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Granule docking is an important glucose-dependent step in human insulin secretion that is does not work properly in Type 2 Diabetes .

Granule docking is an important glucose-dependent step in human insulin secretion that does not work properly in type 2 diabetes .

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Later life Sir Gruffydd ap Rhys's tomb. Gruffydd was present with Arthur's younger brother Henry VIII of England when Henry travelled to France for the famous Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. Gruffydd married Catherine St John, daughter of John St John who was related to Margaret Beaufort around 1507 and had one son: Rhys ap Griffith (1508–1531), who was later executed by Henry VIII for treason as he was considered a threat to Henry VIII and was executed for treason on charges widely believed to be false in 1531 (purportedly for inscribing the name "Fitz Uryan" on his armor). Gruffydd's tomb is also in Worcester Cathedral.

Later life Sir Gruffydd ap Rhys's tomb. Gruffydd was present with Arthur's younger brother Henry VIII of England when Henry travelled to France for the famous Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. Around 1500 Gruffydd married Catherine St John, daughter of John St John who was related to Margaret Beaufort . She was appointed to wait on Catherine of Aragon in October 1501.Philip Yorke, Miscellaneous State Papers, vol. 1 (London, 1778), p. 3. They had one son: Rhys ap Griffith (1508–1531), who was later executed by Henry VIII for treason as he was considered a threat to Henry VIII and was executed for treason on charges widely believed to be false in 1531 (purportedly for inscribing the name "Fitz Uryan" on his armor). Gruffydd's tomb is also in Worcester Cathedral.

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Jews as enemies of Christians Medieval Christians believed in the idea of Jewish “stubbornness,” which correlated to many characteristics of the Jewish people. Specifically, Jews did not believe that Christ was the Messiah, a savior. This idea contributed to the stereotype that Jews were stubborn but also extended further in that the Jews dismissed Christ so far that they decided to murder him by nailing him to a cross. Jews were, therefore, marked as the “ enemies of Christians ” and “ Christ-killers. ”

Jews as enemies of Christians Medieval Christians believed in the idea of Jewish "stubbornness", which correlated to many characteristics of the Jewish people. Specifically, Jews did not believe that Christ was the Messiah, a savior. This idea contributed to the stereotype that Jews were stubborn but also extended further in that the Jews dismissed Christ so far that they decided to murder him by nailing him to a cross. Jews were, therefore, marked as the " enemies of Christians " and " Christ-killers. "

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Jewish stereotypical appearances By the twelfth century, the concept of a “stereotypical Jew” was widely known. A stereotypical Jew was usually male with a heavy beard and a type of hat, such as round, pointy, or tall. A hat was a significant identifier for someone Jewish. They would also have large, crooked noses. These notions were portrayed in Medieval art, which ultimately ensures that a Jew could easily be identified. The idea behind a stereotypical Jew was primarily to portray them as an ugly creature who is to be avoided and feared . In this manner, Jews would be discredited. After all, Jewish people were seen as the enemies of Christians .

Jewish stereotypical appearances By the twelfth century, the concept of a "stereotypical Jew" was widely known. A stereotypical Jew was usually male with a heavy beard and a hat, such as round, pointy, or tall. A hat was a significant identifier for someone Jewish. They would also have large, crooked noses. These notions were portrayed in Medieval art, which ultimately ensures that a Jew could easily be identified. The idea behind a stereotypical Jew was primarily to portray them as an ugly creature who is to be avoided and feared .

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Jewish stereotypical appearances By the twelfth century, the concept of a "stereotypical Jew" was widely known. A stereotypical Jew was usually male with a heavy beard and a hat, such as round, pointy, or tall. A hat was a significant identifier for someone Jewish. They would also have large, crooked noses. These notions were portrayed in Medieval art, which ultimately ensures that a Jew could easily be identified. The idea behind a stereotypical Jew was primarily to portray them as an ugly creature who is to be avoided and feared.

Jewish stereotypical appearances By the twelfth century, the concept of a "stereotypical Jew" was widely known. A stereotypical Jew was usually male with a heavy beard , a hat, and a large, crooked nose which were significant identifiers for someone Jewish. These notions were portrayed in medieval art, which ultimately ensured that a Jew could easily be identified. The idea behind a stereotypical Jew was primarily to portray them as an ugly creature who is to be avoided and feared.

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Overdue-glaciation hypothesis In his overdue-glaciation hypothesis Ruddiman claims that an incipient ice age would probably have begun several thousand years ago, but the arrival of that scheduled ice age was forestalled by intense farming and deforestation by early farmers that began raising the level of greenhouse gases eight thousand years ago. The overdue-glaciation hypothesis has been challenged on the grounds that comparison with an earlier interglaciation (MIS 11, 400,000 years ago) suggest that 16,000 more years must elapse before the current Holocene interglaciation comes to an end. Data from even earlier ice-cores going as far back as 800,000 years ago suggest probable cyclicity of interglacial length and an inverse correlation with the maximum temperature of each interglacial . But Ruddiman argues URL that this results from a false alignment of recent insolation maxima with insolation minima from the past, among other irregularities that invalidate the criticism. Neolithic revolution The Neolithic revolution or agricultural revolution was a wide-scale demographic transition in the Neolithic. Historically verifiable, many human cultures changed from hunter-gatherers to agriculture and settlement that supported an increase in population. Archaeological data indicates that various forms of plants and animal domestication evolved in separate locations worldwide, starting in the geological epoch of the Holocene around 12,000 14C years ago (12,000–7,000 BP).

Overdue-glaciation hypothesis In his overdue-glaciation hypothesis , Ruddiman claims that an incipient ice age would have begun several thousand years ago, but that scheduled ice age was forestalled by intense farming and deforestation by early farmers that began raising the level of greenhouse gases eight thousand years ago. The overdue-glaciation hypothesis has been challenged on the grounds that comparison with an earlier interglaciation (MIS 11, 400,000 years ago) suggest that 16,000 more years must elapse before the current Holocene interglaciation comes to an end. Data from even earlier ice-cores going as far back as 800,000 years ago suggest probable cyclicity of interglacial length and an inverse correlation with the maximum temperature of each interglacial , but Ruddiman argues URL that this results from a false alignment of recent insolation maxima with insolation minima from the past, among other irregularities that invalidate the criticism. Neolithic revolution The Neolithic revolution , or agricultural revolution , was a wide-scale demographic transition in the Neolithic. Historically verifiable, many human cultures changed from hunter-gatherers to agriculture and settlement that supported an increase in population. Archaeological data indicates that various forms of plants and animal domestication evolved in separate locations worldwide, starting in the geological epoch of the Holocene around 12,000 14C years ago (12,000–7,000 BP).

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+Values of R0 and herd immunity thresholds (HITs) of well-known infectious diseases prior to intervention Disease Transmission R0 HIT Measles Aerosol 12–18 92–94\% Chickenpox (varicella) Aerosol 10–12 90–92\% Mumps Respiratory droplets 10–12Australian government Department of Health Mumps Laboratory Case Definition (LCD) 90–92\% Rubella Respiratory droplets 6–7 83–86\% Polio Fecal–oral route 5–7 80–86\% COVID-19 (Variants) Respiratory droplets and aerosol 3 –8 Covid: Is there a limit to how much worse variants can get? bbc.com , on 12. June 2021 +80\% Pertussis Respiratory droplets 5.5 82\% Smallpox Respiratory droplets 3.5–6.0 71–83\% COVID-19(wild type) Respiratory dropletsand aerosol HIV/AIDS Body fluids 2–5 50–80\% SARS Respiratory droplets 2–4 50–75\% Common cold Respiratory droplets 2–3 50–67\% Diphtheria Saliva Ebola(2014 Ebola outbreak) Body fluids Influenza(2009 pandemic strain) Respiratory droplets Influenza(seasonal strains) Respiratory droplets Nipah virus Body fluids 0.48 0\% MERS Respiratory droplets 0\%

+Values of R0 and herd immunity thresholds (HITs) of well-known infectious diseases prior to intervention Disease Transmission R0 HIT Measles Aerosol 12–18 92–94\% Chickenpox (varicella) Aerosol 10–12 90–92\% Mumps Respiratory droplets 10–12Australian government Department of Health Mumps Laboratory Case Definition (LCD) 90–92\% Rubella Respiratory droplets 6–7 83–86\% Polio Fecal–oral route 5–7 80–86\% COVID-19 (Variants) Respiratory droplets and aerosol 3 Covid: Is there a limit to how much worse variants can get? bbc.com , on 12. June 2021 65\% (The claim that this is twice as infectious as wild type has been thoroughly debunked. Pertussis Respiratory droplets 5.5 82\% Smallpox Respiratory droplets 3.5–6.0 71–83\% COVID-19(wild type) Respiratory dropletsand aerosol HIV/AIDS Body fluids 2–5 50–80\% SARS Respiratory droplets 2–4 50–75\% Common cold Respiratory droplets 2–3 50–67\% Diphtheria Saliva Ebola(2014 Ebola outbreak) Body fluids Influenza(2009 pandemic strain) Respiratory droplets Influenza(seasonal strains) Respiratory droplets Nipah virus Body fluids 0.48 0\% MERS Respiratory droplets 0\%

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+Values of R0 and herd immunity thresholds (HITs) of well-known infectious diseases prior to intervention Disease Transmission R0 HIT Measles Aerosol 12–18 92–94\% Chickenpox (varicella) Aerosol 10–12 90–92\% Mumps Respiratory droplets 10–12Australian government Department of Health Mumps Laboratory Case Definition (LCD) 90–92\% Rubella Respiratory droplets 6–7 83–86\% Polio Fecal–oral route 5–7 80–86\% COVID-19 (Variants) Respiratory droplets and aerosol 3 Covid: Is there a limit to how much worse variants can get? bbc.com , on 12. June 2021 65\% (The claim that this is twice as infectious as wild type has been thoroughly debunked. Pertussis Respiratory droplets 5.5 82\% Smallpox Respiratory droplets 3.5–6.0 71–83\% COVID-19(wild type) Respiratory dropletsand aerosol HIV/AIDS Body fluids 2–5 50–80\% SARS Respiratory droplets 2–4 50–75\% Common cold Respiratory droplets 2–3 50–67\% Diphtheria Saliva Ebola(2014 Ebola outbreak) Body fluids Influenza(2009 pandemic strain) Respiratory droplets Influenza(seasonal strains) Respiratory droplets Nipah virus Body fluids 0.48 0\% MERS Respiratory droplets 0\%

+Values of R0 and herd immunity thresholds (HITs) of well-known infectious diseases prior to intervention Disease Transmission R0 HIT Measles Aerosol 12–18 92–94\% Chickenpox (varicella) Aerosol 10–12 90–92\% Mumps Respiratory droplets 10–12Australian government Department of Health Mumps Laboratory Case Definition (LCD) 90–92\% Rubella Respiratory droplets 6–7 83–86\% Polio Fecal–oral route 5–7 80–86\% COVID-19 (Variants) Respiratory droplets and aerosol 3 –8 Covid: Is there a limit to how much worse variants can get? bbc.com , on 12. June 2021 +80\% Pertussis Respiratory droplets 5.5 82\% Smallpox Respiratory droplets 3.5–6.0 71–83\% COVID-19(wild type) Respiratory dropletsand aerosol HIV/AIDS Body fluids 2–5 50–80\% SARS Respiratory droplets 2–4 50–75\% Common cold Respiratory droplets 2–3 50–67\% Diphtheria Saliva Ebola(2014 Ebola outbreak) Body fluids Influenza(2009 pandemic strain) Respiratory droplets Influenza(seasonal strains) Respiratory droplets Nipah virus Body fluids 0.48 0\% MERS Respiratory droplets 0\%

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+Values of R0 and herd immunity thresholds (HITs) of well-known infectious diseases prior to intervention Disease Transmission R0 HIT Measles Aerosol 12–18 92–94\% Chickenpox (varicella) Aerosol 10–12 90–92\% Mumps Respiratory droplets 10–12Australian government Department of Health Mumps Laboratory Case Definition (LCD) 90–92\% Rubella Respiratory droplets 6–7 83–86\% Polio Fecal–oral route 5–7 80–86\% COVID-19 (Variants) Respiratory droplets and aerosol 3–8 Covid: Is there a limit to how much worse variants can get? bbc.com , on 12. June 2021 +80\% Pertussis Respiratory droplets 5.5 82\% Smallpox Respiratory droplets 3.5–6.0 71–83 \% COVID-19(wild type) Respiratory dropletsand aerosol HIV/AIDS Body fluids 2–5 50–80\% SARS Respiratory droplets 2–4 50–75\% Common cold Respiratory droplets 2–3 50–67\% Diphtheria Saliva Ebola(2014 Ebola outbreak) Body fluids Influenza(2009 pandemic strain) Respiratory droplets Influenza(seasonal strains) Respiratory droplets Nipah virus Body fluids 0.48 0\% MERS Respiratory droplets 0\%

+Values of R0 and herd immunity thresholds (HITs) of well-known infectious diseases prior to intervention Disease Transmission R0 HIT Measles Aerosol 12–18 92–94\% Chickenpox (varicella) Aerosol 10–12 90–92\% Mumps Respiratory droplets 10–12Australian government Department of Health Mumps Laboratory Case Definition (LCD) 90–92\% Rubella Respiratory droplets 6–7 83–86\% COVID-19(Delta variant) Respiratory droplets and aerosol 5–8 80–88\% Polio Fecal–oral route 5–7 80–86\% Pertussis Respiratory droplets 5.5 82\% Smallpox Respiratory droplets 3.5–6.0 71–83 \% COVID-19(Alpha variant) Respiratory droplets and aerosol 4–5 75–80 \% COVID-19(wild type) Respiratory dropletsand aerosol HIV/AIDS Body fluids 2–5 50–80\% SARS Respiratory droplets 2–4 50–75\% Common cold Respiratory droplets 2–3 50–67\% Diphtheria Saliva Ebola(2014 Ebola outbreak) Body fluids Influenza(2009 pandemic strain) Respiratory droplets Influenza(seasonal strains) Respiratory droplets Nipah virus Body fluids 0.48 0\% MERS Respiratory droplets 0\%

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Cell growth is regulated by coordination of both extracellular nutrients and intracellular metabolite concentrations. AMP-activated kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 serve as key molecules that sense cellular energy and nutrients levels, respectively. The interplay among nutrients, metabolites, gene expression, and protein modification are involved in the coordination of cell growth with extracellular and intracellular conditions.Molecular Cell, Volume 49, Issue 3, 379-387, 7 February 2013 Living cells use ATP as the most important direct energy source. Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate (or AMP and pyrophosphate) provides energy for most biological processes. The ratio of ATP to ADP and AMP is a barometer of cellular energy status and is therefore tightly monitored by the cell. In eukaryotic cells, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK ) serves as a key cellular energy sensor and a master regulator of metabolism to maintain energy homeostasis. Nutrient sensing and signaling is a key regulator of epigenetic machinery in cancer. During glucose shortage, the energy sensor AMPK activates arginine methyltransferase CARM1 and mediates histone H3 hypermethylation (H3R17me2), leading to enhanced autophagy. In addition, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) signals glucose availability to TET3 and inhibits TET3 by both decreasing its dioxygenase activity and promoting its nuclear export . These observations strongly suggest that nutrient signaling directly targets epigenetic enzymes to control epigenetic modifications.

Cell growth is regulated by coordination of both extracellular nutrients and intracellular metabolite concentrations. AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 serve as key molecules that sense cellular energy and nutrients levels, respectively. The interplay among nutrients, metabolites, gene expression, and protein modification are involved in the coordination of cell growth with extracellular and intracellular conditions.Molecular Cell, Volume 49, Issue 3, 379-387, 7 February 2013 Living cells use ATP as the most important direct energy source. Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate (or AMP and pyrophosphate) provides energy for most biological processes. The ratio of ATP to ADP and AMP is a barometer of cellular energy status and is therefore tightly monitored by the cell. In eukaryotic cells, AMPK serves as a key cellular energy sensor and a master regulator of metabolism to maintain energy homeostasis. Nutrient sensing and signaling is a key regulator of epigenetic machinery in cancer. During glucose shortage, the energy sensor AMPK activates arginine methyltransferase CARM1 and mediates histone H3 hypermethylation (H3R17me2), leading to enhanced autophagy. In addition, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) signals glucose availability to TET3 and inhibits TET3 by both decreasing its dioxygenase activity and promoting its nuclear export . OGT is also known to directly modify histones with O-GlcNAc . These observations strongly suggest that nutrient signaling directly targets epigenetic enzymes to control epigenetic modifications.

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Easting and northing are geographic Cartesian coordinates for a point. Easting is the eastward-measured distance (or the x-coordinate) and northing is the northward-measured distance (or the y-coordinate). When using common projections such as the transverse Mercator projection, these are distances projected on an imaginary surface similar to a bent sheet of paper, and are not the same as distances measured on the curved surface of the Earth. UTM-zones

250px|UTM zones on an equirectangular world map with irregular zones in red Easting and northing are geographic Cartesian coordinates for a point. Easting is the eastward-measured distance (or the x-coordinate) and northing is the northward-measured distance (or the y-coordinate). When using common projections such as the transverse Mercator projection, these are distances projected on an imaginary surface similar to a bent sheet of paper, and are not the same as distances measured on the curved surface of the Earth.

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Religions and sects Shia and Sunni Estimates of the size of the two largest religious groups in Pakistan vary. According to Library of Congress, Pew Research Center, Oxford University, the CIA Factbook and other experts, adherents of Shia Islam in Pakistan make up between 15-20 \% of the country's total population, while the remaining 77 \% are Sunni. Pakistan, like India, is said to have at least 16 million Shias. Globally, Shia Islam constitutes 10–20\% of the total Muslims, while the remaining 80\%–90\% practice Sunni Islam. Of the Sunni, the majority follow the Barelvi school, while 15-25\% follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence.

Religions and sects Shia and Sunni Estimates of the size of the two largest religious groups in Pakistan vary. According to Library of Congress, Pew Research Center, Oxford University, the CIA Factbook and other experts, adherents of Shia Islam in Pakistan make up around 10 \% of the country's total Muslim population, while the remaining 90 \% are Sunni. Pakistan, like India, is said to have atmost 16 million Shias. Globally, Shia Islam constitutes 10–20\% of the total Muslims, while the remaining 80\%–90\% practice Sunni Islam. Of the Sunni, the majority follow the Barelvi school, while 15-25\% follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence.

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Pakistan, like India, is said to have atmost 16 million Shias. Globally, Shia Islam constitutes 10 –20 \% of the total Muslims, while the remaining 80\%– 90\% practice Sunni Islam. Of the Sunni, the majority follow the Barelvi school, while 15-25\% follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence.

Pakistan, like India, is said to have atmost 16 million Shias. Globally, Shias constitutes 10 \% of the total Muslims, while the overwhelming majority ( 90\% ) practice Sunni Islam. Of the Sunni, the majority follow the Barelvi school, while 15-25\% follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence.

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Pakistan, like India, is said to have atmost 16 million Shias. Globally, Shias constitutes 10\% of the total Muslims, while the overwhelming majority (90\%) practice Sunni Islam. Of the Sunni, the majority follow the Barelvi school, while 15-25\% follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence. An estimated 0.22\% -2.2 \% of the population are Ahmadi,The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22\%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadis. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2\% of the country. See: over 2 million: 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan. Ausgabe 408/2, Januar 2005, S. 61 (PDF ) 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130 4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. Ethnic and national groups around the world. Greenwood Press . Westport 2002, page 52 who were designated 'non-Muslims' by a 1974 constitutional amendment, although they consider themselves Muslims, due to pressure from Sunni extremist groups.

Pakistan, like India, is said to have atleast 10 million Shias. Globally, Shias constitutes 10\% of the total Muslims, while the overwhelming majority (90\%) practice Sunni Islam. Of the Sunni, the majority follow the Barelvi school, while 15-25\% follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence. An estimated 0.22\% -1.2 \% of the population are Ahmadi,The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22\%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadis. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2\% of the country. See: over 2 million: 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan. Ausgabe 408/2, Januar 2005, S. 61 (PDF ) 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130 4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. Ethnic and national groups around the world. Greenwood Press . Westport 2002, page 52 who were designated 'non-Muslims' by a 1974 constitutional amendment, although they consider themselves Muslims, due to pressure from Sunni extremist groups.

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Religions and sects Shia and Sunni Estimates of the size of the two largest religious groups in Pakistan vary. According to Library of Congress, Pew Research Center, Oxford University, the CIA Factbook and other experts, adherents of Shia Islam in Pakistan make up around 10 \% of the country's total Muslim population, while the remaining 90 \% are Sunni. Pakistan, like India, is said to have atleast 10 million Shias. Globally, Shias constitutes 10 \% of the total Muslims, while the overwhelming majority ( 90\% ) practice Sunni Islam. Of the Sunni, the majority follow the Barelvi school, while minority follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence. An estimated 0.22\% -1 \% of the population are Ahmadi,The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22\%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadis. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2\% of the country. See: over 2 million: 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan. Ausgabe 408/2, Januar 2005, S. 61 (PDF ) 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130 4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. Ethnic and national groups around the world. Greenwood Press . Westport 2002, page 52 who were designated 'non-Muslims' by a 1974 constitutional amendment, although they consider themselves Muslims, due to pressure from Sunni extremist groups. Sufism, a Islamic tradition, has a long history and a large popular following in Pakistan. Popular Sufi culture is centred on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Sufi music and dance. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticise its popular character, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of the Prophet and his companions.

Religions and sects Shia and Sunni Estimates of the size of the two largest religious groups in Pakistan vary. According to Library of Congress, Pew Research Center, Oxford University, the CIA Factbook and other experts, adherents of Shia Islam in Pakistan make up between 15-20 \% of the country's total population, while the remaining 77 \% are Sunni. Pakistan, like India, is said to have at least 16 million Shias. Globally, Shia Islam constitutes 10 –20 \% of the total Muslims, while the remaining 80\%– 90\% practice Sunni Islam. Of the Sunni, the majority follow the Barelvi school, while 15-25\% follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence. An estimated 0.22\% -2.2 \% of the population are Ahmadi,The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22\%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadis. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2\% of the country. See: over 2 million: 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan. Ausgabe 408/2, Januar 2005, S. 61 (PDF ) 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130 4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. Ethnic and national groups around the world. Greenwood Press . Westport 2002, page 52 who were designated 'non-Muslims' by a 1974 constitutional amendment, although they consider themselves Muslims, due to pressure from Sunni extremist groups. Sufism, a mystical Islamic tradition, has a long history and a large popular following in Pakistan. Popular Sufi culture is centred on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Sufi music and dance. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticise its popular character, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of the Prophet and his companions.

9196090

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Acllas were an extremely important tool of statecraft for Cuzco. They figured heavily in the system of reciprocity that kept the empire running without a formal monetary economy. Redistributing women was an extremely successful way of gaining the loyalty of those who had just been conquered by the Inca because it conferred status to the families of selected women and helped to build trust between officials and locals. Their service was also essential for establishing the Inca culture across the empire. The labor that they provided in the form of textiles was used in gift giving to help form alliances and they themselves were also used as a kind of gift that helped to confer status on the recipient. Those who received an accla as a wife also received all of the skills she could provide which allowed that person significant power.Silverblatt, Irene. "Andean Women in the Inca Empire." Feminist Studies 4, no. 3 (1978): 36-61. Acllas given in service for religious purposes conferred importance in a similar way because of their skills in creating the necessary means for rituals, namely the brewing of chicha that was integral to religious ceremonies.Silverblatt, Irene. "Andean Women in the Inca Empire." Feminist Studies 4, no. 3 (1978): 36-61. Their presence is noted at the ritual site of Huanaco Pampa, where the structures that have been excavated suggest a large presence of aclla who had access to the extensive storehouses of corn and grain to make chicha. It was important that they were present at the site because chicha could not be stored for long periods of time; it had to be made more or less on the spot.Bullock, Tori. "The Influence of Inca Statecraft on the Site of Huánuco Pampa." California State University Dominguez Hills Electronic Student Journal of Anthropology 6, no. 1 (2011): 109-119 While less common, there is some evidence that acllas were used in human sacrifice. This was tied to their role as gifts and the system of reciprocity throughout the entire empire due to their economic significance.Gose, Peter. "The State as a Chosen Woman: Brideservice and the Feeding of Tributaries in the Inka Empire." American Anthropologist 102, no.1 (2000): 84-97 In a ritual context, they were an extremely valuable sacrifice because they represented the capacity for so much potential wealth through the use of their skills in weaving, the brewing of chicha, and hospitality. They also represented a connection between Cuzco and the peripheral regions that they had conquered. This tying of the centre to the periphery was one of the most important aspects of the sacrifice of acllas. The story of Tanta Carhua is one such account of the process of binding the centre and the periphery together. Colonial documents contain record of Tanta Carhua, who was sacrificed as a capacocha in her home ayllu of Urcon. After visiting Cuzco and being honoured by the emperor, Tanta Carhua was credited with saying “You can finish with me now because I could not be more honoured than by the feasts which they celebrated for me in Cuzco." Upon her return home, Tanta’s father became the curaca of his ayllu. Tanta was deified and her “sacrifice... ritually asserted her father’s, and father’s descendants’, new role as a nexus between Urcon and Cuzco while dramatizing the community’s subordination to Cuzco.”

Acllas were an extremely important tool of statecraft for Cuzco. They figured heavily in the system of reciprocity that kept the empire running without a formal monetary economy. Redistributing women was an extremely successful way of gaining the loyalty of those who had just been conquered by the Inca because it conferred status to the families of selected women and helped to build trust between officials and locals. Their service was also essential for establishing the Inca culture across the empire. The labor that they provided in the form of textiles was used in gift giving to help form alliances and they themselves were also used as a kind of gift that helped to confer status on the recipient. Those who received an aclla as a wife also received all of the skills she could provide which allowed that person significant power.Silverblatt, Irene. "Andean Women in the Inca Empire." Feminist Studies 4, no. 3 (1978): 36-61. Acllas given in service for religious purposes conferred importance in a similar way because of their skills in creating the necessary means for rituals, namely the brewing of chicha that was integral to religious ceremonies.Silverblatt, Irene. "Andean Women in the Inca Empire." Feminist Studies 4, no. 3 (1978): 36-61. Their presence is noted at the ritual site of Huanaco Pampa, where the structures that have been excavated suggest a large presence of acllas who had access to the extensive storehouses of corn and grain to make chicha. It was important that they were present at the site because chicha could not be stored for long periods of time; it had to be made more or less on the spot.Bullock, Tori. "The Influence of Inca Statecraft on the Site of Huánuco Pampa." California State University Dominguez Hills Electronic Student Journal of Anthropology 6, no. 1 (2011): 109-119 While less common, there is some evidence that acllas were used in human sacrifice. This was tied to their role as gifts and the system of reciprocity throughout the entire empire due to their economic significance.Gose, Peter. "The State as a Chosen Woman: Brideservice and the Feeding of Tributaries in the Inka Empire." American Anthropologist 102, no.1 (2000): 84-97 In a ritual context, they were an extremely valuable sacrifice because they represented the capacity for so much potential wealth through the use of their skills in weaving, the brewing of chicha, and hospitality. They also represented a connection between Cuzco and the peripheral regions that it had conquered. This tying of the centre to the periphery was one of the most important aspects of the sacrifice of acllas. The story of Tanta Carhua is one such account of the process of binding the centre and the periphery together. Colonial documents contain a record of Tanta Carhua, who was sacrificed as a capacocha in her home ayllu of Urcon. After visiting Cuzco and being honoured by the emperor, Tanta Carhua was credited with saying : “You can finish with me now because I could not be more honoured than by the feasts which they celebrated for me in Cuzco." Upon her return home, Tanta’s father became the curaca of his ayllu. Tanta was deified and her “sacrifice... ritually asserted her father’s, and father’s descendants’, new role as a nexus between Urcon and Cuzco while dramatizing the community’s subordination to Cuzco.”

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Gendered significance and misunderstandings Despite the small amount of evidence for the existence of male acllas, the overwhelming amount of knowledge of them suggests that they were a majority women. This meant that they were subjected to specific rules and expectations. One of the most notable ways that they differed from not only the rest of the population but also from the Yanakuna was through their role in reproduction. Acllas were required to remain celibate and failure to do so was punishable by death. This requirement was a uniquely Incan need as Andean natives did not require celibacy from women. In fact, sexual relations prior to marriage and trial marriages were encouraged.Gose, Peter. "The State as a Chosen Woman: Brideservice and the Feeding of Tributaries in the Inka Empire." American Anthropologist 102, no.1 (2000): 84-97Silverblatt, Irene. "Andean Women in the Inca Empire." Feminist Studies 4, no. 3 (1978): 36-61. This same requirement was not placed on the yanakuna.

Gendered significance and misunderstandings Despite the small amount of evidence for the existence of male acllas, the overwhelming amount of knowledge of them suggests that a majority of them were women. This meant that they were subjected to specific rules and expectations. One of the most notable ways that they differed from not only the rest of the population but also from the yanakuna was through their role in reproduction. Acllas were required to remain celibate and failure to do so was punishable by death. This requirement was a uniquely Incan need as Andean natives did not require celibacy from women. In fact, sexual relations prior to marriage and trial marriages were encouraged.Gose, Peter. "The State as a Chosen Woman: Brideservice and the Feeding of Tributaries in the Inka Empire." American Anthropologist 102, no.1 (2000): 84-97Silverblatt, Irene. "Andean Women in the Inca Empire." Feminist Studies 4, no. 3 (1978): 36-61. This same requirement was not placed on the yanakuna.

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Hypothesis Criticism Post-study events After the failure of the prediction, Martin was threatened with arrest and involuntary commitment, and left Chicago. She later founded the Association of Sananda and Sanat Kumara. Under the name Sister Thedra, she continued to practice channeling and participating in contactee groups until her death in 1992. Psychologist Stuart Vyse uses Festinger, Riecken and Schachter's research when looking at QAnon in 2021. Vyse asks "Now that the QAnon group's most important prophecy has failed, will they become disillusioned, more committed, or neither?" The first four conditions for increased fervour after disconfirmation are fulfilled with QAnon faithful, only the last condition of continuing social support is the question. As of April 2021, QDrops have stopped but with the Internet these believers will find each other and will continue to socially support each other. Vyse states that all depends on if Donald Trump reemerges or is marginalized with no other "demagogic leader emerges".

Study Hypothesis Aftermath After the failure of the prediction, Martin was threatened with arrest and involuntary commitment, and left Chicago. She later founded the Association of Sananda and Sanat Kumara. Under the name Sister Thedra, she continued to practice channeling and participating in contactee groups until her death in 1992. Criticism Related work In 2021, psychologist Stuart Vyse used Festinger, Riecken and Schachter's research when looking at the QAnon conspiracy theory. Vyse asks "Now that the QAnon group's most important prophecy has failed, will they become disillusioned, more committed, or neither?" The first four conditions for increased fervour after disconfirmation are fulfilled with QAnon faithful, only the last condition of continuing social support is the question. As of April 2021, QDrops have stopped but with the Internet these believers will find each other and will continue to socially support each other. Vyse states that all depends on if Donald Trump reemerges or is marginalized with no other "demagogic leader emerges".

