Richard finished his degree at University he joined the firm and became a pioneer in the manufacture of liquid glucose. He became involved in the brewing industry and was the Director of several companies including Manbre and Garton and also Garton, Sons and Co. He became extremely wealthy._NEWLINE_In 1883 he married Ellen Durrant who was the daughter of Andrew Durrant of Bishops Hall Chelmsford. The couple had two daughters. He was knighted in 1908 and obtained a GBE in 1918._NEWLINE_Richard was a well-known philanthropist. In 1912 he established the Garton Foundation for the study of international relations. He also founded the British Empire Cancer Campaign and donated large sums of money to their work. When Ellen died in 1925 he built the children’s ward of the Haslemere Hospital in memory of her and later added the nurse’s hostel._NEWLINE_In about 1902 he sold Worplesdon Place and bought a large house in Haslemere where he lived for the next 32 years. When he died in 1834 he left over £2.5 millionwhich is the equivalent to about £150 million today. _START_SECTION_ Sir James Lewis Walker and Lady Catherine Featherston Walker _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sir James Walker bought Worplesdon Place in about 1905 and lived there until his death in 1927. James was born in India in 1845 and lived there for most of his adult life. He was part of the British administration in India at this time. His father was John Walker who worked in the Punjab Police. James had a very distinguished career in India. He established the Alliance Bank of Simla, where he lived. He was also a newspaper proprietor of two Indian periodicals._NEWLINE_He was a personal friend of Rudyard Kipling, who mentions Walker in his autobiography. Kipling lived with Walker and his first wife Lizzie in Shimla when Kipling was a child. James was Kipling’s first patron and assisted him to become a writer. Kipling maintained the friendship throughout his life and visited Walker at Worplesden Place in 1911. When James died in 1927 Kipling sent a letter of condolence to Catherine Featherston Walker, James’s second wife, outlining his gratitude and affection for her husband._NEWLINE_When James died in 1927 Catherine his wife continued to live at Worplesdon for two years and then sold the property in 1929.

2283740111407443387

Q8037652

_START_ARTICLE_ Wreake Valley Academy _START_SECTION_ The college _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wreake Valley Academy is an 11-19 co-educational school in Syston, Leicestershire, England. Despite its ship-like appearance, the building was actually inspired by Ziggurats and is now a listed building. _START_SECTION_ The sixth form _START_PARAGRAPH_ Students in England have the option to leave school aged 16, once completing their GCSEs._NEWLINE_It is optional for students to 'stay-on' in further education. The college's sixth form has grown in recent years, in 2005 there were only 71 students taking their A2 exams. In September 2004 the college, in an attempt to increase Post 16 numbers such as GNVQs. Many students progress to higher education and each year a number of students gain admission to prestigious Universities e.g. Oxbridge, Imperial College London and Warwick and courses such as medicine, veterinary medicine, economics and law._NEWLINE_The sixth form has its own area within the college, where only adults, students, sixth formers and staff are permitted to visit. Within this area are a number of classrooms varying in size and a quiet study area. There is also a common room for sixth form students to enjoy during break and lunch times or during free/study periods._NEWLINE_Students in the sixth form may take part in a number of extra-curricula activities, including Young Enterprise, Community Sports Leadership Award, many sports clubs e.g. football, rugby union and basketball._NEWLINE_Wreake Valley Community College has its own Proscenium stage on which Wreake Valley's students have performed in a variety of shows including Les Misérables (2008), RENT (2010) and We Will Rock You (2011). _START_SECTION_ Lesson structure _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since 2001 the school has operated on a two-week timetable, with each day containing five lessons. _START_SECTION_ Extracurricular activities _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Air Training Corps (ATC) is a military-based youth organisation for 13- to 20-year-olds and the local squadron (No 1181 Syston Squadron) is based in the grounds of the academy.

5140236439844393704

Q50850

_START_ARTICLE_ WrestleMania VI _START_SECTION_ Production _START_PARAGRAPH_ Robert Goulet sang a rendition of O Canada before the event._NEWLINE_Future multi-time world champions Edge and Christian were in attendance, as were Lance Storm and Renee Young. Diamond Dallas Page had a cameo on the show driving Rhythm and Blues and Jimmy Hart to the ring in his pink Cadillac. Actor Stephen Amell, who would go on to compete in a match at SummerSlam in 2015, was also in attendance. Mary Tyler Moore was sitting at ringside, and there was a backstage segment with Steve Allen and The Bolsheviks. Columnist Rona Barrett interviewed Miss Elizabeth at the event. _START_SECTION_ Aftermath _START_PARAGRAPH_ Because Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion The Ultimate Warrior defeated Hulk Hogan to win the WWF World Heavyweight Championship, Warrior was stripped of the Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship, as the rules prohibited any wrestler from holding onto more than one singles belt simultaneously. An eight-man tournament, conducted on the WWF's syndicated Superstars, was held, with Mr. Perfect winning the title by defeating Tito Santana in the finals._NEWLINE_When Brutus "The Barber" Beefcake defeated Mr Perfect at Wrestlemania VI, it was billed as Perfect's first pinfall loss in the WWF. However, in reality Perfect had been cleanly pinned by The Ultimate Warrior in a match less than 2 weeks prior to WrestleMania at Madison Square Garden._NEWLINE_As new WWF World Heavyweight Champion, The Ultimate Warrior would initially be a successful main event draw, with his main rival being "Ravishing" Rick Rude – a wrestler he had fought during much of 1989 over the Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship – during the spring and summer of 1990. Meanwhile, Hogan wrestled several matches in Japan shortly after WrestleMania VI but soon began feuding with the 470-pound Earthquake, with that feud heating up when Earthquake sneak-attacked Hogan on The Brother Love Show in May. Announcers explained that Hogan's injuries from the attack and the loss to Warrior both took such a huge toll on his fighting spirit that he wanted to retire, and viewers were persuaded to write Hogan to encourage him to return. Hogan would return by SummerSlam in August 1990 and got revenge on Earthquake, dominating him in matches that continued into early 1991._NEWLINE_Immediately following the Colossal Connection's WWF Tag Team Championship loss to Demolition, manager Bobby "the Brain" Heenan began yelling at Andre the Giant in the ring, blaming him for the loss and slapping him in the face. Andre grabbed Heenan and knocked Heenan out of the ring; when Haku attempted to sneak-attack Andre, Andre caught his leg and knocked Haku from the ring, making Andre a face for the first time in three years. Although he toured Japan in April, this would prove to be Andre's last televised match in the WWF as real-life health problems with acromegaly were continuing to take their toll. Andre returned to the WWF late in 1990 for several non-wrestling appearances that continued into 1991; Andre's health would continue to decline, and later died on January 27, 1993. Meanwhile, Demolition began a slow heel turn during the late spring and early summer of 1990, adding a third member Crush to the team. This was due to Bill Eadie (who competed as Ax) desiring to take a lesser active role in wrestling, and Crush and Smash would soon become the primary defenders of the belt._NEWLINE_This was Jesse Ventura's last stint as color commentator at a WWF pay-per-view event. He continued his role as on-air color commentator for Superstars through August 1990, at which time he left the company. _START_SECTION_ Hogan vs. Warrior II _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the 1998 edition of their annual Halloween Havoc pay-per-view event, the WWF's now-defunct rival promotion World Championship Wrestling (WCW) pitted Hogan against Warrior once again. Hogan won with outside assistance, giving each man one victory apiece. The contest has garnered a legacy as one of the worst bouts in history, being vilified by critics, then-WCW president Eric Bischoff, and former company announcer Gene Okerlund. Bischoff has disputed the rumor that he hired Warrior merely to give Hogan an opportunity to avenge his WrestleMania VI loss. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ The event received mixed-to-positive reviews, though most reviewers praised the main event between Hogan and Warrior. Jason Powell was among the reviewers who praised the main event, calling it "A truly amazing match considering the limitations of both men, particularly Warrior". However, he went on to say, "The overall WrestleMania 6 card was softer than WrestleMania 5 card, but it was a better show that [sic] WrestleManias 1, 2, and 4". The Hulk Hogan-Ultimate Warrior match was named 1990's "Match of the Year" by Pro Wrestling Illustrated magazine readers._NEWLINE_The match between Roddy Piper and Bad News Brown has received heavy criticism for featuring Piper (at that point a babyface) being painted in half-blackface against the African American Brown.

11147181335138528402

Q2642573

_START_ARTICLE_ Wright Flyer II _START_SECTION_ Design and development _START_PARAGRAPH_ The design of the Flyer II was very similar to the original 1903 Wright Flyer, but with a slightly more powerful engine and construction using white pine instead of the spruce they used in the 1903 machine as well as the gliders of 1900–1902. An important change was reducing the wing camber to 1-in-25 from the 1-in-20 used in 1903. The brothers thought that reducing the camber would reduce drag, though less lift was actually achieved. With these alterations Flyer II was heavier by some 200 pounds than the 1903 machine. _START_SECTION_ Operational history _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Wrights tested the new aircraft at Huffman Prairie, a cow pasture outside of Dayton, Ohio, which is now part of Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park and also part of the present-day Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. The owner of the land, banker Torrance Huffman, allowed them to use the land rent-free, his only requirement being that they were to shepherd the livestock to safety before experimenting. The Wrights began erecting a shed to house their aircraft during April and by the end of May were ready to begin trials, and an announcement was made to the press that trials would begin on Monday, May 23. A crowd of around forty people, made up of family and friends and a dozen reporters, assembled on the Monday but rain kept the aircraft in its shed all morning, and when the rain cleared the wind had died away. There was little chance of a successful takeoff from the 100 ft (30 m) launching rail with no headwind: nevertheless the Wright decided to attempt a short flight to satisfy the press, but the motor was not developing its full power and the aircraft reached the end of the rail without taking off. Work on the engine and poor weather delayed further attempts until the Thursday afternoon, when despite ignition problems a takeoff was attempted, and a flight of around 25 feet (7.6 m) was made, ending in a heavy landing which damaged the aircraft. The press reports were mixed, the Chicago Tribune ran its story under the headline "Test of flying machine is judged a success", while The New York Times headline was "Fall wrecks airship"._NEWLINE_Repairs took two weeks, but the next flight attempt also ended in a crash, necessitating a further two weeks of repair work. On June 21 three flights without any breakages were achieved, but four days later the aircraft crashed again. These accidents were caused by the aircraft's pitch instability. Suspecting that this was caused by the centre of gravity being too far forward, they moved the engine and pilot position back, but this made matters worse. The machine would undulate unless the front elevator was depressed, but this created additional drag, and so they added 70 lb (32 kg) of iron bars as ballast under the elevators, which were also enlarged. So modified, 24 flights were made in August, including two on August 22 of a quarter of a mile, the greatest distance that they could fly without having to make a turn._NEWLINE_Since the wind was less reliable than in Kitty Hawk and also because re-laying the launch rail to suit the wind direction was laborious, in September they began using a catapult to accelerate the aircraft to the speed necessary for takeoff. This used a falling weight suspended from a 16 ft (4.9 m) high derrick, with a block and tackle to multiply the distance that the aircraft was pulled. Using this apparatus Wilbur made his first turn in the air on 15 September, and on September 20 he succeeded in flying a complete circle, covering 4,080 ft (1,240 m) in 1 minute 16 seconds. This flight was witnessed by Amos Root, who published an account of the flight in the January 1, 1905 issue of Gleanings in Bee Culture, a trade magazine he published. On 14 October Orville made his first circular flight and the following day Octave Chanute arrived to view the Wright brother's progress. Unfortunately Orville, attempting another circular fight, was unable to straighten out and was forced to land the aircraft at high speed after only 30 seconds in the air, damaging the skids and propellers. A series of flights ending in damage to the aircraft followed, but the run of bad luck ended on November 9, when Wilbur flew four circuits of Huffman Prairie, staying in the air for five minutes and only landing because the engine was beginning to overheat. On 1 December Orville made a similar flight, and on 9 December they stopped flying for the year._NEWLINE_The Wrights disassembled the airframe of the Flyer II during the winter of 1904–05. They salvaged the propeller chain drive, its mounts, and the engine. The tattered fabric, wing ribs, uprights and related wooden parts were burned (according to Orville) in the early months of 1905. The salvaged propeller parts and the engine went into the new airframe of the Wright Flyer III.

9358946210165613122

Q10918917

_START_ARTICLE_ Wu Ming-yi _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wu was born in 1971 in Taoyuan, Taiwan (now Taoyuan District, Taoyuan). He holds a BA in marketing from Fu Jen Catholic University and a PhD in Chinese Literature from National Central University. He published his first novel in 1997._NEWLINE_In 2000, he began teaching Chinese literature and creative writing at National Dong Hwa University._NEWLINE_In 2006, Wu resigned from teaching to take uninterrupted time to write and travel, which is when he started his Book The Man with the Compound Eyes._NEWLINE_Dong Hwa University later agreed to a one year sabbatical. _START_SECTION_ Work _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wu is known for writing environmental literature. He is the author of several literary works, including collections of essays, short stories and novels. He is considered one of the major Taiwanese writers of his generation with writings translated into English, French, Turkish, Japanese, Korean, Czech and Indonesian. In Chinese, he is especially well known for his non-fiction books on butterflies, The Book of Lost Butterflies (2000) and The Dao of Butterflies (2003), which he also designed and illustrated. _NEWLINE_In The Man with the Compound Eyes, an ecological parable or eco-fantasy, he tells the story of a young Pacific islander, Atelie (Atile'i in the English translation), from the fictitious island of Wayo Wayo (suggesting Bora Bora) who arrives on the East Coast of Taiwan when the 'trash vortex', a floating mountain of trash which has formed out of the Great Pacific Trash Vortex, collides with the island. The book has been described as "a masterpiece of environmental literature about an apocalyptic aboriginal encounter with modernity...Trash, resource shortages, and the destruction of Taiwan's coastline as a result of the pursuit of unenlightened self-interest are unremarkable raw materials, but [Wu Mingyi] mashes them into art." His literature agent described it as a "Taiwanese Life of Pi". _NEWLINE_His 2015 book The Stolen Bicycle has been described as a study of bicycles in Taiwan during World War II. In March 2018, the book was nominated for the Man Booker International Prize. It became the center of a diplomatic dispute when, after pressure from the People's Republic of China, the awards organizer changed his nationality from Taiwan to "Taiwan, China". In April 2018, the Man Booker International Prize made the final call stating that "Wu Ming-Yi is listed as ‘Taiwan’".

