id
stringlengths 24
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| title
stringlengths 3
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| context
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| question
stringlengths 18
217
| answers
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|---|---|---|---|---|
5733afd3d058e614000b6047
|
University_of_Notre_Dame
|
In 2015-2016, Notre Dame ranked 18th overall among "national universities" in the United States in U.S. News & World Report's Best Colleges 2016. In 2014, USA Today ranked Notre Dame 10th overall for American universities based on data from College Factual. Forbes.com's America's Best Colleges ranks Notre Dame 13th among colleges in the United States in 2015, 8th among Research Universities, and 1st in the Midwest. U.S. News & World Report also lists Notre Dame Law School as 22nd overall. BusinessWeek ranks Mendoza College of Business undergraduate school as 1st overall. It ranks the MBA program as 20th overall. The Philosophical Gourmet Report ranks Notre Dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while ARCHITECT Magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. Additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. According to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of University of Notre Dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the United States. The median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.
|
Forbes.com placed Notre Dame at what position compared to other US research universities?
|
{
"answer_start": [
362
],
"text": [
"8th"
]
}
|
56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9440
|
Beyoncé
|
Beyoncé's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments. In 2008, L'Oréal was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements, responding that "it is categorically untrue", and in 2013, Beyoncé herself criticized H&M for their proposed "retouching" of promotional images of her, and according to Vogue requested that only "natural pictures be used".
|
Which professor from Northeastern University wrote about how race correlates with these criticisms of Beyonce?
|
{
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"Emmett Price"
]
}
|
56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890de
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.
|
Chopin was indirectly related to what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
188
],
"text": [
"political insurrection"
]
}
|
56cbf5106d243a140015ee1a
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and "gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life." Fontana was to become, in the words of Michałowski and Samson, Chopin's "general factotum and copyist".
|
What familial role was Albert Grzymała compared to in regards to Frédéric?
|
{
"answer_start": [
368
],
"text": [
"elder brother"
]
}
|
56cc07886d243a140015ee66
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soirée at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest, and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ..." The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather.
|
How many years older was George Sand compared to Frédéric?
|
{
"answer_start": [
324
],
"text": [
"six"
]
}
|
56cc15956d243a140015eea9
|
Frédéric_Chopin
|
Chopin's output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski opines that "his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual."
|
What can be said of these works compared to his work in other years even though the quantity was less?
|
{
"answer_start": [
315
],
"text": [
"more refined than many of his earlier compositions"
]
}
|
56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f4
|
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
|
The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug—Gendün Drup (1391–1474) and Gendün Gyatso (1475–1571)—had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secular Rinpungpa princes, who were patrons and protectors of the Karma Kargyu lamas. The Rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the Phagmodrupa, yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of Ü-Tsang. The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers, the most important event in the Gelug. While the task of New Years prayers in Lhasa was granted to the Karmapa and others, Gendün Gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies. However, it was not until 1518 that the secular Phagmodru ruler captured Lhasa from the Rinbung, and thereafter the Gelug was given rights to conduct the New Years prayer. When the Drikung Kagyu abbot of Drigung Monastery threatened Lhasa in 1537, Gendün Gyatso was forced to abandon the Drepung Monastery, although he eventually returned.
|
Who were the Rinpungpa leaders related to?
|
{
"answer_start": [
440
],
"text": [
"the Phagmodrupa"
]
}
|
56ce2752aab44d1400b884d2
|
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
|
P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a "mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron," respectively. He adds that "Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state."
|
Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate?
|
{
"answer_start": [
304
],
"text": [
"the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans"
]
}
|
56ce362faab44d1400b885ca
|
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
|
With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Department of History of the University of Pittsburgh, writes that the Ming's unique relationship with Tibetan prelates essentially ended with Jiajing's reign while Ming influence in the Amdo region was supplanted by the Mongols.
|
Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who's reign?
|
{
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"Jiajing"
]
}
|
56ce75d4aab44d1400b887bf
|
IPod
|
Though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004. The iPod line came from Apple's "digital hub" category, when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players "big and clunky or small and useless" with user interfaces that were "unbelievably awful," so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs, Apple's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive. Rubinstein had already discovered the Toshiba disk drive when meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone. The product ("the Walkman of the twenty-first century" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put "1,000 songs in your pocket."
|
What other popular music player did Apple compare their new product to?
|
{
"answer_start": [
1203
],
"text": [
"the Walkman"
]
}
|
56d1314517492d1400aabbcf
|
IPod
|
The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod. In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time. The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement.
|
How many hours of real-time battery life did the 5th-generation iPod test at, compared to its advertised 14 hours?