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Historical The chiefs of the seven Hungarian tribes formed an alliance by drinking from each other's blood, while choosing Álmos as their leaderin the 9th century AD. The Mongol leaders Yesükhei (the father of Genghis Khan) and Toghrul were blood brothers in the 12th century AD. The Greek Nikolaos Kriezotis and the Montenegrin Vasos Mavrovouniotis in the Greek War of Independence Temüjin (Genghis Khan) and Jamukha were childhood friends and blood brothers, although Jamukha later betrayed Temüjin, and was executed at the order of Temüjin (At Jamukha's refusal of reconciliation). Two Norman knights who took part in the Conquest of Britain in 1066, Robert d'Ouilly and Roger d'Ivry, were well known as blood brothers. It was said that they had agreed beforehand to share the profits of this adventure. They both survived Hastings and were granted lands in Oxfordshire and elsewhere, then worked together on various projects such as Wallingford Castle. The emissaries of the British King George III and the leaders of the Jamaican Maroons reportedly drank each other's blood when conducting peace treaties in the 18th century AD. People of Medieval Serbia prior to the Battle of Kosovo, Miloš Obilić was accompanied by his two blood brothers Ivan Kosančić and Milan Topličanin. People of the Serbian Revolution (1804–17): Rebel leader Karađorđe (1762–1817) and commander Milutin Savić (1762–1842); Karađorđe and Greek volunteer Giorgakis Olympios (1772–1821); commander Hajduk-Veljko (1780–1813) and Giorgakis Olympios; commanders Stojan Čupić (1765–1815) and Bakal-Milosav; commanders Cincar-Janko (1779–1833), Miloš Pocerac (1776–1811) and Anta Bogićević (1758–1813). People of the Principality of Serbia: Prince Milan Obrenović (1854–1901) and Milan Piroćanac (1837–1897); Aćim Čumić (1836–1901) and Kosta Protić (1831–1892); Đura Jakšić (1832–1878) and Stevan Vladislav Kaćanski (1829–1890). Samoan professional wrestler "High Chief" Peter Maivia was considered a blood brother of Amituanai Anoa'i, the father of the fellow professional wrestlers Afa and Sika Anoa'i, who are better known as the Wild Samoans , thus the Anoa'i family regard the Maivia line from him on forward as an extension of their own clan.

Historical In the 9th century AD chiefs of the seven Hungarian tribes formed an alliance drinking from each other's blood, and chose Álmos as leader. In 1066, Robert d'Ouilly and Roger d'Ivry, two Norman knights taking part in the Norman Conquest of England were known as blood brothers. It was said they had agreed beforehand to share profits of this adventure. Both survived the Battle of Hastings, were granted lands in Oxfordshire and elsewhere, then worked together on various projects such as Wallingford Castle. In the 12th century AD the Mongol leaders Yesükhei (father of Temüjin) and Toghrul (later ally of Temüjin) were blood brothers. Temüjin (Genghis Khan) and Jamukha were childhood friends and blood brothers, although Jamukha later betrayed Temüjin. Jamukha refused reconciliation and thus was executed at orders of Temüjin. In Medieval Serbia, his two blood brothers Ivan Kosančić and Milan Topličanin accompanied Miloš Obilić prior to the Battle of Kosovo. In the 18th century AD emissaries of British King George III and leaders of the Jamaican Maroons reportedly drank each other's blood when conducting peace treaties . Blood brothers in the Serbian Revolution (1804–17): rebel leader Karađorđe (1762–1817) and commander Milutin Savić (1762–1842); Karađorđe and Greek volunteer Giorgakis Olympios (1772–1821); commander Hajduk-Veljko (1780–1813) and Giorgakis Olympios; commanders Stojan Čupić (1765–1815) and Bakal-Milosav; commanders Cincar-Janko (1779–1833), Miloš Pocerac (1776–1811) and Anta Bogićević (1758–1813). Blood brothers in the later Principality of Serbia: Prince Milan Obrenović (1854–1901) and Milan Piroćanac (1837–1897); Aćim Čumić (1836–1901) and Kosta Protić (1831–1892); Đura Jakšić (1832–1878) and Stevan Vladislav Kaćanski (1829–1890). In the Greek War of Independence (1821–30), Greek Nikolaos Kriezotis and Montenegrin Vaso Brajević were said to be blood brothers. Samoan wrestler "High Chief" Peter Maivia was considered blood brother of Amituanai Anoa'i, father of fellow wrestlers Afa and Sika Anoa'i, reknown as the Wild Samoans . Thus from that time onwards the Anoa'i family regard the Maivia line as extension of their own clan.

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Career He was placed as the 40th richest Indian by Forbes India in a 2005 listing. His current net worth was estimated to over $590 million. He is the chairman of ACC Limited and the former chairman of Ambuja Cements. Sekhsaria's son, Pulkit Sekhsaria, is the managing director of Gujarat Ambuja Cements and his daughter, Padmini Somani, manages an NGO, Salam Bombay, which works in the sector of child welfare. Narotam Sekhsaria has started an NGO, Narotam Sekhsaria Foundation, to support students for overseas education. He is passionate about collecting works of art.

Career He was nominated among the 40th richest Indian by Forbes India in a 2005 listing. His net worth as of 2016 was estimated to be over $590 million. He is the chairman of ACC Limited and the former chairman of Ambuja Cements. Sekhsaria's son, Pulkit Sekhsaria, is the managing director of Gujarat Ambuja Cements and his daughter, Padmini Somani, manages an NGO, Salam Bombay, which works in the sector of child welfare. As a philanthropic initiative, Sekhsaria has founded Narotam Sekhsaria Foundation, a NGO to support students for overseas education. He is passionate about collecting works of art.

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Noncombatant status See: Military chaplain Non-combatant status Specialty insignia See: United States military chaplain symbols See: List of US Army Chaplain Corps Regimental Awards For FAQs regarding uniforms and insignia, see footnote.Chaplaincy History & Museum: FAQ's (United States Army Chaplaincy official homepage). Retrieved 5 March 2010. For USA Civil War chaplains, see footnote . For historic photographs of Army chaplains in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, see footnote.Chaplaincy History & Museum: Historic Photos (World War I, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War). US Army Chaplain Corps (United States Army Chaplaincy official homepage). Retrieved 5 March 2010. The U.S. Army Chaplain Museum is located at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. It was established on 14 August 1957, at the then–United States Army Chaplain School at Fort Slocum, New York. It was dedicated on 10 February 1958, by Chaplain (MG) Patrick J. Ryan, Chief of Chaplains.Chaplaincy History & Museum: History (United States Army Chaplaincy official homepage). Retrieved 4 March 2010. Hymn See: Eternal Father, Strong to Save (including special verses for West Point cadets, U.S. armed forces, wounded in combat, and for those deployed)

Noncombatant status Specialty insignia For FAQs regarding uniforms and insignia, see footnoteChaplaincy History & Museum: FAQ's (United States Army Chaplaincy official homepage). Retrieved 5 March 2010. For USA Civil War chaplains, see footnote For historic photographs of Army chaplains in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, see footnoteChaplaincy History & Museum: Historic Photos (World War I, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War). US Army Chaplain Corps (United States Army Chaplaincy official homepage). Retrieved 5 March 2010. The U.S. Army Chaplain Museum is located at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. It was established on 14 August 1957, at the then–United States Army Chaplain School at Fort Slocum, New York. It was dedicated on 10 February 1958, by Chaplain (MG) Patrick J. Ryan, Chief of Chaplains.Chaplaincy History & Museum: History (United States Army Chaplaincy official homepage). Retrieved 4 March 2010. Hymn Eternal Father, Strong to Save (including special verses for West Point cadets, U.S. armed forces, wounded in combat, and for those deployed)

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The joint is usually placed in a plaster cast following percutaneous pinning. For a radial fracture, it is not clear if the position that the wrist is immobilized in the cast after pinning effects the risk of reduced grip strength. For an approach in which the pins are placed under the skin, it is not clear if this technique reduces the risk of infection, however in order to remove the pins when the bone has healed an invasive technique may be required.

The joint is usually placed in a plaster cast following percutaneous pinning. For a radial fracture, it is not clear if the position in which the wrist is immobilized in the cast after pinning effects the risk of reduced grip strength. For an approach in which the pins are placed under the skin, it is not clear if this technique reduces the risk of infection, however in order to remove the pins when the bone has healed an invasive technique may be required.

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Draft scale The drafts are measured with a "banded" scale, from bow and to stern, and for some ships, the average perpendicular measurement is also used. The scale may use traditional English units or metric units. If the English system (Imperial units) is used, the bottom of each marking is the draft in feet and markings are 6 inches high. In metric marking schemes, the bottom of each draft mark is the draft in decimeters and each mark is one decimeter high.

Draft scale The drafts are measured with a "banded" scale, from bow and to stern, and for some ships, the average perpendicular measurement is also used. The scale may use traditional Imperial units or metric units. If the Imperial system is used, the bottom of each marking is the draft in feet and markings are 6 inches high. In metric marking schemes, the bottom of each draft mark is the draft in decimeters and each mark is one decimeter high.

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upDraft marks on a ship's bow The draft or draught of a ship's hull is the vertical distance between the waterline and the bottom of the hull (keel) , with the thickness of the hull included; in the case of not being included the draft outline would be obtained . Draft determines the minimum depth of water a ship or boat can safely navigate. A table made by the shipyard shows the waterdisplacement for each draft. The density of the water (salt or fresh) and the content of the ship's bunkers has to be taken into account . The draft can also be used to determine the weight of the cargo on board by calculating the total displacement of water and then using Archimedes' principle.

upDraft marks on a ship's bow The draft or draught of a ship's hull is the vertical distance between the waterline and the bottom of the hull (keel) . Draft determines the minimum depth of water a ship or boat can safely navigate. The more heavily a vessel is loaded, the deeper it sinks into the water, and the greater its draft. After construction, the shipyard creates a table showing how much water the vessel displaces based on its draft and the density of the water (salt or fresh) . The draft can also be used to determine the weight of cargo on board by calculating the total displacement of water , accounting for the content of the ship's bunkers, and using Archimedes' principle.

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6. Prophecy (Chapters 67–71) Finally, Bede goes on to discuss the end of the Sixth Age, discusses the Second Coming of Christ, the Antichrist, Judgement Day, and the Seventh and Eighth ages of the world to come.

6. Prophecy (Chapters 67–71) Finally, Bede goes on to discuss the end of the Sixth Age, the Second Coming of Christ, the Antichrist, and Judgement Day, and the Seventh and Eighth ages of the world to come.

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upright=1.3|Sewing Fisherman´s Wife by Anna Ancher, 1890. Sewing is the craft of fastening or attaching objects using stitches made with a needle and thread. Sewing is one of the oldest of the textile arts, arising in the Paleolithic era. Before the invention of spinning yarn or weaving fabric, archaeologists believe Stone Age people across Europe and Asia sewed fur and skin clothing using bone, antler or ivory needles and "thread" made of various animal body parts including sinew, catgut, and veins.Anawalt (2007), pp. 80–81 During the Middle Ages, Europeans who could afford it employed seamstresses and tailors. The vital importance of sewing was indicated by the honorific position of "Lord Sewer" at many European coronations from the Middle Ages. An example was Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex who was appointed Lord Sewer at the coronation of Henry VIII of England in 1509. Sewing for the most part was a woman's occupation, and most sewing before the 19th century was practical. Clothing was an expensive investment for most people, and women had an important role in extending the longevity of items of clothing. Sewing was used for mending. Clothing that was faded would be turned inside-out so that it could continue to be worn, and sometimes had to be taken apart and reassembled in order to suit this purpose. Once clothing became worn or torn, it would be taken apart and the reusable cloth sewn together into new items of clothing, made into quilts, or otherwise put to practical use. The many steps involved in making clothing from scratch (weaving, pattern making, cutting, alterations, and so forth) meant that women often bartered their expertise in a particular skill with one another. Decorative needlework such as embroidery was a valued skill, and young women with the time and means would practice to build their skill in this area. From the Middle Ages to the 17th century, sewing tools such as needles, pins and pincushions were included in the trousseaus of many European brides. Sewing birds or sewing clamps were used as a third hand and were popular gifts for seamstresses in the 19th century.Munro, Heather, "A Little Token of Love: The Sewing Bird," Western Illinois Museum, February 2014 Sewing Bird. National Museum of American History. Patented Feb. 15 , 1853, to Charles Waterman of Meridan, Connecticut A sewing bird or sewing clamp provides a "third hand" to hold fabric taut. Watercolor by Frank McEntee, National Gallery of Art, Index of American Design. Patterns and fitting Garment construction is usually guided by a pattern. A pattern can be quite simple; some patterns are nothing more than a mathematical formula that the sewer calculates based on the intended wearer's measurements. Once calculated, the sewer has the measurements needed to cut the cloth and sew the garment together. At the other end of the spectrum are haute couture fashion designs. When a couture garment is made of unusual material, or has extreme proportions, the design may challenge the sewer's engineering knowledge. Complex designs are drafted and refitted dozens of times, may take around 40 hours to develop a final pattern, and require 60 hours of cutting and sewing. It is important for a pattern to be created well because the way a completed piece fits is the reason it will either be worn or not. Home sewers often work from patterns purchased from companies such as Simplicity, Butterick, McCall's, Vogue, and many others. Such patterns are typically printed on large pieces of tissue paper; a sewer may simply cut out the required pattern pieces for use but may choose to transfer the pattern onto a thicker paper if repeated use is desired. A sewer may choose to alter a pattern to make it more accurately fit the intended wearer. Patterns may be changed to increase or decrease length; to add or remove fullness; to adjust the position of the waistline, shoulder line, or any other seam, or a variety of other adjustments. Volume can be added with elements such as pleats, or reduced with the use of darts. Before work is started on the final garment, test garments may be made, sometimes referred to as muslins.

upright=1.3|Sewing Fisherman´s Wife by Anna Ancher, 1890. Sewing is the craft of fastening or attaching objects using stitches made with a sewing needle and thread. Sewing is one of the oldest of the textile arts, arising in the Paleolithic era. Before the invention of spinning yarn or weaving fabric, archaeologists believe Stone Age people across Europe and Asia sewed fur and leather clothing using bone, antler or ivory needles and "thread" made of various animal body parts including sinew, catgut, and veins.Anawalt (2007), pp. 80–81 During the Middle Ages, Europeans who could afford it employed seamstresses and tailors. The vital importance of sewing was indicated by the honorific position of "Lord Sewer" at many European coronations from the Middle Ages. An example was Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex who was appointed Lord Sewer at the coronation of Henry VIII of England in 1509. Sewing for the most part was a woman's occupation, and most sewing before the 19th century was practical. Clothing was an expensive investment for most people, and women had an important role in extending the longevity of items of clothing. Sewing was used for mending. Clothing that was faded would be turned inside-out so that it could continue to be worn, and sometimes had to be taken apart and reassembled to suit this purpose. Once clothing became worn or torn, it would be taken apart and the reusable cloth sewn together into new items of clothing, made into quilts, or otherwise put to practical use. The many steps involved in making clothing from scratch (weaving, pattern making, cutting, alterations, and so forth) meant that women often bartered their expertise in a particular skill with one another. Decorative needlework such as embroidery was a valued skill, and young women with the time and means would practice to build their skill in this area. From the Middle Ages to the 17th century, sewing tools such as needles, pins and pincushions were included in the trousseaus of many European brides. Sewing birds or sewing clamps were used as a third hand and were popular gifts for seamstresses in the 19th century.Munro, Heather, "A Little Token of Love: The Sewing Bird," Western Illinois Museum, February 2014Sewing Bird. National Museum of American History. Patented 15 February 1853, to Charles Waterman of Meridan, Connecticut A sewing bird or sewing clamp provides a "third hand" to hold fabric taut. Watercolor by Frank McEntee, National Gallery of Art, Index of American Design. Patterns and fitting Garment construction is usually guided by a sewing pattern. A pattern can be quite simple; some patterns are nothing more than a mathematical formula that the sewer calculates based on the intended wearer's measurements. Once calculated, the sewer has the measurements needed to cut the cloth and sew the garment together. At the other end of the spectrum are haute couture fashion designs. When a couture garment is made of unusual material, or has extreme proportions, the design may challenge the sewer's engineering knowledge. Complex designs are drafted and refitted dozens of times, may take around 40 hours to develop a final pattern, and require 60 hours of cutting and sewing. It is important for a pattern to be created well because the way a completed piece fits is the reason it will either be worn or not. Home sewers often work from sewing patterns purchased from companies such as Simplicity, Butterick, McCall's, Vogue, and many others. Such patterns are typically printed on large pieces of tissue paper; a sewer may simply cut out the required pattern pieces for use but may choose to transfer the pattern onto a thicker paper if repeated use is desired. A sewer may choose to alter a pattern to make it more accurately fit the intended wearer. Patterns may be changed to increase or decrease length; to add or remove fullness; to adjust the position of the waistline, shoulder line, or any other seam, or a variety of other adjustments. Volume can be added with elements such as pleats, or reduced with the use of darts. Before work is started on the final garment, test garments may be made, sometimes referred to as muslins.

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The People's Revolutionary Army ( ERP) was a small marxist guerrilla organization in Colombia. The group originated in the municipality of Venadillo, Tolima Department in c. 1985 as a splinter group of the National Liberation Army and was commanded by its founder Édgar Castellanos, a.k.a. "Gonzalo" until his death in January 2007. The group became a military objective of paramilitary. The Colombian government wanted the group for rebellion, kidnappings and extortion crimes.El Tiempo: Catorce guerrilleros del Erp en el Tolima entregaron las armas para reintegrarse a la vida civil eltiempo.com Accessed 15 September 2007. It operated mostly in the vicinity of the city of Ibagué capital of the Tolima Department and in the mountainous area of the Montes de María in the Colombian Caribbean region, between the departments of Sucre and Bolívar which demobilized in June, 2007. The ERP lost its marxist political background with the years and concentrated on criminal practices such as kidnappings and extortion and went down on the number of members to end up with 14 guerrillas which demobilized on September 15, 2007.El Tiempo: Guerrilla del Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (Erp) quedó desintegrada, dijo Ministo de Defensa eltiempo.com Accessed 15 September 2007. See also

The People's Revolutionary Army ( , ERP) was a small Marxist guerrilla organization in Colombia. The group originated in the municipality of Venadillo, Tolima Department in c. 1985 as a splinter group of the National Liberation Army and was commanded by its founder Édgar Castellanos, a.k.a. "Gonzalo" until his death in January 2007. The group became a military objective of paramilitary. The Colombian government wanted the group for rebellion, kidnappings and extortion crimes.El Tiempo: Catorce guerrilleros del Erp en el Tolima entregaron las armas para reintegrarse a la vida civil eltiempo.com Accessed 15 September 2007. It operated mostly in the vicinity of the city of Ibagué capital of the Tolima Department and in the mountainous area of the Montes de María in the Colombian Caribbean region, between the departments of Sucre and Bolívar which demobilized in June, 2007. The ERP lost its marxist political background with the years and concentrated on criminal practices such as kidnappings and extortion and went down on the number of members to end up with 14 guerrillas which demobilized on September 15, 2007.El Tiempo: Guerrilla del Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (Erp) quedó desintegrada, dijo Ministo de Defensa eltiempo.com Accessed 15 September 2007.

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See also Carmen Hermosillo Dot-com company Intellectual property The Zeitgeist Movement Libertarian transhumanism Technocracy Technocapitalism The German Ideology Technolibertarianism Surveillance capitalism Commodity fetishism#Intellectual property Corporatocracy

See also Carmen Hermosillo Dot-com company The Venus Project Libertarian transhumanism Technocracy Technocapitalism The German Ideology Technolibertarianism Surveillance capitalism Commodity fetishism#Intellectual property Corporatocracy

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Royal Veragua () was a territory of the Crown of Castile in the early colonial period in the New World. It included the Caribbean slopes from the Río Sixaola (the present boundary with Costa Rica) to the island Escudo de Veraguas, in what is now Panama. Beyond the later point, the Duchy of Veragua , erected in 1537 for the heirs of Christopher Columbus , began. Both territories had earlier formed part of the Gobernación de Veragua, or Veragua colombina ( Colombian Veragua). At the conclusion of the long-running lawsuits between Columbus and his heirs and the Crown of Castille, the Duchy of Veragua was created (1537) , with Columbus's grandson Admiral Luis Colón y Toledo as the first duke . The remaining territory of the Gobernación , extending along the Caribbean coast from Escudo de Veraguas to Cabo Gracias a Dios remained under royal jurisdiction and was renamed Royal Veragua. (Columbus's heirs had claimed the entire territory. ) Royal Veragua had an ephemeral existence. In 1540 it was combined with other territories on the Pacific slope belonging to Castilla de Oro to create the Province of Nuevo Cartago y Costa Rica. A province of the Republic of Panama is named Veraguas. References This article is a free translation of the Spanish Wikipedia article :es:Veragua real.

Royal Veragua () was a Central American territory of the Crown of Castile established in 1537. It encompassed the western part of the former Gobernación de Veragua (1508–1537), from the Caribbean slopes from the Río Sixaola (the present boundary with Costa Rica) to the island Escudo de Veraguas, in what is now Panama. The eastern part was named the Duchy of Veragua and controlled by the heirs of Christopher Columbus . Royal Veragua lasted for only three years before being incorporated into the new Province of Nuevo Cartago y Costa Rica in November 1540, while the Duchy was sold back by Columbus' heirs in 1556 to the Crown and became Veraguas Province in 1560. History Both territories had earlier formed part of the Gobernación de Veragua, also known as Veragua colombina ( Columbian Veragua). In 1537, at the conclusion of the long-running lawsuits between Columbus and his heirs and the Crown of Castille, the Duchy of Veragua was created , with Columbus's grandson Admiral Luis Colón as the first Duke . The remaining territory of the Gobernación —which had also been claimed by Columbus' heirs— , extending along the Caribbean coast from Escudo de Veraguas to Cabo Gracias a Dios , remained under royal jurisdiction and was renamed Royal Veragua. It began to be populated in 1540 under the direction of its first and only Governor, Hernán Sánchez de Badajoz. He founded the town of Badajoz in April 1540, and named it after his hometown of Badajoz, Spain. Both Badajoz and Royal Veragua had an ephemeral existence. In 1540 , it was combined with other territories on the Pacific slope belonging to Castilla de Oro to create the Province of Nuevo Cartago y Costa Rica. References

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Mount Elbrus in Southern Russia, is the highest mountain in Europe. The Volga, which flows from Central Russia and into the Caspian Sea is the longest river in Europe. Europa Point as seen from the Strait of Gibraltar, which separates the continents of Europe and Africa, also being between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The Danube, which flows from the Black Forest and into the Black Sea, is the second-longest river in Europe, which also passes through the largest number of countries in the world at 10.

Mount Elbrus in Southern Russia, is the highest mountain in Europe. The Volga, as seen in Yaroslavl. It flows from Central Russia and into the Caspian Sea , and is the longest river in Europe. Europa Point as seen from the Strait of Gibraltar, which separates the continents of Europe and Africa, also being between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The Danube, which flows from the Black Forest and into the Black Sea, is the second-longest river in Europe, which also passes through the largest number of countries in the world at 10.

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Periods The school of Antioch is best divided into three periods: The middle school (350-433) John Chrysostom (347 – 407) This period includes at least three different generations: Diodorus of Tarsus, who directed an ἀσκητήριον (school) he may have founded. Among his disciples, the best known are John Chrysostom and Theodore of Mopsuestia. The main figure of the third generation was Nestorius. References See also Catechetical School of Alexandria Adoptionism Antioch#Christianity Early Christianity Nestorianism Theodore of Mopsuestia Category:Ancient Christian controversies Category:Christian organizations established in the 2nd century Category:Christian terminology Category:Philosophical schools and traditions Category:Hellenistic civilization Category:Biblical exegesis Category:2nd-century establishments in the Roman Empire Category:Christian school

Periods John Chrysostom (347–407) The school of Antioch is best divided into three periods: The middle school (350-433) This period includes at least three different generations: Diodorus of Tarsus, who directed an ἀσκητήριον (school) he may have founded. Among his disciples, the best known are John Chrysostom and Theodore of Mopsuestia. The main figure of the third generation was Nestorius. See also Catechetical School of Alexandria Early Christianity Nestorius Theodore of Mopsuestia Adoptionism References Sources Category:Ancient Christian controversies Category:Christian organizations established in the 2nd century Category:Christian terminology Category:Philosophical schools and traditions Category:Hellenistic civilization Category:Biblical exegesis Category:2nd-century establishments in the Roman Empire Category:Christian school

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Selfism refers to any philosophy, theory, doctrine, religion, or tendency that upholds explicitly selfish principles as being desirable. It is usually used pejoratively. As used in terms of 2018 (by creative thinker known as Michael Titta), it is a term of religion. It acknowledges oneself over any other deity by making sure that YOU are YOUR main priority. Yes, you may believe in other religious deities but the main concern, here, is to make you rely on, simply, being the best human you can possibly be. Selfism in terms of religion is often looked down or frowned upon for many reasons because of the term listed above known as "Objectivism," which is usually used (in modern terminology) to describe a "Womanizer," or someone who plays with domestic relations that result in male-female or female-female intercourse. They (the Catholic church) believe that putting any deity over God is a Sin. Counter arguments include those such as Mother Mary, mother of Jesus, Jesus, and Muhammad (all of which the Catholics acknowledge as "deities"). On the other hand, per say, the Non-denominational Christians believe that there is a three-figured God-Head that includes Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% As far as Selfism goes, in relation to these other religions, you are NOT to put yourself over any religious figure you believe in because the original Selfist thought (as stated many times by Michael Titta) was to combine religions, peacefully, to mend thoughts and make a much better place for the times we are currently living in. Origins of Selfist thought Some early examples of "selfist" thinking are the egoistic philosophies of Yangism in ancient China and of Cyrenaic hedonism in ancient Greece. Yangists followed the teachings of Yang Zhu and might have been influenced by Taoism. Cyrenaics, founded by Aristippus of Cyrene, were skeptics and materialists (but perhaps nominally Greek pagans). Thomas Hobbes, who could also be viewed as selfist, was a materialist but also advocated loyalty to a strong government and state church. Joseph Butler, whose philosophy is unmistakably Selfist , was generally regarded as an orthodox Christian and was canonized an Anglican saint. The views of Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner provide a more proximate link to the modern Selfists. The New Selfist Thoughts come through as peaceful and regarded as a peace loving religion. Most would say that they are putting themselves over a God, of sorts. In all actuality, this is a hand-in-hand style of religion. No matter what your belief may be, you can be co-currently a Selfist believer as well. It does not make you a bad person as once perceived by the early Taoist believers or as "self-loathing" as believed by the early Orthodox Christians .

Selfism refers to any philosophy, theory, doctrine, or tendency that upholds explicitly selfish principles as being desirable. It is usually used pejoratively. %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Origins of selfist thought Some early examples of "selfist" thinking are the egoistic philosophies of Yangism in ancient China and of Cyrenaic hedonism in ancient Greece. Yangists followed the teachings of Yang Zhu and might have been influenced by Taoism. Cyrenaics, founded by Aristippus of Cyrene, were skeptics and materialists (but perhaps nominally Greek pagans). Thomas Hobbes, who could also be viewed as selfist, was a materialist but also advocated loyalty to a strong government and state church. Joseph Butler, whose philosophy is unmistakably selfist , was generally regarded as an orthodox Christian and was canonized an Anglican saint. The views of Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner provide a more proximate link to the modern selfists .

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Political career He previously served as mayor of Chaguanas, Senator and Minister in the Ministry of Industry and Tourism and Ambassador to Brazil. In 1980 he was a founding member of the Organisation for National Reconstruction and served as Deputy Political Leader of that party. He played a key role in the establishment of Indian Arrival Day as a national celebration in Trinidad and Tobago. He is now the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Member of Parliament for the constituency of Tabaquite. Category:Living people Category:Members of the Senate (Trinidad and Tobago) Rambachan, Sujurattan Rambachan, Sujurattan Category:Mayors of places in Trinidad and Tobago Category:Government ministers of Trinidad and Tobago Category:Ambassadors of Trinidad and Tobago to Brazil Category:Organisation for National Reconstruction politicians Category:United National Congress politicians Category:1949 birth

Political career He previously served as mayor of Chaguanas, Senator and Minister in the Ministry of Industry and Tourism and Ambassador to Brazil. In 1980 he was a founding member of the Organisation for National Reconstruction and served as Deputy Political Leader of that party. He played a key role in the establishment of Indian Arrival Day as a national celebration in Trinidad and Tobago. He is was the Minister of Foreign Affairs and is a member of parliament for the constituency of Tabaquite. Category:Living people Category:Members of the Senate (Trinidad and Tobago) Rambachan, Sujurattan Rambachan, Sujurattan Category:Mayors of places in Trinidad and Tobago Category:Foreign ministers of Trinidad and Tobago Category:Government ministers of Trinidad and Tobago Category:Ambassadors of Trinidad and Tobago to Brazil Category:Organisation for National Reconstruction politicians Category:United National Congress politicians Category:1949 birth

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Rambachan in 2012 Surujrattan Rambachan (born April 14, 1949) is a Trinidad and Tobago politician, academic and cultural activist who was the Works and Infrastructure Minister of Trinidad and Tobago and deputy political leader of the United National Congress Party (UNC) and member of parliament for Tabaquite. Political career He previously served as mayor of Chaguanas, Senator and Minister in the Ministry of Industry and Tourism and Ambassador to Brazil. In 1980 he was a founding member of the Organisation for National Reconstruction and served as Deputy Political Leader of that party. He played a key role in the establishment of Indian Arrival Day as a national celebration in Trinidad and Tobago. He is was the Minister of Foreign Affairs and is a member of parliament for the constituency of Tabaquite. Rambachan received his instrument of appointment from George Maxwell Richards, President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago on Friday 28 May 2010 after taking the oath of office. Minister Rambachan is an experienced diplomat who served as Ambassador to Brazil during the period 1987 to 1990. He has had a long-standing career in public life and became a founding member of the Organisation for National Reconstruction in 1980 where he served as Deputy Political Leader of the party. In April 1990 he was appointed as Senator and Minister in the Ministry of Industry, Enterprise and Tourism. He also held the position of Mayor of Chaguanas for six years during the period 2003 to 2009. Dr. Rambachan currently holds the position of Member of Parliament for Tabaquite. Rambachan has served as a lecturer with the University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus. In August 2015, Suruj Rambachan publicly accused the owner of the IBN, Inshan Ishmael of targeting him and his family. URL Category:Living people Category:Members of the Senate (Trinidad and Tobago) Rambachan, Sujurattan Rambachan, Sujurattan Category:Mayors of places in Trinidad and Tobago Category:Foreign ministers of Trinidad and Tobago Category:Government ministers of Trinidad and Tobago Category:Ambassadors of Trinidad and Tobago to Brazil Category:Organisation for National Reconstruction politicians Category:United National Congress politicians Category:1949 birth

Rambachan in 2012 Surujrattan Rambachan (born April 14, 1949) is a Trinidad and Tobago politician, academic and cultural activist . He was the Works and Infrastructure Minister of Trinidad and Tobago and deputy political leader of the United National Congress Party (UNC) and member of parliament for Tabaquite. Political career He previously served as mayor of Chaguanas, Senator and Minister in the Ministry of Industry and Tourism and Ambassador to Brazil. In 1980 he was a founding member of the Organisation for National Reconstruction and served as Deputy Political Leader of that party. He played a key role in the establishment of Indian Arrival Day as a national celebration in Trinidad and Tobago. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs and a Member of Parliament for the constituency of Tabaquite. Rambachan received his instrument of appointment from George Maxwell Richards, President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago on Friday 28 May 2010 after taking the oath of office. Minister Rambachan is an experienced diplomat who served as Ambassador to Brazil during the period 1987 to 1990. He has had a long-standing career in public life and became a founding member of the Organisation for National Reconstruction in 1980 where he served as Deputy Political Leader of the party. In April 1990 he was appointed as Senator and Minister in the Ministry of Industry, Enterprise and Tourism. He also held the position of Mayor of Chaguanas for six years during the period 2003 to 2009. Rambachan has served as a lecturer with the University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus. In August 2015, Suruj Rambachan publicly accused the owner of the IBN, Inshan Ishmael of targeting him and his URL Category:Living people Category:Members of the Senate (Trinidad and Tobago) Rambachan, Sujurattan Rambachan, Sujurattan Category:Mayors of places in Trinidad and Tobago Category:Foreign ministers of Trinidad and Tobago Category:Government ministers of Trinidad and Tobago Category:Ambassadors of Trinidad and Tobago to Brazil Category:Organisation for National Reconstruction politicians Category:United National Congress politicians Category:1949 births Category:Members of the House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago

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Celebration The popularity and celebration of St Dwynwen's day has increased considerably in recent years, with special events, such as concerts and parties, often held and greetings cards printed. Although still not as popular as St Valentine's Day in February, St Dwynwen is becoming better-known among today's Welsh population. A big boost for St Dwynwen’s Day came in 2003 when the Welsh Language Board teamed up with UK supermarket Tesco to distribute 50,000 free cards in 43 of its Welsh stores. One card was inserted with a special heart, the finder of which would be entitled to a prize. The board also suggested numerous ways to celebrate the feast besides sending cards, for example, organize a love-themed gig, set up a singles night, prepare a romantic meal and perhaps compose a love poem to read at the local pub . The Welsh often celebrate with concerts and parties, and exchange Dydd Santes Dwynwen greetings cards .