15968185070628264420

Q8039001

_START_ARTICLE_ Wu Xiubo _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wu was born and raised in Beijing, China. His mother is a pharmacist, and his father, who died in 2007, was a diplomat. Wu Xiubo has one older step-brother who is a physicist._NEWLINE_As a teenager, Wu became involved in the arts, particularly painting, drawing, poetry, and singing. In 1984, he enrolled at Central Academy of Drama at the age of 17, from which he graduated in 1987. As a young man, he worked an assortment of jobs, running a restaurant and clothing shop and even working as a resident singer, among other things. Wu joked that he has worked 200 different jobs just to make a living. He also joined a state-owned theater company but found the life routine tedious. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2002, Wu was encouraged to return to acting with the help and recommendation of a childhood friend Liu Bei. He made his television drama debut as a detective in the series Crime Investigate at the end of 2002._NEWLINE_Wu first drew attention for his performance in the war drama Sword & Spy, which won him the Most Popular Actor award at the TVS Award Ceremony._NEWLINE_He rose to fame in 2010 when his role as an undercover Communist Party member in hit spy drama Before Dawn became a household name. The same year, he starred in the historical drama The Case of an Orphan named Zhao, written based on true events during the Spring and Autumn Period (770 – 476 AD) where Cheng (played by Wu) rescues an orphan from the Zhao family and saves him from assassination. Wu was nominated for an International Emmy Award for Best Actor._NEWLINE_In 2012, he starred in the hit medical drama Angel Heart, based on best-selling writer Liu Liu's novel about problems in doctor-patient relationships in China._NEWLINE_In 2013, he starred in the romantic comedy film Finding Mr. Right alongside Tang Wei, which was a box office hit and Wu became famous across China as the country's "stylish uncle"._NEWLINE_His success continued in 2014 when he starred in Divorce Lawyer, a hit legal drama, where Wu played a divorce lawyer trying to adjust to his new life after his wife's betrayal and the loss of his divorce case. The same year, he starred in the A Civic Yuppie in Countryside, a rural drama about an urban official's experiences in rural China. The drama was praised for its intricate plot, realistic touch and vivid characters and became a ratings hit in China. Wu won the Outstanding Actor award at the Flying Apsaras Awards for his performance._NEWLINE_Wu also starred in the musical television series My Youth High Eight Degrees, playing a club director who leads a gang of misfits with hidden musical talents, whipping them into shape and competing in the national choir competition. Despite achieving stellar ratings, the show was slammed for plagiarism accusations._NEWLINE_In 2015, Wu starred in the historical drama Tumultuous Times Scholar, which focuses on the vicissitudes of a traditional Chinese family of scholars._NEWLINE_Wu and Tang then teamed up again to film the sequel of Finding Mr. Right, titled Book of Love (2016). Book of Love was a huge commercial success and became the highest grossing Chinese romantic film of all time._NEWLINE_In 2017, Wu played Sima Yi in the historical drama The Advisors Alliance. The series was a hit and received high praise for its plot, cinematography and performance of the cast. Wu ranked on Forbes China Celebrity 100 list in 2017. _NEWLINE_In 2018, Wu will star alongside Angelababy in the urban drama City of Desire, about two people of different world helping each other out of their battle with depression. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wu married in 2002 when he was 34. He and his wife live in Beijing with their two sons Hanhan (born 2003) and Xiaoyu (born 2007). Wu is an avid billiards enthusiast._NEWLINE_In 2011, Wu was awarded at the Culture China Award ceremony hosted by the Oriental Morning Post for his outstanding contributions to the Chinese culture in the past 10 years. In 2012, he was awarded the 2012 China Youth Leader Awards organized by the Guangzhou-based magazine Southern People Weekly, which identifies and recognizes model youths who excel or inspire their peers to make contributions to society._NEWLINE_In 2014, PETA named him as Asia's Sexiest Male Vegetarian Celebrity._NEWLINE_In 2017, Wu was appointed Tourism Australia's Ambassador for the 2017 China-Australia Year of Tourism._NEWLINE_In September 2018, Chinese actress Chen Yulin (Ruby) declared on her social media account that she had been in a seven-year relationship with Wu. In January 2019, Chen's parents revealed that their daughter had been arrested by the police for blackmailing Wu, resulting in Wu receiving much flak for his "un-gentlemanly" handling of the affair.

2083606945029899251

Q3012273

_START_ARTICLE_ Wulveringem _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wulveringem appears on a map from 1770 on which it is identified as "Wulveringhem". The village was barely smaller then than it is today. The centre in 1770 comprised approximately 55 buildings, and well beyond the centre there were a number of large and small farms. The land is flat and often damp: about ten of the Wulveringem farms were partially or wholly surrounded by moats. The church and the small cemetery around it were almost wholly circled by a moat as were two adjacent farms. _START_SECTION_ Population decline since 1830 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The registered population peaked in 1830 at 1,080 before the lure if higher wages in the industrializing towns and the mechanisation of agriculture led to a slow decline, to 822 in 1910. The population rose significantly by 1920, but then continued to decline, reaching 508 in 1970 and 336 in 2011. _START_SECTION_ Visiting Wulveringem _START_PARAGRAPH_ The centre of the village has been carefully preserved/restored. It is sometimes possible to visit Beauvoorde Castle which is positioned across a moat to the south side of the church yard.

5153686540827795725

Q303372

_START_ARTICLE_ Wuxi Classic _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The event was introduced in 2008 as the Jiangsu Classic and was the third Main Tour event held in China. The tournament was played on a round-robin basis, with semi-finals and a final. The event's name was changed to Wuxi Classic in 2010, and the round-robin stage was abandoned._NEWLINE_In 2012 the tournament became a ranking event, and the Chinese organisers signed a five-year contract with prize money starting at £400,000 and increasing to £450,000 by 2014. In 2013 the tournament became the first to use a new format, where every player started in the first round. It was staged at the Wuxi City Sports Park Stadium, Wuxi, China._NEWLINE_There were three maximum breaks in the history of the tournament. The first was compiled by Mark Selby against Joe Perry in the group stage of the 2009 event. In 2012 Stuart Bingham became the second player to compile a 147 break in a ranking final. In the qualifying stage of the 2013 event Neil Robertson made the third maximum break against Mohamed Khairy.

15806301862644966126

Q20312017

_START_ARTICLE_ Wynn Bagnall _START_PARAGRAPH_ Captain Wynn Bagnall MC (1890–1931) was a British-born artillery officer in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. He was decorated for bravery and became the model for the memorial statue of a Canadian Officer by James Earle Fraser commissioned by the Bank of Montreal which stands in Winnipeg, Manitoba. _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wynn Bagnall was born on 10 February 1890 in Northumberland, England and was educated at Bedford Modern School. After school he emigrated to Canada and secured a position with the Bank of Montreal. On the outbreak of War he enlisted as a gunner in the 6th Battery, Canadian Field Artillery, at Valcartier, Quebec on the 22 September 1914, and in 1915 he was sent to France. In a letter to his old school in England he described his initial impressions of trench warfare: _NEWLINE_'We are having almost continuous rain, and the firing line is literally a sea of mud. The trenches in many parts are running streams in spite of the splendid efforts of the engineers, and at times, when duty calls, we have to set our jaws a little firmer, and remember the Great Cause for which we are enduring discomforts and hardships, to refrain from uttering epithets of discontent'._NEWLINE_In January 1916 Bagnall was commissioned a Lieutenant in the 23rd Battery, CFA, and was later attached to the 5th Battery. In 1917 he was Orderly Officer and Adjutant in the 2nd. Brigade, CFA, and in 1918 he was promoted to Captain and transferred to the 58th Battery. He was awarded the Military Cross for conspicuous gallantry and initiative during the Second Battle of Cambrai, fought October 1918. _START_SECTION_ The Winnipeg Statue _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the end of the War Bagnall returned to his old employment in Canada. The Bank of Montreal had contributed 1,049 employees to the War, 230 of whom were killed and the company decided to commemorate their sacrifice through a sculptural memorial. In the end two statues were commissioned; one in Montreal as a memorial to victory and one in Winnipeg to honour the Canadian soldiers. The American sculptor James Earle Fraser was awarded the Winnipeg commission and Wynn Bagnall, as a decorated employee, was chosen as the model. The statue was 9 feet in height and was made of bronze on a marble base. It stands on the junction of Portage and Main Streets outside the imposing Winnipeg offices of the Bank of Montreal. _NEWLINE_Fraser's biographer, A.L. Freundlich described it thus, 'Here is no giant warrior god on a high pedestal, but a man. He is tough, ready for the fight, his feet apart, arms held loosely at his sides but ready. His helmet is just slightly at an angle and, under its brim, his face reflects strength and determination'. _START_SECTION_ Later life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bagnall returned to England briefly in 1922 before deciding to emigrate to the United States. He died in 1931 and was buried with military honours at Cypress Hills National Cemetery in Long Island.

5047624956526884747

Q8041777

_START_ARTICLE_ XHBC-FM _START_SECTION_ XEBC callsign _START_PARAGRAPH_ XEBC was the former call sign of a border-blaster radio station licensed to the Tijuana / Rosarito area of Baja California, Mexico. The original XEBC, which launched in the early 1930s, was the first "border blaster" station in the Tijuana area. _START_SECTION_ In Ciudad Guzmán _START_PARAGRAPH_ The XEBC callsign returned to the air in December 1948, when Radio Ciudad Guzmán, S.A., was awarded the concession for XEBC-AM 990, serving Ciudad Guzmán with 1,000 watts day and 100 watts night. Radio Armonía became the concessionaire in 1972 and was awarded the FM combo station in 1994._NEWLINE_In 2016, XEBC-XHBC, along with XHIS-FM 106.3, was bought by Grupo Radiofónico ZER; ownership of the concessionaire Radio Armonía, which had been held by Guadalajara-based Unidifusión, was transferred entirely to Rodrigo Rodríguez Reyes and Josefina Reyes Sahagún. The result was a new name and brand for the station._NEWLINE_On March 11, 2019, Grupo Radiofónico ZER surrendered the AM frequency to the IFT, citing high costs of operation.

11315578042220001782

Q8042010

_START_ARTICLE_ XHFA-FM _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ XEFA received its concession on April 26, 1947. It was owned by Red Nacional Radioemisora, S.A., and broadcast with 500 watts during the day and 250 at night. It was transferred to its current concessionaire in 1976 and authorized to become an AM-FM combo in 1994.

3649824481601177784

Q20748084

_START_ARTICLE_ XHFI-FM _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ XEFI was the first radio station in Chihuahua. It originated in 1921 as part of radio experiments conducted by the state government. By 1923, it was known as XICE, after Governor Ignacio C. Enríquez. In 1924, it became known as CFZ, and a full concession for XEFI at 1000 kHz was issued in 1932. In the 1940s, the station was transferred to El Pregonero del Estado de Chihuahua, S.A., owned by Ramiro G. Uranga; during this time, it operated at 1440 kHz. By the 1960s, the station had moved to 580._NEWLINE_In 1976, Radiorama bought the station, and in 2011, it received authorization to migrate to FM.

