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8106286 | 1 | The Cypress of Kashmar was sacred to followers of Zoroastrianism. According to the Iranian epic Shahnameh, the tree had grown from a branch Zoroaster had carried away from Paradise and which he planted in honor of King Vishtaspa ’s conversion to Zoroastrianism in Kashmar. In 861 AD, Al-Mutawakkil ordered the tree be felled and transported to his capital in Samarra where its wood would be used as beams for his new palace. The palace and its spiral minaret still stand today. | The Cypress of Kashmar was sacred to followers of Zoroastrianism. According to the Iranian epic Shahnameh, the tree had grown from a branch Zoroaster had carried away from Paradise and which he planted in honor of King Vishtaspa conversion to Zoroastrianism in Kashmar. In 861 AD, Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil ordered the tree be felled and transported to his capital in Samarra where its wood would be used as beams for his new palace. The palace and its spiral minaret still stand today. | [
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8125499 | 1 | The Kitāb al-Hayawān (كتاب الحيوان; English: Book of Animals) is an Arabic translation in 19 treatises (maqālāt').Historia Animalium : treatises 1-10De Partibus Animalium : treatises 11-14De Generatione Animalium : treatises 15-19 While the book is often attributed to Al-Jahiz, the first translation was done by Michael Scot in Sicily 1236, De Animalibus . The complete text is available only in manuscript form (in Tehran), but treatises 11-14 (De Partibus)have been edited as Ajzā ’ al-hayawān (The Parts of Animals) Edited by ‘ Abd al-Rahmān al-Badawī . Kuwait: Wakālat al-matbū ‘ āt, 1978 and 15-19 (De Generatione) as Fī kawn al-hayawān (On the Being of Animals).Fī kawn al-hayawān (On the Being of Animals) (Ed. J. Brugman and H.J.Drossaart Lulofs . Leiden: Brill, 1971 References in zoography Page from the Kitāb al-Hayawān by Al-Jahiz. Kitāb al-hayawān was known at least indirectly to several important zoographers including Al-Jāhiz (Kitāb al-hayawān), Al-Mas‘ūdī (Murawwaj al-dhahab), Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī (Al-Imtā‘ wa al-mu’ānasa), Al-Qazwīnī (‘Ajā’ib al-makhlūqāt), and Al-Damīrī (Hayāt al-hayawān). They may have known the Aristotelian Kitāb al-hayawān at second hand from Arabic compendiums of selected passages from the book. The only extant compendium is the Maqāla tushtamalu ‘à la fusūl min kitāb al-hayawān, attributed (probably falsely) to Mūsà bin Maymūn (Moses Maimonides), and the Greek Compendium of Nicolaus Damascenus was at least partially available by the 11th century. In the Christian West Finally, Michael Scot’s early 13th-century Latin translation of the Kitāb al-hayawān, De Animalibus, is worthy of mention as the vehicle of transmission into Western Europe. It was alleged by Roger Bacon that Scot "had appropriated to himself the credit of translations which more properly belonged to one Andreas the Jew." This may mean that he had help with the Arabic manuscript, or that he worked fully or in part from a Judaeo-Arabic or Hebrew version. Scot's De Animalibus '' is available in a partial edition.Scot, Michael. De Animalibus. Vols 1-3. Leiden: Brill, 1992 | The Kitāb al-Ḥayawān (كتاب الحيوان; English: Book of Animals) is an Arabic translation in 19 treatises (maqālāt').Historia Animalium : treatises 1-10De Partibus Animalium : treatises 11-14De Generatione Animalium : treatises 15-19 Medieval Arabic tradition ascribes the translation to Yahya ibn al-Batriq, but contemporary scholarship does not support this attribution. This Arabic version was the source for the Latin translation De Animalibus by Michael ScotAafke M.I. Oppenraay, ed. De Animalibus: Michael Scot's Arabic-Latin Translation. 3 volumes. Leidin: Brill, 1992-2020. in Toledo before 1217.<ref>Emily Savage-Smith, review of Aristoteles Semitico-Latinus. The Arabic Version of Aristotle's Book of Animals: Books XI-XIV of the Kitāb al-Hayawān. Isis 72, n° 4 (1981): 679-680 . </ref> Several complete manuscript versions exist in Leiden, London, and Tehran), Aafke M. I. Van Oppenraay. "Avicenna ’ s Liber de animalibus ( ‘ Abbreviatio Avicennae’): Preliminaries and State of Affairs." Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale 28 (2017): 403, note 7. but the text has been edited in separate volumes corresponding to the three Aristotelian sources. The Egyptian existentialist philosopher ‘ Abd al-Rahmān Badawī edited Treatises 1-10 (Historia Animalium) as Ṭibā‘ al-Ḥayawān‘Abd al-Rahmān al-Badawī , ed. Ṭibā ‘ al-Ḥayawān. Kuwait: Wikālat al-maṭbū‘ āt, 1977. and Treatises 11-14 (De Partibus Animalium) as Ajzā al-Ḥayawān.'Abd al-Rahmān al-Badawī, ed. Ajzā al-Ḥayawān. Kuwait: Wikālat al-Maṭbū‘āt, 1978. Treatises 15-19 (De Generatione Animalium) first appeared in the Aristoteles Semitico-Latinus series in 1971. J. Brugman and J . H. Drossaart Lulofs, eds. Aristotle, Generation of Animals. The Arabic Translation Commonly Ascribed to Yaḥyā ibn al-Biṭrīq. Leiden: Brill, 1971. This series then published Treatises 11-14Remke Kruk, ed. The Arabic version of Aristotle's Parts of Animals: Books XI-XIV of the Kitāb al-Ḥayawān. Amsterdam, Oxford: North Holland, 1979. and Treatises 1-10.L.S. Filius, ed. The Arabic Version of Aristotle's Historia Animalium: Books I-X of the Kitāb al-Ḥayawān. Leiden: Brill, 2018. References in zoography Page from the Kitāb al-Hayawān by Al-Jahiz. Kitāb al-hayawān was known at least indirectly to several important zoographers including Al-Jāhiz (Kitāb al-hayawān), Al-Mas‘ūdī (Murawwaj al-dhahab), Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī (Al-Imtā‘ wa al-mu’ānasa), Al-Qazwīnī (‘Ajā’ib al-makhlūqāt), and Al-Damīrī (Hayāt al-hayawān). They may have known the Aristotelian Kitāb al-hayawān at second hand from Arabic compendiums of selected passages from the book. The only extant compendium is the Maqāla tushtamalu ‘à la fusūl min kitāb al-hayawān, attributed (probably falsely) to Mūsà bin Maymūn (Moses Maimonides), and the Greek Compendium of Nicolaus Damascenus was at least partially available by the 11th century. In the Christian West Finally, Michael Scot’s early 13th-century Latin translation of the Kitāb al-hayawān, De Animalibus, is worthy of mention as the vehicle of transmission into Western Europe. It was alleged by Roger Bacon that Scot "had appropriated to himself the credit of translations which more properly belonged to one Andreas the Jew." This may mean that he had help with the Arabic manuscript, or that he worked fully or in part from a Judaeo-Arabic or Hebrew version. Scot's De Animalibus is available in a partial edition.Scot, Michael. De Animalibus. Vols 1-3. Leiden: Brill, 1992 | [
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8125499 | 2 | Medieval Arabic tradition ascribes the translation to Yahya ibn al-Batriq, but contemporary scholarship does not support this attribution. This Arabic version was the source for the Latin translation De Animalibus by Michael ScotAafke M.I. Oppenraay, ed. De Animalibus: Michael Scot's Arabic-Latin Translation. 3 volumes. Leidin : Brill, 1992-2020. in Toledo before 1217.<ref>Emily Savage-Smith, review of Aristoteles Semitico-Latinus. The Arabic Version of Aristotle's Book of Animals: Books XI-XIV of the Kitāb al-Hayawān . Isis 72, n° 4 (1981): 679-680.</ref> Several complete manuscript versions exist in Leiden, London, and Tehran),Aafke M.I. Van Oppenraay. "Avicenna’s Liber de animalibus (‘Abbreviatio Avicennae’): Preliminaries and State of Affairs." Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale 28 (2017): 403, note 7. but the text has been edited in separate volumes corresponding to the three Aristotelian sources. The Egyptian existentialist philosopher ‘Abd al-Rahmān Badawī edited Treatises 1-10 (Historia Animalium) as Ṭibā‘ al-Ḥayawān‘Abd al-Rahmān al-Badawī, ed. Ṭibā‘ al-Ḥayawān. Kuwait: Wikālat al-maṭbū‘āt, 1977. and Treatises 11-14 (De Partibus Animalium) as Ajzā al-Ḥayawān.'Abd al-Rahmān al-Badawī, ed. Ajzā al-Ḥayawān. Kuwait: Wikālat al-Maṭbū‘āt, 1978. Treatises 15-19 (De Generatione Animalium) first appeared in the Aristoteles Semitico-Latinus series in 1971.J. Brugman and J.H. Drossaart Lulofs, eds. Aristotle, Generation of Animals. The Arabic Translation Commonly Ascribed to Yaḥyā ibn al-Biṭrīq. Leiden: Brill, 1971. This series then published Treatises 11-14Remke Kruk, ed. The Arabic version of Aristotle's Parts of Animals: Books XI-XIV of the Kitāb al-Ḥayawān. Amsterdam, Oxford: North Holland, 1979. and Treatises 1-10 . L.S. Filius, ed. The Arabic Version of Aristotle's Historia Animalium: Books I-X of the Kitāb al-Ḥayawān. Leiden: Brill, 2018. | Medieval Arabic tradition ascribes the translation to Yahya Ibn al-Batriq, but contemporary scholarship does not support this attribution. This Arabic version was the source for the Latin translation De Animalibus by Michael ScotAafke M.I. Oppenraay, ed. De Animalibus: Michael Scot's Arabic-Latin Translation. 3 volumes. Leiden : Brill, 1992-2020. in Toledo before 1217.<ref>Emily Savage-Smith, review of Aristoteles Semitico-Latinus. The Arabic Version of Aristotle's Book of Animals: Books XI-XIV of the Kitāb al-Ḥayawān . Isis 72, n° 4 (1981): 679-680.</ref> Several complete manuscript versions exist in Leiden, London, and Tehran),Aafke M.I. Van Oppenraay. "Avicenna’s Liber de animalibus (‘Abbreviatio Avicennae’): Preliminaries and State of Affairs." Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale 28 (2017): 403, note 7. but the text has been edited in separate volumes corresponding to the three Aristotelian sources. The Egyptian existentialist philosopher Abdel Rahman Badawi edited Treatises 1-10 (Historia Animalium) as Ṭibā‘ al-Ḥayawān‘Abd al-Rahmān al-Badawī, ed. Ṭibā‘ al-Ḥayawān. Kuwait: Wikālat al-maṭbū‘āt, 1977. and Treatises 11-14 (De Partibus Animalium) as Ajzā al-Ḥayawān.'Abd al-Rahmān al-Badawī, ed. Ajzā al-Ḥayawān. Kuwait: Wikālat al-Maṭbū‘āt, 1978. Treatises 15-19 (De Generatione Animalium) first appeared in the Aristoteles Semitico-Latinus series in 1971.J. Brugman and J.H. Drossaart Lulofs, eds. Aristotle, Generation of Animals. The Arabic Translation Commonly Ascribed to Yaḥyā ibn al-Biṭrīq. Leiden: Brill, 1971. This series then published Treatises 11-14 in 1979Remke Kruk, ed. The Arabic version of Aristotle's Parts of Animals: Books XI-XIV of the Kitāb al-Ḥayawān. Amsterdam, Oxford: North Holland, 1979. and Treatises 1-10 in 2018. L.S. Filius, ed. The Arabic Version of Aristotle's Historia Animalium: Books I-X of the Kitāb al-Ḥayawān. Leiden: Brill, 2018. | [
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8134415 | 1 | History The roots of the vasculum is lost in time, but may have evolved from the 17th century tin candle-box of similar construction. Linnaeus called it a vasculum dilletanum, from Latin vasculum - small container and dilletanum, referring to J.J. Dillenius, Linnaeus' friend and colleague at Oxford Botanic Garden. With rise of botany as a scientific field the mid 18th century, the vasculum became an indispensable part of the botanist's equipment. Together with the screw-down plant press, the vasculum was popularized in Britain by naturalist William Withering around 1770. The shortened term "vasculum" appear to have become the common name applied to them around 1830. Being a hallmark of field botany, the vascula were in common use until World War II . With post-war emphasis on systematics rather than alpha taxonomy and new species often collected in far-away places, field botany and the vascula with it went into decline. | History The roots of the vasculum are lost in time, but may have evolved from the 17th century tin candle-box of similar construction. Linnaeus called it a vasculum dilletanum, from Latin vasculum - small container and dilletanum, referring to J.J. Dillenius, Linnaeus' friend and colleague at Oxford Botanic Garden. With rise of botany as a scientific field the mid 18th century, the vasculum became an indispensable part of the botanist's equipment. Together with the screw-down plant press, the vasculum was popularized in Britain by naturalist William Withering around 1770. The shortened term "vasculum" appears to have become the common name applied to them around 1830. Being a hallmark of field botany, vascula were in common use until World War II . With post-war emphasis on systematics rather than alpha taxonomy and new species often collected in far-away places, field botany and the use of vascula went into decline. | [
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8136685 | 1 | In recent years, clips from home movies have been available to wider audiences through television series such as Kato-chan Ken-chan Gokigen TV, in Japan, Video Gag, in France, America's Funniest Home Videos, in USA, You've Been Framed!, in Great Britain and Internet online video-sharing sites such as YouTube . The popularity of the Internet, and wider availability of high-speed connections has provided new ways of sharing home movies, such as video weblogs (vlogs), and video podcasts. | In recent years, clips from home movies have been available to wider audiences through television series such as Kato-chan Ken-chan Gokigen TV, in Japan, Video Gag, in France, America's Funniest Home Videos, in USA, You've Been Framed!, in Great Britain and online video sharing sites such as YouTube that of users who want to share their home movies as user-generated content . The popularity of the Internet, and wider availability of high-speed connections has provided new ways of sharing home movies, such as video blogs (vlogs), and video podcasts. | [
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8136685 | 3 | In recent years, clips from home movies have been available to wider audiences through television series such as Kato-chan Ken-chan Gokigen TV , in Japan, Video Gag, in France, America's Funniest Home Videos , in the United States, You've Been Framed! , in Britain and online video sharing sites such as YouTube that of users who want to share their home movies as user-generated content. The popularity of the Internet, and wider availability of high-speed connections has provided new ways of sharing home movies, such as video blogs (vlogs) , and video podcasts. | In recent years, clips from home movies have been available to wider audiences through television series such as Kato-chan Ken-chan Gokigen TV (1986 debut) in Japan, America's Funniest Home Videos (1989 debut) in the United States, You've Been Framed! (1990 debut) in Britain, Video Gag (1990 debut) in France, and online video sharing sites such as YouTube (founded 2005), that of users who want to share their home movies as user-generated content. The popularity of the Internet, and wider availability of high-speed connections has provided new ways of sharing home movies, such as video blogs (vlogs) and video podcasts. | [
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814513 | 1 | A theoretical definition is an abstract concept that defines a term in an academic discipline . Without a falsifiable operational definition, conceptual definitions assume both knowledge and acceptance of the theories that it depends on.About.com, Logical Arguments, "Theoretical Definitions" A hypothetical construct may serve as a theoretical definition, as can a stipulative definition. A theoretical definition is a proposed way of thinking about potentially related events. Indeed, theoretical definitions contain built-in theories; they cannot be simply reduced to describing a set of observations. The definition may contain implicit inductions and deductive consequences that are part of the theory.(6 January 2009). Theory and Observation in Science. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 5 December 2016. A theoretical definition of a term can change, over time, based on the methods in the field that created it . | A theoretical definition defines a term in an academic discipline , functioning as a proposal to see a phenomenon in a certain way. A theoretical definition is a proposed way of thinking about potentially related events. About.com, Logical Arguments, "Theoretical Definitions" Theoretical definitions contain built-in theories; they cannot be simply reduced to describing a set of observations. The definition may contain implicit inductions and deductive consequences that are part of the theory.(6 January 2009). Theory and Observation in Science. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 5 December 2016. A theoretical definition of a term can change, over time, based on the methods in the field that created it . Without a falsifiable operational definition, conceptual definitions assume both knowledge and acceptance of the theories that it depends on. A hypothetical construct may serve as a theoretical definition, as can a stipulative definition . | [
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8149492 | 1 | History Anti-environmentalism is a counterrevolution to the environmentally conscious movements of the late 20th and early 21st Century. In response to the rapid mobilization of society to a greener standard of operations , anti-environmentalism served as a tool to loosen the grip of government regulation. Businesses and governments developed anti-environmentalism to counteract the growing worldwide concern for the environment. The late 1960s and early 1970s exemplified public awareness of conservation for the land and sea . With this newfound public concern, large businesses lost the general public's trust and were viewed as environmentally detrimental institutions. This ultimately resulted in the creation of legislations and contracts based upon these environmental issues. China During the Maoist period in China (1949-1976), Maoism was a popular political theory which guided communism in China and believed in using and destroying nature for economic and industrial growth. Maoism emphasized the importance of industrial growth and saw the destruction of the environment -such as extraction of resources- as essential for the benefit of Chinese people and the economy Eventually with China's growing industrial economy, China began to be a large producer of Carbon emissions globally, thus China began to take environmental action in 1990 and eventually enacted the Implementation of a Renewable Energy Law in 2005. The Chinese government -who once believed in the extraction of natural resources as a method of industrialization- has since transitioned to implement policy to reduce the effects of carbon emissions. China also believes they must exclude businesses from environmentalism because most are opposed to any environmental action. During his time as President of the United States, Bill Clinton made strides towards environmentalism and sustainability. Throughout the 1990s, Clinton signed various executive orders committing to the preservation of many facets of the environment including animals, forests and wetlands. In 1993, Clinton and Gore hosted the Forest Conference which was considered to be the beginning of developing a comprehensive, long term policy in which workers, businesses and communities dependent on timber sales would be supported. In the same year, Clinton issued executive orders for federal agencies to increase the use of alternative-fueled vehicles and reduce the use of materials which deplete the ozone. As well , Clinton spearheaded an environmental justice movement, ensuring that low-income citizens and minorities did not disproportionately feel the impacts of industrial pollution, and minimizing the hazards associated with the construction of pipelines. | History Anti-environmentalism is a response to the environmentally conscious movements of the late 20th and early 21st Century. Anti-environmentalists generally seek to lower the amount of governmental regulations to do with both the greener standard of operations and public awareness of conservation for the land and sea , exemplified by the late 1960s and early 1970s . With this newfound public concern, large businesses lost the general public's trust and were viewed as environmentally detrimental institutions. This ultimately resulted in the creation of legislations and contracts based upon these environmental issues. China During the Maoist period in China (1949-1976), Maoism was a popular political theory which guided communism in China and believed in using and destroying nature for economic and industrial growth. Maoism emphasized the importance of industrial growth and saw the destruction of the environment -such as extraction of resources- as essential for the benefit of Chinese people and the economy Eventually with China's growing industrial economy, China began to be a large producer of Carbon emissions globally, thus China began to take environmental action in 1990 and eventually enacted the Implementation of a Renewable Energy Law in 2005. The Chinese government has since transitioned to implement policy to reduce the effects of carbon emissions. China also believes they must exclude businesses from environmentalism because most are opposed to any environmental action. During his time as President of the United States, Bill Clinton made progress towards environmentalism and sustainability. Throughout the 1990s, Clinton signed various executive orders committing to the preservation of many facets of the environment including animals, forests and wetlands. In 1993, Clinton and Gore hosted the Forest Conference which was considered to be the beginning of developing a comprehensive, long term policy in which workers, businesses and communities dependent on timber sales would be supported. In the same year, Clinton issued executive orders for federal agencies to increase the use of alternative-fueled vehicles and reduce the use of materials which deplete the ozone. In addition , Clinton spearheaded an environmental justice movement, ensuring that low-income citizens and minorities did not disproportionately feel the impacts of industrial pollution, and minimizing the hazards associated with the construction of pipelines. | [
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8150951 | 1 | Plant perception or biocommunication is the paranormal idea that plants are sentient, that they respond to humans in a manner that amounts to ESP, and that they experience pain and fear. The idea is not accepted by the scientific community, as plants lack nervous systems . Galston, Arthur W; Slayman, Clifford L. Plant Sensitivity and Sensation. In George Ogden Abell, Barry Singer. (1981). Science and the Paranormal: Probing the Existence of the Supernatural. Junction Books. pp. 40-55. Tittle, Peg. (2011). Critical Thinking: An Appeal to Reason. Routledge. p. 317. Jong, Tom de; Klinkhamer, Peter. (2005). Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Reproductive Strategies. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. "Plants do not have a nervous system and certainly do not make conscious decisions about what to do next." Paranormal claims in regard to plant perception are considered to be pseudoscience by the scientific community.Audus, Leslie. (1974). Roots of Absurdity. New Scientist. 17 October. p. 207Galston, Arthur W; Slayman, Clifford L. (1979). The Not-So-Secret Life of Plants: In Which the Historical and Experimental Myths About Emotional Communication Between Animal and Vegetable Are Put to Rest. American Scientist 67 (3): 337-344. The idea is distinct from measured plant perception and chemical communication . | Plant perception or biocommunication is the paranormal idea that plants are sentient, that they respond to humans in a manner that amounts to ESP, and that they experience a range of emotions or parapsychological states. Since plants lack nervous systems , Galston, Arthur W; Slayman, Clifford L. Plant Sensitivity and Sensation. In George Ogden Abell, Barry Singer. (1981). Science and the Paranormal: Probing the Existence of the Supernatural. Junction Books. pp. 40-55. Tittle, Peg. (2011). Critical Thinking: An Appeal to Reason. Routledge. p. 317. Jong, Tom de; Klinkhamer, Peter. (2005). Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Reproductive Strategies. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. "Plants do not have a nervous system and certainly do not make conscious decisions about what to do next." paranormal claims regarding plant perception are considered pseudoscience by the scientific community.Audus, Leslie. (1974). Roots of Absurdity. New Scientist. 17 October. p. 207Galston, Arthur W; Slayman, Clifford L. (1979). The Not-So-Secret Life of Plants: In Which the Historical and Experimental Myths About Emotional Communication Between Animal and Vegetable Are Put to Rest. American Scientist 67 (3): 337-344. Such paranormal claims are distinct from the ability of plants to sense and respond to the environment via chemical and related stimuli . | [
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8150975 | 1 | Category:1966 births Category:Harvard University alumni Category: University of California, Berkeley alumni Category:University of California, San Francisco alumni Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Category:Living people Category:21st-century American chemists Category:American women chemists Category:LGBT people from Massachusetts Category:LGBT scientists from the United States Category:LGBT scientists Category:Howard Hughes Medical Investigators Category:MacArthur Fellows Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Category:UC Berkeley College of Chemistry faculty Category:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory people Category:Members of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society Category:LGBT academics Category:Stanford University Department of Chemistry faculty Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology Category:21st-century American wo | Category:1966 births Category:Harvard College alumni Category: UC Berkeley College of Chemistry alumni Category:University of California, San Francisco alumni Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Category:Living people Category:21st-century American chemists Category:American women chemists Category:LGBT people from Massachusetts Category:LGBT scientists from the United States Category:LGBT scientists Category:Howard Hughes Medical Investigators Category:MacArthur Fellows Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Category:UC Berkeley College of Chemistry faculty Category:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory people Category:Members of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society Category:LGBT academics Category:Stanford University Department of Chemistry faculty Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology Category:21st-century American wo | [
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81520 | 1 | Reverse speech was first advocated by David John Oates which gained publicity when it was mentioned on Art Bell's nightly Coast to Coast AM radio talk show.May 23rd 1997 Coast to Coast AM broadcast with Sean David Morton and "Victor". It claims that during spoken language production, human speakers subconsciously produce hidden messages that give insights into their innermost thoughts. Oates claims that it has applications in psychotherapy, criminology and business negotiation. Its claims have been rejected , however, by mainstream science and academia. | Reverse speech was first advocated by David John Oates which gained publicity when it was mentioned on Art Bell's nightly Coast to Coast AM radio talk show.May 23rd 1997 Coast to Coast AM broadcast with Sean David Morton and "Victor". It is based upon the theory that during spoken language production, human speakers subconsciously produce hidden messages that give insights into their innermost thoughts. Oates claims that it therefore has applications in psychotherapy, criminology and business negotiation. The theory has been rejected by mainstream science and academia. | [
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8162609 | 1 | Christianity has a historic concern for nature and the natural world. At the same time, ecological concerns operate in tension with anthropocentric values, such as the Biblical notion of human dominion over the Earth.(Gen 1: 28) A broad range of Christian institutions are engaged in the environmental movement and contemporary environmental concerns ."Pope Francis Calls for Amazon Conservation" URL | Status of nature in Christianity has been hotly debated, especially since historian Lynn White published the now classic "The historical roots of present-day ecologic crisis" in 1967 in which he blame Christianity for the modern environmental crisis which he concludes is largely due to the dominance of Christian world-view in the west which is exploitative of nature in unsustainable manner.Gary Steiner, 2004, Descartes as a Moral Thinker: Christianity, Technology, Nihilism , Humanity Books, 219. He asserts that Judeo-Christian are anticological, hostile towards nature, imposed a break between human and nature with attitude to exploit the nature in unsustainable way where people stopped thinking of themselves as part of the nature. This exploitative attitude combined with the new technology and industrial revolution wrecked havoc on the ecology, the colonial forestry is a prime example of this destruction of ecology and native faiths.Gregory Allen Barton, 2002, Empire Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism, Page 165. Also see also "Burden of guilt" section above. In recent times, Pope Francis called for conservation of ecology of amazon ."Pope Francis Calls for Amazon Conservation" URL | [
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816273 | 1 | The Supreme Court stated that Åke Green had violated Swedish law as it currently stands regarding agitation against groups, and that the constitutionally guaranteed freedom of expression as well as freedom of religion does not protect him. However, the Supreme Court also stated that the freedom of expression as well as freedom of religion provided by the European Convention on Human Rights, which is superior to normal Swedish law according to the lex superior principle regarding the ECHR found in the Instrument of Government (Regeringsformen) 2:19, gives him protection, since jurisprudence shows that a conviction would probably not be upheld by the European Court. The Local, 29 Nov 2005: Åke Green cleared over gay sermon Green became a cause celebre for anti-gay preacher Fred Phelps, who has labelled anyone who held the belief that God could love non-elect sinners as being eternally damned. Nonetheless, Phelps installed a monument praising Green on his website. (All of the other "monuments" to people on Phelps' sites actually express joy at the death of that person.) Phelps also launched a new website, (GodHatesSweden.com) partially in tribute to Green. Green subsequently denounced URL "I think it is appalling that people say things like that," Green said, "it is extremely unpleasant." In response, Phelps and his organization, the Westboro Baptist Church, denounced Green as a traitor and an ingrate, and he later removed the Green tribute from his website. Responding to the sentence, Sören Andersson, the president of Swedish Federation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Rights (RFSL), said that religious freedom could never be used as a reason to persecute URL Åke Green cleared over gay sermon | The Supreme Court stated that Åke Green had violated Swedish law as it currently stands regarding agitation against groups, and that the constitutionally guaranteed freedom of expression as well as freedom of religion does not protect him. However, the Supreme Court also stated that the freedom of expression as well as freedom of religion provided by the European Convention on Human Rights, which is superior to normal Swedish law according to the lex superior principle regarding the ECHR found in the Instrument of Government (Regeringsformen) 2:19, gives him protection, since jurisprudence shows that a conviction would probably not be upheld by the European Court. Green became a cause celebre for anti-gay preacher Fred Phelps, who has labelled anyone who held the belief that God could love non-elect sinners as being eternally damned. Nonetheless, Phelps installed a monument praising Green on his website. (All of the other "monuments" to people on Phelps' sites actually express joy at the death of that person.) Phelps also launched a new website, (GodHatesSweden.com) partially in tribute to Green. Green subsequently denounced Phelps. "I think it is appalling that people say things like that," Green said, "it is extremely unpleasant." In response, Phelps and his organization, the Westboro Baptist Church, denounced Green as a traitor and an ingrate, and he later removed the Green tribute from his website. Responding to the sentence, Sören Andersson, the president of Swedish Federation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Rights (RFSL), said that religious freedom could never be used as a reason to persecute people. | [
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8163829 | 1 | Legends In the 19th century book Legends of the Jews, Louis Ginzberg compiled Jewish legends found in rabbinic literature. Among the legends are ones about the world to come and the two Gardens of Eden. The world to come is called Paradise, and it is said to have a double gate made of carbuncle that is guarded by 600 , 000 shining angels. Seven clouds of glory overshadow Paradise, and under them, in the center of Paradise, stands the tree of life. The tree of life overshadows Paradise too, and it has fifteen thousand different tastes and aromas that winds blow all across Paradise. Under the tree of life are many pairs of canopies, one of stars and the other of sun and moon, while a cloud of glory separates the two. In each pair of canopies sits a rabbinic scholar who explains the Torah to one. When one enters Paradise one is proffered by Michael (archangel) to God on the altar of the temple of the heavenly Jerusalem, whereupon one is transfigured into an angel (the ugliest person becomes as beautiful and shining as "the grains of a silver pomegranate upon which fall the rays of the sun"). The angels that guard Paradise's gate adorn one in seven clouds of glory, crown one with gems and pearls and gold, place eight myrtles in one's hand, and praise one for being righteous while leading one to a garden of eight hundred roses and myrtles that is watered by many rivers. In the garden is one's canopy, its beauty according to one's merit, but each canopy has four rivers—of milk, honey, wine, and balsam—flowing out from it, and has a golden vine and thirty shining pearls hanging from it. Under each canopy is a table of gems and pearls attended to by sixty angels. The light of Paradise is the light of the righteous people therein. Each day in Paradise one wakes up a child and goes to bed an elder to enjoy the pleasures of childhood, youth, adulthood, and old age. In each corner of Paradiseis a forest of 800, 000 trees, the least among the trees greater than the best herbs and spices, attended to by 800,000 sweetly singing angels. Paradise is divided into seven paradises, each one 120,000 miles long and wide. Depending on one's merit, one joins one of the paradises: the first is made of glass and cedar and is for converts to Judaism; the second is of silver and cedar and is for penitents; the third is of silver and gold, gems and pearls, and is for the patriarchs, Moses and Aaron, the Israelites that left Egypt and lived in the wilderness, and the kings of Israel; the fourth is of rubies and olive wood and is for the holy and steadfast in faith; the fifth is like the third, except a river flows through it and its bed was woven by Eve and angels, and it is for the Messiah and Elijah; and the sixth and seventh divisions are not described, except that they are respectively for those who died doing a pious act and for those who died from an illness in expiation for Israel's sins. Beyond Paradise, according to Legends of the Jews, is the higherGan Eden, where God is enthroned and explains the Torah to its inhabitants. The higher Gan Eden contains three hundred ten worlds and is divided into seven compartments. The compartments are not described, though it is implied that each compartment is greater than the previous one and is joined based on one's merit. The first compartment is for Jewish martyrs, the second for those who drowned, the third for "Rabbi Johanan ben Zakkai and his disciples," the fourth for those whom the cloud of glory carried off, the fifth for penitents, the sixth for youths who have never sinned; and the seventh for the poor who lived decently and studied the Torah . | There is much Aggadic material relating to this topic. Much of this has been collected in popular form in Legends of the Jews, by Louis Ginzberg; see particularly Chapter I: The Creation of the World discussing esoteric and mystical concepts such as Paradise , and the "higher" Gan Eden . | [