Celebration The popularity and celebration of St Dwynwen's day has increased considerably in recent years, with special events, such as concerts and parties, often held and the exchange of Dydd Santes Dwynwen greetings cards. Though still not as popular as St Valentine's Day in February, St Dwynwen is becoming better-known among today's Welsh population. A big boost for St Dwynwen’s Day came in 2003 when the Welsh Language Board teamed up with UK supermarket Tesco to distribute 50,000 free cards in 43 of its Welsh stores. One card was inserted with a special heart, the finder of which would be entitled to a prize. The board also suggested numerous ways to celebrate the feast besides sending cards, for example, organize a love-themed gig, set up a singles night, prepare a romantic meal and perhaps compose a love poem to read at the local pub .

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Geographic Data Files or GDF is an interchange file format for geographic data. In contrast with generic GIS formats, GDF provides detailed rules for data capture and representation, and an extensive catalog of standard features, attributes and relationships. Most recent extension expand applicability further towards Pedestrian Navigation , 3-D map rendering, and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). GDF is commonly used for data interchange in many industries such as Automotive navigation system , fleet management, dispatch management, road traffic analysis, traffic management, Automatic Vehicle Location . Background and Rationale of GDF Standardization Other references See also OGC Standards Automotive navigation system Navigation Global Positioning System (GPS) Geography Markup Language Keyhole Markup Language Map database management

Geographic Data Files (GDF) is an interchange file format for geographic data. In contrast with generic GIS formats, GDF provides detailed rules for data capture and representation, and an extensive catalog of standard features, attributes and relationships. The most recent extension expanded applicability further towards pedestrian navigation , 3-D map rendering, and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). GDF is commonly used for data interchange in many industries such as automotive navigation systems , fleet management, dispatch management, road traffic analysis, traffic management, and automatic vehicle location . Background and rationale of GDF standardization See also GIS file formats Geography Markup Language Keyhole Markup Language Global Positioning System (GPS) Map database management OGC standards

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Allysine quantification In one study, allysine is first reacted in acidic conditions (6M HCl, 110 °C, 24 h) with sodium 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate . A fluorescent bis-naphtol allysine is the product. Allysine is then quantified through use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results of this study provide a statistically relevant method in correlating greater concentrations of allysine and fibrotic tissue. The study shows that fibrotic tissue contains 2.5 times more alyssine than non-fibrotic tissue.

Allysine quantification Allysine can be reacted with sodium 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate to produce a fluorescent bis-naphtol allysine product. Allysine can then be quantified through use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This method of detection was used show allysine has a 2.5 higher concentration in fibrotic vs. normal tissue.

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Amelogenin, Y isoform is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AMELY (amelogenin, Y-linked) gene. AMELY is a gene which encodes a form of amelogenin found on the Y chromosome . Amelogenin is a member of a family of extracellular matrix proteins. They are involved in biomineralization during tooth enamel development. Mutations in the related AMELX gene on the X chromosome cause X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta.

Amelogenin, Y isoform is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AMELY gene. AMELY is located on the Y chromosome and encodes a form of amelogenin . Amelogenin is an extracellular matrix protein involved in biomineralization during tooth enamel development. Clinical significance Mutations in the related AMELX gene on the X chromosome cause X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta.

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Therapeutic Alliance / Working Alliance Also known as the therapeutic alliance, working alliance is not to be confused with the therapeutic relationship, of which it is theorized to be a component. The working alliance may be defined as the joining of a client's reasonable side with a therapist's working or analyzing side.Gelso, C.J. and Hayes, J.A. (1998). The Psychotherapy Relationship: Theory, Research, and Practice. (p. 22-46): John Wiley & Sons: New York. BordinBordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16(3), 252-260. conceptualized the working alliance as consisting of three parts: tasks, goals and bond. Tasks are what the therapist and client agree need to be done to reach the client's goals. Goals are what the client hopes to gain from therapy, based on their presenting concerns. The bond forms from trust and confidence that the tasks will bring the client closer to their goals. The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions In the Humanistic approach, Carl Rogers identified a number of necessary and sufficient conditions that are required for therapeutic change to take place. These include the three core conditions: congruence, unconditional positive regard and empathy. Rogers (1957; 1959) stated that there are six necessary and sufficient conditions required for therapeutic change:[6]:142–143 1) Therapist–client psychological contact: a relationship between client and therapist must exist, and it must be a relationship in which each person's perception of the other is important. 2) Client incongruence: that incongruence exists between the client's experience and awareness. 3) Therapist congruence, or genuineness: the therapist is congruent within the therapeutic relationship. The therapist is deeply involved, they are not 'acting' and they can draw on their own experiences (self-disclosure) to facilitate the relationship. 4) Therapist unconditional positive regard: the therapist accepts the client unconditionally, without judgment, disapproval or approval. This facilitates increased self-regard in the client, as they can begin to become aware of experiences in which their view of self-worth was distorted or denied. 5) Therapist empathic understanding: the therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference. Accurate empathy on the part of the therapist helps the client believe the therapist's unconditional regard for them. 6) Client perception: that the client perceives, to at least a minimal degree, the therapist's unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding.

Therapeutic Alliance / Working Alliance Also known as the therapeutic alliance, the working alliance may be defined as the joining of a client's reasonable side with a therapist's working or analyzing side.Gelso, C.J. and Hayes, J.A. (1998). The Psychotherapy Relationship: Theory, Research, and Practice. (p. 22-46): John Wiley & Sons: New York. BordinBordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16(3), 252-260. conceptualized the working alliance as consisting of three parts: tasks, goals and bond. Tasks are what the therapist and client agree need to be done to reach the client's goals. Goals are what the client hopes to gain from therapy, based on their presenting concerns. The bond forms from trust and confidence that the tasks will bring the client closer to their goals. Necessary and sufficient conditions In the Humanistic approach, Carl Rogers identified a number of necessary and sufficient conditions that are required for therapeutic change to take place. These include the three core conditions: congruence, unconditional positive regard , and empathy. Rogers (1957; 1959) stated that there are six necessary and sufficient conditions required for therapeutic change:[6]:142–143 Therapist–client psychological contact: a relationship between client and therapist must exist, and it must be a relationship in which each person's perception of the other is important. Client incongruence: that incongruence exists between the client's experience and awareness. Therapist congruence, or genuineness: the therapist is congruent within the therapeutic relationship. The therapist is deeply involved, they are not 'acting' and they can draw on their own experiences (self-disclosure) to facilitate the relationship. Therapist unconditional positive regard: the therapist accepts the client unconditionally, without judgment, disapproval or approval. This facilitates increased self-regard in the client, as they can begin to become aware of experiences in which their view of self-worth was distorted or denied. Therapist empathic understanding: the therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference. Accurate empathy on the part of the therapist helps the client believe the therapist's unconditional regard for them. Client perception: that the client perceives, to at least a minimal degree, the therapist's unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding.

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The Scientific study of religion represents the systematic effort by scholars and researchers to investigate religious phenomena, as well as the sociology of church participation. The Center for the Scientific Study of Religion (CSSR) at the University of Texas at Austin is a leading center for the sociology of religion, and particularly for the study of religious influences on human behavior and population outcomes. The CSSR went offline in 2007. ]

The Scientific study of religion often called "Relience" URL Is the Scientific Study Of Religions and ancient cultural practice. A Relientist is similar to an Xenologist which studies the theories around Ancient Aliens and extraterrestrial life. In terms of Ancient Astronaut Theorists however, Relience differs in definition in that, Ancient Astronaut Theorist's Scientific studies of Religious and cultural practices "Relience" involves Ancient Alien connections "Xenologist" the study of Ancient Aliens. Xenological studies involve Relience. Science of Religion and Cultural practices. It is used by Xenologist's (Ancient Astronaut Theorists) to show correlation between Religions and Ancient Aliens (Early visitors to Earth). Relience as it is known, represents the systematic effort by scholars and researchers to investigate religious phenomena, as well as the sociology of church participation. The Center for the Scientific Study of Religion (CSSR) at the University of Texas at Austin is a leading center for the sociology of religion, and particularly for the study of religious influences on human behavior and population outcomes. The CSSR went offline in 2007. Xenology is the scientific study of extraterrestrial life. Derived from the Greek xenos, which as a substantive has the meaning "stranger, wanderer, refugee" and as an adjective "foreign, alien, strange, unusual." 1] Forbes/science What Archaeologists Really Think About Ancient Aliens, Lost Colonies, And Fingerprints Of The Gods. URL The Ancient Aliens.com URL 12 Ancient Sites That Blur the Line Between Fact and Fiction. URL

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The Scientific study of religion often called "Relience" URL Is the Scientific Study Of Religions and ancient cultural practice. A Relientist is similar to an Xenologist which studies the theories around Ancient Aliens and extraterrestrial life. In terms of Ancient Astronaut Theorists however, Relience differs in definition in that, Ancient Astronaut Theorist's Scientific studies of Religious and cultural practices "Relience" involves Ancient Alien connections "Xenologist" the study of Ancient Aliens. Xenological studies involve Relience. Science of Religion and Cultural practices. It is used by Xenologist's (Ancient Astronaut Theorists) to show correlation between Religions and Ancient Aliens (Early visitors to Earth). Relience as it is known, represents the systematic effort by scholars and researchers to investigate religious phenomena, as well as the sociology of church participation. The Center for the Scientific Study of Religion (CSSR) at the University of Texas at Austin is a leading center for the sociology of religion, and particularly for the study of religious influences on human behavior and population outcomes. The CSSR went offline in 2007. Xenology is the scientific study of extraterrestrial life. Derived from the Greek xenos, which as a substantive has the meaning "stranger, wanderer, refugee" and as an adjective "foreign, alien, strange, unusual." 1%DIFDELCMD < ] %DIFDELCMD < %%% Forbes/science What Archaeologists Really Think About Ancient Aliens, Lost Colonies, And Fingerprints Of The Gods. URL The Ancient Aliens.com URL 12 Ancient Sites That Blur the Line Between Fact and Fiction. URL

The Scientific study of religion represents the systematic effort by scholars and researchers to investigate religious phenomena, as well as the sociology of church participation. The Center for the Scientific Study of Religion (CSSR) at the University of Texas at Austin is a leading center for the sociology of religion, and particularly for the study of religious influences on human behavior and population outcomes. The CSSR went offline in 2007. %DIFDELCMD < ] %DIFDELCMD < %%%

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For the case of two taps to the skin, the Bayesian model perceives the length between taps, l* , to be a function of the actual length, l , and the elapsed time, t : This is the perceptual length contraction formula, so-named in analogy with the physical length contraction described in the theory of relativity. Note that, just as observed in rabbit illusion experiments, the formula shows that l* underestimates l to a greater extent when t is made smaller; as t becomes large, l* approaches l and the illusion disappears. The model's parameter, tau ( τ ), is a time constant for tactile space perception; the value of tau determines how rapidly the perceived length approaches the actual length as the time between stimuli, t , is increased. The perceived length equals one-third the actual length when t=τ , and two-thirds the actual length when t=2τ . Goldreich and Tong (2013) showed that tau is the ratio of the observer's low-speed expectation and tactile spatial acuity; they estimated the value of tau to be approximately 0.1 s on the forearm. A novel prediction of the Bayesian model, pointed out by Goldreich and Tong (2013), is that the amount of length contraction experienced will depend on the intensity of a tactile stimulus: lighter taps, which are more difficult to localize, should produce larger tau values and therefore more length contraction. Tong et al (2016) confirmed this prediction experimentally.

For the case of two taps to the skin, the Bayesian model perceives the length between taps, , to be a function of the actual length, , and the elapsed time, : This is the perceptual length contraction formula, so-named in analogy with the physical length contraction described in the theory of relativity. Note that, just as observed in rabbit illusion experiments, the formula shows that underestimates to a greater extent when is made smaller; as becomes large, approaches and the illusion disappears. The model's parameter, tau ( ), is a time constant for tactile space perception; the value of tau determines how rapidly the perceived length approaches the actual length as the time between stimuli, , is increased. The perceived length equals one-third the actual length when , and two-thirds the actual length when . Goldreich and Tong (2013) showed that tau is the ratio of the observer's low-speed expectation and tactile spatial acuity; they estimated the value of tau to be approximately 0.1 s on the forearm. A novel prediction of the Bayesian model, pointed out by Goldreich and Tong (2013), is that the amount of length contraction experienced will depend on the intensity of a tactile stimulus: lighter taps, which are more difficult to localize, should produce larger tau values and therefore more length contraction. Tong et al . (2016) confirmed this prediction experimentally.

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Among the Yup'ik near Kuskokwim Bay of Coastal Alaska, the word yua (absolutive case form of the word yuk "human; human-like spirit") has similar connotations as that of the Iñupiaq of Northern Alaska, who, similarly to the Inuit, call it iñua or inua. For both the Yup'iak and Iñupiaq, the meaning is closest to an understanding of a world in which " most Arctic peoples believe all the world is animate, and that animals have souls or spirits", a foundational belief of the continuum and inter-connectivity of all life and spirit of all that is, has been, and is yet to be. The concept is similar to mana.

Among the Yup'ik near Kuskokwim Bay of Coastal Alaska, the word yua (absolutive case form of the word yuk "human; human-like spirit") has similar connotations as that of the Iñupiaq of Northern Alaska, who, similarly to the Inuit, call it iñua or inua. This meaning is based in a common understanding of most Arctic peoples, including both the Yup'iak and Iñupiaq, that " all the world is animate, and that animals have souls or spirits", a foundational belief of the continuum and inter-connectivity of all life and spirit of all that is, has been, and is yet to be. The concept is similar to mana.

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An autological word (also called homological word)"homological", The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (2005), ed. Simon Blackburn, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press is a word that expresses a property that it also possesses (e.g., "word" is a word, "noun" is a noun, "English" is English, "pentasyllabic" has five syllables). The opposite is a heterological word, one that does not apply to itself (e.g. "long" is not long, "monosyllabic" has five syllables , “ anapest ” is a dactyl).

An autological word (also called homological word)"homological", The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (2005), ed. Simon Blackburn, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press is a word that expresses a property that it also possesses (e.g., "word" is a word, "noun" is a noun, "English" is English, "pentasyllabic" has five syllables). The opposite is a heterological word, one that does not apply to itself (e.g. "long" is not long, "monosyllabic" does not have just one syllable , “ dactyl ” is not a dactyl).

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See also Brute fact Casuistry First cause Intelligibility (philosophy) Law of noncontradiction Law of thought Notion (philosophy) Unmoved mover Present Primitive notion Principle Psychology Semantics Semiotics

See also Brute fact Casuistry First cause Intelligibility (philosophy) Law of noncontradiction Law of thought Notion (philosophy) Unmoved mover Present clean room implementation Primitive notion Principle Psychology Semantics Semiotics a priori

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Examples Florida bass fishing In southern Florida, licensed fishermen may keep no more than five largemouth bass per day, per license and only one may be longer than 14 inches . Also, licensed fishermen in any part of Florida may keep a maximum of two peacock bass per day, per license and only one may be longer than 17 inches . There are no seasonal restrictions for either of these fish. Florida American Alligator hunters with the proper permit may kill and keep two non-hatchling alligators per day, per permit, and each must be longer than 18 inches . Also, all hunters must observe the legal alligator harvesting season which usually starts on September 1 in Florida. The length of the legal season can vary depending on state officials. The 2006 season lasted 11 weeks.

Examples Florida bass fishing In southern Florida, licensed fishermen may keep no more than five largemouth bass per day, per license and only one may be longer than . Also, licensed fishermen in any part of Florida may keep a maximum of two peacock bass per day, per license and only one may be longer than . There are no seasonal restrictions for either of these fish. Florida American Alligator hunters with the proper permit may kill and keep two non-hatchling alligators per day, per permit, and each must be longer than . Also, all hunters must observe the legal alligator harvesting season which usually starts on September 1 in Florida. The length of the legal season can vary depending on state officials. The 2006 season lasted 11 weeks.

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Category:Ancient Greek philosophy Category:Assumption (reasoning) Category:Concepts in ancient Greek logic Category:Concepts in ancient Greek metaphysics Category:Concepts in epistemology Category:Concepts in ethics Category:Concepts in logic Category:Concepts in metaphysics Category:Concepts in the philosophy of science Category:Deductive reasoning Category:Formal systems Category:History of logic Category:History of mathematics Category:History of philosophy Category:History of science Category:Intellectual history Category:Logic Category:Mathematical terminology Category:Philosophical terminology Category:Reasonin

Category:Ancient Greek philosophy Category:Assumption (reasoning) Category:Concepts in ancient Greek metaphysics Category:Concepts in epistemology Category:Concepts in ethics Category:Concepts in logic Category:Concepts in metaphysics Category:Concepts in the philosophy of science Category:Deductive reasoning Category:Formal systems Category:History of logic Category:History of mathematics Category:History of philosophy Category:History of science Category:Intellectual history Category:Logic Category:Mathematical terminology Category:Philosophical terminology Category:Reasonin

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Category:Ancient Greek philosophy Category:Assumption (reasoning) Category:Concepts in ancient Greek metaphysics Category:Concepts in epistemology Category:Concepts in ethics Category:Concepts in logic Category:Concepts in metaphysics Category:Concepts in the philosophy of science Category:Deductive reasoning Category:Formal systems Category:History of logic Category:History of mathematics Category:History of philosophy Category:History of science Category:Intellectual history Category:Logic Category:Mathematical terminology Category:Philosophical terminology Category:Reasonin

Category:Ancient Greek philosophy Category:Assumption (reasoning) Category:Concepts in ancient Greek metaphysics Category:Concepts in epistemology Category:Concepts in ethics Category:Concepts in logic Category:Concepts in metaphysics Category:Concepts in the philosophy of science Category:Deductive reasoning Category:Formal systems Category:History of logic Category:History of mathematics Category:History of philosophy Category:History of science Category:Intellectual history Category:Logic Category:Mathematical logic Category:Mathematical terminology Category:Philosophical terminology Category:Reasonin

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In the context of ocean currents, one million cubic meters per second may be most easily imagined as a "slice" of ocean with dimensions × × (width × length × thickness). At this scale, these units can be more easily compared in terms of width of the current (several km), depth (hundreds of meters), and current speed (as meters per second). Thus, a hypothetical current wide, 500 m (0.5 km) deep, and moving at 2 m/s would be transporting of water.

In the context of ocean currents, a volume of one million cubic meters may be imagined as a "slice" of ocean with dimensions × × (width × length × thickness). At this scale, these units can be more easily compared in terms of width of the current (several km), depth (hundreds of meters), and current speed (as meters per second). Thus, a hypothetical current wide, 500 m (0.5 km) deep, and moving at 2 m/s would be transporting of water.

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The entire global input of fresh water from rivers to the ocean is approximately .

Annual evaporation from all oceans is estimated to be around 13 Sv, but 12.2 Sv are deposited back as precipitation. All global rivers deposit about 1.2 Sv of fresh water into the world's oceans annually .

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Annual evaporation from all oceans is estimated to be around 13 Sv, but 12.2 Sv are deposited back as precipitation. All global rivers deposit about 1.2 Sv of fresh water into the world's oceans annually .

The entire global input of fresh water from rivers to the ocean is approximately .

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Voodoo originated from the Animist beliefs of the Yoruba tribes in Benin , but it developed in Haiti during the 18th century among the West Africans slaves who were being evangelized under the French Colonial power. Instead of abandoning their animist beliefs altogether, the slaves chose to affiliate their own traditional representations to the closest personal figures in the Roman Catholic faith for more meaningful purposes. The Bondye, or “Bon-Dieu” in French, represents the Supreme monotheist God, the Creator and most importantly, the Unreachable. According to the Animist belief, the only way possible to reach the Bondye and trigger change in society is by imploring a connection or relationship with the Spirits of the late ancestors which are called Loas. Voodoo Ritual There are in total 180 Loas in the Voodoo religion, each of them carrying a name and, a specific and exclusive function. For instance, "Guede" is the spirit of life and death who is assigned to separate the souls and bodies of people when the time comes and also to watch over their graveyards . Through ceremonies of dance and singing, the Haitian Voodoo practitioners invoke these same spirits that in return will possess their bodies and dictate to the people the solution to their social preoccupations. Myths of the Haitian Independence from the French Colonial forces even suggest that this same Spirit, "Guede" entered the body of one of the slaves and cultivated the roots of the Haitian Revolutionary ideologies. This is one of the reasons why Voodoists consider their faith as a way of escape not only from Slavery but also from their personal issues .

Voodoo originated from the Animist beliefs of the Yoruba tribes in Benin . Voodoo Ritual There are in total 180 Loas in the Voodoo religion, each of them carrying a name and, a specific and exclusive function. For instance, "Guede" is the spirit of life and death who is assigned to separate the souls and bodies of people when the time comes and also to watch over their graveyards .

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Synovectomy is a procedure recommended to provide relief from a condition in which the synovial membrane or the joint lining becomes inflamed and irritated . The synovial membrane encloses each joint and also secretes a lubricating fluid that allows different joint motions such as rolling, folding and stretching. When the synovium becomes inflamed or irritated, it increases fluid production, resulting in warmth, tenderness, and swelling in and around the joint.

Synovectomy is a procedure where the synovial tissue surrounding a joint is removed. This procedure is typically recommended to provide relief from a condition in which the synovial membrane or the joint lining becomes inflamed and irritated and is not controlled by medication alone. If arthritis (inflammation of the joint) is not controlled, it can lead to irreversible joint damage. The synovial membrane or "synovium" encloses each joint and also secretes a lubricating fluid that allows different joint motions such as rolling, folding and stretching. When the synovium becomes inflamed or irritated, it increases fluid production, resulting in warmth, tenderness, and swelling in and around the joint.

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Subsea markers are passive identification markers used under water to identify equipment . As sub sea equipment may be covered in underwater growth like seaweed, kelp and algae, special non-fouling materials are necessary for equipment marking to ensure these are readable even after prolonged periods of submergence. How it works Subsea markers are made from a durable rubber which has been manufactured to include synthetic oils. The oil is evenly distributed through the material and gives the material excellent hydrophobic properties. The hydrophobic properties of the material prevent marine growth from attaching to the surface of the marker making it readable even after several years of submersion under water. Applications Subsea markers are typically used to identify the following equipment and the equipment placed on them: valves Christmas trees manifolds pipelines caps and connectors chemical injection/distribution units pressure caps and connectors Alternative uses are for marking fish like sharks and whales. Subsea markers could also be used in sewage systems or to mark shipwrecks for divers. External links Aquasign

Subsea markers are passive identification markers used underwater to identify equipment or a designated workspace. As subsea equipment may be covered in underwater growth like seaweed, kelp and algae, special non-fouling materials are sometimes utilized for equipment marking to ensure these are readable even after prolonged periods of submergence. Some subsea markers are made from a durable rubber which has been manufactured to include synthetic oils. The oil is evenly distributed through the material and gives the material excellent hydrophobic properties. The hydrophobic properties of the material prevent marine growth from attaching to the surface of the marker making it readable even after several years of submersion under water. Applications Subsea markers are typically used to identify equipment in the oil industry. Alternative uses are for marking fish like sharks and whales. Subsea markers could also be used in sewage systems or to mark shipwrecks for divers. References

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The prehistory of Taiwan , ending with the arrival of the Dutch East India Company in 1624 , is known from archaeological finds throughout the island. The earliest evidence of human habitation dates back 20,000 to 30,000 years, when the Taiwan Strait was exposed by lower sea levels as a land bridge. Around 5,000 years ago farmers from the southeast Chinese coast settled on the island. These people are believed to have been speakers of Austronesian languages, which dispersed from Taiwan across the islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The current Taiwanese aborigines are believed to be their descendants.

Most information about Taiwan before the arrival of the Dutch East India Company in 1624 comes from archaeological finds throughout the island. The earliest evidence of human habitation dates back 20,000 to 30,000 years, when lower sea levels exposed the Taiwan Strait as a land bridge. Around 5,000 years ago , farmers from the southeast Chinese coast settled on the island. These people are believed to have been speakers of Austronesian languages, which dispersed from Taiwan across the islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The current Taiwanese aborigines are believed to be their descendants.

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In a diploid individual , a gametic phase represents the original allelic combinations that an individual received from its parents. It is therefore a particular association of alleles at different loci on the same chromosome. Gametic phase is influenced by genetic linkage.

In genetics , a gametic phase represents the original allelic combinations that a diploid individual received from both parents. It is therefore a particular association of alleles at different loci on the same chromosome. Gametic phase is influenced by genetic linkage.

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External links Kuhlthau's Model of the Stages of the Information Process, reproduced from Seeking Meaning: A Process Approach to Library and Information Services, retrieved June 29, 2010. The 'information search process' revisited: is the model still useful?, retrieved October 15, 2010.

External links Kuhlthau's Model of the Stages of the Information Process, retrieved Dec. 5, 2017. The 'information search process' revisited: is the model still useful?, retrieved October 15, 2010.

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Synopsis The Africa House is an account of the life of soldier, pioneer white settler, politician and supporter of African independence Stewart Gore-Browne in relation to the building of his estate Shiwa Ngandu in Northern Rhodesia, now Zambia. The Africa House by Christina Lamb About.com Retrieved 11 June 2012. Originating with a chance encounter in 1996 with Gore-Browne's grandson in Lusaka, the book uses Gore-Browne's diaries, letters, personal papers and photographs as well as those of his family, and interviews with family and friends, as its sources. Reception Critical reception for The Africa House was mixed to positive. Booklist Review: The Africa House: The True Story of an English Gentleman and His African Dream Booklist The Seattle Times praised The Africa House, calling it "a stunning description of a time, a place, a man and two countries' politics." One man's dream in Africa Seattle Times The Independent called the book a "marvellous story" but criticized Lamb for "the maddening device of putting feelings into people's minds" as well as stating that many of the pictures were "printed too small to be easily identifiable". Book Review: Guess who came to dinner? Independent Kirkus Reviews wrote that the book was "A cautionary but sympathetic story of a man obsessed, though less perniciously than most". Review: The Africa House Kirkus Reviews In an article for the New Statesman Graham Boynton positively reviewed Africa House, writing that it "is an important book, since not only does it tell the story of an extraordinary character but it also helps explain the place of the white man in Africa." Zambian gentleman: The Africa House: The True Story of an English Gentleman and his African Dream New Statesman Publishers Weekly gave a mixed review for The Africa House, saying the book was "engaging and well crafted, although Lamb's attempts at dramatizing her subjects' emotional lives sometimes read like a romance novel, and her narrow focus on the house's history obscures the wider context of waning British empire". Nonfiction reviewHE AFRICA HOUSE: The True Story of an English Gentleman and His African Dream Publishers Weekly Category:1999 books Category: British biographies Category: Biographies about politicians Category:Books about Africa Category:History of Zam

Synopsis The Africa House is an account of the life of soldier, pioneer white settler, politician and supporter of African independence Stewart Gore-Browne in relation to the building of his estate Shiwa Ngandu in Northern Rhodesia, now Zambia. Originating with a chance encounter in 1996 with Gore-Browne's grandson in Lusaka, the book uses Gore-Browne's diaries, letters, personal papers and photographs as well as those of his family, and interviews with family and friends, as its sources. Reception Critical reception for The Africa House was mixed to positive. The Seattle Times praised The Africa House, calling it "a stunning description of a time, a place, a man and two countries' politics." The Independent called the book a "marvellous story" but criticized Lamb for "the maddening device of putting feelings into people's minds" as well as stating that many of the pictures were "printed too small to be easily identifiable". Kirkus Reviews wrote that the book was "A cautionary but sympathetic story of a man obsessed, though less perniciously than most". In an article for the New Statesman Graham Boynton positively reviewed Africa House, writing that it "is an important book, since not only does it tell the story of an extraordinary character but it also helps explain the place of the white man in Africa." Publishers Weekly gave a mixed review for The Africa House, saying the book was "engaging and well crafted, although Lamb's attempts at dramatizing her subjects' emotional lives sometimes read like a romance novel, and her narrow focus on the house's history obscures the wider context of waning British empire". Category:1999 books Category: Biographies about politicians Category:Books about Africa Category:British biographies Category:History of Zam

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Reception Critical reception for The Africa House was mixed to positive. The Seattle Times praised The Africa House, calling it " a stunning description of a time, a place, a man and two countries' politics ." The Independent called the book a "marvellous story" but criticized Lamb for " the maddening device of putting feelings into people's minds " as well as stating that many of the pictures were " printed too small to be easily identifiable " . Kirkus Reviews wrote that the book was "A cautionary but sympathetic story of a man obsessed, though less perniciously than most " . In an article for the New Statesman Graham Boynton positively reviewed Africa House, writing that it " is an important book, since not only does it tell the story of an extraordinary character but it also helps explain the place of the white man in Africa ." Publishers Weekly gave a mixed review for The Africa House, saying the book was " engaging and well crafted, although Lamb's attempts at dramatizing her subjects' emotional lives sometimes read like a romance novel, and her narrow focus on the house's history obscures the wider context of waning British empire " .