4605822773265831377

Q1204827

_START_ARTICLE_ Xbox Games Store _START_SECTION_ Xbox Live Arcade _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Xbox Live Arcade (XBLA) branding encompasses digital-only games that can be purchased from Xbox Games Store on the Xbox 360, including ports of classic games and new original titles. _START_SECTION_ Games on Demand _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Games on Demand section of Xbox Games Store allows users to purchase downloadable versions of Xbox 360 titles, along with games released for the original Xbox. Most of all, some of delisted downloadable contents of the respective Xbox 360 games are also included on this edition. _START_SECTION_ Xbox Live Indie Games _START_PARAGRAPH_ As part of the "New Xbox Experience" update launched on November 19, 2008, Microsoft launched Xbox Live Community Games, and later renamed to "Xbox Live Indie Games", a service similar to Xbox Live Arcade (XBLA), with smaller and less expensive games created by independent developers and small studios. Such games are added to the service after successfully passing through a peer review system that prevents inappropriate content from appearing in games and ensures that games meet certain technical standards and do not misrepresent their content. _START_SECTION_ Former _START_PARAGRAPH_ Initial content partners included Paramount Pictures, CBS, TBS, MTV Networks, UFC, NBC, and Warner Bros. Home Entertainment. Other movie studios have since supported the service including Lionsgate Films and Walt Disney Pictures as announced at E3 2007. At CES 2008, M, ABC, the Disney Channel and Toon Disney announced their support for the service._NEWLINE_Various films and TV shows were available for purchase in the Video Store, including both past and present series, such as Star Trek and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. Initially, while TV shows could be downloaded and saved, films could only be rented—expiring 24 hours after initial viewing or 14 days after purchase._NEWLINE_At launch, the Video Store encountered widespread problems such as lengthy download times, duplicate billing for the same content, and downloads that could not complete, or for which users would have had to repay to complete._NEWLINE_On March 6, 2007, the South Park episode "Good Times with Weapons" was available for free download; however, this episode was free only for the HDTV version until April 3, 2007. Starting on March 13, 2007, all episodes from South Park's 11th season were offered uncensored. Also, starting on July 26, 2007, the pilot episode of Jericho was available for download free of charge for both the Standard and HD versions._NEWLINE_In late 2009, the Video Marketplace was replaced by the Zune Video Marketplace, and later accompanied by a Zune Music Marketplace. Both Zune Marketplaces were replaced by the new Xbox Music and Xbox Video services in late 2012. _START_SECTION_ Criticism _START_PARAGRAPH_ Most complaints and criticisms leveled at the Xbox Live service concerned the Xbox Live Marketplace: _START_SECTION_ Problems with replacement consoles _START_PARAGRAPH_ Per Marketplace design, the digital rights management license for downloaded content is tied to both a specific user and to a specific console. This means that to access the content, the user either needs to be signed on to Xbox Live using their Gamertag, or be playing on the original console the content was purchased on._NEWLINE_As a result, users with replacement consoles cannot use previously downloaded content without being connected to Xbox Live. This has the effect of restricting usage of purchased content when no Internet connection is available. An additional wrinkle is added when there are multiple accounts on one console. In this case, all accounts can normally share content when it was downloaded on that system. However, if the system is replaced, then only the actual Xbox Live account to which the content is tied can make use of it (a workaround exists whereby the non-purchasing gamertag can use the content, but only if the original purchasing gamertag is signed into Xbox Live as a secondary profile)._NEWLINE_Microsoft's original attempts to resolve these issues were limited to transferring licenses to consoles replaced under warranty. This required contacting Microsoft support, and the console must have been replaced through Microsoft itself or a warranty from the retailer where it was originally purchased. License transfers could not be performed in the case of a voluntary upgrade (e.g., if the user purchased a newer Xbox 360 replace their old console)._NEWLINE_As of June 2008, Microsoft has released an online tool that allows users to transfer licenses from the console where they were originally purchased to another. This is done in a two-step process, where all licenses are first migrated on the server side, and then downloaded onto the new console. To prevent abuse, this process can only be performed every four months. Licenses remain bound to the Gamertag regardless, so users who store their profiles on portable memory units can continue to use purchased content on any console when signed into the service. _START_SECTION_ Pricing _START_PARAGRAPH_ Price consistency and whether some content should be available free of charge has also been a source of criticism related to the Xbox Live Marketplace. A notable incident was Microsoft charging for a Gears of War map pack that developer Epic desired to provide at no cost (although it was made free four months later in September 2007). Exacerbating the controversy, Game Informer made claims that Microsoft forced companies to charge for content the company itself wanted to distribute free. In this case, Microsoft Publishing was responsible for setting the price, with this not actually being a policy of the Xbox team or Xbox Live Marketplace as was implied. Free content is indeed possible, but much of the free content is promotional in nature, such as the titles Yaris and Dash of Destruction._NEWLINE_The Microsoft Points system previously required to purchase content was criticized for being deceptive in terms of actual real-world cost, as well as for users often having to purchase more points at once than are immediately needed (in North America, users could only purchase points in increments of 400, costing around $5). In June 2013, Microsoft announced the discontinuation of points in favor of credit using local currencies, which took effect in an Xbox 360 software update released on August 26, 2013. _START_SECTION_ Regional lockouts _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the Spring 2007 dashboard update, Microsoft increased the security on the regional content restrictions. This made obtaining entertainment content for international markets impossible, while the US market has a substantial offering in comparison. Even some free content, such as downloadable extras for retail games, is impossible to obtain in certain regions, despite there being no legal or censorship problems (an example of this would be the second Gears of War map pack; while the first pack was initially available free worldwide, the Spring 2007 update made both unavailable to many Xbox 360 owners)._NEWLINE_In the case of New Zealand, all child accounts were banned from downloading any marketplace content in Mid-June. As of October 15, 2010 these are still locked from downloading anything apart from software updates and user-created content, no matter what the rating.

4485286508611413258

Q5357886

_START_ARTICLE_ Xie Daoqing _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Xie Daoqing came from a family of court officials: she was the daughter of Xie Qubo, Prince of Wei, and granddaughter of: Xie Xinfu, Prince Huizhen of Lü. She was selected as the spouse and empress of Emperor Lizong of Song by the Empress Yang (Song dynasty). She had no surviving son, and her spouse was succeeded by his nephew, Emperor Duzong, in 1264. She briefly acted as regent in that year. _START_SECTION_ Regent _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1274, Emperor Duzong died. His four-year-old son Zhao Xian was enthroned as Emperor Gong of Song with the assistance of chancellor Jia Sidao. The following year, Gong became regent under the regency of his adoptive grandmother, Grand Empress Dowager Xie (謝太皇太后) and, nominally, his mother Empress Dowager Quan (全太后)._NEWLINE_In this period, the army of the Mongol Empire had already taken control of the northern and south western areas of China, crossed the Yangtze River acquiring key strategic locations on the way including control of Xiangyang City (part of modern Xiangfan, Hubei), and were heading towards the Song capital at Lin'an (modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province). Grand Empress Dowager Xie pursued a dual solution: on the one hand ordering the people to rally behind their emperor and save the country, and on the other suing for peace with the advancing Mongols._NEWLINE_In early 1275, Jia Sidao led an army of 30,000 Song troops and engaged the Mongols at Wuhu City in Anhui. The Song army suffered defeat and not long afterward, bowing to public pressure, the empress dowager ordered Jia Sidao's execution. _NEWLINE_By the middle of 1275 the Mongol army had control of most of Jiandong (江東), the southern part of modern-day Jiangsu Province. _NEWLINE_On the 18th of January 1276, the leader of the Mongol forces, General Bayan arrived outside Lin'an with his army. The Song court dispatched statesman Lu Xiufu (陸秀夫) to negotiate. The envoy was left with no option other than to surrender to the Mongols. _START_SECTION_ Fall of Song dynasty _START_PARAGRAPH_ Later the same year, in February 1276, Grand Empress Dowager Xie carried the five-year-old emperor out of Lin'an and into the Mongol camp where she too surrendered. The remnants of the Southern Song court and army who were still able to fight withdrew southwards to Fujian and Guangdong._NEWLINE_The former child emperor, his mother and the Imperial princesses were taken to Beijing to formally submit to the Mongols, and from there to the summer residence of the Yuan emperor in Inner Mongolia, where Empress Dowager Xie joined them a few months later. They were all stripped of their titles, but were awarded tax-free property in Beijing, where they settled.

2119810737945122587

Q8044416

_START_ARTICLE_ Xihong Lin _START_PARAGRAPH_ Xihong Lin is a Chinese statistician known for her contributions to mixed models, nonparametric and semiparametric regression, and statistical genetics and genomics. As of 2015, she is the Henry Pickering Walcott Professor and Chair of the Department of Biostatistics at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Coordinating Director of the Program in Quantitative Genomics._NEWLINE_Lin received the COPSS Presidents' Award in 2006, the Spiegelman award of the outstanding health statistician from the American Public Health Association in 2002, and the MERIT Award from the National Cancer Institute (2007-2016)._NEWLINE_Lin was elected a fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2000 and of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 2007, and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute in 2006. She won the Florence Nightingale David Award of the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies in 2017 "for leadership and collaborative research in statistical genetics and bioinformatics; and for passion and dedication in mentoring students and young statisticians". Lin was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2018._NEWLINE_Lin received her B.Sc. from Tsinghua University in 1989 and her Ph.D. in biostatistics from the University of Washington in 1994, where her supervisor was Norman Breslow. Her dissertation was Bias Correction in Generalized Linear Mixed Models.

2590996175684117752

Q16505150

_START_ARTICLE_ Xingxing Fox _START_PARAGRAPH_ Xingxing Fox (C: 星星狐, P: Xīngxing Hú "Star Fox", stylized as XingXing Fox) is a cartoon that airs on China Central Television (CCTV). The main character is a pink fox and the main setting is a magical forest. It is produced by the Xiamen Bluebird Cartoon Company (S: 厦门青鸟动画有限公司, P: Xiàmén Qīngniǎo Dònghuà Yǒuxiàngōngsī), headquartered in the Xiamen Software Park 2 (S: 厦门软件园二期, P: Xiàmén Ruǎnjiànyuán Èrqī) in Siming District, Xiamen._NEWLINE_On February 27, 2012 "The Vocation Experiences of Xing Xing Fox" won the Chinese TV Star Award, an award sponsored by the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARFT)._NEWLINE_At the 2013 Bologna Children's Book Fair Xiamen Bluebird announced it was giving Trajectory Inc. the worldwide distribution rights to Xingxing Fox. Trajectory is scheduled to make 50 Xingxing Fox e-books.

17100377196448106864

Q689443

_START_ARTICLE_ Xstrata _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The company was founded in 1926 in Switzerland as Südelektra, an infrastructure and electricity projects concern operating in Latin America. In 1990, Marc Rich + Co AG became its majority shareholder. In the 1990s it diversified into mining and disposed of its non-core businesses._NEWLINE_It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 2002 at which time it acquired Glencore's coal assets in Australia and South Africa._NEWLINE_In 2003, it doubled in size with the A$2.9 billion takeover of Australian copper, zinc and lead miner MIM Holdings. However, it failed in a 2005 bid for another Australian miner, WMC Resources, which was captured by BHP Billiton, the world's biggest mining company._NEWLINE_In 2004 Xstrata closed its recently purchased Windimurra Vanadium plant in Western Australia which had the effect of increasing Vanadium prices received for Xstrata's other Vanadium mines around the world. Many hundreds of people were put out of work and now many Western Australians are not keen to see Xstrata involved in other mining activities in the state because of this action._NEWLINE_In August 2005, Xstrata purchased a 19.9% stake in Falconbridge Limited, a diversified Canadian mining company producing copper, nickel, aluminum, lead and zinc. Following a contested take-over battle with Inco Limited, Xstrata successfully acquired the remaining 80.1% of Falconbridge in August 2006._NEWLINE_In 2006, The Northern Territory and Australian Governments approved the expansion of the McArthur River zinc mine, near the popular fishing destination of Borrooloola. The expansion involves diversion of the river to a new 5.5 km channel, to allow construction of a massive open-cut pit in the existing river._NEWLINE_On behalf of the Traditional Owners of the region – the Yanyuwa, Mara, Garrawa and Gurdanji peoples – the Northern Land Council launched a legal challenge to the Northern Territory Government's decision to approve the mining of and diversion of the McArthur River. On 1 May 2007, The Northern Territory Supreme Court ruled in favour of the Northern Land Council to stop the expansion. On 3 May 2007, the Northern Territory government rushed through retrospective legislation to overrule the court decision and allow the open-cut mine to proceed._NEWLINE_On 28 May 2012 violent repression of local residents by the police in the province of Espinar, Cuzco, Peru, caused the deaths of two civilians. The inhabitants protested against the pollution of the water sources caused by Xstrata's mining activities. The government has decreed a State of Emergency and suspended civil liberties guaranteed in the Constitution._NEWLINE_On 2 May 2013 it was acquired by Glencore._NEWLINE_On 15 October 2014, due to friction with management and shareholders a reversed IPO is inevitable and a Management/Shareholder buyout of the majority shares of the company is completed behind closed doors in the boardroom to one of the largest private Swiss and Luxembourg based Global Private Asset Management Group._NEWLINE_Xstrata shareholders regain full control of IOCG mining activities, the FTSE 100 company brand, IP and independence from Glencore holding group._NEWLINE_Xstrata Mexico continues its IED capital investment in Mexico and South America investing in geological studies, mineral resource classification, estimation of its Mining Assets/Claims and permits reaching a current valuation of US$200 million in IOCG reserves, which is part of the consolidated balance sheet of capital assets of the company._NEWLINE_In 2016, due to the sudden contraction of the global Chinese IO demand and subsequent melting of the global commodities markets including oil prices, Xstrata Mexico halts its mining activities in Mexico, though it has maintained its IED position in the country._NEWLINE_In 2017, Xstrata begins investment diversification. It opens three of its actual nine divisions. Its Agroindustrial Division in Australia and Mexico – Xstrata Bioproducts - and signs off a JVA exclusive distribution agreement with Sukarne SA de CV to market and distribute Vio Hache 100% organic OMRI certified compost products. Exports to Japan begin._NEWLINE_In Q1 2018 Xstrata signed a majority shares/equity option offtake agreement with a major Luxembourg-based Asset Management and Trust, thereby positioning Xstrata as a global player as a Private Investment Company. Its presence in Latin America will continue to grow with an approved multibillion Euros investment strategy for M&A in the Mining sector and all the core physical commodity derived productive sectors, as well as aerospace, agro-industrial, Biotechnology, Energy, Financial Services, Food & Technology, Health Care, infrastructure, IT, Logistics and Transport, real estate and Water Resources and conservation activities. _START_SECTION_ Operations _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since the turn of the millennium it has developed from a small player into one of the world's largest diversified mining groups with the help of a series of large acquisitions. In 2008, its degree of transnationality according to the Transnationality Index was 93.2 percent and ranked first place. It has major operations/projects in eighteen countries (Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Germany, Jamaica, New Caledonia, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, South Africa, Spain, Tanzania, the United States and the United Kingdom) and it is a major producer of copper, coking coal, thermal coal, nickel, ferrochrome, vanadium and zinc. It has smaller scale involvement in aluminum, gold, lead and silver. It also has interests in platinum group metals through its 24.9% stake in Lonmin._NEWLINE_In July 2012, Xstrata opened its first office in mainland China. China accounts for up to one-third of Xstrata's global sales. The office is located in Shanghai. _START_SECTION_ Bulga Coal _START_PARAGRAPH_ Xstrata are currently the operators of the Bulga Coal Mine in NSW, Australia. Xstrata have managed this mine on behalf of the Bulga Coal Pty Ltd shareholders since 2001 when it purchased Enex Resources Limited from Glencore International AG. The Bulga Coal mine site serves as the headquarters for Xstrata Coal's NSW division. _START_SECTION_ Mangoola (Anvil Hill) Coal Mine controversy _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2007 Xstrata Coal, based in Sydney, bought Anvil Hill Coal Mine from Centennial Coal Company. Since the purchase of the Anvil Hill Coal Mine, Xstrata Coal, an Australia-based subsidiary of Xstrata PLC, has come under media scrutiny numerous times in regards to the company's management of the pre-mining stage of the mining project, most notably scrutinised has been the community relations approach of Xstrata Coal towards the local community, with allegations of misleading actions on behalf of the company being cited in the local and regional media, and other regional and local communication channels. This included the setting up of a local action group in opposition to the mine named WAG (Wybong Action Group). _START_SECTION_ George Fisher mine _START_PARAGRAPH_ In October 2010, Xstrata's A$274 million expansion plan for the George Fisher mine at Mount Isa was approved by the government of Queensland _START_SECTION_ Mindanao, Philippines _START_PARAGRAPH_ Xstrata's $5.9-billion copper-gold mine in the Philippines’ southern island of Mindanao has been delayed three years to 2019 due to security concerns and regulatory obstacles set by the local government. It was the largest FDI project in the Philippines. _START_SECTION_ Relationship with Glencore _START_PARAGRAPH_ Glencore is reported to serve as a marketing partner for Xstrata. As of 2006, Glencore leaders Willy Strothotte and Ivan Glasenberg are on the board of Xstrata, which Strothotte chairs. According to The Sunday Times, Glencore controls 40% of Xstrata stock and has appointed the Xstrata CEO, Mick Davis._NEWLINE_In June 2012, following a previous announcement of a merger between Glencore and Xstrata, the two companies began to reconsider the proposed retention package for their merger, due to shareholder opposition to a huge payout for executives. In total, 73 key executives stood to receive over GBP 170 million under the initial retention package._NEWLINE_In July 2012, Xstrata PLC announced that the Court Meeting originally scheduled for 12 July 2012 to approve the details of the merger between Xstrata and Glencore had been adjourned to 7 September 2012. After the merger with Glencore, the Xstrata CFO Trevor Reid announced that he would not continue to work as employee but as consultant. After 11 years of involvement, this marks a massive shift in the company's strategy and the group is entering a post-Reid era. _START_SECTION_ The Xstrata name _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Xstrata name, which evokes the activities of mining and extraction, was suggested in 1999 by John Lloyd of the British corporate identity consultancy Lloyd Northover. Glencore has also announced that they will no longer use the 'Xstrata' brand and it will be phased out. Glencore Xstrata plc is now Glencore plc. Xstrata is a wholly owned brand and trademark of Xstrata, SICAV.