|
{
"answer_start": [
347
],
"text": [
"8 hours"
]
}
|
56ceeb34aab44d1400b88caa
|
Spectre_(2015_film)
|
Spectre opened in Germany with $22.45 million (including previews), which included a new record for the biggest Saturday of all time, Australia with $8.7 million (including previews) and South Korea opened to $8.2 million (including previews). Despite the 13 November Paris attacks, which led to numerous theaters being closed down, the film opened with $14.6 million (including $2 million in previews) in France. In Mexico, where part of the film was shot, it debuted with more than double that of Skyfall with $4.5 million. It also bested its predecessor's opening in various Nordic regions where MGM is distributing, such as in Finland ($2.66 million) and Norway ($2.91 million), and in other markets like Denmark ($4.2 million), the Netherlands ($3.38 million), and Sweden ($3.1 million). In India, it opened at No. 1 with $4.8 million which is 4% above the opening of Skyfall. It topped the German-speaking Switzerland box office for four weeks and in the Netherlands, it has held the No. 1 spot for seven weeks straight where it has topped Minions to become the top movie of the year. The top earning markets are Germany ($70.3 million) and France ($38.8 million). In Paris, it has the second highest ticket sales of all time with $4.1 million tickets sold only behind Spider-Man 3 which sold over $6.32 million tickets in 2007.
|
How much more did Spectre earn compared with Skyfall in the Indian market?
|
{
"answer_start": [
849
],
"text": [
"4%"
]
}
|
56cef51daab44d1400b88d14
|
Spectre_(2015_film)
|
Critical appraisal of the film was mixed in the United States. In a lukewarm review for RogerEbert.com, Matt Zoller Seitz gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4, describing Spectre as inconsistent and unable to capitalise on its potential. Kenneth Turan, reviewing the film for Los Angeles Times, concluded that Spectre "comes off as exhausted and uninspired". Manohla Dargis of The New York Times panned the film as having "nothing surprising" and sacrificing its originality for the sake of box office returns. Forbes' Scott Mendelson also heavily criticised the film, denouncing Spectre as "the worst 007 movie in 30 years". Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly viewed Spectre as "an overreaction to our current blockbuster moment", aspiring "to be a serialized sequel" and proving "itself as a Saga". While noting that "[n]othing that happens in Spectre holds up to even minor logical scrutiny", he had "come not to bury Spectre, but to weirdly praise it. Because the final act of the movie is so strange, so willfully obtuse, that it deserves extra attention." In a positive review Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, describing "The 24th movie about the British MI6 agent with a license to kill is party time for Bond fans, a fierce, funny, gorgeously produced valentine to the longest-running franchise in movies". Other positive reviews from Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle, gave it a perfect 100 score, stating: “One of the great satisfactions of Spectre is that, in addition to all the stirring action, and all the timely references to a secret organization out to steal everyone’s personal information, we get to believe in Bond as a person.” Stephen Whitty from the New York Daily News, gave it an 80 grade, saying: “Craig is cruelly efficient. Dave Bautista makes a good, Oddjob-like assassin. And while Lea Seydoux doesn’t leave a huge impression as this film’s “Bond girl,” perhaps it’s because we’ve already met — far too briefly — the hypnotic Monica Bellucci, as the first real “Bond woman” since Diana Rigg.” Richard Roeper from the Chicago Sun-Times, gave it a 75 grade. He stated: “This is the 24th Bond film and it ranks solidly in the middle of the all-time rankings, which means it’s still a slick, beautifully photographed, action-packed, international thriller with a number of wonderfully, ludicrously entertaining set pieces, a sprinkling of dry wit, myriad gorgeous women and a classic psycho-villain who is clearly out of his mind but seems to like it that way.” Michael Phillips over at the Chicago Tribune, gave it a 75 grade. He stated: “For all its workmanlike devotion to out-of-control helicopters, “Spectre” works best when everyone’s on the ground, doing his or her job, driving expensive fast cars heedlessly, detonating the occasional wisecrack, enjoying themselves and their beautiful clothes.” Guy Lodge from Variety, gave it a 70 score, stating: “What’s missing is the unexpected emotional urgency of “Skyfall,” as the film sustains its predecessor’s nostalgia kick with a less sentimental bent.”
|
The reviewer from Variety compares Spectre to which other Bond movie?
|
{
"answer_start": [
2982
],
"text": [
"Skyfall"
]
}
|
56d3df022ccc5a1400d82f02
|
To_Kill_a_Mockingbird
|
The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, however, in that it "arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions (of) the accelerating civil rights movement". Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movement that many studies of the book and biographies of Harper Lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement, despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them. Civil Rights leader Andrew Young comments that part of the book's effectiveness is that it "inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion" and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set. Young views the novel as "an act of humanity" in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices. Alabama author Mark Childress compares it to the impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book that is popularly implicated in starting the U.S. Civil War. Childress states the novel "gives white Southerners a way to understand the racism that they've been brought up with and to find another way. And most white people in the South were good people. Most white people in the South were not throwing bombs and causing havoc ... I think the book really helped them come to understand what was wrong with the system in the way that any number of treatises could never do, because it was popular art, because it was told from a child's point of view."
|
What other book did Mark Childress compare it to?