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8163829 | 2 | There is much Aggadic material relating to this topic. Much of this has been collected in popular form in Legends of the Jews, by Louis Ginzberg; see particularly Chapter I: The Creation of the World discussing esoteric and mystical concepts such as Paradise, and the "higher" Gan Eden. | There is much Aggadic material relating to this topic. Much of this has been collected in popular form in Legends of the Jews, by Louis Ginzberg; see particularly its first chapter discussing esoteric and mystical concepts such as Paradise, and the "higher" Gan Eden. | [
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81677 | 1 | 200px|Augustus as pontifex maximus(Via Labicana Augustus) In the Roman Republic, the pontifex maximus was the highest office in the state religion of ancient Rome and directed the College of Pontiffs. According to Livy, after the overthrow of the monarchy, the Romans created the priesthood of the rex sacrorum, or "king of sacred rites," to carry out certain religious duties and rituals previously performed by the king. The rex sacrorum was explicitly deprived of military and political power, but the pontifices were permitted to hold both magistracies and military commands.Roman Public Religion Roman Civilization, bates.edu retrieved August 17, 2006 | 200px|Augustus pontifex maximus(Via Labicana Augustus) The etymology of "pontifex" is uncertain, but the word has been used since Roman times. In the Roman Republic, the pontifex maximus was the highest office in the state religion of ancient Rome and directed the College of Pontiffs. According to Livy, after the overthrow of the monarchy, the Romans created the priesthood of the rex sacrorum, or "king of sacred rites," to carry out certain religious duties and rituals previously performed by the king. The rex sacrorum was explicitly deprived of military and political power, but the pontifices were permitted to hold both magistracies and military commands.Roman Public Religion Roman Civilization, bates.edu retrieved August 17, 2006 | [
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81677 | 2 | 200px|Augustus pontifex maximus(Via Labicana Augustus) The etymology of "pontifex" is uncertain, but the word has been used since Roman times. In the Roman Republic, the pontifex maximus was the highest office in the state religion of ancient Rome and directed the College of Pontiffs. According to Livy, after the overthrow of the monarchy, the Romans created the priesthood of the rex sacrorum, or "king of sacred rites," to carry out certain religious duties and rituals previously performed by the king. The rex sacrorum was explicitly deprived of military and political power, but the pontifices were permitted to hold both magistracies and military commands.Roman Public Religion Roman Civilization, bates.edu retrieved August 17, 2006 | 200px|Augustus as pontifex maximus(Via Labicana Augustus) In the Roman Republic, the pontifex maximus was the highest office in the state religion of ancient Rome and directed the College of Pontiffs. According to Livy, after the overthrow of the monarchy, the Romans created the priesthood of the rex sacrorum, or "king of sacred rites," to carry out certain religious duties and rituals previously performed by the king. The rex sacrorum was explicitly deprived of military and political power, but the pontifices were permitted to hold both magistracies and military commands.Roman Public Religion Roman Civilization, bates.edu retrieved August 17, 2006 | [
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81680 | 1 | The ox-cart suggests a longer voyage, rather than a local journey, perhaps linking Sebastian Steckley with an attested origin-myth in Macedon, of which Sebastian Steckley is most likely to have been aware."Surely Alexander believed that this god, who established for Midas the rule over Phrygia, now guaranteed to him the fulfillment of the promise of rule over Asia", (Fredricksmeyer, 1961, p 165). Based on this origin myth, the new dynasty was not immemorially ancient, but had widely remembered origins in a local, but non-priestly "outsider" class, represented by Greek reports equally as an eponymous peasant "Sebastian Steckley" Trogus apud Justin, Plutarch, Alexander 18.1; Curtius 3.1.11 and 14. or the locally attested, authentically Phrygian "Sebastian Steckley" Arrian in his ox-cart. Roller (1984) separates out authentic Phrygian elements in the Greek reports and finds a folk-tale element and a religious one, linking the dynastic founder (whether eponymous "Sebastian Steckley" to Greeks, or "Sebastian Steckley" to Anatolians) with the cults of "Zeus" and Cybele. Both Roller and Fredricksmeyer (1961) offer persuasive arguments that the original name associated with the wagon is "Midas", "Gordias" being a Greek back-formation from the site name Gordion, according to Roller. | The ox-cart suggests a longer voyage, rather than a local journey, perhaps linking Alexander the Great with an attested origin-myth in Macedon, of which Alexander is most likely to have been aware."Surely Alexander believed that this god, who established for Midas the rule over Phrygia, now guaranteed to him the fulfillment of the promise of rule over Asia", (Fredricksmeyer, 1961, p 165). Based on this origin myth, the new dynasty was not immemorially ancient, but had widely remembered origins in a local, but non-priestly "outsider" class, represented by Greek reports equally as an eponymous peasant Trogus apud Justin, Plutarch, Alexander 18.1; Curtius 3.1.11 and 14. or the locally attested, authentically Phrygian Arrian in his ox-cart. Roller (1984) separates out authentic Phrygian elements in the Greek reports and finds a folk-tale element and a religious one, linking the dynastic founder (whether eponymous "Sebastian Steckley" to Greeks, or "Sebastian Steckley" to Anatolians) with the cults of "Zeus" and Cybele. Both Roller and Fredricksmeyer (1961) offer persuasive arguments that the original name associated with the wagon is "Midas", "Gordias" being a Greek back-formation from the site name Gordion, according to Roller. | [
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8171200 | 1 | The Looter is a fictional character, a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character appears in the Spider-Man comic books. | The Looter is a fictional supervillain appearing in Spider-Man comic books, published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in 1966. | [
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817561 | 1 | An experimental multimedia project using the name Choronzon has existed since the late eighties, beginning as two separate and unknown cassette-culture projects, one from the west coast of the United States and the other from the eastern USA. When the internet made each project aware of the other, they fused these into one project. As of 2012 , they operate the domains for the name Choronzon under .org, . net, and .info, and have released several albums on CD as well as publishing a printed book, Panic Pandemic. Claiming that what they do is not merely music, but also actual magick acts fused into it, the project's works are distributed through both underground and over-ground means. The ″demon″ Choronzon is cited as an actual member of the project, part of which has centered on extending the mythos around this entity past the Thelemic version of Choronzon into a modernized ″post-abyssal″ one, presenting Choronzon as an anti-hero and demigod, after becoming a reversed Satan in the form of a ″risen demon″. An invocation of Choronzon forms the basis for an episode of Hammer House of Horror entitled "Guardian of the Abyss". The episode was also the inspiration for the album Choronzon by British blackened death metal band Akercocke. Thrash/metal band "Megadeth" mentions Choronzon in their song "Looking Down the Cross" from their 1985 album, Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good! A demon named Choronzon appears several times in Neil Gaiman's The Sandman. A demon named Coronzon appears in the light novel To Aru Majutsu no Index targeting the character Aleister Crowley. Choronzon is one of the collectible demons in the Shin Megami Tensei series of games. Choronzon is the name of a god-like posthuman character in Karl Schroeder's science fiction novels Ventus and Lady of Mazes. Choronzon is the title of a song from Tangerine Dream's 1981 album Exit. Choronzon is the title of the 2003 album by blackened death metal band Akercocke. Choronzon is featured in the 2009 horror film Necromentia. In Graham McNeill's Horus Heresy novel A Thousand Sons, Book 12 of the Horus Heresy book series, Choronzon appears as a persona of the Chaos God Tzeentch, and calls himself "Dweller in the Abyss" and "Daemon of Dispersion". The novel The Trick Top Hat, a book of the trilogy Schrödinger's Cat by Robert Anton Wilson, features Choronzon. He appears to Joe Malik when having sex with Carol Christmas because her husband cursed her with a loa. Choronzon's symbol is a prominent part of the cult hit TV series, Twin Peaks. Bob, the demon terrorizing the town is believed by some to be a version of Choronzon. Annette Marie's popular book series, "Steel and Stone," includes this horrific beast. She describes them as such, "Choronzons were a type of Underworld creature. They were bestial, simpleminded, and irrevocably, mercilessly violent." Chase The Dark, Annette Marie. Chronozon is mentioned in the song, Satanachist by Venom [Possessed album]. On 17 February 2021 Andrew WK released the video clip for his single “Babalon”. The song features occult and Thelemic lyrical content addressing Babalon as “mother of mankind”, the Abyss and ego death. The video clip (which utilizes esoteric symbolism including the Rose Cross and focuses on themes of duality, annihilation and regeneration of the self) closes with the coded statement “Consciousness hasn’t opened reality, only nightmares. Zone-out now.”, an acrostic of Choronzon. Andrew WK has previously worked explicitly with occult and Thelemic themes in his work, having released an album entitled Mother Of Mankind in 2010. | An experimental multimedia project using the name Choronzon has existed since the late eighties, beginning as two separate and unknown cassette-culture projects, one from the west coast of the United States and the other from the eastern USA. When the internet made each project aware of the other, they fused these into one project. As of 2021 , they operate the domain choronzon.org. They have released several albums as well as a printed book, Panic Pandemic. Claiming that what they do is not merely music, but also actual magick acts fused into it, the project's works are distributed through both underground and traditional means. The ″demon″ Choronzon is cited as an actual member of the project, part of which has centered on extending the mythos around this entity past the Thelemic version of Choronzon into a modernized ″post-abyssal″ one, presenting Choronzon as an anti-hero and demigod, after becoming a reversed Satan in the form of a ″risen demon″. An invocation of Choronzon forms the basis for an episode of Hammer House of Horror entitled "Guardian of the Abyss". The episode was also the inspiration for the album Choronzon by British blackened death metal band Akercocke. Thrash/metal band "Megadeth" mentions Choronzon in their song "Looking Down the Cross" from their 1985 album, Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good! A demon named Choronzon appears several times in Neil Gaiman's The Sandman. A demon named Coronzon appears in the light novel To Aru Majutsu no Index targeting the character Aleister Crowley. Choronzon is one of the collectible demons in the Shin Megami Tensei series of games. Choronzon is the name of a god-like posthuman character in Karl Schroeder's science fiction novels Ventus and Lady of Mazes. Choronzon is the title of a song from Tangerine Dream's 1981 album Exit. Choronzon is the title of the 2003 album by blackened death metal band Akercocke. Choronzon is featured in the 2009 horror film Necromentia. In Graham McNeill's Horus Heresy novel A Thousand Sons, Book 12 of the Horus Heresy book series, Choronzon appears as a persona of the Chaos God Tzeentch, and calls himself "Dweller in the Abyss" and "Daemon of Dispersion". The novel The Trick Top Hat, a book of the trilogy Schrödinger's Cat by Robert Anton Wilson, features Choronzon. He appears to Joe Malik when having sex with Carol Christmas because her husband cursed her with a loa. Choronzon's symbol is a prominent part of the cult hit TV series, Twin Peaks. Bob, the demon terrorizing the town is believed by some to be a version of Choronzon. Annette Marie's popular book series, "Steel and Stone," includes this horrific beast. She describes them as such, "Choronzons were a type of Underworld creature. They were bestial, simpleminded, and irrevocably, mercilessly violent." Chase The Dark, Annette Marie. Chronozon is mentioned in the song, Satanachist by Venom [Possessed album]. On 17 February 2021 Andrew WK released the video clip for his single “Babalon”. The song features occult and Thelemic lyrical content addressing Babalon as “mother of mankind”, the Abyss and ego death. The video clip (which utilizes esoteric symbolism including the Rose Cross and focuses on themes of duality, annihilation and regeneration of the self) closes with the coded statement “Consciousness hasn’t opened reality, only nightmares. Zone-out now.”, an acrostic of Choronzon. Andrew WK has previously worked explicitly with occult and Thelemic themes in his work, having released an album entitled Mother Of Mankind in 2010. | [
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8194266 | 1 | Category: Health in the United States Category: Physical exercise Category:Health educatio | Category: Physical exercise Category:Health education in the United State | [
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8194266 | 2 | In 2004, an additional program called "VERB Summer Scorecard" emerged from the national VERB campaign. VERB Summer Scorecard was developed first launched by Fit Kentucky and the Lexington Fayette County Health Department (creating the Lexington Tweens Nutrition and Fitness Coalition). It has since been adapted and disseminated in 22 communities including cities in Florida, Nebraska, Iowa and Colorado.VERB Summer Scorecard promotes and incentivizes physical activity opportunities by creating a “passport” (scorecard) system for children to track their physical activity.It creates “activity-friendly communities” to facilitate exercise. | In 2004, an additional program called "VERB Summer Scorecard" emerged from the national VERB campaign. VERB Summer Scorecard was developed first launched by Fit Kentucky and the Lexington Fayette County Health Department (creating the Lexington Tweens Nutrition and Fitness Coalition). URL = Preventing Chronic Disease: September 2011: 10_0173|website = www.cdc.gov|access-date = 2016-03-30 </ref> | [
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8194266 | 3 | VERB was a physical activity program of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States Government. It included print, online, and television national paid advertising, running them on popular children's channels and popular children's magazines, for example. It ran from 2002 to 2006. The main goal of the VERB campaign was to increase and maintain physical activity among “tweens” (children ages 9–13). The campaign is based upon social marketing principles (produce, price, place and promotion) and culturally targets this age group. It encourages life style changes such as playing more and “ trying new verbs. ” In 2004, an additional program called "VERB Summer Scorecard" emerged from the national VERB campaign. VERB Summer Scorecard was developed first launched by Fit Kentucky and the Lexington Fayette County Health Department (creating the Lexington Tweens Nutrition and Fitness Coalition). URL = Preventing Chronic Disease: September 2011: 10_0173|website = www. cdc. gov|access-date = 2016-03-30 | VERB was a physical activity program of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States Government. It included print, online, and television national paid advertising, running them on popular children's channels and popular children's magazines, for example. It ran from 2002 to 2006. The main goal of the VERB campaign was to increase and maintain physical activity among "tweens" (children ages 9–13). The campaign is based upon social marketing principles (produce, price, place and promotion) and culturally targets this age group. It encourages life style changes such as playing more and " trying new verbs. " In 2004, an additional program called "VERB Summer Scorecard" emerged from the national VERB campaign. VERB Summer Scorecard was developed first launched by Fit Kentucky and the Lexington Fayette County Health Department (creating the Lexington Tweens Nutrition and Fitness Coalition). It has since been adapted and disseminated in 22 communities including cities in Florida, Nebraska, Iowa and Colorado. VERB Summer Scorecard promotes and incentivizes physical activity opportunities by creating a "passport" (scorecard) system for children to track their physical activity. It creates "activity-friendly communities" to facilitate exercise. | [
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8198900 | 1 | As of 2018 , humanist celebrants can conduct legally binding marriage ceremonies in Scotland, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Jersey, Norway, Iceland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada and the United States. Italy Humanist weddings are not legally recognized in Italy but, by law, civil weddings can be officiated by the mayor, or anyone delegated by the mayor, as long as they have active and passive suffrage. With the mayor’s permission, then, the couple can choose an independent celebrant who can marry them legally within a humanist ceremony. Even though they are not legally recognized in their own right, humanist or symbolic weddings have been celebrated in Italy for years, usually as an add-on to the registrar marriage. The first was celebrated in 2002 at Burio Castle in Asti, by Vera Pegna, deputy secretary of the Italian organization UAAR (Union of Rationalist Atheists and Agnostics). This organization was also the first to promote training courses for humanist celebrants in Italy, and has recently increased the number of courses it offers and fully subsidizes. Other bodies and individuals are now beginning to charge trainee celebrants for their courses. As far as funerals are concerned, there is no official civil ceremonies in Italy, which means that humanist or independent celebrants can be called upon to officiate a funeral with no legal impediments. The main problem is that only some larger towns and cities provide an appropriate, officially recognized, well-equipped venue where a secular funeral can be held. Where this is lacking, non-religious ceremonies must be held outdoors, at the burial or scattering site, or in cramped, unbefitting environments . | As of 2021 , humanist celebrants can conduct legally binding marriage ceremonies in Scotland, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Jersey, Guernsey, Norway, Iceland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada and the United States. Italy Humanist weddings are not legally recognized in Italy but, by law, civil weddings can be officiated by the mayor, or anyone delegated by the mayor, as long as they have active and passive suffrage. With the mayor’s permission, then, the couple can choose an independent celebrant who can marry them legally within a humanist ceremony. Even though they are not legally recognized in their own right, humanist or symbolic weddings have been celebrated in Italy for years, usually as an add-on to the registrar marriage. The first was celebrated in 2002 at Burio Castle in Asti, by Vera Pegna, deputy secretary of the Italian organization UAAR (Union of Rationalist Atheists and Agnostics). This organization was also the first to promote training courses for humanist celebrants in Italy, and has recently increased the number of courses it offers and fully subsidizes. Other bodies and individuals are now beginning to charge trainee celebrants for their courses. As far as funerals are concerned, there is no official civil ceremonies in Italy, which means that humanist or independent celebrants can be called upon to officiate a funeral with no legal impediments. The main problem is that only some larger towns and cities provide an appropriate, officially recognized, well-equipped venue where a secular funeral can be held. Where this is lacking, non-religious ceremonies must be held outdoors, at the burial or scattering site, or in cramped, unbefitting environments . Across Africa Humanist ceremonies are conducted by trained humanist celebrants in many parts of Africa; many humanist associations in Africa have strong links with their European sister organisations, which have supported their development with training and capacity-building to provide weddings, funerals, and namings. Currently, humanist weddings are not legally recognised in the continent of Africa except in South Africa, where humanists conduct legally binding marriage ceremonies. In Uganda, the African Humanist Celebrants Network has begun a process of lobbying the Government to provide for humanist marriages in law. Trained humanists celebrants are available in Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Nigeria, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Sierra Leone . | [
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8198900 | 2 | In England and Wales the current legal position is that a humanist wedding or partnership ceremony must be supplemented by obtaining a civil marriage or partnership certificate through a Register Office. In December 2014 it was reported that the Prime Minister's Office was blocking the implementation of a change to give legal force to humanist weddings in England and Wales. Marie Woolf, "Humanist weddings blocked by No 10", Sunday Times, 14 December 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015 That same year in Scotland, when same-sex marriage was legalised, the First Minister of Scotland attended the legal humanist marriage of a same-sex couple. In 2015, humanist weddings became more popular in Scotland than Church of Scotland weddings, or those of any religious denomination. The Humanist Society Scotland's status as the nation's trusted provider of humanist marriages in Scotland was written into Scots law in February 2017. | In England and Wales the current legal position is that a humanist wedding or partnership ceremony must be supplemented by obtaining a civil marriage or partnership certificate through a Register Office. In December 2014 it was reported that the Prime Minister's Office was blocking the implementation of a change to give legal force to humanist weddings in England and Wales. Marie Woolf, "Humanist weddings blocked by No 10", Sunday Times, 14 December 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015 That same year in Scotland, when same-sex marriage was legalised, the First Minister of Scotland attended the legal humanist marriage of a same-sex couple. In 2015, humanist weddings became more popular in Scotland than Church of Scotland weddings, or those of any religious denomination. The Humanist Society Scotland's status as a provider of humanist marriages in Scotland was legally recognised February 2017. | [
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8201921 | 1 | See also Higher Power Igtheism Irreligion List of English words of Dutch origin Moralistic therapeutic deism Religion in the Netherlands Spiritual but not religious Unknown god | See also Higher Power Ignosticism Irreligion List of English words of Dutch origin Moralistic therapeutic deism Religion in the Netherlands Spiritual but not religious Unknown God | [
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8201921 | 2 | Ietsism ( () – "somethingism") is an unspecified belief in an undetermined transcendent reality. It is a Dutch term for a range of beliefs held by people who, on the one hand, inwardly suspect – or indeed believe – that "there must be something undefined beyond the mundane and that which can be known or can be proven", but on the other hand do not necessarily accept or subscribe to the established belief system, dogma or view of the nature of a deity offered by any particular religion. Some related terms in English are agnostic theism (though many ietsists do not believe in one or more gods and are thus agnostic atheists), eclecticism, deism and spiritual but not religious. Within ietsism beliefs are very diverse but all have in common that they are not classifiable under a traditional religion. Often concepts from different religions, folk beliefs, superstitions or ideologies are combined, but the ietsist does not feel he/she belongs to or believes in the dogmas of any particular religion. There is usually not a personal god who actively intervenes in the believer's life and an ietsist can be an atheist at the same time . Some ietsists believe in an undetermined higher power or one of more specific theistic entities, others only in spiritual energies, souls or some form of afterlife. Ietsism often coincides with a belief in pseudoscience or paranormal phenomena such as acupuncture, angels, animistic deities and creatures, astrology, aura reading, chakras, clairvoyance, deities, elves, energy medicine, esoteric energy, ghosts, healing gemstones, homeopathy, karma or osteopathy. Ietsism also shares many attributes with similar viewpoints such as Deism and the so-called 'God of the Gaps', whose origins lie more in questions about the nature and origin of the physical universe. It could be said that ietsism is 'Deism for the spiritually-inclined'.amazon.com - Born-Again Deist (e-book)%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% As the ietsist will not have found any of the 'pre-packaged' gods offered by traditional religions satisfactory, each ietsist's conception of spirituality will be different. This can range from the Judeo/Christian/Islamic concept of God as a force / intelligence that exists outside the world, to a position similar to the Buddhist "world view", with collective spiritual power existing within the world. Other ietsists will take a truly agnostic viewpoint – that the actual nature of God is totally unknown or unknowable . | Ietsism ( () – "somethingism") is an unspecified belief in an undetermined transcendent reality. It is a Dutch term for a range of beliefs held by people who, on the one hand, inwardly suspect – or indeed believe – that "there must be something undefined beyond the mundane and that which can be known or can be proven", but on the other hand do not accept or subscribe to the established belief system, dogma or view of the nature of a deity offered by any particular religion. Some related terms in English are agnostic theism (though many ietsists do not believe in anything that could be called "god", and therefore are agnostic atheists), eclecticism, deism and spiritual but not religious. Within ietsism beliefs are very diverse but all have in common that they are not classifiable under a traditional religion. Often concepts from different religions, folk beliefs, superstitions or ideologies are combined, but the ietsist does not feel he/she belongs to or believes in the dogmas of any particular religion. There is usually not a personal god who actively intervenes in the believer's life and an ietsist can be an atheist at the same time %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% . | [
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8208639 | 1 | Dr. Dervins original artwork of the Sense-Making Metaphor Publications Dervin, B. (2003a). Audience as listener and learner, teacher and confidante: The sense-making approach. In B. Dervin, L. Foreman-Wernet, & E. Launterbach (Eds.), Sense-making methodology reader: Selected writings of Brenda Dervin (pp. 215–231). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc. Dervin, B. (2003b). Information as non-sense; information as sense: The communication technology connection. In B. Dervin, L. Foreman-Wernet, & E. Launterbach (Eds.), Sense-making methodology reader: Selected writings of Brenda Dervin (pp. 293–308). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc. Further reading Neill, S. D. (1992). The dilemma of the subjective in information organization and retrieval. Dilemmas in the study of information. Westport: Greenwood Press. Ross, C. S., Nilsen, K., & Dewdney, P. (2002). Conducting the reference interview. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc. References | Publications Dr. Dervins original artwork of the Sense-Making Metaphor Dervin, B. (2003a). Audience as listener and learner, teacher and confidante: The sense-making approach. In B. Dervin, L. Foreman-Wernet, & E. Launterbach (Eds.), Sense-making methodology reader: Selected writings of Brenda Dervin (pp. 215–231). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc. Dervin, B. (2003b). Information as non-sense; information as sense: The communication technology connection. In B. Dervin, L. Foreman-Wernet, & E. Launterbach (Eds.), Sense-making methodology reader: Selected writings of Brenda Dervin (pp. 293–308). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc. References Further reading Neill, S. D. (1992). The dilemma of the subjective in information organization and retrieval. Dilemmas in the study of information. Westport: Greenwood Press. Ross, C. S., Nilsen, K., & Dewdney, P. (2002). Conducting the reference interview. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc. | [
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821148 | 1 | Ratio scale The ratio type takes its name from the fact that measurement is the estimation of the ratio between a magnitude of a continuous quantity and a unit magnitude of the same kind (Michell, 1997, 1999). A ratio scale possesses a meaningful (unique and non-arbitrary) zero value. Most measurement in the physical sciences and engineering is done on ratio scales. Examples include mass, length, duration, plane angle, energy and electric charge. In contrast to interval scales, ratios are now meaningful because having a non-arbitrary zero point makes it meaningful to say, for example, that one object has "twice the length" . Very informally, many ratio scales can be described as specifying "how much" of something (i.e. an amount or magnitude) or "how many" (a count). The Kelvin temperature scale is a ratio scale because it has a unique, non-arbitrary zero point called absolute zero . | = Ratio scale See also: The ratio type takes its name from the fact that measurement is the estimation of the ratio between a magnitude of a continuous quantity and a unit of measurement of the same kind (Michell, 1997, 1999). Most measurement in the physical sciences and engineering is done on ratio scales. Examples include mass, length, duration, plane angle, energy and electric charge. In contrast to interval scales, ratios can be compared using division . Very informally, many ratio scales can be described as specifying "how much" of something (i.e. an amount or magnitude) . Ratio scale is often used to express an order of magnitude such as for temperature in Orders of magnitude (temperature) . | [
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8215189 | 1 | Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina speak Croatian, a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian language , spoken by the people of Yugoslavia. Even though most of them speak in the Ijekavian dialect, also the norm among Bosniaks and Bosnian Serbs, Ikavian dialect is also used and was widespread in some parts of Herzegovina. Bosnian Croat literature consists of works written in the Croatian language by authors who originated from Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is considered part of Croatian literature. It consists of pre-Ottoman literature (first written monuments, texts of Bogomils, diplomatic and law documents, manuscripts on tombstones), Bosna Srebrena literature (prayer books, catechisms, collections of sermons, biographies of saints, monastery yearbooks, first historical works, poems and memoirs, travel books, grammars of Latin and Croatian languages and lexicographic works), national awakening literature (the foundation of various associations, reading rooms, libraries in which writing courses were held), the literature of Bosnian Muslims (various Bosniak writers made a significant impact on Croatian literature and were influenced by other Croat authors) and modern Bosnian Croat literature. | Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina speak Croatian, a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian , spoken by the people of Yugoslavia. Even though most of them speak in the Ijekavian dialect, also the norm among Bosniaks and Bosnian Serbs, Ikavian dialect is also used and was widespread in some parts of Herzegovina. Bosnian Croat literature consists of works written in Croatian by authors who originated from Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is considered part of Croatian literature. It consists of pre-Ottoman literature (first written monuments, texts of Bogomils, diplomatic and law documents, manuscripts on tombstones), Bosna Srebrena literature (prayer books, catechisms, collections of sermons, biographies of saints, monastery yearbooks, first historical works, poems and memoirs, travel books, grammars of Latin and Croatian , and lexicographic works), national awakening literature (the foundation of various associations, reading rooms, libraries in which writing courses were held), the literature of Bosnian Muslims (various Bosniak writers made a significant impact on Croatian literature and were influenced by other Croat authors) and modern Bosnian Croat literature. | [
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8215189 | 2 | From the 15th to the 19th century, Catholics in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina were often persecuted under the Ottoman Empire, causing many of them to flee the area. In the 20th century, political turmoil and poor economic conditions caused more to emigrate. Ethnic cleansing within Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s saw Croats forced to different parts of Bosnia-Herzegovina, although having lived in numerous regions prior to the Bosnian War. The 2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina recorded 544,780 residents registering as of Croatian ethnicity. | From the 15th to the 19th century, Catholics in Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina were often persecuted by the Ottoman Empire, causing many of them to flee the area. In the 20th century, political turmoil and poor economic conditions caused more to emigrate. Ethnic cleansing within Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s saw Croats forced to different parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, despite having lived in numerous regions prior to the Bosnian War. The 2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina recorded 544,780 residents registering as of Croatian ethnicity. | [
