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L'arbitrage commercial international est une méthode de règlement des différends privés dans lequel les parties à un contrat commercial international conviennent que leurs litiges seront tranchés par une ou plusieurs personnes privées, à savoir les arbitres, plutôt que par un tribunal. La décision de l'arbitre/des arbitres est définitive et obligatoire pour les parties en vertu de leur accord initial de recourir à l'arbitrage. Dans le cas où la sentence arbitrale n'est pas exécutée par la partie défaillante, l'exécution de cette sentence peut être ordonnée suite à une procédure devant une juridiction nationale. Le présent guide de recherche se veut un point de départ pour mener des recherches sur l'arbitrage commercial international. Il fournit les textes juridiques de base disponibles à la Bibliothèque du Palais de la Paix, qu'il s'agisse de documents imprimés ou de documents sous format électronique. La section intitulée "Bibliographie sélective" présente une sélection de manuels, d'articles importants, de bibliographies, de publications périodiques, de publications en série et de documents pertinents. Des liens permettent de rejoindre le catalogue PPL. Le code de classification de la bibliothèque 322. Droit international de procédure: Arbitrage et le mot-matière (mot-clef) Arbitrage commercial international sont des instruments permettant de faire une recherche dans le catalogue. Une attention particulière est prêtée à nos inscriptions aux bases de données, revues électroniques, livres électroniques et autres ressources électroniques. Enfin, le présent guide de recherche contient des liens vers des sites Internet pertinents et d'autres ressources en ligne présentant un intérêt particulier. Balthasar, S. (ed.), International Commercial Arbitration: International Conventions, Country Reports and Comparative Analysis - A Handbook, München/Oxford/Baden-Baden, C.H. Beck-Hart-Nomos, 2016. Born, G.B., International Commercial Arbitration (3 vols) (2nd ed.), Alphen a/d Rijn, Kluwer Law International, 2014. Born, G., International Arbitration: Law and Practice (2nd ed.), Alphen aan de Rijn, Kluwer Law International, 2016. Daly, B.W. (et al.), A Guide to the PCA Arbitration Rules, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014. Grenig, J.E., International Commercial Arbitration, St. Paul, MN, Thomson Reuters, 2013. Kolkey, D., Practitioner's Handbook on International Commercial Arbitration, New York, Juris, 2012. Rubino-Sammartano, M., International Arbitration: Law and Practice (3rd ed.) , Huntington, NY, Juris, 2014. Várady, T., International Commercial Arbitration: A Transnational Perspective, St. Paul, West, 2012. Waincymer, J., Procedure and Evidence in International Arbitration, Alphen aan den Rijn, Kluwer Law International, 2012. Weigand, F.-B. (ed.), Practitioner's Handbook on International Commercial Arbitration (2nd ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009. Ali, S.F. and T. Ginsburg, International Commercial Arbitration in Asia, New York, Juris, 2013. Bench Nieuwveld, L., and V.C. Sahani, Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration (2nd ed.), Alphen a/d Rijn, Kluwer Law International, 2017. Betz, K., Proving Bribery, Fraud, and Money Laundering in International Arbitration: On Applicable Criminal Law and Evidence, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2017. Born, G., International Arbitration and Forum Selection Agreements: Drafting and Enforcing (5th ed.), Alphen aan de Rijn, Kluwer Law International, 2016. Brekoulakis, S. (et al.)(eds.), The Evolution and Future of International Arbitration, Alphen aan den Rijn, Wolters Kluwer, 2016. Conrad, N., International Commercial Arbitration: Standard Clauses and Forms: Commentary, Basel, Helbing Lichtenhahn, 2013. Goeler, J. von, Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration and its Impact on Procedure, Alphen aan den Rijn, Wolters Kluwer, 2016. Hayward, B., Conflict of Laws and Arbitral Discretion: The Closest Connection Test, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017. Kidane, W.L., The Culture of International Arbitration, New York, NY, Oxford University Press, 2017. Najjar, N., Arbitration and International Trade in the Arab Countries, Leiden, Brill Nijhoff, 2018. Paulsson, J., The Idea of Arbitration, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013. Paulsson, M., The 1958 New York Convention in Action, Alphen a/d Rijn, Kluwer Law International, 2016. Rogers, C.A., Ethics in International Arbitration, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014. Shaughnessy, P., and S. Tung (eds.), The Powers and Duties of an Arbitrator: Liber Amicorum Pierre A. Karrer, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2017. Wang, F.F., Online Arbitration, Abingdon, Oxon, New York, NY, Informa Law from Routledge, 2018. Bantekas I., “A Human Rights-Based Arbitral Tribunal for Sovereign Debt”, American Review of International Arbitration, 29 (2018), No. 1, pp. 1-27. Berger, K.P., “Institutional Arbitration: Harmony, Disharmony and the ‘Party Autonomy Paradox’”, Arbitration International, 34 (2018), No. 4, pp. 573–593. [e-article] Dec. Blair, C., and E. Vidak Gojković, “WikiLeaks and Beyond: Discerning an International Standard for the Admissibility of Illegally Obtained Evidence”, ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal, 33 (2018), No. 1, pp. 235-259. [e-article] Dec. Drude, J., “Fiat iustitia, ne pereat mundus: A Novel Approach to Corruption and Investment Arbitration”, Journal of International Arbitration, 35 (2018), No. 6, pp. 665-718. [e-article] Dec. Amerasinghe, C.F., “International Arbitration: A Judicial Function?”, in Wolfrum, R. (et al.) (eds.), Contemporary Developments in International Law: Essays in Honour of Budislav Vukas, Leiden/Boston, Brill Nijhoff, 2016, pp. 677-689. De Brabandere, E., and D. Holloway, “Sanctions and International Arbitration”, in L van den Herik (ed.), Research Handbook on UN Sanctions and International Law, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017, pp. 304-329. Malintoppi, L., and A. Carlevaris, “Challenges of Arbitrators, Lessons from the ICC ”, in C. Giorgetti (ed.), Challenges and Recusals of Judges and Arbitrators in International Courts and Tribunals, Leiden, Brill Nijhoff, 2015, pp. 140-163. Talmon, S., “The South China Sea Arbitration and the Finality of ‘Final’ Awards”, Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 8 (2017), No. 2, pp. 388-401. Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York, 10 June 1958). ICC Rules of Arbitration 2012 (International Chamber of Commerce). Holtzmann, H.M. (et al.), A Guide to the 2006 Amendments to the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration : Legislative History and Commentary, Alphen a/d Rijn, Kluwer Law International, 2015. Mangan, M. (et al.), A Guide to the SIAC Arbitration Rules, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014. Reisman, W.M. (et al.), International Commercial Arbitration: Cases, Materials and Notes on the Resolution of International Business Disputes (2nd ed.), St Paul, MN, Foundation Press, 2015. Schutze, R., Aschauer, C., Institutional Arbitration: Article-by-Article Commentary, Munchen, Beck, 2013. United Nations, Reports of international arbitral awards, 1948-..., New York, United Nations, vol. 1 - vol. 30. The Peace Palace Library has a collection of over a million publications. Each week, about six hundred new titles are added to our collection: books, articles, documents, online publications, etc. On this page, access is provided to this week’s new titles on International Arbitration and International Commercial Arbitration. In the Asia-Pacific, thirty-eight jurisdictions have adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. This book looks at how the text and the principles of the Model Law have been implemented (or not) in key Asian jurisdictions. Most of the jurisdictions covered in this book have declared that they have adopted the Model Law but often with significant modifications. Even when jurisdictions adopt some provisions of the Model Law verbatim, their courts may have interpreted these provisions in a manner inconsistent with their goals and with how they are interpreted internationally. When a jurisdiction has not adopted the Model Law, the chapter compares its legislation to the Model Law to determine whether it is consistent with its principles. Each chapter follows the structure of the Model Law allowing the reader to easily compare the arbitration laws of different jurisdictions on each topic. Innovative initiatives for online arbitration are needed to aid in resolving cross-border commercial and consumer disputes in the EU, UK, US and China. This book provides a comparative study of online dispute resolution (ODR) systems and a model of best practices, taking into consideration the features and characteristics of various practical experiences/examples of ODR services and technological development for ODR systems and platforms. The book begins with a theoretical approach, looking into the challenges in the use of online arbitration in commercial transactions and analysing the potential adoption of technology-assisted arbitration (e.g. Basic ODR systems and Intelligent/Advanced ODR systems) in resolving certain types of international commercial and consumer disputes. It then investigates the legal obstacles to adopting ODR by examining the compatibility of technology with current legislation and regulatory development. Finally, it suggests appropriate legal and technological measures to promote the recognition of ODR, in particular online arbitration, for cross-border commercial and consumer disputes. Reyes, A., and W. Gu (eds.), The Developing World of Arbitration: A Comparative Study of Arbitration Reform in the Asia Pacific, Portland, OR, Hart, 2018. This book provides an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of the ways in which arbitration law and practice have recently been reformed in Asia Pacific jurisdictions. Leading contributors across the Asia Pacific region analyze twelve major jurisdictions representing varying patterns and degrees of development, whether driven from top down, bottom up, or by some hybrid impetus. Setting the arbitration systems and reforms of each investigated jurisdiction in the context of its economic, political, and judicial dynamics, this book presents, for the first-time, a cross-jurisdiction comparative and contextual study of the developing world of arbitration in the Asia Pacific and contributes to comparative international arbitration literature from an Eastern perspective. It also aims to identify an Asia Pacific model of arbitration modernization and predicts future trajectories of development and challenge in light of the ever increasing competition between Eastern- and Western-based arbitration centers. Amado, J.D., J.S. Kern and M.D. Rodriguez, Arbitrating the Conduct of International Investors, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018. Investment arbitration has emerged from modest beginnings and matured into an established presence in international law. However, in recent years it has drifted from the reciprocal vision of its founders. This volume serves as a comprehensive guide for those who wish to reform international investment law from within, seeking a return to the mutuality of access that is in arbitration's essence. A detailed toolset is provided for enhancing the access of host States and their nationals to formal resolution mechanisms in foreign investment disputes. It concludes by offering model texts to achieve greater reciprocity and access to justice in the settlement of disputes arising from international investment initiatives. The book will appeal to all those interested in the future of international investment law, including an international audience of scholars, government officials, private sector actors, and private citizens alike, and including diverse constituencies, communities, and collectives of host State nationals. Piers, M., and C. Aschauer (eds.), Arbitration in the Digital Age: The Brave New World of Arbitration, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018. Arbitration in the Digital Age analyses how technology can be efficiently and legitimately used to further sound arbitration proceedings. The contributions, from a variety of arbitration scholars, report on current developments, predict future trends, and assesses their impact from a practical, legal, and technical point of view. The book also discusses the relationship between arbitration and the Internet and analyses how social media can affect arbitrators and counsel's behaviour. Furthermore, it analyses the validity of electronic arbitration and awards, as well as Online Arbitration (OArb). The volume establishes, on a very practical level, how technology could be used by arbitration institutions, arbitrators, parties to an arbitration and counsel. This book will be of special interest to arbitrators and lawyers involved in international commercial arbitration. The author has assembled a masterful compendium of arbitration law in the Arab countries. A true study of comparative law in the purest sense of the term, the work puts into perspective the solutions retained in the various laws concerned and highlights both their convergences and divergences. Focusing on the laws of sixteen States, the author examines international trade arbitration in the MENA region and assesses the value of these solutions in a way that seeks to guide a practice which remains extraordinarily heterogeneous. The book provides an analysis of a large number of legal sources, court decisions as well as a presentation of the attitude of the courts towards arbitration in the States studied. Traditional and modern sources of international arbitration are examined through the prism of the two requirements of international trade, freedom and safety, the same prism through which the whole law of arbitration is studied. The book thus constitutes an indispensable guide to any arbitration specialist called to work with the Arab countries, both as a practitioner and as a theoretician. Global Arbitration Review : The database includes access to: news reports on recent disputes; all articles of the journal; an online Q&A resource, called GAR Know-How, which provides practitioners with a reference guide to particular dispute types, i.e., commercial arbitration, construction arbitration, investment treaty arbitration, litigation, and maritime & offshore arbitration: annual regional arbitration reviews: and, four guides, The Guide to Damages in International Arbitration, The Guide to Advocacy, The Guide to Energy Arbitrations, and The Guide to Construction Arbitration (Forthcoming). Investment Arbitration Reporter: Document Download Repository. This page offers access to selected source materials on investment arbitration, i.e., awards and documents. Italaw : Comprehensive and free database on investment treaties, international investment law and all publicly-available investment arbitration awards and documents. Kluwer Arbitration Online : A fully-searchable database of primary and secondary materials in the field of International Arbitration and International Commercial Arbitration, with access to full-text downloads of materialsFully. Searching and browsing is quick and simple, as the database has been organized into the following specific arbitration categories: Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), Conventions, Countries, Model Clauses, Legislation, NY Convention Decisions, Organizations and Rules but also e-books, journals and loose-leafs. Each main category is further grouped into the regions Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America and Oceania. Oxford Reports on International Investment Claims : Oxford Reports on International Investment Claims offers headnotes and commentaries by practicioners and scholars. The content of the database, approximately 200 cases for the November 2008 launch, is peer-reviewed by an expert editorial board. It also provides translations of key passages for all non-English judgments. The database includes decisions and awards from London Court of International Arbitration, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, International Chamber of Commerce, Association of Southeast Asian Nations and Permanent Court of Arbitration. WESTLAW International Arbitration Databases : covers a wide range of international arbitration materials, including those of international and national arbitration organizations and tribunals. For example, International Commercial Arbitration - All (database identifier ICA-ALL) combines many of the WESTLAW materials on international commercial arbitration in one database. Westlaw has also created an Arbitration tab that puts all its arbitration databases on one screen. You can also see a list of all Westlaw international arbitration databases by searching the WESTLAW Database Directory. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Specific Cases and Decisions. IA Reporter (Investment Arbitration Reporter): Investment Arbitration Reporter is an electronic news service tracking international arbitrations between foreign investors and their host governments. TradeLawGuide : provides full-text of official awards, decisions and other WTO documents and .notes up. WTO decisions by tracking how subsequent WTO reports, awards and decisions have considered specific passages in WTO jurisprudence. The database features a citator that collects all jurisprudence under a treaty provision for the WTO system and also offers a treaty interpretation, terms & phrases and other tools. WTO law has been referred to frequently in investor-state arbitrations in various contexts. Tribunals have explicitly found that WTO law is relevant to investor-state arbitration. Therefore the database contains a special section on WTO Law in Investment Arbitration. Worldtradelaw.net: legal research database for international trade law issues, providing key WTO/GATT texts and dispute decisions, summaries and analysis. You can search in the index of the World Trade Organization reports and arbitrations, articles on trade law and selected amicus submissions in WTO disputes.

2019-04-25T06:47:47Z

https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/guides-de-recherche/droit-international-prive/arbitrage-commercial-international/?lang=fr

2010-03-08 04:37:26 Vish description Binary package hint: light-themes Please centre window title like in human theme and also order window controls in classic order(minimize, maximize close). Thanks, Majo Binary package hint: light-themes Please centre window title like in human theme and also order window controls in classic order(minimize, maximize close). Thanks, Majo ------ WORKAROUND ----- To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" 2010-03-09 07:24:47 Mitch Towner summary [light-theme] please centre window title and order window controls [light-theme] please revert the order of the window controls back to "menu:minimize,maximize,close" 2010-03-10 15:57:38 Vish description Binary package hint: light-themes Please centre window title like in human theme and also order window controls in classic order(minimize, maximize close). Thanks, Majo ------ WORKAROUND ----- To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" Binary package hint: light-themes Please centre window title like in human theme and also order window controls in classic order(minimize, maximize close). Thanks, Majo Affected applications: - Chrome/Chromium - XMPP ------ WORKAROUND ----- To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" 2010-03-10 16:20:05 Marián Bača description Binary package hint: light-themes Please centre window title like in human theme and also order window controls in classic order(minimize, maximize close). Thanks, Majo Affected applications: - Chrome/Chromium - XMPP ------ WORKAROUND ----- To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" Binary package hint: light-themes Please centre window title like in human theme and also order window controls in classic order(minimize, maximize close). Thanks, Majo ------ WORKAROUND ----- To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" 2010-03-12 16:52:37 Matthias Klumpp description Binary package hint: light-themes Please centre window title like in human theme and also order window controls in classic order(minimize, maximize close). Thanks, Majo ------ WORKAROUND ----- To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" Binary package hint: light-themes Please centre window title like in human theme and also order window controls in classic order on the right side (menu, minimize, maximize close). Thanks, Majo ------ WORKAROUND ----- To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" 2010-03-18 16:05:49 Vish description Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close). ==== Workaround ==== To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" --OR-- Use this PPA: https://launchpad.net/~stownsend42/+archive/light-themes This option will also fix the graphical appearance of the buttons. ==== Overview ==== Canonical design team leader - "Those pesky buttons" - 2010-03-10 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 Mark Shuttleworth's reply (on this bug report) - 2010-03-15 https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/light-themes/+bug/532633/comments/110 Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close). ==== Workaround ==== To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" --OR-- Use this PPA: https://launchpad.net/~stownsend42/+archive/light-themes This option will also fix the graphical appearance of the buttons. ==== Overview ==== Canonical design team leader - "Those pesky buttons" - 2010-03-10 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 Mark Shuttleworth's reply (on this bug report) - 2010-03-15 https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/light-themes/+bug/532633/comments/110 ======= To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . 2010-03-19 11:45:01 Paul Sladen description Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close). ==== Workaround ==== To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" --OR-- Use this PPA: https://launchpad.net/~stownsend42/+archive/light-themes This option will also fix the graphical appearance of the buttons. ==== Overview ==== Canonical design team leader - "Those pesky buttons" - 2010-03-10 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 Mark Shuttleworth's reply (on this bug report) - 2010-03-15 https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/light-themes/+bug/532633/comments/110 ======= To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close). ==== Workaround ==== To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" --OR-- Use this PPA: https://launchpad.net/~stownsend42/+archive/light-themes This option will also fix the graphical appearance of the buttons. ==== Overview ==== Canonical design team leader - "Those pesky buttons" - 2010-03-10 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/2010/03/17/s03e03-behind-the-screen/ (30-minute interview starting at 39:10) Mark Shuttleworth's reply (on this bug report) - 2010-03-15 https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/light-themes/+bug/532633/comments/110 + ~10 following replies ======= To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . 2010-03-22 08:41:46 Vish description Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close). ==== Workaround ==== To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" --OR-- Use this PPA: https://launchpad.net/~stownsend42/+archive/light-themes This option will also fix the graphical appearance of the buttons. ==== Overview ==== Canonical design team leader - "Those pesky buttons" - 2010-03-10 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/2010/03/17/s03e03-behind-the-screen/ (30-minute interview starting at 39:10) Mark Shuttleworth's reply (on this bug report) - 2010-03-15 https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/light-themes/+bug/532633/comments/110 + ~10 following replies ======= To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . *** As per the design team's request*** All bugs concerning the window controls are being duped to this master bug. All the decisions regarding the position/order/alignment will be dealt as a one. ----- Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close). ==== Workaround ==== To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" --OR-- Use this PPA: https://launchpad.net/~stownsend42/+archive/light-themes This option will also fix the graphical appearance of the buttons. ==== Overview ==== Canonical design team leader - "Those pesky buttons" - 2010-03-10 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/2010/03/17/s03e03-behind-the-screen/ (30-minute interview starting at 39:10) Mark Shuttleworth's reply (on this bug report) - 2010-03-15 https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/light-themes/+bug/532633/comments/110 + ~10 following replies ======= To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . 2010-03-27 00:06:30 Sam Townsend description *** As per the design team's request*** All bugs concerning the window controls are being duped to this master bug. All the decisions regarding the position/order/alignment will be dealt as a one. ----- Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close). ==== Workaround ==== To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" --OR-- Use this PPA: https://launchpad.net/~stownsend42/+archive/light-themes This option will also fix the graphical appearance of the buttons. ==== Overview ==== Canonical design team leader - "Those pesky buttons" - 2010-03-10 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/2010/03/17/s03e03-behind-the-screen/ (30-minute interview starting at 39:10) Mark Shuttleworth's reply (on this bug report) - 2010-03-15 https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/light-themes/+bug/532633/comments/110 + ~10 following replies ======= To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . *** As per the design team's request*** All bugs concerning the window controls are being duped to this master bug. All the decisions regarding the position/order/alignment will be dealt as a one. ----- Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close). ==== Workaround ==== To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" The PPA is no longer needed as of the latest version of light-themes. ==== Overview ==== Canonical design team leader - "Those pesky buttons" - 2010-03-10 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/2010/03/17/s03e03-behind-the-screen/ (30-minute interview starting at 39:10) Mark Shuttleworth's reply (on this bug report) - 2010-03-15 https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/light-themes/+bug/532633/comments/110 + ~10 following replies ======= To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . 2010-03-29 16:59:57 Paul Sladen description *** As per the design team's request*** All bugs concerning the window controls are being duped to this master bug. All the decisions regarding the position/order/alignment will be dealt as a one. ----- Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close). ==== Workaround ==== To revert to old layout, enter in terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" The PPA is no longer needed as of the latest version of light-themes. ==== Overview ==== Canonical design team leader - "Those pesky buttons" - 2010-03-10 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/2010/03/17/s03e03-behind-the-screen/ (30-minute interview starting at 39:10) Mark Shuttleworth's reply (on this bug report) - 2010-03-15 https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/light-themes/+bug/532633/comments/110 + ~10 following replies ======= To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . === Master Bug === (As per the design team's request) All bugs concerning the window controls are being duped to this master bug. All the decisions regarding the position/order/alignment will be dealt as a one. === Desire === "Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close)." ==== Workaround ==== To revert to old layout, run in a terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" ==== Responses ==== Canonical Design Team Leader (Ivanka Majic) - 2010-03-10 and 2010-03-17 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 ("Those pesky buttons") http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/2010/03/17/s03e03-behind-the-screen/ (30-minute interview starting at 39:10) Ubuntu SABDFL (Mark Shuttleworth) replies on this bug report - 2010-03-15 onwards http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/110 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/167 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/179 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/202 to 204 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/218 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/248 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/272 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/388 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/410 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/426 to 427 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/469 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/503 Canonical Ubuntu Community Leader (Jono Bacon) response - 2010-03-24 http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/5683123 (6 minutes starting at 26:24) === Code of Conduct === To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . 2010-04-01 21:57:26 Paul Sladen description === Master Bug === (As per the design team's request) All bugs concerning the window controls are being duped to this master bug. All the decisions regarding the position/order/alignment will be dealt as a one. === Desire === "Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close)." ==== Workaround ==== To revert to old layout, run in a terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" ==== Responses ==== Canonical Design Team Leader (Ivanka Majic) - 2010-03-10 and 2010-03-17 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 ("Those pesky buttons") http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/2010/03/17/s03e03-behind-the-screen/ (30-minute interview starting at 39:10) Ubuntu SABDFL (Mark Shuttleworth) replies on this bug report - 2010-03-15 onwards http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/110 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/167 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/179 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/202 to 204 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/218 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/248 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/272 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/388 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/410 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/426 to 427 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/469 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/503 Canonical Ubuntu Community Leader (Jono Bacon) response - 2010-03-24 http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/5683123 (6 minutes starting at 26:24) === Code of Conduct === To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . === Master Bug === (As per the design team's request) All bugs concerning the window controls are being duped to this master bug. All the decisions regarding the position/order/alignment will be dealt as a one. === Desire === "Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close)." ==== Workaround ==== To revert to old layout, run in a terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" ==== Responses ==== Canonical Design Team Leader (Ivanka Majic) - 2010-03-10 and 2010-03-17 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 ("Those pesky buttons") http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/2010/03/17/s03e03-behind-the-screen/ (30-minute interview starting at 39:10) Ubuntu SABDFL (Mark Shuttleworth) replies on this bug report - 2010-03-15 onwards http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/110 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/167 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/179 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/202 to 204 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/218 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/248 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/272 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/388 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/410 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/426 to 427 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/469 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/503 https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/564 ("Final decree"; close-min-max ordering) Canonical Ubuntu Community Leader (Jono Bacon) response - 2010-03-24 http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/5683123 (6 minutes starting at 26:24) === Code of Conduct === To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . 2010-04-01 21:58:55 Paul Sladen description === Master Bug === (As per the design team's request) All bugs concerning the window controls are being duped to this master bug. All the decisions regarding the position/order/alignment will be dealt as a one. === Desire === "Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close)." ==== Workaround ==== To revert to old layout, run in a terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" ==== Responses ==== Canonical Design Team Leader (Ivanka Majic) - 2010-03-10 and 2010-03-17 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 ("Those pesky buttons") http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/2010/03/17/s03e03-behind-the-screen/ (30-minute interview starting at 39:10) Ubuntu SABDFL (Mark Shuttleworth) replies on this bug report - 2010-03-15 onwards http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/110 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/167 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/179 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/202 to 204 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/218 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/248 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/272 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/388 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/410 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/426 to 427 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/469 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/503 https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/564 ("Final decree"; close-min-max ordering) Canonical Ubuntu Community Leader (Jono Bacon) response - 2010-03-24 http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/5683123 (6 minutes starting at 26:24) === Code of Conduct === To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . === Master Bug === (As per the design team's request) All bugs concerning the window controls are being duped to this master bug. All the decisions regarding the position/order/alignment will be dealt as a one. === Desire === "Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close)." ==== Workaround ==== To revert to old layout, run in a terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" ==== Responses ==== Canonical Design Team Leader (Ivanka Majic) - 2010-03-10 and 2010-03-17 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 ("Those pesky buttons") http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/2010/03/17/s03e03-behind-the-screen/ (30-minute interview starting at 39:10) Ubuntu SABDFL (Mark Shuttleworth) replies on this bug report - 2010-03-15 onwards http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/110 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/167 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/179 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/202 to 204 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/218 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/248 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/272 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/388 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/410 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/426 to 427 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/469 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/503 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/564 ("Final decree"; close-min-max ordering) Canonical Ubuntu Community Leader (Jono Bacon) response - 2010-03-24 http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/5683123 (6 minutes starting at 26:24) === Code of Conduct === To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . 2010-04-01 22:10:35 Aigars Mahinovs description === Master Bug === (As per the design team's request) All bugs concerning the window controls are being duped to this master bug. All the decisions regarding the position/order/alignment will be dealt as a one. === Desire === "Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close)." ==== Workaround ==== To revert to old layout, run in a terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" ==== Responses ==== Canonical Design Team Leader (Ivanka Majic) - 2010-03-10 and 2010-03-17 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 ("Those pesky buttons") http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/2010/03/17/s03e03-behind-the-screen/ (30-minute interview starting at 39:10) Ubuntu SABDFL (Mark Shuttleworth) replies on this bug report - 2010-03-15 onwards http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/110 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/167 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/179 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/202 to 204 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/218 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/248 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/272 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/388 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/410 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/426 to 427 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/469 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/503 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/564 ("Final decree"; close-min-max ordering) Canonical Ubuntu Community Leader (Jono Bacon) response - 2010-03-24 http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/5683123 (6 minutes starting at 26:24) === Code of Conduct === To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . === Master Bug === (As per the design team's request) All bugs concerning the window controls are being duped to this master bug. All the decisions regarding the position/order/alignment will be dealt as a one. === Desire === "Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close)." ==== Workaround ==== 1. Only new themes, such as Ambiance and Radiance will have buttons on the left by default. You can continue using old themes, such as Human, in Lucid and those themes will continue to have buttons on the right side (according to http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/577 ). It is even possible to switch to Human theme and then 'Customize' it to use all the elements from Radiance theme, but the button layout will stay on the right. 2. To revert to old layout, run in a terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" ==== Responses ==== Canonical Design Team Leader (Ivanka Majic) - 2010-03-10 and 2010-03-17 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 ("Those pesky buttons") http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/2010/03/17/s03e03-behind-the-screen/ (30-minute interview starting at 39:10) Ubuntu SABDFL (Mark Shuttleworth) replies on this bug report - 2010-03-15 onwards http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/110 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/167 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/179 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/202 to 204 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/218 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/248 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/272 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/388 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/410 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/426 to 427 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/469 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/503 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/564 ("Final decree"; close-min-max ordering) Canonical Ubuntu Community Leader (Jono Bacon) response - 2010-03-24 http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/5683123 (6 minutes starting at 26:24) === Code of Conduct === To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . 2010-04-14 06:44:52 Paul Sladen description === Master Bug === (As per the design team's request) All bugs concerning the window controls are being duped to this master bug. All the decisions regarding the position/order/alignment will be dealt as a one. === Desire === "Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close)." ==== Workaround ==== 1. Only new themes, such as Ambiance and Radiance will have buttons on the left by default. You can continue using old themes, such as Human, in Lucid and those themes will continue to have buttons on the right side (according to http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/577 ). It is even possible to switch to Human theme and then 'Customize' it to use all the elements from Radiance theme, but the button layout will stay on the right. 2. To revert to old layout, run in a terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" ==== Responses ==== Canonical Design Team Leader (Ivanka Majic) - 2010-03-10 and 2010-03-17 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 ("Those pesky buttons") http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/2010/03/17/s03e03-behind-the-screen/ (30-minute interview starting at 39:10) Ubuntu SABDFL (Mark Shuttleworth) replies on this bug report - 2010-03-15 onwards http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/110 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/167 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/179 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/202 to 204 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/218 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/248 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/272 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/388 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/410 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/426 to 427 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/469 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/503 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/564 ("Final decree"; close-min-max ordering) Canonical Ubuntu Community Leader (Jono Bacon) response - 2010-03-24 http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/5683123 (6 minutes starting at 26:24) === Code of Conduct === To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ . === Master Bug === (As per the design team's request) All bugs concerning the window controls are being duped to this master bug. All the decisions regarding the position/order/alignment will be dealt as a one. === Desire === "Please centre the window title like in previous Human theme, and also re-order the window controls in classic order, positioned on the right side (menu - title - minimize, maximize close)." ==== Workaround ==== 1. Only new themes, such as Ambiance and Radiance will have buttons on the left by default. You can continue using old themes, such as Human, in Lucid and those themes will continue to have buttons on the right side (according to http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/577 ). It is even possible to switch to Human theme and then 'Customize' it to use all the elements from Radiance theme, but the button layout will stay on the right. 2. To revert to old layout, run in a terminal: $ gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout --type string "menu:minimize,maximize,close" ==== Return to defaults ==== If you would like to return to the system/theme default then run: $ gconftool-2 --unset /apps/metacity/general/button_layout ==== Responses ==== Canonical Design Team Leader (Ivanka Majic) - 2010-03-10 and 2010-03-17 http://www.ivankamajic.com/?p=281 ("Those pesky buttons") http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/2010/03/17/s03e03-behind-the-screen/ (30-minute interview starting at 39:10) Ubuntu SABDFL (Mark Shuttleworth) replies on this bug report - 2010-03-15 onwards http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/110 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/167 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/179 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/202 to 204 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/218 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/248 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/272 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/388 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/410 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/426 to 427 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/469 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/503 http://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/532633/comments/564 ("Final decree"; close-min-max ordering) Canonical Ubuntu Community Leader (Jono Bacon) response - 2010-03-24 http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/5683123 (6 minutes starting at 26:24) === Code of Conduct === To maintain a respectful atmosphere, while commenting please follow the code of conduct - http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct/ .