|
{
"answer_start": [
909
],
"text": [
"Uncle Tom's Cabin"
]
}
|
56ce7d1aaab44d1400b88809
|
Solar_energy
|
The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters.
|
ISO 9050 relates to standards for what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"glass in building"
]
}
|
56ce7d1aaab44d1400b8880a
|
Solar_energy
|
The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters.
|
ISO 10217 relates to standards for what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"materials used in solar water heaters"
]
}
|
56d09a77234ae51400d9c3c6
|
Solar_energy
|
The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters.
|
What is the name of the standard related to glass in building?
|
{
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"ISO 9050"
]
}
|
56d09a77234ae51400d9c3c7
|
Solar_energy
|
The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters.
|
What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters?
|
{
"answer_start": [
182
],
"text": [
"ISO 10217"
]
}
|
5733b2e14776f41900661089
|
Anthropology
|
Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways.
|
How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations?
|
{
"answer_start": [
551
],
"text": [
"in similar ways"
]
}
|
5733b36dd058e614000b60a7
|
Anthropology
|
Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis.
|
What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on?
|
{
"answer_start": [
545
],
"text": [
"sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis"
]
}
|
5733cf984776f419006612ab
|
Anthropology
|
Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", "cognates", and even "fictive kinship". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage.
|
What has developed a number of related concepts and terms?
|
{
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"anthropology"
]
}
|
5733cf984776f419006612ac
|
Anthropology
|
Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", "cognates", and even "fictive kinship". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage.
|
When has anthropology developed related terms?
|
{
"answer_start": [
175
],
"text": [
"Over its history"
]
}
|
5733cf984776f419006612ad
|
Anthropology
|
Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", "cognates", and even "fictive kinship". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage.
|
What does it mean if people are related by descent?
|
{
"answer_start": [
447
],
"text": [
"one's social relations during development"
]
}
|
5733df4f4776f419006613de
|
Anthropology
|
Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.
|
Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and related to the world around them is linked to what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
534
],
"text": [
"implicit knowledge"
]
}
|
5733e0d64776f419006613fe
|
Anthropology
|
Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings.
|
What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to, in addition to STS?
|
{
"answer_start": [
176
],
"text": [
"the Society for the Social Studies of Science"
]
}
|
573357944776f4190066085e
|
Portugal
|
As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebastião de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from the Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal.
|
Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?
|
{
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"Sebastião de Melo"
]
}
|
56d114a717492d1400aab8b5
|
Kanye_West
|
West's fourth studio album, 808s & Heartbreak (2008), marked an even more radical departure from his previous releases, largely abandoning rap and hip hop stylings in favor of a stark electropop sound composed of virtual synthesis, the Roland TR-808 drum machine, and explicitly auto-tuned vocal tracks. Drawing inspiration from artists such as Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George, and maintaining a "minimal but functional" approach towards the album's studio production, West explored the electronic feel produced by Auto-Tune and utilized the sounds created by the 808, manipulating its pitch to produce a distorted, electronic sound; he then sought to juxtapose mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of taiko drums and choir monks. The album's music features austere production and elements such as dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano, and drew comparisons to the work of 1980s post-punk and new wave groups, with West himself later confessing an affinity with British post-punk group Joy Division. Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote in a 2012 article, "Now that popular music has finally caught up to it, 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye’s most vulnerable work, and perhaps his most brilliant."
|
What other type of 1980s group was Kanye's fourth album compared to other than new wave?
|
{
"answer_start": [
922
],
"text": [
"post-punk"
]
}
|
56cf7e194df3c31400b0d853
|
Kanye_West
|
In September 2013, West was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in Kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian President Nursultan Nazarbayev's grandson. He traveled to Kazakhstan, which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world, as a personal guest of Nazarbayev. Other notable Western performers, including Sting, have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns. West was reportedly paid US$3 million for his performance. West had previously participated in cultural boycotts, joining Shakira and Rage Against The Machine in refusing to perform in Arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens.
|
How is Kazakhstan's human rights record compared to the rest of the world?
|
{
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"one of the poorest"
]
}
|
56cf86a3234ae51400d9be00
|
Kanye_West
|
West is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty-first century, receiving praise from music critics, fans, fellow musicians, artists, and wider cultural figures for his work. AllMusic editor Jason Birchmeier writes of his impact, "As his career progressed throughout the early 21st century, West shattered certain stereotypes about rappers, becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance, his rhetoric, or his music to fit any one musical mold." Jon Caramanic of The New York Times said that West has been "a frequent lightning rod for controversy, a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements, along with being a reliably dyspeptic presence at award shows (when he attends them)." Village Voice Media senior editor Ben Westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip hop artist of all time, writing that "he's made the best albums and changed the game the most, and his music is the most likely to endure," while Complex called him the 21st century's "most important artist of any art form, of any genre." The Guardian has compared West to David Bowie, arguing that "there is nobody else who can sell as many records as West does (30m-odd album sales and counting) while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically."