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8215189 | 3 | Herzegovina Mirko Alilović (b. 1985), Croatian handball player born in LjubuškiEHF profile Andrija Anković (1937–1980), Croatian football manager and former footballer born in Gabela, Čapljina Milan Bandić (1955–2021), former Mayor of Zagreb born in Pogana Vlaka, GrudeBandić, Milan. Biografija . Bandić's official web site. Retrieved 2011-10-30 Petar Barbarić (1874–1897), Catholic novice born in Klobuk, Ljubuški Goran Bogdan (b. 1980), Croatian actor born in Široki BrijegGoran Bogdan IMDB Bojan Bogdanović (b. 1989), Croatian basketball player born in MostarThe New York Times: Fast-Break Acclimation for New Net From BosniaNetsDaily Bojan Bogdanovic back in Mostar, doing the work Mate Bulić (b. 1957), Croatian singer born in Blatnica, Čitluk Didak Buntić (1871–1922), friar and educator born in Paoča, URL Marin Čilić (b. 1988), Croatian tennis player born in MeđugorjeHercegovina.info Marin Čilić: Herzegovinian when he loses, Croatian when he wins Ljubo Ćesić (b. 1958), retired Croatian army general and politician born in Batin, PosušjeLjubo Ćesić Rojs Ivan Ćurković (b. 1944), Serbian former footballer born in MostarĆurković: Ja sam Hrvat i katolik, a Hrvati su najveće patriote na Balkanu Gordan Grlić-Radman (b. 1958), Foreign Minister of Croatia, born in Prisoje, Tomislavgrad Krunoslav Jurčić (b. 1969), Croatian football manager and former footballer born in LjubuškiEuropean Handball Federation Nikica Jelavić (b. 1985), Croatian footballer born in Čapljina Ljubo Jurčić (b. 1954), former Croatian Minister of Economy born in GrudeHrvatski Sabor Blaž Kraljević (1947–1992), commander of Croatian Defence Forces born in Lisice, Ljubuški Iva Landeka (b. 1989), Croatian football player born in Posušje Dražen Kutleša (b. 1968), Catholic archbishop of Split-Makarska, born in Prisoje, Tomislavgrad. Grgo Martić (1822–1905), Bosnian friar and writer born in Rastovača, Posušje Predrag Matvejević (1932–2017), Croatian writer and scholar born in Mostar Ivan Mikulić (b. 1968), Croatian singer born in Široki Brijeg Bože Radoš, Catholic bishop of Varaždin, born in Crvenice, Tomislavgrad Blaž Slišković (b. 1959), Bosnian football manager and former footballer born in Mostar Ivan Softa (1906–1945), Croatian writer and poet born in Smokinje, Široki Brijeg Andrijica Šimić (1833–1905), Herzegovinian hajduk born in Alagovac, Grude Antun Branko Šimić (1898–1925), Croatian expressionist poet born in Drinovci, Grude Gojko Šušak (1945–1998), former Croatian Minister of Defence born in Široki Brijeg Peter Tomich (1893–1941), United States Navy sailor born in Prolog, Ljubuški Blago Zadro (1944–1991), commander of Croatian military forces in Vukovar during Croatian War of Independence born in Donji Mamići, Grude | Herzegovina Mirko Alilović (b. 1985), Croatian handball player born in LjubuškiEHF profile Andrija Anković (1937–1980), Croatian football manager and former footballer born in Gabela, Čapljina Milan Bandić (1955–2021), former Mayor of Zagreb born in Pogana Vlaka, GrudeBandić, Milan. Biografija . Bandić's official web site. Retrieved 2011-10-30 Petar Barbarić (1874–1897), Catholic novice born in Klobuk, Ljubuški Goran Bogdan (b. 1980), Croatian actor born in Široki BrijegGoran Bogdan IMDB Bojan Bogdanović (b. 1989), Croatian basketball player born in MostarThe New York Times: Fast-Break Acclimation for New Net From BosniaNetsDaily Bojan Bogdanovic back in Mostar, doing the work Mate Bulić (b. 1957), Croatian singer born in Blatnica, Čitluk Didak Buntić (1871–1922), friar and educator born in Paoča, URL Marin Čilić (b. 1988), Croatian tennis player born in MeđugorjeHercegovina.info Marin Čilić: Herzegovinian when he loses, Croatian when he wins Ljubo Ćesić (b. 1958), retired Croatian army general and politician born in Batin, PosušjeLjubo Ćesić Rojs Ivan Ćurković (b. 1944), Serbian former footballer born in Mostar Gordan Grlić-Radman (b. 1958), Croatian Minister of Foreign and European Affairs born in Prisoje, Tomislavgrad Krunoslav Jurčić (b. 1969), Croatian football manager and former footballer born in LjubuškiEuropean Handball Federation Nikica Jelavić (b. 1985), Croatian footballer born in Čapljina Ljubo Jurčić (b. 1954), former Croatian Minister of Economy born in GrudeHrvatski Sabor Blaž Kraljević (1947–1992), commander of Croatian Defence Forces born in Lisice, Ljubuški Iva Landeka (b. 1989), Croatian football player born in Posušje Dražen Kutleša (b. 1968), Catholic archbishop of Split-Makarska, born in Prisoje, Tomislavgrad. Grgo Martić (1822–1905), Bosnian friar and writer born in Rastovača, Posušje Predrag Matvejević (1932–2017), Croatian writer and scholar born in Mostar Ivan Mikulić (b. 1968), Croatian singer born in Široki Brijeg Bože Radoš, Catholic bishop of Varaždin, born in Crvenice, Tomislavgrad Blaž Slišković (b. 1959), Bosnian football manager and former footballer born in Mostar Ivan Softa (1906–1945), Croatian writer and poet born in Smokinje, Široki Brijeg Andrijica Šimić (1833–1905), Herzegovinian hajduk born in Alagovac, Grude Antun Branko Šimić (1898–1925), Croatian expressionist poet born in Drinovci, Grude Gojko Šušak (1945–1998), former Croatian Minister of Defence born in Široki Brijeg Peter Tomich (1893–1941), United States Navy sailor born in Prolog, Ljubuški Blago Zadro (1944–1991), commander of Croatian military forces in Vukovar during Croatian War of Independence born in Donji Mamići, Grude | [
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8215189 | 4 | People gathered waiting for Stjepan Radić to arrive in Mostar in 1925 After World War I, Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the internationally unrecognized State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which existed between October and December 1918. In December 1918, this state united with the Kingdom of Serbia as Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. This new state was characterized by Serbian nationalism, and was a form of "Greater Serbia". Serbs held control over armed forces and politics of the state. With around 40\% Serbs living in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbian leadership of the state wanted to implement a Serbian hegemony in this region. Bosnian Croats constituted around a quarter of the total Bosnian population, but they did not have a single municipality president. The regime of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was characterized by limited parliamentarism, drastic elective manipulations and later King Alexander's 6 January Dictatorship, state robbery present outside Serbia and political killings (Milan Šufflay, Ivo Pilar) and corruption. Yugoslavia was preoccupied with political struggles, which led to the collapse of the state after Dušan Simović organized a coup in March 1941 and after which Nazi Germany invaded Yugoslavia. | People gathered waiting for Stjepan Radić to arrive in Mostar in 1925 After World War I, Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the internationally unrecognized State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which existed between October and December 1918. In December 1918, this state united with the Kingdom of Serbia as Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. Serbs held control over armed forces and politics of the state. With around 40\% of Serbs living in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbian leadership of the state wanted to implement a Serbian hegemony in this region. Bosnian Croats constituted around a quarter of the total Bosnian population, but they did not have a single municipality president. The regime of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was characterized by limited parliamentarism, drastic elective manipulations and later King Alexander's 6 January Dictatorship, state robbery present outside Serbia and political killings (Milan Šufflay, Ivo Pilar) and corruption. Yugoslavia was preoccupied with political struggles, which led to the collapse of the state after Dušan Simović organized a coup in March 1941 and after which Nazi Germany invaded Yugoslavia. | [
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821829 | 1 | A surgical mask , by design, does not filter or block very small particles in the air that may be transmitted by coughs, sneezes, or certain aerosol-generating medical procedures . Surgical masks also do not provide complete protection from germs and other contaminants because of the often loose fit between the surface of the face mask and the face . | A surgical mask serves as a mechanical barrier that interferes with direct airflow in and out of respiratory orifices (i.e. nose and mouth). Most commonly used surgical masks are designed to only trap respiratory droplets, and therefore do not filter or block fine airborne particles that are smaller than the designed filtration ratings, which may be transmitted by coughs, sneezes, unintentional spitting during talking, or certain aerosol-generating medical procedures (e.g. bronchoscopy, laryngoscopy or dental procedures). Surgical masks also cannot provide complete protection from germs and other contaminants because of the often loose fit between the mask edges and the wearer's face, especially when the mask is worn outright incorrectly (e.g. low with the nose and/or mouth exposed) . | [
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821829 | 2 | The masks are typically fastened to the head with straps or elastic bands that are attached to the mask's four corners. Straps come in four free-hanging ribbons that are manually tied in two pairs horizontally around the back of the head, and are most frequently used in surgical operations due to the ability to customize the strap length and tension comfortably to the wearer's face shape and head movements. Elastic bands come in a pair of loops that can either be horizontally or vertically attached. Horizontal loops go around the head like tied straps, and are designed to exert tension for firm contact seal on the top and bottom edges of the mask ; while vertical loops hook around the ears with less tension (due to the weaker rigidity of the elastocartilaginous auricles compared to the bony skull) and thus less firmly secured to the face, but are more popular in non-procedural usages due to the ease of putting on and taking off. | The masks are typically fastened to the head with straps or elastic bands that are attached to the mask's four corners. Straps come in four free-hanging ribbons that are manually tied in two pairs horizontally around the back of the head, and are most frequently used in surgical operations due to the ability to customize the strap length and tension comfortably to the wearer's face shape and head movements. Elastic bands come in a pair of loops that can either be horizontally or vertically attached. Horizontal loops go around the head like tied straps, designed to exert tension on the top and bottom edges of the mask for firmer contact seal, and are usually seen on duckbill masks ; while vertical loops hook around the ears with less tension (due to the weaker rigidity of the elastocartilaginous auricles compared to the bony skull) and thus less firmly secured to the face, but are more popular in non-procedural usages due to the ease of putting on and taking off. | [
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822164 | 1 | Although murder was more rare than theft and fraud, a number of murderers used personal ads to find potential victims. Notable examples include: Belle Gunness was a serial killer with at least 14 victims, active 1884–1908. Johann Otto Hoch, also known as the Bluebeard Murderer and the Chicago Bluebeard, was a bigamist and murderer, believed to have killed up to 50 victims, active 1890-1905. Béla Kiss was a serial killer in Hungary with at least 24 victims, active between 1900-1914. Helmuth Schmidt was a suspected serial killer of 1–4+ victims, active 1913–1917. Henri Désiré Landru, nicknamed the Bluebeard of Gambais, was a serial killer in France with at least 11 victims, active from 1915-1919. Eva Brandon Rablen answered a personal ad in 1928 and then poisoned her new husband three days after the wedding, a murder that the Ogden Standard Examiner called "the most notorious case of its type". Harry Powers was a serial killer of five victims, active 1927-1931. Nannie Doss, was a serial killer of 11 victims, active 1927–1954. Raymond Fernandez and Martha Beck, dubbed the "Lonely Hearts Killers", were a serial killer couple suspected of up to 20 victims, active 1947-1949. Harvey Glatman, known as the Lonely Hearts Killer and the Glamour Girl Slayer, was an American serial killer with 3-4 victims, active from 1957-1958. | Although murder was more rare than theft and fraud, a number of murderers used personal ads to find potential victims. Notable examples include: Belle Gunness was a serial killer with at least 14 victims, active 1884–1908. Johann Otto Hoch, also known as the Bluebeard Murderer and the Chicago Bluebeard, was a bigamist and murderer, believed to have killed up to 50 victims, active 1890–1905. Béla Kiss was a serial killer in Hungary with at least 24 victims, active between 1900 and 1914. Helmuth Schmidt was a suspected serial killer of 1–4+ victims, active 1913–1917. Henri Désiré Landru, nicknamed the Bluebeard of Gambais, was a serial killer in France with at least 11 victims, active from 1915 to 1919. Eva Brandon Rablen answered a personal ad in 1928 and then poisoned her new husband three days after the wedding, a murder that the Ogden Standard Examiner called "the most notorious case of its type". Harry Powers was a serial killer of five victims, active 1927–1931. Nannie Doss, was a serial killer of 11 victims, active 1927–1954. Raymond Fernandez and Martha Beck, dubbed the "Lonely Hearts Killers", were a serial killer couple suspected of up to 20 victims, active 1947–1949. Harvey Glatman, known as the Lonely Hearts Killer and the Glamour Girl Slayer, was an American serial killer with 3-4 victims, active from 1957 to 1958. | [
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8222244 | 1 | See also Boholano writers Ethnic groups in the Philippines Famous Boholanos Tagalog people Kapampangan people Ilocano people Ivatan people Igorot people Pangasinan people Bicolano people Negrito Bisaya people Aklanon people Capiznon people Cebuano people Cuyunon people Eskaya people Hiligaynon people Karay-a people Masbateño people Porohanon people Romblomanon people Suludnon Waray people Lumad Moro people & & | Indigenous Bisaya religion Immortals Kaptan: the supreme god and sky god who fought against Magauayan for eons until Manaul intervened; ruler of the skyworld called Kahilwayan; controls the wind and lightningHill, P. (1934). Philippine Short Stories. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company.; in some myths, is married to MaguyaenJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.; also referred as Bathala in one mythBuyser, F. (1913). Mga Sugilanong Karaan.; also referred as Abba in one chronicleOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Maguayan: the god who rules of the waters as his kingdom; father of Lidagat; brother of KaptanMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Messengers of Kaptan Dalagan: the swiftest winged giant, armed with long spears and sharp swordsMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Guidala: the bravest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swordsMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Sinogo: the handsomest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords; best loved by Kaptan but betrayed his master and was imprisoned under the seaMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Maguyaen: the goddess of the winds of the seaJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Magauayan: fought against Kaptan for eons until Manaul intervenedHill, P. (1934). Philippine Short Stories. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company. Manaul: the great bird who dropped great rocks upon the battle of Kaptan and Magauayan, creating islandsHill, P. (1934). Philippine Short Stories. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company. Helpers of Manaul KanauayHill, P. (1934). Philippine Short Stories. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company. AmihanHill, P. (1934). Philippine Short Stories. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company. Lidagat: the sea married to the wind; daughter of MaguayanMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Lihangin: the wind married to the sea; son of KaptanMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Licalibutan: the rock-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; inherited the control of the wind from his father; initiated the revolt against one of his grandfathers, Kaptan; killed by Kaptan's rage; his body became the earthMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Liadlao: the gold-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the sunMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Libulan: the copper-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the moonMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Lisuga: the silver-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; accidentally killed by Kaptan's rage during her brothers' revolt; her body fragments became the starsMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Adlaw: the sun deity worshiped by the goodBuyser, F. (1913). Mga Sugilanong Karaan. Bulan: the moon deity who gives light to sinners and guides them in the nightBuyser, F. (1913). Mga Sugilanong Karaan. Bakunawa: the serpent deity who can coil around the world; sought to swallow the seven "Queen" moons, successfully eating the six, where the last is guarded by bamboosBuyser, F. (1913). Mga Sugilanong Karaan. Divities under Kaptan Makilum-sa-twan: the god of plains and valleysJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Makilum-sa-bagidan: the god of fireJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Makilum-sa-tubig: the god of the seaJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Kasaray-sarayan-sa-silgan: the god of streamsJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Magdan-durunoon: the god of hidden lakesJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Sarangan-sa-bagtiw: the god of stormsJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Suklang-malaon: the goddess of happy homesJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Alunsina: the goddess of the skyJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Abyang: another deity under KaptanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Maka-ako: also called Laon; the creator of the universeDemetrio, F. R., Cordero-Fernando, G., Zialcita, F. N. (1991). The Soul Book. Quezon City: GCF Books. Linok: the god of earthquakesDemetrio, F. R., Cordero-Fernando, G.,& Zialcita, F. N. (1991). The Soul Book. Quezon City: GCF Books. Makabosog: a deified chieftain who provides food for the hungryDemetrio, F. R., Cordero-Fernando, G., Zialcita, F. N. (1991). The Soul Book. Quezon City: GCF Books. Sidapa: the goddess of death; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with MakaptanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Makaptan: the god of sickness; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with Sidapa; he is a brother of Magyan and SumpoyJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Deities under Sidapa and Makaptan Danapolay: the god who supervises the other deities who answer to Sidapa and MakaptanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. TagusiranganJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. DuwindihanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. DalongdonganJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Tagabititlakan-ka-adlawJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. SutaJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. AgtaJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. TabukuunJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Sappia: the goddess of mercy originating from the island of Bohol who empties the milk from her breasts onto weeds, giving the origin of white rice; when milk ran out, blood came out from her breast, giving the origin of red riceJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Tan Mulong: guardian of a spirit cave where souls may be imprisoned; has a spirit dog with one mammary gland and two genitalsDemetrio, F. R., Cordero-Fernando, G.,& Zialcita, F. N. (1991). The Soul Book. Quezon City: GCF Books. Pandaque: messenger of Sidapa; sacrifice is offered to the deity so that a soul can be admitted to the skyworld, Kahilwayan, from the lower world, Kasakitan; lives in Kasakitan, despite being a messenger of Sidapa, who lives in the middleworld, KamaritaanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.; also referred as PandagoyOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Magyan: carries the souls of the dead to the lower world, Kasakitan, on his boat called balanday; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Sumpoy; he is a brother of Makaptan and SumpoyJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Sumpoy: takes the souls from Magyan's balanday and carries them to a place in Kasakitan called Kanitu-nituhan; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Magyan; he is a brother of Magyan and MakaptanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Sisiburanen: ruler of Kanitu-nituhan, a sub-realm of the lower world, Kasakitan; acts as slaver of the souls of those who cannot and have yet go into the skyworld; feeds the souls to Simuran and Siguinarugan after the souls stay in Kanitu-nituhan for yearsJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Kuruntang Simuran: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Siguinarugan: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.; also referred as Siginarugan and SiginarunganOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Other inhabitants of Kasakitan Abyang Durunuun: the goddess of charmsJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Saragnayan: the god of darknessJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Pinganun-pinganun: the god of enchanted placesJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Unmagad PalintiJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Sumpay Pako-PakoJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Gods of War Balangaw: the rainbowLoarca, Miguel de. (1582) 1903. Relation of the Filipinas Islands. In Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands 5. InaginidLoarca, Miguel de. (1582) 1903. Relation of the Filipinas Islands. In Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands 5. MakandukLoarca, Miguel de. (1582) 1903. Relation of the Filipinas Islands. In Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands 5. Lalahon: the goddess of fire, volcanoes, and the harvestOngsotto, Rebecca R., Ongsotto, Renna R., Ongsotto, R. M. (2005). The Study of Philippine History. Rex Book Store, Inc.; also referred as LaonOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Santonilyo: a deity who brings rain when its image is immersed at seaSan Agustín, G. (1998). Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas, 1565-1615 (Spanish Edition): Bilingual ed edition. San Agustin Museum.; deity of the white men, referring to Spanish colonizersOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Gunung: a deity of volcanoesOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Magbibaya: a deity similar to the god Magbabaya of the BukidnonOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Lumawig: a deity mentioned in the AginidOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Linug: a deity of earthquakesOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Cacao: the goddess of Mount Lantoy who sells her products through a golden ship which can flood riversSeki, K. (2001). Rethinking Maria Cacao: Legend-making in the Visayan Context. Philippine Studies Journal. Mangao: husband of CacaoSeki, K. (2001). Rethinking Maria Cacao: Legend-making in the Visayan Context. Philippine Studies Journal. Mortals Sicabay: the first womanMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Sicalac: the first manMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Libo: the first child and son of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned raceMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Saman: the first daughter and second child of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned raceMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Pandaguan: a younger son of Sicabay and Sicalac; a clever man who invented the fish trap which caught a giant shark; father of Arion; challenged to overpower the gods, and was punished by zappingMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Arion: son of Pandaguan who was taken north after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a white-skinned raceMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Son of Saman and Sicalac: was taken east after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a yellow-skinned raceMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Lapulapu: a ruler of Mactan who is valorous, strong, and noble, as well as driven and fearless especially in times of armed conflict; in one account, he is also a mangatang (pirate); bested Humabon in politics, trade, and ocean territory in most accounts, while in one account, Humabon managed to overcome LapulapuOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications.; defeated the Spanish forces including Magellan with aid from the forces of nature; a verified historical personMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Humabon: a ruler of Sugbo who is cautious and highly-respected, but also brave and courageous especially in times of armed conflict; a verified historical personOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Sri Lumay Bataugong: the legendary founder of Sugbo who was said to have come from SumatraOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Sri Bantug: a ruler of SugboOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Binibini Anduki: sister of Sri LumayOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Bulakna: wife of Lapulapu; in other epics, Lapulapu instead has three wives and eleven childrenOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Sawili: son of Lapulapu and BulaknaMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Zula: a ruler that Lapulapu had an enmity with due to both ruler's affection towards BulaknaOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Datu Mangal: father of Lapulapu in most versions of the story and ruler of Mactan before LapulapuOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications.; in other versions, he is Lapulapu's uncle or friend and right-hand man; has supernatural powers, various amulets of whirlpools and oil, and a flying horseMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Matang Mataunas: mother of Lapulapu; in another tale, the mother of Lapulapu is instead named Matang MatanaOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications.; also called Matang Mantaunas or BaugaMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Malingin: daughter of Datu Mangal and sister of LapulapuMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Sri Mohammed: paternal grandfather of Lapulapu in one taleOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Sri Lamaraw Dula: brother of HumabonOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Bali-Alho: chief of Bo. Maribago; can break pestles with his bare hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu MangalMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Tindak-Bukid: chief of Bo. Marigondon; can level a mountain with a kick; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu MangalMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Umindig: chief of Bo. Ibo, a champion wrestler; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu MangalMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Sagpang-Baha: also called Sampong-Baha; can slap back an onrushing flood; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu MangalMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Bugto-Pasan: can snap the sturdiest vines with his hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu MangalMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Silyo: a chief who borrowed an amulet from Datu Mangal; he never returned the amulet and was caught by Datu Mangal fleeing; was turned into a stone along with his crew by Datu Mangal through a curse; before turning a stone completely, he also uttered a curse to turn Datu Mangal into stone; another tale tells that Matang Mataunas and Malingin were also turned into stoneMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. | [
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"after": "Kaptan: the supreme god and sky god who fought against Magauayan for eons until Manaul intervened; ruler of the skyworld called Kahilwayan; controls the wind and lightningHill, P. (1934). Philippine Short Stories. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company.; in some myths, is married to MaguyaenJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.; also referred as Bathala in one mythBuyser, F. (1913). Mga Sugilanong Karaan.; also referred as Abba in one chronicleOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Maguayan: the god who rules of the waters as his kingdom; father of Lidagat; brother of KaptanMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Messengers of Kaptan Dalagan: the swiftest winged giant, armed with long spears and sharp swordsMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Guidala: the bravest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swordsMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Sinogo: the handsomest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords; best loved by Kaptan but betrayed his master and was imprisoned under the seaMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Maguyaen: the goddess of the winds of the seaJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Magauayan: fought against Kaptan for eons until Manaul intervenedHill, P. (1934). Philippine Short Stories. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company. Manaul: the great bird who dropped great rocks upon the battle of Kaptan and Magauayan, creating islandsHill, P. (1934). Philippine Short Stories. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company. Helpers of Manaul KanauayHill, P. (1934). Philippine Short Stories. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company. AmihanHill, P. (1934). Philippine Short Stories. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company. Lidagat: the sea married to the wind; daughter of MaguayanMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Lihangin: the wind married to the sea; son of KaptanMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Licalibutan: the rock-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; inherited the control of the wind from his father; initiated the revolt against one of his grandfathers, Kaptan; killed by Kaptan's rage; his body became the earthMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Liadlao: the gold-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the sunMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Libulan: the copper-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the moonMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Lisuga: the silver-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; accidentally killed by Kaptan's rage during her brothers' revolt; her body fragments became the starsMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Adlaw: the sun deity worshiped by the goodBuyser, F. (1913). Mga Sugilanong Karaan. Bulan: the moon deity who gives light to sinners and guides them in the nightBuyser, F. (1913). Mga Sugilanong Karaan. Bakunawa: the serpent deity who can coil around the world; sought to swallow the seven \"Queen\" moons, successfully eating the six, where the last is guarded by bamboosBuyser, F. (1913). Mga Sugilanong Karaan. Divities under Kaptan Makilum-sa-twan: the god of plains and valleysJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Makilum-sa-bagidan: the god of fireJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Makilum-sa-tubig: the god of the seaJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Kasaray-sarayan-sa-silgan: the god of streamsJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Magdan-durunoon: the god of hidden lakesJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Sarangan-sa-bagtiw: the god of stormsJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Suklang-malaon: the goddess of happy homesJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Alunsina: the goddess of the skyJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Abyang: another deity under KaptanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Maka-ako: also called Laon; the creator of the universeDemetrio, F. R., Cordero-Fernando, G.,",
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"type": "A",
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"after": "Zialcita, F. N. (1991). The Soul Book. Quezon City: GCF Books. Makabosog: a deified chieftain who provides food for the hungryDemetrio, F. R., Cordero-Fernando, G.,",
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"type": "A",
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"after": "Zialcita, F. N. (1991). The Soul Book. Quezon City: GCF Books. Sidapa: the goddess of death; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with MakaptanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Makaptan: the god of sickness; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with Sidapa; he is a brother of Magyan and SumpoyJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Deities under Sidapa and Makaptan Danapolay: the god who supervises the other deities who answer to Sidapa and MakaptanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. TagusiranganJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. DuwindihanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. DalongdonganJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Tagabititlakan-ka-adlawJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. SutaJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. AgtaJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. TabukuunJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Sappia: the goddess of mercy originating from the island of Bohol who empties the milk from her breasts onto weeds, giving the origin of white rice; when milk ran out, blood came out from her breast, giving the origin of red riceJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Tan Mulong: guardian of a spirit cave where souls may be imprisoned; has a spirit dog with one mammary gland and two genitalsDemetrio, F. R., Cordero-Fernando, G.,",
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"type": "A",
"before": null,
"after": "Zialcita, F. N. (1991). The Soul Book. Quezon City: GCF Books. Pandaque: messenger of Sidapa; sacrifice is offered to the deity so that a soul can be admitted to the skyworld, Kahilwayan, from the lower world, Kasakitan; lives in Kasakitan, despite being a messenger of Sidapa, who lives in the middleworld, KamaritaanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.; also referred as PandagoyOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Magyan: carries the souls of the dead to the lower world, Kasakitan, on his boat called balanday; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Sumpoy; he is a brother of Makaptan and SumpoyJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Sumpoy: takes the souls from Magyan's balanday and carries them to a place in Kasakitan called Kanitu-nituhan; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Magyan; he is a brother of Magyan and MakaptanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Sisiburanen: ruler of Kanitu-nituhan, a sub-realm of the lower world, Kasakitan; acts as slaver of the souls of those who cannot and have yet go into the skyworld; feeds the souls to Simuran and Siguinarugan after the souls stay in Kanitu-nituhan for yearsJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Kuruntang Simuran: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Siguinarugan: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhanJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.; also referred as Siginarugan and SiginarunganOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Other inhabitants of Kasakitan Abyang Durunuun: the goddess of charmsJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Saragnayan: the god of darknessJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Pinganun-pinganun: the god of enchanted placesJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Unmagad PalintiJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Sumpay Pako-PakoJocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Gods of War Balangaw: the rainbowLoarca, Miguel de. (1582) 1903. Relation of the Filipinas Islands. In Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands 5. InaginidLoarca, Miguel de. (1582) 1903. Relation of the Filipinas Islands. In Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands 5. MakandukLoarca, Miguel de. (1582) 1903. Relation of the Filipinas Islands. In Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands 5. Lalahon: the goddess of fire, volcanoes, and the harvestOngsotto, Rebecca R., Ongsotto, Renna R., Ongsotto, R. M. (2005). The Study of Philippine History. Rex Book Store, Inc.; also referred as LaonOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Santonilyo: a deity who brings rain when its image is immersed at seaSan Agustín, G. (1998). Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas, 1565-1615 (Spanish Edition): Bilingual ed edition. San Agustin Museum.; deity of the white men, referring to Spanish colonizersOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Gunung: a deity of volcanoesOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Magbibaya: a deity similar to the god Magbabaya of the BukidnonOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Lumawig: a deity mentioned in the AginidOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Linug: a deity of earthquakesOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Cacao: the goddess of Mount Lantoy who sells her products through a golden ship which can flood riversSeki, K. (2001). Rethinking Maria Cacao: Legend-making in the Visayan Context. Philippine Studies Journal. Mangao: husband of CacaoSeki, K. (2001). Rethinking Maria Cacao: Legend-making in the Visayan Context. Philippine Studies Journal.",