Reception Critical reception for The Africa House was mixed to positive. The Seattle Times praised The Africa House, calling it ' a stunning description of a time, a place, a man and two countries' politics '. The Independent called the book a 'marvellous story' but criticized Lamb for ' the maddening device of putting feelings into people's minds ' as well as stating that many of the pictures were ' printed too small to be easily identifiable ' . Kirkus Reviews wrote that the book was 'a cautionary but sympathetic story of a man obsessed, though less perniciously than most ' . In an article for New Statesman, Graham Boynton positively reviewed The Africa House, writing that it ' is an important book, since not only does it tell the story of an extraordinary character but it also helps explain the place of the white man in Africa '. Publishers Weekly gave a mixed review for The Africa House, saying the book was ' engaging and well crafted, although Lamb's attempts at dramatizing her subjects' emotional lives sometimes read like a romance novel, and her narrow focus on the house's history obscures the wider context of waning British empire ' .

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In popular culture In Malcolm in the Middle season 4 episode "Malcolm Holds His Tongue", Hal gets into the sport and exposes his local park rival as 'nothing but a common jogger' by proving that both of his feet leave the ground at once every fourth step. Racewalking is sometimes derided as a contrived or "artificial" sport. In the 1966 film Walk, Don't Run, Jim Hutton plays a racewalker competing in the Tokyo Olympics. Cary Grant and Samantha Eggar co-star . In 1992 long-time Olympic commentator Bob Costas compared it to "a contest to see who can whisper the loudest" .

In popular culture Racewalking is sometimes derided as a contrived or "artificial" sport. In 1992 long-time Olympic commentator Bob Costas compared it to "a contest to see who can whisper the loudest". In Malcolm in the Middle season 4 episode "Malcolm Holds His Tongue", Hal gets into the sport and exposes his local park rival as 'nothing but a common jogger' by proving that both of his feet leave the ground at once every fourth step. In the 1966 film Walk, Don't Run, Jim Hutton plays a racewalker competing in the Tokyo Olympics. Cary Grant and Samantha Eggar co-star .

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The model combines all possible nonrenewable resources into one aggregate variable, nonrenewable_resources . This combines both energy resources and non-energy resources. Examples of nonrenewable energy resources would include oil and coal. Examples of material nonrenewable resources would include aluminum and zinc. This assumption allows costless substitution between any nonrenewable resource. The model ignores differences between discovered resources and undiscovered resources. The model assumes that as greater percentages of total nonrenewable resources are used, the amount of effort used to extract the nonrenewable resources will increase. The way this cost is done is as a variable fraction_of_capital_allocated_to_obtaining_resources , or abbreviated fcaor . The way this variable is used is in the equation that calculates industrial output. Basically, it works as effective_output = industrial_capital*other_factors*(1-fcaor) . This causes the amount of resources expended to depend on the amount of industrial capital, and not on the amount of resources consumed. The fraction of capital allocated to obtaining resources is dependent only on the nonrenewable_resource_fraction_remaining , or abbreviated nrfr . This variable is the current amount of non-renewable resources divided by the initial amount of non-renewable resources available. As such nrfr starts out as 1.0 and decreases as world3 runs. Fraction of capital allocated to obtaining resources is dependent on nrfr as interpolated values from the following table: Qualitatively, this basically states that the relative amount of non-renewable resources decreases, the amount capital required to extract the resources increases. To more deeply examine this table requires examining the equation that it comes from, effective_output = industrial_capital*other_factors*(1-fcaor) So, if industrial capital and the other factors (described in the capital sector) are the same, then 1 unit of the effective capital when nrfr is 1.0 the effective output is 0.95 (= 1.0 * ( 1 - 0.05)). So, when nrfr is 0.5, the effective output is 0.90 (= 1.0 * (1 - 0.10)). Another useful way to look at this equation is to reverse it and see how much effective capital is required to get 1 unit of effective output (i.e. effective_output / (1 - fcaor) = effective_capital). So, when nrfr is 1.0, the effective capital required for 1 unit of effective output is 1.053 (=1.0/(1-0.05)), and when nrfr is 0.3, the effective capital required is 2 (=1.0/(1-0.5)). Lastly is looking at the relative cost required for obtaining the resources. This based on the fact that it requires 1/19 of a unit of effective capital extra when the nrfr is 1.0. So, (effective capital required - 1.0) / (1 / 19) will give the relative cost of obtaining the resources compared to the cost of obtaining them when nrfr was 1.0. For example, when nrfr is 0.3, the effective capital required is 2.0, and 1.0 of that is for obtaining resources. So, the cost of obtaining the resources is (2.0 - 1.0) / ( 1 / 19) or 1.0*19 or 19 times the cost when nrfr was 1.0. Here is a table showing these calculations for all the values:

The model combines all possible nonrenewable resources into one aggregate variable, . This combines both energy resources and non-energy resources. Examples of nonrenewable energy resources would include oil and coal. Examples of material nonrenewable resources would include aluminum and zinc. This assumption allows costless substitution between any nonrenewable resource. The model ignores differences between discovered resources and undiscovered resources. The model assumes that as greater percentages of total nonrenewable resources are used, the amount of effort used to extract the nonrenewable resources will increase. The way this cost is done is as a variable , or abbreviated . The way this variable is used is in the equation that calculates industrial output. Basically, it works as . This causes the amount of resources expended to depend on the amount of industrial capital, and not on the amount of resources consumed. The fraction of capital allocated to obtaining resources is dependent only on the , or abbreviated . This variable is the current amount of non-renewable resources divided by the initial amount of non-renewable resources available. As such starts out as 1.0 and decreases as world3 runs. Fraction of capital allocated to obtaining resources is dependent on as interpolated values from the following table: Qualitatively, this basically states that the relative amount of non-renewable resources decreases, the amount capital required to extract the resources increases. To more deeply examine this table requires examining the equation that it comes from, So, if industrial capital and the other factors (described in the capital sector) are the same, then 1 unit of the effective capital when is 1.0 the effective output is 0.95 (= 1.0 * ( 1 - 0.05)). So, when nrfr is 0.5, the effective output is 0.90 (= 1.0 * (1 - 0.10)). Another useful way to look at this equation is to reverse it and see how much effective capital is required to get 1 unit of effective output (i.e. effective_output / (1 - fcaor) = effective_capital). So, when nrfr is 1.0, the effective capital required for 1 unit of effective output is 1.053 (=1.0/(1-0.05)), and when nrfr is 0.3, the effective capital required is 2 (=1.0/(1-0.5)). Lastly is looking at the relative cost required for obtaining the resources. This based on the fact that it requires 1/19 of a unit of effective capital extra when the nrfr is 1.0. So, (effective capital required - 1.0) / (1 / 19) will give the relative cost of obtaining the resources compared to the cost of obtaining them when nrfr was 1.0. For example, when nrfr is 0.3, the effective capital required is 2.0, and 1.0 of that is for obtaining resources. So, the cost of obtaining the resources is (2.0 - 1.0) / ( 1 / 19) or 1.0*19 or 19 times the cost when nrfr was 1.0. Here is a table showing these calculations for all the values:

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Emotional conflict is the presence of different and opposing emotions relating to a situation that has recently taken place or is in the process of being unfolded. They may be accompanied at times by a physical discomfort, especially when ' a functional disturbance has become associated with an emotional conflict in childhood ' , and in particular by tension headaches ' expressing a state of inner tension...[or] caused by an unconscious conflict ' .Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (London 1946) p. 220 and p. 253 For C. G. Jung, "emotional conflicts and the intervention of the unconscious are the classical features of...medical psychology".C. G. Jung, Man and his Symbols (London 1964) p. 80 Equally, ' Freud's concept of emotional conflict as amplified by Anna Freud...Erikson and others is central in contemporary theories of mental disorder in children, particularly with respect to the development of psychoneurosis ' .David L. Sills ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences: Vols 9-10 (1968) p. 158 ' The early stages of emotional development are full of potential conflict and disruption ' .D. W. Winnicott, The Child, the Family, and the Outside World (Penguin 1973) p. 227 Infancy and childhood are a time when ' everything is polarised into extremes of love and hate ' and when ' totally opposite, extreme feelings about them must be getting put together too. Which must be pretty confusing and painful. It's very difficult to discover you hate someone you love ' .Robin Skynner/John Cleese, Families and how to survive them (London 1994)p. 98 and p. 109 Development involves integrating such primitive emotional conflicts, so that ' in the process of integration, impulses to attack and destroy, and impulses to give and share are related, the one lessening the effect of the other ' , until the point is reached at which ' the child may have made a satisfactory fusion of the idea of destroying the object with the fact of loving the same object ' .D. W. Winnicott, The Child, the Family, and the Outside World (Penguin 1973) p. 96 Once such primitive relations to the mother er have been at least partially resolved, ' in the age period two to five or seven, each normal infant is experiencing the most intense conflicts ' relating to wider relationships: ' ideas of love are followed by ideas of hate, by jealousy and painful emotional conflict and by personal suffering; and where conflict is too great there follows loss of full capacity, inhibitions...symptom formation ' .Winnicott, The Child p. 191 Defenses against emotional conflict include ' splitting and projection. They deal with intrapsychic conflict not by addressing it, but by sidestepping it ' .Michael Parsons, The Dove that Returns, the Dove that Vanishes (London 2000) p. 83 Displacement too can help resolve such conflicts: ' If an individual no longer feels threatened by his father but by a horse, he can avoid hating his father; here the distortion way a way out of the conflict of ambivalence. The father, who had been hated and loved simultaneously, is loved only, and the hatred is displaced onto the bad horse ' .Fenichel, p. 198 ' The physiology of nervous headaches still presents many unsolved problems ' , as in general do all such ' physical alterations...rooted in unconscious instinctual conflicts ' .Fenichel, p. 253 and p. 239 However physical discomfort or pain without apparent cause may be the way our body is telling us of an underlying emotional turmoil and anxiety, triggered by some recent event. Thus for example a woman ' may be busy in her office, apparently in good health and spirits. A moment later she develops a blinding headache and shows other signs of distress. Without consciously noticing it, she has heard the foghorn of a distant ship, and this has unconsciously reminded her of an unhappy parting ' .Jung, p. 22 With respect to the post-industrial age, 'LaBierwrites of "modern madness " [ , the hidden link between work and emotional conflict...feelings of self-betrayal, stress and burnout ' .Catherine Casey, Work, Self and Society (1995) p. 83 His ' idea, which gains momentum in the post-yuppie late eighties...concludes that real professional success without regret of emotional conflict requires insanity of one kind or another ' .Amalee Newitz, Pretend We're Dead (2002) p. 78 Advice on fiction writing emphasises the ' necessity of creating powerful, emotional conflicts ' in one's characters: ' characters create the emotional conflict and the action emerges from the characters ' .R. Ballon/R. F. Ballon, Breathing Life into your Characters (2003) p. 131 and p. 119 Shakespeare's sonnets have been described as ' implying an awareness of the possible range of human feelings, of the existence of complex and even contradictory attitudes to a single emotion ' Derek Traversi, in Boris Ford ed., The Age of Shakespeare (Penguin 1973) p. 187 For Picasso ' the presence of death is always coincident with the taste for life...the superb violence of these emotional transports have led some people to call his work expressionist ' .Gaston Diehl, Picasso (Milan nd) p. 76 and p. 81 Further reading '' Modern Madness", Douglas LaBier : The Hidden Link Between Work and Emotional Conflict

Emotional conflict is the presence of different and opposing emotions relating to a situation that has recently taken place or is in the process of being unfolded. They may be accompanied at times by a physical discomfort, especially when a functional disturbance has become associated with an emotional conflict in childhood , and in particular by tension headaches " expressing a state of inner tension...[or] caused by an unconscious conflict " .Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (London 1946) p. 220 and p. 253 For C. G. Jung, "emotional conflicts and the intervention of the unconscious are the classical features of...medical psychology".C. G. Jung, Man and his Symbols (London 1964) p. 80 Equally, " Freud's concept of emotional conflict as amplified by Anna Freud...Erikson and others is central in contemporary theories of mental disorder in children, particularly with respect to the development of psychoneurosis " .David L. Sills ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences: Vols 9-10 (1968) p. 158 " The early stages of emotional development are full of potential conflict and disruption " .D. W. Winnicott, The Child, the Family, and the Outside World (Penguin 1973) p. 227 Infancy and childhood are a time when " everything is polarised into extremes of love and hate " and when " totally opposite, extreme feelings about them must be getting put together too. Which must be pretty confusing and painful. It's very difficult to discover you hate someone you love " .Robin Skynner/John Cleese, Families and how to survive them (London 1994)p. 98 and p. 109 Development involves integrating such primitive emotional conflicts, so that " in the process of integration, impulses to attack and destroy, and impulses to give and share are related, the one lessening the effect of the other " , until the point is reached at which " the child may have made a satisfactory fusion of the idea of destroying the object with the fact of loving the same object " .D. W. Winnicott, The Child, the Family, and the Outside World (Penguin 1973) p. 96 Once such primitive relations to the mother or motherer have been at least partially resolved, " in the age period two to five or seven, each normal infant is experiencing the most intense conflicts " relating to wider relationships: " ideas of love are followed by ideas of hate, by jealousy and painful emotional conflict and by personal suffering; and where conflict is too great there follows loss of full capacity, inhibitions...symptom formation " .Winnicott, The Child p. 191 Defenses against emotional conflict include " splitting and projection. They deal with intrapsychic conflict not by addressing it, but by sidestepping it " .Michael Parsons, The Dove that Returns, the Dove that Vanishes (London 2000) p. 83 Displacement too can help resolve such conflicts: " If an individual no longer feels threatened by his father but by a horse, he can avoid hating his father; here the distortion way a way out of the conflict of ambivalence. The father, who had been hated and loved simultaneously, is loved only, and the hatred is displaced onto the bad horse " .Fenichel, p. 198 " The physiology of nervous headaches still presents many unsolved problems " , as in general do all such " physical alterations...rooted in unconscious instinctual conflicts " .Fenichel, p. 253 and p. 239 However physical discomfort or pain without apparent cause may be the way our body is telling us of an underlying emotional turmoil and anxiety, triggered by some recent event. Thus for example a woman " may be busy in her office, apparently in good health and spirits. A moment later she develops a blinding headache and shows other signs of distress. Without consciously noticing it, she has heard the foghorn of a distant ship, and this has unconsciously reminded her of an unhappy parting " .Jung, p. 22 With respect to the post-industrial age, " [Douglas LaBier|LaBier writes of 'modern madness' , the hidden link between work and emotional conflict...feelings of self-betrayal, stress and burnout " .Catherine Casey, Work, Self and Society (1995) p. 83 His " idea, which gains momentum in the post-yuppie late eighties...concludes that real professional success without regret of emotional conflict requires insanity of one kind or another " .Amalee Newitz, Pretend We're Dead (2002) p. 78 Advice on fiction writing emphasises the " necessity of creating powerful, emotional conflicts " in one's characters: " characters create the emotional conflict and the action emerges from the characters " .R. Ballon/R. F. Ballon, Breathing Life into your Characters (2003) p. 131 and p. 119 Shakespeare's sonnets have been described as " implying an awareness of the possible range of human feelings, of the existence of complex and even contradictory attitudes to a single emotion " Derek Traversi, in Boris Ford ed., The Age of Shakespeare (Penguin 1973) p. 187 For Picasso " the presence of death is always coincident with the taste for life...the superb violence of these emotional transports have led some people to call his work expressionist " .Gaston Diehl, Picasso (Milan nd) p. 76 and p. 81 Further reading " Modern Madness", Douglas LaBier : The Hidden Link Between Work and Emotional Conflict

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Fields The term is widely used in primary research , legal research and market research. The principal methodology in health secondary research is the systematic review, commonly using meta-analytic statistical techniques , but other methods of synthesis, like realist reviews and meta-narrativeDiffusion of Innovations in Health Service Organisations: a systematic literature review reviews, have been developed in recent years. Such secondary research uses the primary research of others typically in the form of research publications and reports . For market research , secondary research includes the reuse of the second party of any data collected from a first-party such as telephone interviews or surveys. Secondary market research is a branch of research that is already assembled and put in order.Types of Secondary Research in Market Research. (2019, May 30). Retrieved from URL Secondary research is helpful for gaining knowledge about the market before more extensive research is needed. For market research, in particular, using secondary research over primary research is more beneficial since the research has already been analyzed by someone. Secondary market research can be broken up into two categories . The first category is information from internal sources such as an agency or company and the second category is informational from external sources held outside an organization or agency.DeVault, G. (2019, June 25). Differences Between Primary and Secondary Market Research. Retrieved from URL Secondary market research uses information from the past, reuses data already collected and is more economical. Primary research vs Secondary research Primary research is research that is collected firsthand and original to the person using it. Lowe, C. (2010). Writing Spaces: Readings on Writing Volume 2. When conducting Primary research, the goal is to answer questions that have not been asked before. Lowe, C. (2010). Writing Spaces: Readings on Writing Volume 2 Additionally, the research has to be verified by others to help eliminate one ’ s own biases. Church, R. M. (n.d.). The Effective Use of Secondary Data (Issue 1, Vol. Volume 33). Primary research can be a survey, observation, or an interview. This type of research tends to be more time consuming and can be costly.McCrocklin, S. (2018, October 4). Primary Vs . Secondary Research. Retrieved from URL If possible, secondary research should be done before primary research, to determine what information is not already available. Secondary research is based on already published data and information gathered from other conducted studies. It is a common practice by researchers to conduct secondary research before primary research in order to determine what information is not already available. McCrocklin, S. (2018, October 4). Primary Vs. Secondary Research. Retrieved from URL Secondary research is an easy place to start when starting a new research project. Secondary research can vary in credibility depending on where the data is coming from and who is sharing research.Treadwell, D. F. (2016). Introducing communication research: paths of inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications , Inc. Making your own summary based on secondary sources can create biases and misinterpretations which can have a negative impact on the research project. See also Experiments

Fields The term is widely used in fields such as history , legal research , and market research. The principal methodology in health secondary research is the systematic review, commonly using meta-analytic statistical techniques . Other methods of synthesis, like realist reviews and meta-narrative reviews, have been developed in the 21st century . Secondary market research includes the reuse by a second party of any data collected from a first party such as telephone interviews or surveys. Secondary market research can be broken up into two categories : information from internal sources such as an agency or company , and information from external sources held outside an organization or agency.DeVault, G. (2019, June 25). Differences Between Primary and Secondary Market Research. Retrieved from URL Secondary market research uses information from the past, reuses data already collected , and is more economical. Primary research vs secondary research Primary research is research that is collected firsthand and is original to the person using it. When conducting primary research, the goal is to answer questions that have not been answered in the published literature. Additionally, the research has to be verified by others to help eliminate one ' s own biases. Primary research can be a survey, observation, or an interview. This type of research tends to be more time consuming and can be costly.McCrocklin, S. (2018, October 4). Primary vs . Secondary Research. Retrieved from URL If possible, secondary research should be done before primary research, to determine what information is not already available. Secondary research is based on already published data and information gathered from other conducted studies. It is a common practice by researchers to conduct secondary research before primary research in order to determine what information is not already available. Secondary research is an easy place to start when starting a new research project. Secondary research can vary in credibility depending on where the data is coming from and who is sharing research.Treadwell, D. F. (2016). Introducing communication research: paths of inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications .

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Category:Australian Aboriginal mythology Category:Australian Aboriginal cultural history Category: Prehistoric art Category: Rock art in Australia Category:Australian Aboriginal art Category:Culture o

Category:Australian Aboriginal mythology Category:Australian Aboriginal cultural history Category: Rock art in Australia Category:Australian Aboriginal art Category:Culture o

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Category:Australian Aboriginal mythology Category:Australian Aboriginal cultural history Category:Rock art in Australia Category: Australian Aboriginal art Category: Culture o

Category:Australian Aboriginal mythology Category:Australian Aboriginal cultural history Category:Rock art in Australia Category: Culture o

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Many of the constellations were given names based on their shapes, just as traditional western astronomy does, such as the Pleiades, Orion and the Milky Way, with others, such as Emu in the Sky, describes the dark patches rather than the points lit by the stars. Contemporary Indigenous Australian art often references astronomical subjects and their related lore, such as the Pleiades in folklore and literature#Australia|Seven Sisters #fortnite is dead

Many of the constellations were given names based on their shapes, just as traditional western astronomy does, such as the Pleiades, Orion and the Milky Way, with others, such as Emu in the Sky, describes the dark patches rather than the points lit by the stars. Contemporary Indigenous Australian art often references astronomical subjects and their related lore, such as the Seven Sisters.

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Schonfield's conclusions Based on his research into the social and religious culture in which Jesus was born, lived and died, and into other literature, including the source documents of the Gospels, Schonfield reached the following conclusions: That Jesus was a deeply religious Jewish man, probably well-versed in the teachings of the local northern sects such as the Nazarenes and Essenes. That growing up in biblical Galilee he had a skeptical and somewhat rebellious relationship to the hierarchy and teachings mandated by the authorities (the Saducees) of the Temple in Jerusalem. That Jewish Messianic expectation was extremely high in those times, matched to the despair caused by the Roman occupation of the land and subjugation of the Jews. That he was in many ways both typical of his times, and yet extraordinary in his religious convictions and beliefs, in his scholarship of the biblical literature, and in the fervency in which he lived his religion out in his daily life. That he was convinced of his role as the expected Messiah based on the authority of his having been descendant from King David (the royal bloodline of David), and that he consciously and methodically, to the point of being calculating, attempted to fulfill that role, being eminently well-versed in the details of what that role entailed. That he was convinced of the importance of his fulfilling the role perfectly (after all prophesy and expectation), and that he could not allow himself to fail, as that would undoubtedly lead to his being declared a false Messiah. That he was perfectly aware of the consequences of his actions all along the way, and that he directed his closest supporters, the original twelve Apostles, unknowingly to aid him in his plans. That he involved the least possible number of supporters in his plans ("need to know" basis), therefore very few knew of the details of his final plan, and even then only the least amount of information necessary.

Schonfield's conclusions Based on his research into the social and religious culture in which Jesus was born, lived and died, and into other literature, including the source documents of the Gospels, Schonfield reached the following conclusions: That Jesus was a deeply religious Jewish man, probably well-versed in the teachings of the local northern sects such as the Nazarenes and Essenes. That growing up in Biblical Galilee he had a skeptical and somewhat rebellious relationship to the hierarchy and teachings mandated by the authorities (the Saducees) of the Temple in Jerusalem. That Jewish Messianic expectation was extremely high in those times, matched to the despair caused by the Roman occupation of the land and subjugation of the Jews. That he was in many ways both typical of his times, and yet extraordinary in his religious convictions and beliefs, in his scholarship of the Biblical literature, and in the fervency in which he lived his religion out in his daily life. That he was convinced of his role as the expected Messiah based on the authority of his having been descendant from King David (the royal bloodline of David), and that he consciously and methodically, to the point of being calculating, attempted to fulfill that role, being eminently well-versed in the details of what that role entailed. That he was convinced of the importance of his fulfilling the role perfectly (after all prophesy and expectation), and that he could not allow himself to fail, as that would undoubtedly lead to his being declared a false Messiah. That he was perfectly aware of the consequences of his actions all along the way, and that he directed his closest supporters, the original twelve Apostles, unknowingly to aid him in his plans. That he involved the least possible number of supporters in his plans ("need to know" basis), therefore very few knew of the details of his final plan, and even then only the least amount of information necessary.

93721

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Schonfield's conclusions Based on his research into the social and religious culture in which Jesus was born, lived and died, and into other literature, including the source documents of the Gospels, Schonfield reached the following conclusions: That Jesus was a deeply religious Jewish man, probably well-versed in the teachings of the local northern sects such as the Nazarenes and Essenes. That growing up in Biblical Galilee he had a skeptical and somewhat rebellious relationship to the hierarchy and teachings mandated by the authorities (the Saducees) of the Temple in Jerusalem. That Jewish Messianic expectation was extremely high in those times, matched to the despair caused by the Roman occupation of the land and subjugation of the Jews. That he was in many ways both typical of his times, and yet extraordinary in his religious convictions and beliefs, in his scholarship of the Biblical literature, and in the fervency in which he lived his religion out in his daily life. That he was convinced of his role as the expected Messiah based on the authority of his having been descendant from King David (the royal bloodline of David), and that he consciously and methodically, to the point of being calculating, attempted to fulfill that role, being eminently well-versed in the details of what that role entailed. That he was convinced of the importance of his fulfilling the role perfectly (after all prophesy and expectation), and that he could not allow himself to fail, as that would undoubtedly lead to his being declared a false Messiah. That he was perfectly aware of the consequences of his actions all along the way, and that he directed his closest supporters, the original twelve Apostles, unknowingly to aid him in his plans. That he involved the least possible number of supporters in his plans ("need to know" basis), therefore very few knew of the details of his final plan, and even then only the least amount of information necessary.

Schonfield's conclusions Based on his research into the social and religious culture in which Jesus was born, lived and died, and into other literature, including the source documents of the Gospels, Schonfield reached the following conclusions: That Jesus was a deeply religious Jewish man, probably well-versed in the teachings of the local northern sects such as the Nazarenes and Essenes. That growing up in biblical Galilee he had a skeptical and somewhat rebellious relationship to the hierarchy and teachings mandated by the authorities (the Saducees) of the Temple in Jerusalem. That Jewish Messianic expectation was extremely high in those times, matched to the despair caused by the Roman occupation of the land and subjugation of the Jews. That he was in many ways both typical of his times, and yet extraordinary in his religious convictions and beliefs, in his scholarship of the biblical literature, and in the fervency in which he lived his religion out in his daily life. That he was convinced of his role as the expected Messiah based on the authority of his having been descendant from King David (the royal bloodline of David), and that he consciously and methodically, to the point of being calculating, attempted to fulfill that role, being eminently well-versed in the details of what that role entailed. That he was convinced of the importance of his fulfilling the role perfectly (after all prophesy and expectation), and that he could not allow himself to fail, as that would undoubtedly lead to his being declared a false Messiah. That he was perfectly aware of the consequences of his actions all along the way, and that he directed his closest supporters, the original twelve Apostles, unknowingly to aid him in his plans. That he involved the least possible number of supporters in his plans ("need to know" basis), therefore very few knew of the details of his final plan, and even then only the least amount of information necessary.

9372611

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The Hubscher maneuver (or Jack's test) is a method of evaluating the flexibility of a pes planus or flat foot type. The test is performed with the patient weight bearing, with the foot flat on the ground, while the clinician dorsiflexes the%DIFDELCMD < [%%% hallux and watches for an increasing concavity of the Arches of the foot . A positive result (arch formation) results from the flatfoot being flexible. A negative result (lack of arch formation) results from the flatfoot being rigid. In a Jack's test, the patient raises the rearfoot off the ground, thus passively dorsiflexing the hallux in Closed Kinetic Chain. This will result in an increase of the arch height in cases of Dynamic (Flexible) Flat Foot. If the deformity is a Static (rigid) Flat foot, the height of the arch will be unaffected by raising up the heel on the forefoot. it is also one method of diagnosing functional hallux limitus. recent investigations into its reliability have questioned its ability to predict range of motion at the 1st MTP during Gait

The Hubscher maneuver (or Jack's test) is a method of evaluating the flexibility of a pes planus or flat foot type. The test is performed with the patient weight bearing, with the foot flat on the ground, while the %DIFDELCMD < [%%% clinician dorsiflexes the hallux and watches for an increasing concavity of the Arches of the foot . A positive result (arch formation) results from the flatfoot being flexible. A negative result (lack of arch formation) results from the flatfoot being rigid. In a Jack's test, the patient raises the rearfoot off the ground, thus passively dorsiflexing the hallux in Closed Kinetic Chain. This will result in an increase of the arch height in cases of Dynamic (Flexible) Flat Foot. If the deformity is a Static (rigid) Flat foot, the height of the arch will be unaffected by raising up the heel on the forefoot. It is also one method of diagnosing functional hallux limitus. Recent investigations into its reliability have questioned its ability to predict range of motion at the 1st MTP during Gait .

937508

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An Area of Darkness is a book written by V. S. Naipaul in 1964. It is a travelogue detailing Naipaul's trip through India in the early sixties. It was the first of Naipaul's acclaimed Indian trilogy which includes India: A Wounded Civilization and India: A Million Mutinies Now . The narration is anecdotal and descriptive.

An Area of Darkness is a book written by V. S. Naipaul in 1964. It is a travelogue detailing Naipaul's trip through India in the early sixties. It was the first of Naipaul's acclaimed Indian trilogy that includes India: A Wounded Civilization (1977) and India: A Million Mutinies Now (1980) . The narration is anecdotal and descriptive.

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A deeply pessimistic work, An Area of Darkness conveys the acute sense of disillusionment which the author experiences on his first visit to his ancestral land. The book was immediately banned in India for its "negative portrayal of India and its people". Nissim Ezekiel wrote the 1984 essay " Naipaul's India and Mine " as a reply to Naipaul's An Area of Darkness .

A deeply pessimistic work, An Area of Darkness conveys the acute sense of disillusionment which the author experiences on his first visit to his ancestral land. The book was immediately banned in India for its "negative portrayal of India and its people". <ref name= " Hindu " > cite web | URL | title=You can't readA good description of india' .

937649

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Category:Culture jamming Category: Conservatism in the United States Category: George W. Bush Category:Billionaires Category:High societ

Category:Culture jamming Category: George W. Bush Category:Billionaires Category:High societ

938546

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Habsburg Spain was the Spain of the 16th and 17th centuries (1516–1700) when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg (also associated with its role in the history of Central and Eastern Europe). The Habsburg Hispanic Monarchs (chiefly Charles I and Philip II) reached the zenith of their influence and power ruling the Spanish Empire. They controlled territories over the five continents including the Americas, the East Indies, the Low Countries, Belgium, Luxembourg and territories now in Italy, France and Germany in Europe, the Portuguese Empire from 1580 to 1640, and various other territories such as small enclaves like Ceuta and Oran in North Africa. This period of Spanish history has also been referred to as the "Age of Expansion". With the Habsburgs, Spain was one of the greatest political and military powers in Europe and the world for much of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Habsburgyears also ushered in the Spanish Golden Age of arts and literature . Some of the world's most outstanding writers and painters lived in this period , including Teresa of Ávila, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Miguel de Cervantes, Francisco de Quevedo, Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Domingo de Soto, Francisco Suárez and Francisco de Vitoria. 150px|Arms of Charles I, representing his territories in Spain (top) and his other European possessions (bottom) Spain or "the Spains", referring to Spanish territories across different continents in this period, initially covered the entire Iberian peninsula, including the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, León, Navarre and, from 1580, Portugal.

Habsburg Spain is a contemporary historiographical term referred to the Spain of the 16th and 17th centuries (1516–1700) when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg (also associated with its role in the history of Central and Eastern Europe). The Habsburg Hispanic Monarchs (chiefly Charles I and Philip II) reached the zenith of their influence and power ruling the Spanish Empire. They controlled territories over the five continents including the Americas, the East Indies, the Low Countries, Belgium, Luxembourg and territories now in Italy, France and Germany in Europe, the Portuguese Empire from 1580 to 1640, and various other territories such as small enclaves like Ceuta and Oran in North Africa. This period of Spanish history has also been referred to as the "Age of Expansion". With the Habsburgs, Spain was the foremost political and military power in Europe and the world for much of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. During the Habsburg's period, Spain ushered in the Spanish Golden Age of arts and literature producing some of the world's most outstanding writers and painters and influential intellectuals , including Teresa of Ávila, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Miguel de Cervantes, Francisco de Quevedo, Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Domingo de Soto, Francisco Suárez and Francisco de Vitoria. 150px|Arms of Charles I, representing his territories in Spain (top) and his other European possessions (bottom) Spain or "the Spains", referring to Spanish territories across different continents in this period, initially covered the entire Iberian peninsula, including the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, León, Navarre and, from 1580, Portugal.