|
What famous English artist was Kanye compared to by The Guardian?
|
{
"answer_start": [
1105
],
"text": [
"David Bowie"
]
}
|
56d1328117492d1400aabc02
|
Kanye_West
|
West is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty-first century, receiving praise from music critics, fans, fellow musicians, artists, and wider cultural figures for his work. AllMusic editor Jason Birchmeier writes of his impact, "As his career progressed throughout the early 21st century, West shattered certain stereotypes about rappers, becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance, his rhetoric, or his music to fit any one musical mold." Jon Caramanic of The New York Times said that West has been "a frequent lightning rod for controversy, a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements, along with being a reliably dyspeptic presence at award shows (when he attends them)." Village Voice Media senior editor Ben Westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip hop artist of all time, writing that "he's made the best albums and changed the game the most, and his music is the most likely to endure," while Complex called him the 21st century's "most important artist of any art form, of any genre." The Guardian has compared West to David Bowie, arguing that "there is nobody else who can sell as many records as West does (30m-odd album sales and counting) while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically."
|
What reporter compared Kanye West to a lightning rod?
|
{
"answer_start": [
486
],
"text": [
"Jon Caramanic"
]
}
|
56d1328117492d1400aabc04
|
Kanye_West
|
West is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty-first century, receiving praise from music critics, fans, fellow musicians, artists, and wider cultural figures for his work. AllMusic editor Jason Birchmeier writes of his impact, "As his career progressed throughout the early 21st century, West shattered certain stereotypes about rappers, becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance, his rhetoric, or his music to fit any one musical mold." Jon Caramanic of The New York Times said that West has been "a frequent lightning rod for controversy, a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements, along with being a reliably dyspeptic presence at award shows (when he attends them)." Village Voice Media senior editor Ben Westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip hop artist of all time, writing that "he's made the best albums and changed the game the most, and his music is the most likely to endure," while Complex called him the 21st century's "most important artist of any art form, of any genre." The Guardian has compared West to David Bowie, arguing that "there is nobody else who can sell as many records as West does (30m-odd album sales and counting) while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically."
|
What magazine compared Kanye to David Bowie?
|
{
"answer_start": [
1071
],
"text": [
"The Guardian"
]
}
|
56d0b98f234ae51400d9c41f
|
Buddhism
|
Suffering (Pāli: दुक्ख dukkha; Sanskrit दुःख duḥkha) is also a central concept in Buddhism. The word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in English including suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration. Although the term is often translated as "suffering", its philosophical meaning is more analogous to "disquietude" as in the condition of being disturbed. As such, "suffering" is too narrow a translation with "negative emotional connotations"[web 9] that can give the impression that the Buddhist view is pessimistic, but Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic, but realistic. In English-language Buddhist literature translated from Pāli, "dukkha" is often left untranslated, so as to encompass its full range of meaning.[note 8]
|
Dukkha is often translated as suffering, but the philosophical meaning of dukkha of more closely related to what term?
|
{
"answer_start": [
402
],
"text": [
"disquietude"
]
}
|
56d1e4f7e7d4791d00902393
|
Buddhism
|
Not-self (Pāli: anatta; Sanskrit: anātman) is the third mark of existence. Upon careful examination, one finds that no phenomenon is really "I" or "mine"; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind. In the Nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion, but as an approach for gaining release from suffering. In fact, the Buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions "I have a Self" and "I have no Self" as ontological views that bind one to suffering.[note 9] When asked if the self was identical with the body, the Buddha refused to answer. By analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents (skandhas) of a person or object, the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self.
|
Buddha rejected the assertion "I have a Self" and what other related assertion?
|
{
"answer_start": [
411
],
"text": [
"\"I have no Self\""
]
}
|
56d20db9e7d4791d00902637
|
Buddhism
|
Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of meditative absorption (Pali: jhāna; Skt: dhyāna). The most ancient sustained expression of yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of the Buddha. One key innovative teaching of the Buddha was that meditative absorption must be combined with liberating cognition. The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in early Brahminic texts is striking. Meditative states alone are not an end, for according to the Buddha, even the highest meditative state is not liberating. Instead of attaining a complete cessation of thought, some sort of mental activity must take place: a liberating cognition, based on the practice of mindful awareness.
|
The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in what what type of texts is significant?
|
{
"answer_start": [
388
],
"text": [
"Brahminic"
]
}
|
56d21aa5e7d4791d00902645
|
Buddhism
|
Religious knowledge or "vision" was indicated as a result of practice both within and outside of the Buddhist fold. According to the Samaññaphala Sutta, this sort of vision arose for the Buddhist adept as a result of the perfection of "meditation" coupled with the perfection of "discipline" (Pali sīla; Skt. śīla). Some of the Buddha's meditative techniques were shared with other traditions of his day, but the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of "transcendent wisdom" (Pali paññā; Skt. prajñā) was original.[web 18]
|
There is an idea where ethics are causally related to the attainment of what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
473
],
"text": [
"transcendent wisdom"
]
}
|
56d2a05e59d6e41400146164
|
Buddhism
|
Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon. As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts, debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation; in the modern era, this label is seen as derogatory, and is generally avoided.