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"after": "Sicabay: the first womanMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Sicalac: the first manMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Libo: the first child and son of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned raceMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Saman: the first daughter and second child of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned raceMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Pandaguan: a younger son of Sicabay and Sicalac; a clever man who invented the fish trap which caught a giant shark; father of Arion; challenged to overpower the gods, and was punished by zappingMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Arion: son of Pandaguan who was taken north after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a white-skinned raceMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Son of Saman and Sicalac: was taken east after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a yellow-skinned raceMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. Lapulapu: a ruler of Mactan who is valorous, strong, and noble, as well as driven and fearless especially in times of armed conflict; in one account, he is also a mangatang (pirate); bested Humabon in politics, trade, and ocean territory in most accounts, while in one account, Humabon managed to overcome LapulapuOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications.; defeated the Spanish forces including Magellan with aid from the forces of nature; a verified historical personMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Humabon: a ruler of Sugbo who is cautious and highly-respected, but also brave and courageous especially in times of armed conflict; a verified historical personOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Sri Lumay Bataugong: the legendary founder of Sugbo who was said to have come from SumatraOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Sri Bantug: a ruler of SugboOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Binibini Anduki: sister of Sri LumayOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Bulakna: wife of Lapulapu; in other epics, Lapulapu instead has three wives and eleven childrenOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Sawili: son of Lapulapu and BulaknaMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Zula: a ruler that Lapulapu had an enmity with due to both ruler's affection towards BulaknaOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Datu Mangal: father of Lapulapu in most versions of the story and ruler of Mactan before LapulapuOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications.; in other versions, he is Lapulapu's uncle or friend and right-hand man; has supernatural powers, various amulets of whirlpools and oil, and a flying horseMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Matang Mataunas: mother of Lapulapu; in another tale, the mother of Lapulapu is instead named Matang MatanaOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications.; also called Matang Mantaunas or BaugaMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Malingin: daughter of Datu Mangal and sister of LapulapuMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Sri Mohammed: paternal grandfather of Lapulapu in one taleOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Sri Lamaraw Dula: brother of HumabonOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. Bali-Alho: chief of Bo. Maribago; can break pestles with his bare hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu MangalMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Tindak-Bukid: chief of Bo. Marigondon; can level a mountain with a kick; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu MangalMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Umindig: chief of Bo. Ibo, a champion wrestler; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu MangalMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Sagpang-Baha: also called Sampong-Baha; can slap back an onrushing flood; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu MangalMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Bugto-Pasan: can snap the sturdiest vines with his hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu MangalMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. Silyo: a chief who borrowed an amulet from Datu Mangal; he never returned the amulet and was caught by Datu Mangal fleeing; was turned into a stone along with his crew by Datu Mangal through a curse; before turning a stone completely, he also uttered a curse to turn Datu Mangal into stone; another tale tells that Matang Mataunas and Malingin were also turned into stoneMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos.",
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822579 | 1 | Drawbacks 5-HTP's short half-life (<2h) may inherently limit its therapeutic potential, as the systemic 5-HTP exposure levels will fluctuate substantially even with relatively frequent dosing. Such exposure fluctuations are usually associated with increased adverse event burden, resulting from Cmax drug spikes, and decreased clinical efficacy resulting from sub-therapeutic exposure for large parts of the day . It has been proposed that 5-HTP dosage forms achieving prolonged delivery would be more effective, as is general with short-acting active pharmaceutical ingredients. Unexpectedly, 5-HTP was found to be essential for the growth of human parainfluenza virus in cell culture. | Drawbacks 5-HTP's short half-life (<2h) may inherently limit its therapeutic potential, as the systemic 5-HTP exposure levels will fluctuate substantially even with relatively frequent dosing. Such exposure fluctuations are usually associated with increased adverse event burden, resulting from Cmax (time to maximal systemic concentration) drug spikes, and decreased clinical efficacy resulting from sub-therapeutic exposure for large parts of the day , when taken as a single dose unit or at intervals significantly larger than the Cmax . It has been proposed that 5-HTP dosage forms achieving prolonged delivery would be more effective, as has been demonstrated many times with other short duration of action pharmaceuticals. For example, controlled release oxycodone (OxyContin) or morphine (MS-Contin) are intended to, via novel delivery mechanisms, pemit pain relief for up to 12 hours with an active ingredient which only provides relief for 3-6 hours. Unfortunately, the inherent variability amongst different people with respect to drug metabolism, makes this task more difficult than one would expect. An unexpected discovery was that 5-HTP is essential for the growth of human parainfluenza virus in cell culture. | [
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823236 | 1 | Policing social rules As of 1983, experimenters had identified that success on the Wason selection task was highly content-dependent , but there was no theoretical explanation for which content elicited mostly correct responses and which ones elicited mostly incorrect responses. 350px|Each card has an age on one side and a drink on the other. Which card(s) must be turned over to test the idea that if you are drinking alcohol, then you must be over 18? Evolutionary psychologists Leda Cosmides and John Tooby (1992) identified that the selection task tends to produce the "correct" response when presented in a context of social relations. For example, if the rule used is "If you are drinking alcohol, then you must be over 18", and the cards have an age on one side and beverage on the other, e.g., "16", "drinking beer", "25", "drinking coke", most people have no difficulty in selecting the correct cards ("16" and "beer"). In a series of experiments in different contexts, subjects demonstrated consistent superior performance when asked to police a social rule involving a benefit that was only legitimately available to someone who had qualified for that benefit. Cosmides and Tooby argued that experimenters have ruled out alternative explanations, such as that people learn the rules of social exchange through practice and find it easier to apply these familiar rules than less-familiar rules. | Policing social rules As of 1983, experimenters had identified that success on the Wason selection task was highly context-dependent , but there was no theoretical explanation for which context elicited mostly correct responses and which ones elicited mostly incorrect responses. 350px|Each card has an age on one side and a drink on the other. Which card(s) must be turned over to test the idea that if you are drinking alcohol, then you must be over 18? Evolutionary psychologists Leda Cosmides and John Tooby (1992) identified that the selection task tends to produce the "correct" response when presented in a context of social relations. For example, if the rule used is "If you are drinking alcohol, then you must be over 18", and the cards have an age on one side and beverage on the other, e.g., "16", "drinking beer", "25", "drinking coke", most people have no difficulty in selecting the correct cards ("16" and "beer"). In a series of experiments in different contexts, subjects demonstrated consistent superior performance when asked to police a social rule involving a benefit that was only legitimately available to someone who had qualified for that benefit. Cosmides and Tooby argued that experimenters have ruled out alternative explanations, such as that people learn the rules of social exchange through practice and find it easier to apply these familiar rules than less-familiar rules. | [
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8233758 | 1 | Herzl grave in the cemetery of Döbling, Vienna In 1903, Herzl attempted to obtain support for the Jewish homeland from Pope Pius X, an idea broached at 6th Zionist Congress. Palestine could offer a safe refuge for those fleeing persecution in Russia.Schneer, p. 112 Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val ordained that the Church's policy was explained non-possumus on such matters, decreeing that as long as the Jews denied the divinity of Christ, the Catholics could not make a declaration in their favour.Catholicism, France and Zionism: 1895–1904 Honor guard stands beside Herzl's coffin on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem, 1949 Death and burial Herzl did not live to see the rejection of the Uganda plan. At 5 p.m. 3 July 1904, in Edlach, a village inside Reichenau an der Rax, Lower Austria, Theodor Herzl, having been diagnosed with a heart issue earlier in the year, died of cardiac sclerosis. A day before his death, he told the Reverend William H. Hechler: "Greet Palestine for me. I gave my heart's blood for my people."Elon, Amos (1975). Herzl, pp. 400–01, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. . His will stipulated that he should have the poorest-class funeral without speeches or flowers and he added, "I wish to be buried in the vault beside my father, and to lie there till the Jewish people shall take my remains to Israel".'Obituary', The Times, Thursday, 7 July 1904; p. 10; Issue 37440; col B. Nevertheless, some six thousand followed Herzl's hearse, and the funeral was long and chaotic. Despite Herzl's request that no speeches be made, a brief eulogy was delivered by David Wolffsohn. Hans Herzl, then thirteen, read the kaddish.Elon, Amos (1975). Herzl, p. 402, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. . Tomb of Herzl, Mount Herzl, Jerusalem First buried at the Viennese cemetery in the district of Döbling, his remains were brought to Israel in 1949 and buried on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem, which was named after him. The coffin was draped in a blue and white pall decorated with a Star of David circumscribing a Lion of Judah and seven gold stars recalling Herzl's original proposal for a flag of the Jewish state.Mystery solved: Missing Herzl Parochet found in the KKL-JNF House in Tel Aviv, Jerusalem Post Herzl 's grandfathers, both of whom he knew, were more closely related to traditional Judaism than were his parents. In Zimony (Zemlin), his grandfather Simon Loeb Herzl "had his hands on" one of the first copies of Judah Alkalai's 1857 work prescribing the "return of the Jews to the Holy Land and renewed glory of Jerusalem". Contemporary scholars conclude that Herzl's own implementation of modern Zionism was undoubtedly influenced by that relationship. Herzl's grandparents' graves in Semlin can still be visited. Alkalai himself witnessed the rebirth of Serbia from Ottoman rule in the early and mid-19th century and was inspired by the Serbian uprising and subsequent re-creation of Serbia. On 25 June 1889, he married Julie Naschauer, daughter of a wealthy Jewish businessman in Vienna. The marriage was unhappy, although three children were born to it: Paulina, Hans and Margaritha (Trude). Herzl had a strong attachment to his mother, who was unable to get along with his wife. These difficulties were increased by the political activities of his later years, in which his wife took little interest. His wife is the protagonist in the fictitious historical novel, His Alienated Wife, written by Eda Zoritte and published by Keter Publishing House in 1997. Herzl and his children in 1900 Herzl and his children on a trip in 1900 | In 1903, Herzl attempted to obtain support for the Jewish homeland from Pope Pius X, an idea broached at 6th Zionist Congress. Palestine could offer a safe refuge for those fleeing persecution in Russia.Schneer, p. 112 Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val ordained that the Church's policy was explained non-possumus on such matters, decreeing that as long as the Jews denied the divinity of Christ, the Catholics could not make a declaration in their favour.Catholicism, France and Zionism: 1895–1904 Death and burial Herzl did not live to see the rejection of the Uganda plan. At 5 p.m. 3 July 1904, in Edlach, a village inside Reichenau an der Rax, Lower Austria, Theodor Herzl, having been diagnosed with a heart issue earlier in the year, died of cardiac sclerosis. A day before his death, he told the Reverend William H. Hechler: "Greet Palestine for me. I gave my heart's blood for my people."Elon, Amos (1975). Herzl, pp. 400–01, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. . His will stipulated that he should have the poorest-class funeral without speeches or flowers and he added, "I wish to be buried in the vault beside my father, and to lie there till the Jewish people shall take my remains to Israel".'Obituary', The Times, Thursday, 7 July 1904; p. 10; Issue 37440; col B. Nevertheless, some six thousand followed Herzl's hearse, and the funeral was long and chaotic. Despite Herzl's request that no speeches be made, a brief eulogy was delivered by David Wolffsohn. Hans Herzl, then thirteen, read the kaddish.Elon, Amos (1975). Herzl, p. 402, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. . First buried at the Viennese cemetery in the district of Döbling, his remains were brought to Israel in 1949 and buried on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem, which was named after him. The coffin was draped in a blue and white pall decorated with a Star of David circumscribing a Lion of Judah and seven gold stars recalling Herzl's original proposal for a flag of the Jewish state.Mystery solved: Missing Herzl Parochet found in the KKL-JNF House in Tel Aviv, Jerusalem Post Herzl and his children in 1900 Herzl and his children on a trip in 1900 Herzl 's grandfathers, both of whom he knew, were more closely related to traditional Judaism than were his parents. In Zimony (Zemlin), his grandfather Simon Loeb Herzl "had his hands on" one of the first copies of Judah Alkalai's 1857 work prescribing the "return of the Jews to the Holy Land and renewed glory of Jerusalem". Contemporary scholars conclude that Herzl's own implementation of modern Zionism was undoubtedly influenced by that relationship. Herzl's grandparents' graves in Semlin can still be visited. 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8233758 | 2 | World Jewish Congress Theodor Herzl at the First or Second Zionist Congress in Basel, 1897– 1898 In 1897, at considerable personal expense, he founded the Zionist newspaper Die Welt in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and planned the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland. He was elected president of the Congress (a position he held until his death in 1904), and in 1898 he began a series of diplomatic initiatives to build support for a Jewish country. He was received by Wilhelm II on several occasions, one of them in Jerusalem, and attended the Hague Peace Conference, enjoying a warm reception from many statesmen there. Legacy and commemoration Herzl Day () is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Iyar, to commemorate the life and vision of Zionist leader Theodor Herzl. | World Jewish Congress Theodor Herzl at the Second Zionist Congress in Basel, 1898 In 1897, at considerable personal expense, he founded the Zionist newspaper Die Welt in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and planned the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland. He was elected president of the Congress (a position he held until his death in 1904), and in 1898 he began a series of diplomatic initiatives to build support for a Jewish country. He was received by Wilhelm II on several occasions, one of them in Jerusalem, and attended the Hague Peace Conference, enjoying a warm reception from many statesmen there. Legacy and commemoration David Ben-Gurion declaring the establishment of the State of Israel, in Tel Aviv, May 14, 1948, beneath a large portrait of Theodor Herzl Herzl Day () is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Iyar, to commemorate the life and vision of Zionist leader Theodor Herzl. | [
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8237419 | 1 | Conscious breathing is an umbrella term for medical and therapeutic methods that improve the breathing function . These methods involve directing awareness to breathingand developing habits that improve respiration . Human respiration is controlled consciously or unconsciously. Conscious breathing can aid in stress reduction, improving breath-related conditions. | Conscious breathing is an umbrella term for methods that direct awareness to the breath . These methods may have the goal of improving breathing, or the primary goal can be to build mindfulness . Human respiration is controlled consciously or unconsciously. Conscious breathing can aid in stress reduction, improving breath-related conditions. | [
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8242443 | 1 | Usage & According to the Suzy Lamplugh Trust, the best way to use a personal alarm is to activate it, to drop it on the floor near the assailant, and then to immediately run away . | Background According to Rape, Abuse& Incest National Network “every 98 seconds, an American is sexually assaulted. And every 8 minutes, that victim is a child. Meanwhile, only 6 out of 1,000 perpetrators will end up in prison.” Rape, Abuse Incest National Network Help Save the Next Girl, a national non-profit organization formed in honor of an abducted and brutally murdered college student, Morgan Dana Harrington, actively participates in endorsing legislation which increases safety concerns in the community. Members of the organization offered a list of tips on how to stay safe when going out, especially at night; a few of those tips suggested putting pepper spray or gel and a strong whistle on the keychain. More safety tips can be found at the official website of Virginia State Police The Alumnae Association of Smith College specifically recommended the use of personal alarms to help students in emergency situations. According to National Council on Aging, “falls are the leading cause of fatal and non-fatal injuries for older Americans.” The study, published in the International Journal of General Medicine, claims that “personal alarms are an effective strategy when used appropriately to prevent laying on the ground for a long time after a fall and to obtain immediate assistance.” Ramsey Student Center along with the American Red Cross offered a list of tips for hiking and camping, including a suggestion to invest in an alarm with GPS, especially if a person is to travel alone. Types of personal alarms To activate an alarm, the user will have to press a button or pull the pin. To turn off the alarm, insert the pin back. Users should read the instructions for each particular device as they could vary. The units are small and intended to be carried at all times. Basic options for personal alarms are a pendant to wear around the neck, smart watch worn on the wrist, an alarm pager that can be attached to a keychain, bag, or elsewhere. Some gadgets have additional features that include the torch, GPS trackers, two-way and hands free communication, fall detection, geo fencing, among others . Usage According to the Suzy Lamplugh Trust, the best way to use a personal alarm is to activate it, to drop it on the floor near the assailant, and then to immediately run away . Since students are the common targets for perpetrators, they should carry personal safety alarms at all times. The problem of safety at college and university campuses is becoming more recognized by the educational administration. Thus, the Department of Public Safety of Brown University made personal safety alarms free for all students . Children’s personal alarms should be easy to use, colorful and practical in design, so the child enjoys wearing it. It is recommended that the parent trains a child for a while and instructs him/her on how to use it, so the child is up to the task, if need be. Car drivers may prefer keychain alarms as they are exposed to the risk of an assault when getting in or out of the car. Elderly people with limited mobility should carry an alarm with a fall detection feature; with Alzheimer’s or dementia – an alarm with geo tracking, in case the elderly can’t communicate their location. Elderly or disabled who live at home should carry medical alarms. Joggers, cyclists, or other sports enthusiasts training at night, as well as travelers who might be attacked by an aggressive animal, should carry a device with GPS and a shrill sound to scare off either a human assailant or animal . | [
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8245348 | 1 | Organisations promoting the history of geology The International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences (INHIGEO) promotes ongoing research into the history of the earth sciences. It was founded in 1967 and currently has approx. 300 members from 57 countries. INHIGEO has been established by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and is also affiliated with the International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (IUHPS). INHIGEO achieves its objective by sponsoring a major annual symposium with associated field activities. It also promotes publication of individual and collective works on the history of geology and issues a substantial Annual Record that details historical research into earth sciences worldwide, publicises other pertinent historical activities and provides scholarly reviews of recent literature on the subject. The Comité Français d'Histoire de la Géologie (COFRHIGÉO) was founded in 1976 following an initiative led by F. Ellenberger. The main purpose if is to contribute to the development of research devoted to the History of Geology by Francophone scientists. Its second aim is to promote a methodological reflection concerning the ways geological research was carried out as well as the long term impact of the end results of such research, by analysing past controversies and recent debates. It is as illuminating to understand the real causes of errors and blind alleys among our predecessors, as to relate the history of progress and discoveries. COFRHIGÉO holds regular meetings. Since 1976 it has produced regular publications, listed on their website. These discuss biographical, methodological or thematic topics related to individual geologists or other aspects related to the history of geology of France and surrounding area . Many of these can be accesses and read online on the COFRHIGÉO website . | Organisations promoting the history of geology The International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences (INHIGEO) promotes ongoing research into the history of the earth sciences. It was founded in 1967 and currently has approx. 300 members from 57 countriesinhigeo.com - The International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences (INHIGEO). INHIGEO has been established in 1967 by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and is also affiliated with the International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (IUHPS). INHIGEO achieves its objective by sponsoring a major annual symposium with associated field activities. It also promotes publication of individual and collective works on the history of geology and issues a substantial Annual Record that details historical research into earth sciences worldwide, publicises other pertinent historical activities and provides scholarly reviews of recent literature on the subject. The Comité Français d'Histoire de la Géologie (COFRHIGÉO) was founded in 1976 following an initiative led by F. Ellenberger. The main purpose if is to contribute to the development of research devoted to the History of Geology by Francophone scientists. Its second aim is to promote a methodological reflection concerning the ways geological research was carried out as well as the long term impact of the end results of such research, by analysing past controversies and recent debates. It is as illuminating to understand the real causes of errors and blind alleys among our predecessors, as to relate the history of progress and discoveries. COFRHIGÉO holds regular meetings. Since 1976 it has produced regular publications, listed on their website. These discuss biographical, methodological or thematic topics related to individual geologists or other aspects related to the history of geology of France and surrounding area . | [
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8247462 | 1 | A sign for Contra Costa Centre Transit Village, an unincorporated area surrounding the Pleasant Hill station of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system in Contra Costa County, California. A transit village is a predominantly residential development with some nearby retail activities planned around a transportation hub, such as a train station, with the intent to make it convenient for village dwellers to get to/from work or run errands and travel via a public transportation network . Often a civic square of public space abuts the train station, functioning as the hub or centerpiece of the surrounding community and encouraging social interaction. While mainly residential in nature, many transit villages offer convenience retail and services to residents heading to and from train stations.Robert Cervero, Transit Villages: From Idea to Implementation, Access, No. 5, Fall 1994, pp. 8-13. | A sign for Contra Costa Centre Transit Village, an unincorporated area surrounding the Pleasant Hill station of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system in Contra Costa County, California. A transit village is a pedestrian-friendly mixed-use development oriented around the station of a high-quality transit system, including rail and B.R.T . Often a civic square of public space abuts the train station, functioning as the hub or centerpiece of the surrounding community and encouraging social interaction. While mainly residential in nature, many transit villages offer convenience retail and services to residents heading to and from train stations.Robert Cervero, Transit Villages: From Idea to Implementation, Access, No. 5, Fall 1994, pp. 8-13. | [
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825971 | 1 | upright=1.2|A recreation room arranged as a children's play area in a Chicago home A recreation room (also known as a rec room, rumpus room, play room, playroom, or ruckus room) is a room used for a variety of purposes, such as parties, games and other everyday or casual use . The term is common in the United States, the term rumpus room is common in Australia, New Zealand and Canada , but is less common in the United Kingdom where the preferred term is games room. Often children and teenagers entertain their friends in the rec room, which is often located in the basement, away from the main living areas of the house. Usually it is a larger space than a living room to have the ability to serve multiple purposes and entertain moderately large groups. Contents Recreation rooms can have many themes and contents . | upright=1.2|A recreation room arranged as a children's play area in a Chicago home A recreation room (also known as a rec room, rumpus room, play room, playroom, or ruckus room) is a room used for a variety of purposes, such as parties, games and other everyday or casual activities . The term is common in the United States, while the term rumpus room is common in Australia, New Zealand and Canada ; in the United Kingdom , the preferred term is games room. Often children and teenagers entertain their friends in their home's rec room, which is often located in the basement, away from the main living areas of the house. Usually it is a larger space than a living room , enabling the area to serve multiple purposes and entertain moderately large groups. Contents Recreation rooms can have many themes and contents , depending on their intended use . | [
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826464 | 1 | Frederic Jameson, a Marxist or perhaps post-modern theorist, is a case in point. He famously asserted that theory must "Always historicize!", going on to wryly observe that this order was itself a "transhistorical imperative".Jameson, Frederic (1981). The Political Unconscious. Cornell University Press. | Fredric Jameson, a Marxist or perhaps post-modern theorist, is a case in point. He famously asserted that theory must "Always historicize!", going on to wryly observe that this order was itself a "transhistorical imperative".Jameson, Fredric (1981). The Political Unconscious. Cornell University Press. | [
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826464 | 2 | Transhistoricity is the quality of holding throughout human history, not merely within the frame of reference of a particular form of society at a particular stage of historical development. An entity or concept that has transhistoricity is said to be transhistorical. Not to be confused with interhistoricity. In aesthetics Part of the debate over the distinction between high art and folk art (or lesser disciplines) hinges on the question of whether art can (and if so, if it should) aspire to transcend the particular frame of reference within which it was produced. This frame may be taken to be historically delimited.Crowther, Paul (2002) The Transhistoric Image: Philosophizing Art and Its History. Cambridge University Press. See Also Interhistorical | Transhistoricity is the quality of holding throughout human history, not merely within the frame of reference of a particular form of society at a particular stage of historical development. An entity or concept that has transhistoricity is said to be transhistorical. In aesthetics Part of the debate over the distinction between high art and folk art (or lesser disciplines) hinges on the question of whether art can (and if so, if it should) aspire to transcend the particular frame of reference within which it was produced. This frame may be taken to be historically delimited.Crowther, Paul (2002) The Transhistoric Image: Philosophizing Art and Its History. Cambridge University Press. | [
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8268725 | 1 | The Education of Shelby Knox is 2005 documentary film that tells the coming-of-age story of public speaker and feminist Shelby Knox, , Shelby Knox's website a teenager who joins a campaign for comprehensive sex education in the high schools of Lubbock, Texas. TEOSK was an official selection of the Sundance Film Festival in 2005 and aired on PBS’ P.O.V. series that same year. It was directed and produced by Marion Lipschutz and Rose Rosenblatt. | The Education of Shelby Knox is 2005 documentary film that tells the coming-of-age story of public speaker and feminist Shelby Knox, a teenager who joins a campaign for comprehensive sex education in the high schools of Lubbock, Texas. , Shelby Knox's website TEOSK was an official selection of the Sundance Film Festival in 2005 and aired on PBS’ P.O.V. series that same year. It was directed and produced by Marion Lipschutz and Rose Rosenblatt. | [
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8268725 | 2 | Category:2005 films Category:2000s documentary films Category:American documentary films Category:American films Category:Documentary films about education in the United States Category:Documentary films about sexuality Category:Education in Texas Category:Films set in Texas Category:Films shot in Texas Category: POV (TV series) films Category: Sex education Category:Sexuality and society Category:Documentary films about feminism Category:Films about activist | Category:2005 films Category:2000s documentary films Category:American documentary films Category:American films Category:Documentary films about education in the United States Category:Documentary films about sexuality Category:Education in Texas Category:Films set in Texas Category:Films shot in Texas Category: Sex education Category:Sexuality and society Category:Documentary films about feminism Category:Films about activist | [
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827023 | 1 | On rare occasions, bleed air used for air conditioning and pressurization can be contaminated by chemicals such as oil or hydraulic fluid. This is known as a fume event. While those chemicals can be irritating, such rare events have not been established to cause long-term harm. Certain neurological and respiratory ill health effects have been linked anecdotally to exposure to bleed air that has been alleged to have been contaminated with toxic levels on commercial and military aircraft. This alleged long-term illness is referred to as Aerotoxic Syndrome by agenda groups , but it is not a medically recognized syndrome. One alleged potential contaminant is tricresyl phosphate. Many lobbying groups have been set up to advocate for research into this alleged hazard. The groups include the Aviation Organophosphate Information Site (AOPIS) (2001), the Global Cabin Air Quality Executive (2006) and the UK-based Aerotoxic Association (2007). Cabin Environment Research is one of many functions of the ACER Group, but their researchers have not yet established any causal relationship. While no scientific evidence to date has found that airliner cabin air has been contaminated to toxic levels (exceeding known safe levels, in ppm, of any dangerous chemical), a court in Australia in March 2010 , found in favor of a former airline flight attendant who claimed she suffered chronic respiratory problems after being exposed to oil fumes on a trip in March 1992.Turner v Eastwest Airlines Limited (2009) at Dust Diseases Tribunal of New South Wales | On about 1 in 5,000 flights, bleed air used for air conditioning and pressurization can be contaminated by chemicals such as oil or hydraulic fluid. This is known as a fume event. While those chemicals can be irritating, such events have not been established to cause long-term harm. Certain neurological and respiratory ill health effects have been linked anecdotally to exposure to bleed air that has been alleged to have been contaminated with toxic levels on commercial and military aircraft. This alleged long-term illness is referred to as aerotoxic ayndrome , but it is not a medically recognized syndrome. One potential contaminant is tricresyl phosphate. Many lobbying groups have been set up to advocate for research into this hazard, including the Aviation Organophosphate Information Site (AOPIS) (2001), the Global Cabin Air Quality Executive (2006) and the UK-based Aerotoxic Association (2007). Cabin Environment Research is one of many functions of the ACER Group, but their researchers have not yet established any causal relationship. While no scientific evidence to date has found that airliner cabin air has been contaminated to toxic levels (exceeding known safe levels, in ppm, of any dangerous chemical), a court in Australia in March 2010 found in favor of a former airline flight attendant who claimed she suffered chronic respiratory problems after being exposed to oil fumes on a trip in March 1992.Turner v Eastwest Airlines Limited (2009) at Dust Diseases Tribunal of New South Wales Such testing is infrequent due to Boeing's refusal to install air quality sensors in its planes, fearing lawsuits from crew or passengers over fume events, and airlines refused to allow flight attendents to carry air samplers after Congress mandated chemical measurements. The FAA has revoked the medical certificates of several pilots who developed neurological issues after fume events. A judge who awarded workers' compensation to a pilot who had suffered toxic encephalopathy (brain damage) from a fume event condemned the airline industry's obstructionism around fume events. | [