4291243051151120470

Q18032408

_START_ARTICLE_ YWHAG _START_SECTION_ Interactions _START_PARAGRAPH_ YWHAG has been shown to interact with C-Raf, EPB41L3, KIF1C and Stratifin.

6614061529378121604

Q8046809

_START_ARTICLE_ Yahia Shakmak _START_PARAGRAPH_ Yahia M. Shakmak (born 1 January 1985 in Benghazi) is a Libyan basketball player. He competed with the Libya national basketball team at the FIBA Africa Championship 2009, where he averaged 1.5 points per game over 6 games.

3732438435442393530

Q39059517

_START_ARTICLE_ Yakuza Kiwami 2 _START_SECTION_ Gameplay _START_PARAGRAPH_ Yakuza Kiwami 2 is a remake of Yakuza 2, and is an action-adventure game set in an open world environment and played from a third-person perspective. Similar to the previous remake title, Yakuza Kiwami, Kiwami 2 follows the same plot structure of Yakuza 2 while adding new gameplay features and enhancements from later titles, as well as new story elements to resolve confusing plot points in the original release and tie the game more closely to other titles in the series. The player controls series protagonist Kazuma Kiryu as they explore the fictional Japanese districts of Kamurocho, Tokyo and Sotenbori, Osaka. Combat is based on that previously seen in Yakuza 6. A new "Majima Saga" story scenario features recurring series anti-hero Goro Majima as a playable character. The Cabaret Club minigame from Yakuza 0 returns, as does the Clan Creator from Yakuza 6, bringing in New Japan Pro Wrestling stars Keiji Mutoh, Masahiro Chono, Riki Choshu, Genichiro Tenryu, and Tatsumi Fujinami. _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ A year after leaving his former life in the Tojo Clan behind, ex-yakuza Kazuma Kiryu is called back into action when the clan's Fifth Chairman, Yukio Terada, is murdered by assassins from a rival organization, the Omi Alliance. Returning to Kamurocho, Kiryu must find a new chairman for the Tojo Clan and prevent an all-out war between the Tojo and the Omi, bringing him into conflict with Ryuji Goda, the legendary "Dragon Of Kansai" of the Omi Alliance._NEWLINE_A new "Majima Saga" scenario exclusive to Kiwami 2 explains how Majima came to leave the Tojo Clan following the death of his patron, Futoshi Shimano, a year earlier and form a legitimate enterprise, "Majima Construction", between Yakuza and Yakuza 2. The scenario also features the return of Makoto Makimura, a major character of Majima's story in Yakuza 0. _START_SECTION_ Majima Saga Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ In February 2006, Tojo Clan's Fifth Chairman Yukio Terada announces a reformation plan for the clan, which requires a replacement for the clan captain position. Up in the run for the position were newcomer Akinobu Uematsu, Kei Ibuchi and Goro Majima, who were making the most profits among the clan. Having no interest in the position and only participating to ensure the other families can band together to keep the newcomers from seizing power, Majima returns to Kamurocho, where he finds himself ambushed by several assassins. After quickly dealing with them, Majima returns to his family office, where he finds his men beaten supposedly by the Uematsu Family. Majima heads to Uematsu's office, but finds Uematsu himself shot dead. After reporting the incident to Tojo Clan members, Majima is tipped by Kazama Family patriarch Osamu Kashiwagi to find the Florist of Sai, who can provide him information. Upon meeting up with the Florist, he agrees to help Majima in exchange for the latter's agreement in running the Florist's old base in Purgatory. Majima then learns that one of his subordinates, Ryota Kawamura, was last seen at the crime scene. He travels back to Sotenbori to track down Kawamura, and eventually learns that he's a regular gambler who frequents the massage parlor Hogushi Kaiken. While at the parlor, Majima receives service from a woman named Tateyama, who turns out to be Makoto Makimura, who Majima saved from the Tojo Clan 18 years prior. Majima, while attempting to hide his identity, learns that Makoto still kept her old watch as a memento of her savior._NEWLINE_Majima later picks up a tip that Kawamura murdered an Omi Alliance officer at the Cabaret Grand. He heads there and confronts Kawamura. The latter is easily defeated, but is then shot dead by Kei Ibuchi, a Tojo Clan patriarch who exploited Kawamura's debt to use him to get rid of Uematsu, in order to spark a war between the Omi Alliance and the Tojo Clan, leading to their eventual merging and Ibuchi seizing power from Terada. Majima defeats Ibuchi, but the latter commits suicide rather than allowing himself to be arrested to incite conflict between both sides. In the aftermath, Majima and Terada come to an agreement to disband his family, as a gesture of apology for Kawamura's action against the Omi Alliance. Majima and the remnants of his family then form Majima Construction, and begin work on the Kamurocho Hills complex. Some times later, Makoto leaves the country with her family; she received an anonymous gift prior to her departure, which turns out to be a replacement strap for her watch. Realizing that her customer that day was also her savior 18 years ago, Makoto finally finds comfort knowing she has no regrets leaving Japan. _START_SECTION_ Development _START_PARAGRAPH_ Yakuza Kiwami 2 was initially leaked on August 24, 2017 via a listing on the Taiwanese PlayStation Store. The title was officially announced two days later alongside Yakuza: Like a Dragon, Yakuza Online, and Hokuto ga Gotoku. The game runs on the Dragon Engine which was previously used in Yakuza 6. Several characters were recast for the remake, including Hakuryu as Ryo Takashima, Houka Kinoshita as Wataru Kurahashi, Yuichi Kimura as Tsutomo Bessho, and Susumu Terajima as Jiro Kawara. The in-game arcade features playable versions of Virtua Fighter 2 and Virtual On.

3708367968370071508

Q8047337

_START_ARTICLE_ Yale (1916 automobile) _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Yale was a Brass Era car manufactured in Saginaw, Michigan from 1916 to 1918, not to be confused with the Yale from Toledo, Ohio._NEWLINE_The man behind this Yale was Louis J. Lampke, who previously had been with Palmer-Singer and Lion. He then created a car he had designed himself, this was the MPM of Mount Pleasant, Michigan. In early 1915, Lampke travelled to Saginaw in order to acquire funding to transfer his company there. Apparently, the people of Saginaw were not interested in the MPM, but were interested in Lampke himself. He therefore stayed in town and created the Saginaw Motor Company in June 1916. Various local businessmen were in the executive positions, while Lampke was in charge of product development. The plan was to call the automobile the Saginaw, but the Lehr Motor Company across town had already beaten them to the name. The Saginaw Motor people thus got together and settled on the Yale name. _START_SECTION_ Vehicle specifications _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Yale would be V8-powered only, in contrast to the four- and eight-cylinder engines of the MPM. The Yale was also larger and more luxurious than the MPM, with prices starting at US$1350. The former Argo Electric factory at Jefferson and Atwater in town was secured and production of seven-passenger Touring cars commenced in July 1916. This was the only body style offered the first year. With the coming of the new year, two new body styles were added, namely a roadster and a speedster with a rumble seat. All three models rode on the same 126 inch wheelbase and cost US$1550. _START_SECTION_ Production _START_PARAGRAPH_ The company announced its intentions to produce closed cars, but it is unlikely that any were made. In January 1918, the price had increased yet again, this time to US$1885, but by now the end was near. Production ceased in March of the same year, and Puritan of Detroit acquired the right to the parts and to service the cars. In April, the factory was purchased by the makers of Jumbo trucks.

2208105251120300892

Q7348557

_START_ARTICLE_ Yamashina Mido _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The temple was founded by Rennyo, abbot of the Jōdo Shinshū sect whose preachings spurred the creation of the Ikkō-ikki. Following the 1465 destruction of the chief Jōdo Shinshū temple, the Hongan-ji in Kyoto, Rennyo spent roughly a decade in the provinces._NEWLINE_He returned to Kyoto in 1478; the construction of the Yamashina Mido was completed in 1483, becoming the center of the Jōdo Shinshū sect. Rennyo remained there for over a decade, leaving in 1496 and traveling to the area now known as Osaka, where he would found the Ishiyama Hongan-ji._NEWLINE_Over the next several decades, the Yamashina Mido remained the central headquarters of the sect, even as the Ishiyama Hongan-ji and the city of Osaka grew in size and prominence. In the 1530s, the Ikkō-ikki began to undertake attacks on major religious centers in the cities as other bands of Ikkō mobs had done against samurai rulers in the provinces. The mobs attacked the Nichiren Kenpon-ji in Sakai, the Kōfuku-ji and Kasuga shrines in Nara, among other sites, and incurred the ire of both clergy and lay adherents to Nichiren and other sects._NEWLINE_Kyoto, meanwhile, had been in the process, for decades, of being rebuilt following the extensive destruction of the city in the Ōnin War of 1467-1477. The rising urban merchant class consisted largely of adherents to the Nichiren sect of Buddhism, and tensions soon led to attacks on the Ikkō-ikki in the city. In 1532, Hosokawa Harumoto and Rokkaku Sadayori led a combination of samurai and townspeople in attacking and destroying the Yamashina Mido._NEWLINE_Shonyo, abbot of Yamashina, fled along with many of his followers, taking refuge in the Ishiyama Honganji. He successfully resisted another attack by Hosokawa there, and the Ishiyama Honganji remained the headquarters of the sect for almost fifty years.

7758653982356445312

Q8048278

_START_ARTICLE_ Yanbaru _START_PARAGRAPH_ Yanbaru (山原) is the Okinawan and Kunigami name given to the forested northern part of Okinawa Island in Japan. Spanning the northern villages of Higashi, Kunigami, and Ōgimi, Yanbaru contains some of the last large surviving tracts of subtropical rainforest in Asia, with many endemic species of flora and fauna. Many southerners fled to the area for refuge during the Battle of Okinawa. In 2016, Yanbaru National Park was established and the area was included in a submission for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List._NEWLINE_Yanbaru currently contains the 7,500 ha US Jungle Warfare Training Centre at Camp Gonsalves. As of 2010 there were twenty-two helipads in the training area with a further seven planned within two of the best preserved areas. Issues relating to the location of helipads delayed the designation as a National Park. Threatened by clearcutting and the removal of undergrowth, various endemic species are facing an imminent extinction crisis. The US Marine Corps has noted that 'to continue to perform realistic military training activities, these habitats must be maintained.' _START_SECTION_ Biodiversity _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to the WWF, Yanbaru is the habitat of over four thousand species, with eleven animals and twelve plants peculiar to the area. Many of these are threatened species on the IUCN Red List and 177 feature on the Red List of the Ministry of the Environment. Rare species include the flightless Okinawa rail (Yanbaru kuina in Japanese), Okinawa woodpecker (Special Natural Monument), Ryukyu robin, Amami woodcock, Ryukyu black-breasted leaf turtle, Anderson's crocodile newt, Ishikawa's frog, Holst's frog, Namiye's frog, Ryukyu long-tailed giant rat, and Muennink's spiny rat. All these species, with the exception of the Ryukyu robin, are classified as endangered; the Muennink's spiny rat, the Okinawa woodpecker, and Yanbaru whiskered bat being critically endangered._NEWLINE_The Okinawa woodpecker in particular is threatened both by the presence of American Ospreys from the US Marine bases on the island and by the construction of six new helipads in the forest. _START_SECTION_ Conservation and tourism _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Yanbaru Wildlife Conservation Centre (Ufugi Nature Museum) (やんばる野生生物保護センター (ウフギー自然館)) opened in 1999 to increase understanding of the area; in 2010 it reopened after renovation. The area is being promoted by Okinawa Prefecture for ecotourism.