|
What Mahayana related label is considered derogatory?
|
{
"answer_start": [
323
],
"text": [
"hinayana"
]
}
|
56d2a28059d6e41400146172
|
Buddhism
|
Buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects. For example, Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs, customs and institutions in countries where it has resided throughout its history. Also, its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought—for example, with various tenets of Christianity—have been subjects of close study. In addition, the Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to modern scientific thought, as well as Western metaphysics.
|
Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to what modern thought?
|
{
"answer_start": [
600
],
"text": [
"scientific"
]
}
|
56db44cbe7c41114004b4fe9
|
American_Idol
|
The declining trend however continued into season eight, as total viewers numbers fell by 5–10% for early episodes compared to season seven, and by 9% for the finale. In season nine, Idol's six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken, when NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol's 18.4 million. Nevertheless, American Idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched TV series for the sixth year running, breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by CBS' All in the Family and NBC's The Cosby Show.
|
How many people watched the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 as compared to the 18.4 million who tuned into Idol?
|
{
"answer_start": [
356
],
"text": [
"30.1 million"
]
}
|
56d4c3ba2ccc5a1400d831ff
|
Dog
|
The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000–40,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture.
|
Due to admixture, what species are many Arctic dogs related to?
|
{
"answer_start": [
606
],
"text": [
"Taimyr wolf of North Asia"
]
}
|
56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d8320e
|
Dog
|
Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.
|
What species shows more difference in size, looks and actions than any other?
|
{
"answer_start": [
125
],
"text": [
"Modern dog breeds"
]
}
|
56d5f6b21c85041400946e65
|
Dog
|
Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation.
|
How many "fixed" genes demonstrate the differences between the wolf and dog?
|
{
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"11"
]
}
|
56d5f6b21c85041400946e66
|
Dog
|
Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation.
|
The gene differences indicate what two things done by selection in dogs during breeding for domestication?
|
{
"answer_start": [
360
],
"text": [
"morphology and behavior"
]
}
|
56d9b75edc89441400fdb73c
|
Dog
|
Despite their descent from wolves and classification as Carnivora, dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores. Unlike obligate carnivores, such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine, dogs can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements. Dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods, including vegetables and grains, and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet. Comparing dogs and wolves, dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.
|
Dogs have genes that allow them to thrive on what when compared to wolves, who cannot?
|
{
"answer_start": [
623
],
"text": [
"starch"
]
}
|
56d9c9f6dc89441400fdb81a
|
Dog
|
"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression "in the doghouse" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced.
|
Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today?
|
{
"answer_start": [
496
],
"text": [
"outside"
]
}
|
56d632371c85041400946fe0
|
Dog
|
A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.
|
According to a Colorado study, dog bites are what in children as compared to adults?
|
{
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"less severe"
]
}
|
56d63a1e1c8504140094701e
|
Dog
|
Medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens. Dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion, as their brain's olfactory cortex is (relative to total brain size) 40 times larger than humans. Dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose, while humans may have only 5 million. Each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer. To train a cancer dog requires 6 months. A Labrador Retriever called Daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the Blue Cross (for pets) Medal for her life-saving skills.
|
How much larger is a dog brain olfactory cortex when compared to humans?
|
{
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"40 times larger"
]
}
|
57309e35069b5314008321cb
|
Alfred_North_Whitehead
|
A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:
|
How is each object related to other things?
|
{
"answer_start": [
213
],
"text": [
"externally"
]
}
|
57309ede396df91900096219
|
Alfred_North_Whitehead
|
In fact, Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it. A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist. Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.
|
If an object made no difference to any other entity, what could be said about it?
|
{
"answer_start": [
430
],
"text": [
"not be said to really exist."
]
}
|
57338802d058e614000b5cbb
|
Alfred_North_Whitehead
|
One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality. Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism.
|
What philosophy is closely related to process philosophy?
|
{
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"American pragmatism"
]
}
|
573367034776f41900660a0e
|
Alfred_North_Whitehead
|
For Whitehead the core of religion was individual. While he acknowledged that individuals cannot ever be fully separated from their society, he argued that life is an internal fact for its own sake before it is an external fact relating to others. His most famous remark on religion is that "religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious." Whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person's character. He took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good – an idea which he called a "dangerous delusion" (e.g., a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents).
|
How did Whitehead define "dangerous delusion" as it relates to religion?
|
{
"answer_start": [
542
],
"text": [
"while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good"
]
}
|
57337520d058e614000b5b50
|
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
|
In November 2008, economist Dean Baker observed: "There is a really good reason for tighter credit. Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today. Businesses are facing the worst downturn since the Great Depression. This matters for credit decisions. A homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt. They will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and/or have a default placed on their credit record. On the other hand, a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk. In the case of businesses, their creditworthiness depends on their future profits. Profit prospects look much worse in November 2008 than they did in November 2007... While many banks are obviously at the brink, consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid. The problem with the economy is the loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth.