938659

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The vertical deflection (VD) , also known as deflection of the plumb line and astro-geodetic deflection, at a point on the Earth is a measure of how far the gravity direction (plumb line) has been shifted by local mass anomalies such as nearby mountains. They are widely used in geodesy, for surveying networks and for geophysical purposes. The vertical deflection are the angular components between the true zenith (plumb line) and the line perpendicular to the surface of the reference ellipsoid chosen to approximate the Earth's sea-level surface . VDs are caused by mountains and by underground geological irregularities and can amount to angles of 10″ (flat areas ) or 20–50″ (alpine terrain). The deflection of the vertical has a north-south component ξ (xi) and an east-west component η (eta). The value of ξ is the difference between the astronomic latitude minus the geodetic latitude (taking north latitudes to be positive and south latitudes to be negative); the latter is usually calculated by geodetic network coordinates. The value of η is the astronomic longitude minus the longitude (taking east longitudes to be positive and west longitudes to be negative). When a new mapping datum replaces the old, with new geodetic latitudes and longitudes on a new ellipsoid, the calculated vertical deflections will change too.

The vertical deflection (VD) or deflection of the vertical (DoV) , also known as deflection of the plumb line and astro-geodetic deflection, is a measure of how far the gravity direction at a given point of interest is rotated by local mass anomalies such as nearby mountains. They are widely used in geodesy, for surveying networks and for geophysical purposes. The vertical deflection are the angular components between the true zenith-nadir curve (plumb line) tangent line and the normal vector to the surface of the reference ellipsoid ( chosen to approximate the Earth's sea-level surface ) . VDs are caused by mountains and by underground geological irregularities and can amount to angles of 10″ in flat areas or 20–50″ in mountainous terrain). The deflection of the vertical has a north-south component ξ (xi) and an east-west component η (eta). The value of ξ is the difference between the astronomic latitude and the geodetic latitude (taking north latitudes to be positive and south latitudes to be negative); the latter is usually calculated by geodetic network coordinates. The value of η is the product of cosine of latitude and the difference between the astronomic longitude and the longitude (taking east longitudes to be positive and west longitudes to be negative). When a new mapping datum replaces the old, with new geodetic latitudes and longitudes on a new ellipsoid, the calculated vertical deflections will change , too.

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The meridian arc surveyed by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille north of Cape Town in 1752 was affected by VD. The resulting discrepancy with Northern Hemisphere measurements was not explained until a visit to the area by George Everest in 1820.

The meridian arc measurement made by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille north of Cape Town in 1752 (de Lacaille's arc measurement) was affected by VD. The resulting discrepancy with Northern Hemisphere measurements was not explained until a visit to the area by George Everest in 1820; Maclear's arc measurement resurvey ultimately confirmed Everest's conjecture. .

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Determination The deflections reflect the undulation of the geoid and gravity anomalies, for they depend on the gravity field and its inhomogeneities. VDs are used in astro-geodetic levelling, a geoid determination technique. As a vertical deflection describes the difference between the geoidal and ellipsoidal normals , it represents the horizontal gradient of the undulations of the geoid (i.e., the separation between geoid and reference ellipsoid) . Given a starting value for the geoid undulation at one point, determining geoid undulations for an area becomes a matter for simple integration .

Determination The deflections reflect the undulation of the geoid and gravity anomalies, for they depend on the gravity field and its inhomogeneities. VDs are used in astrogeodetic levelling: as a VD describes the difference between the geoidal and ellipsoidal normal direction , it represents the horizontal spatial gradient of the geoid undulations of the geoid (i.e., the separation between geoid and reference ellipsoid) .

940606

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upright=1.3|Absolute increase in global human population per year Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population. Global human population growth amounts to around 83 million annually, or 1.1\% per year. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.9 billion in 2020. The UN projected population to keep growing, and estimates have put the total population at 8.6 billion by mid-2030, 9.8 billion by mid-2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100. However, some academics outside the UN have increasingly developed human population models that account for additional downward pressures on population growth; in such a scenario population would peak before 2100. A popular estimate of sustainable population is 8 billion people. World human population has been growing since the end of the Black Death, around the year 1350. A mix of technological advancement that improved agricultural productivity and sanitation and medical advancement that reduced mortality have caused a exponential population growth. In some geographies, this has slowed through the process called the demographic transition, where many nations with high standards of living have seen a significant slowing of population growth. This is in direct contrast with less developed contexts, where population growth is still happening.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Population growth alongside overconsumption is a key driver of environmental concerns, such as biodiversity loss and climate change, due to resource-intensive human development that exceed planetary boundaries.United Nations Environment Programme (2021). Making Peace with Nature:A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies. Nairobi. URL International policy focused on mitigating the impact of human population growth is concentrated in the Sustainable Development Goals which seek to improve the standard of living globally while reducing the impact of society on the environment. Population Years passed Year Billion – 1800 1 127 1927 2 33 1960 3 14 1974 4 13 1987 5 12 1999 6 12 2011 7 12 2023* 8 14 2037* 9 18 2055* 10 33 2088* 11 *World Population Prospects 2017(United Nations Population Division)

%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Nelaimingi jus zmones, jibani antivaxxeriai :) nusigriauzkit veidus

9407123

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The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in Burgos in 1524. The treaty placed Monaco under the protection of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, as an imperial fief. As a consequence, the Lord of Monaco became subservient to Charles as his vassal. Thus the Lord of Monaco was required to give feudal homage, but Lucien I of Monaco requested this requirement be removed from the treaty and obtained that the final proclamation of November 1524 recognized the autonomy of Monaco.

The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in Burgos in 1524. The treaty placed Monaco under the protection of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, as an imperial fief. As a consequence, the Lord of Monaco became subservient to Charles as his vassal. Thus, the Lord of Monaco was required to give feudal homage, but Lucien I of Monaco requested that requirement be removed from the treaty and obtained for the final proclamation of November 1524 to recognise the autonomy of Monaco.

9433220

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20th century Year Date Event 1901 Ethical Policy is proclaimed. 1903 Aceh declared conquered. 1904 Van Heutz becomes Governor General. Kartini established a school for women in Rembang, just like Dewi Sartika, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia. 16 January Dewi Sartika established the first school for women in Dutch East Indies in Bandung, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia. 1906 The Dutch intervention in Bali (1906) destroyed the southern Bali kingdom of Badung and Tabanan. 1907 Tirto Adhi Suryo founds civil servants' association Sarekat Priyayi. 1908 Budi Utomo is proclaimed as the first official nationalist movement. During Dutch intervention in Bali (1908), the last Balinese rulers wiped out in puputan ('suicidal battle to death'). 1911 Tirto Adhi Suryo founds the Islamic Traders' League. 1912 Islamic League (Sarekat Islam) becomes the first mass-based nationalist party. First scientific description ever of Komodo dragon by Peter Ouwens. 18 November The modernist Islamic organization Muhammadiyah was established by Ahmad Dahlan in Yogyakarta. 1914 World War I breaks out; the Netherlands is a neutral country in the war. 1917 East Indies trade with Europe cut off by the war. Russian Revolution 1918 Tirto Adhi Suryo dies. 1919 May Mt Kelud in East Java erupts with a deathtoll of around 5,000 people. 1920 Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) is founded. Economic downturn. 1925 Birth of Pramoedya Ananta Toer. A sharp rise in world commodity prices brings prosperity to the Indies. 1926 31 January Nahdlatul Ulama was established by Hasyim Asy'ari as the reaction to the modernist Muhammadiyah organization. 1929 The Great Depression in America affected the economy of Dutch East Indies. 1930 Sukarno's famous nationalist speech, 'Indonesia Accuses', given as defence in his political trial.Vickers (2005), page xiii 1941 8 December Netherlands declares war on Japan. 1941 8 December Dutch East Indies campaign (8 December 1941 – 9 March 1942) by forces from the Empire of Japan starts.1942 27 February Battle of the Java Sea, Imperial Japanese Navy defeat Allied forces ABDACOM afterwards Imperial Japan occupies Indonesia during World War II, over throwing the Dutch East Indies and install their own imperial structure. 28 February The Japanese troops invade Java. 7 March Dutch East Indies government in exile established in Australia by Dutch officials headed by Lieutenant Governor General Huib van Mook 8 March Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on Java capitulates. At 09:00 on 8 March, the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied forces—Ter Poorten—announced the surrender of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army in Java. Instrument of surrender signed in Bandung on 12 March 31 December Merauke Force formed, to reinforce the KNIL garrison in Merauke, West New Guinea.1944 22 April Start of the liberation of the Dutch East Indies by Allied forces April First Dutch NICA detachments land at Hollandia in New Guinea. 16 May Van Mook-MacArthur Civil Affairs Agreement signed in London concerning the jurisdiction over and administration of civil affairs in Dutch East Indies territory liberated by an Allied expeditionary force during WWII. 1 June 1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL) founded at Camp Victory, near Casino, New South Wales. Australia. 1945 9 Januari Between Januari and July landing of Dutch KNIL troops at Biak, Tarakan and Balikpapan. 1 June Sukarno's Pancasila speechSaafroedin et al. (1992) 16 July Draft of constitution for the Republic completed. August Republican government established in Jakarta and constitution adopted. Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) established. 15 August Japanese surrender to Allied powers. 17 August "Proclamation of Indonesian Independence," signed by Sukarno-Hatta.Proklamasi: URL August Start of the Bersiap killings during the early stages of the Indonesian National Revolution. 3 November Vice President Hatta proclaims right of the people to form political parties. 10 November Battle of Surabaya. 1946 Social revolutions, including the Three Regions (Tiga Daerah) Revolt. Federal states, including the State of East Indonesia are set up by Dutch in the outer islands. 1947 25 March Linggadjati Agreement, first ceasefire. 20 July Major Dutch military offensive to resolve differences by force. 1948 Darul Islam rebellions begin in West Java, spread to other provinces but conclude with the execution of its leader Kartosoewiryo. (to 1962) 19 January The Renville Agreement establishes the Van Mook line between Republican and Dutch held territories. August Fall of the Amir Syarifuddin government, largely from the Renville Agreement fallout. 18 September Madiun Affair: Nationalist leaders launch a revolt in Central Java in an attempt to take over the Revolution but are suppressed by Communist troops. 19 December Dutch undertake second military offensive capturing Republican capital at Yogyakarta and most of the Republican cabinet. Amir Syarifuddin executed by fleeing Republicans. 1949 February Tan Malaka executed by Republican Army. 1 August Official ceasefire. December International pressure leads Netherlands Government to transfer power to the United States of Indonesia (RUSI) at the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference. 1950 Military articulation of doctrines Dwifungsi and Hankamrata: a military role in sociopolitical development as well as security; a requirement that the resources of the people be at the call of the armed forces. (to 1960) 29 January General Sudirman, commander of Indonesia's armed forces, dies aged 34 25 April The Republic of South Moluccas (RMS) is proclaimed in Ambon 17 August Following RUSI endorsement of a new constitution, the federation is dissolved and Sukarno proclaims a unitary state, the 'Republic of Indonesia'. 6 September The first cabinet of the unitary state is established. It is led by Prime Minister Mohammad Natsir.Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975a) 27 September Indonesia becomes the 60th member of the United Nations. 1951 1 Januari Start of the Dutch Military Mission for Indonesia 1951 21 March The Natsir cabinet fallsFeith (2002) 26 April The composition of the new cabinet is announced. The new Prime Minister is Dr. Sukiman Wirjosanjojo. 1952 25 February Amid bitter disputes over the signing of a Mutual Security Agreement with the US, the Sukiman cabinet resigns. 3 April The new cabinet, led by Prime Minister Wilopo is inaugurated. 17 October Army-organized demonstrations take place in Jakarta to demand the dissolution of the legislature. Tank guns and machine guns are trained on the presidential palace. This leads to the suspension of General Nasution as army chief of staff following army indiscipline over command and support that threatens the government.Friend (2003), page 528 1953 2 June The Wilopo cabinet resigns. 31 July After lengthy negotiations, the composition of the new cabinet is announced. Serving his first term as prime minister is Ali Sastroamidjojo. 1955 March Regional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi. (to August 1961) 24 March The second cabinet to be led by Muhammed Ali takes office. 18 April The city of Bandung hosts the Asia-Africa Conference. It is the first meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement and is attended by world leaders including China's Zhou Enlai, India's Nehru, Egypt's Nasser and Yugoslavia's Tito.Friend (2003), page 529 (to 25 April) 24 July After a dispute with the Army over appointments, the cabinet resigns. 12 August Led by Prime Minister Burhanuddin Harahap, the new cabinet is sworn in. 29 September Indonesia holds general parliamentary elections; the last free national elections until 1999; support for the parties is widely distributed with four parties each gaining 16–22 per cent and the remaining votes split between 24 parties. 15 December Elections are held for the Constitutional Assembly 1956 3 March The cabinet falls as a result of its policy toward the Dutch. 3 May Indonesia unilaterally abrogates the Round Table Agreement signed with the Dutch in 1949. 1 December Hatta resigns as vice-president. 1957 21 February President Sukarno announces his "Conception" (Konsepsi) of the nature of Indonesia. This will eventually lead to Guided Democracy March Regional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi. (to August 1961) 14 March Martial law is proclaimed. On the same day, the cabinet resigns. 9 April Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with Djuanda as prime minister. 30 November An attempt is made to assassinate President Sukarno. Grenades are thrown at him as he visits a school in Cikini, Jakarta. 1958 18 May US Air Force pilot Allen Pope is shot down over Ambon, revealing covert American support of regional rebellions, and ends the Dulles brothers', Allen and John, failure to subvert the Sukarno government. 1959 5 July With armed forces support, Sukarno issues a decree dissolving the Constituent Assembly and reintroducing the Constitution of 1945 with strong presidential powers, and assumes the additional role of Prime Minister, which completes the structure of 'Guided Democracy'. 10 July President Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with himself as prime minister.Simanjuntak(2003) 1960 18 February President Sukarno reshuffles the cabinet and appoints the second "Working Cabinet". 9 March Second Lieutenant Daniel Alexander Maukar of the Indonesian Air Force uses a MiG-17 fighter to strafe the Presidential Palace in Jakarta, oil tanks at Tanjung Priok in North Jakarta and then the Bogor Palace."Last Tiger Out" Jan Doward, Pacific Press Pub. 24 June The House of Representatives-Mutual cooperation (DPR-GR), composed of members chosen by President Sukarno is established. 17 August Indonesia severs diplomatic links with the Netherlands in protest over its refusal to hand over Netherlands New Guinea. 30 September President Sukarno addresses the United Nations General Assembly. 1961 4 March An agreement is signed in Jakarta with the Soviet Union to buy arms with long term loans. 17 August Building officially starts on the Monas National Monument in the center of Jakarta. 1962 2 January The Mandala Command to "free" Western (Netherlands) New Guinea from the Dutch is established. Its commander is Brigadier General Suharto. 15 January Deputy chief of staff of the Indonesian Navy Commodore Yos Sudarso is killed in a Dutch air attack on the motor torpedo boat (MTB) force he is commanding. 8 March President Sukarno again reshuffles his cabinet. 15 August The New York Agreement, transferring Western New Guinea to Indonesia, is signed at the United Nations. 24 August Jakarta hosts the Fourth Asian Games. (to 4 September) 1963 Sole years of American Peace Corps program in Indonesia. Sukarno leads the Konfrontasi campaign against the newly created Malaysia. (to 1965) 1 May Following pressure from the United Nations and the American government of President John F. Kennedy, the Netherlands yields Western New Guinea to temporary UN supervision. 18 May Parliament elects Sukarno 'President-for-life'. 27 July Sukarno declares Indonesian policy to oppose the creation of Malaysia which incorporate North Borneo, marking the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. 18 September Following demonstrations in Jakarta to protest at the creation of Malaysia, the British Embassy is burned by a mob. 13 November President Sukarno conducts the final reshuffle of the "Working Cabinet". 1964 17 August During his Independence Day speech, Sukarno for the first time publicly denounce the United States, and over the following months an anti-American campaign attacked American interests. 27 August President Sukarno appoints the Dwikora Cabinet 1965 7 January Indonesia withdraws from membership of the UN.Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975b) 14 January The Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) calls for workers and peasants to be armed. 11 April The Third Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held in Bandung. (to 16 April) 26 May Foreign Minister Subandrio reports to President Sukarno the existence of the Gilchrist Document, a letter purporting to be from the British ambassador which discusses western military involvement in Indonesia. 30 September An abortive coup in Jakarta results in the murder of six army generals, and disposal of bodies at Lubang Buaya. October A violent anti-communist purge leads to the killing of approximately 1/2 million Indonesians. (to March 1966) 1 October A counter-coup led by General Suharto that leads to the Overthrow of Sukarno 14 October President Sukarno appoints Major General Suharto Minister/Commander of the Army. 16 October The Jakarta Military Command temporarily suspends the activities of the PKI and its organizations in the Jakarta region. 13 December The rupiah is devalued by a factor of 1,000 in an effort to control inflation. 1966 10 January Anti-communist organizations grouped under the Pancasila Front issue the "Three Demands of the People" (Tritura), namely the dissolution of the PKI, the cleansing of the cabinet of elements involved in 30 September Movement, and lower prices and economic improvements. 14 February The Extraordinary Military Court trials of people allegedly involved in 30 September Movement begin. 24 February President Sukarno reshuffles his cabinet, creating what becomes known as the "cabinet of 100 ministers". 11 March Sukarno delegates key presidential powers to Suharto by signing the Supersemar. The following day Suharto dissolves the Indonesian Communist Party.Vickers (2005), page xiv 18 March A total of 14 cabinet ministers are taken into "protective custody". 2 May Following large scale demonstrations, the leadership of the Mutual-Assistance House of Representatives (DPR-GR) is replaced. 20 June The Fourth Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held in Jakarta. It raises the status of the Supersemar into a decree, meaning Sukarno cannot revoke it, bans the PKI and its teachings and rejects President Sukarno's accountability speech. (to 5 July) 11 August Indonesia and Malaysia agree to normalize diplomatic relations. 28 September Indonesia rejoins the United Nations. 1967 10 January New investment laws designed to bring in foreign capital are passed; restrictions are introduced regarding status of Indonesian Chinese, their names and their religions. 22 February In a ceremony at the presidential palace, Sukarno hands over authority to Suharto. 7 March A Special Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly strips Sukarno of his powers and appoints Suharto acting president. (to 12 March) 8 August ASEAN established in Bangkok by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.Bangkok Declaration. Wikisource. Retrieved 14 March 2007. 1 October Diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China are suspended. 1968 Soedjatmoko is Indonesian ambassador to the United States; bilateral relations warm. (to 1971) March Parliament confers full presidential title on Suharto; Sukarno is under effective house arrest. 1969 Papuan representatives agree to join Indonesia in the Act of Free Choice. 1970 Nurcholish Madjid, a young Muslim modernist, begins to lay out religious developmental principles for Indonesia—'Islam, yes; Islamic party, no'. 21 June Sukarno dies. He is buried at Blitar, East Java. 1971 Suharto's wife inspired by a visit to Disneyland, conceives a national cultural theme park.Friend (2003), page 530 3 July Indonesia's second parliamentary election and the first under the New Order is held. Golkar wins an outright majority. 1973 Government forces fusion of political parties; Nationalist and Christian parties are merged into the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and Muslim parties into the United Development Party (PPP). The new three party system is dominated by Golkar. 1974 The 'Malari' uprising in Jakarta against Japanese penetration of the economy, Chinese Indonesian influence, and official corruption. 1975 April Mrs Suharto dedicates the vast 'Beautiful Indonesia-in-Miniature Park' (Taman Mini) on the outskirts of Jakarta. April Civil war breaks out in the former Portuguese colony of East Timor. 6 December U.S. President Gerald Ford and Secretary of State Kissinger, returning from China, make a hastily rescheduled one-day visit to Jakarta. 7 December Indonesia launches an invasion of East Timor. 1976 March General Ibnu Sutowo is 'dismissed with honour' after a decade as head of Pertamina, the state oil corporation. 8 July Palapa A1, Indonesia's first communication satellite launched from Cape Canaveral.Telecommunications Systems 17 July Suharto signs a bill integrating East Timor into Indonesia as its 27th province. 19 November UN General Assembly rejects Indonesia's annexation of East Timor. 1977 The United States surpasses Japan as Indonesia's biggest oil customer. October Sawito Kartowibowo's trial for 'subversion' begins. 1978 The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) elevates Pancasila to the status of compulsory moral education of youth and government officials. Suharto appoints B.J. Habibie as state minister for research and technology. 22 February Suharto inaugurated Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta, the Indonesian national mosque.Indonesian State Secretariat (1995), 40 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka, Jilid 3 (40 Years of Indonesian Independence, Volume 3), p1035, 1979 21 September Jakarta host the 10th SEA Games, it was the first time Indonesia host Southeast Asian Games. (to 30 September) December Writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer is released after fourteen years imprisonment with hard labour on Buru Island. 1980 May The Petition of Fifty—a statement of concern to parliament about the use of government power, propaganda, and presidential personality cult—is begun. 1982 The height of Petrus ('mysterious shootings') of thousands of suspected criminals by government security forces. (to 1983) 1983 Prabowo Subianto, then a major in ABRI marries Suharto's daughter Titiek at Taman Mini. 1984 12 September Muslim concerned protesting over alleged insensitivities to Islam at Tanjung Priok; a riot ensues resulting in many deaths. Clamp down on Islamic political leaders. December Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) is elected chairman of Nahdlatul Ulama a position previously held by both his father and grandfather. 1985 The Indonesian government require all organisations of any kind to adopt Pancasila as their sole basis. 1987 Sukarno's daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri becomes a member of parliament; Suharto prohibits display of images of Sukarno although they appear frequently nonetheless.Friend (2003), page 531 9 September Jakarta host the 14th SEA Games. (to 20 September) 1988 Suharto is elected to a fifth term as president., Lilies Handayani, Nurfitriyana Saiman and Kusuma Wardhani won Indonesia's first medal in Olympic Games, a silver medal for women's team archery in 1988 Summer Olympics Seoul. 1989 The Free Aceh Movement (GAM) reemerges following its 1976 founding; suppression of its guerilla activities leads to 2,000 deaths by 1991 in Aceh. 1991 Indonesia wins presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement. 12 November ABRI troops fire on demonstrative funeral procession in Dili, East Timor. TV images of the killings put East Timor high on the international human rights agenda. 1992 Suharto successfully defies Dutch efforts to link human rights to aid administered since 1967 by the International Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI). Susi Susanti won Indonesia's first Olympic gold medal in 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.History of Badminton East Timorese resistance leader Xanana Gusmão is captured by Brigadier General Theo Syafei and is tried and sentenced. (to 1993) 1993 Suharto seeks a sixth term and is easily re-elected. 1994 June Suharto shuts down Tempo and two other publications for critical reporting of Habibie's purchase of the former East German navy. 1996 The Free Papua Movement (OPM) kidnaps fourteen scientists and foresters in Iran Jaya garnering international attention. After four months, the abductees are rescued in a bloody operation led by Prabowo. April Ibu Tien Suharto, the president's wife of 48 years, dies of a heart attack. July Military-backed thugs burst into headquarters of PDI, Megawati's party, and evict her supporters in a violent climax to government efforts to vitiate her party's popularity. 1997 Severe social unrest breaks out across Indonesian cities against Chinese Indonesians, Christians, symbols of wealth, the police and bureaucracy. (to 1998) February Alarmed at a dukun's prediction that 'the nail of Java has come loose', Suharto commands a massive Ruwat Dunia ceremony ('Cleansing of the world') near Borobudur. June Pacific Ocean trade winds shift heralding the onset of the El Niño; severe drought across much of Indonesia follows in the ensuing months accompanied by highly destructive forest fires. July The collapse of the Thai baht starts the East Asian financial crisis and over the ensuing months Indonesia is the country hardest hit. 11 October Jakarta host the 19th SEA Games. (to 19 October) 1998 March Largely peaceful student demonstrations against the regime rise to national prominence. 11 March Suharto unanimously elected by the MPR to his seventh presidential term.Friend (2003), page 532 12 May Four student demonstrators at Trisakti University are shot dead by bullets unproven but thought likely to have been from army sources. 13 May Memorial services for killed students leads to riots; vandalism, arson, looting and rape by roving mobs which continue unchecked by security forces for two days leaving 1,200 dead. 20 May For National Awakening Day, Amien Rais pledges to bring a million protestors into the streets to demonstrate against at the National Monument in Jakarta. Faced with barbed wire and massed troops he calls off the rally fearing bloodshed. 21 May After being deserted by his cabinet, Suharto resigns the presidency. Habibie assumes presidency. August General Wiranto announces the discharge of Lieutenant General Prabowo from active duty, with full pension benefits—and without court-martial for allegations of abduction and torture of student activist (some of whom remain missing as of 2003). 10 November Megawati, Rais, and the sultan of Yogya, meet at Wahid's home in Ciganjur, and issue a series of statements including a demand for the military to end their role in politics within six years. 13 November On the last day of the MPR sessions, soldiers open fire on demonstrating students killing at least fifteen and injuring hundreds. 1999 19 January A petty argument between in the city of Ambon triggers Christian-Muslim clashes that last for three years across Maluku. As many as 10,000 are killed and 700,000 or one third of the region are displaced. 7 June Indonesia's first free and fair national elections since 1955 take place with almost no disruption and wide participation. Votes however are distributed across forty-eight parties with no party achieving a majority. September East Timor votes to secede from Indonesia in a referendum conducted under UN auspices. Four-fifths of voters choose independence for East Timor over integration with Indonesia. Pro-integration militias trained and paid by ABRI immediately resort to a scorched earth policy that leaves 1,000 dead and most of the territory's infrastructure ruined. 13 September President Habibie relents to international pressure and allows a UN peacekeeping force known as 'INTERFET' to enter East Timor and restore order. October The Indonesian parliament rejects President Habibie's accountability speech. Wahid whose party received one eighth of the popular vote is elected president by the MPR. Megawati whose party received one third of the vote (the highest) is elected vice president.Friend (2003), page 533 2000 President Wahid's administration is marred by failures to stabilise the economy, patterns of political favouritism, economic corruption (although Wahid himself is not accused of corruption), inability to reform the military, personal eccentricity and pettiness, ineffectiveness in dealing with major religious violence in Maluku and Sulawesi, major ethnic violence (Dayaks vs. Madurese) in Kalimantan, and separatisms in Aceh and Irian Jaya. 24 December In a coordinated attack involving more than three dozen sites across the country, churches are bombed and eighteen people killed. It is later proven to have been planned by Jemaah Islamiyah in retaliation for Christian killings of Muslims in the Maluku conflict.