2019-04-19T04:28:06Z

https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/light-themes/+bug/532633/+activity

HIDY, PATTIE J. was born 8 December 1983, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 10734 158Th St N, Jupiter, Florida 33478. Florida voter ID number 118669890. Her telephone number is 1-561-329-5487. Her email address is pattie_hidy@yahoo.com. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 October 2018 voter list: PATTIE HIDY, 10160 175TH RD N, JUPITER, FL 33478 Republican Party of Florida. 31 August 2017 voter list: PATTIE HIDY, 10734 158TH ST N, JUPITER, FL 33478 Republican Party of Florida. 31 May 2015 voter list: PATTIE J. HIDY, 10887 165TH RD N, JUPITER, FL 33478 Republican Party of Florida. HIDY, PATTY HORTON was born 7 September 1971, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 70 Sunset Key Dr, Key West, Florida 33040. Florida voter ID number 122612167. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 December 2018 voter list: Patty Horton Hidy, 131 Lansing Island Dr, Indian Harbour Beach, FL 32937 Republican Party of Florida. Hidy, Patty Horton was born 7 September 1971, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 251 Fairway Cir, Naples, Florida 34110. Florida voter ID number 103036419. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 1201 Runnymede Rd Dayton OH 45419-2923. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2012. Hidy, Reba E. was born 15 December 1943, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 35038 Dale Ave, Zephyrhills, Florida 33541. Florida voter ID number 106549415. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hidy, Robert B. was born 15 September 1939, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 36043 Zinnia Ave, Zephyrhills, Florida 33541. Florida voter ID number 106564060. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2013. HIDY, RONALD M. was born 12 February 1933, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 961 Ne Sr 6, Madison, Florida 32340. Florida voter ID number 105268977. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIDY, SASITORN was born 22 February 1975, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 17294 La Brisa Ln, Summerland /Sug., Florida 33042. Florida voter ID number 113870821. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 June 2014. HIDY, SASITORN was born 22 February 1975, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 17294 La Brisa Ln, Summerland /Sug., Florida 33042. Florida voter ID number 124399945. Her email address is MINHIDYW@GMAIL.COM. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIDY, WINIFRED D. was born 14 May 1936, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 677 Eagle Watch Ln, Osprey, Florida 34229. Florida voter ID number 100273642. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 April 2014. Hidzlgogat, Julio born 12 April 1937, Florida voter ID number 119640650 See Hidalgo-Gato, Julio. CLICK HERE. HIE, ALLEN LESLIE was born 29 May 1971, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2107 N Dixie Hwy, West Palm Beach, Florida 33407. Florida voter ID number 126603260. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIE, ALONDRIA LESLIE was born 22 July 1997, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 12100 Sterling University Ln, Apt Not Give, Orlando, Florida 32826. Florida voter ID number 122983294. Her email address is ALONDRIA.HIE@GMAIL.COM. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 January 2019 voter list: ALONDRIA LESLIE HIE, 5369 STRATFORD RD, HAVERHILL, FL 33415 Florida Democratic Party. 31 August 2017 voter list: ALONDRIA LESLIE HIE, 1188 LAKE VICTORIA DR, APT K, WEST PALM BEACH, FL 33411 Florida Democratic Party. 31 May 2016 voter list: ALONDRIA LESLIE HIE, 5369 STRATFORD RD, HAVERHILL, FL 33415 Florida Democratic Party. HIE, MALEXISA CORDALE was born 1 January 1996, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5369 Stratford Rd, Haverhill, Florida 33415. Florida voter ID number 121783213. Her telephone number is 1-561-318-2683. Her email address is MALEXISA_H@YAHOO.COM. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 October 2016 voter list: HIE CORDALE MALEXISA, 6225 PLAINS DR, LAKE WORTH, FL 33463 Florida Democratic Party. HIE, MONTRESE LAR-NEISHA was born 1 September 1998, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5369 Stratford Rd, Haverhill, Florida 33415. Florida voter ID number 123603549. Her telephone number is 1-561-331-5533. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 August 2017 voter list: MONTRESE LAR-NEISHA HIE, 1188 LAKE VICTORIA DR, APT K, WEST PALM BEACH, FL 33411 Florida Democratic Party. 31 July 2016 voter list: MONTRESE LAR-NEISHA HIE, 1188 LAKE VICTORIA DR, #K, WEST PALM BEACH, FL 33411 Florida Democratic Party. Hie, Richard Daniel was born 24 November 1952, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 15840 Sr 50, Lot 164, Clermont, Florida 34711. Florida voter ID number 123318899. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIE, SHONATRIA M. born 27 February 1973, Florida voter ID number 117098099 See HIE, SHONDRIA M. CLICK HERE. HIE, SHONDRIA M. was born 27 February 1973, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1806 Abbey Rd, Apt D204, West Palm Beach, Florida 33415. Florida voter ID number 117098099. Her telephone number is 1-561-584-2551. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 October 2018 voter list: SHONDRIA M. HIE, 5369 STRATFORD RD, HAVERHILL, FL 33415 Florida Democratic Party. 31 August 2017 voter list: SHONDRIA M. HIE, 1188 LAKE VICTORIA DR, APT K, WEST PALM BEACH, FL 33411 Florida Democratic Party. 30 September 2016 voter list: SHONATRIA M. HIE, 1188 LAKE VICTORIA DR, APT K, WEST PALM BEACH, FL 33411 Florida Democratic Party. 31 July 2016 voter list: SHONATRIA M. HIE, 6617 RIGGERS RD, LAKE WORTH, FL 33462 Florida Democratic Party. Hieatt, Carey Edmond was born 21 July 1970, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1993 1St Ave, Deland, Florida 32724. Florida voter ID number 108521376. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieatt, Cheryl Mitchell was born 28 February 1965, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3714 Province Dr, Melbourne, Florida 32934-3293. Florida voter ID number 125515291. Her telephone number is 1-469-583-4901. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 November 2018 voter list: CHERYL MITCHELL HIEATT, 13118 HEMING WAY, ORLANDO, FL 32825 Republican Party of Florida. HIEATT, DONNA MARIE was born 28 September 1957, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3560 Arbutus Ln, Winter Park, Florida 32792. Florida voter ID number 113401799. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 28 February 2018 voter list: DONNA M. HIEATT, 3560 ARBUTUS LN, WINTER PARK, FL 32792 Republican Party of Florida. Hieatt, Jennifer Rose was born 6 July 1972, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1993 1St Ave, Deland, Florida 32724. Florida voter ID number 108466499. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2017. Hieatt, Katelyn Karlene was born 2 March 1993, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1993 1St Ave, Deland, Florida 32724. Florida voter ID number 121320963. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2017. HIEATT, MICHAEL S. was born 8 April 1952, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3111 35Th Ave N, St Petersburg, Florida 33713. Florida voter ID number 107075641. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEATT, SHERYL P. was born 7 April 1961, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3111 35Th Ave N, St Petersburg, Florida 33713. Florida voter ID number 107013779. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieatzman, Janice Ann was born 14 August 1938, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 59 Kano Ct, Fort Myers, Florida 33912. Florida voter ID number 103151459. Her telephone number is 1-239-353-9409. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 May 2016 voter list: Janice Martin Hieatzman, 4390 23RD AVE SW, Naples, FL 34116 Republican Party of Florida. Hieatzman, Janice J. was born 23 June 1956, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 14630 Tamarac Dr, Bokeelia, Florida 33922. Florida voter ID number 111373586. Her telephone number is 1-239-292-6542. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieatzman, Lois Jarvis was born 23 February 1928, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 4372 27Th Ct Sw, Apt 102, Naples, Florida 34116. Florida voter ID number 103024768. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 3538 Kingston Ct Ellicott City MD 21042. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016. Hieatzman, Mathilda Storm was born 16 October 1980, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3625 Sw 3Rd St, Cape Coral, Florida 33991. Florida voter ID number 110681480. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 28 February 2019. Hieatzman, Reed H. was born 25 September 1954, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 14630 Tamarac Dr, Bokeelia, Florida 33922. Florida voter ID number 111386208. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieatzman, Thomas R. was born 27 June 1978, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3625 Sw 3Rd St, Cape Coral, Florida 33991. Florida voter ID number 114093848. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 28 February 2019. Hieatzman, William Howard was born 9 August 1928, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 59 Kano Ct, Fort Myers, Florida 33912. Florida voter ID number 103024594. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 May 2016 voter list: William Howard Hieatzman, 4390 23RD AVE SW, Naples, FL 34116 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, Alison Johnson was born 22 April 1985, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1279 Woodward Ave, Jacksonville, Florida 32207. Florida voter ID number 108051884. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 615 Cielo Vista Dr Greenwood IN 46143-1751. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 October 2016. 31 May 2012 voter list: Alison Claire Johnson, 2305 Greenside Ct, Ponte Vedra Beach, FL 320823700 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, Alison Johnson was born 22 April 1985, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 2598 Gemstone Cir, Pace, Florida 32571. Florida voter ID number 125269753. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Aspen Lucille was born 30 September 1983, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 16299 San Carlos Blvd, Fort Myers, Florida 33908. Florida voter ID number 117443089. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 28 February 2019. 31 May 2012 voter list: ASPEN LUCILLE HIEB, 16299 SAN CARLOS BLVD, #103, FORT MYERS, FL 33908 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, Barbara A. was born 23 June 1947, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 6742 W Walden Estates Blvd, Homosassa, Florida 34446. Florida voter ID number 114545778. Her telephone number is 1-937-307-4532. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, CHARLES D. was born 28 May 1976, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5291 41St St S, St Petersburg, Florida 33711. Florida voter ID number 107333568. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 570 CHURCH ST E APT 909 BRENTWOOD TN 37027-3938. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 22 October 2014. HIEB, CHRISTINE W. was born 24 February 1959, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 4723 Algonquin Ave, Jacksonville, Florida 32210. Florida voter ID number 103495970. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, DAVID ALLEN was born 22 July 1963, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 6331 Ne 53Rd St, Silver Springs, Florida 34488. Florida voter ID number 121345529. His email address is DAVID@EIS.CO. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 September 2016 voter list: DAVID ALLEN HIEB, 838 FRANKLIN CIR, PALM HARBOR, FL 34683 Republican Party of Florida. 31 December 2013 voter list: DAVID ALLEN HIEB, 6331 NE 53RD ST, SILVER SPRINGS, FL 34488 Republican Party of Florida. HIEB, DEBORAH A. was born 20 December 1950, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 7103 Olsen Rd, Pensacola, Florida 32506. Florida voter ID number 103973647. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 22 October 2014. HIEB, E ALLEN was born 19 July 1957, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 4723 Algonquin Ave, Jacksonville, Florida 32210. Florida voter ID number 103396481. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, ELIZABETH ELLEN was born 16 August 1988, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 7103 Olsen Rd, Pensacola, Florida 32506. Florida voter ID number 114713559. Her telephone number is 1-850-776-1951. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, GABRIELLA ANNA was born 10 January 1955, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 8017 St Andrews Blvd, Weeki Wachee, Florida 34613. Florida voter ID number 121449049. Her telephone number is 1-910-524-5420. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, GAYLEEN FAYE was born 1 February 1962, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 3650 Warrior Ave, North Port, Florida 34286. Florida voter ID number 100292720. Her telephone number is 1-941-740-1920. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, GREGORY P. was born 20 January 1959, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 8580 Hunters Creek Dr N, Jacksonville, Florida 32256. Florida voter ID number 103452246. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Gregory Paul was born 21 March 1992, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 8580 Hunters Creek Dr N, Jacksonville, Florida 32256. Florida voter ID number 118076984. His telephone number is 1-904-253-0561. His email address is ghiebjr@gmail.com. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 22 October 2014 voter list: Gregory P. Hieb, 8580 Hunters Creek Dr N, Jacksonville, FL 32256 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, James Patrick was born 13 May 1946, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 2950 Se Ocean Blvd, 16 2, Stuart, Florida 34996. Florida voter ID number 119152663. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016. Hieb, Jaspreet Clarissa born 1 September 1998, Florida voter ID number 123753283 See Frierson, Jaspreet Clarissa. CLICK HERE. Hieb, Jerry was born 26 September 1943, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 2228 O'Connel Ave Sw, Palm Bay, Florida 32908. Florida voter ID number 101838520. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 January 2015. 22 October 2014 voter list: Jerry Hieb, 4885 SW 64Th WAY, Davie, FL 33314 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, Jon Lawrence was born 31 October 1952, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 104 Camilo Ct, Sebastian, Florida 32958. Florida voter ID number 126498355. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Kaitlyn Anne was born 31 May 1995, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 8580 Hunters Creek Dr N, Jacksonville, Florida 32256. Florida voter ID number 119623247. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Kate Lynn was born 25 April 1987, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 4712 Nw 107Th Ave, 401, Doral, Florida 33178. Florida voter ID number 118279311. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 644 Oakland Ave Mukwonago WI 53149-1246. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 December 2014. Hieb, Lorna Mae was born 12 November 1947, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1523 Palm Place Dr Ne, Palm Bay, Florida 32905. Florida voter ID number 101786474. Her email address is JERLOR77@YAHOO.COM. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 September 2016 voter list: Lorna Mae Hieb, 1815 Palm Place Dr NE, Palm Bay, FL 32905 Republican Party of Florida. 31 August 2015 voter list: Lorna Mae Hieb, 2228 O'Connel AVE SW, Palm Bay, FL 32908 Republican Party of Florida. 31 December 2014 voter list: Lorna M. Hieb, 4885 SW 64Th WAY, Davie, FL 33314 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, Luke Loren was born 7 July 1987, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 4210 Sw 87Th Ter, Davie, Florida 33328. Florida voter ID number 121773336. His telephone number is 1-754-214-3727. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Lynn Gail was born 22 March 1947, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 2950 Se Ocean Blvd, Apt 16-2, Stuart, Florida 34996. Florida voter ID number 119153056. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016. HIEB, LYNN J. was born 17 August 1943, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 7103 Olsen Rd, Pensacola, Florida 32506. Florida voter ID number 103975506. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Marilyn Diane was born 5 December 1951, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 104 Camilo Ct, Sebastian, Florida 32958. Florida voter ID number 126498431. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Mary E. was born 27 February 1991, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1353 Nw 80Th Ter, Apt 21-1353, Plantation, Florida 33322. Florida voter ID number 117384114. Her telephone number is 1-954-394-4003. Her email address is MARYARTHUR9188@GMAIL.COM. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 July 2016 voter list: Mary Elizabeth Hieb, 7337 SW 27TH CT, Davie, FL 333141105 Republican Party of Florida. 30 June 2015 voter list: Mary Elizabeth Hieb, 7337 SW 27TH CT, Davie, FL 33314 Republican Party of Florida. 31 May 2012 voter list: Mary Elizabeth Hieb, 4885 SW 64th WAY, Davie, FL 33314 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, Matthew Allen was born 12 December 1984, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 2598 Gemstone Cir, Pace, Florida 32571. Florida voter ID number 103583129. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 June 2018 voter list: MATTHEW A. HIEB, 4723 ALGONQUIN AVE, JACKSONVILLE, FL 32210 Republican Party of Florida. HIEB, MISTY CRESCENTIA was born 3 April 1978, is female, residing at 29 Valencia Cir, Safety Harbor, Florida 34695. Florida voter ID number 107065422. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2012. Hieb, Molly Jane was born 17 February 1991, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 425 Veranda Way, #419, Mt. Dora, Florida 32757. Florida voter ID number 125080870. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, REBECCA A. was born 24 March 1973, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 6020 Dallas Ave, Pensacola, Florida 32526-1318. Florida voter ID number 115849451. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 22 October 2014. HIEB, ROBERT NELSON was born 30 June 1946, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 8017 St Andrews Blvd, Weeki Wachee, Florida 34613. Florida voter ID number 122397885. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, RYAN WILLIAM was born 1 November 1994, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1305 Morgan Stanley Ave, Apt 209, Winter Park, Florida 32789. Florida voter ID number 126141549. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, SHERRY S. was born 8 February 1962, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 8580 Hunters Creek Dr N, Jacksonville, Florida 32256. Florida voter ID number 103580126. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieb, Stacey A. was born 21 June 1964, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 7579 Loop St, Navarre, Florida 32566. Florida voter ID number 123753264. Her email address is staceyhieb@gmail.com. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEB, TAMMY FRANCES was born 22 January 1967, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 6331 Ne 53Rd St, Silver Springs, Florida 34488. Florida voter ID number 108553141. Her telephone number is 1-386-679-9976. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 July 2017 voter list: Tammy F. Moss, 175 Old Sawmill Rd, DeLand, FL 32724 Republican Party of Florida. Hieb, William John was born 10 July 1940, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 6742 W Walden Estates Blvd, Homosassa, Florida 34446-5094. Florida voter ID number 117977832. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hiebel, Brian Dow was born 3 May 1977, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3201 Nw 12Th Ter, Gainesville, Florida 32609. Florida voter ID number 100543248. His telephone number is 1-352-384-3774. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 May 2012 voter list: Brian Dow Hiebel, 615 NE 9th AVE, Gainesville, FL 32601 Florida Democratic Party. Hiebel, Christine Ann was born 21 August 1963, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 32052 Grand Parke Blvd, Fernandina Beach, Florida 32034. Florida voter ID number 124638072. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEBEL, JOHN RAYMOND was born 6 October 1934, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 11134 Se 92Nd Ct, Belleview, Florida 34420. Florida voter ID number 105779565. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: PO BOX 3373 BELLEVIEW FL 34421-3373. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 January 2014 voter list: JOHN R. HIEBEL, 11134 SE 92ND CT, BELLEVIEW, FL 34420 Florida Democratic Party. Hiebel, Karen Eve was born 13 May 1959, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 4131 Oasis Blvd, Cape Coral, Florida 33914. Florida voter ID number 123020740. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hiebel, Kurt Lee was born 9 December 1965, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 32052 Grand Parke Blvd, Fernandina Beach, Florida 32034. Florida voter ID number 124638093. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hiebel, Martha Hoag was born 30 August 1934, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 14817 Laguna Dr, #201, Fort Myers, Florida 33908. Florida voter ID number 118546616. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEBEL, ROSEMARIE was born 9 August 1930, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 111 Doolen Ct, Apt 204, North Palm Beach, Florida 33408. Florida voter ID number 114360764. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 April 2016. 31 May 2012 voter list: ROSEMARIE HIEBEL, 1252 NW BENTLEY CIR, APT A, PT ST LUCIE, FL 34986 Republican Party of Florida. HIEBEL, TIMOTHY WILLIAM was born 30 April 1968, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1070 Laurel Rd E, #332, Nokomis, Florida 34275. Florida voter ID number 100214953. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hiebel, Tracy Lynn was born 16 November 1960, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1505 N Riverside Dr, Apt 606, Pompano Beach, Florida 33062. Florida voter ID number 101511299. Her telephone number is 1-954-579-6628. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 30 June 2017 voter list: Tracy Lynn Hiebel, 2350 NE 14th St, APT 614, Pompano Beach, FL 330620000 Republican Party of Florida. Hiebel, William Raymond was born 25 January 1936, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1800 Collins Ave, Apt A12, Miami Beach, Florida 33139. Florida voter ID number 118446310. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEBENDAHL, BARBARA M. was born 22 January 1970, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 4906 Hidden Oaks Trl, Sarasota, Florida 34232. Florida voter ID number 109920053. Her email address is bhiebendahl@aol.com. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 December 2016 voter list: Barbara M. Hiebendahl, 11802 SW 100Th Ave, Miami, FL 33176 Florida Democratic Party. Hiebenthal, Colleen Tamara was born 8 February 1982, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1005 W Dorchester Dr, Saint Johns, Florida 32259. Florida voter ID number 125414318. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hiebenthal, Jason Scott was born 6 April 1979, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1005 W Dorchester Dr, Saint Johns, Florida 32259. Florida voter ID number 125414362. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEBER, ALEXIS GLORIA ANN was born 14 May 1993, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5269 Wellington Park Cir, Apt B22, Orlando, Florida 32839. Florida voter ID number 123129509. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 July 2017 voter list: Alexis Hieber, 2020 ELK SPRING DR, Brandon, FL 33511 Florida Democratic Party. Hieber, Alisha Nicole was born 10 May 1990, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 17604 Whistling Ln, Lutz, Florida 33549. Florida voter ID number 116165743. Her telephone number is 1-813-679-0762. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 May 2014 voter list: Alisha Nicole Hieber, 3429 Red Rock DR, Land O Lakes, FL 34639 Florida Democratic Party. Hieber, Anne W. was born 8 January 1920, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 4535 Mount View Dr, Lakeland, Florida 33813. Florida voter ID number 119864488. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 April 2018. Hieber, Bethany was born 15 May 1978, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 814 Alhambra Dr S, Jacksonville, Florida 32207. Florida voter ID number 100549903. Her telephone number is 1-352-256-5451. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 August 2016 voter list: Bethany Gale Hieber, 2346 NW 32Nd Ln, Gainesville, FL 32605 Florida Democratic Party. Hieber, Bradley Mark was born 25 March 1968, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 200 Longview Ave, Celebration, Florida 34747. Florida voter ID number 106224037. His telephone number is 1-407-934-6056. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieber, Carmen V. was born 30 April 1938, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 118 Woodfern Dr, Winter Haven, Florida 33881-2717. Florida voter ID number 113512150. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 March 2015 voter list: CARMEN V. HIEBER, 118 WOODFERN DR, WINTER HAVEN, FL 33881 Republican Party of Florida. Hieber, Carolee Fausett was born 10 March 1924, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 23033 Westchester Blvd, Apt C215, Port Charlotte, Florida 33980. Florida voter ID number 102548232. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 August 2017. Hieber, Charles William was born 2 January 1969, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 958 Jaybee Ave, Davenport, Florida 33897. Florida voter ID number 124542530. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEBER, CHRISTA B. born 2 July 1986, Florida voter ID number 102897528 See Patchen, Christa Beth. CLICK HERE. Hieber, Cristina I. was born 18 June 1942, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3224 Festival Dr, Margate, Florida 33063. Florida voter ID number 112671533. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016. Hieber, David Christian was born 27 July 1975, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 1418 Stetson Dr East, Cocoa, Florida 32922. Florida voter ID number 120581752. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 December 2016 voter list: David Christian Hieber, 1418 Stetson East Dr, Cocoa, FL 32922 No Party Affiliation. Hieber, David Earl was born 5 October 1940, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 10116 Alma St, Gibsonton, Florida 33534. Florida voter ID number 123316712. His telephone number is 1-813-671-1726. His email address is HIEBERDAVID50@GMAIL.COM. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. HIEBER, ELIZABETH ANNE born 31 May 1964, Florida voter ID number 112208556 See DOROBIALA, ELIZABETH ANNE. CLICK HERE. Hieber, Erin Cathleen Jessop was born 20 November 1983, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1574 Ripple Ct, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32563. Florida voter ID number 118959214. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 October 2016 voter list: Erin Cathleen Jessop Hieber, 8353 Tavira St, Navarre, FL 32566 Florida Democratic Party. Hieber, Frederic Anthony was born 14 December 1968, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 30737 White Bird Ave, Wesley Chapel, Florida 33543. Florida voter ID number 125142997. His telephone number is 1-813-892-2546. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. Hieber, Gloria M. was born 31 December 1923, is female, residing at 6212 29Th Ave W, Bradenton, Florida 34209. Florida voter ID number 105284803. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 August 2016. HIEBER, HERBERT F. was born 26 May 1932, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 512 Acacia Ln, Nokomis, Florida 34275. Florida voter ID number 100321632. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016. HIEBER, JAMES J. was born 11 December 1941, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 6154 Midnight Pass Rd, #2C, Sarasota, Florida 34242. Florida voter ID number 100328050. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 December 2018. 31 May 2012 voter list: JAMES J. HIEBER, 6154 MIDNIGHT PASS RD, ##2C, SARASOTA, FL 34242 Florida Democratic Party. Hieber, Jeffery Brandon was born 12 October 1983, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1574 Ripple Ct, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32563. Florida voter ID number 118957689. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 October 2016 voter list: Jeffery Brandon Hieber, 8353 Tavira St, Navarre, FL 32566 Republican Party of Florida. HIEBER, JEFFREY CHRISTIAN was born 20 October 1968, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1487 Excaliber Dr, Clearwater, Florida 33764. Florida voter ID number 117606793. His telephone number is 1-727-238-2596. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019. 31 May 2017 voter list: Jeffrey C. Hieber, 14401 PEPPERPINE DR, Tampa, FL 33626 Republican Party of Florida. 29 February 2016 voter list: JEFFREY C. HIEBER, 9895 66TH WAY, PINELLAS PARK, FL 33782 Republican Party of Florida.