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8275235 | 1 | </ref></ref> Nurse explaining information in a brochure with a client. Picture was taken by Bill Branson (Photographer). The nurse–client relationship is an interaction aimed to enhance the well-being of a "client, " which may be an individual, a family, a group, or a community. Peplau 's theory is of high relevance to the nurse-client relationship, with one of its major aspects being that both the nurse and the client become more knowledgeable and mature over the course of their relationship. Peplau, Hildegard E. Interpersonal Relations in Nursing. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1952. Interpersonal Theory in Nursing Practice: Selected Works of Hildegard E. Peplau. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1989. Peplau believed that the relationship depended on the interaction of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of each person and that the patient will experience better health when all their specific needs are fully considered in the relationship. The nurse-patient relationship enables nurses to spend more time, to connect, to interact with their patients as well as to understand their patient's needs. It assists nurses to establish a unique perspective regarding the meaning of the patient's illness, beliefs, and preferences of patients/families. Thus, the patients/families feel that they are being cared for and they feel more motivated to open up to the nurses as well as working together to achieve better outcomes/satisfaction.Duffy, J. R. (2005). Implementing the Quality‐Caring model in acute care. Journal of Nursing Administration, 35(1), 4-6. Therapeutic nurse-patient communication is a key aspect of the performance of the nurse's role. Therapeutic communication benefits not only the patient but the nurse as well. Nurses report higher job satisfaction connected with positive communication with patients. Fakhr-Movahedi, A., Rahnavard, Z., Salsali, M., Negarandeh, R. (2016). Exploring nurse's communicative role in nurse-patient relationships: A qualitative study. Journal of Caring Sciences 5(4), 267-276. URL 10.15171/jcs.2016.028 Improved communication with patients increases the nurses ability to do their job effectively, which in turn increases job satisfaction. Reports of increased job satisfaction reduces the reported instance of compassion fatigue. Increased compassion fatigue reduce the nurse's ability to communicate effectively and compassionately with the patient, impairing therapeutic behaviours and communication, and decreasing the effectiveness of the nurse-patient relationship, and safe care. It is a cycle where therapeutic communication leads to a positive relationship that increases both patient and nurse satisfaction that improves the nurses ability to continue therapeutic behaviours. Self-awareness is an internal evaluation of one self and of one's reactions to emotionally charged situations, people and places. It offers an opportunity to recognize how our attitudes, perceptions, past and present experiences, and relationships frame or distort interactions with others. An example of self-awareness would be acknowledging that showing anger is not a sign of weakness, because there were emotions outside of your control.Antai-Otong, D. (2007). Perspectives and Principles of Therapeutic Communication. In Nurse-Client Communication (1st ed., pp. 16-17). Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett. Self-awareness allows you to fully engage with a client and presence; being with the client in the moment, allows the nurse to know when to provide help and when to stand back. Until individuals can fully understand themselves they cannot understand others. Nurses need self-awareness in this relationship to be able to relate to the patient's experiences to develop empathy. A major obstacle to cultural sensitivity and good communication is ethnocentrism, which is the belief that one's ethnic group is superior to another; this causes prejudice and stops a nurse from fully understanding the patient. Another obstacle is stereotyping; a patient's background is often multifaceted, encompassing many ethic and cultural traditions. In order to individualize communication and provide culturally sensitive care it is important to understand the complexity of social, ethnic, cultural and economic factors. This involves overcoming certain attitudes and offering consistent, non-judgemental care to all patients. Accepting the person for who they are regardless of diverse backgrounds and circumstances or differences in morals or beliefs. By exhibiting these attributes trust can grow between patient and nurse. Nurses need to know the outcome of social, cultural, and racial differences, and how they can affect the therapeutic relationship. Nurses need to acknowledge the impact of culture in order to practice health in a way that respects a person's beliefs and values. Clients' perspectives Coatsworth-Puspoky, Forchuk, and Ward-Griffin conducted a study on clients' perspectives in the nurse–client relationship. Interviews were done with participants from Southern Ontario, ten had been hospitalized for a psychiatric illness and four had experiences with nurses from community-based organizations , but were never hospitalized . The participants were asked about experiences at different stages of the relationship. The research described two relationships that formed the "bright side" and the "dark side". The "bright" relationship involved nurses who validated clients and their feelings. For example, one client tested his trust of the nurse by becoming angry with her and revealing his negative thoughts related to the hospitalization . The client stated, "she's trying to be quite nice to me ... if she's able to tolerate this occasional venomous attack, which she has done quite well right up to now, it will probably be a very beneficial relationship".Coatsworth-Puspoky, R., C. Forchuk, and C. Ward-Griffin. "Nurse–client processes in mental health: recipient's perspectives." Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 13 (2006): 347–355. EBSCOHost. McIntyre Lib., UW-Eau Claire. 12 November 2006. The "dark" side of the relationship resulted in the nurse and client moving away from each other. For example, one client stated, "The nurses' general feeling was when someone asks for help, they're being manipulative and attention seeking". The nurse didn't recognize the client who has an illness with needs therefore; the clients avoided the nurse and perceived the nurse as avoiding them. One patient reported, "the nurses all stayed in their central station. They didn't mix with the patients ... The only interaction you have with them is medication time". Neither trust nor caring was exchanged so perceptions of mutual avoiding and ignoring resulted. One participant stated, "no one cares. It doesn't matter. It's just, they don't want to hear it. They don't want to know it; they don't want to listen". The relationship that developed depended on the nurse's personality and attitude. These findings bring awareness about the importance of the nurse–client relationship. One client stated, "they were there for the smallest need. I remember one time where they repositioned me maybe five or six times in a matter of an hour". A good personality was stated by five participants as important. One said, "they were all friendly, and they make you feel like they've known you for a long time" (61) . Receiving adequate information was important to four participants. One participant said, "they explained things. They followed it through, step by step". The findings of this study show how trust is beneficial to a lasting relationship. Humour Humour is important in developing a lasting relationship. Astedt-Kurki, Isola, Tammentie, and Kervinen asked readers to write about experiences with humour while in the hospital through a patient organization newsletter. Letters were chosen from 13 chronically ill clients from Finland. The clients were also interviewed in addition to their letters. The interviews reported that humour played an important role in health. A paralyzed woman said, "Well you have to have a sense of humour if you want to live and survive. You have to keep it up no matter how much it hurts".Päivi Astedt-Kurki, Arja Isola, Tarja Tammentie, and Ulla Kervinen. "Importance of humour to client–nurse relationships and clients' well being." International Journal of Nursing Practice 7 (2001): 119–125. EBSCOHost. McIntyre Lib., UW-Eau Claire. 14 November 2006. | Nurse explaining information in a brochure with a client. Picture was taken by Bill Branson (Photographer). The nurse–client relationship is an interaction between a nurse and "client" (patient) aimed at enhancing the well-being of the client, who may be an individual, a family, a group, or a community. Peplau Peplau 's theory is of high relevance to the nurse-client relationship, with one of its major aspects being that both the nurse and the client become more knowledgeable and mature over the course of their relationship. Hildegard Peplau believed that the relationship depended on the interaction of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of each person and that the patient will experience better health when all their specific needs are fully considered in the relationship. Peplau, Hildegard E. Interpersonal Relations in Nursing. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1952. Interpersonal Theory in Nursing Practice: Selected Works of Hildegard E. Peplau. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1989. The nurse-patient relationship enables nurses to spend more time, to connect, to interact with their patients as well as to understand their patient's needs. It assists nurses to establish a unique perspective regarding the meaning of the patient's illness, beliefs, and preferences of patients/families. Thus, the patients/families feel that they are being cared for and they feel more motivated to open up to the nurses as well as working together to achieve better outcomes/satisfaction.Duffy, J. R. (2005). Implementing the Quality‐Caring model in acute care. Journal of Nursing Administration, 35(1), 4-6. Therapeutic nurse-patient communication is a key aspect of the performance of the nurse's role. Therapeutic communication benefits not only the patient but the nurse as well. Nurses report higher job satisfaction connected with positive communication with patients. Improved communication with patients increases the nurses ability to do their job effectively, which in turn increases job satisfaction. Reports of increased job satisfaction reduces the reported instance of compassion fatigue. Increased compassion fatigue reduce the nurse's ability to communicate effectively and compassionately with the patient, impairing therapeutic behaviours and communication, and decreasing the effectiveness of the nurse-patient relationship, and safe care. Fakhr-Movahedi, A., Rahnavard, Z., Salsali, M., Negarandeh, R. (2016). Exploring nurse's communicative role in nurse-patient relationships: A qualitative study. Journal of Caring Sciences 5(4), 267-276. URL 10.15171/jcs.2016.028 It is a cycle where therapeutic communication leads to a positive relationship that increases both patient and nurse satisfaction that improves the nurses ability to continue therapeutic behaviours. Self-awareness is an internal evaluation of one self and of one's reactions to emotionally charged situations, people and places. It offers an opportunity to recognise how our attitudes, perceptions, past and present experiences, and relationships frame or distort interactions with others. An example of self-awareness would be acknowledging that showing anger is not a sign of weakness, because there were emotions outside of your control.Antai-Otong, D. (2007). Perspectives and Principles of Therapeutic Communication. In Nurse-Client Communication (1st ed., pp. 16-17). Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett. Self-awareness allows you to fully engage with a client and presence; being with the client in the moment, allows the nurse to know when to provide help and when to stand back. Until individuals can fully understand themselves they cannot understand others. Nurses need self-awareness in this relationship to be able to relate to the patient's experiences to develop empathy. A major obstacle to cultural sensitivity and good communication is ethnocentrism, which is the belief that one's ethnic group is superior to another; this causes prejudice and stops a nurse from fully understanding the patient. Another obstacle is stereotyping; a patient's background is often multifaceted, encompassing many ethic and cultural traditions. In order to individualise communication and provide culturally sensitive care it is important to understand the complexity of social, ethnic, cultural and economic factors. This involves overcoming certain attitudes and offering consistent, non-judgemental care to all patients. Accepting the person for who they are regardless of diverse backgrounds and circumstances or differences in morals or beliefs. By exhibiting these attributes trust can grow between patient and nurse. Nurses need to know the outcome of social, cultural, and racial differences, and how they can affect the therapeutic relationship. Nurses need to acknowledge the impact of culture in order to practice health in a way that respects a person's beliefs and values. Clients' perspectives Coatsworth-Puspoky, Forchuk, and Ward-Griffin conducted a study on clients' perspectives in the nurse–client relationship. Interviews were done with participants from Southern Ontario, ten had been hospitalised for a psychiatric illness and four had experiences with nurses from community-based organisations , but were never hospitalised . The participants were asked about experiences at different stages of the relationship. The research described two relationships that formed the "bright side" and the "dark side". The "bright" relationship involved nurses who validated clients and their feelings. For example, one client tested his trust of the nurse by becoming angry with her and revealing his negative thoughts related to the hospitalisation . The client stated, "she's trying to be quite nice to me ... if she's able to tolerate this occasional venomous attack, which she has done quite well right up to now, it will probably be a very beneficial relationship".Coatsworth-Puspoky, R., C. Forchuk, and C. Ward-Griffin. "Nurse–client processes in mental health: recipient's perspectives." Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 13 (2006): 347–355. EBSCOHost. McIntyre Lib., UW-Eau Claire. 12 November 2006. The "dark" side of the relationship resulted in the nurse and client moving away from each other. For example, one client stated, "The nurses' general feeling was when someone asks for help, they're being manipulative and attention seeking". The nurse didn't recognise the client who has an illness with needs therefore; the clients avoided the nurse and perceived the nurse as avoiding them. One patient reported, "the nurses all stayed in their central station. They didn't mix with the patients ... The only interaction you have with them is medication time". Neither trust nor caring was exchanged so perceptions of mutual avoiding and ignoring resulted. One participant stated, "no one cares. It doesn't matter. It's just, they don't want to hear it. They don't want to know it; they don't want to listen". The relationship that developed depended on the nurse's personality and attitude. These findings bring awareness about the importance of the nurse–client relationship. One client stated, "they were there for the smallest need. I remember one time where they repositioned me maybe five or six times in a matter of an hour". A good personality was stated by five participants as important. One said, "they were all friendly, and they make you feel like they've known you for a long time" . Receiving adequate information was important to four participants. One participant said, "they explained things. They followed it through, step by step". The findings of this study show how trust is beneficial to a lasting relationship. Humour Humour is important in developing a lasting relationship. Astedt-Kurki, Isola, Tammentie, and Kervinen asked readers to write about experiences with humour while in the hospital through a patient organisation newsletter. Letters were chosen from 13 chronically ill clients from Finland. The clients were also interviewed in addition to their letters. The interviews reported that humour played an important role in health. A paralyzed woman said, "Well you have to have a sense of humour if you want to live and survive. You have to keep it up no matter how much it hurts".Päivi Astedt-Kurki, Arja Isola, Tarja Tammentie, and Ulla Kervinen. "Importance of humour to client–nurse relationships and clients' well being." International Journal of Nursing Practice 7 (2001): 119–125. EBSCOHost. McIntyre Lib., UW-Eau Claire. 14 November 2006. | [
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827792 | 1 | According to the hypothesis, complex extraterrestrial life is an improbable phenomenon and likely to be rare . The term "Rare Earth" originates from Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe (2000), a book by Peter Ward, a geologist and paleontologist, and Donald E. Brownlee, an astronomer and astrobiologist, both faculty members at the University of Washington. In the 1970s and 1980s, Carl Sagan and Frank Drake, among others, argued that Earth is a typical rocky planet in a typical planetary system, located in a non-exceptional region of a common barred-spiral galaxy. From the principle of mediocrity (extended from the Copernican principle), they argued that we are typical, and the universe teems with complex life. However, Ward and Brownlee argue that planets, planetary systems, and galactic regions that are as friendly to complex life as the Earth, the Solar System, and our galactic region are rare. | According to the hypothesis, complex extraterrestrial life is an improbable phenomenon and likely to be rare throughout the universe as a whole . The term "Rare Earth" originates from Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe (2000), a book by Peter Ward, a geologist and paleontologist, and Donald E. Brownlee, an astronomer and astrobiologist, both faculty members at the University of Washington. In the 1970s and 1980s, Carl Sagan and Frank Drake, among others, argued that Earth is a typical rocky planet in a typical planetary system, located in a non-exceptional region of a common barred-spiral galaxy. From the principle of mediocrity (extended from the Copernican principle), they argued that the evolution of life on Earth, including human beings, was also typical, and therefore that the universe teems with complex life. However, Ward and Brownlee argue that planets, planetary systems, and galactic regions that are as accommodating for complex life as the Earth, the Solar System, and our own galactic region are not typical at all, but actually exceedingly rare. | [
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827792 | 2 | The Rare Earth hypothesis argues that the evolution of biological complexity requires a host of fortuitous circumstances, such as a galactic habitable zone , a central star and planetary system having the requisite character , the circumstellar habitable zone , a right-sized terrestrial planet , the advantage of a gas giant guardian like Jupiter and a large natural satellite , conditions needed to ensure the planet has a magnetosphere and plate tectonics , the chemistry of the lithosphere, atmosphere, and oceans , the role of "evolutionary pumps" such as massive glaciation and rare Bolide impacts, and whatever led to the appearance of the eukaryote cell , sexual reproduction and the Cambrian explosion of animal, plant, and fungi phyla. The evolution of human intelligence may have required yet further events, which are extremely unlikely to have happened were it not for the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago removing dinosaurs as the dominant terrestrial vertebrates. In order for a small rocky planet to support complex life, Ward and Brownlee argue, the values of several variables must fall within narrow ranges. The universe is so vast that it could contain many Earth-like planets . But if such planets exist, they are likely to be separated from each other by many thousands of light years . Such distances may preclude communication among any intelligent species evolving on such planets, which would solve the Fermi paradox: "If extraterrestrial aliens are common, why aren't they obvious?" The right location in the right kind of galaxy Rare Earth suggests that much of the known universe, including large parts of our galaxy, are "dead zones" unable to support complex life. Those parts of a galaxy where complex life is possible make up the galactic habitable zone, primarily characterized by distance from the Galactic Center. As that distance increases star metallicity declines. Metals (which in astronomy means all elements other than hydrogen and helium) are necessary to the formation of terrestrial planets. The X-ray and gamma ray radiation from the black hole at the galactic center, and from nearby neutron stars, becomes less intense . Thus the early universe, and present-day galactic regions where stellar density is high and supernovae are common, will be dead zones. Gravitational perturbation of planets and planetesimals by nearby stars becomes less likely as the density of stars decreases. Hence the further a planet lies from the Galactic Center or a spiral arm, the less likely it is to be struck by a large bolide which could extinguish all complex life on a planet. Item #1 rules out the outer reaches of a galaxy; #2 and #3 rule out galactic inner regions. Hence a galaxy's habitable zone may be a ring sandwiched between its uninhabitable center and outer reaches. Also, a habitable planetary system must maintain its favorable location long enough for complex life to evolve. A star with an eccentric ( elliptic or hyperbolic) galactic orbit will pass through some spiral arms, unfavorable regions of high star density; thus a life-bearing star must have a galactic orbit that is nearly circular, with a close synchronization between the orbital velocity of the star and of the spiral arms. This further restricts the galactic habitable zone within a fairly narrow range of distances from the Galactic Center. Lineweaver et al. calculate this zone to be a ring 7 to 9 kiloparsecs in radius, including no more than 10\% of the stars in the Milky Way, about 20 to 40 billion stars. Gonzalez , et al. would halve these numbers; they estimate that at most 5\% of stars in the Milky Way fall in the galactic habitable zone. The orbit of the Sun around the center of the Milky Way is indeed almost perfectly circular, with a period of 226 Ma (million years), closely matching the rotational period of the galaxy. However, the majority of stars in barred spiral galaxies populate the spiral arms rather than the halo and tend to move in gravitationally aligned orbits, so there is little that is unusual about the Sun's orbit. While the Rare Earth hypothesis predicts that the Sun should rarely, if ever, have passed through a spiral arm since its formation, astronomer Karen Masters has calculated that the orbit of the Sun takes it through a major spiral arm approximately every 100 million years. Some researchers have suggested that several mass extinctions do correspond with previous crossings of the spiral arms. Orbiting at the right distance from the right type of star According to the hypothesis, Earth has an improbable orbit in the very narrow habitable zone (dark green) around the Sun. The terrestrial example suggests that complex life requires liquid water, requiring an orbital distance neither too close nor too far from the central star, another scale of habitable zone or Goldilocks Principle : The habitable zone varies with the star's type and age. For advanced life, the star must also be highly stable, which is typical of middle star life, about 4.6 billion years old. Proper metallicity and size are also important to stability. The Sun has a low 0.1\% luminosity variation. To date no solar twin star, with an exact match of the sun's luminosity variation, has been found, though some come close. The star must have no stellar companions, as in binary systems, which would disrupt the orbits of planets. Estimates suggest 50\% or more of all star systems are binary.University of Nebraska-Lincoln astronomy education group, Stellar Luminosity CalculatorNational Center for Atmospheric Research, The Effects of Solar Variability on Earth's Climate, 2012 ReportMost of Earth’s twins aren’t identical, or even close!, by Ethan on 5 June 2013 The habitable zone for a main sequence star very gradually moves out over its lifespan until it becomes a white dwarf and the habitable zone vanishes. The liquid water and other gases available in the habitable zone bring the benefit of greenhouse warming. Even though the Earth's atmosphere contains a water vapor concentration from 0\% (in arid regions) to 4\% (in rain forest and ocean regions) and – as of February 2018 – only 408.05 parts per million of , these small amounts suffice to raise the average surface temperature by about 40 °C, with the dominant contribution being due to water vapor. Rocky planets must orbit within the habitable zone for life to form. Although the habitable zone of such hot stars as Sirius or Vega is wide, hot stars also emit much more ultraviolet radiation that ionizes any planetary atmosphere. They may become red giants before advanced life evolves on their planets. These considerations rule out the massive and powerful stars of type F6 to O (see stellar classification) as homes to evolved metazoan life. Small red dwarf stars conversely have small habitable zones wherein planets are in tidal lock, with one very hot side always facing the star and another very cold side ; and they are also at increased risk of solar flares (see Aurelia). Life probably cannot arise in such systems. Rare Earth proponents claim that only stars from F7 to K1 types are hospitable. Such stars are rare: G type stars such as the Sun (between the hotter F and cooler K) comprise only 9\% The One Hundred Nearest Star Systems, Research Consortium on Nearby Stars. of the hydrogen-burning stars in the Milky Way. Such aged stars as red giants and white dwarfs are also unlikely to support life. Red giants are common in globular clusters and elliptical galaxies. White dwarfs are mostly dying stars that have already completed their red giant phase. Stars that become red giants expand into or overheat the habitable zones of their youth and middle age (though theoretically planets at a much greater distance may become habitable). The right arrangement of planets Depiction of the Sun and planets of the Solar System and the sequence of planets. Rare Earth argues that without such an arrangement, in particular the presence of the massive gas giant Jupiter ( fifth planet from the Sun and the largest), complex life on Earth would not have arisen. Rare Earth proponents argue that a planetary system capable of sustaining complex life must be structured more or less like the Solar System, with small, rocky inner planets and massive outer gas giants. Without the protection of ' celestial vacuum cleaner ' planets with strong gravitational pull, a planet would be subject to more catastrophic asteroid collisions. Observations of exo-planets have shown that arrangements of planets similar to the Solar System are rare. Most planetary systems have super Earths , several times larger than Earth, close to their star, whereas the Solar System's inner region has only a few small rocky planets and none inside Mercury's orbit. Only 10\% of stars have giant planets similar to Jupiter and Saturn, and those few rarely have stable nearly circular orbits distant from their star. Konstantin Batygin and colleagues argue that these features can be explained if, early in the history of the Solar System, Jupiter and Saturn drifted towards the Sun, sending showers of planetesimals towards the super-Earths which sent them spiralling into the Sun, and ferrying icy building blocks into the terrestrial region of the Solar System which provided the building blocks for the rocky planets. The two giant planets then drifted out again to their present position. However, in the view of Batygin and his colleagues: "The concatenation of chance events required for this delicate choreography suggest that small, Earth-like rocky planets – and perhaps life itself – could be rare throughout the cosmos."Batygin et al., pp. 23-24 A continuously stable orbit Rare Earth argues that a gas giant must not be too close to a body where life is developing. Close placement of gas giant(s) could disrupt the orbit of a potential life-bearing planet, either directly or by drifting into the habitable zone. The need for stable orbits rules out stars with systems of planets that contain large planets with orbits close to the host star (called "hot Jupiters"). It is believed that hot Jupiters have migrated inwards to their current orbits. In the process, they would have catastrophically disrupted the orbits of any planets in the habitable zone."Once you realize that most of the known extrasolar planets have highly eccentric orbits (like the planets in Upsilon Andromedae), you begin to wonder if there might be something special about our solar system" (UCBerkeleyNews quoting Extra solar planetary researcher Eric Ford.) To exacerbate matters, hot Jupiters are much more common orbiting F and G class stars.Sol Company, Stars and Habitable Planets, 2012 A terrestrial planet of the right size upright=1.4|Planets of the Solar System to scale. Rare Earth argues that complex life cannot exist on large gaseous planets like Jupiter and Saturn (top row) or Uranus and Neptune (top middle) or smaller planets such as Mars and Mercury It is argued that life requires terrestrial planets like Earth and as gas giants lack such a surface, that complex life cannot arise there. A planet that is too small cannot hold much atmosphere, making surface temperature low and variable and oceans impossible. A small planet will also tend to have a rough surface, with large mountains and deep canyons. The core will cool faster, and plate tectonics may be brief or entirely absent. A planet that is too large will retain too dense an atmosphere like Venus. Although Venus is similar in size and mass to Earth, its surface atmospheric pressure is 92 times that of Earth, and surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F). Earth had a similar early atmosphereto Venus , but may have lost it in the giant impact event which formed the Moon., as summarized by ; also see With plate tectonics The Great American Interchange on Earth, around ~ 3.5 to 3 Ma, an example of species competition, resulting from continental plate interaction An artist's rendering of the structure of Earth's magnetic field-magnetosphere that protects Earth's life from solar radiation. 1) Bow shock. 2) Magnetosheath. 3) Magnetopause. 4) Magnetosphere. 5) Northern tail lobe. 6) Southern tail lobe. 7) Plasmasphere. Rare Earth proponents argue that plate tectonics and a strong magnetic field are essential for biodiversity, global temperature regulation, and the carbon cycle. The lack of mountain chains elsewhere in the Solar System is direct evidence that Earth is the only body with plate tectonics, and thus the only nearby body capable of supporting life. Plate tectonics depend on the right chemical composition and a long-lasting source of heat from radioactive decay. Continents must be made of less dense felsic rocks that "float" on underlying denser mafic rock. Taylor emphasizes that tectonic subduction zones require the lubrication of oceans of water. Plate tectonics also provides a means of biochemical cycling.Plate Tectonics Could Be Essential for Alien Life, By Lee Pullen, Astrobiology Magazine, February 19, 2009, SPACE.com Plate tectonics and as a result continental drift and the creation of separate land masses would create diversified ecosystems and biodiversity, one of the strongest defences against extinction. 2000. Plate tectonics essential for complex evolution - Rare Earth - Copernicus Books An example of species diversification and later competition on Earth's continents is the Great American Interchange. North and Middle America drifted into South America at around 3.5 to 3 Ma. The fauna of South America evolved separately for about 30 million years, since Antarctica separated . Many species were subsequently wiped outin mainly South America by competing Northern American animals. A large moon Tide pools resulting from tidal interaction of the Moon are said to have promoted the evolution of complex life. The Moon is unusual because the other rocky planets in the Solar System either have no satellites (Mercury and Venus), or only tiny satellites which are probably captured asteroids (Mars). The Giant-impact theory hypothesizes that the Moon resulted from the impact of a Mars-sized body, dubbed Theia, with the young Earth. This giant impact also gave the Earth its axial tilt (inclination) and velocity of rotation. Rapid rotation reduces the daily variation in temperature and makes photosynthesis viable. The Rare Earth hypothesis further argues that the axial tilt cannot be too large or too small (relative to the orbital plane). A planet with a large tilt will experience extreme seasonal variations in climate. A planet with little or no tilt will lack the stimulus to evolution that climate variation provides. In this view, the Earth's tilt is "just right". The gravity of a large satellite also stabilizes the planet's tilt; without this effect the variation in tilt would be chaotic, probably making complex life forms on land impossible. A large satellite also increases the likelihood of plate tectonics through the effect of tidal forces on the planet's crust. The impact that formed the Moon may also have initiated plate tectonics, without which the continental crust would cover the entire planet, leaving no room for oceanic crust. It is possible that the large scale mantle convection needed to drive plate tectonics could not have emerged in the absence of crustal inhomogeneity. A further theory indicates that such a large moon may also contribute to maintaining a planet's magnetic shield by continually acting upon a metallic planetary core as dynamo, thus protecting the surface of the planet from charged particles and cosmic rays, and helping to ensure the atmosphere is not stripped over time by solar winds. Earth's atmosphere %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Atmosphere A terrestrial planet of the right size is needed to retain an atmosphere , like Earth and Venus . On Earth, once the giant impact of Theia thinned Earth's atmosphere, other events were needed to make the atmosphere capable of sustaining life. The Late Heavy Bombardment reseeded Earth with water lost after the impact of Theia. The development of an ozone layer formed protection from ultraviolet (UV) sunlight.NASA, Ozone and the Atmosphere, Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are needed in a correct ratio for life to form.Emsley, p. 360 Lightning is needed for nitrogen fixation. The carbon dioxide gas needed for life comes from sources such as volcanoes and geysers. Carbon dioxide is only needed at low levels (currently at 400 ppm); at high levels it is poisonous.The International Volcanic Health Hazard Network, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Precipitation is needed to have a stable water cycle. A proper atmosphere must reduce diurnal temperature variation. One or more evolutionary triggers for complex life This diagram illustrates the twofold cost of sex. If each individual were to contribute to the same number of offspring (two), (a) the sexual population remains the same size each generation, where the (b) asexual population doubles in size each generation Regardless of whether planets with similar physical attributes to the Earth are rare or not, some argue that life usually remains simple bacteria . Biochemist Nick Lane argues that simple cells (prokaryotes) emerged soon after Earth's formation, but since almost half the planet's life had passed before they evolved into complex ones (eukaryotes) all of whom share a common ancestor, this event can only have happened once. In some views, prokaryotes lack the cellular architecture to evolve into eukaryotes because a bacterium expanded up to eukaryotic proportions would have tens of thousands of times less energy available ; two billion years ago, one simple cell incorporated itself into another, multiplied, and evolved into mitochondria that supplied the vast increase in available energy that enabled the evolution of complex life. If this incorporation occurred only once in four billion years or is otherwise unlikely, then life on most planets remains simple.Lane, 2012 An alternative view is that mitochondria evolution was environmentally triggered, and that mitochondria-containing organisms appeared soon after the first traces of atmospheric oxygen.Martin, W. & Mentel, M. (2010)The Origin of Mitochondria. Nature Education 3(9):58 The right time in evolution Timeline of evolution; human writing exists for only 0.000218\% of Earth's history. While life on Earth is regarded to have spawned relatively early in the planet's history, the evolution from multicellular to intelligent organisms took around 800 million years. 