5625227308866037605

Q11078287

_START_ARTICLE_ Yangyue _START_PARAGRAPH_ Yangyue (Chinese: 揚越; pinyin: yángyuè) is a tribe of the Yue people, one of the ancient peoples in the South China. In the Chinese historical books, the description about Yangyue earliest appeared in the Warring States period. The credible explanation is that, it is a tribe of the ancient Yue people who originally lived in Yang Province (Yang Zhou), one of the ancient Nine Provinces (Jiu Zhou), so the tribe was called as “Yangyue”, it means Yue people from Yang Province._NEWLINE_During the Warring States period, after the Yue Kingdom was destroyed, Yangyue and Baiyue were gradually getting more and more famous. In each period, the referent may not necessarily be the same object. The modern Zhejiang province is the core area of the ancient Yang Province, the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong, the south of Jiangsu and Anhui, and the east of Jiangxi are included in its territory. Afterwards, the tribe of Yue people spread to the adjacent regions, modern Jiangxi, the east and north of Hunan and the east of Hubei, who the Yue people lived in were also known as Yangyue._NEWLINE_Yangyue's residences were dominated by mountains, hills, basins and river valleys. They were distributed in the Yangtze River basin, including the river valleys of Han, Xiang, Zi, Yuan, Li and Gan, basins of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake. Yangyue people made their living from agricultural production, they had settled their lives and mainly grew rice.

7957084852868157020

Q8048764

_START_ARTICLE_ Yankee Jims, California _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Yankee Jims was once one of the largest mining camps in Placer County during the California Gold Rush. The Yankee Jim's post office operated from 1852 to 1940. The name comes from an Australian criminal who hid stolen horses at the site before gold was discovered there._NEWLINE_The town site is marked by California Historical Landmark #398, located on a ridge between the North and Middle forks of the American River._NEWLINE_Yankee Jims today is a small town composed simply of a cluster of homes. Its population was 18 in 2016.

390290192106405440

Q8050100

_START_ARTICLE_ Yasushi Sasaki _START_PARAGRAPH_ Yasushi Sasaki (佐々木 康) (25 January 1908 – 13 September 1993), aka Kō Sasaki, was a Japanese film director. He directed films from the 1920s to the 1960s.

15600974676320433365

Q26251632

_START_ARTICLE_ Yaya Meledje _START_SECTION_ Septemvri Sofia _START_PARAGRAPH_ In January 2016, Meledje joined Bulgarian Third League club Septemvri Sofia. _START_SECTION_ Botev Plovdiv _START_PARAGRAPH_ In July 2016, after a successful trial period, Meledje signed a one-year contract with Bulgarian First League side Botev Plovdiv. He made his debut for Botev in a match against Ludogorets Razgrad on 6 August 2016. On 17 November 2016, Meledje signed an extension to his contract, which would have kept him with the club until 2018. On 24 May 2017, he played for Botev in the Bulgarian Cup Final, helping his team to win the Bulgarian Cup for first time in 36 years. _NEWLINE_Meledje marked a good start of the season 2017–18, being chosen for the best eleven for the second round in First League. In the beginning of September Meledje was close to transfer in the Israeli Premier League, but the transfer failed after the transfer window was closed before any agreement. _START_SECTION_ Return to Septemvri _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 21 January 2018, after a few days of speculations, Meledje returned to his previous Bulgarian team Septemvri Sofia, which also owned 40% of his rights. He completed his re-debut for the team on 17 February 2018 in the first league match for the year, against Etar Veliko Tarnovo.

15698406016799015691

Q64747714

_START_ARTICLE_ Yegor Drobysh _START_SECTION_ Club career _START_PARAGRAPH_ He made his debut in the Russian Professional Football League for FC Irtysh Omsk on 18 May 2019 in a game against FC Sakhalin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.

15157784251965641917

Q1350978

_START_ARTICLE_ Yehuda Alharizi _START_PARAGRAPH_ Yehuda Alharizi, also Judah ben Solomon Harizi or al-Harizi (Hebrew: יהודה בן שלמה אלחריזי, Yehudah ben Shelomo al-Harizi, Arabic: يحيا بن سليمان بن شاؤل أبو زكريا الحريزي اليهودي من أهل طليطلة‎, Yahya bin Sulaiman bin Sha'ul abu Zakaria al-Harizi al-Yahudi min ahl Tulaitila) was a rabbi, translator, poet and traveller active in Spain in the Middle Ages (1165 in Toledo? – 1225 in Aleppo). He was supported by wealthy patrons, to whom he wrote poems and dedicated compositions. _START_SECTION_ Life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judah al-Harizi (c.1165-1225) was born in Toledo in the mid-12th century into a family that was originally from Jerez and was educated in Castile. A Hebrew biographer, and a contemporary, Ibn al-Sha’ar al-Mawsili (11797-1256), provided the only known physical description of al-Harizi._NEWLINE_A tall silver-haired man with a smooth face_NEWLINE_As was the practice for educated men of the period, he travelled extensively throughout the region, visiting Jewish communities and various centres of learning across the Mediterranean and the East. He was disappointed by the poor quality of Hebrew learning across the region._NEWLINE_He translated many Arabic works into Hebrew, including: Maimonides’ "Guide to the Perplexed"(Ar. "Dalalat al-Ha’irin", Heb. "MorehNevukhim") and al-Hariri’s Maqamat. _NEWLINE_In addition to the many translations, he also produced original works in Hebrew and in Arabic. He wrote a book of his travels, al-rawada al-‘arniqa. He also composed an original maqamain Hebrew, with the title of Sefer Tahkemoni. His Maqama imitated the structure of al-Hamadani and al-Hariri, but his work also reflects his Jewish identity in a society that was in transition- shifting from al-Andalus to Christian Iberia.He is generally regarded as one of the great classical Jewish authors. _NEWLINE_He died in Aleppo, Syria in 1225. _START_SECTION_ Work _START_PARAGRAPH_ Alharizi was a rationalist, conveying the works of Maimonides and his approach to rationalistic Judaism. He translated Maimonides' Guide for the Perplexed and some of his Commentary on the Mishnah, as well as the Mahbarot Iti'el of the Arab poet al-Hariri, from the Arabic to Hebrew._NEWLINE_Alharizi's poetic translation of the Guide for the Perplexed is considered by many to be more readable than that of Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon. However, it has not been very widely used in Jewish scholarship, perhaps because it is less precise. It had some influence in the Christian world due to its translation into Latin._NEWLINE_Alharizi's own works include the "Tahkemoni", composed between 1218 and 1220, in the Arabic form known as maqama. This is written in Hebrew in unmetrical rhymes, in what is commonly termed rhymed prose. It is a series of humorous episodes, witty verses, and quaint applications of Scriptural texts. The episodes are bound together by the presence of the hero and of the narrator, who is also the author. Another collection of his poetry was devoted to preaching ethical self-discipline and fear of heaven._NEWLINE_Harizi undertook long journeys in the lands of the Middle East. His works are suffused with his impressions from these journeys._NEWLINE_He not only brought to perfection the art of applying Hebrew to secular satire, but he was also a brilliant literary critic and his maqama on the Andalusian Hebrew poets is a fruitful source of information.

2654236937699786259

Q335737

_START_ARTICLE_ Yelizaveta Chaikina _START_SECTION_ Partisan activities _START_PARAGRAPH_ After joining the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1939 Chaikina was selected to be the secretary of the Penovskiy Komsomol committee. In June 1941 she was sent to the Kalinin regional party courses before leading a partisan detachment beginning on 14 October 1941. Under her leadership, the partisan group took control of small settlements, raided Axis strongholds, and gathered military intelligence from reconnaissance missions._NEWLINE_On 22 November 1941 Liza Chaikina was sent to Peno with the purpose of discovering the size of the enemy garrison. On the way to Peno, she came to the farm "Krasnoye Pokatishche" to visit her friend, the intelligence officer Marusya Kuporova, where she was seen by the praepostor who informed the Germans. The Germans broke into Kuporova's house, shooting the Kuporova family members and taking Chaikina prisoner. Chaikina was subsequently taken to Peno. Even under torture, she refused to give information about the whereabouts of the guerrilla squad and was shot on 23 November 1941. _START_SECTION_ Awards and recognition _START_PARAGRAPH_ Chaikina was posthumously declared a Hero of the Soviet Union on 6 March 1942 be decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet._NEWLINE_The German ship Heinrich Arp was renamed the SS Liza Chaikina in 1947. Later other ships of the Soviet Union and Russia were named also named in her honor._NEWLINE_The 630th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Soviet Air Force named a squadron in her honor._NEWLINE_In philately, her portrait was featured on a 1969 Soviet postage stamp and a 1978 envelope. (both pictured)

8129607011076894526

Q606431

_START_ARTICLE_ Yellow-bellied toad _START_SECTION_ Morphology and Physiology _START_PARAGRAPH_ Specimens range from 28–56 mm, typically weighing between 2.3 and 12 g. This places them among the smaller members of the family Bombinatoridae, which can reach sizes of 7 cm. Their top side is grey-brown, often with washed-out, bright spots. Their under side, including the inner sides of the limbs, fingers, and toes, is grey-blue to black-blue with striking, bright yellow to orange spots or patches, usually covering more than half of the underside. Yellow-bellied toads have compact bodies - though not so flat as the related European fire-bellied toad - and a rounded snout. The pupils are heart-shaped, with the eardrums not visible. The overside has numerous warts with raised swirls. A study conducted by researchers from Brill Academic Publishers had concluded that there are sexually dimorphic differences noted within the species. Males of the species have notably longer humerus length resulting in a longer forelimb length; It is believed to give them an advantage while coupling and while fighting other males of the same species. _START_SECTION_ Variation _START_PARAGRAPH_ A study conducted by Bogdan Stugren and Stefan Vancea in 1968 on yellow-bellied toads in Romania and the USSR established eight different forms of B. variegata, expanding on the three forms previously posited by Michalowski in 1958. Each of these forms represents a ratio of yellow to black markings on the underside of the toad, ranging from nearly completely yellow (Form 1) to nearly completely black (Form 8). Stugren and Vancea found that the undersides of B. variegata specimens from northern regions typically had greater coverage by black markings than those that were found in southern regions. _START_SECTION_ Eggs _START_PARAGRAPH_ B. variegata lays 73 eggs on average, with clutch size ranging from 45 to more than 100 eggs. Individuals typically lay multiple clutches every summer, allowing a single female to produce as many as 300 eggs in a year. Eggs are 1.5-2mm large and coated in a jelly 5-8mm thick and semi-opaque, ranging in color from mud-like to light brown. Tadpoles typically hatch within 4 days after eggs are laid. _START_SECTION_ Tadpoles _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tadpoles develop rapidly and can reach 55mm in length. They have a blunt tail and are typically grayish-brown or, in rare cases, transparent. Tadpoles and eggs are vulnerable to predation from various small pond-dwelling creatures, such as leeches, fish, and some aquatic beetles. A study published in 2016 in the Canadian Journal of Zoology indicated that tadpoles in warmer water develop more quickly than those in cooler climates, meant to mimic the differing environments found in forested areas and sunny quarries. _START_SECTION_ Mating _START_PARAGRAPH_ Males begin to produce mating calls in the late spring and continue as late as August. As the species does not have a vocal bladder, in contrast to the red-bellied toad, its call is quite gentle. _START_SECTION_ Distribution _START_PARAGRAPH_ The yellow-bellied toad is an amphibian closely bound to areas of water. Originally, the species typically lived along brooks and rivers. It settled there dependent on the flood dynamic of temporary and continuously shifting small bodies of water. In its replacement habitats in human civilization, it is still dependent on temporary small bodies of water on loamy ground, such as tractor trails, puddles, and small ditches. Mostly, these areas are bereft of vegetation and free of competing species and predators. Through the quick heating of small bodies of water, a rapid development of spawn and larvae is guaranteed. These pioneer species can be found mainly in quarries, clay and gravel pits, and on marching grounds._NEWLINE_The superior mobility of the young of the species allows spontaneous settlement of newly discovered living spaces. On land, the creatures look for hiding places under stones or dead wood and in the furrows and crevices of rocks. The yellow-bellied toad dwells in mountainous and hilly countries in middle and southern Europe. It is widely spread across the high hill area of middle and southern Germany and the Upper Rhine River Plains, but in few places.