2019-04-22T18:25:08Z

https://flvoters.com/pages/h106700.html

Added a brand new comparison tool which allows you to compare lots of features across Hootsuite, Sprout Social and Agora Pulse! Are you looking for a tool to help you manage your social media empire? Want to post and schedule content to Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Instagram? Want to monitor keywords and have reports to check on your progress? If you work in a team, would you like each user to have their own secure login with approval workflows and more? If so, you’ll need a social media management tool. There are dozens out there, but how do you choose which one is the best for you? You’ve read the reviews, you’ve compared quite a few yourself and you’ve asked around. The problem is that most social media management tool websites don’t do a good job of describing what they do and listing all the features in a way you can do a fair comparison. The biggest issue is the prices. It’s extremely confusing - particularly because prices of some features aren’t displayed on the website. Sometimes tool websites don’t display their prices at all! So enough is enough! I thought it was time to make it easier to compare the prices of the top social media management tools. I’ve built a tool to do just that! The pricing in this tool may not be 100% accurate, particularly on the expensive plans. See below. Click on edit, then scroll through and choose which features you want to compare to determine which tools support your needs. The pricing tool is in beta & pricing info subject to change. Although I've done my best, the pricing will not be 100% accurate, especially on the expensive plans. Tool companies tend to customise the costs for higher enterprise plans. Let me know if you notice any bugs or errors. Describe which options you selected, what you saw and what you think should have been displayed. I've only included tools that display some kind of pricing on their website. Some tools ask you to contact their sales department for prices and I've not included them, although, I have managed to find out information on some enterprise prices from my research. For enterprise plans, you’ll need to contact the tool company to get accurate prices for your situation. My comparison tool’s purpose is just to give you a ballpark figure. In 2018, the business plan has increased from $499 to $599 per month. I've mentioned that it's so difficult to properly compare the best social media management tools for your situation. Once you've got the basic prices from the website, you will need to embark on a horrendously time-consuming journey of demos as well as emails and calls from their salespeople. Finding the perfect tool is frustrating! Hours and hours of your precious time will get lost - just to find out if the tool you are looking at offers what you need, at a price you can afford. I know this because I've spoken to so many people who've done just that and I've done it too! I want to spare you the grief and I think I've found a solution to make it much easier for you! Instead of you investing the time and resources, I've done the heavy lifting for you. After months of research, it became clear how complex it was. In addition to this blog post, I knew we needed a comparison tool and so here it is! Use it to get a ballpark figure for the cost of each tool depending on your needs and don't forget to read on below as I give you more insights and details as to how to use it and what the advanced features mean for you. This article and tool focuses on the price of social media management tools. You can expect some big differences in cost when comparing tools. If you find two tools that meet all (or most of) your priorities, but one will cost you significantly less, that’s going to be a key factor to consider. But first, make sure you find out whether or not the tools do all you need to do. Making sure that the tool does the job properly is top priority - pricing comes second. Hootsuite was one of the first social media management tools to come on to the market. It was founded back in 2008, and started out as a Twitter-only tool. It integrated with more social networks over time. Its market share quickly grew into the biggest and it’s clearly still the most popular and well known social media management tool. It’s the only tool in this review to have a free plan. This gives you basic features and integrates with up to 3 social networks. Hootsuite integrates with more social networks than the other tools. The core networks are Facebook (profile & pages), Twitter, LinkedIn (profile & pages), Google+ (profile & pages), Instagram and YouTube. You also have access to the Hootsuite app directory which integrates with hundreds of apps, CRMs, networks and services – some free and some paid. Hootsuite has announced new plans. The new Professional plan will be for single users only – so it’s not suitable for teams anymore. They’ve launched a new Team plan for teams, and changed the Business plan slightly. At the moment these plans haven’t rolled out to all locations and users. Although I’ve not included Hootsuite’s limited free plan in the comparison tool, it’s worth mentioning here. Hootsuite have always had a free plan to attract users. Originally Hootsuite allowed users to manage up to 5 social networks but this has been reduced to 3. What you get: 3 social networks, 1 basic report, Twitter keyword search (unlimited), Fans and Followers (unlimited), no team management features, no customized URL shortener. The entry paid plan is called Professional. The price recently had a big price hike and now costs $45/mth for a limit of 10 social networks and for single users only. You get a discount if you pay annually. It used to cost $5.99 per month and included unlimited social networks and 2 users with the ability to add more team users.. What you get: 10 social networks, 1 basic report ($50 per additional report), Twitter keyword search (unlimited), Fans and Followers (unlimited), no team management features, no customized URL shortener, fast customer support (costs $6/user/month extra). Social Networks: 10. If you need more, you’ll need to upgrade to a higher plan. Number of team users: 1 (maximum). Reporting: 1 Basic report per month. Extra reports cost $50 each/month. Reporting currently uses a point system. Pro users get 50 points each month to “spend” on a basic report. Examples include Twitter Engagement Summary or Detailed, Facebook Insights, LinkedIn Page Insights & Google. If you want to see reports across all your networks in Hootsuite, you’ll need to pay for more reports by purchasing more points at $50 for 50. Some users have found a way around this, just by just viewing the report, then deleting it before viewing the next one - but it’s a bit of time-consuming. Team Management: – No. Only single users can use the Hootsuite Pro plan and you don’t get team management features. If you want to be able to set user roles, have the ability to assign tasks and approve workflows, you’ll need to upgrade to the Business or Enterprise plans. For years, Hootsuite only offered 3 plans – free, pro and enterprise. This year, Hootsuite launched the Business and Team plans. The Team plan bridges the gap which was formed after the pro plan became only suitable for single users. In Hootsuite's words, it is "for small business marketing teams to be more productive in managing social media through a single dashboard" You get up to 5 users and up to 20 social networks. You also get proper team management features so you can assign mentions and messages to team members and be able to approve content. You also a custom branded URL included, although since this uses Hootsuite’s ow.ly service, you can’t use this URL outside of Hootsuite. If you want any more social networks or users, you’ll need to upgrade to the Business or Enterprise plan. What you get: 20 social networks, unlimited basic & advanced reports, Twitter keyword search (unlimited), Fans and Followers (unlimited), team management features, customized URL shortener (Hootsuite - only included), fast customer support. Team Management: Yes. By “Team management features”, I mean publishing approval workflows, user permissions, and other multi-user/team workflows. The new Business plan is aimed (in their words) at “socially sophisticated small agencies and businesses”. You start with a minimum of 5 users and up to 35 social networks with proper team management features. You also a custom branded URL included (using Hootsuite’s ow.ly service). You have to pay annually for the business plan which costs around $7,188 per year for 5 users. If you want any more social networks, or need more than 10 users you’ll need to upgrade to the Enterprise plan. Cost: $7,188. No monthly payment available. This starts from 5 users and you can add more users at $1,188 per user per year up to a maximum of 10 users. What you get: 35 social networks, unlimited basic & advanced reports, Twitter keyword search (unlimited), Fans and Followers (unlimited), team management features, customized URL shortener (Hootsuite - only included), fast customer support. Number of team users: Between 5 and 10 users. It’s time to discuss the mysterious Hootsuite Enterprise plan. It’s mysterious because it’s always been very difficult to get any pricing information on it. Back in 2011, the Enterprise plan was advertised at $1499 per month (that’s $17,988 per year) for up to 30 users. If you wanted a custom branded URL you also needed to pay an extra $499.99 per month. Since then they’ve been very secretive about the Enterprise pricing and it’s been very difficult for any reviewers to give decent comparisons. When I spoke to Hootsuite about this last year, they told me that the Enterprise plan is customized to the needs of the business and so the pricing can change. Although that’s definitely the case, Hootsuite do have a base price and it’s around $16,000 for 5 users. That’s cheaper than was advertised back in 2011, but you get fewer users – just 5. You can pay more to add more users at around $9,000 per additional 5. So, to get the 30 users that used to cost $17,988 back in 2011 you’d now have to pay $61,000! I am sure you could haggle with the Hootsuite sales department though! To get accurate prices, however, you’ll need to discuss your specific requirements with Hootsuite. The prices I’ve listed here were obtained through my research, but as I mentioned, Hootsuite does customize the Enterprise plan depending on your situation. The prices should act as a helpful guide in your research to find the best plan for you. With Hootsuite Enterprise you are required to pay annually and the cost likely starts around $16,000 for 5 users. Number of team users: 5 (included). Around $9,000 per year per additional 5 users. Sprout may not be as well-known as Hootsuite, but it’s a popular social media management tool with many happy and passionate users. They were founded back in 2010. Sprout offers an impressive level of features, many of which are available to users of all plans. It integrates with the main social networks: Twitter, Facebook (profiles and pages), LinkedIn (profiles and pages), Google+ (pages) and Instagram (engagement & reporting only). If you want to be able to publish and schedule Instagram posts, you’ll have to opt for Hootsuite or Agorapulse or use another app such as Later. Back in 2012, Sprout was fairly inexpensive - starting at $9/month (pro plan) and $49/month (business plan). In 2014 the entry price rose to $39/user/month. The entry plan until fairly recently was the Deluxe Plan at $59/user/month. Unfortunately, they've removed the Deluxe Plan for new users. Now the cheapest is the $99/mth Premium Plan. Sprout does reporting particularly well with very visual reports available to all plans. They’re generally more advanced than Hootsuite’s reports and they’re not as limited. However, you don’t get access to all reports. Some (such as the engagement report) is only available on the Premium plan upwards. Others (such as the Twitter Listening and Team reports) are only available on the Team plan upwards. Not all plan limitations are apparent until you try and upgrade. As I mentioned, some reports are only available on higher plans. However, there are other limitations such as the total number of fans and followers across all your accounts and team management features only being available to the Team and Enterprise plans. You can view an extensive comparison of features across SproutSocial's plans on their website. By upgrading to the Premium plan you can manage up to 10 social networks and gain access to engagement and trends reports. It also copes with a total number of fans and followers of up to 200,000 across all your networks. Social Networks: 10 (maximum). Additional social profiles can be added at $25/user/month. Fans & Followers: 200,000 across all your social networks. If you have very popular accounts, you’ll need to upgrade to Team or Enterprise plans. Team Management: No team management feature - no publishing approval workflows, user permissions, and other multi-user/team workflows – just the same as the Deluxe Plan. Twitter Keyword Monitoring: 10 Twitter searches per profile. You used to get 3 users included with the Team plan for $499/mth and then $125/mth per extra user. The prices changed in April 2017 so that it is $149/mth per user. That's cheaper for small teams but more expensive for larger ones. It’s the first plan that has full team management features with the ability to assign and delegate messages with approval workflows. You are able to manage up to 30 social networks and you gain access to all reports (the Twitter Listening, Team, Task Performance and Tag reports are only available on Team and Enterprise plans). You are limited to a maximum of 30 social networks and you don’t have the ability to purchase more (unlike the Deluxe and Premium plans). If you need more than 30, you’ll need to upgrade to the Enterprise plan which has a maximum of 50 social profiles. Social Networks: 30 (maximum). Note – this is the maximum number and you can’t purchase any more profiles. Reporting: Same reports as Premium Plan with the addition of Twitter Listening, Team, Task Performance and Tag Report. Fans & Followers: 500,000 across all your social networks. Team Management: Full team management feature. This includes publishing approval workflows, user permissions, and other multi-user/team workflows. The Enterprise plan used to start at $1,500 per month and included up to 10 users. Since April 2017, the enterprise plan costs $249/user/month. That's cheaper for smaller teams, but larger teams are going to be hit with a higher price. The enterprise plan gives you access to up to 50 social networks maximum. It gives you access to all of Sprout’s reports and team management features. Reporting: Same reporting as Team plan. Full access to all reports and advanced stats. Fans & Followers: Unlimited across all your social networks. Twitter Keyword Monitoring: 20 Twitter searches per profile. The final tool in our comparison is Agorapulse. Compared to Hootsuite and Sprout Social, Agorapulse is not as well known, although it has really made some in-roads into the social media management tool arena in the past year. It was founded back in 2010 as a Facebook tool. Since then, it has re-invented itself as a full social media management tool integrating with Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, Youtube and Google+. You get full publishing, engagement features and reports for Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. You can publish and schedule to Google+ and LinkedIn. Agorapulse offers a few features that Sprout and Hootsuite don’t have. For example, Facebook ad monitoring and automated moderation. You used to get unlimited team members with Agorapulse plans, but these are now limited depending on the plan you opt for. That being said, the prices for teams are very reasonable and you get full team management features from $199/month upwards. The entry plan (which is called the Small Plan) is more expensive than Hootsuite’s entry plan and less expensive than Sprout’s Social entry plan. With the small plan, you get 3 social profiles, 1 team user. Although there are a lot of really advanced features for your money, if budget is the top priority, the HootSuite Pro plan is always going to be cheaper for teams of 1. Team users will need to opt for the Large Plan which allows you to manage 25 social profiles within a team of 6 with full team management. The small plan is Agorapulse’s entry plan. Its price is in between Hootsuite and Sprout Social’s entry paid plan. It includes a maximum of 1 user and you can manage up to 5 social profiles. You get all the other features except reports are limited to 2 months of data and you don’t get ad monitoring, Facebook apps or team management features. If you need more social profiles or users, you will need to upgrade your plan. Cost: $49/month (1 user max). Cost: $99/month (includes 3 users). Cost: $199/month (includes 6 users). The Enterprise plan costs $299 per month and is similar to the Large plan – you just get more stuff (more users and networks)! Cost: $299/month (includes 12 users). So there you have it – a comparison of all the Hootsuite, Sprout Social and Agorapulse plans and a deep dive into most of their features. Of course, I haven’t mentioned all features, but I hope I’ve made it a little easier to make a choice! As you will have seen, not all prices, features and limitations are listed or easy to spot when you view tool company websites. Sometimes you won’t find out that you’ve hit a limit until it is too late! If only you had known that before you had invested all that time and money in the tool. Both Hootsuite and Agorapulse don’t put any limitations on how many fans and followers you have across your social profiles. However, there are limits on Sprout Social plans. If your Facebook page and Twitter accounts are very popular, you may find that the 100,000 total on the Deluxe Plan or the 200,000 on the Premium Plan aren’t enough. The Enterprise plan, however, doesn’t have an upper limit. Agorapulse, give access to all reports on all plans. The large plan and above gives you 24 months of data while the medium gives you 6 months and the small gives you 2 months. With Hootsuite Professional you get 1 basic report included although you can purchase extra credits for other reports each month. Some reports are only available on the Enterprise plan such as Twitter & Facebook Aggregate. With the basic Deluxe plan from Sprout Social you have unlimited access to some reports. The Engagement & Trends reports are only available if you upgrade to the Premium plan and higher. The Twitter Listening, Team, Task Performance and Tag Reports are only available if you upgrade to the Team or Enterprise plans. While Hootsuite and Agorapulse don’t put any limit to the number of Twitter searches you can add, Sprout does limit the number. You get 5 searches per profile on the Deluxe Plan, 10 on the Premium and Team and 20 on the Enterprise. When things go wrong, you’ll want to have the peace of mind of knowing you can contact support. I’ve assumed a response within 4 hours as acceptable, but you may have different thoughts! Enterprise plans may have a quicker response, but I’d recommend asking the tool company about this. If you have a team of people managing your social networks, you’ll want to give them all different logins. Sharing user credentials is a security nightmare and bad practice. What if one of the team members goes AWOL? They still have access to your social dashboard! Not good. All 3 tools offer the facility to add multiple team members – all with their own logins. They all have limits, and the price goes up depending on how many team members. With Hootsuite, you no longer have team options with the Professional plan. If you want more than 1 user, you'll need up upgrade. The Team plan allows up to 5 users. Sprout Social is more flexible and you can add extra users no matter which plan you are on. With Agorapulse you only get 1 user with the small plan and 3 users with the medium plan. If you want more users, you'll need to upgrade to the large plan (which includes 6 users) or Enterprise plan (which includes 12 users). Extra users can be added for Large and Enterprise plans for $39/user/month. However, to get the most out of your team, you really need team management features. With this, you can assign different roles to your team such as an admin, editor and moderator. Team members can assign tasks to each other and you as an admin or editor can approve content. This is available with Agorapulse on the Large Plan upwards. It’s available with Hootsuite on the Team, Business and Enterprise plans and on the Team and Enterprise Plans with Sprout Social. Custom URLs allow you to brand your shortened URLs and track clicks across your channels. I use to.iag.me as my shortened URL on Twitter for example (I use bit.ly for this service). Sprout Social and Agorapulse give you custom URLs on all their plans and integrate with bit.ly – meaning you can use the same custom URL with other tools. Hootsuite, on the other hand charges you $50/month for a custom URL on the pro plan. It’s included in the Business and Enterprise plans. Since the custom URL uses Hootsuite’s ow.ly shortener, you can’t use it outside of Hootsuite. There are likely to be other hidden features I haven’t mentioned. Examples could include advanced stuff such as a dedicated account manager, APIs and more. It’s always best to speak with the tool company’s sales department and do your own research. However, I hope this article makes your job significantly easier! Now that you’ve got a better idea of the prices, plans, and hidden features, how do you make that final decision and choose the right tool and plan for your situation? As I’ve said many times, there is no such thing as a perfect tool. HootSuite, Sprout Social and Agorapulse all have their pros and cons and you’ll need to make a compromise at some point. What do you need the Tool to do? In my guide on How to Choose your Ideal Social Media Management Tool, I recommend making a list of your top priorities. Then compare the top tools and see which tool matches the most of these priorities. You may then need to supplement that tool’s deficiencies with a few smaller tools. Which social networks do you want the tool to help you manage? All tools in this comparison integrate with Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, and Google+. HootSuite also integrates with YouTube and has integrations with many more apps through its app directory. However, do you want to manage your Facebook profile and groups as well as your page? How about your LinkedIn company page as well as your profile? HootSuite allows you to publish to your Twitter profile, Facebook profile and pages, LinkedIn profiles and pages, Google+ profiles & pages, Instagram and YouTube. Sprout Social allows you to publish to your Twitter profile, Facebook profile, and pages, LinkedIn profiles and pages, Google+ but not Instagram. Agorapulse allows you to publish to your Twitter profile, Facebook page (but not profile), LinkedIn profiles and pages, Google+ pages and Instagram. Instagram is a mobile-centric social network. The only way to publish content is via their official mobile app. However, Instagram partners like Agorapulse, Sprout Social and Hootsuite are able to utilize the Instagram API to publish and schedule content. The limitation here is that only Instagram Business profiles are allowed by Instagram to use this functionality. You may choose to connect personal Instagram accounts, and you can even set up posts to be published to those accounts, but personal Instagram users will have to allow the tool’s mobile app to send a push notification to your mobile device and utilize the Instagram mobile app to actually publish. How many social networks do you need to manage? If you are a small business, this is likely to be a small number. However, larger businesses and agencies are likely to require significantly higher. Each tool and plan have their own limits – so check carefully and think about how you might want to scale up in the future. How many fans/followers do you have? This only really affects Sprout Social, but if you are likely to have a popular portfolio of social profiles, bear in mind that Sprout imposes limits to the total number of followers and fans all your social profiles can have for each plan. Only their Enterprise plan is truly unlimited. Do you need to keep track of how you are doing? Both Sprout Social and Agorapulse have high-quality reports available to all plans. Sprout Social limits some of these reports on Premium, Team and Enterprise plans. Hootsuite’s reports are decidedly basic, but this may not concern very small businesses and solopreneurs. Want to pay annually or monthly? Many businesses want to be in control of their cash flow and prefer to pay monthly. Sprout Social and Agorapulse allows you to pay monthly across all their plans. With HootSuite, the Business and Enterprise plans are only available if you pay yearly. Are you working in a team? If so, you may need full team management features. Do you need a custom URL? How about fast support? Make a list of your top priorities and then compare all the tools. This blog post and tool have been a long time in the making. You could say, it’s taken 5 years since my first article on Hootsuite. Even so, it’s taken a lot of research, emails and phone calls to get more clarity on the pricing of the main social media management tools. I hope it makes your job in finding the best social media management tool for you and your business a whole lot easier. Please let me know how you get on and your thoughts in the comments below! Excellent. I will go with Hootsuite for my business. Does Hootsuite have a free plan now? I had a look at their website and there was not even a word mentioned about a free plan. P.S. Your “Leave a Reply” section is not easy to use, sometimes it’s buggy and the image gets on the text, I need to reload for making a comment. Yes, Hootsuite still has a free plan – although in their words it is limited. They display it on their pricing page – underneath all their other plans. Thank you for this info, I searched my Google an hour and finally I found your article. Also I need your help: I want to use one service – http://likeslive.com/ for my instagram account. But I’m afraid of Instargram ban and other restrictions. Does this services ar gamble? It’s legal to use services for likes, comments, followers boosting? Any sort of feedback would be very helpful. Yes, Hootsuite Pro is $29/month and has a max of 1 user. If you pay yearly, it’s the equivalent of $19/mth (which you can see in the screenshot above). I have been working with various customer at once and it is constantly useful when we deal with numerous records from the single dashboard. I have attempted Buffer, Hoot suite and social pilot and particularly content with the social pilot among them. Nice Article Anderson. Your comparison is Really Helpful to plan before investing. Ian, you’ve clearly invested a lot of hours producing this report. Thanks. Slightly off-point, if I may … A couple years ago or so, you were touting MAVSocial as an up-and-comer. What happened in your view, that they became a down-and-outer? From looking at them recently (today), it appears MAV’s pricing and features would slot-in favorably with your top 3 choices here. And, they’re promising to add Pinterest to their mix before end of year. Can you share your reason for excluding Mav? Thx! Thanks, Lynwood, yes MavSocial are still a contender, and they’ve been continually improving it over the years. I always found the interface a bit clunky, but I really like the tool. The main reason for not including it in this article is that I only wanted to compare the most popular tools. With such a comprehensive article (and the tool) I could only compare a couple. I’ve written some other comparisons that do include MavSocial, though, Hope that helps! I can see the amount of effort you put in this post Ian, and let me tell you that it’s definitely worth it, as I haven’t seen anything as useful as this when it comes to social media tools pricing! Fantastic job! This is one of the most detailed, informative and professional article about this tools I found. The comparison tool is amazing, thank you! I have been working with multiple client at a time and it is always helpful when we manage multiple accounts from the single dashboard. I have tried Buffer, Hootsuite and socialpilot and very much happy with the socialpilot among them. I am yet to try Agorapulse but will surely check it now. I read your review about AgoraPulse which looks very promising. Will keep you updated on this. Hi, Gail. Thanks so much for your comment and thanks for sharing – that means a lot! I’ve always used Buffer for scheduling because it is so easy. Tanks for this useful article. I’m looking to manage a luxury villa rental agency and I think I will go for Agorapulse. Thanks, Oliver, glad you found this useful. Hope Agorapulse works well for you. Let us know how you get on!