20th century Year Date Event 1901 Ethical Policy is proclaimed. 1903 Aceh declared conquered. 1904 Van Heutz becomes Governor General. Kartini established a school for women in Rembang, just like Dewi Sartika, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia. 16 January Dewi Sartika established the first school for women in Dutch East Indies in Bandung, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia. 1906 The Dutch intervention in Bali (1906) destroyed the southern Bali kingdom of Badung and Tabanan. 1907 Tirto Adhi Suryo founds civil servants' association Sarekat Priyayi. 1908 Budi Utomo is proclaimed as the first official nationalist movement. During Dutch intervention in Bali (1908), the last Balinese rulers wiped out in puputan ('suicidal battle to death'). 1911 Tirto Adhi Suryo founds the Islamic Traders' League. 1912 Islamic League (Sarekat Islam) becomes the first mass-based nationalist party. First scientific description ever of Komodo dragon by Peter Ouwens. 18 November The modernist Islamic organization Muhammadiyah was established by Ahmad Dahlan in Yogyakarta. 1914 World War I breaks out; the Netherlands is a neutral country in the war. 1917 East Indies trade with Europe cut off by the war. Russian Revolution 1918 Tirto Adhi Suryo dies. 1919 May Mt Kelud in East Java erupts with a deathtoll of around 5,000 people. 1920 Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) is founded. Economic downturn. 1925 Birth of Pramoedya Ananta Toer. A sharp rise in world commodity prices brings prosperity to the Indies. 1926 31 January Nahdlatul Ulama was established by Hasyim Asy'ari as the reaction to the modernist Muhammadiyah organization. 1929 The Great Depression in America affected the economy of Dutch East Indies. 1930 Sukarno's famous nationalist speech, 'Indonesia Accuses', given as defence in his political trial.Vickers (2005), page xiii 1941 8 December Netherlands declares war on Japan. 1941 8 December Dutch East Indies campaign (8 December 1941 – 9 March 1942) by forces from the Empire of Japan starts.1942 27 February Battle of the Java Sea, Imperial Japanese Navy defeat Allied forces ABDACOM afterwards Imperial Japan occupies Indonesia during World War II, over throwing the Dutch East Indies and install their own imperial structure. 28 February The Japanese troops invade Java. 7 March Dutch East Indies government in exile established in Australia by Dutch officials headed by Lieutenant Governor General Huib van Mook 8 March Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on Java capitulates. At 09:00 on 8 March, the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied forces—Ter Poorten—announced the surrender of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army in Java. Instrument of surrender signed in Bandung on 12 March 31 December Merauke Force formed, to reinforce the KNIL garrison in Merauke, West New Guinea.1944 22 April Start of the liberation of the Dutch East Indies by Allied forces April First Dutch NICA detachments land at Hollandia in New Guinea. 16 May Van Mook-MacArthur Civil Affairs Agreement signed in London concerning the jurisdiction over and administration of civil affairs in Dutch East Indies territory liberated by an Allied expeditionary force during WWII. 1 June 1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL) founded at Camp Victory, near Casino, New South Wales. Australia. 1945 9 Januari Between Januari and July landing of Dutch KNIL troops at Biak, Tarakan and Balikpapan. 1 June Sukarno's Pancasila speechSaafroedin et al. (1992) 16 July Draft of constitution for the Republic completed. August Republican government established in Jakarta and constitution adopted. Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) established. 15 August Japanese surrender to Allied powers. 17 August "Proclamation of Indonesian Independence," signed by Sukarno-Hatta.Proklamasi: URL August Start of the Bersiap killings during the early stages of the Indonesian National Revolution. 3 November Vice President Hatta proclaims right of the people to form political parties. 10 November Battle of Surabaya. 1946 Social revolutions, including the Three Regions (Tiga Daerah) Revolt. Federal states, including the State of East Indonesia are set up by Dutch in the outer islands. 1947 25 March Linggadjati Agreement, first ceasefire. 20 July Major Dutch military offensive to resolve differences by force. 1948 Darul Islam rebellions begin in West Java, spread to other provinces but conclude with the execution of its leader Kartosoewiryo. (to 1962) 19 January The Renville Agreement establishes the Van Mook line between Republican and Dutch held territories. August Fall of the Amir Syarifuddin government, largely from the Renville Agreement fallout. 18 September Madiun Affair: Nationalist leaders launch a revolt in Central Java in an attempt to take over the Revolution but are suppressed by Communist troops. 19 December Dutch undertake second military offensive capturing Republican capital at Yogyakarta and most of the Republican cabinet. Amir Syarifuddin executed by fleeing Republicans. 1949 February Tan Malaka executed by Republican Army. 1 August Official ceasefire. December Netherlands Government transferres sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia (RUSI) at the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference. 1950 Military articulation of doctrines Dwifungsi and Hankamrata: a military role in sociopolitical development as well as security; a requirement that the resources of the people be at the call of the armed forces. (to 1960) 29 January General Sudirman, commander of Indonesia's armed forces, dies aged 34 25 April The Republic of South Moluccas (RMS) is proclaimed in Ambon 17 August Following RUSI endorsement of a new constitution, the federation is dissolved and Sukarno proclaims a unitary state, the 'Republic of Indonesia'. 6 September The first cabinet of the unitary state is established. It is led by Prime Minister Mohammad Natsir.Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975a) 27 September Indonesia becomes the 60th member of the United Nations. 1951 1 Januari Start of the Dutch Military Mission for Indonesia 21 March The Natsir cabinet fallsFeith (2002) 26 April The composition of the new cabinet is announced. The new Prime Minister is Dr. Sukiman Wirjosanjojo. 1952 25 February Amid bitter disputes over the signing of a Mutual Security Agreement with the US, the Sukiman cabinet resigns. 3 April The new cabinet, led by Prime Minister Wilopo is inaugurated. 17 October Army-organized demonstrations take place in Jakarta to demand the dissolution of the legislature. Tank guns and machine guns are trained on the presidential palace. This leads to the suspension of General Nasution as army chief of staff following army indiscipline over command and support that threatens the government.Friend (2003), page 528 1953 2 June The Wilopo cabinet resigns. 31 July After lengthy negotiations, the composition of the new cabinet is announced. Serving his first term as prime minister is Ali Sastroamidjojo. 1955 March Regional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi. (to August 1961) 24 March The second cabinet to be led by Muhammed Ali takes office. 18 April The city of Bandung hosts the Asia-Africa Conference. It is the first meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement and is attended by world leaders including China's Zhou Enlai, India's Nehru, Egypt's Nasser and Yugoslavia's Tito.Friend (2003), page 529 (to 25 April) 24 July After a dispute with the Army over appointments, the cabinet resigns. 12 August Led by Prime Minister Burhanuddin Harahap, the new cabinet is sworn in. 29 September Indonesia holds general parliamentary elections; the last free national elections until 1999; support for the parties is widely distributed with four parties each gaining 16–22 per cent and the remaining votes split between 24 parties. 15 December Elections are held for the Constitutional Assembly 1956 3 March The cabinet falls as a result of its policy toward the Dutch. 3 May Indonesia unilaterally abrogates the Round Table Agreement signed with the Dutch in 1949. 1 December Hatta resigns as vice-president. 1957 21 February President Sukarno announces his "Conception" (Konsepsi) of the nature of Indonesia. This will eventually lead to Guided Democracy March Regional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi. (to August 1961) 14 March Martial law is proclaimed. On the same day, the cabinet resigns. 9 April Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with Djuanda as prime minister. 30 November An attempt is made to assassinate President Sukarno. Grenades are thrown at him as he visits a school in Cikini, Jakarta. 1958 18 May US Air Force pilot Allen Pope is shot down over Ambon, revealing covert American support of regional rebellions, and ends the Dulles brothers', Allen and John, failure to subvert the Sukarno government. 1959 5 July With armed forces support, Sukarno issues a decree dissolving the Constituent Assembly and reintroducing the Constitution of 1945 with strong presidential powers, and assumes the additional role of Prime Minister, which completes the structure of 'Guided Democracy'. 10 July President Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with himself as prime minister.Simanjuntak(2003) 1960 18 February President Sukarno reshuffles the cabinet and appoints the second "Working Cabinet". 9 March Second Lieutenant Daniel Alexander Maukar of the Indonesian Air Force uses a MiG-17 fighter to strafe the Presidential Palace in Jakarta, oil tanks at Tanjung Priok in North Jakarta and then the Bogor Palace."Last Tiger Out" Jan Doward, Pacific Press Pub. 24 June The House of Representatives-Mutual cooperation (DPR-GR), composed of members chosen by President Sukarno is established. 17 August Indonesia severs diplomatic links with the Netherlands in protest over its refusal to hand over Netherlands New Guinea. 30 September President Sukarno addresses the United Nations General Assembly. 1961 4 March An agreement is signed in Jakarta with the Soviet Union to buy arms with long term loans. 17 August Building officially starts on the Monas National Monument in the center of Jakarta. 1962 2 January The Mandala Command to "free" Western (Netherlands) New Guinea from the Dutch is established. Its commander is Brigadier General Suharto. 15 January Deputy chief of staff of the Indonesian Navy Commodore Yos Sudarso is killed in a Dutch air attack on the motor torpedo boat (MTB) force he is commanding. 8 March President Sukarno again reshuffles his cabinet. 15 August The New York Agreement, transferring Western New Guinea to Indonesia, is signed at the United Nations. 24 August Jakarta hosts the Fourth Asian Games. (to 4 September) 1963 Sole years of American Peace Corps program in Indonesia. Sukarno leads the Konfrontasi campaign against the newly created Malaysia. (to 1965) 1 May Following pressure from the United Nations and the American government of President John F. Kennedy, the Netherlands yields Western New Guinea to temporary UN supervision. 18 May Parliament elects Sukarno 'President-for-life'. 27 July Sukarno declares Indonesian policy to oppose the creation of Malaysia which incorporate North Borneo, marking the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. 18 September Following demonstrations in Jakarta to protest at the creation of Malaysia, the British Embassy is burned by a mob. 13 November President Sukarno conducts the final reshuffle of the "Working Cabinet". 1964 17 August During his Independence Day speech, Sukarno for the first time publicly denounce the United States, and over the following months an anti-American campaign attacked American interests. 27 August President Sukarno appoints the Dwikora Cabinet 1965 7 January Indonesia withdraws from membership of the UN.Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975b) 14 January The Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) calls for workers and peasants to be armed. 11 April The Third Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held in Bandung. (to 16 April) 26 May Foreign Minister Subandrio reports to President Sukarno the existence of the Gilchrist Document, a letter purporting to be from the British ambassador which discusses western military involvement in Indonesia. 30 September An abortive coup in Jakarta results in the murder of six army generals, and disposal of bodies at Lubang Buaya. October A violent anti-communist purge leads to the killing of approximately 1/2 million Indonesians. (to March 1966) 1 October A counter-coup led by General Suharto that leads to the Overthrow of Sukarno 14 October President Sukarno appoints Major General Suharto Minister/Commander of the Army. 16 October The Jakarta Military Command temporarily suspends the activities of the PKI and its organizations in the Jakarta region. 13 December The rupiah is devalued by a factor of 1,000 in an effort to control inflation. 1966 10 January Anti-communist organizations grouped under the Pancasila Front issue the "Three Demands of the People" (Tritura), namely the dissolution of the PKI, the cleansing of the cabinet of elements involved in 30 September Movement, and lower prices and economic improvements. 14 February The Extraordinary Military Court trials of people allegedly involved in 30 September Movement begin. 24 February President Sukarno reshuffles his cabinet, creating what becomes known as the "cabinet of 100 ministers". 11 March Sukarno delegates key presidential powers to Suharto by signing the Supersemar. The following day Suharto dissolves the Indonesian Communist Party.Vickers (2005), page xiv 18 March A total of 14 cabinet ministers are taken into "protective custody". 2 May Following large scale demonstrations, the leadership of the Mutual-Assistance House of Representatives (DPR-GR) is replaced. 20 June The Fourth Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held in Jakarta. It raises the status of the Supersemar into a decree, meaning Sukarno cannot revoke it, bans the PKI and its teachings and rejects President Sukarno's accountability speech. (to 5 July) 11 August Indonesia and Malaysia agree to normalize diplomatic relations. 28 September Indonesia rejoins the United Nations. 1967 10 January New investment laws designed to bring in foreign capital are passed; restrictions are introduced regarding status of Indonesian Chinese, their names and their religions. 22 February In a ceremony at the presidential palace, Sukarno hands over authority to Suharto. 7 March A Special Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly strips Sukarno of his powers and appoints Suharto acting president. (to 12 March) 8 August ASEAN established in Bangkok by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.Bangkok Declaration. Wikisource. Retrieved 14 March 2007. 1 October Diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China are suspended. 1968 Soedjatmoko is Indonesian ambassador to the United States; bilateral relations warm. (to 1971) March Parliament confers full presidential title on Suharto; Sukarno is under effective house arrest. 1969 Papuan representatives agree to join Indonesia in the Act of Free Choice. 1970 Nurcholish Madjid, a young Muslim modernist, begins to lay out religious developmental principles for Indonesia—'Islam, yes; Islamic party, no'. 21 June Sukarno dies. He is buried at Blitar, East Java. 1971 Suharto's wife inspired by a visit to Disneyland, conceives a national cultural theme park.Friend (2003), page 530 3 July Indonesia's second parliamentary election and the first under the New Order is held. Golkar wins an outright majority. 1973 Government forces fusion of political parties; Nationalist and Christian parties are merged into the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and Muslim parties into the United Development Party (PPP). The new three party system is dominated by Golkar. 1974 The 'Malari' uprising in Jakarta against Japanese penetration of the economy, Chinese Indonesian influence, and official corruption. 1975 April Mrs Suharto dedicates the vast 'Beautiful Indonesia-in-Miniature Park' (Taman Mini) on the outskirts of Jakarta. April Civil war breaks out in the former Portuguese colony of East Timor. 6 December U.S. President Gerald Ford and Secretary of State Kissinger, returning from China, make a hastily rescheduled one-day visit to Jakarta. 7 December Indonesia launches an invasion of East Timor. 1976 March General Ibnu Sutowo is 'dismissed with honour' after a decade as head of Pertamina, the state oil corporation. 8 July Palapa A1, Indonesia's first communication satellite launched from Cape Canaveral.Telecommunications Systems 17 July Suharto signs a bill integrating East Timor into Indonesia as its 27th province. 19 November UN General Assembly rejects Indonesia's annexation of East Timor. 1977 The United States surpasses Japan as Indonesia's biggest oil customer. October Sawito Kartowibowo's trial for 'subversion' begins. 1978 The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) elevates Pancasila to the status of compulsory moral education of youth and government officials. Suharto appoints B.J. Habibie as state minister for research and technology. 22 February Suharto inaugurated Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta, the Indonesian national mosque.Indonesian State Secretariat (1995), 40 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka, Jilid 3 (40 Years of Indonesian Independence, Volume 3), p1035, 1979 21 September Jakarta host the 10th SEA Games, it was the first time Indonesia host Southeast Asian Games. (to 30 September) December Writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer is released after fourteen years imprisonment with hard labour on Buru Island. 1980 May The Petition of Fifty—a statement of concern to parliament about the use of government power, propaganda, and presidential personality cult—is begun. 1982 The height of Petrus ('mysterious shootings') of thousands of suspected criminals by government security forces. (to 1983) 1983 Prabowo Subianto, then a major in ABRI marries Suharto's daughter Titiek at Taman Mini. 1984 12 September Muslim concerned protesting over alleged insensitivities to Islam at Tanjung Priok; a riot ensues resulting in many deaths. Clamp down on Islamic political leaders. December Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) is elected chairman of Nahdlatul Ulama a position previously held by both his father and grandfather. 1985 The Indonesian government require all organisations of any kind to adopt Pancasila as their sole basis. 1987 Sukarno's daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri becomes a member of parliament; Suharto prohibits display of images of Sukarno although they appear frequently nonetheless.Friend (2003), page 531 9 September Jakarta host the 14th SEA Games. (to 20 September) 1988 Suharto is elected to a fifth term as president., Lilies Handayani, Nurfitriyana Saiman and Kusuma Wardhani won Indonesia's first medal in Olympic Games, a silver medal for women's team archery in 1988 Summer Olympics Seoul. 1989 The Free Aceh Movement (GAM) reemerges following its 1976 founding; suppression of its guerilla activities leads to 2,000 deaths by 1991 in Aceh. 1991 Indonesia wins presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement. 12 November ABRI troops fire on demonstrative funeral procession in Dili, East Timor. TV images of the killings put East Timor high on the international human rights agenda. 1992 Suharto successfully defies Dutch efforts to link human rights to aid administered since 1967 by the International Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI). Susi Susanti won Indonesia's first Olympic gold medal in 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.History of Badminton East Timorese resistance leader Xanana Gusmão is captured by Brigadier General Theo Syafei and is tried and sentenced. (to 1993) 1993 Suharto seeks a sixth term and is easily re-elected. 1994 June Suharto shuts down Tempo and two other publications for critical reporting of Habibie's purchase of the former East German navy. 1996 The Free Papua Movement (OPM) kidnaps fourteen scientists and foresters in Iran Jaya garnering international attention. After four months, the abductees are rescued in a bloody operation led by Prabowo. April Ibu Tien Suharto, the president's wife of 48 years, dies of a heart attack. July Military-backed thugs burst into headquarters of PDI, Megawati's party, and evict her supporters in a violent climax to government efforts to vitiate her party's popularity. 1997 Severe social unrest breaks out across Indonesian cities against Chinese Indonesians, Christians, symbols of wealth, the police and bureaucracy. (to 1998) February Alarmed at a dukun's prediction that 'the nail of Java has come loose', Suharto commands a massive Ruwat Dunia ceremony ('Cleansing of the world') near Borobudur. June Pacific Ocean trade winds shift heralding the onset of the El Niño; severe drought across much of Indonesia follows in the ensuing months accompanied by highly destructive forest fires. July The collapse of the Thai baht starts the East Asian financial crisis and over the ensuing months Indonesia is the country hardest hit. 11 October Jakarta host the 19th SEA Games. (to 19 October) 1998 March Largely peaceful student demonstrations against the regime rise to national prominence. 11 March Suharto unanimously elected by the MPR to his seventh presidential term.Friend (2003), page 532 12 May Four student demonstrators at Trisakti University are shot dead by bullets unproven but thought likely to have been from army sources. 13 May Memorial services for killed students leads to riots; vandalism, arson, looting and rape by roving mobs which continue unchecked by security forces for two days leaving 1,200 dead. 20 May For National Awakening Day, Amien Rais pledges to bring a million protestors into the streets to demonstrate against at the National Monument in Jakarta. Faced with barbed wire and massed troops he calls off the rally fearing bloodshed. 21 May After being deserted by his cabinet, Suharto resigns the presidency. Habibie assumes presidency. August General Wiranto announces the discharge of Lieutenant General Prabowo from active duty, with full pension benefits—and without court-martial for allegations of abduction and torture of student activist (some of whom remain missing as of 2003). 10 November Megawati, Rais, and the sultan of Yogya, meet at Wahid's home in Ciganjur, and issue a series of statements including a demand for the military to end their role in politics within six years. 13 November On the last day of the MPR sessions, soldiers open fire on demonstrating students killing at least fifteen and injuring hundreds. 1999 19 January A petty argument between in the city of Ambon triggers Christian-Muslim clashes that last for three years across Maluku. As many as 10,000 are killed and 700,000 or one third of the region are displaced. 7 June Indonesia's first free and fair national elections since 1955 take place with almost no disruption and wide participation. Votes however are distributed across forty-eight parties with no party achieving a majority. September East Timor votes to secede from Indonesia in a referendum conducted under UN auspices. Four-fifths of voters choose independence for East Timor over integration with Indonesia. Pro-integration militias trained and paid by ABRI immediately resort to a scorched earth policy that leaves 1,000 dead and most of the territory's infrastructure ruined. 13 September President Habibie relents to international pressure and allows a UN peacekeeping force known as 'INTERFET' to enter East Timor and restore order. October The Indonesian parliament rejects President Habibie's accountability speech. Wahid whose party received one eighth of the popular vote is elected president by the MPR. Megawati whose party received one third of the vote (the highest) is elected vice president.Friend (2003), page 533 2000 President Wahid's administration is marred by failures to stabilise the economy, patterns of political favouritism, economic corruption (although Wahid himself is not accused of corruption), inability to reform the military, personal eccentricity and pettiness, ineffectiveness in dealing with major religious violence in Maluku and Sulawesi, major ethnic violence (Dayaks vs. Madurese) in Kalimantan, and separatisms in Aceh and Irian Jaya. 24 December In a coordinated attack involving more than three dozen sites across the country, churches are bombed and eighteen people killed. It is later proven to have been planned by Jemaah Islamiyah in retaliation for Christian killings of Muslims in the Maluku conflict.

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20th century Year Date Event 1901 Ethical Policy is proclaimed. 1903 Aceh declared conquered. 1904 Van Heutz becomes Governor General. Kartini established a school for women in Rembang, just like Dewi Sartika, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia. 16 January Dewi Sartika established the first school for women in Dutch East Indies in Bandung, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia. 1906 The Dutch intervention in Bali (1906) destroyed the southern Bali kingdom of Badung and Tabanan. 1907 Tirto Adhi Suryo founds civil servants' association Sarekat Priyayi. 1908 Budi Utomo is proclaimed as the first official nationalist movement. During Dutch intervention in Bali (1908), the last Balinese rulers wiped out in puputan ('suicidal battle to death'). 1911 Tirto Adhi Suryo founds the Islamic Traders' League. 1912 Islamic League (Sarekat Islam) becomes the first mass-based nationalist party. First scientific description ever of Komodo dragon by Peter Ouwens. 18 November The modernist Islamic organization Muhammadiyah was established by Ahmad Dahlan in Yogyakarta. 1914 World War I breaks out; the Netherlands is a neutral country in the war. 1917 East Indies trade with Europe cut off by the war. Russian Revolution 1918 Tirto Adhi Suryo dies. 1919 May Mt Kelud in East Java erupts with a deathtoll of around 5,000 people. 1920 Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) is founded. Economic downturn. 1925 Birth of Pramoedya Ananta Toer. A sharp rise in world commodity prices brings prosperity to the Indies. 1926 31 January Nahdlatul Ulama was established by Hasyim Asy'ari as the reaction to the modernist Muhammadiyah organization. 1929 The Great Depression in America affected the economy of Dutch East Indies. 1930 Sukarno's famous nationalist speech, 'Indonesia Accuses', given as defence in his political trial.Vickers (2005), page xiii 1941 8 December Netherlands declares war on Japan. 1941 8 December Dutch East Indies campaign (8 December 1941 – 9 March 1942) by forces from the Empire of Japan starts.1942 27 February Battle of the Java Sea, Imperial Japanese Navy defeat Allied forces ABDACOM afterwards Imperial Japan occupies Indonesia during World War II, over throwing the Dutch East Indies and install their own imperial structure. 28 February The Japanese troops invade Java. 7 March Dutch East Indies government in exile established in Australia by Dutch officials headed by Lieutenant Governor General Huib van Mook 8 March Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on Java capitulates. At 09:00 on 8 March, the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied forces—Ter Poorten—announced the surrender of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army in Java. Instrument of surrender signed in Bandung on 12 March 31 December Merauke Force formed, to reinforce the KNIL garrison in Merauke, West New Guinea.1944 22 April Start of the liberation of the Dutch East Indies by Allied forces April First Dutch NICA detachments land at Hollandia in New Guinea. 16 May Van Mook-MacArthur Civil Affairs Agreement signed in London concerning the jurisdiction over and administration of civil affairs in Dutch East Indies territory liberated by an Allied expeditionary force during WWII. 1 June 1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL) founded at Camp Victory, near Casino, New South Wales. Australia. 1945 9 Januari Between Januari and July landing of Dutch KNIL troops at Biak, Tarakan and Balikpapan. 1 June Sukarno's Pancasila speechSaafroedin et al. (1992) 16 July Draft of constitution for the Republic completed. August Republican government established in Jakarta and constitution adopted. Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) established. 15 August Japanese surrender to Allied powers. 17 August "Proclamation of Indonesian Independence," signed by Sukarno-Hatta.Proklamasi: URL August Start of the Bersiap killings during the early stages of the Indonesian National Revolution. 3 November Vice President Hatta proclaims right of the people to form political parties. 10 November Battle of Surabaya. 1946 Social revolutions, including the Three Regions (Tiga Daerah) Revolt. Federal states, including the State of East Indonesia are set up by Dutch in the outer islands. 1947 25 March Linggadjati Agreement, first ceasefire. 20 July Major Dutch military offensive to resolve differences by force. 1948 Darul Islam rebellions begin in West Java, spread to other provinces but conclude with the execution of its leader Kartosoewiryo. (to 1962) 19 January The Renville Agreement establishes the Van Mook line between Republican and Dutch held territories. August Fall of the Amir Syarifuddin government, largely from the Renville Agreement fallout. 18 September Madiun Affair: Nationalist leaders launch a revolt in Central Java in an attempt to take over the Revolution but are suppressed by Communist troops. 19 December Dutch undertake second military offensive capturing Republican capital at Yogyakarta and most of the Republican cabinet. Amir Syarifuddin executed by fleeing Republicans. 1949 February Tan Malaka executed by Republican Army. 1 August Official ceasefire. December Netherlands Government transferres sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia (RUSI) at the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference. 1950 Military articulation of doctrines Dwifungsi and Hankamrata: a military role in sociopolitical development as well as security; a requirement that the resources of the people be at the call of the armed forces. (to 1960) 29 January General Sudirman, commander of Indonesia's armed forces, dies aged 34 25 April The Republic of South Moluccas (RMS) is proclaimed in Ambon 17 August Following RUSI endorsement of a new constitution, the federation is dissolved and Sukarno proclaims a unitary state, the 'Republic of Indonesia'. 6 September The first cabinet of the unitary state is established. It is led by Prime Minister Mohammad Natsir.Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975a) 27 September Indonesia becomes the 60th member of the United Nations. 28 September Invasion of Ambon by the Indonesian army to suppress the Republic of South Moluccas. 1951 1 Januari Start of the Dutch Military Mission for Indonesia 21 March The Natsir cabinet fallsFeith (2002) 26 April The composition of the new cabinet is announced. The new Prime Minister is Dr. Sukiman Wirjosanjojo. 1952 25 February Amid bitter disputes over the signing of a Mutual Security Agreement with the US, the Sukiman cabinet resigns. 3 April The new cabinet, led by Prime Minister Wilopo is inaugurated. 17 October Army-organized demonstrations take place in Jakarta to demand the dissolution of the legislature. Tank guns and machine guns are trained on the presidential palace. This leads to the suspension of General Nasution as army chief of staff following army indiscipline over command and support that threatens the government.Friend (2003), page 528 1953 2 June The Wilopo cabinet resigns. 31 July After lengthy negotiations, the composition of the new cabinet is announced. Serving his first term as prime minister is Ali Sastroamidjojo. 1955 March Regional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi. (to August 1961) 24 March The second cabinet to be led by Muhammed Ali takes office. 18 April The city of Bandung hosts the Asia-Africa Conference. It is the first meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement and is attended by world leaders including China's Zhou Enlai, India's Nehru, Egypt's Nasser and Yugoslavia's Tito.Friend (2003), page 529 (to 25 April) 24 July After a dispute with the Army over appointments, the cabinet resigns. 12 August Led by Prime Minister Burhanuddin Harahap, the new cabinet is sworn in. 29 September Indonesia holds general parliamentary elections; the last free national elections until 1999; support for the parties is widely distributed with four parties each gaining 16–22 per cent and the remaining votes split between 24 parties. 15 December Elections are held for the Constitutional Assembly 1956 3 March The cabinet falls as a result of its policy toward the Dutch. 3 May Indonesia unilaterally abrogates the Round Table Agreement signed with the Dutch in 1949. 1 December Hatta resigns as vice-president. 1957 21 February President Sukarno announces his "Conception" (Konsepsi) of the nature of Indonesia. This will eventually lead to Guided Democracy March Regional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi. (to August 1961) 14 March Martial law is proclaimed. On the same day, the cabinet resigns. 9 April Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with Djuanda as prime minister. 30 November An attempt is made to assassinate President Sukarno. Grenades are thrown at him as he visits a school in Cikini, Jakarta. 1958 18 May US Air Force pilot Allen Pope is shot down over Ambon, revealing covert American support of regional rebellions, and ends the Dulles brothers', Allen and John, failure to subvert the Sukarno government. 1959 5 July With armed forces support, Sukarno issues a decree dissolving the Constituent Assembly and reintroducing the Constitution of 1945 with strong presidential powers, and assumes the additional role of Prime Minister, which completes the structure of 'Guided Democracy'. 10 July President Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with himself as prime minister.Simanjuntak(2003) 1960 18 February President Sukarno reshuffles the cabinet and appoints the second "Working Cabinet". 9 March Second Lieutenant Daniel Alexander Maukar of the Indonesian Air Force uses a MiG-17 fighter to strafe the Presidential Palace in Jakarta, oil tanks at Tanjung Priok in North Jakarta and then the Bogor Palace."Last Tiger Out" Jan Doward, Pacific Press Pub. 24 June The House of Representatives-Mutual cooperation (DPR-GR), composed of members chosen by President Sukarno is established. 17 August Indonesia severs diplomatic links with the Netherlands in protest over its refusal to hand over Netherlands New Guinea. 30 September President Sukarno addresses the United Nations General Assembly. 1961 4 March An agreement is signed in Jakarta with the Soviet Union to buy arms with long term loans. 17 August Building officially starts on the Monas National Monument in the center of Jakarta. 1962 2 January The Mandala Command to "free" Western (Netherlands) New Guinea from the Dutch is established. Its commander is Brigadier General Suharto. 15 January Deputy chief of staff of the Indonesian Navy Commodore Yos Sudarso is killed in a Dutch air attack on the motor torpedo boat (MTB) force he is commanding. 8 March President Sukarno again reshuffles his cabinet. 15 August The New York Agreement, transferring Western New Guinea to Indonesia, is signed at the United Nations. 24 August Jakarta hosts the Fourth Asian Games. (to 4 September) 1963 Sole years of American Peace Corps program in Indonesia. Sukarno leads the Konfrontasi campaign against the newly created Malaysia. (to 1965) 1 May Following pressure from the United Nations and the American government of President John F. Kennedy, the Netherlands yields Western New Guinea to temporary UN supervision. 18 May Parliament elects Sukarno 'President-for-life'. 27 July Sukarno declares Indonesian policy to oppose the creation of Malaysia which incorporate North Borneo, marking the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. 18 September Following demonstrations in Jakarta to protest at the creation of Malaysia, the British Embassy is burned by a mob. 13 November President Sukarno conducts the final reshuffle of the "Working Cabinet". 1964 17 August During his Independence Day speech, Sukarno for the first time publicly denounce the United States, and over the following months an anti-American campaign attacked American interests. 27 August President Sukarno appoints the Dwikora Cabinet 1965 7 January Indonesia withdraws from membership of the UN.Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975b) 14 January The Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) calls for workers and peasants to be armed. 11 April The Third Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held in Bandung. (to 16 April) 26 May Foreign Minister Subandrio reports to President Sukarno the existence of the Gilchrist Document, a letter purporting to be from the British ambassador which discusses western military involvement in Indonesia. 30 September An abortive coup in Jakarta results in the murder of six army generals, and disposal of bodies at Lubang Buaya. October A violent anti-communist purge leads to the killing of approximately 1/2 million Indonesians. (to March 1966) 1 October A counter-coup led by General Suharto that leads to the Overthrow of Sukarno 14 October President Sukarno appoints Major General Suharto Minister/Commander of the Army. 16 October The Jakarta Military Command temporarily suspends the activities of the PKI and its organizations in the Jakarta region. 13 December The rupiah is devalued by a factor of 1,000 in an effort to control inflation. 1966 10 January Anti-communist organizations grouped under the Pancasila Front issue the "Three Demands of the People" (Tritura), namely the dissolution of the PKI, the cleansing of the cabinet of elements involved in 30 September Movement, and lower prices and economic improvements. 14 February The Extraordinary Military Court trials of people allegedly involved in 30 September Movement begin. 24 February President Sukarno reshuffles his cabinet, creating what becomes known as the "cabinet of 100 ministers". 11 March Sukarno delegates key presidential powers to Suharto by signing the Supersemar. The following day Suharto dissolves the Indonesian Communist Party.Vickers (2005), page xiv 18 March A total of 14 cabinet ministers are taken into "protective custody". 2 May Following large scale demonstrations, the leadership of the Mutual-Assistance House of Representatives (DPR-GR) is replaced. 20 June The Fourth Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held in Jakarta. It raises the status of the Supersemar into a decree, meaning Sukarno cannot revoke it, bans the PKI and its teachings and rejects President Sukarno's accountability speech. (to 5 July) 11 August Indonesia and Malaysia agree to normalize diplomatic relations. 28 September Indonesia rejoins the United Nations. 1967 10 January New investment laws designed to bring in foreign capital are passed; restrictions are introduced regarding status of Indonesian Chinese, their names and their religions. 22 February In a ceremony at the presidential palace, Sukarno hands over authority to Suharto. 7 March A Special Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly strips Sukarno of his powers and appoints Suharto acting president. (to 12 March) 8 August ASEAN established in Bangkok by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.Bangkok Declaration. Wikisource. Retrieved 14 March 2007. 1 October Diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China are suspended. 1968 Soedjatmoko is Indonesian ambassador to the United States; bilateral relations warm. (to 1971) March Parliament confers full presidential title on Suharto; Sukarno is under effective house arrest. 1969 Papuan representatives agree to join Indonesia in the Act of Free Choice. 1970 Nurcholish Madjid, a young Muslim modernist, begins to lay out religious developmental principles for Indonesia—'Islam, yes; Islamic party, no'. 21 June Sukarno dies. He is buried at Blitar, East Java. 1971 Suharto's wife inspired by a visit to Disneyland, conceives a national cultural theme park.Friend (2003), page 530 3 July Indonesia's second parliamentary election and the first under the New Order is held. Golkar wins an outright majority. 1973 Government forces fusion of political parties; Nationalist and Christian parties are merged into the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and Muslim parties into the United Development Party (PPP). The new three party system is dominated by Golkar. 1974 The 'Malari' uprising in Jakarta against Japanese penetration of the economy, Chinese Indonesian influence, and official corruption. 1975 April Mrs Suharto dedicates the vast 'Beautiful Indonesia-in-Miniature Park' (Taman Mini) on the outskirts of Jakarta. April Civil war breaks out in the former Portuguese colony of East Timor. 6 December U.S. President Gerald Ford and Secretary of State Kissinger, returning from China, make a hastily rescheduled one-day visit to Jakarta. 7 December Indonesia launches an invasion of East Timor. 1976 March General Ibnu Sutowo is 'dismissed with honour' after a decade as head of Pertamina, the state oil corporation. 8 July Palapa A1, Indonesia's first communication satellite launched from Cape Canaveral.Telecommunications Systems 17 July Suharto signs a bill integrating East Timor into Indonesia as its 27th province. 19 November UN General Assembly rejects Indonesia's annexation of East Timor. 1977 The United States surpasses Japan as Indonesia's biggest oil customer. October Sawito Kartowibowo's trial for 'subversion' begins. 1978 The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) elevates Pancasila to the status of compulsory moral education of youth and government officials. Suharto appoints B.J. Habibie as state minister for research and technology. 22 February Suharto inaugurated Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta, the Indonesian national mosque.Indonesian State Secretariat (1995), 40 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka, Jilid 3 (40 Years of Indonesian Independence, Volume 3), p1035, 1979 21 September Jakarta host the 10th SEA Games, it was the first time Indonesia host Southeast Asian Games. (to 30 September) December Writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer is released after fourteen years imprisonment with hard labour on Buru Island. 1980 May The Petition of Fifty—a statement of concern to parliament about the use of government power, propaganda, and presidential personality cult—is begun. 1982 The height of Petrus ('mysterious shootings') of thousands of suspected criminals by government security forces. (to 1983) 1983 Prabowo Subianto, then a major in ABRI marries Suharto's daughter Titiek at Taman Mini. 1984 12 September Muslim concerned protesting over alleged insensitivities to Islam at Tanjung Priok; a riot ensues resulting in many deaths. Clamp down on Islamic political leaders. December Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) is elected chairman of Nahdlatul Ulama a position previously held by both his father and grandfather. 1985 The Indonesian government require all organisations of any kind to adopt Pancasila as their sole basis. 1987 Sukarno's daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri becomes a member of parliament; Suharto prohibits display of images of Sukarno although they appear frequently nonetheless.Friend (2003), page 531 9 September Jakarta host the 14th SEA Games. (to 20 September) 1988 Suharto is elected to a fifth term as president., Lilies Handayani, Nurfitriyana Saiman and Kusuma Wardhani won Indonesia's first medal in Olympic Games, a silver medal for women's team archery in 1988 Summer Olympics Seoul. 1989 The Free Aceh Movement (GAM) reemerges following its 1976 founding; suppression of its guerilla activities leads to 2,000 deaths by 1991 in Aceh. 1991 Indonesia wins presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement. 12 November ABRI troops fire on demonstrative funeral procession in Dili, East Timor. TV images of the killings put East Timor high on the international human rights agenda. 1992 Suharto successfully defies Dutch efforts to link human rights to aid administered since 1967 by the International Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI). Susi Susanti won Indonesia's first Olympic gold medal in 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.History of Badminton East Timorese resistance leader Xanana Gusmão is captured by Brigadier General Theo Syafei and is tried and sentenced. (to 1993) 1993 Suharto seeks a sixth term and is easily re-elected. 1994 June Suharto shuts down Tempo and two other publications for critical reporting of Habibie's purchase of the former East German navy. 1996 The Free Papua Movement (OPM) kidnaps fourteen scientists and foresters in Iran Jaya garnering international attention. After four months, the abductees are rescued in a bloody operation led by Prabowo. April Ibu Tien Suharto, the president's wife of 48 years, dies of a heart attack. July Military-backed thugs burst into headquarters of PDI, Megawati's party, and evict her supporters in a violent climax to government efforts to vitiate her party's popularity. 1997 Severe social unrest breaks out across Indonesian cities against Chinese Indonesians, Christians, symbols of wealth, the police and bureaucracy. (to 1998) February Alarmed at a dukun's prediction that 'the nail of Java has come loose', Suharto commands a massive Ruwat Dunia ceremony ('Cleansing of the world') near Borobudur. June Pacific Ocean trade winds shift heralding the onset of the El Niño; severe drought across much of Indonesia follows in the ensuing months accompanied by highly destructive forest fires. July The collapse of the Thai baht starts the East Asian financial crisis and over the ensuing months Indonesia is the country hardest hit. 11 October Jakarta host the 19th SEA Games. (to 19 October) 1998 March Largely peaceful student demonstrations against the regime rise to national prominence. 11 March Suharto unanimously elected by the MPR to his seventh presidential term.Friend (2003), page 532 12 May Four student demonstrators at Trisakti University are shot dead by bullets unproven but thought likely to have been from army sources. 13 May Memorial services for killed students leads to riots; vandalism, arson, looting and rape by roving mobs which continue unchecked by security forces for two days leaving 1,200 dead. 20 May For National Awakening Day, Amien Rais pledges to bring a million protestors into the streets to demonstrate against at the National Monument in Jakarta. Faced with barbed wire and massed troops he calls off the rally fearing bloodshed. 21 May After being deserted by his cabinet, Suharto resigns the presidency. Habibie assumes presidency. August General Wiranto announces the discharge of Lieutenant General Prabowo from active duty, with full pension benefits—and without court-martial for allegations of abduction and torture of student activist (some of whom remain missing as of 2003). 10 November Megawati, Rais, and the sultan of Yogya, meet at Wahid's home in Ciganjur, and issue a series of statements including a demand for the military to end their role in politics within six years. 13 November On the last day of the MPR sessions, soldiers open fire on demonstrating students killing at least fifteen and injuring hundreds. 1999 19 January A petty argument between in the city of Ambon triggers Christian-Muslim clashes that last for three years across Maluku. As many as 10,000 are killed and 700,000 or one third of the region are displaced. 7 June Indonesia's first free and fair national elections since 1955 take place with almost no disruption and wide participation. Votes however are distributed across forty-eight parties with no party achieving a majority. September East Timor votes to secede from Indonesia in a referendum conducted under UN auspices. Four-fifths of voters choose independence for East Timor over integration with Indonesia. Pro-integration militias trained and paid by ABRI immediately resort to a scorched earth policy that leaves 1,000 dead and most of the territory's infrastructure ruined. 13 September President Habibie relents to international pressure and allows a UN peacekeeping force known as 'INTERFET' to enter East Timor and restore order. October The Indonesian parliament rejects President Habibie's accountability speech. Wahid whose party received one eighth of the popular vote is elected president by the MPR. Megawati whose party received one third of the vote (the highest) is elected vice president.Friend (2003), page 533 2000 President Wahid's administration is marred by failures to stabilise the economy, patterns of political favouritism, economic corruption (although Wahid himself is not accused of corruption), inability to reform the military, personal eccentricity and pettiness, ineffectiveness in dealing with major religious violence in Maluku and Sulawesi, major ethnic violence (Dayaks vs. Madurese) in Kalimantan, and separatisms in Aceh and Irian Jaya. 24 December In a coordinated attack involving more than three dozen sites across the country, churches are bombed and eighteen people killed. It is later proven to have been planned by Jemaah Islamiyah in retaliation for Christian killings of Muslims in the Maluku conflict.