|
How did profit prospects for businesses look in November 2008 compared to November 2007?
|
{
"answer_start": [
711
],
"text": [
"much worse"
]
}
|
57325ecbe99e3014001e672b
|
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
|
Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts. The U.S. Senate's Levin–Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of "high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and the market itself to rein in the excesses of Wall Street." The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission concluded that the financial crisis was avoidable and was caused by "widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision", "dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions", "a combination of excessive borrowing, risky investments, and lack of transparency" by financial institutions, ill preparation and inconsistent action by government that "added to the uncertainty and panic", a "systemic breakdown in accountability and ethics", "collapsing mortgage-lending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline", deregulation of over-the-counter derivatives, especially credit default swaps, and "the failures of credit rating agencies" to correctly price risk. The 1999 repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act effectively removed the separation between investment banks and depository banks in the United States. Critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products, and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st-century financial markets. Research into the causes of the financial crisis has also focused on the role of interest rate spreads.
|
What agency failed to accurately price risk involved in mortgage-related financial products?
|
{
"answer_start": [
1321
],
"text": [
"credit rating agencies"
]
}
|
573260db0fdd8d15006c6a65
|
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
|
As part of the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the U.S. housing market. As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses.
|
What are MBS as related to the housing and credit booms?
|
{
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"mortgage-backed securities"
]
}
|
573260db0fdd8d15006c6a66
|
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
|
As part of the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the U.S. housing market. As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses.
|
What are CDO as related to the housing and credit booms?
|
{
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"collateralized debt obligations"
]
}
|
57338992d058e614000b5cdc
|
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy
|
French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine are common in St. Barthélemy. The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels. There are also a number of snack restaurants which the French call "les snacks" or "les petits creux" which include sandwiches, pizzas and salads. West Indian cuisine, steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common; Creole dishes tend to be spicier. The island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year, with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon, fresh grilled lobster, Chinese noodle salad with coconut milk, and grilled beef fillet etc.
|
What type of cuisine related events does the island host each year?
|
{
"answer_start": [
555
],
"text": [
"gastronomic"
]
}
|
56dc561414d3a41400c267d3
|
Genome
|
When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a "genome sequence" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase "genetic makeup" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.
|
What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called?
|
{
"answer_start": [
656
],
"text": [
"genomics"
]
}
|
56dc5c6214d3a41400c26809
|
Genome
|
When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.
|
What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition?
|
{
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"prokaryotes and eukaryotes"
]
}
|
56dc78b114d3a41400c268be
|
Comprehensive_school
|
According to a study done by Helmut Fend (who had always been a fierce proponent of comprehensive schools) revealed that comprehensive schools do not help working class students. He compared alumni of the tripartite system to alumni of comprehensive schools. While working class alumni of comprehensive schools were awarded better school diplomas at age 35, they held similar occupational positions as working class alumni of the tripartite system and were as unlikely to graduate from college.
|
To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?
|
{
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"tripartite system"
]
}
|
56dcfc7b66d3e219004dab7c
|
Republic_of_the_Congo
|
Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way "pets" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.
|
The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
184
],
"text": [
"pets"
]
}
|
56dedf113277331400b4d792
|
Canadian_Armed_Forces
|
The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $20.1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 58th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 68,000, plus 27,000 reservists, 5000 Rangers, and 19,000 supplementary reserves, bringing the total force to approximately 119,000. The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition, 5000 rangers and 19,000 supplementary personnel will be serving. If this happens the total strength would be around 124,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queen's Regulations and Orders and the National Defence Act.
|
How are the Canadian forces ranked in size compared to other military?
|
{
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"74th in size"
]
}
|
56dfb65b7aa994140058e03f
|
Lighting
|
LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps.
|
How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED?
|
{
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"10%"
]
}
|
56dfb65b7aa994140058e042
|
Lighting
|
LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps.
|
How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub?
|
{
"answer_start": [
265
],
"text": [
"70%"
]
}
|
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd6
|
Architecture
|
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
|
What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences
|
{
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"Buddhist"
]
}
|
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd7
|
Architecture
|
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
|
What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?
|
{
"answer_start": [
458
],
"text": [
"pantheistic religion"
]
}
|
56de70364396321400ee28d7
|
Heresy
|
The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]" Saint Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to venerate religious images as having "Jewish minds".
|
What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?
|
{
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"Jews and Judaism"
]
}
|
56df0af2c65bf219000b3ef4
|
Warsaw_Pact
|
Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO "must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella." He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that "the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force".
|
To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO?
|
{
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"burglar"
]
}
|
56dfbe6f231d4119001abd69
|
Pub
|
Under a banner of "reducing public drunkenness" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went.