2019-04-21T21:12:48Z

https://iag.me/socialmedia/the-hidden-pricing-of-social-media-tools-revealed/

Korea has become well-known for their beauty and skincare products and techniques, therefore, more people concern about Korean skin care tips and secrets. It is understandable when most Korean women have a glowing and fair skin that makes many women in the world admire. The flawless fair skin of Korean women has been considered as the beauty standard of many people in the world. More and more people spend a lot of money on Korean skin care products from different famous brands like The Face Shop, Missha, or Nature Republic, O Hui, and so on. There are many Korean products that are advertised widely in the world. They are introduced to be loaded with a plenty of benefits. Korean skin care has a long history in which experts and professionals conducted a lot of experiments to find out the good skin care products that do not have any wanted side effects. They reduce the harmful chemicals and increase the natural ingredients in each product. People believe that using Korean products will give them a beautiful gorgeous skin like Korean women. However, not many people know that Korean women not only apply skin care products but also build a good skin care routine and eat healthily. They also know a plenty of beauty tips and secrets. Do you want to know the wonderful tips and secrets that can help you to have a glowing and gorgeous skin like Korean women? There is no denying that we could benefit from them! In addition, they also have many skin care tips and secrets which are wonderful you need to know! In the framework of this writing, AllRemedies.com will introduce to you the secrets and tips in Korean skin care. Continue reading this article to understand more! Before you know Korean skin care tips and secrets, it is important for you to know your skin type. The Korean skin care routine depends on individuals and their skin type. There are 3 main skin types you should know. If your skin is tight and the flaky skin is your common skin condition, you may have dry skin. People with dry skin find it hard to look for the suitable cleansers because many cleansers leave the uncomfortable sensation on the skin. It is recommended not using cleansers that contain alcohol. Moreover, people with dry skin may suffer from sensitivity when they use perfumed products. If your skin type is dry, you feel your skin is not moisturized enough. Therefore, you should use a high-quality moisturizer and drink a lot of water if you have dry skin type. The skin care routine is complicating if you have a combination skin type. You may have clear skin for days; however, a sudden breakout may appear on your T-zone area. People with combination skin type often have to fight against pimples, acne, and blemishes that appear on your forehead and your nose. Spontaneously, you also suffer from dry skin problem and flaky patches on other areas such as your cheeks and your chin. People with combination skin find it difficult to look for the most suitable skin care products. They do not know for sure which products they should use. They often called oily skin as blemished skin because this skin type is prone to blemishes, acne, and pimples. The makeup and foundation keep slipping off due to sweat and excess oil. People with oily skin feel that their skin is shiny and they do not feel they need any moisturizer. Unsuitable heavy moisturizer may make the skin condition and blemishes worse. However, even if you have oily skin, you still need a suitable moisturizer and other necessary skin care products. In the market, there are a lot of skin care products that are designed for oily skin type. Your body needs water to survive. Water is necessary for every tissue, cell, and organs of your body. Without water supply, they cannot function correctly. Skin is the largest organ of the body. Therefore, the skin needs water. Water can help to nourish the skin from inside out. If you see the signs and symptoms such as darker urine, dry skin, dry mouth, sleepiness, fatigue, dull skin, headache, confusion, dizziness and skin irritation, your body and your skin are suffering from dehydration. In order to have a glowing skin and prevent dehydration, you should drink a lot of water throughout the day as one of Korean skin care secrets. Korean women believe that drinking plenty of fluids will help to add a healthy radiance to their skin. Therefore, they often start their day by taking a cup of water and splashing their face with cool water for 3 to 5 minutes. During the day, even when they are not thirsty, they always drink a plenty of water. But how much water we should drink daily to keep us hydrated? Most people believe that they should drink 6 to 8 glasses of water daily. However, the recommended water intake depends on individuals. Some people drink less than 8 glasses of water daily while other people need to drink more than 8 glasses of water a day. The possible way to know whether your body is hydrated or not is checking the color of your urine. If the urine is colorless or light yellow, your body is hydrated well. The darker color of urine shows dehydration. Moreover, fruits and vegetables are also the most important portion of their meals. Apart from vegetables and fruits, they eat foods which are very less sodium to keep the hydration in the body. Fruit and vegetable juice provides you not only enough amount of water but also essential nutrients that are good for your health and your skin. They have a unique method of applying skincare products because they believe that it will yield better results. Toning: Women in Korean prefer using their fingertips to tap the toner for better absorption. Cleansing: Korean women often clean their face with an oil (almond oil, coconut oil or any other cleansing oils) for about 4 to 5 minutes. So, you should follow it with a natural foaming cleanser for about 2 to 5 minutes and then you rinse your face for at least about 4 minutes, starting with warm water and ending with cold water in order to close the opened pores. Moisturizing: They often rub their hands together to make the product be warmed on their fingertips and then they will apply all over their face in an outward and downward manner. The Korean face mask sheets are infused with many ingredients which were tried and tested by their ancestors. Today most women all over the world are seeking out Koreans skin care products. They usually use two masks which are a cleansing mask and a nourishing mask simultaneously for one time per week to reduce the puffiness of their face. Besides, they also use a mask made from silkworm cocoon powder which is called baekgangjam will assist them in achieving white skin. Moreover, homemade masks with honey and egg white are an all-time favorite. Hence, you should sleep for at least 6 to 8 hours per day to make your skin healthier. Sleep will rejuvenate the skin naturally and remove the dead skin cells, which is an easy way to get a glowing skin daily. Korean people always go to bed early. From 10 pm to 11 pm, it is the time for the body to heal its damage. If you go to bed late at night or sleep less than 6 hours, it can affect your appearance. People who sleep well at night are less prone to wrinkle than others who are sleepless. This is because the skin produces new collagen when you sleep. Sleep prevents skin from sagging. If you sleep 5 hours at night, your skin is drier and more visible fine lines appear on your skin. When you sleep, your body boosts the blood circulation and blood flow. Sleep deprivation can decrease the blood circulation and thus make your skin look dull and lifeless. Therefore, to have a glowing and pigment-free skin and become beautiful, you should sleep at least 6 hours daily. This Korean skin care secret you should know. Like other muscular parts of your body, the face needs exercise. In fact, this is a popular practice among actors and actresses in Korean. Exercising your face regularly can make the jawline more visible and reduce the excess fat from your face. Exercise can boost the blood circulation and thus, make your skin glowing and rosy. The Korean women, who do facial stretching exercise regularly can have a younger face, compared to others, who hardly or never do facial exercise. They often repeat about 10 times for exercising the lip and cheek muscles. In addition, it is also recommended that you should stretch the facial muscles with breathing. Do you want to know the facial stretching exercise as one of Korean skin care tips and secrets? Here are some recommendations. If you want to have the satisfactory results, you should repeat these facial stretching exercises daily. Korean women always use a double cleansing routine. The first step of the double cleansing routine involves eliminating the makeup which is applied for the day. You use an oil-based cleanser as the first step in the double cleansing method to eliminate the eye makeup. The cleansing oil can help to remove the oil, bacteria, and dirt stuck in the skin pores effectively without making your skin dry or irritated. The oil and some dirt are too stubborn to be removed with plain water. Therefore, it needs the cleansing oil to do the helpful work. In order to use cleansing oil to remove the makeup, excess oil and dirt from your skin, you just need to put a little oil on a cotton pad and then apply it when your face is still dry. In order to have a good result, it is recommended leaving this oil to sit on top of your makeup for about one or two minutes. After that, make your hand wet and massage your skin with your wet hand. By doing that, the oil can become the white bubble. Therefore, it is easy to rinse it off with lukewarm water. The Koreans believe that cleansing is the key for a radiant skin. The second step in double cleansing is to use a water-based cleanser. Some people mistakenly think that using only oil-based cleanser is enough to get rid of the dirt, makeup, grime and sweat from your skin. However, the fact is that Korean people do not overlook the re-cleansing step with water-based cleansers. This is because if you cannot remove the oil from oil-based cleanser, you may face some skin problems such as acne, and pimples. They usually clean their skin with a foaming cleanser or mild cream. Because you use it for your facial skin, you need to choose the gentle water-based products. You should avoid the products that contain alcohol because it makes the skin dry. It is important to read the labels and instructions carefully before you decide to buy it. The re-cleansing step can help you to wipe away all the residue makeup, dirt, and bacteria as well as the oil from oil-based cleansers. Apply it to your facial skin. Use their fingertips to massage the skin in a circular motion and then rinse it off with lukewarm water. The easiest tip to get a smooth and soft skin is to eliminate the dead skin cells. Hence, you should slough away the dead skin cells by using an exfoliator. Exfoliation is the important step in skin care routine that you should not ignore. Exfoliation means the removal of dead skin cells from your skin. Studies showed that exfoliation can help to treat many skin problems and boost the blood circulation. Dead skin cells make the skin look dull and dark. Therefore, if you remove the dead skin cells regularly with exfoliating, you can have a healthy and glowing skin. You also do not forget to exfoliate the lips as well as other parts of your body. The lips need special care in order to get a pink layer. The facial skin needs exfoliating to be lighter and more glowing. The hands and feet need exfoliating too. Choosing good exfoliants or exfoliating methods is important. Harsh exfoliant scrub should not be used for your facial skin and other sensitive thin skin areas. Gentle exfoliant scrub is not strong enough to be used for hands and feet. You can buy exfoliating products in any beauty shops. However, you never overdo exfoliating and do not exfoliate every day. It is recommended exfoliating twice a week for both the face and body as one important part of a good skincare routine. When you exfoliate your skin, make sure that you do not strip away too many natural oils. The natural oils can act as a protective layer for your skin. So, a good balance is necessary. You should only focus on the parts that need attention, for example, visible pores on the cheek and blackheads on your nose. Korean women always concern about the aftercare for exfoliating. We all know that exfoliating can boost the blood circulation, remove the toxins and stimulate the regeneration of new skin cells. But you should drink a lot of water to hydrate the new skin cells from inside. Some exfoliating products may make your skin dry. Therefore, you should apply a good moisturizer to your skin. When you exfoliate your skin, it is important not to expose your skin to sunlight, UV rays and subbed for at least 24 hours. We may hear about the use of a toner to tighten up the skin at least once. Researchers have been asked whether the toner should be used in the daily skin care routine. Consumers want to know which benefits the toner has for the skin and which toner is best for their skin types. However, despite a lot of outdated information, the use of toner still remains controversy that makes people confused. Due to misperception and misunderstanding, even many dermatologists, fashion magazines, and cosmetic salespeople deny the use of toner in the skincare routine. Some people consider a toner as just an optional step. Actually, a well-formulated toner can give your skin many amazing benefits. It is important to know how a toner works for your skin and how to read a label to figure out the harmful ingredients and essential ingredients. Korean women always use well-formulated toners to a healthy, glowing and radiant skin. Applying a toner is a perfect addition to the Korean skin care routine. Toners are used after cleansing. They are said to be beneficial in restoring the skin’s PH balance. A bar soap or other types of cleansers may raise your skin’s natural PH and it is not good for your skin. Nowadays, the use of gentle, water-soluble cleansers does not change your skin’s PH too much. It seems that we do not need the benefit of the toner in restoring the skin’s PH balance anymore. However, a toner is still important because your skin is provided with essential ingredients including antioxidants as well as skin-repairing substances like fatty acids, glycerin, and ceramides. If you want to make your skin look younger, smoother and fresher, you should use the right toner. You should not use an alcohol toner. Instead, you can use a natural mild clarifying toner in order to soothe your skin as well as restore its pH balance, like Korean women. The toner will assist you in getting rid of all traces of residue. Besides, it will also work as a basic layer for more makeup. Because the areas around your eyes are really delicate and sensitive, you do not pull it or pinch it. The eye area is one of the sensitive areas that can show the early aging signs. A great skin care plays the important role in fighting against the aging process. You should tap on a little eye cream into under your eyes to prevent and reduce puffiness, dark circles, and wrinkles. However, finding an excellent eye cream is not easy. Some eye creams that are advertised to be well-formulated for the thin, sensitive skin around the eyes and be effective in reducing dark circles, puffiness and sagging skin fail to meet our expectation. This is the reason why looking for the suitable and effective eye creams sometimes make us disappointed. However, it is very important to include the best eye cream in your skincare routine. Before you go shopping for the suitable eye cream, you should know that the ingredients the sensitive skin around your eyes needs are different from ones used in other areas of your face. You should avoid eye creams that contain irritating ingredients like synthetic fragrance, fragrant plant oils, or sensitizing plant extracts because these ingredients may result in pro-aging inflammation. The best eye cream needs to contain antioxidants, skin-repairing ingredients, cell and communicating ingredients. Your eye cream needs to be well-formulated, soothing and fragrance-free. This is done so that the delicate eye area will stay super moisturized as well as prevent drying out and the creation of the fine line. The Korean women see essence as the essential step in their skincare routine. After the cleansing regime, using an essence is vital for you to get a beautiful skin. Essence is an essential nourishing liquid extract that can aid in the cellular renewal process of the skin. Especially, when you eat pizza, wine, fast foods and artichokes for a whole week, essence and toner are the biggest savers for your dull and pimple-suffered skin. If you ask any women living in Seoul, they can tell you that toner and essence are essential parts of the skincare routine. If essence is added to your skincare regimen, it can give you flawless, bright and gorgeous skin. Applying the essence has more benefits than applying other skin care products. This is because the essence works on a cellular level. If the essence is a concentrated formula, it can help to relieve fine lines, wrinkles, dull skin and uneven skin tone. There are a plenty of active ingredients contained in the typical Korean essence. Regular use of the essence can give you a brighter and smoother skin. Essence is a great way to revitalize your skin from inside and make your skin look more youthful and radiant. It is a lot of wastage with the watery consistency. Therefore, Korean women do not soak the essence through the cotton pads. They often put the essence into a spraying bottle and then spray it directly onto their skin. Spraying this essence can also help to firm up your skin in order to give it a clear complexion and a sculpted look. Korean women often spray the essence on their face and tap it onto their face to assist in faster absorption. You may experience a variety of essence consistencies, from the gel to the liquid. In the market, you may see variety versions of essence like serums, boosters, and ampoules. They are used like essence but they have the different concentration of the formula. For example, ampoules have a super concentrated formula; therefore, they are more expensive than other versions of the essence. Korean women always include essence in their skincare regimen. They apply it in the morning and at night. After cleansing and applying toner, they spray essence directly onto their skin like the face and neck. Face moisturizer is always included in Korean skin care routine. Snakeskin, nubbly tweed or cracked leather is common skin condition when the skin is not moisturized enough. Even if you have normal or oily skin, you still need a high-quality moisturizer in your skin care routine to improve your skin condition and make your skin smooth and glowing. This is a useful tip in Korean skin care you should know! Moisturizing products aim to hold water in your skin; therefore, they contain emollients and humectants as the key ingredients. Humectants include glycerin, urea, and alpha hydroxy acids are responsible for absorbing water while emollients like mineral oil, lanolin, or petrolatum hydrate the skin cells and thus, make your skin look smooth. Whatever the skin type you have, it is important to use a suitable moisturizer at night and in the morning. Skipping this essential step can result in flaking, redness, wrinkles and other aging signs that appear on your skin earlier. If your skin is sensitive or you are suffering from a skin condition, using a light moisturizer can help you to ease the irritation. Using a light moisturizer is essential to emulsify your skin. In order to get the optimum benefits of a moisturizer, it is recommended priming your skin first. When you take a shower, you use an exfoliating body scrub or a loofah to exfoliate your skin a few times a week. Removing dead skin cells regularly can help the moisturizing lotion to be absorbed into your skin easily and quickly. Moreover, regular exfoliation can increase hydration. After three minutes of taking a shower, you can massage the moisturizer in the face with your fingertips to promote circulation, and you do not forget to moisturize your neck. You should use a lightweight emulsion which can blend into the skin really quickly without leaving it greasy. Adding a moisturizer to your skin, you can keep itchiness and dryness at bay. To make sure that your facial skin is always blemish-free, you should buy noncomedogenic oil-free moisturizers. These moisturizers need to not clog the skin pores. Even if you are experiencing breakouts, you still need to use a moisturizer regularly. Actually, using moisturizers can ease the dryness, redness, and irritation, the unwanted side effects caused by topical acne medications. Some people use the same cream with a great moisturizing in the morning and at night. However, most Korean women differentiate between day cream and night cream. A night cream may contain anti-aging effects. Using night cream can firm and lift your skin, preventing wrinkles and other aging signs. These products often use key essential ingredients such as salicylic acid, retinol, and retinyl acetate. All of these ingredients boost the regeneration of new skin cells and reduce the appearance of wrinkles, fine lines, and aging spots. However, these anti-aging ingredients may be irritating and cause skin sensitivity. Therefore, when you use a night cream with anti-aging effects, you should avoid sun exposure at least 8 hours after applying. It is the reason why this cream is used at night as the best solution to avoid UV exposure. Another type of night cream is one with deep moisture effects. This night cream is deeply nourishing, ultra-hydrating, and restorative. This night cream tends to have more emollients and moisturizing ingredients than the day cream. The need to use both day cream and night cream depends on your skin condition. Your skin cells are constantly regenerating. Therefore, if your daily moisturizer can provide you enough water and hydration, you do not need to use a separate night cream. If your skin is drier at home, you can use a heavier night cream before bedtime. Day moisturizer is lighter and tends to contain SPF nowadays while night cream is more hydrating and heavier with no SPF. Moreover, many anti-aging creams have a high level of active ingredients should be applied at night to minimize the irritation caused by UV exposure. If you find anti-aging creams irritating, you should use it at night and use another regular moisturizer in the daytime. You have to lather a little night cream before going to sleep if you want to get a gorgeous glowing skin. This is also another tip in Korean skin care. However, you should make sure that this night cream allows your skin to breathe easily. This cream mask or night cream, which is the second coat of moisturizer applied to your skin. This will help to lock moisture in your skin throughout the night and thus you wake up with a fresh and beautiful skin. Remember that the most important Korean skin care tip is less make-up and more skincare. The major difference between Western and Korean skin care regimen is that children in Korean are taught the ways to take care of the skin daily from an early age. By teaching them how to properly exfoliate, moisturize, and protect their young skin, they will know how important it is in order to control their skin’s health. You should take care of the skin for 2 times per day, once in the evening and once in the morning. This means that the chance of unwanted acne or blemishes erupting is reduced significantly, which leave your skin to shine. So, the earlier you recognize this tip, the healthier your skin can be in the long-term. In the daily skin care regimen of Korean women, they never forget the importance of wearing SPF. Many women in Korean never leave their house if they do not have sunscreen. We all acknowledge that applying sunscreen with high SPF before enjoying the beach in the summer is a must. But do we need a sunscreen with SPF on cloudy days and other days we cannot see the sun visibly? Not many people know the importance of wearing SPF daily no matter how the weather is. Our skin is constantly exposed to harmful UV rays whether you stay in the office or outside. This is because the UV rays can enter your house through the window. So, you always protect your skin whenever you are outdoors or stay indoors. No matter what weather you live in or what season it is, you should always apply sunscreen. Long exposure to UV rays can lead to many skin problems such as redness, aging signs and inflammation. Moreover, a sunburn is one of skin damages caused by UV rays. If you do not protect your skin from UV rays, your skin can lose the collagen and elasticity. Other problems caused by long exposure to UV rays without any protecting methods include the appearance of spider veins on the face and the neck, dry lips and a loss of pink color in lips. Furthermore, studies have shown that long exposure to sunlight may increase the risk of skin cancer. Therefore, there is a need to use protection against the sunlight and UV rays. You should wear eyeglasses, sun protecting clothing and of course apply sunscreen. Do you want to make your skin look healthy and gorgeous? In addition to using a separate sunscreen, you can include a moisturizer with SPF in your daily skincare routine. A moisturizer with SPF can give you 3 benefits. It moisturizes your skin, prevents the appearance of early aging signs and protects your skin from UV rays. Remember that you always apply sunblock with minimal SPF of 30 to protect your skin from UVA and UVB rays, which can damage skin. If you stay outdoors for all day in the summer, a sunscreen with 50 SPF is recommended. You should reapply the sunscreen after every 3 or 4 hours especially when you sweat. When you apply sunscreen to your facial skin, do not forget your lips. Lips have sensitive and thin skin that need protecting from the UV rays too. When lips are exposed to sunlight for a long time, it may show the aging signs. To protect your lips daily, it is recommended using a lip balm with at least 15 SPF. You should keep in mind that it is never too late to take care of your skin and protect it from damages caused by UV rays. Your skin will reflect how we take care of it daily. Therefore, you need to make sure that you follow the essential steps in your skin care routine to protect your skin daily. If you ask any Korean women about their skin care routine, they will tell you that they often apply sheet masks to their skin two or three times a week. Sheet masks are a fastest-growing step in the skin care regimen. Sheet masks attract not only Korean consumers but also women in the world because of the promise of amazing skin benefits and immediate results in treating skin problems. A variety of sheet masks in new formulations and formats are designed to meet the needs and requirements of individuals. The use of sheet masks is more and more popular nowadays. We can see beautiful Korean women and most of them may say that they use sheet masks two or three times a week to get the glowing and flawless skin. There are four types of sheets mask including fiber masks, pulp masks, hydrogel masks, and bio-cellulose masks with their own strengths and weaknesses. Using sheet masks can boost the absorption and penetration of ingredients and nutrients into your skin. When you look for the best sheet masks with optimum efficiency, it is recommended searching for all the anti-aging ingredients such as AHAs, retinoids, B vitamins, antioxidants and peptides and ingredient penetrating enhancers like glycols and microencapsulation. When you wear a sheet mask, make sure that you let it sit on your skin for at least 20 minutes to receive the best effects and optimum efficiency. The nutrients and ingredients in the sheet masks need enough time to reach the deeper layers of your skin. Studies showed that 20 minutes of applying the sheet masks can give you 80% effects of the masks and after 60 minutes, you can receive 99%. However, if the mask contains AHAs, you should leave it on your skin for less than 15 minutes. This is because AHAs is irritating ingredients. In addition to AHAs, other irritating ingredients such as lactic, glycolic and malic acids should not be applied for a long time. After removing the masks, whether you pat your skin and leave it overnight or you rinse it off with lukewarm water depends on the formats and formulations of each sheet mask. Therefore, you should read the ingredients and follow the instruction on the label. To get the best results, it is recommended looking for the masks that are designed to sit on your skin for a longer period of time. In fact, everything you put into the body affects your skin. So, if you want to have a natural, clean, and illuminating skin, you must drink and eat clean! Nutrients in vegetables and fruits will help to clear up the imperfect skin. The Korean diet is famous for an abundance of vegetables, water, and other ingredients that are filled with nutrients and minerals. This will be sure to give you an agleam skin. Being a fermented cabbage, Kimchi is eaten at almost every meal of Koreans. This vegetable is rich in vitamin C, beta-carotene, probiotics, and other ingredients which can boost skin health. An average Korean person can consume 40 lbs of kimchi each year. Kimchi is the cabbage that is fermented and seasoned with salt, garlic, chili peppers and vinegar. The fermentation process of cabbage produces lactobacillus bacteria and lactic acid that plays the important role in boosting the immune system. Moreover, beta-carotene and vitamin C found abundant in Kimchi can improve the elasticity of your skin. In addition, many Korean families have a jar of chilled boricha that is a roasted barley tea in their fridge. This tea not only keeps the skin hydrated but also helps to cleanse toxins out of the body, which can protect the elasticity of your skin. This delicious nutty-tasting drink is made from whole grains and is loaded with fiber and antioxidants. Drinking chilled boricha regularly can help to cleanse your body systems and remove the toxins from your body, preserve the skin elasticity and boost the blood circulation. People who drink this roasted barley tea daily have a glowing and flawless skin. This drink has a plenty of health benefits too. It is the reason why this barley tea is considered as a substitute for water in many Korean households. Especially, unlike other teas, chilled boricha is caffeine-free. Korean people also consume doenjang for health and beauty benefits. In order to make doenjang, they often ferment and crush the soybean to make a paste. Doenjang is often used in a salty and spicy stew with veggies and tofu. This classic food has a pungent flavor and delicious taste. Korean people often eat doenjang with scorched rice or Korean BBQ. Doenjang is beneficial for your health and your skin because the fermented soybean has a higher nutritional value when it is compared to regular soybean. Doenjang or fermented soybean paste are packed with vitamin E and other powerful antioxidants; therefore, eating doenjang regularly can help to protect the skin, repair the skin damage, prevent cellular damage, and neutralize free radicals. In conclusion, a healthy diet is one of natural Korean skin care tips you should know. Another common ingredient in their diet is an excellent fermented rice wine that is called Makgeolli. This rice wine is rich in minerals and amino acids to assist you in brightening your skin. If you want to know more about skin care or other skin diseases and conditions go to our main Skin Care page. After reading the article of natural Korean skin care tips & secrets, hope that you can find out some good tips and secrets on how to take care of your skin. If you have any question, or you know other Korean skin care solutions, please leave them below.

2019-04-22T06:32:54Z

https://allremedies.com/korean-skin-care/

The intent of this installment, will be to explore the penalties of the above cited Sections of USC Title 18, sometimes known as the RICO ACT… after reading this Installment Readers can determine the probability that any action will be taken on the OIG US DOJ August 21, 2009 email referral to Criminal Division of US DOJ, first introduced in Installment #9. NOTE: If you are a new Reader of this series "NO WITNESS = NO CASE", you may want to begin with reading the nine prior installments before you read this one. The main objective of this Series of Installments is to lay out DEFENDANT’s rebuttal argument, and "Affirmative Defenses" to the State’s REPORT "Testimony" that was faxed to the Laconia District Court [LDC] in re: 09-cr-1293-4 minutes prior to the hearing on the merits of the May 15-16, 2009 arrests in re: 1293-94 (in both cases the DEFENDANT is charged with misdemeanor criminal trespass). In re: 1293-94 the misdemeanor was an "A" classification, which entitled her to a Public Defender attorney. In re: 4147 the charges were classified a "B" and therefore the DEFENDANT had to defend herself, pro se. The REPORT "Testimony" was also submitted to the court in re: 09-E-4147, whose charges and the subsequent arrests of the DEFENDANT occurred after the Belknap County Superior Court ORDER that GRANTED DEFENDANT’s MOTION for a Temporary Restraining Order against Waukewan Holdings, LLC. Section 1951 (relating to interference with commerce, robbery, or extortion), THE HOBBS ACT — 18　U.S.C.　§　1951 "This chapter focuses on the Hobbs Act (18 U.S.C. §　1951) which prohibits actual or attempted robbery or extortion affecting interstate or foreign commerce. Section 1951 also proscribes conspiracy to commit robbery or extortion without reference to the conspiracy statute at 18 U.S.C. §　371. Although the Hobbs Act was enacted as a statute to combat racketeering in labor-management disputes, the statute is frequently used in connection with cases involving public corruption, commercial disputes, and corruption directed at members of labor unions." So, the first test of DEFENDANT’s argument is: Whether there have been any "principals" named by her that have also been named as associated with ongoing criminal organizations. Since, DEFENDANT’s argument is one of rebuttal to REPORT’s "expert testimony" to LDC, how did the State present this issue to the LDC in its October 13, 2009 REPORT? Incorporated into State’s REPORT in Sources of Information 6 is the January 9, 2009 "case study" letter that DEFENDANT wrote to OIGs of US DOJ and SEC. The letter was written by the DEFENDANT as a complaining victim of several federal criminal acts: to include the Hobbs Act cited above. The main issue of the ‘case study’ was DEFENDANT’s role as a ‘witness’ who had been subpoenaed by the Organized Crime Task Force that was prosecuting a case styled USA v Rennert. DEFENDANT’s testimony included naming Gene Phillips, and a person introduced to her as John Iuele, but whom she had later identified as James Whitey Bulger. [NOTE: For further information, click on hyperlinks identified by bold blue underlined text.] Both men have been publicly associated with ‘ongoing criminal organizations’. She also made allegations that she was aware of certain information that linked Robert Jaffe to the Blondheim Ponzi Scheme, and that Mr. Jaffe had also been linked to the Patriarcha Crime Family, (and to the more recent Madoff Ponzi Scheme that was the subject of Congressman Kanjorski’s Commission, which triggered the DEFENDANT’s January 9, 2009 "case study letter" that the State incorporated into its REPORT in Sources of Information 6 cited above (NOTE) text not in original letter). The Blondheim Ponzi scheme was uncovered in the early to mid-1980s. It is now public knowledge that the DEFENDANT caused the ‘whistle to be blown’. Incorporated into State’s REPORT Sources of Information 9 is the June 22, 2009 letter written by DEFENDANT, and addressed to Ms. Angela L. Beyers, Unit Chief, Initial Processing Unit, FBI, Washington, DC 20535-0001. In the body of the letter, DEFENDANT recounted her experiences with the legal process of the USA v Rennert trial (where all six defendants were found guilty on all charges). And she disclosed her knowledge of the association between former FBI agent John Connolly, and John Iuele (the individual who had extorted $6000 from her, in March 1989), and whom she later identified as James "Whitey" Bulger [NOTE: click MOST WANTED]. Mr. Iuele was either a client, or known associate of DEFENDANT’s attorney’s Devine Millimet Stahl & Branch [DMSB]. (If the readers will recall, former FBI agent Robert Fitzpatrick just published a book on related issues titled BETRAYAL). Also incorporated into the June 22, 2009 letter were the names of the Winter Hill Gang, and "Cadillac" Frank Salemme, and how they were implicated, as well. The State, by incorporating 6) and 9) into its Sources of Information section, has freely admitted to the LDC (and to the public as of October 13, 2009) that it was fully aware of DEFENDANT’s role in testifying for the Organized Crime Task Force in re: USA v Rennert, in March 1997. The State, by and through its Sources of Information section, also freely admitted to the both the LDC and to the public, that it was fully aware of the events that succeeded DEFENDANT’s March 1997 testimony. The State could have Googled the names highlighted in (blue) above, and found that they all have been associated with ongoing criminal organizations, at that time. "Within days of my completed subpoenaed testimony, I was informed that the High Birches pump house had been sabotaged. The water piping, valves and controls in High Birches pump house had been smashed. The heating system supplying the pump house water system had been shut off allowing the water pipes to freeze and burst. I filed complaints with the local authorities and with the Attorney General of the State of New Hampshire. I recall I even informed AUSA Faulkes. I believe it was at that time that she said she would try again to get the attention of the FBI with respect to our situation. [I am now aware that it was during this period that the FBI was in the midst of trials and other issues protecting its Top Echelon program, and Whitey Bulger and his Winter Hill Gang had already been named by me as an alleged perp in other related matters. It was around this time that I was informed that my records at the Boston FBI had ‘gone missing’. Apparently the Boston FBI did not want to raise any new complaints of mine at that time. I was never contacted by anyone from the Boston Office of the FBI, nor the USA prosecutor.]" "At this time the civil RICO case that I had brought in 1995, was in arbitration. On September 9, 1997 at a pre-arbitration meeting, the arbitrator signaled that he had read both arguments and was leaning in my direction. Three days later, on September 11, 1997, the main production well at the High Birches Springs located on westerly parcel of the No. Woodstock property, along with several adjacent monitoring wells had been found to be purposely contaminated with a cocktail of chemicals to include heavy metals and other carcinogens in criminal acts of sabotage, as defined by USC Hobbs Act and Title 18 RICO statutes." "A series of quick maneuvers by RICO defendants convinced US District Federal Judge Gertner to give possession of the entire No. Woodstock property to Crowninshield. The local authorities allowed Motions to be filed in the matter that stated I was the primary suspect. It should be noted here that the westerly parcel contained the production equipment that had been sabotaged, but it was the easterly parcel that contained the majority of the springs and at that time they remained untouched by any sabotage. I pointed this fact out to FDIC. Within days, the monitoring well on the easterly parcel was also sabotaged with a liquid contaminant which was later identified as a liquid equivalent in chemical make up to furniture stripper. Crowninshield had 24/7 Security guards on the site, at the time of the second contamination." "Within a day of the second contamination event, I was personally on the site, and saw a man in a red van that was later identified as belonging to the Winter Hill Gang. He was checking the monitoring well on the easterly parcel. It should be noted that only two people knew where that monitoring well was exactly located – myself and Reginald Danboise. When I attempted to read the license plate on the red van I was physically restrained from doing so by the local police. The red van quickly drove off after seeing the commotion." "In January, 1998 Judge Gertner had granted the RICO defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. One of the compelling reasons that she stated in her Order was that New Hampshire had expressed a desire ‘to police its own environmental problems’. To this day I do not know who from New Hampshire made the request that Judge Gertner acted upon. Jeanne Shaheen, wife of William Shaheen of Shaheen Gordon (my former lawyers who committed fraud upon me and the Hillsborough Superior Court) was Governor, at that time. Attorney John Broderick (former senior partner of Devine Millimet and then of Merrill & Broderick; both firms with clear conflicts of interest against me) was Chief Justice of the NH Supreme Court, at that time." Also of note is that I was informed by the Federal EPA investigator from the Boston Office, who had already begun his investigation into the commercial sabotage of High Birches Mountain Spring Water business immediately after I called him on September 12, 1997, that he had been "relieved of his duties" by his superiors. The clean-up was now under the control of civil RICO defendant Crowninshield, and the State of New Hampshire. Crowninshield paid the State of New Hampshire a reported $100,000 to decommission the main production well [over all my objections]. Let’s assume for the moment that DEFENDANT’s statements made in the January 9, 2009 letter to OIGs of US DOJ and SEC were true. (Considering the OIG USDOJ’s August 21, 2009 referral email, there must have been some kernel of truth to it, or the referral would not have been made.) But, that is for the Readers to determine. The first question is: "Whether the State could have confirmed any of the DEFENDANT’s statements with second or third parties, or by public record?" The answer to this question is YES! Assuming that certain agents of the State had the incentive to do its own due diligence. Nevertheless, the DEFENDANT was prepared to introduce her ‘affirmative defense’ arguments, to include arguments of law and fact, at a full and fair trial on October 13, 2009, but she was denied that opportunity. The LDC accepted the State’s REPORT "expert testimony" at face value. No cross examination was allowed, in direct contradiction to the State’s own laws. So, another follow up question here would be: Whether the State’s agents, in October 13, 2009, had already been compromised with their prior actions of support with respect to the alleged "Retaliation" charges that had been reported by DEFENDANT, in her ‘case study’ letter to the OIGs of US DOJ and SEC? Here are some of the State’s "expert testimony" with respect to DEFENDANT’s reports of "Retaliation". The Readers’ may get some indication of the State’s predisposition after reading the bulleted statements incorporated into State’s REPORT. "Her descriptions at times almost sounded like a novel, and she has the self-importance in the "story" that is suggestive of a film documentary." "Grandiose features of a delusional disorder also are apparent via the inclusion in her "story" of famous or publicly important figures like Whitey Bulger, F. Lee Baily, Warren Buffett, and the Supreme Court Justice and the Governor of NH." "The content of Ms. Allan’s thinking, a circumscribed within her living and evolving "case study" or "story" does appear to be psychotic, characterized by a web of non-bizarre delusional perceptions and beliefs that is self-justified and self-fueled by its own internal logic." 2) Beginning on page 2 Sources of Information 6, Defendant explained to the OIGs of the USDOJ and SEC how she became to be involved, and ultimately caused the ‘whistle to be blown’ on the Ponzi Scheme, known as Blondheim. "In 1983, after being a real estate broker, I decided to widen my business opportunities by becoming a licensed NASD Direct Participation Broker Dealer. I incorporated a separate NASD DPP Broker Dealer company named INAMAN. It was a wholly owned subsidiary of my primary real estate company, Business Assets Management, Inc., located on High Street, Portsmouth, New Hampshire. By late 1983, INAMAN was opened for business." "INAMAN’S first client was a former business associate and client of mine. I had just completed a construction management contract for his company, Business Helicopters. The job entailed the design, permitting and construction of a private corporate aviation complex, named Flight One, at the Manchester Airport, Londonderry, New Hampshire." "My client’s request was that I perform due diligence on a real estate limited partnership offering by a company called Blondheim. Mr. David Williams was the principal general partner and Raymond Nolan was a minority partner in the general partnership. My client told me that several of his business associates had purchased limited partnerships for one hundred thousand dollars each. He was considering doing the same." "Shortly after I began my due diligence analysis, I recognized the offering to be a Ponzi scheme. [A complete description of the scheme and the schemers can be found in USA v David Williams/Blondheim. Several cases were tried in both US District Court in New Hampshire and New Hampshire Superior Courts. Mr. Williams was convicted and sentenced for 15 years. Many of my client’s business associates suffered financial losses. The authorities assured me that my role as a ‘whistle-blower’ in uncovering the Blondheim Ponzi scheme would be protected. For whatever reasons, it was not, and I became a target of the organized criminals that had been backing the scheme. This case study is a cautionary tale for all ‘whistle-blowers’.]" "One of the reasons that I could easily spot the Blondheim Ponzi scheme was that the properties involved were local and I could personally view the real estate assets. Subsequent to my discovering the Blondheim Ponzi scheme, I began a more careful due diligence on all the other Prospectuses that my office received and notice too many similarities to make me comfortable in many recommendations, if any. One of the bothersome issues was the way the Partnerships were being financed. So I continued to concentrate on my primary real estate consulting and sale’s business." "It is not feasible and beyond the scope of this evaluation to attempt an account that will exhaustively cover every detail as reported by Ms. Allan. Also, it is important to note that almost all of the data are reported from her perspective, and I have little or no independent confirmation of the events she cites and/or counter versions of the same or similar range of events." Serial Readers will recall the "I smell a rat test". The State’s above REPORT "expert testimony" to the LDC on October 13, 2009, with excuse for not doing its own due diligence; clearly does not pass. But why would the State’ agents go to such lengths to prevent DEFENDANT from presenting her ‘affirmative defenses’, and perhaps risk becoming enmeshed in a USC Title 18 Sections 1513 1512 1951 violations investigation? Only those "certain" State agents can testify to their own acts and motivational incentives. Perhaps some day they will get that opportunity, under oath. What was the incentive for certain agents of the State of New Hampshire to contact a sitting US District Court Judge with the request that New Hampshire take jurisdiction over the September 11, 1997 sabotage of the main production bore hole and surrounding monitoring wells located at the High Birches Springs property in North Woodstock, NH? And, then not supervise the investigation that they claimed was in the public interest of the State to pursue? What was the incentive for certain agents of the State of New Hampshire to publicly declare that DEFENDANT was the prime suspect of the 9/11 Sabotage of the High Birches Springs water source? What was the incentive for certain agents of the State of New Hampshire Office of Attorney General to terminate any investigation, if any, of the 9/11 Sabotage of the High Birches Springs water source, once it gained jurisdiction? What was the incentive for certain agents of the State of New Hampshire to influence the Boston Office of the USEPA to terminate the ongoing investigation of US EPA investigator Duane Sims of the 9/11 Sabotage of the High Birches Springs water source? What was the incentive for certain agents of the State of New Hampshire Office of Attorney General and Department of Environmental Services to allow Martha HW Crowninshield to control the clean-up efforts, which were caused by the 9/11 Sabotage of the High Birches Springs water source? What was the incentive for certain agents of the State of New Hampshire to accept a $100,000 payment from Martha HW Crowninshield? What was the incentive for certain agents of the New Hampshire Banking Department to make the findings that they did with respect to DEFENDANT’s, among others, complaints in re: SN Servicing Corporation, Inc. et al and Laconia Savings Bank? What were the incentives for certain members of the Judicial Conduct Committee, and the Professional Ethics Committees to make the determinations that they did with respect to DEFENDANT’s filed "grievances"? What was the incentive for certain agents of the State of New Hampshire Department of Corrections Office of Forensic Examiners to authorize, fax, and introduce into evidence the October 13, 2009 REPORT, in re: the above cited criminal cases? What was the incentive for the Commissioners of the respective New Hampshire Boards of Medicine and Mental Health to take no affirmative action with respect to DEFENDANT’s filed "grievances"? What was the incentive for certain agents of New Hampshire’s law enforcement to arrest DEFENDANT? What was the incentive for New Hampshire State Prosecutor Robert Libby to pursue the above cited charges against the DEFENDANT? What was the incentive for certain New Hampshire judges to make the decisions that they Ordered with respect to DEFENDANT’s civil and criminal matters? What was the incentive for certain State of New Hampshire correction officers to book DEFENDANT using her Panamanian birth name of Jean Elizabeth Allan Sovik, and then deny her access to a lawyer in violation of the 1963 Vienna Treaty? And, then mistreat her while in custody for two days waiting for her arraignment? "She therefore is essentially looking to use the proceedings as a forum to put to trial her entire delusional thesis. A trial for her will involve attempting to get even more data to understand the alleged conspiracy better, with more investigation and unearthing of detail to prove the conspiratorial links still left uncompleted and/or which she had yet to convince a Court about thus far". One could interpret the State’s above "expert testimony" to be that, if the true motivations, or incentives of certain agents of the State of New Hampshire’s were to be discovered, then those certain agents may have to pay the penalties as laid out above in USC Title 18: sections 1512 1513 and 1951 The Hobbs Act. So, let’s make certain that the lid stays on "Pandora's Box", and ORDER DEFENDANT "Not Competent". Installment #11will be dedicated solely to "A Daughter's Promise".