20th century Year Date Event 1901 Ethical Policy is proclaimed. 1903 Aceh declared conquered. 1904 Van Heutz becomes Governor General. Kartini established a school for women in Rembang, just like Dewi Sartika, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia. 16 January Dewi Sartika established the first school for women in Dutch East Indies in Bandung, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia. 1906 The Dutch intervention in Bali (1906) destroyed the southern Bali kingdom of Badung and Tabanan. 1907 Tirto Adhi Suryo founds civil servants' association Sarekat Priyayi. 1908 Budi Utomo is proclaimed as the first official nationalist movement. During Dutch intervention in Bali (1908), the last Balinese rulers wiped out in puputan ('suicidal battle to death'). 1911 Tirto Adhi Suryo founds the Islamic Traders' League. 1912 Islamic League (Sarekat Islam) becomes the first mass-based nationalist party. First scientific description ever of Komodo dragon by Peter Ouwens. 18 November The modernist Islamic organization Muhammadiyah was established by Ahmad Dahlan in Yogyakarta. 1914 World War I breaks out; the Netherlands is a neutral country in the war. 1917 East Indies trade with Europe cut off by the war. Russian Revolution 1918 Tirto Adhi Suryo dies. 1919 May Mt Kelud in East Java erupts with a deathtoll of around 5,000 people. 1920 Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) is founded. Economic downturn. 1925 Birth of Pramoedya Ananta Toer. A sharp rise in world commodity prices brings prosperity to the Indies. 1926 31 January Nahdlatul Ulama was established by Hasyim Asy'ari as the reaction to the modernist Muhammadiyah organization. 1929 The Great Depression in America affected the economy of Dutch East Indies. 1930 Sukarno's famous nationalist speech, 'Indonesia Accuses', given as defence in his political trial.Vickers (2005), page xiii 1941 8 December Netherlands declares war on Japan. 1941 8 December Dutch East Indies campaign (8 December 1941 – 9 March 1942) by forces from the Empire of Japan starts.1942 27 February Battle of the Java Sea, Imperial Japanese Navy defeat Allied forces ABDACOM afterwards Imperial Japan occupies Indonesia during World War II, over throwing the Dutch East Indies and install their own imperial structure. 28 February The Japanese troops invade Java. 7 March Dutch East Indies government in exile established in Australia by Dutch officials headed by Lieutenant Governor General Huib van Mook 8 March Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on Java capitulates. At 09:00 on 8 March, the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied forces—Ter Poorten—announced the surrender of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army in Java. Instrument of surrender signed in Bandung on 12 March 31 December Merauke Force formed, to reinforce the KNIL garrison in Merauke, West New Guinea.1944 22 April Start of the liberation of the Dutch East Indies by Allied forces April First Dutch NICA detachments land at Hollandia in New Guinea. 16 May Van Mook-MacArthur Civil Affairs Agreement signed in London concerning the jurisdiction over and administration of civil affairs in Dutch East Indies territory liberated by an Allied expeditionary force during WWII. 1 June 1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL) founded at Camp Victory, near Casino, New South Wales. Australia. 1945 9 Januari Between Januari and July landing of Dutch KNIL troops at Biak, Tarakan and Balikpapan. 1 June Sukarno's Pancasila speechSaafroedin et al. (1992) 16 July Draft of constitution for the Republic completed. August Republican government established in Jakarta and constitution adopted. Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) established. 15 August Japanese surrender to Allied powers. 17 August "Proclamation of Indonesian Independence," signed by Sukarno-Hatta.Proklamasi: URL August Start of the Bersiap killings during the early stages of the Indonesian National Revolution. 3 November Vice President Hatta proclaims right of the people to form political parties. 10 November Battle of Surabaya. 1946 Social revolutions, including the Three Regions (Tiga Daerah) Revolt. Federal states, including the State of East Indonesia are set up by Dutch in the outer islands. 1947 25 March Linggadjati Agreement, first ceasefire. 20 July Major Dutch military offensive to resolve differences by force. 1948 Darul Islam rebellions begin in West Java, spread to other provinces but conclude with the execution of its leader Kartosoewiryo. (to 1962) 19 January The Renville Agreement establishes the Van Mook line between Republican and Dutch held territories. August Fall of the Amir Syarifuddin government, largely from the Renville Agreement fallout. 18 September Madiun Affair: Nationalist leaders launch a revolt in Central Java in an attempt to take over the Revolution but are suppressed by Communist troops. 19 December Dutch undertake second military offensive capturing Republican capital at Yogyakarta and most of the Republican cabinet. Amir Syarifuddin executed by fleeing Republicans. 1949 February Tan Malaka executed by Republican Army. 1 August Official ceasefire. December Netherlands Government transferres sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia (RUSI) at the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference. 1950 Military articulation of doctrines Dwifungsi and Hankamrata: a military role in sociopolitical development as well as security; a requirement that the resources of the people be at the call of the armed forces. (to 1960) 29 January General Sudirman, commander of Indonesia's armed forces, dies aged 34 25 April The Republic of South Moluccas (RMS) is proclaimed in Ambon 17 August Following RUSI endorsement of a new constitution, the federation is dissolved and Sukarno proclaims a unitary state, the 'Republic of Indonesia'. 6 September The first cabinet of the unitary state is established. It is led by Prime Minister Mohammad Natsir.Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975a) 27 September Indonesia becomes the 60th member of the United Nations. 28 September Invasion of Ambon by the Indonesian army to suppress the Republic of South Moluccas. 1951 1 Januari Start of the Dutch Military Mission for Indonesia 21 March The Natsir cabinet fallsFeith (2002) 26 April The composition of the new cabinet is announced. The new Prime Minister is Dr. Sukiman Wirjosanjojo. 1952 25 February Amid bitter disputes over the signing of a Mutual Security Agreement with the US, the Sukiman cabinet resigns. 3 April The new cabinet, led by Prime Minister Wilopo is inaugurated. 17 October Army-organized demonstrations take place in Jakarta to demand the dissolution of the legislature. Tank guns and machine guns are trained on the presidential palace. This leads to the suspension of General Nasution as army chief of staff following army indiscipline over command and support that threatens the government.Friend (2003), page 528 1953 2 June The Wilopo cabinet resigns. 31 July After lengthy negotiations, the composition of the new cabinet is announced. Serving his first term as prime minister is Ali Sastroamidjojo. 1955 March Regional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi. (to August 1961) 24 March The second cabinet to be led by Muhammed Ali takes office. 18 April The city of Bandung hosts the Asia-Africa Conference. It is the first meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement and is attended by world leaders including China's Zhou Enlai, India's Nehru, Egypt's Nasser and Yugoslavia's Tito.Friend (2003), page 529 (to 25 April) 24 July After a dispute with the Army over appointments, the cabinet resigns. 12 August Led by Prime Minister Burhanuddin Harahap, the new cabinet is sworn in. 29 September Indonesia holds general parliamentary elections; the last free national elections until 1999; support for the parties is widely distributed with four parties each gaining 16–22 per cent and the remaining votes split between 24 parties. 15 December Elections are held for the Constitutional Assembly 1956 3 March The cabinet falls as a result of its policy toward the Dutch. 3 May Indonesia unilaterally abrogates the Round Table Agreement signed with the Dutch in 1949. 1 December Hatta resigns as vice-president. 1957 21 February President Sukarno announces his "Conception" (Konsepsi) of the nature of Indonesia. This will eventually lead to Guided Democracy March Regional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi. (to August 1961) 14 March Martial law is proclaimed. On the same day, the cabinet resigns. 9 April Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with Djuanda as prime minister. 30 November An attempt is made to assassinate President Sukarno. Grenades are thrown at him as he visits a school in Cikini, Jakarta. 1958 18 May US Air Force pilot Allen Pope is shot down over Ambon, revealing covert American support of regional rebellions, and ends the Dulles brothers', Allen and John, failure to subvert the Sukarno government. 1959 5 July With armed forces support, Sukarno issues a decree dissolving the Constituent Assembly and reintroducing the Constitution of 1945 with strong presidential powers, and assumes the additional role of Prime Minister, which completes the structure of 'Guided Democracy'. 10 July President Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with himself as prime minister.Simanjuntak(2003) 1960 18 February President Sukarno reshuffles the cabinet and appoints the second "Working Cabinet". 9 March Second Lieutenant Daniel Alexander Maukar of the Indonesian Air Force uses a MiG-17 fighter to strafe the Presidential Palace in Jakarta, oil tanks at Tanjung Priok in North Jakarta and then the Bogor Palace."Last Tiger Out" Jan Doward, Pacific Press Pub. 24 June The House of Representatives-Mutual cooperation (DPR-GR), composed of members chosen by President Sukarno is established. 17 August Indonesia severs diplomatic links with the Netherlands in protest over its refusal to hand over Netherlands New Guinea. 30 September President Sukarno addresses the United Nations General Assembly. 1961 4 March An agreement is signed in Jakarta with the Soviet Union to buy arms with long term loans. 17 August Building officially starts on the Monas National Monument in the center of Jakarta. 1962 2 January The Mandala Command to "free" Western (Netherlands) New Guinea from the Dutch is established. Its commander is Brigadier General Suharto. 15 January Deputy chief of staff of the Indonesian Navy Commodore Yos Sudarso is killed in a Dutch air attack on the motor torpedo boat (MTB) force he is commanding. 8 March President Sukarno again reshuffles his cabinet. 15 August The New York Agreement, transferring Western New Guinea to Indonesia, is signed at the United Nations. 24 August Jakarta hosts the Fourth Asian Games. (to 4 September) 1963 Sole years of American Peace Corps program in Indonesia. Sukarno leads the Konfrontasi campaign against the newly created Malaysia. (to 1965) 1 May Western New Guinea is transferred to the temporary UN supervision. 18 May Parliament elects Sukarno 'President-for-life'. 27 July Sukarno declares Indonesian policy to oppose the creation of Malaysia which incorporate North Borneo, marking the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. 18 September Following demonstrations in Jakarta to protest at the creation of Malaysia, the British Embassy is burned by a mob. 13 November President Sukarno conducts the final reshuffle of the "Working Cabinet". 1964 17 August During his Independence Day speech, Sukarno for the first time publicly denounce the United States, and over the following months an anti-American campaign attacked American interests. 27 August President Sukarno appoints the Dwikora Cabinet 1965 7 January Indonesia withdraws from membership of the UN.Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975b) 14 January The Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) calls for workers and peasants to be armed. 11 April The Third Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held in Bandung. (to 16 April) 26 May Foreign Minister Subandrio reports to President Sukarno the existence of the Gilchrist Document, a letter purporting to be from the British ambassador which discusses western military involvement in Indonesia. 30 September An abortive coup in Jakarta results in the murder of six army generals, and disposal of bodies at Lubang Buaya. October A violent anti-communist purge leads to the killing of approximately 1/2 million Indonesians. (to March 1966) 1 October A counter-coup led by General Suharto that leads to the Overthrow of Sukarno 14 October President Sukarno appoints Major General Suharto Minister/Commander of the Army. 16 October The Jakarta Military Command temporarily suspends the activities of the PKI and its organizations in the Jakarta region. 13 December The rupiah is devalued by a factor of 1,000 in an effort to control inflation. 1966 10 January Anti-communist organizations grouped under the Pancasila Front issue the "Three Demands of the People" (Tritura), namely the dissolution of the PKI, the cleansing of the cabinet of elements involved in 30 September Movement, and lower prices and economic improvements. 14 February The Extraordinary Military Court trials of people allegedly involved in 30 September Movement begin. 24 February President Sukarno reshuffles his cabinet, creating what becomes known as the "cabinet of 100 ministers". 11 March Sukarno delegates key presidential powers to Suharto by signing the Supersemar. The following day Suharto dissolves the Indonesian Communist Party.Vickers (2005), page xiv 18 March A total of 14 cabinet ministers are taken into "protective custody". 2 May Following large scale demonstrations, the leadership of the Mutual-Assistance House of Representatives (DPR-GR) is replaced. 20 June The Fourth Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held in Jakarta. It raises the status of the Supersemar into a decree, meaning Sukarno cannot revoke it, bans the PKI and its teachings and rejects President Sukarno's accountability speech. (to 5 July) 11 August Indonesia and Malaysia agree to normalize diplomatic relations. 28 September Indonesia rejoins the United Nations. 1967 10 January New investment laws designed to bring in foreign capital are passed; restrictions are introduced regarding status of Indonesian Chinese, their names and their religions. 20 February The Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI) is established as an international consortium of official donors to coordinate the provision of foreign assistance to Indonesia. The IGGI was chaired by The Netherlands untill 1992. 22 February In a ceremony at the presidential palace, Sukarno hands over authority to Suharto. 7 March A Special Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly strips Sukarno of his powers and appoints Suharto acting president. (to 12 March) 8 August ASEAN established in Bangkok by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.Bangkok Declaration. Wikisource. Retrieved 14 March 2007. 1 October Diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China are suspended. 1968 Soedjatmoko is Indonesian ambassador to the United States; bilateral relations warm. (to 1971) March Parliament confers full presidential title on Suharto; Sukarno is under effective house arrest. 1969 Papuan representatives agree to join Indonesia in the Act of Free Choice. 1970 Nurcholish Madjid, a young Muslim modernist, begins to lay out religious developmental principles for Indonesia—'Islam, yes; Islamic party, no'. 21 June Sukarno dies. He is buried at Blitar, East Java. 1971 Suharto's wife inspired by a visit to Disneyland, conceives a national cultural theme park.Friend (2003), page 530 3 July Indonesia's second parliamentary election and the first under the New Order is held. Golkar wins an outright majority. 1973 Government forces fusion of political parties; Nationalist and Christian parties are merged into the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and Muslim parties into the United Development Party (PPP). The new three party system is dominated by Golkar. 1974 The 'Malari' uprising in Jakarta against Japanese penetration of the economy, Chinese Indonesian influence, and official corruption. 1975 April Mrs Suharto dedicates the vast 'Beautiful Indonesia-in-Miniature Park' (Taman Mini) on the outskirts of Jakarta. April Civil war breaks out in the former Portuguese colony of East Timor. 6 December U.S. President Gerald Ford and Secretary of State Kissinger, returning from China, make a hastily rescheduled one-day visit to Jakarta. 7 December Indonesia launches an invasion of East Timor. 1976 March General Ibnu Sutowo is 'dismissed with honour' after a decade as head of Pertamina, the state oil corporation. 8 July Palapa A1, Indonesia's first communication satellite launched from Cape Canaveral.Telecommunications Systems 17 July Suharto signs a bill integrating East Timor into Indonesia as its 27th province. 19 November UN General Assembly rejects Indonesia's annexation of East Timor. 1977 The United States surpasses Japan as Indonesia's biggest oil customer. October Sawito Kartowibowo's trial for 'subversion' begins. 1978 The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) elevates Pancasila to the status of compulsory moral education of youth and government officials. Suharto appoints B.J. Habibie as state minister for research and technology. 22 February Suharto inaugurated Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta, the Indonesian national mosque.Indonesian State Secretariat (1995), 40 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka, Jilid 3 (40 Years of Indonesian Independence, Volume 3), p1035, 1979 21 September Jakarta host the 10th SEA Games, it was the first time Indonesia host Southeast Asian Games. (to 30 September) December Writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer is released after fourteen years imprisonment with hard labour on Buru Island. 1980 May The Petition of Fifty—a statement of concern to parliament about the use of government power, propaganda, and presidential personality cult—is begun. 1982 The height of Petrus ('mysterious shootings') of thousands of suspected criminals by government security forces. (to 1983) 1983 Prabowo Subianto, then a major in ABRI marries Suharto's daughter Titiek at Taman Mini. 1984 12 September Muslim concerned protesting over alleged insensitivities to Islam at Tanjung Priok; a riot ensues resulting in many deaths. Clamp down on Islamic political leaders. December Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) is elected chairman of Nahdlatul Ulama a position previously held by both his father and grandfather. 1985 The Indonesian government require all organisations of any kind to adopt Pancasila as their sole basis. 1987 Sukarno's daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri becomes a member of parliament; Suharto prohibits display of images of Sukarno although they appear frequently nonetheless.Friend (2003), page 531 9 September Jakarta host the 14th SEA Games. (to 20 September) 1988 Suharto is elected to a fifth term as president., Lilies Handayani, Nurfitriyana Saiman and Kusuma Wardhani won Indonesia's first medal in Olympic Games, a silver medal for women's team archery in 1988 Summer Olympics Seoul. 1989 The Free Aceh Movement (GAM) reemerges following its 1976 founding; suppression of its guerilla activities leads to 2,000 deaths by 1991 in Aceh. 1991 Indonesia wins presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement. 12 November ABRI troops fire on demonstrative funeral procession in Dili, East Timor. TV images of the killings put East Timor high on the international human rights agenda. 1992 Suharto successfully defies Dutch efforts to link human rights to aid administered since 1967 by the International Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI). Susi Susanti won Indonesia's first Olympic gold medal in 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.History of Badminton East Timorese resistance leader Xanana Gusmão is captured by Brigadier General Theo Syafei and is tried and sentenced. (to 1993) 1993 Suharto seeks a sixth term and is easily re-elected. 1994 June Suharto shuts down Tempo and two other publications for critical reporting of Habibie's purchase of the former East German navy. 1996 The Free Papua Movement (OPM) kidnaps fourteen scientists and foresters in Iran Jaya garnering international attention. After four months, the abductees are rescued in a bloody operation led by Prabowo. April Ibu Tien Suharto, the president's wife of 48 years, dies of a heart attack. July Military-backed thugs burst into headquarters of PDI, Megawati's party, and evict her supporters in a violent climax to government efforts to vitiate her party's popularity. 1997 Severe social unrest breaks out across Indonesian cities against Chinese Indonesians, Christians, symbols of wealth, the police and bureaucracy. (to 1998) February Alarmed at a dukun's prediction that 'the nail of Java has come loose', Suharto commands a massive Ruwat Dunia ceremony ('Cleansing of the world') near Borobudur. June Pacific Ocean trade winds shift heralding the onset of the El Niño; severe drought across much of Indonesia follows in the ensuing months accompanied by highly destructive forest fires. July The collapse of the Thai baht starts the East Asian financial crisis and over the ensuing months Indonesia is the country hardest hit. 11 October Jakarta host the 19th SEA Games. (to 19 October) 1998 March Largely peaceful student demonstrations against the regime rise to national prominence. 11 March Suharto unanimously elected by the MPR to his seventh presidential term.Friend (2003), page 532 12 May Four student demonstrators at Trisakti University are shot dead by bullets unproven but thought likely to have been from army sources. 13 May Memorial services for killed students leads to riots; vandalism, arson, looting and rape by roving mobs which continue unchecked by security forces for two days leaving 1,200 dead. 20 May For National Awakening Day, Amien Rais pledges to bring a million protestors into the streets to demonstrate against at the National Monument in Jakarta. Faced with barbed wire and massed troops he calls off the rally fearing bloodshed. 21 May After being deserted by his cabinet, Suharto resigns the presidency. Habibie assumes presidency. August General Wiranto announces the discharge of Lieutenant General Prabowo from active duty, with full pension benefits—and without court-martial for allegations of abduction and torture of student activist (some of whom remain missing as of 2003). 10 November Megawati, Rais, and the sultan of Yogya, meet at Wahid's home in Ciganjur, and issue a series of statements including a demand for the military to end their role in politics within six years. 13 November On the last day of the MPR sessions, soldiers open fire on demonstrating students killing at least fifteen and injuring hundreds. 1999 19 January A petty argument between in the city of Ambon triggers Christian-Muslim clashes that last for three years across Maluku. As many as 10,000 are killed and 700,000 or one third of the region are displaced. 7 June Indonesia's first free and fair national elections since 1955 take place with almost no disruption and wide participation. Votes however are distributed across forty-eight parties with no party achieving a majority. September East Timor votes to secede from Indonesia in a referendum conducted under UN auspices. Four-fifths of voters choose independence for East Timor over integration with Indonesia. Pro-integration militias trained and paid by ABRI immediately resort to a scorched earth policy that leaves 1,000 dead and most of the territory's infrastructure ruined. 13 September President Habibie relents to international pressure and allows a UN peacekeeping force known as 'INTERFET' to enter East Timor and restore order. October The Indonesian parliament rejects President Habibie's accountability speech. Wahid whose party received one eighth of the popular vote is elected president by the MPR. Megawati whose party received one third of the vote (the highest) is elected vice president.Friend (2003), page 533 2000 President Wahid's administration is marred by failures to stabilise the economy, patterns of political favouritism, economic corruption (although Wahid himself is not accused of corruption), inability to reform the military, personal eccentricity and pettiness, ineffectiveness in dealing with major religious violence in Maluku and Sulawesi, major ethnic violence (Dayaks vs. Madurese) in Kalimantan, and separatisms in Aceh and Irian Jaya. 24 December In a coordinated attack involving more than three dozen sites across the country, churches are bombed and eighteen people killed. It is later proven to have been planned by Jemaah Islamiyah in retaliation for Christian killings of Muslims in the Maluku conflict.

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Earth's energy imbalance If the incoming energy flux is not equal to the outgoing energy flux, net heat is added to or lost by the planet (if the incoming flux is larger or smaller than the outgoing respectively). A study accepted for publication in Geophysical Research Letters (June 2021) reported that satellite and in situ observations independently show an approximate doubling of Earth's Energy Imbalance from mid-2005 to mid-2019 . Indirect measurement An imbalance in the Earth radiation budget requires components of the climate system to change temperature over time. The ocean is an effective absorber of solar energy and has a far greater heat capacity than the atmosphere. The measurement of the change in temperature is very difficult since it corresponds to millidegrees over the short time frame of the ARGO measurements. Ocean heat content change (OHC) over time is same measurement as the temperature anomaly over time.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Earth's energy balance may be measured by Argo floats by measuring the temperature anomaly or equivalently, the accumulation of ocean heat content. Ocean heat content was unchanged in the northern extra-tropical ocean and in the tropical ocean during the 2005-2014 time frame. Ocean heat content increased only in the extra-tropical southern ocean. There is no known reason that the extra-tropical southern ocean will experience ocean heat content increases while ocean heat content remains constant over the bulk of the measured ocean. The measurement urgently requires confirmation by both longer term measurements and by an alternate method. It is useful to note that the ocean heat content anomaly of the Argo float measurement is approximately 3x1022 joules, or approximately three days of excess solar insolation over the nine-year period, or less than a ~0.1\% variation of solar insolation over nine years. Direct measurement upright=1.3|Animation of the orbits of NASA's 2011 fleet of Earth remote sensing observatories. Several satellites directly measure the energy absorbed and radiated by Earth, and thus by inference the energy imbalance. The NASA Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) project involves three such satellites: the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), launched October 1984; NOAA-9, launched December 1984; and NOAA-10, launched September 1986. NASA's Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments are part of the NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) since 1998. CERES is designed to measure both solar-reflected (short wavelength) and Earth-emitted (long wavelength) radiation. Researchers have used data from CERES, AIRS, CloudSat, LandSat, and other EOS instruments to look for trends of anthropogenic radiative forcing embedded within the observed energy imbalances. They presented a model showing a rise of +0.53 W m−2 (+/-0.11 W m−2) from years 2003 to 2018; with about 20\% from a decrease in reflected short-wave radiation, and the remainder from a decrease in outgoing long-wavelength radiation .

Earth's energy imbalance If Earth's incoming energy flux is larger or smaller than the outgoing energy flux, then the planet will gain or lose net heat in accordance with the law of energy conservation. When the imbalance in global energy fluxes shifts by a sufficiently large amount, it is directly measurable by orbiting satellite-based radiometric instruments. Imbalances which fail to reverse over time will also drive long-term temperature changes in the atmospheric, oceanic, terrestrial, and ice components of the climate system. Temperature changes may thus provide indirect measures of the imbalance. From mid-2005 to mid-2019 , satellite and ocean temperature observations have each independently shown an approximate doubling of Earth's energy imbalance (EEI) . %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Direct measurement upright=1.3|Animation of the orbits of NASA's 2011 fleet of Earth remote sensing observatories. Several satellites directly measure the energy absorbed and radiated by Earth, and thus by inference the energy imbalance. The NASA Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) project involves three such satellites: the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), launched October 1984; NOAA-9, launched December 1984; and NOAA-10, launched September 1986. NASA's Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments are part of the NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) since 1998. CERES is designed to measure both solar-reflected (short wavelength) and Earth-emitted (long wavelength) radiation. Analysis of CERES data by its principal investigators showed a linearly increasing trend in EEI, from +0.42 W m−2 (+/-0.48 W m−2) in 2005 to +1.12 W m−2 (+/-0.48 W m−2) in 2019. Other researchers have used data from CERES, AIRS, CloudSat, and other EOS instruments to look for trends of radiative forcing embedded within the EEI data. Their data analysis showed a rise of +0.53 W m−2 (+/-0.11 W m−2) from years 2003 to 2018. 80\% of the increase was associated with the rising concentration of greenhouse gases which reduced the outgoing long-wavelenghth radiation. It is noteworthy that radiometric calibration uncertainties limit the capability of the current generation of satellite-based instruments. As a result, relative changes in EEI are quantifiable with an accuracy which is not also achievable for any single measurement of the absolute imbalance. Indirect measurements Global surface temperature (GST) is calculated by averaging atmospheric temperatures measured over the surface of the sea along with temperatures measured over land. Reliable data extending to at least 1880 shows that GST has undergone a steady increase of about 0.18°C per decade since about year 1970. Ocean waters are especially effective absorbents of solar energy and have far greater total heat capacity than the atmosphere. Research vessels and stations have sampled sea temperatures around the globe since before 1960. Additionally after year 2000, an expanding network of over 3000 Argo robotic floats has measured the temperature anomaly, or equivalently the change in ocean heat content (OHC). Since at least 1990, OHC has increased at a steady or accelerating rate. Changes in OHC provide the most reliable indirect measure of EEI since the oceans take up 90\% of the excess heat. The extent of floating and grounded ice is measured by satellites, while the change in mass is then inferred from measured changes in sea level in concert with computational models that account for thermal expansion and other factors. Observations since 1994 show that ice has retreated from every part of Earth at an accelerating rate .