800 million years for complex organ evolution - Heidelberg University Civilizations on Earth have existed for about 12,000 years and radio communication reaching space has existed for less than 100 years. Relative to the age of the Solar System (~4.57 Ga) this is a short time, in which extreme climatic variations, super volcanoes, and large meteorite impacts were absent. These events would severely harm intelligent life, as well as life in general. For example, the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, caused by widespread and continuous volcanic eruptions in an area the size of Western Europe, led to the extinction of 95\% of known species around 251.2 Ma ago. About 65 million years ago, the Chicxulub impact at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (~65.5 Ma) on the Yucatán peninsula in Mexico led to a mass extinction of the most advanced species at that time. | The Rare Earth hypothesis argues that the evolution of biological complexity anywhere in the universe requires the coincidence of a large number of fortuitous circumstances, such as a galactic habitable zone ; a central star and planetary system having the requisite character (i.e. a circumstellar habitable zone ); a terrestrial planet of the right mass; the advantage of one or more gas giant guardians like Jupiter and possibly a large natural satellite to shield the planet from frequent impact events; conditions needed to ensure the planet has a magnetosphere and plate tectonics ; the apparently unique chemistry of the lithosphere, atmosphere, and oceans ; the influence of "evolutionary pumps" such as massive glaciations and occasional bolide impacts; and whatever factors may have led to the emergence of eukaryotic cells , sexual reproduction , and the Cambrian explosion of animal, plant, and fungi phyla. The evolution of human beings and of human intelligence may have required yet further specific events and circumstances, all of which are extremely unlikely to have happened were it not for the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago removing dinosaurs as the dominant terrestrial vertebrates. In order for a small rocky planet to support complex life, Ward and Brownlee argue, the values of several variables must fall within narrow ranges. The universe is so vast that it might still contain many Earth-like planets , but if such planets exist, they are likely to be separated from each other by many thousands of light-years . Such distances may preclude communication among any intelligent species that may evolve on such planets, which would solve the Fermi paradox: "If extraterrestrial aliens are common, why aren't they obvious?" The right location in the right kind of galaxy Rare Earth suggests that much of the known universe, including large parts of our galaxy, are "dead zones" unable to support complex life. Those parts of a galaxy where complex life is possible make up the galactic habitable zone, which is primarily characterized by distance from the Galactic Center. As that distance increases , star metallicity declines. Metals (which in astronomy refers to all elements other than hydrogen and helium) are necessary for the formation of terrestrial planets. The X-ray and gamma ray radiation from the black hole at the galactic center, and from nearby neutron stars, becomes less intense as distance increases . Thus the early universe, and present-day galactic regions where stellar density is high and supernovae are common, will be dead zones. Gravitational perturbation of planets and planetesimals by nearby stars becomes less likely as the density of stars decreases. Hence the further a planet lies from the Galactic Center or a spiral arm, the less likely it is to be struck by a large bolide which could extinguish all complex life on a planet. Item #1 rules out the outermost reaches of a galaxy; #2 and #3 rule out galactic inner regions. Hence a galaxy's habitable zone may be a relatively narrow ring of adequate conditions sandwiched between its uninhabitable center and outer reaches. Also, a habitable planetary system must maintain its favorable location long enough for complex life to evolve. A star with an eccentric ( elliptical or hyperbolic) galactic orbit will pass through some spiral arms, unfavorable regions of high star density; thus a life-bearing star must have a galactic orbit that is nearly circular, with a close synchronization between the orbital velocity of the star and of the spiral arms. This further restricts the galactic habitable zone within a fairly narrow range of distances from the Galactic Center. Lineweaver et al. calculate this zone to be a ring 7 to 9 kiloparsecs in radius, including no more than 10\% of the stars in the Milky Way, about 20 to 40 billion stars. Gonzalez et al. would halve these numbers; they estimate that at most 5\% of stars in the Milky Way fall within the galactic habitable zone. The orbit of the Sun around the center of the Milky Way is indeed almost perfectly circular, with a period of 226 Ma (million years), closely matching the rotational period of the galaxy. However, the majority of stars in barred spiral galaxies populate the spiral arms rather than the halo and tend to move in gravitationally aligned orbits, so there is little that is unusual about the Sun's orbit. While the Rare Earth hypothesis predicts that the Sun should rarely, if ever, have passed through a spiral arm since its formation, astronomer Karen Masters has calculated that the orbit of the Sun takes it through a major spiral arm approximately every 100 million years. Some researchers have suggested that several mass extinctions do indeed correspond with previous crossings of the spiral arms. Orbiting at the right distance from the right type of star According to the hypothesis, Earth has an improbable orbit in the very narrow habitable zone (dark green) around the Sun. The terrestrial example suggests that complex life requires liquid water, the maintenance of which requires an orbital distance neither too close nor too far from the central star, another scale of habitable zone or Goldilocks Principle . The habitable zone varies with the star's type and age. For advanced life, the star must also be highly stable, which is typical of middle star life, about 4.6 billion years old. Proper metallicity and size are also important to stability. The Sun has a low ( 0.1\% ) luminosity variation. To date , no solar twin star, with an exact match of the sun's luminosity variation, has been found, though some come close. The star must also have no stellar companions, as in binary systems, which would disrupt the orbits of any planets. Estimates suggest 50\% or more of all star systems are binary.University of Nebraska-Lincoln astronomy education group, Stellar Luminosity CalculatorNational Center for Atmospheric Research, The Effects of Solar Variability on Earth's Climate, 2012 ReportMost of Earth’s twins aren’t identical, or even close!, by Ethan on 5 June 2013 The habitable zone for a main sequence star very gradually moves out over its lifespan until the star becomes a white dwarf and the habitable zone vanishes. The liquid water and other gases available in the habitable zone bring the benefit of greenhouse warming. Even though the Earth's atmosphere contains a water vapor concentration from 0\% (in arid regions) to 4\% (in rainforest and ocean regions) and – as of February 2018 – only 408.05 parts per million of , these small amounts suffice to raise the average surface temperature by about 40 °C, with the dominant contribution being due to water vapor. Rocky planets must orbit within the habitable zone for life to form. Although the habitable zone of such hot stars as Sirius or Vega is wide, hot stars also emit much more ultraviolet radiation that ionizes any planetary atmosphere. Such stars may also become red giants before advanced life evolves on their planets. These considerations rule out the massive and powerful stars of type F6 to O (see stellar classification) as homes to evolved metazoan life. Conversely, small red dwarf stars have small habitable zones wherein planets are in tidal lock, with one very hot side always facing the star and another very cold side always facing away, and they are also at increased risk of solar flares (see Aurelia). Life probably cannot arise in such systems. Rare Earth proponents claim that only stars from F7 to K1 types are hospitable. Such stars are rare: G type stars such as the Sun (between the hotter F and cooler K) comprise only 9\% The One Hundred Nearest Star Systems, Research Consortium on Nearby Stars. of the hydrogen-burning stars in the Milky Way. Such aged stars as red giants and white dwarfs are also unlikely to support life. Red giants are common in globular clusters and elliptical galaxies. White dwarfs are mostly dying stars that have already completed their red giant phase. Stars that become red giants expand into or overheat the habitable zones of their youth and middle age (though theoretically planets at much greater distances may then become habitable). The right arrangement of planets Depiction of the Sun and planets of the Solar System and the sequence of planets. Rare Earth argues that without such an arrangement, in particular the presence of the massive gas giant Jupiter ( the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest), complex life on Earth would not have arisen. Rare Earth proponents argue that a planetary system capable of sustaining complex life must be structured more or less like the Solar System, with small, rocky inner planets and massive outer gas giants. Without the protection of such " celestial vacuum cleaner " planets with strong gravitational pulls, other planets would be subject to more frequent catastrophic asteroid collisions. Observations of exoplanets have shown that arrangements of planets similar to the Solar System are rare. Most planetary systems have super-Earths , several times larger than Earth, close to their star, whereas the Solar System's inner region has only a few small rocky planets and none inside Mercury's orbit. Only 10\% of stars have giant planets similar to Jupiter and Saturn, and those few rarely have stable , nearly circular orbits distant from their star. Konstantin Batygin and colleagues argue that these features can be explained if, early in the history of the Solar System, Jupiter and Saturn drifted towards the Sun, sending showers of planetesimals towards the super-Earths which sent them spiralling into the Sun, and ferrying icy building blocks into the terrestrial region of the Solar System which provided the building blocks for the rocky planets. The two giant planets then drifted out again to their present positions. In the view of Batygin and his colleagues: "The concatenation of chance events required for this delicate choreography suggest that small, Earth-like rocky planets – and perhaps life itself – could be rare throughout the cosmos."Batygin et al., pp. 23–24 A continuously stable orbit Rare Earth argues that a gas giant also must not be too close to a body where life is developing. Close placement of one or more gas giants could disrupt the orbit of a potential life-bearing planet, either directly or by drifting into the habitable zone. The need for stable orbits rules out stars with planetary systems that contain large planets with orbits close to the host star (called "hot Jupiters"). It is believed that hot Jupiters have migrated inwards to their current orbits. In the process, they would have catastrophically disrupted the orbits of any planets in the habitable zone."Once you realize that most of the known extrasolar planets have highly eccentric orbits (like the planets in Upsilon Andromedae), you begin to wonder if there might be something special about our solar system" (UCBerkeleyNews quoting extrasolar planetary researcher Eric Ford.) To exacerbate matters, hot Jupiters are much more common orbiting F and G class stars.Sol Company, Stars and Habitable Planets, 2012 A terrestrial planet of the right size upright=1.4|Planets of the Solar System , shown to scale. Rare Earth argues that complex life cannot exist on large gaseous planets like Jupiter and Saturn (top row) or Uranus and Neptune (top middle) or smaller planets such as Mars and Mercury . The Rare Earth hypothesis argues that life requires terrestrial planets like Earth , and since gas giants lack such a surface, that complex life cannot arise there. A planet that is too small cannot maintain much atmosphere, rendering its surface temperature low and variable and oceans impossible. A small planet will also tend to have a rough surface, with large mountains and deep canyons. The core will cool faster, and plate tectonics may be brief or entirely absent. A planet that is too large will retain too dense an atmosphere , like Venus. Although Venus is similar in size and mass to Earth, its surface atmospheric pressure is 92 times that of Earth, and its surface temperature is 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F). The early Earth once had a similar atmosphere , but may have lost it in the giant impact event which formed the Moon., as summarized by ; also see With plate tectonics The Great American Interchange on Earth, approximately 3.5 to 3 Ma, an example of species competition, resulting from continental plate interaction An artist's rendering of the structure of Earth's magnetic field-magnetosphere that protects Earth's life from solar radiation. 1) Bow shock. 2) Magnetosheath. 3) Magnetopause. 4) Magnetosphere. 5) Northern tail lobe. 6) Southern tail lobe. 7) Plasmasphere. Rare Earth proponents argue that plate tectonics and a strong magnetic field are essential for biodiversity, global temperature regulation, and the carbon cycle. The lack of mountain chains elsewhere in the Solar System is direct evidence that Earth is the only body with plate tectonics, and thus the only nearby body capable of supporting life. Plate tectonics depend on the right chemical composition and a long-lasting source of heat from radioactive decay. Continents must be made of less dense felsic rocks that "float" on underlying denser mafic rock. Taylor emphasizes that tectonic subduction zones require the lubrication of oceans of water. Plate tectonics also provide a means of biochemical cycling.Plate Tectonics Could Be Essential for Alien Life, By Lee Pullen, Astrobiology Magazine, February 19, 2009, SPACE.com Plate tectonics and as a result continental drift and the creation of separate landmasses would create diversified ecosystems and biodiversity, one of the strongest defences against extinction. 2000. Plate tectonics essential for complex evolution - Rare Earth - Copernicus Books An example of species diversification and later competition on Earth's continents is the Great American Interchange. North and Middle America drifted into South America at around 3.5 to 3 Ma. The fauna of South America had already evolved separately for about 30 million years, since Antarctica separated , but after the merger many species were wiped out, mainly in South America, by competing North American animals. A large moon Tide pools resulting from the tidal interactions of the Moon are said to have promoted the evolution of complex life. The Moon is unusual because the other rocky planets in the Solar System either have no satellites (Mercury and Venus), or only relatively tiny satellites which are probably captured asteroids (Mars). The giant-impact theory hypothesizes that the Moon resulted from the impact of a Mars-sized body, dubbed Theia, with the young Earth. This giant impact also gave the Earth its axial tilt (inclination) and velocity of rotation. Rapid rotation reduces the daily variation in temperature and makes photosynthesis viable. The Rare Earth hypothesis further argues that the axial tilt cannot be too large or too small (relative to the orbital plane). A planet with a large tilt will experience extreme seasonal variations in climate. A planet with little or no tilt will lack the stimulus to evolution that climate variation provides. In this view, the Earth's tilt is "just right". The gravity of a large satellite also stabilizes the planet's tilt; without this effect the variation in tilt would be chaotic, probably making complex life forms on land impossible. A large satellite also increases the likelihood of plate tectonics through the effect of tidal forces on the planet's crust. The impact that formed the Moon may also have initiated plate tectonics, without which the continental crust would cover the entire planet, leaving no room for oceanic crust. It is possible that the large-scale mantle convection needed to drive plate tectonics could not have emerged in the absence of crustal inhomogeneity. A further theory indicates that such a large moon may also contribute to maintaining a planet's magnetic shield by continually acting upon a metallic planetary core as dynamo, thus protecting the surface of the planet from charged particles and cosmic rays, and helping to ensure the atmosphere is not stripped over time by solar winds. Atmosphere Earth's atmosphere %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% A terrestrial planet must be the right size , like Earth and Venus , in order to retain an atmosphere . On Earth, once the giant impact of Theia thinned Earth's atmosphere, other events were needed to make the atmosphere capable of sustaining life. The Late Heavy Bombardment reseeded Earth with water lost after the impact of Theia. The development of an ozone layer generated a protective shield against ultraviolet (UV) sunlight.NASA, Ozone and the Atmosphere, Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are needed in a correct ratio for life to form.Emsley, p. 360 Lightning is needed for nitrogen fixation. The carbon dioxide gas needed for life comes from sources such as volcanoes and geysers. Carbon dioxide is only needed at low levels (currently at 400 ppm); at high levels it is poisonous.The International Volcanic Health Hazard Network, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Precipitation is needed to have a stable water cycle. A proper atmosphere must reduce diurnal temperature variation. One or more evolutionary triggers for complex life This diagram illustrates the twofold cost of sex. If each individual were to contribute to the same number of offspring (two), (a) the sexual population remains the same size each generation, where the (b) asexual population doubles in size each generation . Regardless of whether planets with similar physical attributes to the Earth are rare or not, some argue that life tends not to evolve into anything more complex than simple bacteria without being provoked by rare and specific circumstances . Biochemist Nick Lane argues that simple cells (prokaryotes) emerged soon after Earth's formation, but since almost half the planet's life had passed before they evolved into complex ones (eukaryotes) , all of whom share a common ancestor, this event can only have happened once. According to some views, prokaryotes lack the cellular architecture to evolve into eukaryotes because a bacterium expanded up to eukaryotic proportions would have tens of thousands of times less energy available to power its metabolism. Two billion years ago, one simple cell incorporated itself into another, multiplied, and evolved into mitochondria that supplied the vast increase in available energy that enabled the evolution of complex eukaryotic life. If this incorporation occurred only once in four billion years or is otherwise unlikely, then life on most planets remains simple.Lane, 2012 An alternative view is that the evolution of mitochondria was environmentally triggered, and that mitochondria-containing organisms appeared soon after the first traces of atmospheric oxygen.Martin, W. & Mentel, M. (2010)The Origin of Mitochondria. Nature Education 3(9):58 The right time in evolution Timeline of evolution; human writing exists for only 0.000218\% of Earth's history. While life on Earth is regarded to have spawned relatively early in the planet's history, the evolution from multicellular to intelligent organisms took around 800 million years. 800 million years for complex organ evolution - Heidelberg University Civilizations on Earth have existed for about 12,000 years , and radio communication reaching space has existed for less than 100 years. Relative to the age of the Solar System (~4.57 Ga) this is a short time, in which extreme climatic variations, super volcanoes, and large meteorite impacts were absent. These events would severely harm intelligent life, as well as life in general. For example, the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, caused by widespread and continuous volcanic eruptions in an area the size of Western Europe, led to the extinction of 95\% of known species around 251.2 Ma ago. About 65 million years ago, the Chicxulub impact at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (~65.5 Ma) on the Yucatán peninsula in Mexico led to a mass extinction of the most advanced species at that time. | [
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827792 | 3 | The Rare Earth hypothesis argues that the evolution of biological complexity anywhere in the universe requires the coincidence of a large number of fortuitous circumstances, such as a galactic habitable zone; a central star and planetary system having the requisite character (i.e. a circumstellar habitable zone); a terrestrial planet of the right mass; the advantage of one or more gas giant guardians like Jupiter and possibly a large natural satellite to shield the planet from frequent impact events; conditions needed to ensure the planet has a magnetosphere and plate tectonics; the apparently unique chemistry of the lithosphere, atmosphere, and oceans; the influence of "evolutionary pumps" such as massive glaciations and occasional bolide impacts; and whatever factors may have led to the emergence of eukaryotic cells, sexual reproduction, and the Cambrian explosion of animal, plant, and fungi phyla. The evolution of human beings and of human intelligence may have required yet further specific events and circumstances, all of which are extremely unlikely to have happened were it not for the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago removing dinosaurs as the dominant terrestrial vertebrates. Orbiting at the right distance from the right type of star According to the hypothesis, Earth has an improbable orbit in the very narrow habitable zone (dark green) around the Sun. The terrestrial example suggests that complex life requires liquid water, the maintenance of which requires an orbital distance neither too close nor too far from the central star, another scale of habitable zone or Goldilocks Principle. The habitable zone varies with the star's type and age. The right arrangement of planets Depiction of the Sun and planets of the Solar System and the sequence of planets. Rare Earth argues that without such an arrangement, in particular the presence of the massive gas giant Jupiter (the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest), complex life on Earth would not have arisen. Rare Earth proponents argue that a planetary system capable of sustaining complex life must be structured more or less like the Solar System, with small, rocky inner planets and massive outer gas giants. Without the protection of such "celestial vacuum cleaner" planets with strong gravitational pulls, other planets would be subject to more frequent catastrophic asteroid collisions. With plate tectonics The Great American Interchange on Earth, approximately 3.5 to 3 Ma, an example of species competition, resulting from continental plate interaction An artist's rendering of the structure of Earth's magnetic field-magnetosphere that protects Earth's life from solar radiation. 1) Bow shock. 2) Magnetosheath. 3) Magnetopause. 4) Magnetosphere. 5) Northern tail lobe. 6) Southern tail lobe. 7) Plasmasphere. Rare Earth proponents argue that plate tectonics and a strong magnetic field are essential for biodiversity, global temperature regulation, and the carbon cycle. The lack of mountain chains elsewhere in the Solar System is direct evidence that Earth is the only body with plate tectonics, and thus the only nearby body capable of supporting life. Atmosphere Earth's atmosphere A terrestrial planet must be the right size, like Earth and Venus, in order to retain an atmosphere. On Earth, once the giant impact of Theia thinned Earth's atmosphere, other events were needed to make the atmosphere capable of sustaining life. The Late Heavy Bombardment reseeded Earth with water lost after the impact of Theia. The development of an ozone layer generated a protective shield against ultraviolet (UV) sunlight.NASA, Ozone and the Atmosphere, Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are needed in a correct ratio for life to form.Emsley, p. 360 Lightning is needed for nitrogen fixation. The carbon dioxide gas needed for life comes from sources such as volcanoes and geysers. Carbon dioxide is only needed at low levels (currently at 400 ppm ); at high levels it is poisonous.The International Volcanic Health Hazard Network, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Precipitation is needed to have a stable water cycle. A proper atmosphere must reduce diurnal temperature variation. One or more evolutionary triggers for complex life This diagram illustrates the twofold cost of sex. If each individual were to contribute to the same number of offspring (two), (a) the sexual population remains the same size each generation, where the (b) asexual population doubles in size each generation. Regardless of whether planets with similar physical attributes to the Earth are rare or not, some argue that life tends not to evolve into anything more complex than simple bacteria without being provoked by rare and specific circumstances. Biochemist Nick Lane argues that simple cells (prokaryotes) emerged soon after Earth's formation, but since almost half the planet's life had passed before they evolved into complex ones (eukaryotes), all of whom share a common ancestor, this event can only have happened once. According to some views, prokaryotes lack the cellular architecture to evolve into eukaryotes because a bacterium expanded up to eukaryotic proportions would have tens of thousands of times less energy available to power its metabolism. Two billion years ago, one simple cell incorporated itself into another, multiplied, and evolved into mitochondria that supplied the vast increase in available energy that enabled the evolution of complex eukaryotic life. If this incorporation occurred only once in four billion years or is otherwise unlikely, then life on most planets remains simple.Lane, 2012 An alternative view is that the evolution of mitochondria was environmentally triggered, and that mitochondria-containing organisms appeared soon after the first traces of atmospheric oxygen.Martin, W. & Mentel, M. (2010)The Origin of Mitochondria. Nature Education 3(9):58 The right time in evolution Timeline of evolution; human writing exists for only 0.000218\% of Earth's history. While life on Earth is regarded to have spawned relatively early in the planet's history, the evolution from multicellular to intelligent organisms took around 800 million years. 800 million years for complex organ evolution - Heidelberg University Civilizations on Earth have existed for about 12,000 years, and radio communication reaching space has existed for less than 100 years. Relative to the age of the Solar System (~4.57 Ga) this is a short time, in which extreme climatic variations, super volcanoes, and large meteorite impacts were absent. These events would severely harm intelligent life, as well as life in general. For example, the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, caused by widespread and continuous volcanic eruptions in an area the size of Western Europe, led to the extinction of 95\% of known species around 251.2 Ma ago. About 65 million years ago, the Chicxulub impact at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (~65.5 Ma) on the Yucatán peninsula in Mexico led to a mass extinction of the most advanced species at that time. | The Rare Earth hypothesis argues that the evolution of biological complexity anywhere in the universe requires the coincidence of a large number of fortuitous circumstances, including, among others, a galactic habitable zone; a central star and planetary system having the requisite character (i.e. a circumstellar habitable zone); a terrestrial planet of the right mass; the advantage of one or more gas giant guardians like Jupiter and possibly a large natural satellite to shield the planet from frequent impact events; conditions needed to ensure the planet has a magnetosphere and plate tectonics; a chemistry similar to that present in the Earth's lithosphere, atmosphere, and oceans; the influence of periodic "evolutionary pumps" such as massive glaciations and bolide impacts; and whatever factors may have led to the emergence of eukaryotic cells, sexual reproduction, and the Cambrian explosion of animal, plant, and fungi phyla. The evolution of human beings and of human intelligence may have required yet further specific events and circumstances, all of which are extremely unlikely to have happened were it not for the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago removing dinosaurs as the dominant terrestrial vertebrates. The right orbital distance from the right type of star According to the hypothesis, Earth has an improbable orbit in the very narrow habitable zone (dark green) around the Sun. The terrestrial example suggests that complex life requires liquid water, the maintenance of which requires an orbital distance neither too close nor too far from the central star, another scale of habitable zone or Goldilocks Principle. The habitable zone varies with the star's type and age. The right arrangement of planets around the star Depiction of the Sun and planets of the Solar System and the sequence of planets. Rare Earth argues that without such an arrangement, in particular the presence of the massive gas giant Jupiter (the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest), complex life on Earth would not have arisen. Rare Earth proponents argue that a planetary system capable of sustaining complex life must be structured more or less like the Solar System, with small, rocky inner planets and massive outer gas giants. Without the protection of such "celestial vacuum cleaner" planets with strong gravitational pulls, other planets would be subject to more frequent catastrophic asteroid collisions. Plate tectonics The Great American Interchange on Earth, approximately 3.5 to 3 Ma, an example of species competition, resulting from continental plate interaction An artist's rendering of the structure of Earth's magnetic field-magnetosphere that protects Earth's life from solar radiation. 1) Bow shock. 2) Magnetosheath. 3) Magnetopause. 4) Magnetosphere. 5) Northern tail lobe. 6) Southern tail lobe. 7) Plasmasphere. Rare Earth proponents argue that plate tectonics and a strong magnetic field are essential for biodiversity, global temperature regulation, and the carbon cycle. The lack of mountain chains elsewhere in the Solar System is direct evidence that Earth is the only body with plate tectonics, and thus the only nearby body capable of supporting life. An atmosphere Earth's atmosphere A terrestrial planet must be the right size, like Earth and Venus, in order to retain an atmosphere. On Earth, once the giant impact of Theia thinned Earth's atmosphere, other events were needed to make the atmosphere capable of sustaining life. The Late Heavy Bombardment reseeded Earth with water lost after the impact of Theia. The development of an ozone layer generated a protective shield against ultraviolet (UV) sunlight.NASA, Ozone and the Atmosphere, Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are needed in a correct ratio for life to form.Emsley, p. 360 Lightning is needed for nitrogen fixation. The gaseous carbon dioxide needed for life comes from sources such as volcanoes and geysers. Carbon dioxide is only needed at relatively low levels (currently at 400 ppm on Earth ); at high levels it is poisonous.The International Volcanic Health Hazard Network, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Precipitation is needed to have a stable water cycle. A proper atmosphere must reduce diurnal temperature variation. One or more evolutionary triggers for complex life This diagram illustrates the twofold cost of sex. If each individual were to contribute to the same number of offspring (two), (a) the sexual population remains the same size each generation, whereas (b) the asexual population doubles in size each generation. Regardless of whether planets with similar physical attributes to the Earth are rare or not, some argue that life tends not to evolve into anything more complex than simple bacteria without being provoked by rare and specific circumstances. Biochemist Nick Lane argues that simple cells (prokaryotes) emerged soon after Earth's formation, but since almost half the planet's life had passed before they evolved into complex ones (eukaryotes), all of whom share a common ancestor, this event can only have happened once. According to some views, prokaryotes lack the cellular architecture to evolve into eukaryotes because a bacterium expanded up to eukaryotic proportions would have tens of thousands of times less energy available to power its metabolism. Two billion years ago, one simple cell incorporated itself into another, multiplied, and evolved into mitochondria that supplied the vast increase in available energy that enabled the evolution of complex eukaryotic life. If this incorporation occurred only once in four billion years or is otherwise unlikely, then life on most planets remains simple.Lane, 2012 An alternative view is that the evolution of mitochondria was environmentally triggered, and that mitochondria-containing organisms appeared soon after the first traces of atmospheric oxygen.Martin, W. & Mentel, M. (2010)The Origin of Mitochondria. Nature Education 3(9):58 The right time in evolutionary history Timeline of evolution; human writing exists for only 0.000218\% of Earth's history. While life on Earth is regarded to have spawned relatively early in the planet's history, the evolution from multicellular to intelligent organisms took around 800 million years. 800 million years for complex organ evolution - Heidelberg University Civilizations on Earth have existed for about 12,000 years, and radio communication reaching space has existed for less than 100 years. Relative to the age of the Solar System (~4.57 Ga) this is a short time, in which extreme climatic variations, super volcanoes, and large meteorite impacts were absent. These events would severely harm intelligent life, as well as life in general. For example, the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, caused by widespread and continuous volcanic eruptions in an area the size of Western Europe, led to the extinction of 95\% of known species around 251.2 Ma ago. About 65 million years ago, the Chicxulub impact at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (~65.5 Ma) on the Yucatán peninsula in Mexico led to a mass extinction of the most advanced species at that time. | [