18356137697007781415

Q1768990

_START_ARTICLE_ Yellow-rumped leaf-eared mouse _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ Phyllotis xanthopygus is a predominantly greyish brown/sand-colored New World mouse that reaches around 55g in its adulthood (relatively large for its genus). Its thick coat is typically lighter on its underside, most prominent posteriorly, exhibiting countershading that is typical for many small mammals as it aids in camouflage from predators. True to its name, the Patagonian leaf-eared mouse has broad triangular ears similar to other leaf-eared members that compose the genus Phyllotis. _NEWLINE_The pelage of Phyllotis xanthopygus is known to differ seasonally. This example of phenotypic plasticity contributes to its ability to camouflage in a dynamic, seasonal, environment. Blending in with the vegetation and rocky outcrops is an important characteristic as their primary predators are raptors most notably owls, which rely on being able to spot their prey from the air. While not explicitly nocturnal, they are most active at night due to the correlation between light intensity, visibility, and predation risk._NEWLINE_The adult mice of Phyllotis xanthopygus are quite large as far as rodents go with a body mass of fifty-five grams and large ears that are normally around twenty-seven millimeters long.. The scientific name is Phyllotis xanthopygus. The throat and chin are a pale buff or a light tan with dull grey underfur. These mice boast a long soft fur with yellow brown guard hairs that are sometimes black tipped with grey bases. _START_SECTION_ Distribution and Habitat _START_PARAGRAPH_ Phyllotis xanthopygus occurs in South America, specifically against the Andes Mountain and in Peru, Argentina, Chile, and Bolivia from sea level to 5,000 m. While the rocky habitat of the Andes provides ample cover from predators, the high elevation environments are limiting in food availability therefore restricting reproduction to the warmer months._NEWLINE_Its distribution at high altitudes across the Andean plateau has led to plasticity in its non-shivering thermogenosis in order to cope with the low temperatures. This thermal acclimation relies on brown adipose tissue and is often induced by ingestion. This adaptation is important for small mammals like Phyllotis xanthopygus that undergo torpor because it accelerates heating during arousal events._NEWLINE_There is insufficient research concerning small mammalian populations south of Mendoza Argentina due to the large array of species within Rodentia as well as the continuous discovery of new members. _START_SECTION_ Diet _START_PARAGRAPH_ Members of Cricetidae are known for variety in their diets, for Phyllotis xanthopygus this range includes herbivory, insectivory, granivory, and frugivory. This variation enables them to be opportunistic feeder: an advantageous trait as it permits quick and unselective foraging in open and vulnerable areas._NEWLINE_Their teeth are specialized to accommodate for the diversity in their diet as they have enlarged incisors which are separated from the cheekteeth by a diastema. The teeth are characterized as aradicular, being that they grow continuously throughout an organism's' lifetime. This results in the incisors resembling a chisel due to rapid wear on the soft dentin at the back of the tooth from rubbing against one another._NEWLINE_One study that was done with these rodents tested how their behaviors changed based on the amount of light that was allowed in their habitat. The researchers found that the habitats with the least amount of light had the most foraging activity with the mice. This behavior correlates to the rodents avoiding predators by foraging in darker areas. These mice rapidly increase their metabolic heat production in cooler climates by having a high metabolic rate and using non shivering thermogenesis which allows them to acclimate to their seasonal climates better. In order to avoid predation these mice have been known to display an escape behavior due to large shadows rather than small raptor shadows. The males have also been shown to go out foraging at an earlier time than the females do.

645818313743070580

Q8052119

_START_ARTICLE_ Yemeni Football Records _START_PARAGRAPH_ Records and statistics of football in Yemen.

11535231340925238637

Q16919851

_START_ARTICLE_ Yinlu Foods _START_PARAGRAPH_ Yinlu Foods is a Chinese company, specializing in manufacturing processed and prepared foods and beverages. In 2011, Nestlé purchased 60% of Yinlu Foods, and became the parent company and main shareholder._NEWLINE_In 2012, the company employed more than 10,000 people at three factories, and was constructing two more. Its 2010 revenues were equivalent to $812 million USD.

14696112482826622285

Q63214283

_START_ARTICLE_ Yodny Cajuste _START_SECTION_ Professional career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Cajuste was drafted by the New England Patriots in the third round (101st overall) of the 2019 NFL Draft. He was placed on the non-football injury list to start the season after undergoing quad surgery.

1698357709781473576

Q2093174

_START_ARTICLE_ Yohei Takeda _START_SECTION_ National team career _START_PARAGRAPH_ In July 2007, Takeda was elected Japan U-20 national team for 2007 U-20 World Cup. At this tournament, he played 1 match against Nigeria.

4258050307069877423

Q8054787

_START_ARTICLE_ Yolk magazine _START_SECTION_ History and content _START_PARAGRAPH_ It was founded in 1994 by Tommy Tam, Tin Yen, and Amy Lee Tu. Tommy Tam was in charge of operations, Tin Yen was the graphic designer/art director, and Amy Tu oversaw the financial aspects of the magazine._NEWLINE_Based in Los Angeles, Yolk's reflection of its generation combines sections on fashion, entertainment and music, book reviews, with occasional in-your-face attacks on our society's misunderstandings of Asian culture. The magazine's premise is that there is something common to Japanese, Korean and Chinese Americans, as well as Vietnamese, Filipinos, Indians and other Asian American groups._NEWLINE_Yolk's first editor was Philip Chung, and managing editor, Larry Tazuma, came up with the magazine's name. "An egg yolk is yellow," he said," and so is the nominal color of Asian people's skin, regardless of nationality." "YOLK draws a strong reaction. But it simply stands for the color of our skin," he says. "It's what connects all Asians." Performance artist and professor Alex Luu served as its editor and graphic designer Max Medina/Mystery Parade served as the Art Designer of YOLK. Staff writers include XD Lim and Margaret Rhee._NEWLINE_As the business grew, operations expanded into the clothing business. YOLK was well known for producing its line of Got Rice? t-shirts under the Brand Fury name. Popular sellers included phrases such as Got Rice?, Got Sushi?, Got Adobo? and Got Pho?_NEWLINE_Circulation reached a high of 50,000 in 2000 and targeted English-fluent college-educated Asian Americans coming from various cultures. In 2001, Stanley Lim came in as the new publisher of the magazine. He proposed a new formula heavy on "guy stuff"—reviews of video games and tech gadgets, interviews with models and more bikini-clad women, both on the cover and throughout the pages. But Yolk was not able to sustain success, and folded in 2004 after a 10-year, 31-issue run._NEWLINE_Tommy Tam is currently the VP of Marketing at Dream Tube Entertainment. Tin Yen is still involved with graphic design today and has taught at UCLA Extension in the graphic design program. He founded creative agency TYS Creative, Inc. Amy Lee Tu is currently the Head of Marketing at Indomina Releasing._NEWLINE_As Yolk was closing, Honda Motor Co. offered a four month advertising contract. Lim and the editorial staff changed the publication into a web publication, and asked Honda to provide online advertising banners in lieu of print advertisements. Honda agreed to the change, and Chopblock.com became active.

16576477947346161864

Q8055421

_START_ARTICLE_ York County, Ontario _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ York County was created on 16 June 1792 and was part of the jurisdiction of the Home District of Upper Canada. It originally comprised all of what is now the City of Toronto, the regional municipalities of Halton, Peel, and York as well as portions of the Regional Municipality of Durham and the City of Hamilton. The town of York, later incorporated as the City of Toronto in 1834, served as the initial seat for the county._NEWLINE_In 1816, Wentworth and Halton counties were created, with portions of York County transferred to the new counties. In 1851, the western portions of York County was separated to form Peel County. In the same year, the eastern portions of York County were separated to form Ontario County._NEWLINE_In April 1953 the Metropolitan Toronto Act was passed in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. This saw municipalities south of Steeles Avenue severed from York County and forming the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto. As a result of this separation, the county offices for York County were moved from Toronto to Newmarket. The Act went into effect on 1 January 1954._NEWLINE_At a meeting in Richmond Hill on 6 May 1970, officials representing the municipalities of York County approved plans for the creation of a regional government entity to replace York County. In 1971, the remaining portion of York County was dissolved, and replaced by the Regional Municipality of York. _START_SECTION_ Governance _START_PARAGRAPH_ The seat of government for York County was situated in Toronto (named York prior to 1834) from 1792 to 1953. After the creation of Metropolitan Toronto in 1953, the seat of government for York County was moved to Newmarket.

11039062987095612372

Q8055670

_START_ARTICLE_ Yorkshire Agricultural Society _START_PARAGRAPH_ Yorkshire Agricultural Society is a charity based at the Great Yorkshire Showground, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England. The society is best known as the organiser of the two annual country events, the Great Yorkshire Show and the Countryside Live. It is committed to working for the countryside._NEWLINE_The Society was formed in 1837 by a group of agriculturalists at a meeting in York. Its main objective is to promote farming and rural life, particularly in the North of England. The shows are held in July and October respectively, and are shop windows for the farming industry as well as enjoyable days out._NEWLINE_Improvements in farming are encouraged through grants which fund agriculture based research at a number of North of England universities. It also has an active education department which promotes knowledge amongst young people of the important role British farmers play in producing food._NEWLINE_Each year almost £1m is provided in support of farming and rural based initiatives. In particular, the Society’s Growing Routes programme is dedicated to encouraging young people to develop rural based businesses.

13183412741614847441

Q1203731

_START_ARTICLE_ Yoshino, Nara _START_SECTION_ Lumber _START_PARAGRAPH_ The town of Yoshino produces a wide variety of wood-based goods made from lumber harvested from the local forest land. Most of the forest within the Yoshino area is artificial, consisting of red cedar and cypress trees that have been planted and harvested in cycles for 500 years. The Yoshino River served in past times as a means of transportation for the lumber harvested in the region. _START_SECTION_ Paper _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Kuzu district of Yoshino has a long history of traditional Japanese washi paper production. According to a local story, Prince Oama (later to become Emperor Tenmu), taught the residents of Kuzu the process of making washi in the 7th century.

15073115088409931205

Q8056505

_START_ARTICLE_ You're Gonna Lose Us _START_SECTION_ Music video _START_PARAGRAPH_ The promotional video recreates the infamous early '90s television programme The Word, featuring an appearance from its original host Terry Christian.

11818248539357320613

Q8058712

_START_ARTICLE_ Younus AlGohar _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Karachi, Pakistan, AlGohar grew up practicing Islamic Sufism. He met Gohar Shahi at the age of 15 and spent 24 years as a close disciple, until Shahi's disappearance in 2001._NEWLINE_AlGohar was named an "Ambassador for Peace" by the Universal Peace Federation in 2005. He studied at Karachi University, Manchester University and Cambridge University. _START_SECTION_ Messiah Foundation International _START_PARAGRAPH_ RAGS International although founded by Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi in 1980, was renamed in 2000 as Messiah Foundation International. The first centre for MFI was established in London, which is also the headquarters of MFI. The organisation has grown to include centres in Canada, USA, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Japan, Australia, India, Greece, Thailand, Bangladesh, Taiwan and Pakistan and Nepal. _START_SECTION_ Beliefs and views _START_PARAGRAPH_ AlGohar considers himself a "devout servant" of Shahi who practices "The Religion of God", which AlGohar says Shahi has introduced to humanity. According to AlGohar, he believes in all the Prophets, the Messengers and the saints regardless of their religion. He asserts that he does not reject or hate any religion but believes that the spiritual system in all religions, which helped humanity find God, has diminished due to modifications in the religions. According to him, his goals include preaching spirituality irrespective of religious or cultural boundaries, revolutionising humanity by reviving spiritual insight, establishing inner and outer peace, eliminating hatred from society, enlightening hearts with divine energy, and heralding the second coming of Jesus Christ and Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi._NEWLINE_He has openly challenged Islamic Scholars to have "a healthy debate on this topic should it arise a theological reservation among the minds of petty scholars." In particular, AlGohar has challenged Tahir-ul-Qadri to debates on spirituality, saints, Imam Mehdi and Islam. AlGohar also controversially declares that the world is in the end times. _START_SECTION_ Stand against Terrorism _START_PARAGRAPH_ AlGohar is a staunch opponent of Wahhabism. He has declared the belief system a threat to Islam and the entire world. He spoken out against ISIS. He believes that Wahhabism is the ideology of Islamic militants, stating that madrassas teaching the Wahhabi ideology are engaging in hate preaching and are producing terrorists. He has urged world leaders to impose sanctions on Saudi Arabia for their role in promoting terrorism. Furthermore, he has called for Wahhabism to be banned in the United Kingdom, United States of America and India. He engages in efforts to de-radicalise Muslim youth by promoting Sufism and has started an initiative called Young Sufis of the Great Britain with the Messiah Foundation International for this purpose. _START_SECTION_ Malaysian Court Ruling _START_PARAGRAPH_ AlGohar heavily criticised the October 2013 Malaysian court ruling banning non-Muslims from using the word, 'Allah'. He accused the judges who made the decision of being 'highly ignorant, shortsighted and prejudiced.' He argued that to confine Allah to Islam was to suggest that the God of Muslims was different from the God of all others and that it was shirk. _START_SECTION_ Prosecution and Persecution _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Pakistani government has instigated numerous cases of blasphemy against AlGohar, although details on how he blasphemed have not been specified. According to Pakistan's blasphemy law, if he were to return to Pakistan he would face a life sentence for blasphemy._NEWLINE_Many attempts were made on the lives of Gohar Shahi and Younus AlGohar including a petrol bomb thrown into AlGohar's residence in Manchester, where Shahi stayed when he toured the United Kingdom._NEWLINE_During Imran Khan's August 2014 rally against electoral fraud in Pakistan's 2013 elections, AlGohar was a vocal supporter. AlGohar's support of Imran Khan and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf was a matter of controversy in the Pakistani media, drawing comments from Nusrat Javed and Mushtaq Minhas, who alleged on Bolta Pakistan that AlGohar was funding Imran Khan's campaign and conspiring against Pakistan. Immediately after the episode was aired, Mehdi Foundation International posted AlGohar's video response on their YouTube channel, in which AlGohar stated that he had no affiliation with Imran Khan, but was rather hoping for justice. Shireen Mazari soon issued a statement distancing Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf from AlGohar. AlGohar later withdrew his support of Imran Khan._NEWLINE_In 2013, AlGohar was convicted of benefit fraud. He did not go to prison, but was ordered to pay a fine and perform a certain amount of community service.