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Materials Originally, all scale models produced were made of metal. Early models, produced for miniature wargames such as H.G Wells Little Wars, were hollow cast and made from lead. These were not made with painting as a consideration, although could be painted to help distinguish forces and armies at a glance. Models continued to be made from metal for many decades, with the models produced by Jack Scruby, credited for the rebirth of the miniature wargaming hobby in the 1950s, being made from type metal. These would be hand sculpted in clays then cast into a mold to be used to produce copies. Once plastic had been introduced to miniature production, it started to become more widespread. Manufacturers began to produce models entirely in plastics as a cheaper alternative to metal. Early plastic models often lacked well defined details as the softer plastics used, such as soft PVC, held details less easily and the casting processes were less successful than the established metal casting process. For this reason metal models were, for a long time, considered superior to early plastic models. Genre, Subject, and Style Models are produced in almost every genre. Due to the prominent links of production to miniature wargames the most common genres that models are made in are fantasy, sci-fi, and historical/military. The connection to wargames also means that a majority of models available are single characters (sold individually or in unit sets) in offensive or defensive poses. Within the broad genres, there is still large variation in the models produced by different manufacturers or even by the same manufacturer in different lines. For example, Games Workshop produces models for Age of Sigmar and Middle Earth SBG, both of which are fantasy settings, however the style and aesthetic of the dark fantasy Age of Sigmar is very visually distinct from the high fantasy Middle Earth SBG. Models produced for gaming can either be generic figures or specific variations on common tropes unique to a manufacturer, for example a generic goblin figure or a licensed model sculpted to fit the unique Pathfinder goblin design. Manufacturers also often have a specific house style or aesthetic for models they produce across all lines as part of their visual identity, so models are easily recognized. It is also common for models not to depict human or humanoid characters. Many gaming systems include rules for using vehicles, such as aircraft or tanks, or mechs so there are many available gaming figures to represent these in gameplay. There are also companies that make scale kits of vehicles such as aircraft or tanks as standalone models rather than gaming pieces, such as Airfix models, however there is often a distinction made between those who paint such kits (scale modellers) and figure painters. It is also common for both gaming models and display models to depict mundane animals and fantasy creatures, either as single models or as part of a diorama set. Model Sizes

Materials A lead miniature Originally, all scale models produced were made of metal. Early models, produced for miniature wargames such as H.G Wells Little Wars, were hollow cast and made from lead. These were not made with painting as a consideration, although could be painted to help distinguish forces and armies at a glance. Models continued to be made from metal for many decades, with the models produced by Jack Scruby, credited for the rebirth of the miniature wargaming hobby in the 1950s, being made from type metal. These would be hand sculpted in clays then cast into a mold to be used to produce copies. An unpainted grey plastic miniature Once plastic had been introduced to miniature production, it started to become more widespread. Manufacturers began to produce models entirely in plastics as a cheaper alternative to metal. Early plastic models often lacked well defined details as the softer plastics used, such as soft PVC, held details less easily and the casting processes were less successful than the established metal casting process. For this reason metal models were, for a long time, considered superior to early plastic models. Genre, subject and style Models are produced in almost every genre. Due to the prominent links of production to miniature wargames the most common genres that models are made in are fantasy, sci-fi, and historical/military. The connection to wargames also means that a majority of models available are single characters (sold individually or in unit sets) in offensive or defensive poses. Within the broad genres, there is still large variation in the models produced by different manufacturers or even by the same manufacturer in different lines. For example, Games Workshop produces models for Age of Sigmar and Middle Earth SBG, both of which are fantasy settings, however the style and aesthetic of the dark fantasy Age of Sigmar is very visually distinct from the high fantasy Middle Earth SBG. Detail of a painted Games Workship river troll miniature Models produced for gaming can either be generic figures or specific variations on common tropes unique to a manufacturer, for example a generic goblin figure or a licensed model sculpted to fit the unique Pathfinder goblin design. Manufacturers also often have a specific house style or aesthetic for models they produce across all lines as part of their visual identity, so models are easily recognized. A model Fellblade tank from Warhammer 40,000 It is also common for models not to depict human or humanoid characters. Many gaming systems include rules for using vehicles, such as aircraft or tanks, or mechs so there are many available gaming figures to represent these in gameplay. There are also companies that make scale kits of vehicles such as aircraft or tanks as standalone models rather than gaming pieces, such as Airfix models, however there is often a distinction made between those who paint such kits (scale modellers) and figure painters. It is also common for both gaming models and display models to depict mundane animals and fantasy creatures, either as single models or as part of a diorama set. Model sizes

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The Western world includes Western Europe, the Americas, and Australasia. Many variations may exist within these regions, both geographically and culturally, which means that the list is broadly indicative, but very general. The contemporary characterization of these cohorts used in media and advertising borrows, in part, from the Strauss–Howe generational theory and generally follows the logic of the pulse-rate hypothesis. The Lost Generation, also known as the "Generation of 1914" in Europe, is a term originating from Gertrude Stein to describe those who fought in World War I. The Lost Generation is defined as the cohort born from 1883 to 1900 who came of age during World War I and the Roaring Twenties. The Greatest Generation, also known as the "G.I. Generation", includes the veterans who fought in World War II. They were born from 1901 to 1927; older G.I.s (or the Interbellum Generation) came of age during the Roaring Twenties, while younger G.I.s came of age during the Great Depression and World War II. Journalist Tom Brokaw wrote about American members of this cohort in his book The Greatest Generation, which popularized the term. The Silent Generation, also known as the "Lucky Few", is the cohort who came of age in the post–World War II era. They were born from 1928 to 1945. In the U.S., this group includes most of those who may have fought the Korean War and many of those who may have fought during the Vietnam War. Baby boomers are the people born following World War II from 1946 to 1964. Increased birth rates were observed during the post–World War II baby boom, making them a relatively large demographic cohort.See: In the U.S., many older boomers may have fought in the Vietnam War or participated in the counterculture of the 1960s, while younger boomers (or Generation Jones) came of age in the "malaise" years of the 1970s. Generation X (or Gen X for short) is the cohort following the baby boomers. The generation is generally defined as people born between 1965 to 1980. The term has also been used in different times and places for a number of different subcultures or countercultures since the 1950s. In the U.S., some called Xers the "baby bust" generation because of a drop in birth rates following the baby boom.Encyclopedia of Identity By Ronald L. Jackson, II Millennials, also known as Generation Y (or Gen Y for short), are the generation following Generation X who grew up around the turn of the 3rd millennium. The generation is widely accepted as having been born between 1981 and 1996. According to the Pew Research Center, Millennials surpassed the Baby Boomers in U.S. numbers in 2019, with an estimated 71.6 million Boomers and 72.1 million Millennials. Generation Z (or Gen Z for short), are the people succeeding the Millennials. Researchers and popular media typically use the mid-to-late 1990s as starting birth years and the early 2010s as ending birth years. Pew Research Center specifies the years 1997 to 2012. Generation Alpha (or Gen Alpha for short) is the one succeeding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media typically use the early 2010s as starting birth years and the mid-2020s as ending birth years. Generation Alpha is the first to be born entirely in the 21st century. As of 2015, there were some two-and-a-half million people born every week around the globe, and Gen Alpha is expected to reach two billion in size by 2025.

The Western world includes Western Europe, the Americas, and Australasia. Many variations may exist within these regions, both geographically and culturally, which means that the list is broadly indicative, but very general. The contemporary characterization of these cohorts used in media and advertising borrows, in part, from the Strauss–Howe generational theory and generally follows the logic of the pulse-rate hypothesis. The Lost Generation, also known as the "Generation of 1914" in Europe, is a term originating from Gertrude Stein to describe those who fought in World War I. The Lost Generation is defined as the cohort born from 1883 to 1900 who came of age during World War I and the Roaring Twenties. The Greatest Generation, also known as the "G.I. Generation", includes the veterans who fought in World War II. They were born from 1901 to 1927; older G.I.s (or the Interbellum Generation) came of age during the Roaring Twenties, while younger G.I.s came of age during the Great Depression and World War II. Journalist Tom Brokaw wrote about American members of this cohort in his book The Greatest Generation, which popularized the term. The Silent Generation, also known as the "Lucky Few", is the cohort who came of age in the post–World War II era. They were born from 1928 to 1945. In the U.S., this group includes most of those who may have fought the Korean War and many of those who may have fought during the Vietnam War. Baby boomers are the people born following World War II from 1946 to 1964. Increased birth rates were observed during the post–World War II baby boom, making them a relatively large demographic cohort.See: In the U.S., many older boomers may have fought in the Vietnam War or participated in the counterculture of the 1960s, while younger boomers (or Generation Jones) came of age in the "malaise" years of the 1970s. Generation X (or Gen X for short) is the cohort following the baby boomers. The generation is generally defined as people born between 1965 to 1980. The term has also been used in different times and places for a number of different subcultures or countercultures since the 1950s. In the U.S., some called Xers the "baby bust" generation because of a drop in birth rates following the baby boom.Encyclopedia of Identity By Ronald L. Jackson, II Millennials, also known as Generation Y (or Gen Y for short), are the generation following Generation X who grew up around the turn of the 3rd millennium. The generation is widely accepted as having been born between 1981 and 1996. According to the Pew Research Center, Millennials surpassed the Baby Boomers in U.S. numbers in 2019, with an estimated 71.6 million Boomers and 72.1 million Millennials. Generation Z (or Gen Z for short), are the people succeeding the Millennials. Researchers and popular media typically use the mid-to-late 1990s as starting birth years and the early 2010s as ending birth years. Pew Research Center describe Generation Z as spanning from 1997 to 2012. Statistics Canada describe Generation Z as spanning from 1993 to 2011. Generation Alpha (or Gen Alpha for short) is the one succeeding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media typically use the early 2010s as starting birth years and the mid-2020s as ending birth years. Generation Alpha is the first to be born entirely in the 21st century. As of 2015, there were some two-and-a-half million people born every week around the globe, and Gen Alpha is expected to reach two billion in size by 2025.

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The Western world includes Western Europe, the Americas, and Australasia. Many variations may exist within these regions, both geographically and culturally, which means that the list is broadly indicative, but very general. The contemporary characterization of these cohorts used in media and advertising borrows, in part, from the Strauss–Howe generational theory and generally follows the logic of the pulse-rate hypothesis. The Lost Generation, also known as the "Generation of 1914" in Europe, is a term originating from Gertrude Stein to describe those who fought in World War I. The Lost Generation is defined as the cohort born from 1883 to 1900 who came of age during World War I and the Roaring Twenties. The Greatest Generation, also known as the "G.I. Generation", includes the veterans who fought in World War II. They were born from 1901 to 1927; older G.I.s (or the Interbellum Generation) came of age during the Roaring Twenties, while younger G.I.s came of age during the Great Depression and World War II. Journalist Tom Brokaw wrote about American members of this cohort in his book The Greatest Generation, which popularized the term. The Silent Generation, also known as the "Lucky Few", is the cohort who came of age in the post–World War II era. They were born from 1928 to 1945. In the U.S., this group includes most of those who may have fought the Korean War and many of those who may have fought during the Vietnam War. Baby boomers are the people born following World War II from 1946 to 1964. Increased birth rates were observed during the post–World War II baby boom, making them a relatively large demographic cohort.See: In the U.S., many older boomers may have fought in the Vietnam War or participated in the counterculture of the 1960s, while younger boomers (or Generation Jones) came of age in the "malaise" years of the 1970s. Generation X (or Gen X for short) is the cohort following the baby boomers. The generation is generally defined as people born between 1965 to 1980. The term has also been used in different times and places for a number of different subcultures or countercultures since the 1950s. In the U.S., some called Xers the "baby bust" generation because of a drop in birth rates following the baby boom.Encyclopedia of Identity By Ronald L. Jackson, II Millennials, also known as Generation Y (or Gen Y for short), are the generation following Generation X who grew up around the turn of the 3rd millennium. The generation is widely accepted as having been born between 1981 and 1996. According to the Pew Research Center , Millennials surpassed the Baby Boomers in U.S. numbers in 2019, with an estimated 71.6 million Boomers and 72.1 million Millennials. Generation Z (or Gen Z for short), are the people succeeding the Millennials. Researchers and popular media typically use the mid-to-late 1990s as starting birth years and the early 2010s as ending birth years. Pew Research Center describe Generation Z as spanning from 1997 to 2012. Statistics Canada describe Generation Z as spanning from 1993 to 2011. Generation Alpha (or Gen Alpha for short) is the one succeeding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media typically use the early 2010s as starting birth years and the mid-2020s as ending birth years. Generation Alpha is the first to be born entirely in the 21st century. As of 2015, there were some two-and-a-half million people born every week around the globe, and Gen Alpha is expected to reach two billion in size by 2025.

The Western world includes Western Europe, the Americas, and Australasia. Many variations may exist within these regions, both geographically and culturally, which means that the list is broadly indicative, but very general. The contemporary characterization of these cohorts used in media and advertising borrows, in part, from the Strauss–Howe generational theory and generally follows the logic of the pulse-rate hypothesis. The Lost Generation, also known as the "Generation of 1914" in Europe, is a term originating from Gertrude Stein to describe those who fought in World War I. The Lost Generation is defined as the cohort born from 1883 to 1900 who came of age during World War I and the Roaring Twenties. The Greatest Generation, also known as the "G.I. Generation", includes the veterans who fought in World War II. They were born from 1901 to 1927; older G.I.s (or the Interbellum Generation) came of age during the Roaring Twenties, while younger G.I.s came of age during the Great Depression and World War II. Journalist Tom Brokaw wrote about American members of this cohort in his book The Greatest Generation, which popularized the term. The Silent Generation, also known as the "Lucky Few", is the cohort who came of age in the post–World War II era. They were born from 1928 to 1945. In the U.S., this group includes most of those who may have fought the Korean War and many of those who may have fought during the Vietnam War. Baby boomers are the people born following World War II from 1946 to 1964. Increased birth rates were observed during the post–World War II baby boom, making them a relatively large demographic cohort.See: In the U.S., many older boomers may have fought in the Vietnam War or participated in the counterculture of the 1960s, while younger boomers (or Generation Jones) came of age in the "malaise" years of the 1970s. Generation X (or Gen X for short) is the cohort following the baby boomers. The generation is generally defined as people born between 1965 to 1980. The term has also been used in different times and places for a number of different subcultures or countercultures since the 1950s. In the U.S., some called Xers the "baby bust" generation because of a drop in birth rates following the baby boom.Encyclopedia of Identity By Ronald L. Jackson, II Millennials, also known as Generation Y (or Gen Y for short), are the generation following Generation X who grew up around the turn of the 3rd millennium. According to the Pew Research Center, the generation spans those born between 1981 and 1996. The Pew Research Center reported that Millennials surpassed the Baby Boomers in U.S. numbers in 2019, with an estimated 71.6 million Boomers and 72.1 million Millennials. Generation Z (or Gen Z for short), are the people succeeding the Millennials. Researchers and popular media typically use the mid-to-late 1990s as starting birth years and the early 2010s as ending birth years. Pew Research Center describe Generation Z as spanning from 1997 to 2012. Statistics Canada describe Generation Z as spanning from 1993 to 2011. Generation Alpha (or Gen Alpha for short) is the one succeeding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media typically use the early 2010s as starting birth years and the mid-2020s as ending birth years. Generation Alpha is the first to be born entirely in the 21st century. As of 2015, there were some two-and-a-half million people born every week around the globe, and Gen Alpha is expected to reach two billion in size by 2025.

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Crab mentality, also known as crab theory, crabs in a bucket (also barrel, basket, or pot) mentality, or the crab-bucket effect, is a way of thinking best described by the phrase "if I can't have it, neither can you". The metaphor is derived from a pattern of behavior noted in crabs when they are trapped in a bucket. While any one crab could easily escape, its efforts will be undermined by others, ensuring the group's collective demise.

Crab mentality, also known as crab theory, crabs in a bucket (also barrel, basket, or pot) mentality, or the crab-bucket effect, is a way of thinking best described by the phrase "if I can't have it, neither can you". Crabs are unlikely to be acting from jealously and spite. Logic dictates they are simply trying to attach themselves to something that appears to give them access to escape. The source cited is being anthropomorphic in his/her take on crab behavior. The metaphor is derived from a pattern of behavior noted in crabs when they are trapped in a bucket. While any one crab could easily escape, its efforts will be undermined by others, ensuring the group's collective demise.

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Crab mentality, also known as crab theory, crabs in a bucket (also barrel, basket, or pot) mentality, or the crab-bucket effect, is a way of thinking best described by the phrase "if I can't have it, neither can you". Crabs are unlikely to be acting from jealously and spite. Logic dictates they are simply trying to attach themselves to something that appears to give them access to escape. The source cited is being anthropomorphic in his/her take on crab behavior. The metaphor is derived from a pattern of behavior noted in crabs when they are trapped in a bucket. While any one crab could easily escape, its efforts will be undermined by others, ensuring the group's collective demise.

Crab mentality, also known as crab theory, crabs in a bucket (also barrel, basket, or pot) mentality, or the crab-bucket effect, is a way of thinking best described by the phrase "if I can't have it, neither can you". The metaphor is derived from a pattern of behavior noted in crabs when they are trapped in a bucket. While any one crab could easily escape, its efforts will be undermined by others, ensuring the group's collective demise.

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Notable Positions and Affiliations • President and Chairman, Philippine Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation • Governor of the Philippine Red Cross • Member, Rotary Club of Makati • Governor, Ranchers' Club Philippines 1989– University of the Philippines Los Banos chapterBody Talk with Migz Zubiri | Entertainment, News, The Philippine Star | philstar.com Philstar.com › entertainment › 2013/05/04 • Chairman, Amateur Boxing Association of the Philippines Bukidnon Chapter • Chairman, Paglaum Foundation • Member, Upsilon Phi Sigma Fraternity and Sorority • President of the KATALA Foundation • President of the Philippine Deer Foundation

Notable Positions and Affiliations President and Chairman, Philippine Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation Governor of the Philippine Red Cross Member, Rotary Club of Makati Governor, Ranchers' Club Philippines 1989– University of the Philippines Los Banos chapterBody Talk with Migz Zubiri | Entertainment, News, The Philippine Star | philstar.com Philstar.com › entertainment › 2013/05/04 Chairman, Amateur Boxing Association of the Philippines Bukidnon Chapter Chairman, Paglaum Foundation Member, Upsilon Phi Sigma Fraternity and Sorority President of the KATALA Foundation President of the Philippine Deer Foundation

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Non-linear acoustic filtered earplugs Non-linear acoustic filtered earplugs provide similar advantages to electronic earplugs , but do not require batteries, filtering out the sound through various mechanical methods . They allow low level sounds to pass through while reducing loud sounds. The most common variant of filtered earplug filters out high decibel sounds through the conversion of that sound into another form of energy, specifically extremely minor amounts of heat by means of compression acceleration. This makes them useful for applications where situational awareness is required but noise protection is also necessary, such as the military or police.

Nonlinear earplugs Nonlinear earplugs provide similar advantages to electronic earplugs but do not require electricity . They allow low level sounds to pass through while reducing loud sounds. The most common variant of filtered earplug filters out high decibel sounds through the conversion of that sound into another form of energy, specifically extremely minor amounts of heat by means of compression acceleration. This makes them useful for applications where situational awareness is required but noise protection is also necessary, such as the military or police.

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Nonlinear earplugs Nonlinear earplugs provide similar advantages to electronic earplugs but do not require electricity. They allow low level sounds to pass through while reducing loud sounds. The most common variant of filtered earplug filters out high decibel sounds through the conversion of that sound into another form of energy, specifically extremely minor amounts of heat by means of compression acceleration . This makes them useful for applications where situational awareness is required but noise protection is also necessary, such as the military or police.

Nonlinear earplugs Nonlinear earplugs provide similar advantages to electronic earplugs but do not require electricity. They are designed with a thin diaphragm which allows the amount of noise reduction to increase in proportion to the sound level to which the wearer is exposed . This makes them useful for applications where situational awareness is required but noise protection is also necessary, such as the military or police.

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Mutual liberty is an idea first coined by Alexis de Tocqueville in his 1835 work Democracy in America.Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), 9–15. In effect, Tocqueville was referring to the general nature of American society during the 19th century. It appeared to him, at least on the surface, that every citizen in the United States had the opportunity to participate in the civic activities of the country. Another way to look at mutual liberty is by accounting for the collective free wills of every rational being in a community. Even though the notion of mutual liberty was introduced by Tocqueville, it was John Stuart Mill who greatly expanded it.John Stuart Mill, On Liberty and Utilitarianism (New York: Bantam Books, 1993), 12–16. Mill believed that the most proper occasion for mutual liberty was in a community governed by the consent of the governed, i.e., a republic. And according to Mill, it is only in a republic where members of all political factions can participate. It has been said that a republic is the form of government that divides people least.James McMillan, Modern France: 1880–2002 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 11. This statement pertains greatly to mutual liberty. Unlike positive and negative liberty, mutual liberty encompasses all citizens. It makes no distinction between political preference and social status. Mutual liberty pervades all sectors of society, from the homeless man on the street to the premier of the state. It is the process through which a general sense of morality gets exerted on the widest range of people in any given communal setting.

Cover of the book Democracy in America, in which the concept was introduced. Mutual liberty is an idea first developed by Alexis de Tocqueville in his 1835 work Democracy in America.Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), 9–15. In effect, Tocqueville was referring to the general nature of American society during the 19th century. It appeared to him, at least on the surface, that every citizen in the United States had the opportunity to participate in the civic activities of the country. Another way to look at mutual liberty is by accounting for the collective free wills of every rational being in a community. Even though the notion of mutual liberty was introduced by Tocqueville, it was John Stuart Mill who greatly expanded it.John Stuart Mill, On Liberty and Utilitarianism (New York: Bantam Books, 1993), 12–16. Mill believed that the most proper occasion for mutual liberty was in a community governed by the consent of the governed, i.e., a republic. And according to Mill, it is only in a republic where members of all political factions can participate. It has been said that a republic is the form of government that divides people least.James McMillan, Modern France: 1880–2002 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 11. This statement pertains greatly to mutual liberty. Unlike positive and negative liberty, mutual liberty encompasses all citizens. It makes no distinction between political preference and social status. Mutual liberty pervades all sectors of society, from the homeless man on the street to the premier of the state. It is the process through which a general sense of morality gets exerted on the widest range of people in any given communal setting.

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Dreaming (Australian Aboriginal art) Aboriginal mythology Rainbow Serpent Tjilbruke Apeiron, the concept of the eternal or unlimited in Greek philosophy Wuji (philosophy) and Taiji (philosophy), concepts of the eternal or limitless in Chinese philosophy Kate Bush her album from 1982 called The Dreaming

Dreaming (Australian Aboriginal art) Aboriginal mythology Rainbow Serpent Tjilbruke Apeiron, the concept of the eternal or unlimited in Greek philosophy Wuji (philosophy) and Taiji (philosophy), concepts of the eternal or limitless in Chinese philosophy The Dreaming ( 1982 album by Kate Bush)

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Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn Assad Abadi ( ), also known as Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī ( ) and commonly known as Assad Abadi (1838/1839 – 9 March 1897), was a political activist and Islamic ideologist who travelled throughout the Muslim world during the late 19th century. He is one of the founders of Islamic Modernism as well as an advocate of Pan-Islamic unity in Europe and Hindu–Muslim unity in India against the British,Ludwig W. Adamec, Historical Dictionary of Islam (Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2001), p. 32 he has been described as being less interested in minor differences in Islamic jurisprudence than he was in organizing a united response to Western pressure.Vali Nasr, The Sunni Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future (New York: Norton, 2006), p. 103. He is also known for his involvement with his follower Mirza Reza Kermani in the successful plot to assassinate Shah Naser-al-Din, whom Assad Abadi considered to be making too many concessions to foreign powers, especially the British Empire.

Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghani (Pashto/ ), also known as Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī ( Pashto/ ) and commonly known as Al-Afghani (1838/1839 – 9 March 1897), was a political activist and Islamic ideologist who travelled throughout the Muslim world during the late 19th century. He is one of the founders of Islamic Modernism as well as an advocate of Pan-Islamic unity in Europe and Hindu–Muslim unity in India against the British,Ludwig W. Adamec, Historical Dictionary of Islam (Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2001), p. 32 he has been described as being less interested in minor differences in Islamic jurisprudence than he was in organizing a united response to Western pressure.Vali Nasr, The Sunni Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future (New York: Norton, 2006), p. 103. He is also known for his involvement with his follower Mirza Reza Kermani in the successful plot to assassinate Shah Naser-al-Din, whom Assad Abadi considered to be making too many concessions to foreign powers, especially the British Empire.

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Dunning, D., Meyerowitz, J.A., Holzberg, A.D. (1989). "Ambiguity and self-evaluation: The role of idiosyncratic trait definitions in self-serving assessments of ability." In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin,%DIFDELCMD < & %%% D. Kahneman (Eds.) Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment (pp. 324–333). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Fiske, S.T., & Taylor, S.E. (in press). Social cognition (3rd ed.). New York: Random House . Janoff-Bulman, R.,%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Brickman, P. (1982). Expectations and what people learn from failure. In N.T Feather (Ed.), Expectations and action: Expectancy-value models in psychology (pp. 207–272). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum .

%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Fiske, S.T., & Taylor, S.E. (in press). Social cognition (3rd ed.). New York: Random House %DIFDELCMD < & %%% .

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In Aboriginal mythology (specifically: Karadjeri), Ngariman is a quoll-man who killed the Bagadjimbiri, two dingo gods and sons of Dilga, an earth goddess. In revenge, she drowned Ngariman with her milk by flooding the underground cavern where she killed her sons.

In Aboriginal mythology (specifically: Karadjeri), Ngariman is a quoll-man who killed the Bagadjimbiri, two dingo gods and sons of Dilga, an earth goddess. In revenge, she drowned Ngariman with her milk by flooding the underground cavern where he killed her sons. Sources Ralph Piddington (1932) "Karadjeri Initiation" in Oceana, Volume 3, Issue 1, September 1932, Pages 46-87 "Bagadjimbiri" A Dictionary of World Mythology: 1St American Ed by Arthur Cotterell. Oxford University Press, 1980. pp. 270-271

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Sources Ralph Piddington (1932) "Karadjeri Initiation" in Oceana, Volume 3, Issue 1, September 1932, Pages 46-87 "Bagadjimbiri" A Dictionary of World Mythology: 1St American Ed by Arthur Cotterell. Oxford University Press, 1980. pp. 270-271

Sources Piddington, Ralph (1932) "Karadjeri Initiation" in Oceana, Volume 3, Issue 1, September 1932, Pages 46-87 "Bagadjimbiri" A Dictionary of World Mythology: 1St American Ed by Arthur Cotterell. Oxford University Press, 1980. pp. 270-271

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Category:1168 births Category:1253 deaths Category: Medieval English theologians Category:Medieval philosophers Category:Catholic philosophers Category:Scholastic philosophers Category:People from Stradbroke Category:English scientists Category:Medieval scientists Category:English philosophers Category:English Franciscans Category:Philosophers of science Category:Catholic clergy scientists Category:Bishops of Lincoln Category:Archdeacons of Leicester Category:Clerks Category:Academics of the University of Oxford Category:Chancellors of the University of Oxford Category:Burials in Lincolnshire Category:13th-century English Roman Catholic bishops Category:13th-century Latin writers Category: 13th-century Roman Catholic theologians Category: Greek–Latin translators Category:13th-century astronomers Category:13th-century mathematicians Category:13th-century translators Category:Medieval English astronomers Category:Medieval physicists Category:People from Suffolk (before 1974) Category:Anglican sai

Category:1168 births Category:1253 deaths Category: 13th-century English Roman Catholic theologians Category:Medieval philosophers Category:Catholic philosophers Category:Scholastic philosophers Category:People from Stradbroke Category:English scientists Category:Medieval scientists Category:English philosophers Category:English Franciscans Category:Philosophers of science Category:Catholic clergy scientists Category:Bishops of Lincoln Category:Archdeacons of Leicester Category:Clerks Category:Academics of the University of Oxford Category:Chancellors of the University of Oxford Category:Burials in Lincolnshire Category:13th-century English Roman Catholic bishops Category:13th-century Latin writers Category: Greek–Latin translators Category:13th-century astronomers Category:13th-century mathematicians Category:13th-century translators Category:Medieval English astronomers Category:Medieval physicists Category:Anglican sai

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Jesus, as recorded by Matthew chapter 6 said: 22 The light of the body is the eye: if therefore thine eye be single, thy whole body shall be full of light.

Jesus, as recorded by Matthew 6 :22 said: 22 The light of the body is the eye: if therefore thine eye be single, thy whole body shall be full of light.

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In museums and archives , the collection of objects or material is normally catalogued in a collection catalog (or collections catalog). Traditionally this was done using a card index, but nowadays it is normally implemented using a computerized database (known as a collection database) and may even be made available online.

In museums , the collection of cultural property or material is normally catalogued in a collection catalog (or collections catalog). Traditionally this was done using a card index, but nowadays it is normally implemented using a computerized database (known as a collection database) and may even be made available online.

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Strategies to help protect your hearing from firearms also include using muzzle brakes and suppressors, shooting fewer rounds, and avoiding using a firearm with a short barrel. It is recommended to shoot outdoors or in a sound-treated environment and try to avoid an area that is not enclosed . has hard reflective surfaces, and has a group of shooters . If there are multiple people shooting it is best to make sure there is a large distance between the shooters and that they are not firing at the same time.

Strategies to help protect your hearing from firearms also include using muzzle brakes and suppressors, shooting fewer rounds, and avoiding using a firearm with a short barrel. It is recommended to shoot outdoors or in a sound-treated environment , rather than a reverberant environment (an enclosed area with sound-reflecting surfaces) . If there are multiple people shooting , make sure there is a large distance between the shooters and that they are not firing at the same time.

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Nintendo ended support for the Nintendo Channel on June 28, 2013 along with four more Wii channels as WiiConnect24, which the channel required, was permanently disconnected .

Nintendo ended support for the Nintendo Channel on June 28, 2013 along with four more Wii channels as WiiConnect24, which the channel required, was disconnected until December 2, 2017.