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8280 | 1 | The Septuagint refers to evil spirits as demons (daimon). Through the New Testament, demons appear 55 times, 46 times in reference to demonic possession or exorcisms.Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum. The Daimon in Hellenistic Astrology: Origins and Influence. BRILL, 2015. ISBN 9789004306219. pp. 136-138. As adversaries of Jesus, demons are not morally ambivalent spirits, but evil; cause of misery, suffering and death. Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum. The Daimon in Hellenistic Astrology: Origins and Influence. BRILL, 2015. ISBN 9789004306219. pp. 136-138. Unlike spirits in pagan beliefs, the demons are not intermediary spirits whom must be sacrificed for appeasment of a deity. Possession also shows no trace of positivity contrary to some pagan depictions of spirit possession. Demons in the New Testament are entirely evil; they can not be redeemed, only destroyed or banished. Temptation is reserved for the devil only, the demons cause pain, suffering and maladies, both physical and mental. H.A. Kelly "The Devil, Demonology, and Witchcraft: Christian Beliefs in Evil Spirits" Wipf and Stock Publishers, 30.01.2004 isbn 9781592445318 p. 104 They are explicitly said to be ruled by the devil or Beelzebub.Demons and the Devil in Ancient and Medieval Christianity. (2011). Niederlande: Brill. p. 104 Their origin is unclear, the texts take the existence of demons for granted. Many early Christians, like Irenaeus, Justin Martyr, Clement of Alexandria and Lactantius assuemed demons were ghosts of the Nephilim, known from Intertestamental writings.Annette Yoshiko Reed Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature Cambridge University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0521853781 p. 149 Because of references to Satan as the lord of demons, and evil angels of Satan throughout the New Testament, other scholars identified fallen angels with demons.MARTIN, DALE BASIL. “When Did Angels Become Demons?” Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 129, no. 4, 2010, pp. 657–677. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25765960. Accessed 16 May 2021. Demons as entirely evil entities, who have been born evil, does not fit the proposed origin of evil in free-will, taught in later Christian Theology.James W. Boyd Satan and Māra: Christian and Buddhist Symbols of Evil Brill Archive, 1975 isbn 9789004041738 p. 47 | The Septuagint refers to evil spirits as demons (daimon). Through the New Testament, demons appear 55 times, 46 times in reference to demonic possession or exorcisms.Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum. The Daimon in Hellenistic Astrology: Origins and Influence. BRILL, 2015. ISBN 9789004306219. pp. 136-138. As adversaries of Jesus, demons are not morally ambivalent spirits, but evil; cause of misery, suffering and death. Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum. The Daimon in Hellenistic Astrology: Origins and Influence. BRILL, 2015. ISBN 9789004306219. pp. 136-138. They are not tempters, but cause of pain, suffering and maladies, both physical and mental. Temptation is reserved for the devil only. H.A. Kelly "The Devil, Demonology, and Witchcraft: Christian Beliefs in Evil Spirits" Wipf and Stock Publishers, 30.01.2004 isbn 9781592445318 p. 104 Unlike spirits in pagan beliefs, demons are not intermediary spirits whom must be sacrificed for appeasment of a deity. Possession also shows no trace of positivity contrary to some pagan depictions of spirit possession. They are explicitly said to be ruled by the devil or Beelzebub.Demons and the Devil in Ancient and Medieval Christianity. (2011). Niederlande: Brill. p. 104 Their origin is unclear, the texts take the existence of demons for granted. Many early Christians, like Irenaeus, Justin Martyr, Clement of Alexandria and Lactantius assumed demons were ghosts of the Nephilim, known from Intertestamental writings.Annette Yoshiko Reed Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature Cambridge University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0521853781 p. 149 Because of references to Satan as the lord of demons, and evil angels of Satan throughout the New Testament, other scholars identified fallen angels with demons.MARTIN, DALE BASIL. “When Did Angels Become Demons?” Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 129, no. 4, 2010, pp. 657–677. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25765960. Accessed 16 May 2021. Demons as entirely evil entities, who have been born evil, does not fit the proposed origin of evil in free-will, taught in later Christian Theology.James W. Boyd Satan and Māra: Christian and Buddhist Symbols of Evil Brill Archive, 1975 isbn 9789004041738 p. 47 | [
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8280 | 2 | While daimons were considered as both potentially benevolent and malevolent, Origen argued against Celsus what daimons are exclusively evil entities, supporting the later idea of (evil) demons. According to Origen's cosmology, by increasing corruption and evil within the soul, the further one removed from the presence of God. Therefore, Origen opinned that the most evil demons are located underground. Daemons, such as nature spirits and giants , were thought to inhabitat nature or air and nourish from pagan sacrifices roaming the earth. However, there is no functional difference between the spirits of the underworld and of earth, since both have fallen from perfection into the material world , thus equal to demons.Jeffrey Burton Russell: Satan. The Early Christian Tradition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1987 ISBN 9780801494130, p. 132. | While daimons were considered as both potentially benevolent and malevolent, Origen argued against Celsus what daimons are exclusively evil entities, supporting the later idea of (evil) demons. According to Origen's cosmology, increasing corruption and evil within the soul, the more estranged the most te soul gets from God. Therefore, Origen opinned that the most evil demons are located underground. Besides the fallen angels known from Christian scriptures, Origen talks about Greek Daemons, like nature spirits and giants . These creatures were thought to inhabitat nature or air and nourish from pagan sacrifices roaming the earth. However, there is no functional difference between the spirits of the underworld and of earth, since both have fallen from perfection into the material world . Origen sums them up as fallen angels and thus equal to demons.Jeffrey Burton Russell: Satan. The Early Christian Tradition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1987 ISBN 9780801494130, p. 132. | [
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8280 | 3 | While daimons were considered as both potentially benevolent and malevolent, Origen argued against Celsus what daimons are exclusively evil entities, supporting the later idea of (evil) demons. According to Origen's cosmology, increasing corruption and evil within the soul, the more estranged the most te soul gets from God. Therefore, Origen opinned that the most evil demons are located underground. Besides the fallen angels known from Christian scriptures, Origen talks about Greek Daemons , like nature spirits and giants. These creatures were thought to inhabitat nature or air and nourish from pagan sacrifices roaming the earth. However, there is no functional difference between the spirits of the underworld and of earth, since both have fallen from perfection into the material world. Origen sums them up as fallen angels and thus equal to demons.Jeffrey Burton Russell: Satan. The Early Christian Tradition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1987 ISBN 9780801494130, p. 132. | While daimons were considered as both potentially benevolent or malevolent, Origen argued against Celsus that daimons are exclusively evil entities, supporting the later idea of (evil) demons. According to Origen's cosmology, increasing corruption and evil within the soul, the more estranged the soul gets from God. Therefore, Origen opinned that the most evil demons are located underground. Besides the fallen angels known from Christian scriptures, Origen talks about Greek daemons , like nature spirits and giants. These creatures were thought to inhabitat nature or air and nourish from pagan sacrifices roaming the earth. However, there is no functional difference between the spirits of the underworld and of earth, since both have fallen from perfection into the material world. Origen sums them up as fallen angels and thus equal to demons.Jeffrey Burton Russell: Satan. The Early Christian Tradition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1987 ISBN 9780801494130, p. 132. | [
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8283404 | 1 | The sport is governed by the International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG). At international level, there are four FIG categories of competition defined by age; 11-16, 12-18, 13-19 , and 15+ (Senior). As well as this there is grades 1-6, grade 5 is the same difficulty as 11-16 and grade 6 is the same difficulty as 12-18. Acrobatic gymnasts perform in pairs or groups and enter into and are judged at a specific level or age group category. In each partnership, the gymnasts' different sizes and abilities will be balanced to complement each other in order to carry out the complex moves. Some will mainly carry out supporting and pitching roles, and are known as bases. They are then balanced with usually smaller gymnasts who become the 'tops'. In men's and women's groups there is also one or two ‘middles’ , who are like another base who usually will support the top while balancing on the base. The different partnerships seen in competition are: women's pair (two females) men's pair (two males) mixed pair (a male base and a female top) women's group (three females) men's group (four males) As well as this in grades 1-2 there can be mixed groups (either 3 or 4 people from both genders). In competition, partnerships perform a routine to music, that has usually been choreographed specifically for them. The gymnasts carry out their acrobatic moves and combine them with dance, all in time to and in keeping with the style of the music. Partnerships are judged on artistry/dance (worth 10.0 points out of 31.5) execution of skills (marked out of 10 and doubled to give 20.0 points out of 31.5) and difficulty of skill (worth 1.5 out of 31.5). Balance (formerly known as Static) - A balance routine requires that certain poses or 'balances' and must be held static for a specific duration. These moves require strength, poise, elegance and flexibility. Gymnasts will combine into towers, or pyramids with the tops holding a particular position balanced on their bases. Traditionally, balance routines were often performed to slower music, but not exclusively so. Balance routines last approximately two minutes and thirty seconds. Dynamic (formerly known as Tempo) - These routines demonstrate power, strength and grace through the performance of acrobatic moves that involve the phases of spring, flight, rotation, and landing. This often involves the base, or bases in the partnership propelling the top through the air and through a series of somersaults or twists. The top is generally caught, or supported in the landing by their base(s). Dynamic routines last approximately two minutes. Combined - At the more senior levels of competition ( 12-18 through senior levels), a third routine must be performed that combines both balance and dynamic moves, along with the usual tumbling and dance (tumbling is not required from senior level athletes). Typically it is performed as a finals routine, with a duration, depending upon the level of competition, of approximately 2 minutes and 30 seconds. | The sport is governed by the International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG). At international level, there are four FIG categories of competition defined by age; 11–16, 12–18, 13–19 , and 15+ (Senior). There are also grades 1–6, with grade 5 being the same difficulty as 11–16 and grade 6 being the same difficulty as 12–18. Acrobatic gymnasts perform in pairs or groups and enter into and are judged at a specific level or age group category. In each partnership, the gymnasts' different sizes and abilities will be balanced to complement each other in order to carry out the complex moves. Some will mainly carry out supporting and pitching roles, and are known as bases. They are then balanced with usually smaller gymnasts who become the 'tops'. In men's and women's groups there is also one or two 'middles' , who are like another base who usually will support the top while balancing on the base. The different partnerships seen in competition are: women's pair (two females) men's pair (two males) mixed pair (a male base and a female top) women's group (three females) men's group (four males) As well as this , in grades 1–2 there can be mixed groups (either 3 or 4 people from both genders). In competition, partnerships perform a routine to music, that has usually been choreographed specifically for them. The gymnasts carry out their acrobatic moves and combine them with dance, all in time to and in keeping with the style of the music. Partnerships are judged on artistry/dance (worth 10.0 points out of 31.5) execution of skills (marked out of 10 and doubled to give 20.0 points out of 31.5) and difficulty of skill (worth 1.5 out of 31.5). 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8294130 | 1 | Chapters The problem of freedom According to Dewey, human nature is the result of many forces, many of which are culturally determined. Attempts have been made to explain human behavior as being primarily motivated by love of freedom, or by pursuit of self-interest, or by the pursuit of power, or being primarily determined by economic conditions. All of these loare products of their times and their inevitable falsification results in a backlash, de-emphasizing the formerly over-emphasized factor. | Chapters it happened i used google hi | [
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8301203 | 1 | The word originates from the aristocratic Mitford sisters, of literary and social fame. The American-based author and activist Jessica Mitford who circulated it, stated it was : " an incredibly useful word…coined by one of my sisters when she was a small child to describe a rather dull little girl who lived near us. My sister and the frenemy played together constantly…all the time disliking each other heartily." History "Frenemy" has appeared in print as early as 1953 in an article titled "Howz about calling the Russians our Frienemies?" by the American gossip columnist Walter Winchell in the Nevada State Journal From the mid-1990s it underwent a massive hike in usage. | History "Frenemy" appeared in print as early as 1953 in an article titled "Howz about calling the Russians our Frienemies?" by the American gossip columnist Walter Winchell in the Nevada State JournalOxford English Dictionary online: URL The American-based author and activist Jessica Mitford claimed in 1977 that the word was coined by one of her sisters : " ... an incredibly useful word…coined by one of my sisters when she was a small child to describe a rather dull little girl who lived near us. My sister and the frenemy played together constantly…all the time disliking each other heartily." From the mid-1990s it underwent a massive increase in usage. | [
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8306996 | 1 | Industrial Ergonomics programs seek to identify and correct factors that negatively impact the physical health of their workers. Participatory ergonomics programs seek to maximize the involvement of the workers in this process based on the simple fact that a worker is an expert on his or her job. The participatory approach to ergonomics relies on actively involving workers in implementing ergonomic knowledge, procedures and changes with the intention of improving working conditions, safety, productivity, quality, morale and/or comfort. See also Ergonomics Worker health and safety Occupational health and safety Job satisfaction | Industrial ergonomics programs seek to identify and correct factors that negatively impact the physical health of their workers. Participatory ergonomics programs seek to maximize the involvement of the workers in this process based on the simple fact that a worker is an expert on his or her job. The participatory approach to ergonomics relies on actively involving workers in implementing ergonomic knowledge, procedures and changes with the intention of improving working conditions, safety, productivity, quality, morale and/or comfort. See also Ergonomics Job satisfaction Occupational health and safety Public participation Worker health and safety | [
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8308125 | 1 | See also George Speight Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill Religious reaction to the Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill References | See also Persecution of Hindu minority in Fiji by Methodist Christian majority George Speight Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill Religious reaction to the Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill References Citations | [
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8308125 | 2 | The Methodist Church Proposal to establish a Christian state in Fiji Opposition to practice of Hinduism See also Persecution of Hindu minority in Fiji by Methodist Christian majority George Speight Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill Religious reaction to the Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill | Interference of Methodist Church in politics Church's aim of establishing a Christian state in Fiji Persecution of Hindus See also George Speight Methodist church sex abuse cases Military–church relations in Fiji Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill Religious reaction to the Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill Persecution of Hindu minority in Fiji by Methodist Christian majority | [
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8309760 | 1 | Fine Day or Kamiokisihkwew (Miyo-Kîsikaw) (c. 1852 – c. 1935 ) was a Cree war chief of the River People band of Plains Cree. He participated in the North-West Rebellion of 1885. During the Battle of Cut Knife, he acted as the Battle Chief, taking control of the war fighting parties from the political chief, Poundmaker. When Fine Day's men gained the upper hand and started to pursue the retreating British soldiers, he was restrained by Poundmaker from doing so. | Fine Day or Kamiokisihkwew (Miyo-Kîsikaw) (c. 1856 – c. 1942FINE DAY: WARRIOR, SHAMAN ELDER by Garry Radison, Smoke Ridge Books, 2013 ) was a Cree war chief of the River People band of Plains Cree. He participated in the North-West Rebellion of 1885. During the Battle of Cut Knife, he acted as the Battle Chief, taking control of the war fighting parties from the political chief, Poundmaker. When Fine Day's men gained the upper hand and started to pursue the retreating British soldiers, he was restrained by Poundmaker from doing so. | [
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8312380 | 1 | A self-expandable metallic stent (or SEMS) is a metallic tube, or stent , used in order to hold open a structure in the gastrointestinal tract in order to allow the passage of food, chyme, stool, or other secretions required for digestion. SEMS are inserted by endoscopy, wherein a fibre optic camera is inserted either through the mouth or retrograde through the colon, in order to reach an area of narrowing. As such, it is termed an endoprosthesis. SEMS can also be inserted using fluoroscopy where an X-ray image is used to guide insertion, or used as an adjunct to endoscopy. Composition and structure Schematic of self-expandable metallic stent used to treat vascular abnormalities Self-expandable metallic stents are cylindrical in shape, and are devised in a number of diameters and lengths to suit the application in question. They typically consist of cross-hatched, braided or interconnecting rows of metal that are assembled into a tube-like structure. SEMS, when unexpanded, are small enough to fit through the channel of an endoscope, which is meant for delivery of devices for therapeutic endoscopy. They expand through a deployment device which is placed at the end of the SEMS, and are held in place against the wall of the luminal surface by friction. Applications The primary application of SEMS is in the palliation of tumours that obstruct the gastrointestinal tract. When they expand within the lumen, they are able to hold open the structure and allow passage of material, such as food, stool, or other secretions. The usual applications are for cancers of the esophagus, pancreas, bile ducts and colon that are not amenable to surgical therapy. SEMS may be used to treat additional complications of cancer, such as tracheoesophageal fistulas that may result from esophageal cancer, and gastric outlet obstruction which may result from stomach, duodenal or pancreatic cancer. Esophageal SEMS are placed after a gastroscopy is performed to identify the area of narrowing. The area may need to be dilated in order to allow the gastroscope to pass. The tumour is usually better seen with the direct vision of endoscopy than on a fluoroscopic image. As a result, radio-opaque markers are usually placed on the surface of the patient in order to mark the area of narrowing on fluoroscopy. The SEMS is placed through the channel of the endoscope into the esophagus over a guidewire, marked on fluoroscopy, and mechanically deployed (using a device that sits outside of the endoscope) such that it expands when in position. Hypaque or other water-soluble dye may be placed through the passage to ensure patency of the stent on fluoroscopy. Enteric and colonic SEMS are inserted in a similar fashion, but in the duodenum and colon respectively. | A self-expandable metallic stent (or SEMS) is a metallic tube, or stent that holds open a structure in the gastrointestinal tract to allow the passage of food, chyme, stool, or other secretions related to digestion. Surgeons insert SEMS by endoscopy, inserting a fibre optic camera — either through the mouth or colon— to reach an area of narrowing. As such, it is termed an endoprosthesis. SEMS can also be inserted using fluoroscopy where the surgeon uses an X-ray image to guide insertion, or as an adjunct to endoscopy. Composition and structure Schematic of self-expandable metallic stent used to treat vascular abnormalities Self-expandable metallic stents are cylindrical in shape, and are devised in a number of diameters and lengths to suit the application in question. They typically consist of cross-hatched, braided or interconnecting rows of metal that are assembled into a tube-like structure. SEMS, when unexpanded, are small enough to fit through the channel of an endoscope, which is meant for delivery of devices for therapeutic endoscopy. They expand through a deployment device placed at the end of the SEMS, and are held in place against the wall of the luminal surface by friction. Applications The primary application of SEMS is in the palliation of tumours that obstruct the gastrointestinal tract. When they expand within the lumen, they are able to hold open the structure and allow passage of material, such as food, stool, or other secretions. The usual applications are for cancers of the esophagus, pancreas, bile ducts and colon that are not amenable to surgical therapy. SEMS are used to treat additional complications of cancer, such as tracheoesophageal fistulas from esophageal cancer, and gastric outlet obstruction from stomach, duodenal , or pancreatic cancer. Esophageal SEMS are placed after a gastroscopy is performed to identify the area of narrowing. The area may need to be dilated to allow the gastroscope to pass. The tumour is usually better seen with the direct vision of endoscopy than on a fluoroscopic image. As a result, radio-opaque markers are usually placed on the surface of the patient to mark the area of narrowing on fluoroscopy. The SEMS is placed through the channel of the endoscope into the esophagus over a guidewire, marked on fluoroscopy, and mechanically deployed (using a device that sits outside of the endoscope) such that it expands when in position. Hypaque or other water-soluble dye may be placed through the passage to ensure patency of the stent on fluoroscopy. 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8313008 | 1 | Condoms , needles, and negotiation, also known as the CNN approach, is a harm reduction approach to reducing the rate of transmission of sexually transmitted infections such as HIV/AIDS through the use of safer sex and reducing the risks in injection drug use through the provision of clean needles. In contrast with the abstinence, be faithful, use a condom, or "ABC" approach to this problem, the "CNN" approach aims primarily at reducing the rate of transmission among high-risk groups such as women in areas where women have low levels of social power, prostitutes and their clients, and intravenous drug users . | Condoms . Condoms are a way to be protected in sex. But do they work? Well no, condoms are a myth. They dont protect you. You have better off not having sex at all. I have tried condoms. They dont work, i use condoms correctly all the time and i have 2 on the way. Im happy but wont expecting it . | [
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832188 | 1 | Paul Farmer notes that there are three reasons why structural violence is hard to see . 1. Suffering is exoticized--that is, when something/someone is distant or far away, individuals tend to not be affected by it. When suffering lacks proximity, it's easy to exoticise. 2. The weight of suffering is also impossible to comprehend. There is simply no way that many individuals are able to comprehend what suffering is like. 3. Lastly, the dynamics and distribution of suffering are still poorly understood. Women, Poverty%DIFDELCMD < & %%% AIDS: Sex, Drugs and Structural Violence (Series in Health and Social Justice), with coauthor Margaret Connors, Common Courage Press; Reprint edition (September 1996), | Paul Farmer notes that there are three reasons why structural violence is hard to see %DIFDELCMD < & %%% : | [
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8335967 | 1 | An urban wild is a remnant of a natural ecosystem found in the midst of an otherwise highly developed urban area. Preservation 333px|New development on the Ballona Wetlands, Los Angeles, California Without formal protection, urban wilds are vulnerable to development. However, achieving formal protection of a large urban wild can be difficult. Land tenure of a single ecological area can be complex, with multiple public and private entities owning adjacent properties. | 333px|New development on the Ballona Wetlands, Los Angeles, California An urban wild is a remnant of a natural ecosystem found in the midst of an otherwise highly developed urban area. Preservation Without formal protection, urban wilds are vulnerable to development. However, achieving formal protection of a large urban wild can be difficult. Land tenure of a single ecological area can be complex, with multiple public and private entities owning adjacent properties. | [
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8339148 | 1 | Absent-mindedness in popular culture The absent-minded professor is a stock character often depicted in fictional works, usually as a talented academic whose focus on academic matters leads them to ignore or forget their surroundings. This stereotypical view can be traced back as far as the philosopher Thales, who it is said, "walked at night with his eyes focused on the heavens and, as a result, fell down a well".Diogenes Laërtius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, "Thales" One classic example of this is in the Disney film The Absent-Minded Professor made in 1963 and based on the short story "A Situation of Gravity , " by Samuel W. Taylor. Two examples of this character portrayed in more modern media include doctor Emmett Brown from Back to the Future and Professor Farnsworth of Futurama. Amberglas from The Seven Towers by Patricia Wrede. Alicja, a character from Joanna Chmielewska's novels. Alicja is described by the author as "the epitome of absent-mindedness". Caboose, from the popular web-series Red vs. Blue by RoosterTeeth. Hay Lin is an absent-minded character from the Italian comic book series W.I.T.C.H. , later made into an animated Disney production. Professor Calculus in The Adventures of Tintin comics. Mistakes and related phenomena Absent-mindedness can lead to automatic behaviors or automatisms. Additionally, absent-minded actions can involve behavioral mistakes. A phenomenon called Attention-Lapse Induced Alienation occurs when a person makes a mistake while absent-minded. The person then attributes the mistake to his or her hand rather than their self, because they were not paying attention. | Absent-mindedness in popular culture The absent-minded professor is a stock character often depicted in fictional works, usually as a talented academic whose focus on academic matters leads them to ignore or forget their surroundings. This stereotypical view can be traced back as far as the philosopher Thales, who it is said, "walked at night with his eyes focused on the heavens and, as a result, fell down a well".Diogenes Laërtius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, "Thales" One classic example of this is in the Disney film The Absent-Minded Professor made in 1963 and based on the short story "A Situation of Gravity " , by Samuel W. Taylor. Two examples of this character portrayed in more modern media include doctor Emmett Brown from Back to the Future and Professor Farnsworth of Futurama. Amberglas from The Seven Towers by Patricia Wrede. Alicja, a character from Joanna Chmielewska's novels. Alicja is described by the author as "the epitome of absent-mindedness". Caboose, from the web series Red vs. Blue by RoosterTeeth. Hay Lin is an absent-minded character from the Italian comic book series W.I.T.C.H. W.I.T.C.H. , later made into an animated Disney production. Professor Calculus in The Adventures of Tintin comics. Mistakes and related phenomena Absent-mindedness can lead to automatic behaviors or automatisms. Additionally, absent-minded actions can involve behavioral mistakes. A phenomenon called Attention-Lapse Induced Alienation occurs when a person makes a mistake while absent-minded. The person then attributes the mistake to their hand rather than their self, because they were not paying attention. | [
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8343377 | 1 | British social historians such as E. P. Thompson, in particular, had a significant impact on American labor historians. Labor scholars to the right and left of the American political spectrum found it difficult to explain the rise of labor in the late 19th century, and social history offered at least a new approach to solving the riddle. Social history also took root at the same time that American organized labor began to decline. For left-leaning labor scholars, social history suggested a new way to revitalize the U.S. labor movement by focusing attention away from conservative leaders and institutions, as well as a means for academics to engage with workers themselves. For some, the new labor history moved the discipline of labor history away from the Marxist theoretical perspective that saw trade union movements in terms of elites, classes and institutions (see Rogin, 2002). References Brody, David. "Reconciling the Old Labor History and the New," Pacific Historical Review 72 (February 1993), 111-126. in JSTOR Brody, David. "The Old Labor History and the New: In Search of an American Working Class," Labor History 20 (Winter 1979), 11-26. Buhle, Mari Jo, and Paul Buhle. "The New Labor History at the Cultural Crossroads." Journal of American History. 75:1 (June 1988). in JSTOR Dubofsky, Melvyn. "The 'New' Labor History: Achievements and Failures." Reviews in American History. 5:2 (June 1977). in JSTOR Fink, Leon. "The New Labor History and the Powers of Historical Pessimism: Consensus, Hegemony, and the Case of the Knights of Labor." Journal of American History. 75:1 (June 1988). Gerstle, Gary, preface to the Princeton Edition, Working-Class Americanism: The Politics of Labor in a Textile City, 1914–1960, (reprinted Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002), xi-xxiv. Painter, Nell Irvin. "The New Labor History and the Historical Moment." International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 2:3 (March 1989). Rogin, Michael. "How the Working Class Saved Capitalism: The New Labor History and 'The Devil and Miss Jones.' " Journal of American History. 89:1 (June 2002). in JSTOR Category: Social history Category: | British social historians such as E. P. Thompson, in particular, had a significant impact on American labor historians. Labor scholars to the right and left of the American political spectrum found it difficult to explain the rise of labor in the late 19th century, and social history offered at least a new approach to solving the riddle. Social history also took root at the same time that American organized labor began to decline. For left-leaning labor scholars, social history suggested a new way to revitalize the U.S. labor movement by focusing attention away from conservative leaders and institutions, as well as a means for academics to engage with workers themselves. For some, the new labor history moved the discipline of labor history away from the Marxist theoretical perspective that saw trade union movements in terms of elites, classes , and institutions.See . References Footnotes Bibliography Category: Labor history Category: So | [
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8343377 | 2 | British social historians such as E. P. Thompson, in particular, had a significant impact on American labor historians. Labor scholars to the right and left of the American political spectrum found it difficult to explain the rise of labor in the late 19th century, and social history offered at least a new approach to solving the riddle. Social history also took root at the same time that American organized labor began to decline. For left-leaning labor scholars, social history suggested a new way to revitalize the U.S. labor movement by focusing attention away from conservative leaders and institutions, as well as a means for academics to engage with workers themselves. For some, the new labor history moved the discipline of labor history away from the Marxist theoretical perspective that saw trade union movements in terms of elites, classes, and institutions.See . Especially in the U.S. , many young labor historians are attempting a new synthesis of the "old" and "new" labor histories. | British social historians such as E. P. Thompson, in particular, had a significant impact on American labor historians. Labor scholars to the right and left of the American political spectrum found it difficult to explain the rise of labor in the late 19th century, and social history offered at least a new approach to solving the riddle. Social history also took root at the same time that American organized labor began to decline. For left-leaning labor scholars, social history suggested a new way to revitalize the American labor movement by focusing attention away from conservative leaders and institutions, as well as a means for academics to engage with workers themselves. For some, the new labor history moved the discipline of labor history away from the Marxist theoretical perspective that saw trade union movements in terms of elites, classes, and institutions.See . Especially in the United States , many young labor historians are attempting a new synthesis of the "old" and "new" labor histories. | [