7485466672147558157

Q17060171

_START_ARTICLE_ Your Home in Their Hands _START_SECTION_ Production _START_PARAGRAPH_ The television series was commissioned by Charlotte Moore and Mark Lindsay, and announced on 21 October 2013. Charlotte Moore said: "Your Home in Their Hands will see BBC One indulge viewers’ passion for home decoration, something we’ve not explored on the channel in recent years." Celia Sawyer, the judge for the series, said: "Anyone who comes on the show and thinks interior design is a walk in the park is going to have a real shock. Interior design isn't just about painting a wall pretty colours, it’s about listening to your brief and working hard to fulfill it. That's what I will be looking for." BBC Worldwide has invested in the series. _START_SECTION_ International broadcast _START_PARAGRAPH_ The series was first shown in Australia on 15 February 2015 on LifeStyle Home.

4257246806453120950

Q8058906

_START_ARTICLE_ Your Only Friend _START_SECTION_ Re-Release 2014 _START_PARAGRAPH_ This album is to be reissued in fall 2014. The songs are being reworked, remixed and remastered while the artwork is staying intact. The reissue will also include never released remixes and demos from the "Your Only Friend" recording sessions. New track order uncertain.

9051978717947248474

Q17060193

_START_ARTICLE_ Your Pie _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Founder Drew French worked in the kitchens of many franchise brands throughout his college career. In May 2006, French vacationed with his wife to the island of Ischia for their honeymoon, an Italian island off the coast of Naples, where his wife's family is from. It was here where the concept for Your Pie began. Brick oven pizza was everywhere in Ischia. Noticing how quickly custom, artisan pies could be made through using a brick oven, French's idea for a build-it-yourself, quick-serve pizza place came to be. _START_SECTION_ Customization _START_PARAGRAPH_ Customers begin by selecting which hand-tossed dough will be used for their customized pizza. Following the down-the-line concept, customers then select which homemade sauce to put on the dough, and then choose which all-natural cheese will go on the pizza. Your Pie provides 35 ingredients to top pizzas with before the pizza is cooked. An alternative option is to choose from Your Pie's signature pies. There are seven "Favorites" that remain on Your Pie's menu year round as well as a signature craft pizza. _START_SECTION_ Awards and accolades _START_PARAGRAPH_ In March 2013, Entrepreneur Magazine listed Your Pie as #66 in a list of Top New Franchises. In June 2013, 1851 Magazine also selected Your Pie as one of 64 Restaurants To Watch for the year. In October 2015, Your Pie's Peach Prosciutto craft series pizza was selected as the East Coast Pizza Championship winner.

17086928208664898304

Q4120241

_START_ARTICLE_ Youssef Darwish _START_PARAGRAPH_ Youssef Darwish (Arabic: يوسف درويش‎) (October 2, 1910 - June 7, 2006) was an Egyptian labour lawyer, communist and activist. During his years of political activism, he was frequently accused of communist subversion and imprisoned, spending around 10 years of his life in jail. Of Jewish background, he converted to Islam in 1947. He was one of the few from the Karaite Jewish community to remain in Egypt after the establishment of Israel in 1948. _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Darwish was born in 1910 to the Jewish Egyptian jeweller Moussa Youssef Farag Darwish. His family belonged to the minority Karaite Jews that were one of the communities that comprised the rich and diverse mosaic of Egyptian Jewry. Karaite Jews were simultaneously multilingual and highly integrated in the Egyptian community at that time; most families spoke French and Arabic at home and sent their children to bilingual schools. Some families spoke Greek, Russian and Turkish as well._NEWLINE_Darwish graduated from a prestigious French high school in Cairo, l'École des frères, in 1929 and received his degree in law from the University of Toulouse in 1932. In Toulouse, Darwish was first exposed to Marxist literature and became engaged in the local cell of the French Communist Party. _START_SECTION_ Mature life and career _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1934, Darwish returned to Egypt and started his career as a labour lawyer and political organizer. Together with two other Egyptian Jewish activists - Ahmad Sadiq Sa'd and Raymond Douek- he established a new secret Egyptian communist organization known as Al-Fajr Al-Jadid (Arabic: لفجر الجديد‎) or the New Dawn, that was linked to many trade unions. By the mid-1940s, Darwish had become the legal representer to 67 of Egypt's then 170 labour unions, for which he worked with minimal or no fees._NEWLINE_In 1946, Darwish co- founded the Workers Committee for National Liberation (WCNL), the first formal Marxist organisation in Egypt. WCNL was an anti-imperialistic movement that demanded ending the British occupation of Egypt, liberation of the Egyptian economy from foreign influence, development of the Egyptian economy, nationalization of all monopolies including the nationalization of Suez Canal and other health, educational and political reforms such as voting rights for women and expansion of civil liberties. WCNL later turned to the "Workers and Peasants Communist Party (WPCP)" and then fused with other communist organizations at the time in the "Communist Party of Egypt (CPE)" (Arabic: الحزب الشيوعى المصرى‎), which then split into CPE and HADETU._NEWLINE_In 1958, the former Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser arrested and jailed all known communist activists, including Darwish. He remained in prison for 6 years, during which he was frequently beaten and tortured. After his release, he became a secretary for the International Association of Democratic Lawyers (IADL) . He was rearrested again in 1973 during President Sadat's regime: imprisoned for 3 months for communist agitation, he subsequently left Egypt for 13 years to live in Algeria and Czechoslovakia. After returning to Egypt in 1986, he worked in supporting and advising the Center for trade Union and Workers Services in Helwan. He also helped Ahmed Nabil El-Hilali establish the People’s Socialist Party. _START_SECTION_ Darwish views on Zionism, Jews in Egypt and Jewish exodus _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1947 Darwish joined a group called Jews against Zionism. In an interview with Al-Ahram Weekly two years before his death, he told the reporter, "We denounced the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine but the government closed us down while Zionist organisations continued to function freely". In another interview, he stated that there was no discrimination against Jews in Egypt prior to 1948. But as the State of Israel was established, many Egyptian Jews began to worry and the Jewish exodus began. He claimed that "sequestration wasn’t a general rule applied to all Jews, but a measure imposed after 1956 primarily on French and British Jews and those who were suspected of having ties to Israel" and that it wasn't until after the 1967 war that the majority of the 10,000 Jews who had stayed behind began to leave. _START_SECTION_ Trivia _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Egyptian actress Basma is Youssef Darwish's granddaughter.

16528720164889113801

Q2627209

_START_ARTICLE_ Youssoufia, Morocco _START_SECTION_ People _START_PARAGRAPH_ The geneticist, Ismahane Elouafi, was born here in 1971.