2019-04-23T18:36:54Z

http://www.nhjustice.net/HBNWNC10I.html

Knowing that Ancestry’s leaner, meaner, better mousetrap is forthcoming shortly, I decided to take a final look at the old mousetrap at Ancestry and collect some information so that I can reliably compare said old mousetrap with the new and improved version. On November 17, 2014, I had 262 pages of matches, at 50 matches per page, for approximately 13,100 matches. Clearly, I’m never going to contact all of those, or even most of those. 1 second cousin who doesn’t reply to messages. Their tree is visible, but I don’t see a common ancestor. 10 third cousins, of whom 2 are known cousins prior to DNA testing. Three others have no family tree. Other than my known cousins, I can only find one genealogy connection, thanks to a shakey leaf. Let’s take a look at how this breaks down. My third cousin match (that I didn’t previously know) has a shakey leaf that shows the following common ancestors. You might notice that even though we are predicted as third cousins with a range of 3rd to 4th and a confidence rating of 98%, we are actually 5th cousins. That’s the nature of random DNA recombination in each generation. That cousin and I match through Daniel Miller and Elizabeth Ulrich. Actually, that’s not true – but it’s so easy to say and infer. In truth, we don’t know HOW we match, but we do have a DNA match and we do have a shared genealogy paper-trail ancestor in Daniel Miller and Elizabeth Ulrich. So, we MAY have a genetic match through these ancestors – or it might be through another line – known or unknown. But there is no way to tell for sure – at least not today at Ancestry. Case in point…just very recently, when dealing with this exact same Miller line, I discovered that I did match one of my cousins at Family Tree DNA on the Miller line, but that we also have a second unknown genetic link on the X chromosome that could not have come from that Miller couple. The problem with the matches at Ancestry is that they are suggestive and not in any way conclusive. Why? Because there is no chromosome browser or other tool to show that these people match on the same chromosomes. That would be step 1. A tool to see that those two people match another descendant on the same segment would be step two in truly identifying and confirming a common genetic ancestor. But neither of these steps exist at Ancestry today. Many people either don’t know or don’t understand that, or flat out don’t care – because they are meeting paper trail cousins. If meeting paper trail cousins is your goal – then you can do a bang up job of that at Ancestry! In fact, I could meet 13,100 new cousins today. Just don’t assume that because you match them on DNA and on paper that the paper trail IS the genetic trail, because it might well not be. Never assume. When looking at my Miller match’s tree, I notice that they have not only the incorrect, or at least unsubstantiated Rochette surname for Daniel’s mother, but they have also added another surname…out of thin air apparently – Maugens. Groan. Another incorrect tree – and this single ancestor is incorrect in two distinct ways. I checked to see what sources they noted, and they gave the “Family Data Collection of Individual Records” as a source for every record. I’m sorry, but someone else’s hearsay isn’t a record source. However, I’ll leave source records to the experts and move on with genetic genealogy. However, word to the wise…. with Ancestry’s new and better mousetrap, accurate trees become exponentially more important. Yes, I have seen a beta version mousetrap preview. Six of my 10 fourth cousin shakey leaf people have private trees, more than half. Of the entire group of 254 matches of 2nd – 4th cousins, 44 have private trees. Of those 254, another 52 don’t have trees uploaded. This is like cutting your nose off to spite your face. It’s easy to create an abbreviated tree, if nothing else, if you don’t want to upload your full tree from your genealogy software. That gives Ancestry’s software something to work with – a way to look for pedigree matches. No tree, no shakey leaf hints. Include at least 7 generations, if you have them. So, of those 254 matches, I know that I’ll positively lose 96 due to private trees and no trees. Truthfully, I’m absolutely fine with that. Those matches are of absolutely no use to me. My efforts to communicate with Ancestry matches have been relatively unsuccessful, to the point that I’ve wondered if there is a glitch with my mail and their system – until a cousin sent me a test message to see if it was working. So, I’m glad to be rid of unproductive no tree matches that simply clutter up the works. I don’t want to see private tree teasers that I want and can’t have. It will be interesting to see how many of my shakey leaves, if any, I’ll lose. Maybe I’ll acquire some new ones!!! I can always hope. Speaking of shakey leaves, by utilizing the shakey leaf hint filter ability, I can see only my shakey leaf hint matches, eliminating the rest. This is what I normally do, right after I see if I have any new close matches. I think with the increasing popularity of DNA testing that a wider range of people take the tests, and often without really understanding DNA testing, the various kinds of tests, or what DNA results can or might do for them. DNA testing is a toolkit, and which tool, under what circumstances, is best for the job varies based on your goals. It’s like picking the right sized socket wrench. Let me be very specific about my personal goals. I want to learn everything I can about my ancestors. I am not interested in inferring a genetic match when said match can be proven. 1. I want to know the haplogroup of every single ancestor in my tree – both male and female. Why? Because Y and mitochondrial DNA testing is the only direct line information I can obtain on those ancestors, and it stretches back far beyond any prayer of written records or surnames. It tells me their ethnicity and often, where they came from – sometimes in general terms and sometimes in much more specific terms. 2. I want to map my ancestor’s DNA on my chromosomes. In other words, I want to know that my DNA on chromosome 1, section 1-10,000 came from the Ferverda line on my mother’s side and from John Y. Estes and Rutha Dodson on my father’s side. This opens the door to do things like Ancestor Reconstruction as well as to identify where those other 12,846 people without shakey leaves fall on my tree, based on WHERE they match me. While I am interested in meeting my cousins, especially cousins who are actively researching our common ancestral line, I’m not interested in meeting endless cousins who are just copy/pasting data from tree to tree. Rhetorically speaking, what the heck would I do with 13,000 new cousins. I can barely remember the names of the ones I have! For me, the end goal is not meeting cousins, specifically, although I do enjoy many of the cousins I meet through genealogy. Some of my very closest friends are my genealogy cousins. But this isn’t a genealogy singles bar and I’m not interested in doing DNA speed dating, so to speak. 3. My goal is to discover every shred I can about my ancestors and to break down brick walls utilizing DNA. See number 2, above. To match my cousins whom I already know is great confirmation that I’m really a family member, but it does little more except provide the foundation for chromosome mapping utilizing chromosome browser tools. I need tools to find those missing wives lines, and to add to the tree – maybe to discover who someone’s parents actually were. Those are the kinds of genetic genealogy dreams I have. That’s my idea of a better mousetrap. During our meeting in October and follow-up conference call, Ancestry indicated that their new processing methods would result in many fewer matches, but much higher quality matches, based on their new phasing routines and new features. I welcome both of those improvements. I wrote about the Ancestry visit here. Judy Russell wrote about it here, and Blaine Bettinger wrote about it as well. Anna Swayne, who leads the effort in genetic genealogy education at Ancestry wrote about the upcoming DNA release and referenced information provided by Ken Chahine, the AncestryDNA general manager. So, now that you know what to expect, it will be interesting to see the real McCoy…er…I mean the new and better mousetrap. The close and shakey leaf matches I’ve discussed above are the only ones I really care much about – because they are the only ones that are actually useful to me under the current circumstances. I would love to find a way to make the balance of my 12,846 matches useful. That would be an exceptional mousetrap. It will be interesting to see how many of these shakey leaf matches I lose, what, as a consumer and Ancestry subscriber I will gain, and how the new mousetrap will help genealogists break down brick walls. In the end, that’s really the measure of usefulness of any genetic genealogy mousetrap. This entry was posted in Ancestry.com, Autosomal and tagged General Information by Roberta Estes. Bookmark the permalink. It would be great if the 3 best companies would “talk” to each other and find a “common” ground of sharing information. If ancestry.com with all of the records in it’s database and FTDNA with its great chromosome tools would combine efforts, we would start up a great path of true knowledge. Maybe there needs to be a fourth company created to do just this. Anyone listening? Be careful what you wish for. We don’t want Ancestry buying the other two up and ruining our whole DNA world! It will be interesting to see how this pans out. Here are my stats. 100% known ancestry in England and the Island of Jersey. Zero known ancestry in the USA. Does this mean that the tree to which our DNA kit is attached will play a role in determining whether a match will be considered a match in the new mousetrap? And if so, as our trees evolve and expand with research breakthroughs, will other matches be reconsidered over time? I’m struggling with one branch at the great grandparent level, I’d hate to lose matches because I haven’t chiseled thru that wall yet. The new system is up now. Looking forward to your new post about it. I stopped tracking total pages several months ago, but I had 216 with over 10,750 matches then. None closer than 4th cousin. Today, I am 52 pages, 2,561 matches, 7 match hints, and 106 4th cousins, 0 3rd cousin or closer matches. “So, of those 254 [2nd to 4th cousin] matches, I know that I’ll positively lose 96 due to private trees and no trees.” Why do you say that? I’m also curious as to what this means. I have two second cousin matches who are known to me. One has a private tree, the other no tree. Does this mean that with the “new mousetrap” they’ll no longer be on my match list, even though they’re valid matches, simply because they have private/no trees? I am a private tree person. Why? Because i don’t want Ancestry using my info for profit and I want to know who i share my tree with. I agree that “no tree” is a really bad sign, but i think you should reach out to the private tree folks – or at least the close matches with private trees. We are not all useless. I have my tree available at ftdna and 23 and me – just not at ancestry. Ancestry is sort of in the business of providing a lot of bad trees, with good ones mixed in. Sorry, my experience is that reaching out to private folks is not worth the effort. The onus should be on the private folks to contact the non-private folks and not the other way around. I too, am a private tree person. My decision to do this is based on the fact that my mother is adopted. With the help on Ancestry (and DNA), I have been able to confirm the maternal side of her family. I know very little of her paternal side. In hopes of a “shaky leaf” hit, I play with and change her father’s (and his family’s) information – there are a lot of John Smith’s out there! Until I can confirm who her father is I do not want anyone picking this family up as fact. It is not my intent to be useless or annoying to others, I will happily share my information with others upon request. If you are only using Ancestry DNA results, you may be going down some very wrong garden paths. It is necessary to triangulate any matches, and that means comparing chromosome strings on FTDNA and/or GedMAtch. You really need 3 matches to the same common ancestor to draw any conclusions. What a fantastic posting Roberta! I’m very excited to see what Ancestry has coming up. I had to smile when I read about your difficulties with contacting matches and the mail system on Ancestry. I have had the same situation and I too wondered if there was a problem with their messaging system. Why bother taking a DNA test, posting a tree on Ancestry and the ignoring any queries that you get from genetic matches? Isn’t the whole point of being there to research your family tree and to connect with people who can help you with that effort? I don’t get why some members on Ancestry do that. Anyway, great post and I can’t wait to see these new developments. Just fyi, Quite often when someone has “no tree”, you can go to their “profile”page at ancestry, and they will have at least one tree you can link to. I think sometimes they have more than one tree and can’t decide which one to link their DNA to. Private trees are usually “dead ends” and rarely do I get a response from people I contact. Second, I also ignore the private and no trees. I feel that a bare bones tree would in no way compromise their data, and I have had a hard time justifying spending my time writing an “ask them nicely note” which usually gets ignored. Especially the shaky leaf matches – they should be contacting me. I am not the one hiding my tree. My concern is that the shaky leaves on steroids will be of no use in breaking down brick walls. I still won’t know Harriet Potter’s parents because we won’t match on our trees. I still won’t know Charlie Johnson’s Swedish name because Johansson or Jonsson aren’t anywhere on my tree. If I can’t compare the strings with my already existing known-thru-triangulation ancestors, what use is it? I have several genetic cousins I match on a half dozen Colonial RI ancestors. It took triangulation to determine WHICH ancestor was on chromosome 7. I will be glad to clear out some of the dead wood, but remain unconvinced that this will be of any real value. I sent inquiries to all of my private trees today that I listed in my article. I only wish you were one of them:) Wouldn’t that be fun!!! I wish Ancestry would at least allow us to see common ancestors in private trees when there is a shaky leaf. I don’t see how this compromises anyone’s privacy and anyone’s wish to keep the rest of their tree secret. I haven’t had much luck lately getting responses from matches. Secondly, I have really good shaky leaf clues but no way to triangulate without a chromosome browser or without begging my matching cousins to upload their file to Gedmatch or Family Tree DNA. I wish Ancestry would at least give us a chromosome browser as an option. You’re lucky – I have no shaky leaf clues! I’ll keep checking though…. I’m one who has a private tree on Ancestry.com, but an open tree at FamilyTreeDNA. I’ve posted my results on Gedmatch.com, but haven’t posted any tree there yet. I have been contacted by several cousins and gladly share my Ancestry.com tree. I have tried to figure out how I am related to them, but have been unsuccessful so far. To me, testing without putting a tree up that is at least searchable, is wasteful and selfish. You paid for it. Get some use out of it. Let somebody else get some use out of it. I tested to break down the brick walls, to find family, and to discover my ethnicity. I know I delight in watching shows like “Finding Your Roots”, when Dr Gates tells his guest that jaw dropping fact about one of their ancestors. I’m sure most people who test do too. Help a cousin you haven’t met get that jaw dropping moment by at least posting a basic or searchable private tree. What I want most out of Ancestry.com is a chromosome browser. I think an option to make my tree available to DNA matches, but allowing it to remain private to all others would be a another popular choice. Something like FamilyTreeDNA has for their surname projects. Another thing they could do, Ask the users what they want. Like everyone else, I await the unveiling of the new and hopefully improved Ancestry.com DNA. I got notification today of my new and improved ancestry.com. I don’t see anything earth shattering yet, looks pretty much the same. Thank you for the heads up on this. On my own branch of our tree I have only one confirmed match. I had made contact with that person earlier this year but she only took the test a few months ago. So, when she showed up I knew who she was even though there was no shaky leaf, as she only had a few people in her tree at that time. Since that time she has added a few more and it was just enough to lead to the man that was my great-grandfather and her grandfather. The match showed as likely 1st or 2nd cousin and in fact she was my 1st cousin once removed, as she was my dad’s first cousin. She doesn’t even remember him because he was 16 years older than she was. On my husband’s side I am up to 40 shaky leaves. One is clearly not related to my husband on the shaky leaf side. It is merely a coincidence of the same name born about the same time. The others are in fact connected on paper, although sometimes our trees don’t line up exactly. They sometimes are missing a generation and have someone listed as the child of people who are in fact their grandchild. I have also come across some with no leaf that I can clearly see are related on paper to my husband, because I have worked quite a bit on his ancestor’s descendants. As his matches have not gone far enough up the ladder, they haven’t reached the common ancestor yet that I am fairly confident belongs to them too. I realize that I could find many of his cousins without dna. In fact, I had already made contact with several people prior to his taking the test. Not all of them went on to get tested. It is just an added tool. Often when you find your ancestors on someone else’s tree, they aren’t part of the direct line of home person in the tree. And the home person is not always the tree owner. At least with those on the DNA match lists, we can know that if we contact those we believe we can see a paper trail to, that they are the ones who took the test. If there are leaf matches on private trees I do contact them. Some let me see their tree, some just tell me what the connection is, and some never respond back. I figure it is their loss, not mine. I am looking forward to anything that can help me sort out those without trees or with private trees. Regarding DNA matches and private trees, I’m sure many of them are worth contacting. Some respond quickly and are willing and eager to help. The first week after I received my AncestryDNA results, I spent quite a bit of time messaging public and private tree owners, especially the private tree owners with whom I shared a leaf hint, figuring I’d pursue the low-hanging fruit first. I mainly targeted people in the 3rd-4th cousin range, too. Again, low-hanging fruit. No one responded initially, public or private. After a few months, a few of the private tree owners responded, but most weren’t interested in working with me and I could tell a lot of them didn’t know much about DNA. The difference, though, is that I didn’t have to wait around for the non-responsive public tree owners. I could quickly go through at my leisure looking for the connection. When I found that connection, I messaged them. I was also able to go over to Gedmatch and infer who they were on my match list there based on the name or email. Most private tree owners didn’t respond to my email and so I still haven’t seen their trees. So the point isn’t that private tree owners don’t make good matches, just that most aren’t worth the investment. From my perspective, how am I supposed to know who’s who? Where should I be putting my energy? There are lots of good reasons to have a private tree, but ultimately if you want collaboration, especially for DNA purposes, ideally you’ll put as few obstacles in place as possible. Keep in mind that your matches are busy, too, and may not be able to work with you when you log back in and grant access to your tree. If you have a public tree, your match can do a lot of the work without having to contact you right away, so if you become inactive, lose your subscription, get hospitalized, etc., you still have your tree out there. Also keep in mind that the private tree stops a lot of people from messaging because for every 20 messages that go out, only a small number of people actually reply. The response rate for private tree owners is probably the same as public, maybe better, but it’s still not a large number. Perhaps it’s not a good strategy, but I’ve stopped contacting private tree owners. I let them contact me. Almost no one has. I concentrate on the public trees and do message them when I think I’ve found our common ancestry so that we can go over to Gedmatch. I have both public and private trees at Ancestry. No one has ever messaged me regarding my AncestryDNA. On Ancestry itself I usually do receive replies from those that I have messaged. It would be nice if AncestryDNA would begin thinking in terms of making the most of DNA to uncover previously unknown ancestry — and to begin to taking steps to confirm deeper ancestry. I’m not as interested in finding 3rd cousins or making contact with paper trail connections. That can be fun, but anyone can do that without DNA testing. Let’s use DNA as a tool to do the things we can’t do with other tools. So, I’m going to wake up on the morning of autosomalgeddon and find I have no matches at all, not even to my immediate family members? I currently have my tree Private. It seemed a good time to work on it since no new matches are coming across at this time. My plan was to make my tree Public again when the roll-out occurs. If this is Ancestry’s plan, then they have a public relations fiasco on their hands. I am of primarily colonial American descent, a highly endogamous group with intricately entangled kinships. I have matches who are double, triple and even quadruple cousins. I have numerous male ancestors who had children with more than one wife in succession, with the result that I have numerous half cousins. I have over 800 leaf hint matches, with the absolute worst howler of a gaff being with a known double third cousin match who shares descent from two entirely separate couples, with four distinctly different surnames, with me…the leaf hint has paired the husband of ancestor couple A with the wife of ancestor couple B as the leaf hint match…so Ancestry’s into perpetrating wife-swapping on our ancestors with the leaf hint system? My ancestors must be turning over in their graves at this travesty. I won’t even go into Ancestry’s refusal to provide dna segment data…thank goodness for 23andMe, FTDNA and GEDmatch…and triangulation tools. Autosomalgeddon….thank goodness I still have a viewable match list left and far less reduced than I expected…went from 395 pages to 110 pages. Private tree status only affects “DNA Circles”…if you have a private tree, you get no one in “DNA Circles”. I made my tree public. Ancestry is supposed to update the “Crop Circles”…oops…”DNA Circles” every 3 to 4 hours. DNA Circles has begun, whatever that is. But no tools, certainly not a browser. Percentages have been dropped. Replaced by Extremely High, Very High. No explanation as to what that exactly means. I had starred about 4-5 pages of presumed matches. I now have 2-3 so I guess the majority of my stars were correct but I am sad to see a few go to the wayside. Fortunately I did save some of the old information earlier using a Chrome app called DNAHelper. By using trees we have identified our common ancestor, but I just assumed that because it was in the 5th cousin range, that we shared little or no DNA. by the way, Moderate is now the LOWEST ranking. I highly doubt it’s GEDmatch that’s wrong… but I think you already know that. Checked out the latest DNA on Ancestry. I lost quite a few folks which is just as well since many had no trees online or their trees were private. I do hope all the “false” positives were gotten rid of. For now, many of my closest matches have no trees on Ancestry. And, those with “private” trees rarely return messages. Hopefully in the future, those with no trees will eventually put a tree online for comparison. Is there a way to download a list of v2 matches like the file you can download for v1 matches? I WILL pay the subscription fee to see my matches in a chromosome browser. I will NOT pay a subscription for these half-measure stupid circles. Roberta, thanks for filling in the gaps and expectations about DNA. Looking forward to learning more and finding information that will help over my brick walls.