|
What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?
|
{
"answer_start": [
616
],
"text": [
"gin"
]
}
|
56dfe6cc7aa994140058e23b
|
Pub
|
The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.
|
Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession?
|
{
"answer_start": [
248
],
"text": [
"farming"
]
}
|
56df55bb96943c1400a5d3cf
|
United_Nations_Population_Fund
|
According to UNFPA these elements promote the right of "reproductive health", that is physical, mental, and social health in matters related to reproduction and the reproductive system.
|
These elements concern health related to reproduction and what else?
|
{
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"the reproductive system"
]
}
|
56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0c0
|
Internet_service_provider
|
On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."
|
what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to?
|
{
"answer_start": [
301
],
"text": [
"the First Amendment"
]
}
|
56e03fd2231d4119001ac015
|
Aspirated_consonant
|
In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.
|
What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?
|
{
"answer_start": [
314
],
"text": [
"Indian and East Asian"
]
}
|
56e070687aa994140058e4c4
|
Aspirated_consonant
|
Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/.
|
Western Armenian /tʰ/ compares to eastern Armenian /tʰ/ and what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"/d/"
]
}
|
56e070687aa994140058e4c5
|
Aspirated_consonant
|
Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/.
|
The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
232
],
"text": [
"/t/"
]
}
|
56e11abce3433e1400422bf8
|
BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System
|
Characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different and is quoted in the first row of the table.
|
What is the difference between the "I" signals on E2 and E5B and the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C)?
|
{
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"Compass signals have somewhat greater power"
]
}
|
56e0f9657aa994140058e850
|
Canon_law
|
It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.
|
What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?
|
{
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"civilly-binding force"
]
}
|
56e1039be3433e1400422aa7
|
Canon_law
|
The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later.
|
What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?
|
{
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"more diversity in legislation"
]
}
|
56e1108acd28a01900c67528
|
Catalan_language
|
Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible. They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms "Catalan" and "Valencian" (respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community) are two different varieties of the same language. There are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties, the Institute of Catalan Studies in Catalonia and the Valencian Academy of the Language in Valencia.
|
What is the basic difference between the dialects?
|
{
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"pronunciation"
]
}
|
56e16494e3433e1400422e78
|
Catalan_language
|
Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).
|
To what group is Catalan most closely related?
|
{
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"Occitan"
]
}
|
56e165e5e3433e1400422e8c
|
Catalan_language
|
According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.
|
How related is Sardinian to Catalan?
|
{
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"75%"
]
}
|
56e18710cd28a01900c679b7
|
Catalan_language
|
Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.
|
What is the major difference between the two blocks?
|
{
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"treatment of unstressed a and e"
]
}
|
56e19be4e3433e1400423016
|
Catalan_language
|
Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.
|
What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in?
|
{
"answer_start": [
119
],
"text": [
"word choices"
]
}
|
56e19be4e3433e1400423017
|
Catalan_language
|
Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.
|
How can you explain differences in the language groups?
|
{
"answer_start": [
202
],
"text": [
"as an archaism"
]
}
|
56e3a830e375b8140053a3d9
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.
|
What languages are related to Estonian but not closely?
|
{
"answer_start": [
221
],
"text": [
"Hungarian and to the Sami languages"
]
}
|
56e767c137bdd419002c3f5e
|
Paper
|
Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books.
|
How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process?
|
{
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"twice"
]
}
|
56e79b2d00c9c71400d77387
|
Nanjing
|
Nanjing is the intersection of Yangtze River, an east-west water transport artery, and Nanjing–Beijing railway, a south-north land transport artery, hence the name “door of the east and west, throat of the south and north”. Furthermore, the west part of the Ningzhen range is in Nanjing; the Loong-like Zhong Mountain is curling in the east of the city; the tiger-like Stone Mountain is crouching in the west of the city, hence the name “the Zhong Mountain, a dragon curling, and the Stone Mountain, a tiger crouching”. Mr. Sun Yet-sen spoke highly of Nanjing in the “Constructive Scheme for Our Country”, “The position of Nanjing is wonderful since mountains, lakes and plains all integrated in it. It is hard to find another city like this.”
|
Stone Mountain is compared to what animal?
|
{
"answer_start": [
358
],
"text": [
"tiger"
]
}
|
56e7a7dc37bdd419002c42d5
|
Nanjing
|
In recent years, Nanjing has been developing its economy, commerce, industry, as well as city construction. In 2013 the city's GDP was RMB 801 billion (3rd in Jiangsu), and GDP per capita(current price) was RMB 98,174(US$16041), a 11 percent increase from 2012. The average urban resident's disposable income was RMB 36,200, while the average rural resident's net income was RMB 14,513. The registered urban unemployment rate was 3.02 percent, lower than the national average (4.3 percent). Nanjing's Gross Domestic Product ranked 12th in 2013 in China, and its overall competence ranked 6th in mainland and 8th including Taiwan and Hong Kong in 2009.