7511915866537291436

Q1855

_START_ARTICLE_ Ytterbium _START_SECTION_ Physical properties _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ytterbium is a soft, malleable and ductile chemical element that displays a bright silvery luster when pure. It is a rare earth element, and it is readily dissolved by the strong mineral acids. It reacts slowly with cold water and it oxidizes slowly in air._NEWLINE_Ytterbium has three allotropes labeled by the Greek letters alpha, beta and gamma; their transformation temperatures are −13 °C and 795 °C, although the exact transformation temperature depends on the pressure and stress. The beta allotrope (6.966 g/cm³) exists at room temperature, and it has a face-centered cubic crystal structure. The high-temperature gamma allotrope (6.57 g/cm³) has a body-centered cubic crystalline structure. The alpha allotrope (6.903 g/cm³) has a hexagonal crystalline structure and is stable at low temperatures. The beta allotrope has a metallic electrical conductivity at normal atmospheric pressure, but it becomes a semiconductor when exposed to a pressure of about 16,000 atmospheres (1.6 GPa). Its electrical resistivity increases ten times upon compression to 39,000 atmospheres (3.9 GPa), but then drops to about 10% of its room-temperature resistivity at about 40,000 atm (4.0 GPa)._NEWLINE_In contrast with the other rare-earth metals, which usually have antiferromagnetic and/or ferromagnetic properties at low temperatures, ytterbium is paramagnetic at temperatures above 1.0 kelvin. However, the alpha allotrope is diamagnetic. With a melting point of 824 °C and a boiling point of 1196 °C, ytterbium has the smallest liquid range of all the metals._NEWLINE_Contrary to most other lanthanides, which have a close-packed hexagonal lattice, ytterbium crystallizes in the face-centered cubic system. Ytterbium has a density of 6.973 g/cm³, which is significantly lower than those of the neighboring lanthanides, thulium (9.32 g/cm³) and lutetium (9.841 g/cm³). Its melting and boiling points are also significantly lower than those of thulium and lutetium. This is due to the closed-shell electron configuration of ytterbium ([Xe] 4f¹⁴ 6s²), which causes only the two 6s electrons to be available for metallic bonding (in contrast to the other lanthanides where three electrons are available) and increases ytterbium's metallic radius. _START_SECTION_ Yb(II) vs. Yb(III) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although usually trivalent, ytterbium readily forms divalent compounds. This behavior is unusual for lanthanides, which almost exclusively form compounds with an oxidation state of +3. The +2 state has a valence electron configuration of 4f¹⁴ because the fully filled f-shell gives more stability. The yellow-green ytterbium(II) ion is a very strong reducing agent and decomposes water, releasing hydrogen gas, and thus only the colorless ytterbium(III) ion occurs in aqueous solution. Samarium and thulium also behave this way in the +2 state, but europium(II) is stable in aqueous solution. Ytterbium metal behaves similarly to europium metal and the alkaline earth metals, dissolving in ammonia to form blue electride salts. _START_SECTION_ Isotopes _START_PARAGRAPH_ Natural ytterbium is composed of seven stable isotopes: ¹⁶⁸Yb, ¹⁷⁰Yb, ¹⁷¹Yb, ¹⁷²Yb, ¹⁷³Yb, ¹⁷⁴Yb, and ¹⁷⁶Yb, with ¹⁷⁴Yb being the most common, at 31.8% of the natural abundance). 27 radioisotopes have been observed, with the most stable ones being ¹⁶⁹Yb with a half-life of 32.0 days, ¹⁷⁵Yb with a half-life of 4.18 days, and ¹⁶⁶Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than two hours, and most of these have half-lives under 20 minutes. Ytterbium also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being ¹⁶⁹ᵐYb (t1/2 46 seconds)._NEWLINE_The isotopes of ytterbium range in atomic weight from 147.9674 atomic mass unit (u) for ¹⁴⁸Yb to 180.9562 u for ¹⁸¹Yb. The primary decay mode of ytterbium isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁷⁴Yb, is electron capture, and the primary decay mode for those heavier than ¹⁷⁴Yb is beta decay. The primary decay products of ytterbium isotopes lighter than ¹⁷⁴Yb are thulium isotopes, and the primary decay products of ytterbium isotopes with heavier than ¹⁷⁴Yb are lutetium isotopes. _START_SECTION_ Occurrence _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ytterbium is found with other rare earth elements in several rare minerals. It is most often recovered commercially from monazite sand (0.03% ytterbium). The element is also found in euxenite and xenotime. The main mining areas are China, the United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, and Australia. Reserves of ytterbium are estimated as one million tonnes. Ytterbium is normally difficult to separate from other rare earths, but ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed in the mid- to late 20th century have simplified separation. Compounds of ytterbium are rare and have not yet been well characterized. The abundance of ytterbium in the Earth's crust is about 3 mg/kg._NEWLINE_As an even-numbered lanthanide, in accordance with the Oddo-Harkins rule, ytterbium is significantly more abundant than its immediate neighbors, thulium and lutetium, which occur in the same concentrate at levels of about 0.5% each. The world production of ytterbium is only about 50 tonnes per year, reflecting that it has few commercial applications. Microscopic traces of ytterbium are used as a dopant in the Yb:YAG laser, a solid-state laser in which ytterbium is the element that undergoes stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation._NEWLINE_Ytterbium is often the most common substitute in yttrium minerals. In very few known cases/occurrences ytterbium prevails over yttrium, as, e.g., in xenotime-(Yb). A report of native ytterbium from the Moon's regolith is known. _START_SECTION_ Production _START_PARAGRAPH_ It is relatively difficult to separate ytterbium from other lanthanides due to its similar properties. As a result, the process is somewhat long. First, minerals such as monazite or xenotime are dissolved into various acids, such as sulfuric acid. Ytterbium can then be separated from other lanthanides by ion exchange, as can other lanthanides. The solution is then applied to a resin, which different lanthanides bind in different matters. This is then dissolved using complexing agents, and due to the different types of bonding exhibited by the different lanthanides, it is possible to isolate the compounds._NEWLINE_Ytterbium is separated from other rare earths either by ion exchange or by reduction with sodium amalgam. In the latter method, a buffered acidic solution of trivalent rare earths is treated with molten sodium-mercury alloy, which reduces and dissolves Yb³⁺. The alloy is treated with hydrochloric acid. The metal is extracted from the solution as oxalate and converted to oxide by heating. The oxide is reduced to metal by heating with lanthanum, aluminium, cerium or zirconium in high vacuum. The metal is purified by sublimation and collected over a condensed plate. _START_SECTION_ Compounds _START_PARAGRAPH_ The chemical behavior of ytterbium is similar to that of the rest of the lanthanides. Most ytterbium compounds are found in the +3 oxidation state, and its salts in this oxidation state are nearly colorless. Like europium, samarium, and thulium, the trihalides of ytterbium can be reduced to the dihalides by hydrogen, zinc dust, or by the addition of metallic ytterbium. The +2 oxidation state occurs only in solid compounds and reacts in some ways similarly to the alkaline earth metal compounds; for example, ytterbium(II) oxide (YbO) shows the same structure as calcium oxide (CaO). _START_SECTION_ Oxides _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ytterbium reacts with oxygen to form ytterbium(III) oxide (Yb₂O₃), which crystallizes in the "rare-earth C-type sesquioxide" structure which is related to the fluorite structure with one quarter of the anions removed, leading to ytterbium atoms in two different six coordinate (non-octahedral) environments. Ytterbium(III) oxide can be reduced to ytterbium(II) oxide (YbO) with elemental ytterbium, which crystallizes in the same structure as sodium chloride. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ytterbium was discovered by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in the year 1878. While examining samples of gadolinite, Marignac found a new component in the earth then known as erbia, and he named it ytterbia, for Ytterby, the Swedish village near where he found the new component of erbium. Marignac suspected that ytterbia was a compound of a new element that he called "ytterbium"._NEWLINE_In 1907, the French chemist Georges Urbain separated Marignac's ytterbia into two components: neoytterbia and lutecia. Neoytterbia later became known as the element ytterbium, and lutecia became known as the element lutetium. The Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach independently isolated these elements from ytterbia at about the same time, but he called them aldebaranium and cassiopeium; the American chemist Charles James also independently isolated these elements at about the same time. Urbain and Welsbach accused each other of publishing results based on the other party. The Commission on Atomic Mass, consisting of Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, Wilhelm Ostwald, and Georges Urbain, which was then responsible for the attribution of new element names, settled the dispute in 1909 by granting priority to Urbain and adopting his names as official ones, based on the fact that the separation of lutetium from Marignac's ytterbium was first described by Urbain. After Urbain's names were recognized, neoytterbium was reverted to ytterbium._NEWLINE_The chemical and physical properties of ytterbium could not be determined with any precision until 1953, when the first nearly pure ytterbium metal was produced by using ion-exchange processes. The price of ytterbium was relatively stable between 1953 and 1998 at about US$1,000/kg. _START_SECTION_ Source of gamma rays _START_PARAGRAPH_ The ¹⁶⁹Yb isotope (with a half-life of 32 days), which is created along with the short-lived ¹⁷⁵Yb isotope (half-life 4.2 days) by neutron activation during the irradiation of ytterbium in nuclear reactors, has been used as a radiation source in portable X-ray machines. Like X-rays, the gamma rays emitted by the source pass through soft tissues of the body, but are blocked by bones and other dense materials. Thus, small ¹⁶⁹Yb samples (which emit gamma rays) act like tiny X-ray machines useful for radiography of small objects. Experiments show that radiographs taken with a ¹⁶⁹Yb source are roughly equivalent to those taken with X-rays having energies between 250 and 350 keV. ¹⁶⁹Yb is also used in nuclear medicine. _START_SECTION_ High-stability atomic clocks _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ytterbium clocks hold the record for stability with ticks stable to within less than two parts in 1 quintillion (2×10⁻¹⁸). The clocks developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) rely on about 10,000 rare-earth atoms cooled to 10 microkelvin (10 millionths of a degree above absolute zero) and trapped in an optical lattice—a series of pancake-shaped wells made of laser light. Another laser that "ticks" 518 trillion times per second provokes a transition between two energy levels in the atoms. The large number of atoms is key to the clocks' high stability._NEWLINE_Visible light waves oscillate faster than microwaves, and therefore optical clocks can be more precise than caesium atomic clocks. The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt is working on several such optical clocks. The model with one single ytterbium ion caught in an ion trap is highly accurate. The optical clock based on it is exact to 17 digits after the decimal point._NEWLINE_A pair of experimental atomic clocks based on ytterbium atoms at the National Institute of Standards and Technology has set a record for stability. NIST physicists reported in the August 22, 2013 issue of Science Express that the ytterbium clocks' ticks are stable to within less than two parts in 1 quintillion (1 followed by 18 zeros), roughly 10 times better than the previous best published results for other atomic clocks. The clocks would be accurate within a second for a period comparable to the age of the universe. _START_SECTION_ Doping of stainless steel _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ytterbium can also be used as a dopant to help improve the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of stainless steel. Some ytterbium alloys have rarely been used in dentistry. _START_SECTION_ Ytterbium as dopant of active media _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Yb³⁺ ion is used as a doping material in active laser media, specifically in solid state lasers and double clad fiber lasers. Ytterbium lasers are highly efficient, have long lifetimes and can generate short pulses; ytterbium can also easily be incorporated into the material used to make the laser. Ytterbium lasers commonly radiate in the 1.06–1.12 µm band being optically pumped at wavelength 900 nm–1 µm, dependently on the host and application. The small quantum defect makes ytterbium a prospective dopant for efficient lasers and power scaling._NEWLINE_The kinetic of excitations in ytterbium-doped materials is simple and can be described within the concept of effective cross-sections; for most ytterbium-doped laser materials (as for many other optically pumped gain media), the McCumber relation holds, although the application to the ytterbium-doped composite materials was under discussion._NEWLINE_Usually, low concentrations of ytterbium are used. At high concentrations, the ytterbium-doped materials show photodarkening_NEWLINE_(glass fibers) or even a switch to broadband emission (crystals and ceramics) instead of efficient laser action. This effect may be related with not only overheating, but also with conditions of charge compensation at high concentrations of ytterbium ions._NEWLINE_Much progress has been made in the power scaling lasers and amplifiers produced with ytterbium (Yb) doped optical fibers. Power levels have increased from the 1 kW regimes due to the advancements in components as well as the Yb-doped fibers. Fabrication of Low NA, Large Mode Area fibers enable achievement of near perfect beam qualities (M2<1.1) at power levels of 1.5 kW to greater than 2 kW at ~1064 nm in a broadband configuration. Ytterbium-doped LMA fibers also have the advantages of a larger mode field diameter, which negates the impacts of nonlinear effects such as stimulated Brillouin scattering and stimulated Raman scattering, which limit the achievement of higher power levels, and provide a distinct advantage over single mode ytterbium-doped fibers._NEWLINE_In order to achieve even higher power levels in ytterbium-based fiber systems. all factors of the fiber must be considered. These can be achieved only via optimization of all the ytterbium fiber parameters, ranging from the core background losses to the geometrical properties, in order to reduce the splice losses within the cavity. Power scaling also requires optimization of matching passive fibers within the optical cavity. The optimization of the ytterbium-doped glass itself through host glass modification of various dopants also plays a large part in reducing the background loss of the glass, improvements in slope efficiency of the fiber, and improved photodarkening performance, all of which contribute to increased power levels in 1 µm systems. _START_SECTION_ Others _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ytterbium metal increases its electrical resistivity when subjected to high stresses. This property is used in stress gauges to monitor ground deformations from earthquakes and explosions._NEWLINE_Currently, ytterbium is being investigated as a possible replacement for magnesium in high density pyrotechnic payloads for kinematic infrared decoy flares. As ytterbium(III) oxide has a significantly higher emissivity in the infrared range than magnesium oxide, a higher radiant intensity is obtained with ytterbium-based payloads in comparison to those commonly based on magnesium/Teflon/Viton (MTV). _START_SECTION_ Precautions _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although ytterbium is fairly stable chemically, it is stored in airtight containers and in an inert atmosphere such as a nitrogen-filled dry box to protect it from air and moisture. All compounds of ytterbium are treated as highly toxic, although studies appear to indicate that the danger is minimal. However, ytterbium compounds cause irritation to human skin and eyes, and some might be teratogenic. Metallic ytterbium dust can spontaneously combust, and the resulting fumes are hazardous. Ytterbium fires cannot be extinguished using water, and only dry chemical class D fire extinguishers can extinguish the fires.

7085677717583086501

Q519926

_START_ARTICLE_ Yubitsume _START_SECTION_ Origin _START_PARAGRAPH_ The ritual is thought to have originated with the bakuto, itinerant gamblers who were predecessors of the modern yakuza. If a person was unable to pay off a gambling debt, yubitsume was sometimes considered an alternative form of repayment._NEWLINE_In Japanese swordsmanship, or Kendo, the little finger's grip is the tightest on the hilt. A little finger-amputee was therefore unable to grip his sword properly, weakening him in battle and making him more dependent on the protection of his boss. _START_SECTION_ Ritual details _START_PARAGRAPH_ To perform yubitsume, one lays down a small clean cloth and lays the hand onto the cloth facing down. Using an extremely sharp knife, or tantō, the person cuts off the portion of his left little finger above the top knuckle on the finger or the tip of the finger. He then wraps the severed portion in the cloth and submits the "package" very graciously to his oyabun ("godfather" or boss), who is also referred to as a kumicho (gang-leader)._NEWLINE_If more offenses are committed, then the person moves on to the next joint of the finger to perform yubitsume. More infractions could mean removing portions of the right little finger when no more joints of the left finger remain. In some cases, a person expelled from a yakuza gang might be required to perform the yubitsume ritual._NEWLINE_The finger of the yakuza directly responsible for an offense is called an iki yubi, "living finger", while the finger of the yakuza that is directly in charge of him is called a shinu yubi, "dead finger".

12677136694698728627

Q8060656

_START_ARTICLE_ Yuki Sasaki (mixed martial artist) _START_SECTION_ Mixed martial arts _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sasaki has primarily competed in the Shooto and Pancrase organizations, and holds notable wins over veterans Paul Taylor, Yuya Shirai, Keiichiro Yamamiya, Ryuta Sakurai, Jason DeLucia and Yuki Kondo. Though his background is in karate, Sasaki has relied on his jiu-jitsu skills, as most of his wins have been via armbar or triangle.

6668200736831203229

Q11475780

_START_ARTICLE_ Yukino Kishii _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Kishii was born in 1992 in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. She made her acting debut in 2009 as elementary school student Nana Sakurai in the drama Princess Sara (小公女セイラ Shōkōjo Seira). After a series of minor film and TV appearances, in 2015 she played the role of Taeko Hakozaki, a girl whose friend falls in love with Taeko's father, in the Kenji Yamauchi film I Love My Friend's Father (友だちのパパが好き Tomodachi no papa ga suki), as well as the supporting role of Kanako in the TBS drama 99.9 Criminal Lawyer (99.9-刑事専門弁護士- 99.9: Keiji senmon bengoshi). _NEWLINE_The next year Kishii landed several more TV and film roles. Her film roles included Yumika, an ex-girlfriend of a photographer whose rock star subject becomes attracted to her, in Grab the Sun (太陽を掴め Taiyou wo tsukame), and Chieko Matsuda, a teenager whose classmate seeks to impress her by getting a driver's license, in a film adaptation of the manga Moriyamachu Driving School (森山中教習所 Moriyama kyōshūjo). She also appeared in film adaptations of the debut Shigeaki Kato novel Pink and Gray and the Mariko Koike novel Double Life (二重生活 Nijyū seikatsu), and played the role of Taka, Nobushige's third wife, in the 55th NHK taiga drama Sanada Maru._NEWLINE_Kishii's first lead film role came in the 2017 Yukihiro Morigaki film Goodbye, Grandpa! (おじいちゃん、死んじゃったって Ojiichan, shinjyattatte) as Yoshiko Haruno, the granddaughter of a recently deceased family patriarch. Sarah Ward of Screen Daily described her performance as "especially impressive, her wise-beyond-her-years demeanour helping to flesh out a protagonist largely tasked with observing everyone around her". Kishii's performance in Goodbye, Grandpa! won her a Best Newcomer Award at the 39th Yokohama Film Festival. That same year she played Sumire Michibata in the TBS television series Rental Lovers (レンタルの恋 Rentaru no koi) and Miyuki Asakawa in the Kiyoshi Kurosawa science fiction drama Foreboding on Wowow. In 2018 Kishii took on roles in two NHK dramas: the drama School Lawyer (やけに弁の立つ弁護士が学校でほえる Yakeni ben no tatsu bengoshi ga gakkō de hoeru), as middle school teacher Shiori Mochozuki; and Manpuku, the 99th NHK asadora, as Taka Kōda. She also appeared in the Fuji TV adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo.

3058797785285215734

Q735378

_START_ARTICLE_ Yumbo _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Modern Yumbo was founded in 1536 by Miguel Muñoz. _START_SECTION_ Transportation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The closest airport that services the city is Cali's international airport, which is in Palmira and is called Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport (CLO) or Palmaseca. Nine airlines provide service for the airport, including American Airlines, AeroRepública, and Avianca, Colombia's largest airline. _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Universidad del Valle has a campus in Yumbo. Its address is located at Calle 2 Norte No. 1A - 105 Barrio Las Vegas. _START_SECTION_ Industry _START_PARAGRAPH_ The city of Yumbo is known to be a rough area with a few factories, including concrete plants, which coincidentally causes air pollution in that area. Bico International, a company that makes a complete line of school and office products, has a production plant in Yumbo, where it exports to various countries in Latin America. In August 2006, SABMiller plc, one of the world’s leading brewers, announced it would invest $175 million US dollars in a new brewery in Yumbo, in order to keep pace with growing demand in the western Colombia. The new brewery, which will become operational in late 2007, will have an initial capacity of 350 million litres, increasing to 450 million litres by 2009. It will replace an existing 130 million litre facility in the central Cali, which is almost 80 years old and is on a site that can no longer be expanded. The new plant will be built on a high technological level and will provide employment for approximately 200 people. It will also include two new bottling lines, a keg plant and a new can line by the year 2009.

224621046568138843

Q11606153

_START_ARTICLE_ Yumiko Hosono _START_PARAGRAPH_ Yumiko Hosono (細野佑美子 Hosono Yumiko, born June 3, 1981) is a Japanese actress, voice actress, and singer from Saitama, Japan. She is also a member of the singing group COACH☆.

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