2019-04-20T23:05:39Z

https://dna-explained.com/2014/11/18/in-anticipation-of-ancestrys-better-mousetrap/

A method for the examination of the condition of a ruminant animal including sampling odours from at least one part of the animal with an olfactory sensor thereby to identify specific aspects of the animal condition. This invention relates to the examination of ruminant animals and more particularly to the examination of the teats and general condition of ruminant animals kept for milk. The teats of a milking animal need careful attention to determine that a teat is clean and healthy before milk is drawn from the teat, whether by manual or automatic methods. The routine washing of teats before milking is now considered more likely to increase rather than decrease damage and cross-infection, particularly if the teats are generally clean. Other aspects of animal health also need to be examined and the time of presentation for milking is convenient for this. Ruminant animals not in milk or not kept for milk also need to be examined for general health. There is therefore a need for a reliable technique for the general examination of ruminant animals. US 5047214 discloses a smell sensing element suitable for use in evaluation of freshness or ripeness of foods or in medical diagnosis. No use of such sensors in management of industrial animals has been reported. It is an object of the invention to provide a technique for the examination of the condition and health of a ruminant animal and more particularly one which can be applied in milking animal husbandry whether as part of a manual or automatic milking regime or independently. According to the invention there is provided a method for the examination of the condition of a ruminant animal including sampling odours from at least one part of the animal thereby to identify specific aspects of the animal condition; characterised in that the animal is a ruminant animal and the method includes establishing an examination region in the air around a part of the animal to be examined, purging the region, drawing a sample of air from the region, applying the sample to an electronic olfactory sensor and providing a sensor output indicative of any response of the sensor to said sample which determines whether the animal is to be one of milked, cleaned or examined further. Preferably the animal is a milking animal presenting for milking and the progress of the milking process thereafter is dependent on the identified condition of the animal. The invention also provides an apparatus for examination of the condition of a ruminant animal; characterised in that it includes a means for establishing an examination region in the air around a part of a ruminant animal to be examined, a means for purging that region, a means for drawing a sample of air from the region, a means for applying the sample to an electronic olfactory sensor and a means for providing a sensor output indicative of a condition present in the animal which determines whether the animal is to be one of milked, cleaned or examined further. Preferably the apparatus is arranged for operation by an automatic milking apparatus. The apparatus may be such as to establish an examination region for collecting the animal's breath. The invention also provides an apparatus to examine a teat of a milking animal including an examination device to receive a said teat, means to purge the examination device, means to support the device with said teat received therein, means to draw a sample of air from around the teat received in the device, means to apply said sample to a sensor and means to supply a sensor output indicative of sensor response to said sample. The examination device may be an open-top vessel into which a teat can be inserted. The device may be a teat cup like structure. The purging is arranged to at least reduce the inclusion of general ambient air in the sample, ensuring that the sample is representative of material diffusing from the teat or other part of the ruminant animal or a substance thereon. The purging air may be used as a reference for the sensor before a sample is taken. Purging air may be supplied selectively to the top and the bottom of the device. The purging may be by a flow of clean air, for example from a pressure bottle. The purging and sampling action may be controlled by a changeover valve. The sample may be drawn by a piston and cylinder arrangement operated by a lead screw actuator to enable a precise sample size. The purge air may be drawn into a sample chamber then expelled to purge the region by the action of the piston and cylinder arrangement. The purge air and sample may flow in the same direction. The purge air and sample may be drawn past a sensor by suction. The sensor is conveniently one commonly called an electronic "nose", that is an olfactory sensor. Such a sensor can be based on a conducting polymer, a metal oxide or other sensing material for olfactory purposes, with associated electronic signal processing circuitry. The sensor can be arranged to sense diffusion from the teat or another part of the animal or a substance thereon of organic material characteristic of one or more of faecal material, blood, earth, the state of the metabolic process and the conditions of oestrus or ketosis. The method and apparatus may be arranged for operation manually by an operator or in response to a control instruction by a robot. Such a robot may be part of an automatic milking apparatus. The examination may be applied when an animal presents for milking. The examination may be carried out in a milking stall before a milking apparatus is applied to a teat. The examination may be carried out before an animal is permitted to enter a milking stall. In response to a sensor output indication of teat condition unsuitable for milking the examined teal may be washed and again examined. If an animal on examination has an unsuitable teal condition it may be directed away from a milking stall to an area for further examination. The apparatus, where in contact with the sample, is of an inert material. Conveniently this is polytetrafluorethylene. The apparatus may be fixed to an animal stall or the like where diffusion, exhalation or other evacuations of the ruminant animal are present for examination. Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing which is a perspective view of an apparatus according to the invention. The apparatus shown in the drawing includes an examination device in the form of an open-top vessel VS to receive a teat of a milking animal and provide around a received teal a region which can be purged by an air flow and from which a sample of air can be drawn. A flow connection FC is provided at the lower, closed, end of the vessel. The flow connection is controlled by a valve CV which can be selectively operated to allow entry of pure air through one valve port PV and to allow extraction of sample air via FC through another valve port SP. A pressure bottle of pure compressed air or other gas (so-called zero air) is connected to the port PV. To the other port SP a piston and cylinder arrangement is connected with the connection to the cylinder offset to cause swirl in flow into the cylinder. The piston P is drivable to and fro in the cylinder C in controllable manner by an actuator AL. A sensor S is placed on a coupling block CB to be exposed to the sample drawn into the cylinder. The sensor Is conveniently of the olfactory type, available commercially in various forms and commonly called an electronic "nose". An electronic circuit EC, connected via connector SC, is arranged to provide an indication of the response of the sensor at an indicator IND and over an output connection. The electronic circuit can also be arranged to control the valve and piston actuator and the operating cycle of the apparatus. Power also can be supplied through this connection. The exact form of the electronic circuit will be appropriate to the sensor used and the manner in which the indication is to be applied. Suitable electronic circuitry will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. In operation the vessel is purged by a flow of air from the pressure bottle, either before being placed around the teat or when the teat is in place, the purge flow being controlled by the valve. In one arrangement the purge air flows through the valve into the cylinder with the piston withdrawn and is then sent to the vessel through the valve by operating the piston. A sample is then drawn from the space around the teat by operating the valve to connect the space to the piston and cylinder, if not already so-connected, and again withdrawing the piston along the cylinder. The offset flow connection encourages a swirl in air movement in the cylinder. The response of the sensor to the sample is derived by the electronic circuit and an output indication provided. After examination of a sample the piston and cylinder and sensor can also be purged by pure compressed air. A dwell time may be needed for the proper response of the sensor. The profile of the sensor response as the sample is drawn past may be significant as the proportion of material may vary during the sample flow. The parts of the apparatus in contact with the sample must not cause contamination of the sample, for example by retaining part of an earlier sample or by releasing material into the sample. Polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) is a suitable substance for such parts of the apparatus. In a specific form of the apparatus the control valve is a 3-way TEFLON (RTM) valve supplied by NResearch of New Jersey USA, which is operated at 12V dc. The piston and cylinder are made from ptfe with an O-ring to seal the piston to the cylinder. The O-ring must not release or retain sample material. The piston is operated by a stepper motor lead screw actuator of the AIRPAX (RTM) type L92211-P2, operated at 12V dc. Such an actuator can provide a very precise drive of the piston at a selected speed so that the sample and purge volume can be accurately set. Conveniently the purge volume is greater than the sample volume and the cylinder is sized for the purge volume. It is important that the sample does not include air from other than the region around the teat. If air from outside this region is included in the sample false results may be obtained. The teat may bring with It stray "odours" and the purging action is therefore preferably carried out with the teat in the vessel. The vessel VS must, of course, be clean to avoid false results. A check may be made of the empty vessel between tests. The vessel could be routinely cleaned at each test. The apparatus can be hand-held (grip G) or supported by a shaft (H) or other means, for example on a milking robot such as is described in UK patent publication 2226941, incorporated herein by reference. The handling of the animal after examination is determined by the indication of the sensor response so as to be milked, have a cleaning action carried out or be directed to another area for further examination. In another form of the apparatus the flow route is of different form. A further supply of zero air as purge air is introduced at port PV' of additional unit ZA at and around the top of the examination device, such as vessel VS, into which the teat is received. In this way the drawing in of ambient air, with the possibility of bringing in stray odours, is further reduced. The flow route is now always in the same direction, as explained below. The flow path at the sensor S is preferably such as to produce a flow across the sensor rather than allow a volume of gas to collect around the sensor. Sensors for humidity and temperature of the flow are also fitted here. The piston and cylinder arrangement is operated to bring about the required flow rate along the flow route. It is possible to use suction from some external source, such as the vacuum of a milking apparatus (not shown), as an alternative to the piston and cylinder although some indication of flow rate may be needed to enable consistent sensor results. The lower part of the vessel VS can be openable to aid cleaning. It may be sufficient to line the vessel and other parts with ptfe. Zero air may also be selectively supplied directly to the piston and cylinder arrangement and extracted therefrom as a purging action. The exact physical form of the apparatus can be altered to suit a chosen component selection or other constraint as will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in accordance with the precautions indicated. In operation of the form of the apparatus just described at the beginning of an examination the purge supply of air or other gas, such as the so-called zero gas, is made available at port PV' . The piston P is positioned in the cylinder end close to the sensor. Before the introduction of a teat for examination into the vessel VS the purge supply at PV' is started. With the teat in place, or earlier if required, the valve CV is operated as above to supply zero air which, by slow movement of the piston along the cylinder, is drawn over the sensor S. When the purge is effective the valve CV is operated and the purge supply to the sensor replaced by the zero air and any odours from the vessel VS where the teat is in place. The movement of the piston is continued. This brings about the flow of zero air past the teat in vessel VS and draws odours from the teat past the sensor S so that significant odours can be assessed and indicated as before. In a further form of the apparatus a teat-cup like examination device is fitted with an olfactory sensor. Gas flow paths are provided to the top and bottom of the teat-cup like device, the flow path to the bottom of the device including the sensor. Zero air can be selectively supplied to each flow path. The top flow path conveniently discharges around the top of the device. Suction can be selectively applied to the flow path to the bottom of the device. In operation of this further form zero air is firstly caused to flow along the flow path to the bottom of the device, past the sensor, and then up through the device and out the open top, past a teat in place in the device. This zero air flow is used to calibrate the device as well as purge any stray odours. The zero air supply is then transferred to the flow path to the top of the device and suction applied to the flow path extending to the bottom of the device. Zero air is thus drawn past a teat in the device and then past the sensor for the sensor to respond to any odours swept along with the zero air flow past the teat. Suitable valves or other flow control and electronic circuit arrangements will be apparent to those skilled in the art having regard to the descriptions above. A suitable seal, operated by differential pressure, may be provided at the top of the device so that the purge air flow can escape, the seal being open, while when suction is applied the seal operates so that only zero air from the top flow path passes the teat and ambient air cannot enter. The guidance above on materials and cleaning applies to this further form of the apparatus. Reference has been made above to the nature of response by the sensor. Typical response by the sensor is for a significant resistance change to occur over a period of about ten seconds starting some five seconds after the flow of the sample from the space around the teat. When cow faecal material is present on the teat the sensor resistance change is about twice that when faecal material is not present. The change of the sensor resistance generally reduces again as the flow continues, for both clean and dirty teats. Relative humidity and temperature can affect the sensor response and these can be sensed so that the olfactory sensor response can be properly interpreted by the electronic circuitry. It may be necessary to make some "trial" runs of the apparatus before actual use to ensure that a proper reference condition has been established for a particular combination of humidity and temperature. It is desirable to achieve as long a life as possible from the olfactory sensor. These sensors can deteriorate due to contamination and can "drift" if sensed materials are retained. For these reasons it is desirable to maintain the sensor in clean air except when in use. The purge supply can be arranged to do this without excessive consumption. As described above the teat to be examined is received into a device such as a vessel. In another embodiment a vessel is not used and a structured air flow can be used to direct air which may carry significant odours from an area of interest of an animal to the sensing apparatus. The purge action can be provided by the structured flow. Examination of the exhaled breath from the respiratory tract of a ruminant can be used instead of a blood test for certain conditions. A blood test involving taking a blood sample and then analysis for each animal is expensive and, because it is invasive, unattractive. By capturing exhaled breath from the nostrils of a ruminant animal and examining this for odours, useful information can be acquired. Purging, as mentioned above, is needed and any collection device needs to be a close fit to the nostrils of the animal. As the breath examination can be done regularly and frequently without professional intervention, such as is required for a blood test, it is relatively cheap and can be carried out at milking time and used as a control input for a milking regime control system, relating to feeding, milking and other aspects of the regime. The invention also provides general sensing of an animal condition by examination of a sample, such as a sample of breath, by apparatus including an olfactory sensor for conditions such as oestrus and ketosis. Appropriate modifications for the apparatus will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Diffusion, exhalations or other evacuations of a ruminant animal can also be sensed. The apparatus may be fixed to a stall where the breath or other odour of the animal or animal waste products is likely to be present, for routine testing. Various conditions of the animal may tested including metabolism and these tests are relevant to ruminants in general, whether kept for meat or milk purposes. characterised in that the animal is a ruminant animal and the method includes establishing an examination region in the air around a part of the animal to be examined, purging the region, drawing a sample of air from the region, applying the sample to an electronic olfactory sensor and providing a sensor output indicative of any response of the sensor to said sample which determines whether the animal is to be one of milked, cleaned or examined further. A method as claimed in Claim 1 characterised in that it includes examining the condition of a milking animal presenting for milking and controlling the progress of the milking process thereafter in dependence on the identified condition of the animal. A method as claimed in Claim 2 characterised in that it includes examining the animal before entry to a milking position. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 3 characterised in that the part of the animal is a teat. A method as claimed in Claim 4 characterised in that it includes providing the examination region as a vessel into which the teat can be inserted. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 5 characterised in that it includes providing the examination region as a structured air flow. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6 characterised in that the sensor is arranged to sense diffusion from the teat or another part of the animal of a substance thereon of organic material characteristic of one or more of ketosis, oestrus, the state of the metabolic process, faecal material, blood or earth. characterised in that it includes a means for establishing an examination region in the air around a part of a ruminant animal to be examined, a means for purging that region, a means for drawing a sample of air from the region, a means for applying the sample to an electronic olfactory sensor and a means for providing a sensor output indicative of a condition present in the animal which determines whether the animal is to be one of milked, cleaned or examined further. Apparatus as claimed in Claims 8 characterised in that it is arranged for operation by an automatic milking apparatus. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 8 or 9 characterised in that the means for establishing the examination region is such as to establish the region about a ruminant animal for collecting its breath. Apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 8 to 10 characterised in that the sensor is arranged to sense for at least one of ketosis, oestrus, the state of the metabolic process, and presence of faecal material, blood or earth. Apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 8 to 11 characterised in that it is arranged for mounting on a stall for a ruminant animal. Apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 8 to 12 characterised in that it is arranged to produce a structured air flow to collect an odour. Apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 8 to 13 characterised in that it includes an examination device for receiving a ruminant animal's teat such as to establish an examination region in the air around it, means to purge the examination device, means to support the device with said teat received therein, means to draw a sample of air from around the teat received in the device, means to apply said sample to a sensor and means to supply a sensor output indicative of sensor response to said sample. NL1000883C2 (en) * 1995-07-25 1997-01-28 Gascoigne Melotte Bv A device for the recognition of animals. MX9600808A (en) * 1996-03-01 1997-09-30 Univ Mexico Nacional Autonoma Portable equipment for obtaining and analyzing ruminal liquid and urine. NL1010305C2 (en) 1998-10-13 2000-04-17 Maasland Nv Method and device for automatically feeding animals. NL1012863C2 (en) * 1999-08-19 2001-02-20 Nedap Nv A method and system for electronic examination of animals such as cows. NL1017354C2 (en) * 2001-02-13 2002-08-14 Lely Entpr Ag Device and method for the milking of an animal, means for monitoring of an animal.