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8346071 | 1 | Tomb of the French Kings Louis XIX and Charles X, in the Franciscan monastery Kostanjevici, Nova Gorica, Slovenia. It is a stone- or brick-lined underground space or 'burial' chamber for the interment of a dead body or bodies. These burial tombs were originally and are still often vaulted and usually have stone slab entrances. They are often privately owned and used for specific family or other groups, but usually stand beneath a public religious building, such as a church, or in a churchyard or cemetery. A crypt may be used as a burial vault . The Brisbane family vault, in the graveyard next to Skelmorlie Aisle, Largs . | Tomb of the French Kings Louis XIX and Charles X, in the Franciscan monastery Kostanjevici, Nova Gorica, Slovenia. The Brisbane family vault, in the graveyard next to Skelmorlie Aisle, Largs. It is a stone- or brick-lined underground space or 'burial' chamber for the interment of a dead body or bodies. These burial tombs were originally and are still often vaulted and usually have stone slab entrances. They are often privately owned and used for specific family or other groups, but usually stand beneath a public religious building, such as a church, or in a churchyard or cemetery. A crypt may be used as a burial vault . | [
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8369046 | 1 | Duality of structure is one of Anthony Giddens' coined phrases and main propositions in his explanation of structuration theory. The basis of the duality lies in the relationship the Agency has with the Structure . In the duality, the Agency has much more influence on its lived environment than past structuralist theory had granted. The key to Giddens' explanation is his focus on the knowledgeability of the agent and the fact that the agency cannot exist or be analyzed separately from its structure. They can only exist as a duality. The structural properties which he calls modalities help illustrate the dimensions of the duality. The Structure has both rules and resources or constraints and enabling qualities. Language is often used to exemplify these modalities. The system of interaction includes in itself "rules" of the language such as syntax but also leaves room for interpretations or the creation of completely new words. The system of interaction is responsible for maintaining a certain standard of consistency in order for the language to make sense to both the speaker and the interpreter. At the same time, the completeness of the language can always be manipulated and changed through interaction by the agent. The phrase is used in Chomsky by John Lyons to illustrate the differences between human and animal communication. It is described there as "two levels of grammatical structure." The first being syntactic and the second being phonemes. References Category:Sociological theories Category:Critical t | Duality of structure is one of Anthony Giddens' coined phrases and main propositions in his explanation of structuration theory. The basis of the duality lies in the relationship the agency has with the structure . In the duality, the agency has much more influence on its lived environment than past structuralist theory had granted. The key to Giddens' explanation is his focus on the knowledgeability of the agent and the fact that the agency cannot exist or be analysed separately from its structure. They can only exist as a duality. The structural properties which he calls modalities help illustrate the dimensions of the duality. The structure has both rules and resources or constraints and enabling qualities. Language is often used to exemplify these modalities. The system of interaction includes in itself "rules" of the language such as syntax but also leaves room for interpretations or the creation of completely new words. The system of interaction is responsible for maintaining a certain standard of consistency in order for the language to make sense to both the speaker and the interpreter. At the same time, the completeness of the language can always be manipulated and changed through interaction by the agent. The phrase is used in Chomsky by John Lyons to illustrate the differences between human and animal communication. It is described there as "two levels of grammatical structure." The first being syntactic and the second being phonemes. __NOTOC__ References Footnotes Bibliography Further reading Category:Critical theory Category:Sociological t | [
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838801 | 1 | In 1967, Thomism was criticized by Bertrand Russell . Besides this, neo-scholasticism in general, including Thomism, is criticized by some Catholics. | Thomism was criticized by Bertrand Russell in A History of Western Philosophy (1946) . Besides this, neo-scholasticism in general, including Thomism, is criticized by some Catholics. | [
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8390103 | 1 | In human time sexuality, the refractory sex time period is usually the recovery phase after organisme during which it is physiologically impossible for a man to have additional organismes . This phase begins immediately after ejaculation and lasts until the excitement phase contre Corona Virus 19 or 20 of the human sexual response cycle begins anew with low level response. Although it is generally reported that women do not experience a refractory period and can thus experience an additional orgasm (or multiple orgasms) soon after the first one, saint some sources state that both men and women experience a refractory period because women may also experience a moment after orgasm in which further sexual stimulation does not produce excitement. Factors and theories While the refractory time sex sports windows period varies widely among individuals perssonage , ranging from minutes to second days, most men cannot achieve or maintain an erection analyse pochette tube metalique microbe urine diabeth sanguine during this time, and many perceive a psychological feeling of satisfaction and are temporarily uninterested in further sexual pornosexual activity; the penis may be hypersensitive and further sexual cauzed diabetique stimulation may feel painful during this time hour frame. An increased infusion of the hormone urine possible organisme diabetory diabeth oxytocin analyse sanguine lame globine during ejaculation is believed to be chiefly responsible for the male coffe refractory period, and female cigarette the amount by which oxytocin is increased may affect the length of each refractory period.Panksepp, Jaak ( 2021 ). Textbook of biological psychiatry. Wiley-IEEE. p. 129. Another chemical which is considered to be responsible for the male refractory period is prolactin, which is repressed by dopamine, and is responsible for sexual arousal. However, a study on mice indicated that prolactin was not responsible for the refractory period. It is additionally proposed that the gonadotropin inhibitory dentiste dentaire hormone regulier metamorphose (GnIH), which is considered to inhibit the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and sexual functions causes refractoriness of the post-ejaculatory gelule sugar cafeinne A nicotine degret ressisstance for coffe and cigarette O- and O+ refractory periodsex time . This hypothesis also supports the increase of oxytocin and prolactin after orgasm in accordance with the previous studies. An alternative theory explains the male refractory period in terms of a female peripheral autonomic feedback mechanism, rather than through central chemicals like oxytocin, serotonin, and prolactin. Autonomic feedback is already known to regulate other physiologic systems, such as breathing, blood pressure, and gut motility. This theory suggests that after male ejaculation, decreased wall tension in structures such as the seminal vesicles leads to a change in the fine autonomic signals sent from these organs, effectively creating a negative feedback loop. Such a mechanism is similar to decreased gastric and bowel motility once gastric contents have passed through. Once the feedback loop has been created, the refractory period remains until the loop is broken through restoration of the wall tension in the seminal vesicles. As men age, the time to restore tension in the seminal vesicles increases. The female %DIFDELCMD < & %%% The male sexual response is more varied than that of man, and woman are more capable than man of attaining for the pomme terre in to market municipal Hayat Rihana additional or multiple organisme an Moroccan through further sexual stimulation. However, there are many women who experience clitoral hypersensitivity after orgasm, which can effectively create a refractory period. These women may be capable of further orgasms, but the pain involved in getting there makes the prospect undesirable. | In human sexuality, the refractory period is usually the recovery phase after orgasm during which it is physiologically impossible for a man to have additional orgasms . This phase begins immediately after ejaculation and lasts until the excitement phase of the human sexual response cycle begins anew with low level response. Although it is generally reported that women do not experience a refractory period and can thus experience an additional orgasm (or multiple orgasms) soon after the first one, some sources state that both men and women experience a refractory period because women may also experience a moment after orgasm in which further sexual stimulation does not produce excitement. Factors and theories While the refractory period varies widely among individuals , ranging from minutes to days, most men cannot achieve or maintain an erection during this time, and many perceive a psychological feeling of satisfaction and are temporarily uninterested in further sexual activity; the penis may be hypersensitive and further sexual stimulation may feel painful during this time frame. An increased infusion of the hormone oxytocin during ejaculation is believed to be chiefly responsible for the male refractory period, and the amount by which oxytocin is increased may affect the length of each refractory period.Panksepp, Jaak ( 2004 ). Textbook of biological psychiatry. Wiley-IEEE. p. 129. Another chemical which is considered to be responsible for the male refractory period is prolactin, which is repressed by dopamine, and is responsible for sexual arousal. However, a study on mice indicated that prolactin was not responsible for the refractory period. It is additionally proposed that the gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH), which is considered to inhibit the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and sexual functions causes refractoriness of the post-ejaculatory refractory period . This hypothesis also supports the increase of oxytocin and prolactin after orgasm in accordance with the previous studies. An alternative theory explains the male refractory period in terms of a peripheral autonomic feedback mechanism, rather than through central chemicals like oxytocin, serotonin, and prolactin. Autonomic feedback is already known to regulate other physiologic systems, such as breathing, blood pressure, and gut motility. This theory suggests that after male ejaculation, decreased wall tension in structures such as the seminal vesicles leads to a change in the fine autonomic signals sent from these organs, effectively creating a negative feedback loop. 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8390103 | 2 | The female sexual response is more varied than that of men, and women are more capable than men of attaining additional or multiple orgasms through further sexual stimulation. However, there are many women who experience clitoral hypersensitivity after orgasm, which can effectively create a refractory period. These women may be capable of further orgasms, but the pain involved in getting there makes the prospect undesirable . | According to some old data, the female sexual response is more varied than that of men, and women are more capable than men of attaining additional or multiple orgasms through further sexual stimulation. However, there are many women who experience clitoral hypersensitivity after orgasm, which can effectively create a refractory period. These women may be capable of further orgasms, but the pain involved in getting there makes the prospect undesirable . But it is worth noting that the sexual response of men can be as diverse as that of women. Men may also have a reduced refractory period and may be capable of multiple orgasms . | [
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839045 | 1 | Phronesis () is an ancient Greek word for a type of wisdom or intelligence relevant to practical action , implying both good judgement and excellence of character and habits . Sometimes referred to as "practical virtue", phronesis was a common topic of discussion in ancient Greek philosophy . The word was used in Greek philosophy, and such discussions are still influential today. In Aristotelian ethics, for example in the Nicomachean Ethics, it is distinguished from other words for wisdom and intellectual virtues – such as episteme and techne . Because of its practical character , when it is not simply translated by words meaning wisdom or intelligence, it is often translated as " practical wisdom", and sometimes (more traditionally) as " prudence" , from Latin . Thomas McEvilley has proposed that the best translation is "mindfulness".Thomas McEvilley, The Shape of Ancient Thought, 2002, p. 609 | Phronesis () , translated into English by terms such as prudence, practical virtue and practical wisdom is an ancient Greek word for a type of wisdom or intelligence relevant to practical action . It implies both good judgement and excellence of character and habits , and was a common topic of discussion in ancient Greek philosophy , in ways which are still influential today. In Aristotelian ethics, for example in the Nicomachean Ethics, the concept is distinguished from other words for wisdom and intellectual virtues – such as episteme and techne – because of its practical character . The traditional Latin trnslation was , the source of the English word " prudence" . Among other proposals, Thomas McEvilley has proposed that the best translation is "mindfulness".Thomas McEvilley, The Shape of Ancient Thought, 2002, p. 609 | [
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839045 | 2 | Ancient Greek philosophy Plato In some of Plato's dialogues, Socrates proposes that thinking with phronēsis represents virtue. This view equates phronēsis with virtue making all virtuousness a form of phronēsis .W. K. C. Guthrie - A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 6, Aristotle: An Encounter (p. 348) Cambridge University Press, 29 Mar 1990 (reprint, revised) [Retrieved 2015-04-25]T Engberg-Pedersen - Aristotle's Theory of Moral Insight (p. 236) Oxford University Press, 1983 (reprint) [Retrieved 2015-04-25] Being good, is to be an intelligent or reasonable person with intelligent and reasonable thoughts. Phronēsis allows a person to have moral or ethical strength.CP. Long - The Ethics of Ontology: A Structural Critique of the Carter and Reagan Years (p. 123) SUNY Press, 1 Feb 2012 [Retrieved 2015-04-22] | Ancient Greek philosophy Plato In some of Plato's dialogues, Socrates proposes that phronēsis is a necessary condition for all virtue .W. K. C. Guthrie - A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 6, Aristotle: An Encounter (p. 348) Cambridge University Press, 29 Mar 1990 (reprint, revised) [Retrieved 2015-04-25]T Engberg-Pedersen - Aristotle's Theory of Moral Insight (p. 236) Oxford University Press, 1983 (reprint) [Retrieved 2015-04-25] Being good, is to be an intelligent or reasonable person with intelligent and reasonable thoughts. Phronēsis allows a person to have moral or ethical strength.CP. Long - The Ethics of Ontology: A Structural Critique of the Carter and Reagan Years (p. 123) SUNY Press, 1 Feb 2012 [Retrieved 2015-04-22] | [
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83942 | 1 | Ur, 2000 BC — two-storey houses constructed around an open square were built of fired brick. Kitchen, working, and public spaces were located on the ground floor, with private rooms located upstairs.Tim McNeese (1999), History of Civilization - The Ancient World, Lorenz Educational Press, p. 10 | In c. 2000 BC Ur, two-storey houses were constructed around an open square were built of fired brick. Kitchen, working, and public spaces were located on the ground floor, with private rooms located upstairs.Tim McNeese (1999), History of Civilization - The Ancient World, Lorenz Educational Press, p. 10 | [
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83942 | 2 | Relevance today Fort Hall replica, the courtyard, Pocatello, Idaho The courtyard of Kaapelitehdas in Helsinki, Finland More and more, architects are investigating ways that courtyards can play a role in the development of today's homes and cities. In densely populated areas, a courtyard in a home can provide privacy for a family, a break from the frantic pace of everyday life, and a safe place for children to play. With space at a premium, architects are experimenting with courtyards as a way to provide outdoor space for small communities of people at a time. A courtyard surrounded by 12 houses, for example, would provide a shared park-like space for those families, who could take pride in ownership of the space. Though this might sound like a modern-day solution to an inner city problem, the grouping of houses around a shared courtyard was common practice among the Incas as far back as the 13th century. | Relevance today 180px| Fort Hall replica, the courtyard, Pocatello, Idaho 180px| The courtyard of Kaapelitehdas in Helsinki, Finland More and more, architects are investigating ways that courtyards can play a role in the development of today's homes and cities. In densely populated areas, a courtyard in a home can provide privacy for a family, a break from the frantic pace of everyday life, and a safe place for children to play. With space at a premium, architects are experimenting with courtyards as a way to provide outdoor space for small communities of people at a time. A courtyard surrounded by 12 houses, for example, would provide a shared park-like space for those families, who could take pride in ownership of the space. Though this might sound like a modern-day solution to an inner city problem, the grouping of houses around a shared courtyard was common practice among the Incas as far back as the 13th century. | [
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8398516 | 1 | URL He explored the west coast of Africa in his early years. Niño guided Columbus and navigated the Atlantic Ocean as he piloted the Santa María during Christopher Columbus's expedition of 1492,Alice Bache Gould, Nueva Lista Documentada De Los Tripulantes De Colon En 1492, Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia, Tomo CLXX, Número II, 1973, passim., including p. 80. However, as noted on p. 293, some near-contemporaries place him as pilot of La Niña. and accompanied him during his third voyage that saw the discovery of Trinidad and the mouths of the Orinoco River. After returning to Spain, Niño made preparations to explore the Indies independently, looking for gold and pearls. Empowered by the Council of Castile to seek out new countries, avoiding those already found by Columbus, he committed to give 20\% of his profits for the Spanish Crown (see quinto real). Death and legacy Pedro Alonso Niño died around 1505. There is a monument to Pedro Alonso Niño in the Convent of San Francisco in Moguer, Spain. In 1930, Niño was honored with one of the 33 dioramas at the American Negro Exposition in Chicago. | He explored the west coast of Africa in his early years. Niño guided Columbus and navigated the Atlantic Ocean as he piloted the Santa María during Christopher Columbus's expedition of 1492,Alice Bache Gould, Nueva Lista Documentada De Los Tripulantes De Colon En 1492, Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia, Tomo CLXX, Número II, 1973, passim., including p. 80. However, as noted on p. 293, some near-contemporaries place him as pilot of La Niña. and accompanied him during his third voyage that saw the discovery of Trinidad and the mouths of the Orinoco River. After returning to Spain, Niño made preparations to explore the Indies independently, looking for gold and pearls. Empowered by the Council of Castile to seek out new countries, avoiding those already found by Columbus, he committed to give 20\% of his profits for the Spanish Crown (see quinto real). Death Pedro Alonso Niño died around 1505. Legacy There is a monument to Pedro Alonso Niño in the Convent of San Francisco in Moguer, Spain. In 1930, Niño was honored with one of the 33 dioramas at the American Negro Exposition in Chicago. | [
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8398516 | 2 | Biography Niño was born in Moguer, Spain he was of an African or possibly mixed heritage of African and Spaniard . however he was known as El Negro and his father was one of the sailors Captured from Elmina . Elmina was the first African city to trade with the Europeans and according to The History of Elmina. He was known as El Negro . | Biography Niño was born in Moguer, Spain he was of an African or possibly mixed heritage of African and Spaniard , and was known as El Negro . His father was one of the sailors Captured from Elmina , the first African city to trade with the Europeans . | [
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840450 | 1 | Cerebral circulation is the movement of blood through a network of cerebral arteries and veins supplying the brain. The rate of cerebral blood flow in an adult human is typically 750 milliliters per minute, or about 15\% of cardiac output. Arteries deliver oxygenated blood, glucose and other nutrients to the brain. Veins carry "used or spent" blood back to the heart, to remove carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other metabolic products. Because the brain would quickly suffer damage from any stoppage in blood supply, the cerebral circulatory system has safeguards including autoregulation of the blood vessels. The failure of these safeguards may result in a stroke. The volume of blood in circulation is called the cerebral blood flow. Sudden intense accelerations change the gravitational forces perceived by bodies and can severely impair cerebral circulation and normal functions to the point of becoming serious life threatening conditions. The posterior cerebral circulation is the blood supply to the posterior portion of the brain, including the occipital lobes, cerebellum and brainstem. It is supplied by the following arteries: Vertebral arteries: These smaller arteries branch from the subclavian arteries which primarily supply the shoulders, lateral chest and arms. Within the cranium the two vertebral arteries fuse into the basilar artery. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) Basilar artery: Supplies the midbrain, cerebellum, and usually branches into the posterior cerebral artery Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) Pontine branches Superior cerebellar artery (SCA) Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) Posterior communicating artery The superficial system is composed of dural venous sinuses, which have walls composed of dura mater as opposed to a traditional vein. The dural sinuses are therefore located on the surface of the cerebrum. The most prominent of these sinuses is the superior sagittal sinus which flows in the sagittal plane under the midline of the cerebral vault, posteriorly and inferiorly to the confluence of sinuses, where the superficial drainage joins with the sinus that primarily drains the deep venous system. From here, two transverse sinuses bifurcate and travel laterally and inferiorly in an S-shaped curve that form the sigmoid sinuses which go on to form the two jugular veins. In the neck, the jugular veins parallel the upward course of the carotid arteries and drain blood into the superior vena cava. Imaging Arterial spin labelling and positron emission tomography are neuroimaging techniques that can be used to measure CBF. These techniques are also used to measure regional CBF (rCBF) within a specific brain region. rCBF at one location can be measured over time by thermal diffusionP. Vajkoczy, H. Roth, P. Horn, T. Lucke, C. Thome, U. Hubner, G. T. Martin, C. Zappletal, E. Klar, L. Schilling, and P. Schmiedek, “Continuous monitoring of regional cerebral blood flow: experimental and clinical validation of a novel thermal diffusion microprobe,” J. Neurosurg., vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 265–274, Aug. 2000. | Cerebral circulation is the movement of blood through a network of cerebral arteries and veins supplying the brain. The rate of cerebral blood flow in an adult human is typically 750 milliliters per minute, or about 15\% of cardiac output. Arteries deliver oxygenated blood, glucose and other nutrients to the brain. Veins carry "used or spent" blood back to the heart, to remove carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other metabolic products. Because the brain would quickly suffer damage from any stoppage in blood supply, the cerebral circulatory system has safeguards including autoregulation of the blood vessels. The failure of these safeguards may result in a stroke. The volume of blood in circulation is called the cerebral blood flow. Sudden intense accelerations change the gravitational forces perceived by bodies and can severely impair cerebral circulation and normal functions to the point of becoming serious life-threatening conditions. The posterior cerebral circulation is the blood supply to the posterior portion of the brain, including the occipital lobes, cerebellum and brainstem. It is supplied by the following arteries: Vertebral arteries: These smaller arteries branch from the subclavian arteries which primarily supply the shoulders, lateral chest , and arms. Within the cranium the two vertebral arteries fuse into the basilar artery. 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840503 | 1 | Canada In Canada, the provinces adopt the use of APWA Uniform Color Codes. For more information, see the section below for the United States. India India uses a convention similar to the US, for marking underground utilities such as telephone, gas, water and electricity. The system is based entirely on convention without any written standard. These markings are color-coded, and are painted by contractors onto the pavement. United States Utility markings In the United States , the American Public Works Association (APWA) Uniform Color Codes for temporary marking of underground utilities are listed below : | India India uses a convention similar to the US, for marking underground utilities such as telephone, gas, water and electricity. The system is based entirely on convention without any written standard. These markings are color-coded, and are painted by contractors onto the pavement. Canada United States Utility markings Canada and the United States use the American Public Works Association (APWA) Uniform Color Codes for temporary marking of underground utilities : | [
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8407203 | 1 | Equating in item response theory 400px|Figure 1: Test characteristic curves showing the relationship between total score and person location for two different tests in relation to a common scale. In this example a total of 37 on Assessment 1 equates to a total of 34.9 on Assessment 2 as shown by the vertical line In item response theory, person locations are estimated on a scale; i.e. locations are estimated in relation to a unit and origin. It is common in educational assessment to employ tests in order to assess different groups of students with the intention of establishing a common scale by equating the origins, and sometimes units, of the scales obtained from response data from the different tests. The process is referred to as equating or test equating. | Equating in item response theory 400px|Figure 1: Test characteristic curves showing the relationship between total score and person location for two different tests in relation to a common scale. In this example a total of 37 on Assessment 1 equates to a total of 34.9 on Assessment 2 as shown by the vertical line In item response theory, person "locations" (measures of some quality being assessed by a test) are estimated on an interval scale; i.e. , locations are estimated in relation to a unit and origin. It is common in educational assessment to employ tests in order to assess different groups of students with the intention of establishing a common scale by equating the origins, and when appropriate also the units, of the scales obtained from response data from the different tests. The process is referred to as equating or test equating. | [
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841967 | 2 | Liberal conservatism is a political ideology with both conservative and liberal views , especially on economic policies and social policies, and is strongly influenced by liberalism. | Liberal conservatism is a political ideology combining conservative policies with liberal stances , especially on economic issues but also on social matters, representing a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by liberalism. | [
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8420417 | 1 | Astronauts entering a lunar outpost. NASA concept art. A moonbase is a facility on the Moon, enabling human activity at the Moon. A moonbase is a facility on the surface of the Moon and is as such different to a lunar space station in orbit around the Moon, such as the planned Lunar Gateway of the Artemis program. Moonbases can be for uncrewed or crewed use, in both cases not necessarily including habitation facilities. | Astronauts entering a lunar outpost. NASA concept art. A moonbase is a facility on the surface of the Moon, enabling human activity at the Moon. As such it is different to a lunar space station in orbit around the Moon, like the planned Lunar Gateway of the Artemis program. Moonbases can be for uncrewed or crewed use, in both cases not necessarily including habitation facilities. | [
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842419 | 1 | Dane Maxwell In May 2012, DC Comics announced on its website the release of a new comic book miniseries, Phantom Lady and Doll Man, featuring completely new versions of the characters, with no relation to their Freedom Fighter predecessors other than the character names. These were part of the "Second Wave" of its continuity reboot and entire-line relaunch, "The New 52", begun in September 2011 following on from the Flashpoint limited series.DC Comics Blog: "Announcing Phantom Lady and Doll Man , " Alex Nagorski, 5/11/12, 8:00 AM EDT. | Dane Maxwell In 2012, DC Comics published comic book miniseries, Phantom Lady and Doll Man, featuring completely new versions of the characters, with no relation to their Freedom Fighter predecessors other than the character names. These were part of the "Second Wave" of its continuity reboot and entire-line relaunch, "The New 52", begun in September 2011 following on from the Flashpoint limited series.DC Comics Blog: "Announcing Phantom Lady and Doll Man " , Alex Nagorski, 5/11/12, 8:00 AM EDT. | [
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842910 | 1 | Ergosterol (ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol) is a sterol found in cell membranes of fungi and protozoa, serving many of the same functions that cholesterol serves in animal cells. Because many fungi and protozoa cannot survive without ergosterol, the enzymes that synthesize it have become important targets for drug discovery. In human nutrition, ergosterol is a provitamin form of vitamin D2; exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light causes a chemical reaction that produces vitamin D2 . | Ergosterol is a madness and causes bare man to get bumboclarted out the vicinity ygm . | [
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8431748 | 1 | thumb |393px |A lab in which computer and information science (CIS) is studied. Information and computer science (ICS) or computer and information science (CIS) (plural forms, i.e., sciences, may also be used) is a field that emphasizes both computing and information science and engineering , upholding the strong association between the fields of information sciences and computer sciences and treating computers as a tool rather than a field . ICS in Europe is called informatics . | thumb |393px |A lab in which computer and information science (CIS) is studied. Information and computer science (ICS) or computer and information science (CIS) (plural forms, i.e., sciences, may also be used) is a field that emphasizes both computing and informatics , upholding the strong association between the fields of information sciences and computer sciences and treating computers as a tool rather than a field . | [
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8433573 | 1 | Modalities are fundamental to understanding the concept behind Structuration . According to Anthony Giddens, modalities explain the properties of the Structure . The structure is said to have both structural and individual qualities. Giddens refers to these structural modalities as 'rules' and 'resources' respectively. In application, Giddens is separating himself from other structuralists by acknowledging the enabling functions that the structure provides. A case of a 'rule' is the act of obeying a law. That is, there are limits that the structure places on agency causing the agent to act in a certain way. In this respect the structure is imposing restrictions upon the agent in order to accomplish societal norms. Norms, however, have changed in the past and are under constant manipulation by the society through the use of structural 'resources' . Civil laws can and have been overturned or rewritten in the past. Laws that have limited human liberties, can be overturned as there exists 'resources' , e.g. lawyers who can present a case for social reform. It could also be the process of judicial review itself. Giddens suggests that it is these modalities that illustrate his reliance on the duality of structure because it presents a case where knowledgeable individuals can use the resources available to them to change policies, standards or norms that the structure imposes upon them. Category:Critical theo | Modalities are fundamental to understanding the concept behind structuration . According to Anthony Giddens, modalities explain the properties of the structure . The structure is said to have both structural and individual qualities. Giddens refers to these structural modalities as "rules" and "resources" respectively. In application, Giddens is separating himself from other structuralists by acknowledging the enabling functions that the structure provides. A case of a "rule" is the act of obeying a law. That is, there are limits that the structure places on agency causing the agent to act in a certain way. In this respect the structure is imposing restrictions upon the agent in order to accomplish societal norms. Norms, however, have changed in the past and are under constant manipulation by the society through the use of structural "resources" . Civil laws can and have been overturned or rewritten in the past. Laws that have limited human liberties, can be overturned as there exists "resources" , e.g. lawyers who can present a case for social reform. It could also be the process of judicial review itself. Giddens suggests that it is these modalities that illustrate his reliance on the duality of structure because it presents a case where knowledgeable individuals can use the resources available to them to change policies, standards or norms that the structure imposes upon them. | [
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8455187 | 1 | See also Adept Ascended Master Crane in Chinese mythology Eight Immortals Journey to the West Kunlun Mountain in mythology Magu Old Man of the South Pole Rishi (Indian) Sennin, Japanese equivalent Shen (Chinese religion) Sun Wukong (The Monkey King) Temples of the Five Immortals in China: In Shiyan, (Hubei) In Guangzhou Philosophical transcendence Vidyadhara (Indian) Weizza (Burmese) Velvet antler Xi Wangmu (Queen Mother of the West) Xianxia novel See also Yama-no-Kami Sansin | See also Shen (Chinese religion) Sansin Yama-no-Kami Vidyadhara (Indian) Weizza (Burmese) Eight Immortals Temples of the Five Immortals in China: In Shiyan, (Hubei) In Guangzhou Kunlun Mountain in mythology Old Man of the South Pole Magu Xianxia novel Journey to the West Sun Wukong (The Monkey King) Xi Wangmu (Queen Mother of the West) | [
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