|
How was Nanjing's unemployment rate, compared to the nation as a whole?
|
{
"answer_start": [
444
],
"text": [
"lower than the national average"
]
}
|
56e8711499e8941900975e1c
|
Bern
|
Bern is built on very uneven ground. There is an elevation difference of several metres between the inner city districts on the Aare (Matte, Marzili) and the higher ones (Kirchenfeld, Länggasse).
|
What is the elevation difference between the inner cities and the other cities?
|
{
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"several metres"
]
}
|
56e722d937bdd419002c3d8f
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The manipulation of time at higher latitudes (for example Iceland, Nunavut or Alaska) has little impact on daily life, because the length of day and night changes more extremely throughout the seasons (in comparison to other latitudes), and thus sunrise and sunset times are significantly out of sync with standard working hours regardless of manipulations of the clock. DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year.
|
As compared to areas with lower latitudes, what kind of change do areas with high latitudes see in the length of day through the seasons?
|
{
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"extreme"
]
}
|
56e73fb737bdd419002c3dfc
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse in the southern hemisphere. For example, mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time. The time difference between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could therefore be five hours during the Northern summer, three hours during the Southern summer and four hours a few weeks per year because of mismatch of changing dates.
|
In the Northern hemisphere's summer, what is the time difference between the UK and Chile?
|
{
"answer_start": [
312
],
"text": [
"five hours"
]
}
|
56e73fb737bdd419002c3dfd
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse in the southern hemisphere. For example, mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time. The time difference between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could therefore be five hours during the Northern summer, three hours during the Southern summer and four hours a few weeks per year because of mismatch of changing dates.
|
During what season in the Southern hemisphere is there a three-hour time difference between mainland Chile and the United Kingdom?
|
{
"answer_start": [
343
],
"text": [
"summer"
]
}
|
56e7692a00c9c71400d770e0
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around $1.7 billion USD. Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency, and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on US stock exchanges, the estimated numbers depend on the methodology. The results have been disputed, and the original authors have refuted the points raised by disputers.
|
What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings?
|
{
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"decreased economic efficiency"
]
}
|
56e7adc800c9c71400d774cd
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
A move to "permanent daylight saving time" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated, and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Chile, Iceland, Singapore, Uzbekistan and Belarus. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts. However, many remain unconvinced of the benefits, citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails. Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter, so the country switched permanently back to "standard" or "winter" time in 2014.
|
In year-round DST, would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places?
|
{
"answer_start": [
457
],
"text": [
"late"
]
}
|
56e70db4de9d37140006813a
|
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects
|
The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '… the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith…'
|
What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"promoting and facilitating"
]
}
|
56e7248d37bdd419002c3dac
|
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects
|
RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK.
|
What is a key difference between the ARB and Royal Institute?
|
{
"answer_start": [
256
],
"text": [
"RIBA also validates courses outside the UK"
]
}
|
56e77e8d00c9c71400d771bd
|
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects
|
In 2007, RIBA called for minimum space standards in newly built British houses after research was published suggesting that British houses were falling behind other European countries. "The average new home sold to people today is significantly smaller than that built in the 1920s... We're way behind the rest of Europe—even densely populated Holland has better proportioned houses than are being built in the country. So let's see minimum space standards for all new homes," said RIBA president Jack Pringle.
|
To what decade did Pringle unfavorably compare the size of modern British homes?
|
{
"answer_start": [
272
],
"text": [
"the 1920s"
]
}
|
56e790e237bdd419002c414f
|
University_of_Kansas
|
In the U.S. News & World Report's "America’s Best Colleges" 2016 issue, KU’s School of Engineering was ranked tied for 90th among national universities.
|
Against what other kinds of institutions was KU's engineering school compared?
|
{
"answer_start": [
130
],
"text": [
"national universities"
]
}
|
56e7a09b00c9c71400d7741d
|
University_of_Kansas
|
The Community Tool Box is a public service of the University maintained by the Work Group for Community Health and Development. It is a free, online resource that contains more than 7,000 pages of practical information for promoting community health and development, and is a global resource for both professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development.
|
What is the name of a publicly-available resource of KU related to community health?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Community Tool Box"
]
}
|
56e8083500c9c71400d775ab
|
Political_corruption
|
Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence.
|
It is only considered political corruption if the act directly relates to what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"their official duties"
]
}
|
56ea9f000030b61400a34fef
|
Political_corruption
|
Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments.
|
The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"artificial"
]
}
|
56e8215937bdd419002c444e
|
Dialect
|
A nonstandard dialect, like a standard dialect, has a complete vocabulary, grammar, and syntax, but is usually not the beneficiary of institutional support. Examples of a nonstandard English dialect are Southern American English, Western Australian English, Scouse and Tyke. The Dialect Test was designed by Joseph Wright to compare different English dialects with each other.
|
What does a nonstandard dialect usually not have compared to a standard dialect?
|
{
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"institutional support"
]
}
|
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