2019-04-24T17:00:10Z

https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0670673B1/en

Abstract: Optimization is important to identify optimal parameters in many disciplines to achieve high quality products including optimization of thin film coating parameters. Manufacturing costs and customization of cutting tool properties are the two main issues in the process of Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD). The aim of this paper is to find the optimal parameters get better thin film roughness using PVD coating process. Three input parameters were selected to represent the solutions in the target data, namely Nitrogen gas pressure (N2), Argon gas pressure (Ar), and Turntable speed (TT), while the surface roughness was selected as an output response for the Titanium nitrite (TiN). Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) equipment was used to characterize the coating roughness. In this study, an approach in modeling surface roughness of Titanium Nitrite (TiN) coating using Response Surface Method (RSM) has been implemented to obtain a proper output result. In order to represent the process variables and coating roughness, a quadratic polynomial model equation was developed. Genetic algorithms were used in the optimization work of the coating process to optimize the coating roughness parameters. Finally, to validate the developed model, actual data were conducted in different experimental run. In RSM validation phase, the actual surface roughness fell within 90% prediction interval (PI). The absolute range of residual errors (e) was very low less than 10 to indicate that the surface roughness could be accurately predicted by the model. In terms of optimization and reduction the experimental data, GAs could get the best lowest value for roughness compared to experimental data with reduction ratio of 46.75%. Abstract: This study aims to identify the viewpoint of school leaders the need of developing Online Performance Dialogue (EDP). The model based on the method of inquiry for educational leaders and the School District. The theory is used as a model UTAUT basis for this study. Survey methods used between 222 schools investigate the needs of leaders to adopt Online Performance Dialog (eDP) The data obtained were analyzed through descriptive Statistics using statistical package for social science (SPSS) software. Interpretation of the data is based on the value of the mean and standard deviation. Overall findings indicate that school leaders need on-line performance dialogue (eDP) with an average mean 4.309. The findings of this study reveal that school leaders have access to the necessary technology to eDP. The results also showed the level of acceptance and the intention to use the eDP model among school leaders. Abstract: Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) is to prevent entry of anomalous network flows into networks. Hundred percent inspections of all the fragments of network flows for detecting malicious fragments and thereof anomalous flows are highly prohibitive. The Selective Sampling Method (SSM) considers only network flows of small size not exceeding 80 fragments. Further, it is applicable for detecting port scan and host scan attacks only. This study proposes a novel NIDS adapting acceptance sampling method, referred to as ASNID. It is applicable to detect Land, Xmass, Nestea, Rose, Winnuke, NULL Scan, Teardrop, Fraggle, Port scan, Host scan. A randomly chosen sample of fragments from a network flow is inspected for detecting whether it is anomalous or not. It reduces the computational effort by a factor of 0<k<1 where k is the ratio of sample size to total fragments of a network flow. It is proved experimentally that the GMAI, performance metric of ASNID tends to one as the sample size increases to 60%. It is also proved that as the percentage of anomalous flows increases GMAI increases. Hence, ASNID would of immense use in network intrusion detection. Abstract: In recent years, Location-Based Services (LBS) have become very popular, especially in the light of enhancements that are daily performed on both mobile devices and wireless networks. The popularity of LBS is derived from its valuable benefits, where they enable the users to search for nearest Points of Interest (POI), share ideas and comments, and enjoy playing games, making our life easier and more enjoyable. However, LBS have some risks associated with it. The privacy issue is considered one of the most important risks in this field since the users are forced to build their queries based on their real geographic locations. This paper studies the different privacy protection approaches through a survey, where a new classification is proposed based on the amount of collaboration between LBS users and LBS server. The protection goals (identity ID, Location Information LI, and Temporal Information TI) that any LBS user aims to protect are defined and measured. Based on the provided protection goals, the most advanced inference attacks (Location Homogeneity Attack LHA, Map Matching Attack MMA, Query Sampling Attack QSA, and Semantic Location Attack SLA) are analyzed and evaluated. As for challenges in LBS privacy protection field, an eight research questions and open problems are explored. In addition, we present some rules-based recommendations, which can help the LBS users to select the most optimal way to achieve a higher privacy protection level. Inference Attacks, Research Questions, Privacy Protection, Protection Goals, Privacy Metrics, Rule. Abstract: Optimum usage of battery resources and efficient consumption of energy are the primary concerns and design parameters for any WSN. Irregular energy consumption is the major problem in current WSNs. This paper focuses on efficiently using the energy resources and to maximize the network lifetime by the application of compressive sensing and optimum CH selection process coupled with sink mobility model. Compressive sensing allows us to reduce the number of transmissions taken for complete data transfer, while optimum CH election mechanism gives efficient energy consumption at the initial stages of transmissions and data transfer. The residual energy of the network is further optimized by using the sink mobility model, increasing the total lifetime of high energy nodes thereby leading to increased network lifetime. The algorithm was simulated in MATLAB and verified. Abstract: Energy efficiency and its optimization are of paramount importance in data transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks. The lifetime of the deployed sensor node should be maximized with even distribution of the energy across the network so that the data transmitted is not lost .The MS helps in enhancing the lifetime of the network by reducing the energy spent in long distance transmission. The introduction of RN helps in storage and data transmission from CH to MS. In the proposed protocol I-EADC_RN, the field is divided into two regions Sensing region[A] and Storage region[B]. The nodes deployed within the storage region are called RN. The nodes deployed in the sensing region participate in CH selection based on average energy computed from the neighboring nodes. The RN store the collected data and transmit it to the MS when the MS comes near to them. The objective of the proposed algorithm is to maximize the effective lifetime of the network with the help of RN and MS, reduce energy hole problem with efficient distribution of energy among the network with the help of efficient competition radius assignment and by efficient mean of data transmission with the help of relay node selection based on energy spent in transmission and reception and the minimization of data loss with the help of data storage in the RN. Abstract: In this article the boundary value problem for ordinary simple differential equations of the third order with small parameter at the higher derivatives is considered. In the given work the author researches the singularly perturbed boundary value problems under the condition that real parts of the roots of additional distinctive equation have opposite signs. Boundary and initial functions are defined; their existence and uniqueness are proved. On the basis of the constructed boundary and initial functions analytical representation of the solution of a boundary value problem is found. On the basis of an analytical representation of a solution of a singularly Perturbed Boundary Value Problem for the differential equations of conditionally the steady type, we describe the character of growth of the derivatives of a solution of Perturbed Problem with . The class of boundary value problems with boundary jumps is singled out. Sizes of boundary jumps are determined. Asymptotic estimates of the solution of a boundary value problem are found. Estimates for the difference between solutions of the degenerate and perturbed value problems are obtained. Abstract: Studies related to resource consumption of mobile devices and mobile applications have been brought to the fore lately as mobile applications depend largely on their resource consumption. The study aims to identify the key factors and holistic understanding of how a factor influences Consumption Pattern (CP) effectiveness for an android platform mobile application. The study presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on existing studies that examined factors influencing the effectiveness of CP for android mobile application and measured the effectiveness of CP. Therefore, the current SLR is conducted to answer the following questions: (1) What is the evidence of CP factors that drain the battery of a mobile device? (2) What are the energy conservation techniques to overcome all the factors that drain battery life? and (3) How can developers measure the effectiveness of an energy conservation technique?. The SLR investigated factors affecting the effectiveness of CP for android platform mobile application. The analyses of forty papers were used in our synthesis of the evidence related to the research questions above. Therefore, the analyses showed 22 studies that investigated how to measure the energy conservation technique effectiveness while 18 studies focused on better understanding of how the resources of mobile devices are actually spent. In this sense, 2 studies show the effectiveness of early analysis of software application design. Additionally, five factors i.e., architecture, interface, behavior of the application, resources, and network technologies that affect CP effectiveness were identified. This study investigated a SLR targeting at studies of CP effectiveness in android platform. The total of 40 studies were identified and selected for result synthesis purpose in this work (SLR). The evidences show there are five factors affecting the CPs effectiveness. Three of them have received a little attention among developers regarding choosing the most suitable: software architecture, application interface and behavior of the application in terms of resource consumption. Abstract: Nowadays a monumental amount of spam and junk email clutter email inboxes and storage facilities. Spam email has a significant negative impact on individuals and organizations alike, and is a serious waste of resources, time and effort. The task of filtering spam or junk e-mail is complex and very difficult to solve. Hence, learning-based filtering is considered an important method for detecting spam emails as the filtering technique requires training to epitomize the knowledge that can be used for detecting the spam. Thus, Artificial Neural Networks are being relied on to create a learning based filter. In this article, we particularly propose the Feedforward Neural Network (FFNN) for identification of e-mail spam; the weights and biases of this network model are set to optimum using a new modified bat algorithm (EBAT). Experiments and results based mainly on two datasets (SPAMBASE and UK-2011 WEBSPAM datasets) show that the developed FFNN model trained by EBAT achieves high generalization performance compared to other optimization methods. Abstract: Deep Learning for plant leaf analysis has been recently studied in various works. In most cases, Transfer Learning has been utilized, where the weights of networks, which are stored in the pre-trained models, are fine-tuned to use in the considered task. In this paper, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), are employed to classify tomato plant leaf images based on the visible effects of diseases. In addition to Transfer Learning as an effective approach, training a CNN from scratch using the Deep Residual Learning method, is experimented. To do that, an architecture of CNN is proposed and applied to a subset of the PlantVillage dataset, including tomato plant leaf images. The results indicate that the suggested architecture outperforms VGG models, pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset, in both accuracy and the time required for re-training, and it can be used with a regular PC without any extra hardware required. A common feature visualization and verification technique is also applied to the results and further discussions are made to imply the importance of background pixels surrounding the leaves. Abstract: Cloud computing is a major topic of discussion among IT professionals. This practice is a good alternative for higher education institutions of limited budget in operating their information system efficiently without spending high capital for infrastructure resource. According to the annual report of educational indicators of the Republic of Yemen, the education and training sectors in Yemen face several obstacles and challenges in delivering quality education to the entire population of the country; for example, limited infrastructure resources and IT budget, and lack of teaching staff, technical experts, and IT skilled personnel. This study aims to (1) review empirical studies on cloud computing adoption in general, (2) identify the influencing factors of cloud computing adoption, and (3) categorize these influencing factors into technological, organizational, environmental, and individual factors. The influencing factors of cloud computing adoption in the government and industrial and educational sectors are also reviewed. Cloud computing adoption in the educational sector is clearly demonstrated. A total of 50 models are reviewed and discussed. Findings show that theoretical and empirical studies on cloud computing adoption in the educational sector are few. Moreover, 18% and 82% of studies investigate factors related to cloud computing adoption in the educational and industrial sectors, respectively. Furthermore, 26% of studies use individual-level theory for cloud computing adoption, 61% use organizational level theory, and 13% integrate individual- and organizational-level theories. Abstract: Various studies reported that Malaysian students at tertiary institutions were lack of certain employability skills namely critical thinking. Lack of critical thinking skills is identified when the students are unable to perform tasks, especially those of problem solving. Consequently, the students who lacked this skill were unemployed upon their graduation. A drastic approach to overcome this issue must be addressed. Instead of blaming unemployed graduates, the tertiary institutions with e-learning technology were urged to play a significant role. Through online forum discussions, the students were taught to use Socratic questions (Paul, 1993) as this would help them to develop critical thinking skill when they look deeper into the viewpoints, perspectives and evidence in analysing the assumptions (Walker, 2005). This study adopts a mixed-method case study approach. The quantitative data derived from Watkins and Corrys (2005) questionaires measures the students e-learning readiness and their usage of online forum discussions. The qualitative data derived from the transcripts of the students online discussions explains how the students develop their critical thinking using Socratic questions. The transcripts were analysed in two stages using (1), the Socratic Question Prompts and (2), a content analysis approach of the Interaction Analysis Model by Gunawardena et. al. (1997). The findings indicated that students critical thinking skills could be developed from collaborative learning through online forums. The outcome could be used to propose the best practice for lecturers at higher learning institutions to promote students to think critically through collaborative online discussion. Abstract: One of the imperative mining used in data mining is the association rule mining which mines many eventual information and association from outsized databases. The Association rule mining has many research challenges. The generation of accurate frequent and infrequent itemset by reducing the candidate itemset and reducing the space in the memory is one of the challenges. The generation of positive and negative association rule with high confidence and high quality is another challenge. The next research challenge is to mine an optimized positive and negative association rule. Numerous existing algorithms have been used to overcome these challenges but many such algorithms cause data loss, lack of efficiency and accuracy which also results in redundant rules and loss of space in memory. The major issue in using this analytic optimizing method is specifying the activist initialization limit were the quality of the association rule relays on. In the Proposed work, it is proved that an efficient optimized Positive and negative association rule can be mined by the proposed Advance ABC algorithm. The advance ABC (Artificial Bee Colony) algorithm is swarm intelligence based algorithm highly efficient optimization algorithm. The Advance ABC Meta heuristic technique is stimulated through the natural food foraging behaviour of the honey bee creature. The result shows that the proposed algorithm can mine incredibly high confidence non redundant positive and negative association rule with less time. Abstract: Electromyography (EMG) signal is most powerful signal processing tools for electrical activity of neuromuscular associated with a corresponding muscle. In this paper, the analysis of EMG signals using curvelet transform and Random forest tree is presented. The EMG signal including noise though dissimilar media. The curvelet transform is used for clear away noise from the surface electromyography and superior order of statistics is used for analyzing the signal. The first level is to evaluate the surface of EMG signal and extract features using curvelet transform. The second level is best EMG quality segment was chosen and the rebuilding of the useful data signal was finished using random forest classifier. The intention of this work is introducing a novel approach for discover, analyzing and classifying of EMG signals. The proposed method is applied using clinical dataset and the parameters like mean root mean square, correlation coefficient and absolute value are calculated and to get better quality of class separability. A comparison is made with other traditional methods and the EMG characteristics extracted from rebuilding of EMG signals provide the enhancement of class separability in feature space than. Statistical results shows maximum classification accuracy of 99% and higher information transfer rate is achieved. Electromyography (EMG) Signal, Curvelet Transform, Random Forest Tree, Clinical Dataset. Abstract: Management processes without responsive to abnormal activity that might occur can affect the performance of an organization. The Publishing Workflow Ontology (PWO) will be modified for detect abnormal activity, such as wrong pattern, wrong resource, throughput time maximum and wrong duty combine that occurs in the event logs. The new model from modification called Warning Criterion Ontology (WCO) can be represent the knowledge base to detect abnormal activity in the business process especially this knowledge can be used distinguishes the activity is allowed to be done by the superior and any activity which should only be done by direct superior. The model used some rule for reasoning, then after reasoning used some SPARQL to detection abnormal activity. Results of detection abnormal activity can be used as attributes for assessment Key Performance Indicator (KPI) activity in determining The compliance in Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) implementation. This research obtained a value of 96.29% of accuracy resulted comparing into the experts assessment score. Abstract: Since the advent of new software architectures, paradigms and technologies the software design and development has developed a cutting edge requirements of being on the right track in terms of software quality and reliability. This leads the prediction of defects in software at its early stages of its development. Implications of machine learning algorithms are now playing a very crucial role in classification and prediction of the possible bugs during the systems design phase. In this research work a discretization method is proposed based on the Object Oriented metrics threshold values in order to gain better classification accuracy on a given data set. For the experimentation purpose, Jedit, Lucene, tomcat, velocity, xalan and xerces software systems from NASA repositories have been considered and classification accuracies have been compared with the existing approaches with the help of open source WEKA tool. For this study, the Object Oriented CK metrics suite has been considered due to its wide applicability in software industry for software quality prediction. After experimentation it is found that Naive Bayes and Voted Perceptron, classifiers are performing well and provide highest accuracy level with the discretized dataset values. The performance of these classifiers are checked and analyzed on different performance measures like ROC, RMSE, Precision, Recall values in this research work. Result shows significant performance improvements towards classification accuracy if used with discrete features of the individual software systems. Abstract: Nowadays, cloud computing technology is experiencing a fastest growing in terms services demand and number of cloud clients which make the business organizations against a critical issue must be addressed (How to Secure Cloud Data Center (CDC)). As result, this major challenge has attracted the attention of several research works. The attacker is looking for unavailability of service, dysfunctioning of resources and maximization of financial loss costs. There are many types of attack such as Denial of service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) where the key objective for the attacker is to cause an overloading of the system network. They seek to send through a victim server a huge size of data as flooding packets so as to block and prevent the users to be served. This paper introduced a defending system for DoS attack mitigation in CDC environment. Generally, it discussed the different techniques of DoS attacks and its countermeasures as well proactive filtering and detection mechanisms. Consequently, to validate our proposed solution, we have implemented our analytical model in Discrete Event Simulator. The proposed mathematical model considers many performance parameters including response time, throughput, drop rate, resource computing utilization, and mean waiting time in the system, mean number of legitimate clients in the system when varying the attack arrival rate. Indeed, we have estimated the incurred cost from the attack. Implementing performance analysis using queueing theory and simulation experiments, the proposed solution would improve the flexibility and accuracy of DoS attack prevention, and would obviously make the cloud computing environment more secured. Abstract: Combed cotton and viscose cotton (CVC) is 2 types of cotton commonly used as the main ingredient in manufacture of clothes. Clothes made from cotton combed known as good materials for clothes. CVC cotton, made by combining cotton combed and cotton viscose so that in the manufacture CVC cotton quality is assumed under the combed cotton. Manually distinguish combed cotton and CVC cotton is by wearing clothes made of combed cotton and CVC cotton. Basically the texture in combed cotton and CVC fabrics can be analyzed by image texture segmentation process based on image texture analysis to get patterns showing the type of cotton. In this research explains the texture of cotton that through the process of image texture segmentation can release the value of features that can be used for the classification process, so that can determine the type of cotton. In this image texture segmentation includes grayscaling process, image normalization and texture feature extraction. Feature Extraction uses the Gray Level Run Length (GLRLM) method to get a feature value on the texture used for the classification process. Classification using method euclidean distance with 4 testing images and 2 training images by changing the original image to 5x5 and 10x10 pixels generate 100% accuracy. These results indicate that accuracy using the euclidean distance method results in high accuracy. Abstract: This study is mainly a systematic review analysis which discusses studies related to the role of sentiment analysis, Twitter data, and features in predicting stock market returns. Studies show that it is not only the historical financial data of firms or stock markets that can predict the returns of the stock market, but sentiments and emotions of people can also help in predicting stock market returns. One primary source of information that is available now to everyone is Twitter, and tweets made by significant personals affect the emotions of people and which will ultimately affect their investment decisions. If the news is positive, then most probably it will affect people positively, and they will invest more in stocks of that firm. If the news is negative, the reaction of people is expected to be opposite. Besides the sentiments of people, there are features like spatial and temporal that can also affect the stock market returns. The spatial feature is a geographical division, it can either be different emotions of different people from different geographical regions, or they can be other stock markets which can affect the home stock market by any relation. Similarly, temporal effect shows the change in something over a span of time. People might have different opinions at different times, and they can behave differently according to their sentiments at that specific time. Finally, all these factors help us in predicting the future stock market returns. Abstract: One form of competence held namely computer certification for his protege, which was carried out after the students finish carry out training/learning. The main reason was held at the Institute of computer certification courses is to prepare graduates into the workforce that have a high competence and ready to compete in search of work. That is because the competition work in the era of the AEC (ASEAN Economic Community), the seekers workers cannot just rely on a certificate of learning, but is most needed is a competence that can be demonstrated by the presence of a certificate of competence. In the implementation of a computer certification program is a form of educational service organized by the course institute was still found to be constraints. To be able to find the constraints and improvements/refinements against obstacles that have been found, then it needs to be implemented evaluation of the program. This research aims to know the effectiveness of the implementation of the program of learning and computer certification at Institute courses. This research belongs to the evaluative research using CSE-UCLA model. The subject of this research consists of: teachers, program manager, and a team of students. Method of data collection is done by questionnaires, observation, interviews, and documentation. Technique of data analysis in this research is descriptive quantitative percentage to analyze the effectiveness of every component in CSE-UCLA (Center for the Study of Evaluation-University of California in Los Angeles) model and qualitative descriptive for analyzing constraints that lead to results not in accordance with the standards of the evaluation of its success. In addition, the dominant constraints affecting the implementation of the program based on the results obtained using the method of calculation of the SAW (Simple Additive Weighting) simulation model. The results of the evaluation of the implementation of the program as a whole shows the effectiveness of 80.44%, this indicates that the implementation of the program belongs to the category of good. The dominant constraints affecting the program implementation is empowerment of technical personnel for operational management. Abstract: In software engineering, The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is generally used as the de facto standard notation for modeling in the analysis and the design of the object oriented software systems. As known, throughout the modeling phase, the structural and behavioral elements go together, because they have complementary relationship in the understanding of systems architecture. However, structural analysis has always attracted the interest of designers more than the behavioral analysis, due to its prominent role in the code generation processes. This vision influenced the computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools and the model-driven engineering (MDE) approach. As a result, by using CASE tools and taking up MDE approach as it is, the obtained code artefacts are incomplete and become the developers responsibility. Therefore, the models abstraction is broken, which leads to a paradoxical situation while adopting model-driven development. To cope with this challenge, the purpose of our paper is to bring balance to the design stage by integrating the behavioral analysis into the code generation processes, in order to empower and promote delivering applications without the need for hand coding. Abstract: Finite state automata (FSA) are computational models which are used for studying theoretical complexity of computational problems. The computational model of k-edge finite state automata (k-FSA) have been introduced to compute naturally ordered data such as data in music processing and time series domain. The k-edge finite state automata contain theoretical interest that numbers of their edges are bounded with a k value. In order to use such model in practice, some theoretical properties need to be investigated by way of their classes of formal languages. This paper investigates the closure properties and decidability of the class of formal languages recognized by k-edge finite state automata called k-acceptable languages (k-ACC). The results include the following: (i) for k  1, the class of k-acceptable languages is closed under complement. (ii) for k  2, the class of k-acceptable languages is closed under complementation, union, intersection, concatenation and Kleene-star operation. (iii) The infiniteness problem, membership problem, equivalence problem and emptiness problem of k-acceptable languages are decidable. Abstract: Knowledge management system (KMS) support the activities of knowledge management (KM) in early warning system (EWS) to provide early warning and aid in decision facilitation. Both KMS with EWS are also applicable in the clinical diagnostic (CD) environment during the CD activities to provide early warning and aid in decision facilitation of disease outbreak such as dengue. However, lack of proper data or information management and limited knowledge sharing and dissemination within the organization is a main challenge for mitigation of risk. In which the problem that may relate to this challenge is the timeliness for timely reporting and decision facilitation during CD activities. Therefore, a conceptual of KMS model with EWS in CD environment of dengue fever is formulated based on the existing components of KM, KMS with EWS. Then, the components of CD activities and dengue fever are also identified and studied for the model implementation. A pre survey and the analysis of five existing previous models were carried out to determine the significant components of KMS and EWS. The pre survey results analysis and gaps drawn from the analysis of these five models are used as a basis to the initial proposed of KMS model with EWS in CD environment of dengue fever. Next, the KMS model with EWS was then validated via prototype to verify the model reliability and is evaluated via a post survey. The model which is the integration between KMS with EWS is known as KMS with EWS is to enable the capturing, storing, reusing and managing of knowledge in order to provide early warning and aid in decision facilitation of dengue fever. Abstract: Software is the inseparable part of todays human life. Each and every gadget that we use is dependent on some or other kind of software. Component based software engineering (CBSE) has provided an effective software development paradigm which allows selection of domain specific components from component repository and assemble them into a modular and scalable application. The reliability of software and its components depends on the amount of effective testing carried on it during its development life cycle. We cannot deny the fact that exhaustive testing is not possible. Selection of appropriate test suite is a combinatorial problem. Soft computing provides a promising solution for the same. Emergence of artificial intelligence over years has added fuel to nature inspired testing techniques. This paper is a comparative study of various soft computing approaches inspired by nature for reusable software components such as artificial neural network, genetic algorithm, fuzzy logic and other swarm based techniques. A comparative analysis is presented to discuss pros and cons of different soft computing techniques for software testing of reusable components along with their preferences in recent years. A future dimension is also proposed to develop hybrid techniques for optimization of testing techniques. Soft computing, Test Case Prioritization, Testing, Reusable Components. Abstract: This study observes the aspects associated with the evaluation of Students performance. To improve the performance of Students, their previous records have to be analyzed in order to determine their behavioral pattern in academic wise. This may help to assist the difficulty faced by the students to produce more marks in the semester exams and to enhance their co-curricular activities. This is done by clustering the students based on their performance. For performing the clustering process, this work utilized the fuzzy K-Mediods which takes the membership value of each student in account towards the particular cluster. The main contribution of this work is assisting to determine the level of performance of students and filtering the students who are in need of special attention by the staffs which results in improvising the quality of education. Abstract: Dimensionality reduction or feature selection is an essential pre-processing step to apply machine learning algorithm further on any data set. But at for medium dimensional datasets it is optional or on-demand requirement. But it is mandatory in high dimensional datasets. Its significance is increased to get the accurate and relevant output from machine learning algorithm. Most of the existing methods are divided into 2 types one is Dimensionality reduction and the other one is feature selection. There is very narrow gap between these two methods. Dimensionality reduction is more mathematical analysis with transformations and may or may not have same subset of features from original features. Feature selection is application of feature engineering and requires domain knowledge. But any algorithm applicable for high dimensional data requires more processing time and storage resources. We considered the processing time as basis for our problem statement and implemented a distributed algorithm for Feature Selection and named as Distributed Progressive Feature selection algorithm with Knn+Relieff for high dimensional data. In this paper applied MapReduce concept to select final sub set of relevant features in progressive manner. Simulation results showthe feature with its weights for various parameters. Abstract: In 21st century, one of the prominent learning tool in the education industry is highlighted as Educational games (EG). There are many ways in which the literature describes its importance in the current generation. In addition, the learning environment, the rules embedded in the game, the theoretical aspects on which the game is built, and the learners/subject-matter experts; all play a crucial role in EG. Hence, this requires a projecting need of understanding the relationships that allows an enhancement in the learning objectives for learners while interacting through the game environment. Although, relationships are vaguely dispersed in literature; understanding the need to interrelate other concepts of game environment with learners expectations, and how the elements of game environment interact throughout the play is essential. Therefore, this article highlights the proposed multi-domain framework for game developers to effectively map the game elements while extracting implicit vaguely supported relationships based on game environment domain and learners concepts through a systematic literature review. Consequently, this article explains on twelve (12) implicit relationships in perspective of game environment domain and learners. They are validated through qualitative interviews with eight (8) game-based learning experts. Subsequently, the results are interpreted in relevancy with all domains of proposed framework by applying interpretive hermeneutic approach, and using NViVO software to obtain the themes, sub-themes, and coding strategy was adopted to code the experts response with each relationship and its elements. The findings conclude twelve (12) explicit relationships between game environment domain and the learners relationships; for game developers to guide them through the development phase of EG. Abstract: This study developed and tested the efficacy of flipped model that is usable as a strategy for teaching and learning. The concept applied Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), Perceived usefulness (PU), Teaching Method (TM), task Technology Fit (TTF), Behavioral Attitude (BA) as factors influencing the use of the system (flipped learning). The model made used of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Task-Technology Fit (TTF) to develop some hypotheses and some connected determinants. The result of the survey conducted was tested using SmartPLS software package. The outcome of the investigation indicates that Teaching Method (TM) is the highest determinant factor followed by use intention, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, behavioural attitude and TTF. This confirmed that students belief about the manner through which they are been taught (Teaching method) has a great influence on their performance. Abstract: The objective of this research is to explore the perception of internal auditor in public companies on the use of Generalized Audit Software (GAS) to improve the transparency and accountability of financial report. The qualitative approach was used by conducting face-to-face semi structured interview with the internal auditors from Indonesian listed companies. This research used Agency Theory and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as underpinning theories, therefore this research provides academic contribution not only in auditing area but also in information technology. The results indicated not all participants agreed that GAS is helping them in producing a transparent and accountable financial report. Also, this research found that companys internal condition and individual characteristics of internal auditor are the inhibiting factors in using GAS. Abstract: This paper proposed a hybrid data deduplication technique in cloud computing, that combines different types of data deduplications for satisfying different demands and requirements. The hybrid data deduplication consists of two different hybrid subsystems, each hybrid subsystem contains a file level deduplication and chunk level deduplication. The file level deduplication shows better execution time for deduplication redundant files. And, chunk level deduplication for detecting duplicated chunks among files at the data. The subsystems are: hybrid file variable size chunk level deduplication (FVCD), and hybrid file fix size chunk level deduplication (FFCD). The FVCD satisfies the requirements of users and applications that required better effectivity in reducing the size of data. While, the FFCD provides lower execution time. And, it can be tuned by changing its chunks size. Where, increasing the chunks size reduces the execution time. But, it decreases the effectivity of reducing the size of data.

2019-04-21T16:35:24Z

http://jatit.org/volumes/ninetyfive24.php

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Stretching or carrying out a quick workout ahead of flying can eliminate or reduce your probability of getting soreness or leg cramps. Keep your travel items together. Try not to spend time if you are packing. Store every one of the travel essentials within a plastic bin. One good plan is to keep the bin below your bed where it can be taken care of but nevertheless easy to access when you need to travel. Sign up for forums and social websites that concentrate on travel. Having other travel enthusiasts to talk with and share notes with can help you plan your trip. You are able to meet people and share experiences to assist you avoid mistakes or miss seeing an important sight on your destination. When taking a trip and ultizing traveler’s checks, it is essential that you cash them before eating or shopping. Some places may accept these check, but they’re hard to work with. You could be in the strapped situation financially when you depend upon them. Bring a dry erase marker, and then make little notes about the mirror to assist you remember things. Paper notes are easily lost, but it’s hard to overlook a message on a mirror. Dry-erase markers are great what you should use when conducting this. While traveling all by yourself can be absolutely fantastic, furthermore, it puts you in danger of crime. There are specific things you can engage in, however, as a little safer. Make use of this article to support along with your traveling plans and safety.. Why Is AnyOne Discussing Agoraphobia? Regardless of your preferred mode of transportation, the traveling tips below are meant to enable you to plan your trip from beginning to end. Make use of the information below to show you the way to bring along your bags, book your hotel and plan your travel itinerary. Only pack the essentials. The less you bring, the fewer items you will likely lose or have stolen. Shoes are generally larger and heavier than most objects with your suitcase. Reducing the volume of shoes you bring can drastically reduce the weight of the baggage. Sign up for a travel price watcher. This can be a feature that lots of websites provide. It permits you to choose a destination and automatically watches the values to suit your needs. In case your hotel price or airfare drops by way of a specific amount, while you decide, the internet site alerts you having an email regarding the change. The alerts stop you from having to constantly check into such matters. Get a workout in just before getting around the plane. This will not just enable you to figure out pre-flight jitters, it is going to warm up your muscle mass to assist you to avoid cramps in a long flight. Your legs and back can cramp up from sitting a long time. Exercise or, at the very least, a session of stretching prior to a flight can minimize your cramps and eliminate sore muscles. In case you are shopping around for cheap plane tickets, don’t neglect to determine the actual airline websites themselves. Travelocity and similar websites aren’t the only real location to find deals on airfares. In case you have a motorcycle license, this vehicle could be great for taking day trips or road trips. You will get underway quickly and relish the ride easily. It might be fun traveling by motorcycle. A desert vacation offers a unique environment that few is ever going to encounter, including interesting animals and plants. Everyone ought to go to the desert to look at its majesty at least once in their lives. Use sleeping pills to help you go to sleep with an overnight flight. Lying on a plane can be tough as a result of uncomfortable seats, the strange atmosphere and also the sounds of the aircraft and other passengers. When you have sleep problems while flying, feel free to have got a sleeping pill shortly before your flight so that you can allow you to relax and perhaps have a nap in through the trip. Don’t consider the medication prior to going in the event you will find delays or problems with the plane. Take a look at when your passport expires. Many countries have rules in position about passport expiration. When your passport is expired or in close proximity to expiring, some countries won’t permit you to enter. The limit on expired passports ranges up to six months some countries could go up to and including year. Consider environmentally friendly services to have an ecologically mindful trip. Hotels may offer features for example linen reuse, lighting which is cost effective, recycling services, alternative energy and low flow toilets. Tour providers, car rental agencies, restaurants, and various other travel services have realized new ways to help travelers stay green. As you begin the whole process of starting your vacation, keep these details under consideration. The information mentioned above will assist you to when planning either an organization trip or possibly a vacation..

2019-04-20T18:51:07Z

http://www.peachfestival.net/tag/travel/

Improved survival in children with critical illnesses has led to new disease patterns. As a consequence evaluation of the well being of survivors of Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU) has become important. Outcome assessment should therefore consist of evaluation of morbidity, functional health and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). Awareness of HRQoL consequences and physical sequelae could lead to changes in support during the acute phase and thereafter. The aim of this study was to evaluate HRQoL in PICU survivors. Prospective follow-up study three and nine months after discharge from a 14-bed tertiary PICU. Eighty-one of 142 eligible, previously healthy children were included from December 2002 through October 2005. HRQoL was assessed with the TNO-AZL Preschool Children Quality of Life Questionnaire (TAPQOL-PF) for children aged 1 to 6 years of age, the TNO-AZL Children's Quality of Life Questionnaire Parent Form (TACQOL-PF) for children aged 6 to 12 years of age, and the TNO-AZL Children's Quality of Life Questionnaire Child Form (TACQOL-CF) for children aged 8 to 15 years of age. The studied patients were compared with age appropriate normative data using non-parametric tests and effect sizes. Thirty-one and 27 children, and 55 and 50 parents completed questionnaires respectively three and nine months after discharge. In 1–6 year old children parents reported more lung problems (3 and 9 months), worse liveliness (9 months) and better appetite and problem behaviour (3 months); in 6–12 year old children parents reported worse motor functioning (3 months); and 12–15 year old adolescents reported worse motor functioning (3 months). Large effect sizes indicating clinical significant differences in HRQoL with healthy control subjects were found on more domains. In this small group of PICU survivors differences in HRQoL with the normative population exist three and nine months after discharge. Calculated effect sizes were smaller nine months after discharge. These changes suggest that HRQoL improves over time. More research is necessary but we believe that HRQoL assessment should be incorporated in follow-up programs of PICU survivors. Although physical and psychological sequelae have been described, studies focusing on HRQoL in PICU survivors are scarce. [12–17] The Health Utilities Index (HUI) 2 is used in five studies to evaluate functional health. In three studies ± 30% of PICU survivors were in full health, one year after discharge. [18–20] In the Australian and Swiss studies using the HUI 2, ± 80% of the survivors were scored as having good quality of life one year after PICU discharge. [21, 22] The HUI 2 evaluates only six domains of HRQoL: sensation, mobility, emotion, cognition, self-care and pain. Evaluation is done by the parents and not the children themselves when older than eight years of age. In another Australian study the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children (RAHC) Measure of Function-Clinical Rating Scale was used to evaluate QoL: 60% of survivors had normal QoL, 3 to 24 months after discharge. Evaluation is done by the primary physician. In all studies loss of follow-up is substantial and selection bias is possible. No studies exist, evaluating changes over time in HRQoL. The aim of our study was to evaluate HRQoL in previously healthy children that were unexpectedly admitted to the PICU at two time points (three and nine months) after discharge and to evaluate whether HRQoL changes over time. Evaluation was done at the out-patient follow-up clinic by validated questionnaires completed by parents of children younger than 8 years of age and by children themselves when 8 years of age or older. We hypothesized that HRQoL is decreased after PICU discharge and improves over time. This study was part of an on-going explorative research program on physical and psychological sequelae and consequences for QoL in children and their parents after an acute and unexpected PICU admission. The PICU of the Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center Amsterdam is a tertiary PICU with 14 beds admitting patients from the greater Amsterdam area. Medical, surgical and trauma patients and patients from all pediatric subspecialties are admitted. In this study we only wanted to include previously healthy children that were unexpectedly admitted to the PICU with a serious illness, for instance respiratory and circulatory insufficiency due to respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) infection or meningococcal disease, and all trauma patients. Furthermore children admitted for respiratory insufficiency necessitating ventilatory support for at least 24 hours and children admitted to the PICU for at least 7 days were included. We excluded children with known underlying illnesses or patients with scheduled elective surgery; admission due to abuse or self-intoxication and the inability to complete Dutch questionnaires because of a language barrier. The study was done from December 2002 through October 2005. After discharge from the PICU, each family received a letter explaining the aim and content of the research program. Families were contacted by telephone to enhance participation. For cases lacking telephone contact, follow-up letters with tear-off reply slips inviting participation were sent. Written informed consent was obtained from all participating families. The Medical Ethic Committee of the Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam has approved the study protocol. Three and nine months after discharge QoL questionnaires were sent to all families with a reply envelope. All families were invited to visit the outpatient follow-up clinic three months after discharge for structured medical and psychological examination of the child by a pediatric intensivist and a psychologist. HRQoL was assessed with the TNO-AZL Preschool Children Quality of Life Questionnaire (TAPQOL-PF) for children aged 1 to 6 years of age, the TNO-AZL Children's Quality of Life Questionnaire Parent Form (TACQOL-PF) for children aged 6 to 12 years of age, and the TNO-AZL Children's Quality of Life Questionnaire Child Form (TACQOL-CF) for children aged 8 to 15 years of age. [24–31] These questionnaires are generic Dutch instruments that measure health status problems weighted by the impact of the health status problems on well being. It offers the respondent the possibility of differentiating between their functioning and the way they feel about it. Most of the items consist of two questions linked to another. On the first one, the respondent can rate on a three point scale, (never, occasionally, or often), whether or not a specific problem occurred in the past few weeks. If a problem occurred, the child can indicate how it felt about this problem on a four point Likert scale: (very) good (3) – not so well (2) – rather bad (1) – bad (0). Numbers between brackets refer to the values resulting in the HRQoL scores. (Figure 1) The items are clustered into multi-item scales; scale scores are calculated by adding up item scores within scales, with higher scores indicating better QoL. For the TAPQOL-PF crude scales scores are transformed linearly to a 0–100 scale; for the TACQOL-PF and TACQOL-CF maximum domain scores are 16 for the emotional scales and 32 for the other scales. In the calculation of the scale scores one or two missing combined-item scores are allowed for. They are replaced by the mean value of the non-missing (combined) item scores. For respondents with more missing combined item scores per scale, the scale is assumed to be missing. Normative data from the general Dutch population are available. The instruments measure HRQoL on a group level in a reliable and valid way. Reliability (Cronbach's alpha) in the general populations are moderate to good (0.59–0.84) for all scales in all questionnaires, except for 'stomach functioning' and 'motor functioning' in the TAPQOL-PF. Criterion validity is good for all scales in all questionnaires, demonstrating that the scales can detect differences between healthy and less healthy children. [27, 30, 31] The studied patients were compared with age appropriate normative data using non-parametric tests and effects sizes. Example of question in HRQoL questionnaire. Numbers between brackets refer to the values resulting in the HRQoL scores. The TAPQOL-PF assesses the child's functioning on 43 items in 12 domains: sleeping, appetite, lungs, stomach, skin, motor functioning, liveliness (together physical functioning), problem behavior, anxiety, positive mood (together emotional functioning), communication (cognitive functioning), and social functioning. Scales that measure motor functioning, social functioning and communication are applicable only to children 1.5 years and older. Patient characteristics were obtained from medical records and the Patient Data Management System. Data analysis was done with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Windows version 11.5. Before conducting the final analyses several preparation analyses were conducted: (1) Scales were constructed and missing data imputed on the basis of the guidelines of the questionnaires used; (2) descriptive statistics (Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests) were used to describe the patient characteristics of the participants and non-participants; (3) non-parametric tests, (one sample sign-test or binomial test if median was equal to maximum), were performed to test whether the median or the binomial distribution of the several HRQoL-scales scores of the patients differed from the normative data available; (4) effect sizes (d) were calculated by dividing the difference in mean scores between the patients and the normative group by the standard deviation of the scores in the normative group. According to Cohen, effect sizes of about 0.2 were considered to be small, effect sizes of about 0.5 to be moderate, and effect sizes of about 0.8 to be large ; (5) all above mentioned analyses were performed for the whole group of participants (completed questionnaires 3 and/or 9 months after discharge); (6) paired t-tests were performed for the group that completed both questionnaires, to test for differences over time. A significance level of p < 0.005 was used in all tests to compensate for multiple testing. Patients' self-reports were used for analysis unless the self-report was not available due to the young age of the patient. Separate analyses were conducted for (1) patients aged 1–5 years, using the TAPQOL-PF, (2) patients aged 6–11 years, using the TACQOL-PF, (3) patients aged 8–11 years, using the TACQOL-CF for children, and (4) patients aged 12–15 years, using the TACQOL-CF for adolescents. We decided to report all age groups despite small numbers, because the results in the different age groups were comparable. A total of 142 patients were eligible for participation in this part of the study. Twenty-seven refused participation (for geographical reasons or no interest), 12 said that they would like to participate but never returned their questionnaires or did not complete the full questionnaire; 22 families did not respond at all. Of 81 children either the children or their parents completed one or both questionnaires. The response rate is 57%. Thirty-one and 27 children completed questionnaires respectively three and nine months after discharge; 55 and 50 parents completed questionnaires respectively three and nine months after discharge. Twenty-three children and 36 parents completed questionnaires at both moments. (Figure 2) Statistically significant differences were found between participants and non-participants with respect to length of stay in the PICU. Fourteen participants and no non-participants had lengths of stay in the PICU of longer than 21 days. (Table 1). Participants and non-participants. Numbers of participants that completed the different questionnaires at 3 and 9 months after discharge and numbers of non-participants. * p < 0.005 whole group versus normative data. In the parents and children that completed both questionnaires, no statistically significant differences were found over time, indicating that HRQoL did not change from three to nine months after discharge. This is one of the first studies to describe HRQoL of children after a PICU experience using validated and reliable instruments. In all age groups, except for 8–12 year old children statistically significant differences with the normative population were found on a number of domains. The parents of 1–6 year old children reported statistically significant lower scores on lung problems and liveliness; and statistically significant higher scores on emotional domains like problem behaviour and appetite. The parents of 6–12 year old children and the 12–15 year old children scored statistically significant lower on motor functioning. In the children and parents that completed questionnaires three and nine months after discharge no statistically significant differences were found over time. However, almost all differences with the healthy Dutch population disappeared after nine months, except for worse motor functioning in almost all age groups and more lung problems, worse positive mood and worse liveliness in 1–6 year old children. Effect sizes (d) were calculated to assess the magnitude of differences in mean scores between the patient sample and the normative population. In all evaluated groups moderate and large effect sizes were found on more HRQoL domains than statistically significant differences were found. At three months after discharge, effect size calculation indicated worse HRQoL on physical, social and emotional domains compared to the normative population. At nine months after discharge most effect sizes decreased, indicating improvement of HRQoL, except for motor functioning, positive mood and liveliness in 1–6 year old children. Probably statistically significant differences were not found due to the small number of evaluated patients in the different age groups. Despite the lack of statistically significant differences, changes in effect size suggest that several domains of HRQoL are decreased at three months after discharge and improve over time. In the 1–6 year old children large and moderate effect sizes are found nine months after discharge in four domains: more lung problems, worse motor functioning, worse positive mood and worse liveliness. Apparently, parents of these young children report more physical and emotional problems than parents of healthy peers. HRQoL questionnaires or other measures on psychosocial functioning should be used to clarify problems as they are experienced by parents after discharge. We think that this finding needs further research. It is important to notice that children and adolescents report more negative emotions compared to their healthy peers three months after discharge. Negative emotions included in the questionnaire are feelings of irritation or anger. Although the differences were not statistically significant we think that this finding needs further research. Surprisingly children and adolescents did not report a worse HRQoL for physical symptoms. (Table 4 and 5) Apparently children show physical recovery after PICU survival but the emotional impact may be substantial. A number of limitations to this study should be taken into account. First, a considerable number of children were lost due to non-response and refusal. Other follow-up studies in the PICU have had similar response rates. Due to the small number of children in the different age groups statistically significant differences with the normative population were scarce. Second, of the patients that participated an even smaller number fulfilled questionnaires at both moments. Possibly due to small numbers, we did not see effects over time. Third, we probably failed to see a number of patients whose parents were experiencing psychological problems, such as avoidance and refusal to come back to the hospital, a well known characteristic of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. [12, 14, 38]Fourth, participants had a statistically significant longer stay in the PICU. Probably this is due to a small number of participants that were admitted longer than 21 days and therefore had more commitment to the PICU which might have influenced them to participate in the study. Fifth, we included a predominantly Caucasian Dutch population. The results of this study are not necessarily to be extrapolated to patients from other ethnic or cultural communities.Sixth, the results of this study are influenced by known limitations of the used questionnaires. The questionnaires have been described in manuals with appropriate normative populations. Cronbach's alpha's in all normative populations are moderate to good. For some scales reliability has been rather low, which may have been due to the low prevalence and variance of problems in the general population sample. The questionnaires are designed primarily for research purposes and focus mainly on data aggregated on the group level, for example in clinical trials, evaluative or descriptive studies. Thus, all scales can be used for group comparisons in a valid and reliable way. Finally, considering the small numbers of patients in the different age groups we have not been able to study the determinants of HRQoL. In future research it is important to pay attention to determinants of HRQoL of PICU survivors, to identify those most at risk for problems. In this small group of PICU survivors differences in HRQoL with the normative population exist three and nine months after discharge. Calculated effect sizes were smaller nine months after discharge. These changes suggest that HRQoL improves over time. Apparently PICU admission impacts HRQoL three and nine months after discharge. More research is necessary but we believe that HRQoL assessment should be incorporated in follow-up programs of PICU survivors. It should include (1) HRQoL evaluation, (2) evaluation of risk factors for decreased HRQoL and (3) support after discharge if needed. Because awareness of HRQoL consequences and physical sequelae could lead to changes in treatment during the acute phase, pediatric intensivists should be core members of PICU follow-up programs. HK drafted the manuscript, HK and MBB collected the data for this study, HK, MBB and APB contributed to the analysis and interpretation of data and wrote the manuscript, MAG designed the study, contributed to the interpretation of the data and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

2019-04-22T05:05:47Z

https://hqlo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7525-6-21

Evaluation of lymph node (LN) status is an important factor for detecting metastasis and thereby staging breast cancer. Currently utilized clinical techniques involve the surgical disruption and resection of lymphatic structure, whether nodes or axillary contents, for histological examination. While reasonably effective at detection of macrometastasis, the majority of the resected lymph nodes are histologically negative. Improvements need to be made to better detect micrometastasis, minimize or eliminate lymphatic disruption complications, and provide immediate and accurate intraoperative feedback for in vivo cancer staging to better guide surgery. We evaluated the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT), a high-resolution, real-time, label-free imaging modality for the intraoperative assessment of human LNs for metastatic disease in patients with breast cancer. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of double-blinded trained readers who analyzed intraoperative OCT LN images for presence of metastatic disease, using co-registered post-operative histopathology as the gold standard. Our results suggest that intraoperative OCT examination of LNs is an appropriate real-time, label-free, non-destructive alternative to frozen-section analysis, potentially offering faster interpretation and results to empower superior intraoperative decision-making. Intraoperative OCT has strong potential to supplement current post-operative histopathology with real-time in situ assessment of LNs to preserve both non-cancerous nodes and their lymphatic vessels, and thus reduce the associated risks and complications from surgical disruption of lymphoid structures following biopsy. The status of lymph nodes (LNs), with or without metastatic disease, is an important factor in staging cancer, determining appropriate therapies and offering a more accurate prognosis since the transport of primary cancer cells via the lymphatic system is one of the main pathways of metastasis to distant organs. Currently, for staging breast cancer, lymph node status is predominantly evaluated via sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), which involves the removal and analysis of the first, or sentinel, node(s) along the lymphatic chain of nodes draining the primary tumor [1, 2]. During breast cancer lumpectomy or mastectomy, SLNs are identified through the accumulation of a radioactive agent (Technetium-99) and/or blue dye (isosulfan or methylene) within the node, frequently resulting in the resection and submission of multiple nodes for subsequent, time-consuming, frozen-section or post-operative histopathological analysis [3–7]. While SLNB has progressively replaced axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for the initial evaluation of nodal involvement in breast cancer staging, a recent meta-analysis of intraoperative frozen-section analysis (47 studies, 13,062 patients total) has reported a mean sensitivity of 73 % and specificity of 100 % . Though this study illustrates that frozen-section has been reasonably successful in detecting macrometastatic disease (metastatic tumor cell foci > 2 mm) in SLNs (94 % sensitivity), micrometastatic disease (tumor cell foci of 0.2–2 mm) detection has proven to be evasive (40 % sensitivity), and post-operative hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining has shown false negative rates as high as 77 % [5–9]. Even random axillary sampling procedures and ALND limited to level 1 (lymph nodes located in the axilla) can miss metastases in 20–25 % of cases because of sampling limitations and the challenge of detecting cancer at the early stages [10, 11]. Additionally, approximately 75 % of resected nodes from all types of breast cancer are diagnosed tumor-free in post-operative permanent sections . Combined with the fact that the controversial practice of delayed ALND as a second procedure after SLNB micrometastasis detection has been shown to be “oncologically meaningless in 90 % of cases” , it can be seen that there is an unnecessary increase of surgical cost, time and patient risk of complications, such as lymphedema and/or sensory changes due to disruption and/or obstruction of the lymphatic drainage network [5, 12, 13]. Lymphedema is considered the most significant concern due to the lifelong risk following surgery, because it occurs in 13–27 % of breast cancer surgery patients, and because it could be refractory to treatment . All of these factors have fueled the ongoing debate of whether frozen-section examination in SLNB is beneficial to the patient due to the rates of surgical complications [11–18]. Thus, an intraoperative method for the in vivo assessment of SLN status that could replace frozen-section analysis by providing immediate and accurate feedback for cancer staging would thus reduce surgical complication risks by reducing the number of normal lymph nodes resected. Current intraoperative cancer imaging or sensing techniques, such as ultrasound imaging or the detection of radioactive probes, are limited by low spatial resolution [19, 20]. These techniques, as well as x-ray computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can provide LN size and general morphological information, but lack the resolution to reliably detect the presence of metastatic deposits smaller than 2 mm in the LN [21–23]. In several studies, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging has been demonstrated to offer high sensitivity [24–26]. While these NIR fluorescent dye injections can be followed in real-time, the localization of the dye only shows the presence of the SLN, not whether the SLN contains metastatic disease [24–26]. Additionally, aside from ultrasound imaging, use of these screening modalities is largely disruptive to surgical workflow and prolong the procedure in much the same way as frozen-section. Therefore, the need for a superior technique to immediately, non-invasively and accurately assess LNs for the presence of metastatic disease remains. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides label-free, real-time, high-resolution, microstructural imaging not possible with other imaging modalities, and is therefore better suited for the more precise localization and detection of tumor tissue [27–32]. OCT is the optical analogue of ultrasound imaging, wherein tissue is illuminated with near-infrared light and the backscattered light is collected to construct non-invasive, depth-resolved tissue images. OCT imaging resolution is roughly a factor of 10–100× higher than clinical ultrasound imaging, however OCT cannot image as deeply. The 1–2 mm imaging penetration depth (depending on the tissue type) and the cellular-level resolution of OCT enables the imaging and identification of normal LN microstructure, such as the capsule, cortex, follicles and germinal centers [30, 33–36]. Infiltration of metastatic disease in the subcapsular region of a LN and other morphological changes associated with metastatic involvement can be identified as bright, highly scattering regions (of pixels) correlated to irregularly dense, homogeneous focal areas when real-time scanning of LN tissue is performed prior to and/or immediately following surgical resection [29, 30, 33–35]. Therefore, intraoperative OCT has the potential to assess LN architecture through an intact capsule and even, without having to physically resect the LN for analysis, providing valuable and accurate real-time feedback to the surgeon on the presence or absence of metastatic disease and potentially enabling the preservation of reactive but non-metastatic nodes, reducing the risk of lymphadema. In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative three-dimensional OCT (3D-OCT) for the assessment of metastatic disease in SLNs resected during breast cancer surgery, when compared to the gold-standard post-operative histopathological assessment. The study was conducted according to Declaration of Helsinki principles at two sites (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Carle Foundation Hospital) in accordance to protocols approved by the Institutional Review Boards at the participating institutions. All participants provided informed written consent prior to enrollment for both ex vivo imaging of LNs and obtaining de-identified pathology reports. Eligible patients were ages 18 years or older, diagnosed with breast cancer and scheduled for surgical intervention with sentinel/axillary LN biopsy. This study included SLNB for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cases, although the role of SLNB in DCIS cases remains controversial . Patients with known infectious blood borne diseases, such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), were excluded from this study. No subject was excluded based on race, ethnic group or gender. A total of 51 subjects were imaged, but only 42 were used in post-analysis based on OCT image evaluation inclusion criteria. A summary of the patient demographics and the related tissue and tumor types is shown in Table 1. The portable system used for this study included a commercial spectral domain OCT system (Bioptigen, Inc., 633 Davis Dr., Suite 480, Morrisville, NC 27560) that employed a superluminescent diode as an optical source with a center wavelength of 1310 nm. Signal from this source was passed through a 50:50 optical fiber coupler that was equally split between the reference and sample arms, shown in Fig. 1. In the sample arm, galvanometers and objective lenses (with a fixed focus) were used to volumetrically scan the tissue specimen (5 × 5 × 2 mm) at 7.4 frames/sec (6 kHz A-scan rate) via raster collection of B-scans along the x-y plane. The acquired image datasets have 11 μm axial resolution and 11 μm transverse resolution. The power at the tissue specimen was 1 mW, lower than that found in most commercially available laser pointers. Optical signal reflections collected from the sample and reference arms were recombined at the 50:50 optical fiber coupler, collimated, acquired by the spectral line camera, and stored on the system computer. All images were acquired and post-operatively reviewed with a commercial software package (InVivoVue, Bioptigen, Inc.). The subjects, as per standard of care, were injected with a radioactive agent (Technetium-99) and/or methylene blue dye prior to the lumpectomy or mastectomy procedure. Axillary LNs were identified by the accumulation of the injected agent and/or dye, resected individually or as an axillary contents specimen, and provided to the intraoperative research staff for 3D-OCT imaging prior to sending the tissue specimen(s) for routine histopathological examination. In a separate study, 3D-OCT imaging of ex vivo rat LNs containing these localization agents, compared to control LNs, demonstrated that the localization agents do not have a significant effect on the optical scattering or absorption properties in OCT images (data not included). The tissue specimens were placed in sterile Petri dishes on a mounted, micrometer-positioning stage for optimizing the tissue alignment under the OCT sample arm beam to position the surface of the tissue as close to the top of the OCT imaging frame without risking image wrapping. 3D-OCT datasets were recorded from one or more locations per LN, depending on the size of the node, and marked with surgical ink, which was then set with acetic acid for subsequent correlation to histopathology. All tissue specimens were then returned to the operating room staff after no more than 10 min of OCT imaging (conducted in parallel with the ongoing surgical procedure) and sent for standard histological processing and pathological analysis. This was done under such time constraints so as to minimize impact on surgical procedure work flow, however, this did restrict the number of LNs that could be imaged during each surgery and any additional LNs resected could not be imaged and included in analysis. We performed a double-blinded study comparing the assessment of OCT datasets to co-registered standard histopathology specimen analysis. A board-certified pathologist examined the co-registered regions on the histology slides to determine the presence of metastatic disease or other significant structural features that may be represented in the OCT image(s). Subsets of the 3D-OCT datasets that correlated with the corresponding histopathology were independently analyzed by three trained OCT readers and classified as “metastatic” or “non-metastatic”. These readers were trained using a correlated OCT-histology training set of four sample cases illustrating key OCT features of “metastatic” and “non-metastatic” cases prior to beginning the blinded analysis. Trained reader analysis of the OCT datasets was guided by the proposed decision tree, shown in Fig. 2, which was developed without input from the three readers. Datasets were not included for reader analysis if LN structure was not imaged due to limitations of OCT penetration depth and any overlying tissue obstruction, such as exceedingly thick surrounding adipose tissue (>2 mm) overlying the external capsule of the LN. The classification of individual OCT datasets was subsequently consolidated for each OCT observer. Use of a majority voting system for classifying each OCT dataset as cancerous or non-cancerous was supported by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis (Fig. 3). Furthermore, LNs that had multiple OCT imaging locations were identified as cancerous if any of the corresponding OCT datasets were classified as cancerous. These OCT analyses for each node were then compared to histological findings, as the gold standard, to calculate system sensitivity and specificity (95 % exact, small sample confidence intervals). Our mobile cart-based intraoperative OCT system was utilized in 51 operations for patients with a preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma, wherein 184 3D-OCT image sets from 128 LNs were acquired immediately following surgical resection and prior to submission of the specimens for standard histopathological processing and analysis (Table 1). The ex vivo imaging sessions required between 5 and 10 min, depending on the size and number of tissue specimens, as well as the number of images acquired, comparatively a fraction of the time required for frozen-section processing and analysis. While most operations had fewer than 5 LNs resected and every LN was able to be imaged within the time constraint, there were several cases where 15–53 LNs were resected. During these cases, only a fraction of the LNs could be imaged and included in the study, without disrupting the surgical procedure workflow. Only 99 3D-OCT images of 76 lymph nodes from 42 operations were used in post-analysis, which, along with surgical imaging time constraints, was based on OCT image evaluation inclusion criteria, namely if the lymph node tissue was present in the correlated histology and OCT image region(s). In the other cases, LN tissue was absent from the OCT images due to excess overlying adipose tissue. Representative correlated cases of a normal non-metastatic human LN and a cancerous metastatic human LN are shown in Fig. 4. In comparison, representative correlated images of a false positive and a false negative case are shown in Fig. 5. Similar to image-based representations in x-ray mammography, bright white regions in the OCT images indicate dense, highly scattering tissue potentially indicative of metastatic disease. Accordingly, a brief, sample training image set and decision tree (Fig. 2) were developed, from knowledge attained from prior work [30, 33–35]. This provided the three OCT-experienced readers with direction for identifying native LN anatomical structure, irregular highly scattering tissue localization and extension, and possible image artifacts from imaging limitations in surgery, such as too much overlying adipose or dense tissue affecting imaging penetration. Ultimately, each trained reader classified the LN OCT datasets as “metastatic” or “non-metastatic”. A majority voting system (2 “metastatic” classifications) was initially anticipated to be the most effective assessment method. An ROC curve, a standard graphical means for analyzing a binary classifier system (i.e. metastatic vs. non-metastatic) , was utilized to visually validate which of the following methods was most effective for classifying LNs under the presented trained reader, post-operative OCT analysis: single “metastatic” reading from a trained OCT reader, majority vote or unanimous decision. Each individual reader’s sensitivity and specificity are also indicated and there is no statistically significant difference between individual readers when comparing each reader’s confidence interval. Majority voting, which is not unlike other decision-making procedures in diagnostics, was verified (Fig. 3) to be the most effective assessment method because it is the point quantifiably illustrated as the furthest from the “random guess” line and closest to the “perfect classification” point. From majority voting OCT reader analysis, sensitivity and specificity were 58.8 % (95 % CI, 32.9–81.6) and 81.4 % (95 % CI, 69.1–90.3), respectively. Considered in other terms, hypothetically if OCT imaging were performed in situ with a hand-held surgical imaging probe, and OCT was used alone to guide LN resection in all of these cases without the use of an injectable tracer or palpation information, the procedures would have resulted in a total of only 21 resected LNs, instead of 76, over 42 surgeries. This would have reduced the total number of resected LNs by 72 % by preventing the unnecessary resection of 48 non-metastatic LNs, but forgoing the resection of 7 metastatic LNs. In this study, the confidence intervals for sensitivity are wide due to a limited number of positive (“metastatic”) sites, while the confidence intervals for specificity are narrower due to a larger number of negative (“non-metastatic”) sites imaged. The percentage of resected, positive (“metastatic”) LNs in our study was originally in accordance with the national standard (less than 10 %) [5, 11, 13]. Toward the end of the study, however, we specifically recruited pre-operative biopsy-proven positive cases to increase our proportion of positive LNs to 22 % in an attempt to develop a more balanced statistical analysis. These results demonstrate that OCT has the potential to be an informative and rapid imaging modality for intraoperative assessment and surgical decision-making of metastatic disease in human lymph nodes. The high specificity indicates a low number of false positives (Fig. 5a and b), which means that when the LN is “non-metastatic”, our readers were more readily able to identify normal LN tissue (Fig. 4a and b). This could potentially enable the identification and reduced resection of truly non-reactive, normal LNs and thereby reduce the incidence of lymphedema. However, the moderate sensitivity indicates a poor number of false negatives (Fig. 5c and d), or when the LN is “metastatic”, our readers misidentified a cancerous LN for a non-cancerous one. This is in large part due to image artifacts that were also present in many prior ex vivo OCT imaging studies, and though this information was used to develop the brief, sample training image set and decision tree (Fig. 2), reader analysis difficulty persists [30, 33–35]. In some of these cases, the OCT signal intensity from a cancerous region(s) was shadowed or reduced by overlying, highly dense stromal tissue, producing a strong OCT signal reflection with diminished signal from deeper tissue (Fig. 5c and d). Additionally, in some cases, thick, overlying adipose tissue restricted the cancerous region in the middle of the LN to the bottom half of the OCT frame, where signal intensity is again weaker from scattering effects, refraction and shadowing, illustrated in Fig. 5c and d. Furthermore, in several cases, the overlying adipose layer was disrupted and/or lost due to its inherent fragility during histopathological processing. This can make correlation with OCT more difficult since the tissue marking inks can consequently be disrupted and/or lost during processing, constraining correlations to be made solely through matching LN morphology (Fig. 5d). While real-time, OCT-guided LN evaluation is non-destructive and less time consuming than frozen-section analysis, a frozen-section preparation provides deeper tissue visualization. Although the imaging team was restricted by our IRB protocol from doing so in this study, future intraoperative OCT use might require the removal or displacement of any overlying adipose tissue to better expose the LN capsule, maximize OCT imaging depth into the node, and improve overall signal quality through reduced scattering, refraction and shadowing artifacts. For suspicious and/or large tissue samples, hemisection followed by OCT imaging of the corresponding cut surfaces would enable imaging and visualization of deeper LN structures comparable to standard frozen-section analysis, while still remaining the faster of the two techniques. Interestingly, in all false positive 3D-OCT datasets, the corresponding histology revealed crush artifacts and/or grossly reactive, yet histologically non-metastatic, nodules (Fig. 5b), which are much more dense than normal LN tissue and could produce higher optical scattering similar to that from metastatic cell infiltration (Fig. 4c). The crush artifacts could also be attributed to tissue trauma during resection or gross histopathological sectioning, and therefore in situ imaging could reduce the occurrence of these artifacts in the OCT images. Given that the current surgical standard supports resection of suspicious LNs, OCT may offer the most surgical benefit by providing additional means for identifying normal LNs and thereby reduce unnecessary resection of additional LNs beyond the true SLNs, thereby reducing unnecessary surgical disruption of lymphoid tissue and associated lymphatic vessels. Further improvements in OCT resolution, through the incorporation of computed imaging techniques such as interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy (ISAM) [38, 39] and computational adaptive optics (CAO) [40, 41] could further enhance the real-time diagnostic capabilities of OCT in the operating room. Use of injectable magnetic nanoparticles , such as iron oxide, has shown promise as an alternative to the current radiotracers or dyes, as well as a method for improving OCT image quality and cancer detection when coupled with magnetomotive OCT . Optical needle probes used for beam-delivery in OCT systems could be inserted into suspicious in vivo LNs to provide greater OCT imaging depth penetration while minimizing tissue disruption, especially compared to LN hemisection [44–46]. Additionally, improvements in OCT data acquisition rates could facilitate faster intraoperative imaging of all exposed tissue surfaces, whether in vivo or across an ex vivo specimen, to construct a more complete evaluation, especially when coupled with ISAM and CAO . These techniques could be integrated into surgical systems to improve OCT depth resolution and acquisition speed in real-time, and enable further improved detection of metastases not possible with current medical imaging technology. Further improvements and coupling with optical molecular imaging techniques like nonlinear interferometric vibrational imaging (NIVI) of intrinsic molecular markers could produce a more sensitive and accurate color-coded image differentiating cancer from normal tissues . Although all LN metastases evaluated in this study were classified as macrometastases, ongoing work with an intraoperative handheld OCT probe functioning with near-cellular resolution could lead to identification of LN metastases smaller than 2 mm. Additionally, future intraoperative OCT-guided assessment of in situ LNs by the surgeon will incorporate additional key information that will contribute towards diagnosis. Although there are limitations to OCT, such as under-sampling while imaging, and the extended time needed for scanning/sampling an entire node, these limitations are also present in frozen-section analysis. Furthermore, while our trained readers were blinded during their assessment of only the 3D-OCT datasets, intraoperative surgical OCT-guided assessment will be accompanied by far more subject case and procedural knowledge, such as pre-operative findings, LN size, visual and palpable features and the presence of injectable radiotracer and/or dye. Therefore, future studies incorporating intraoperative in vivo 3D-OCT assessment by surgeons will likely facilitate a more practical evaluation of OCT compared to frozen-section analysis. The potential role for a surgical pathologist to review and interpret the real-time 3D-OCT data during the surgical procedure also exists, as an alternative to their role in sectioning, staining and interpreting frozen-section histopathology. While real-time, 3D-OCT transcapsule imaging will not likely replace surgical specimen histopathology (where true cellular and molecular diagnostics are achieved), it does enable advantages for both assessment speed and in vivo imaging, which are preferred over any ex vivo technique when considering tissue conservation. Use of an intraoperative handheld probe for in vivo assessment of breast cancer could also enable LN evaluation prior to removal, and a potential corresponding reduction of risk of complications such as lymphedema. Therefore, OCT could provide a more effective means for LN assessment and intraoperative cancer staging while potentially reducing unnecessary surgery time and the time and costs associated with extensive frozen-section or post-operative histopathology for the large number of histologically normal LNs. Current intraoperative cancer imaging and sensing techniques are limited by low spatial resolution and a clear need remains for a superior technique that can non-invasively and accurately assess LNs for the presence of metastatic disease. Intraoperative OCT has strong potential to supplement current post-operative histopathology with real-time in situ assessment of LNs to preserve both non-cancerous nodes and their lymphatic vessels. Use of such technology could reduce the associated risks and complications from surgical disruption of lymphoid structures following biopsy. The authors would like to thank Barbara Hall from the Carle Cancer Center and Carle Foundation Hospital Research Office, as well as all the surgical and nursing staff for providing research and logistical support for this study. We also thank Darold Spillman from the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology for operations and information technology support. This research was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01 EB012479 and R01 CA166309). Additional information can be found at: http://biophotonics.illinois.edu. Stephen A. Boppart is co-founder, Chief Medical Officer and consultant for Diagnostic Photonics, Inc., which is licensing intellectual property from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign related to Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Microscopy. He also receives royalties for patents licensed by MIT related to optical coherence tomography. For the remaining authors, none were declared. RMN participated in the intraoperative OCT imaging, histology digitizing and OCT correlation, histology analysis, decision tree design, statistical analysis and drafting the manuscript. SGA participated in the intraoperative OCT imaging, decision tree design, trained reader analysis, statistical analysis and drafting the manuscript. MM participated in the study design, histology analysis, trained reader analysis and drafting the manuscript. EJC participated in the intraoperative OCT imaging, histology analysis and drafting the manuscript. FAS participated in the intraoperative OCT imaging, histology digitizing and OCT correlation, and drafting the manuscript. GLM participated in the intraoperative OCT imaging and trained reader analysis. NDS, SJE and RLS participated in the decision tree design and trained reader analysis. AJB participated in the trained reader analysis. DGS participated in the study design, statistical analysis and drafting the manuscript. KAC performed the surgeries. ZGL conducted the histology analysis. PSR performed the surgeries and participated in the drafting of the manuscript. SAB led the study design and participated in the decision tree design, statistical analysis and drafting of the manuscript. All authors have read and have approved this manuscript for publication.

2019-04-21T08:58:13Z

https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-016-2194-4

We’d love your help. Let us know what’s wrong with this preview of Personal by Lee Child. To ask other readers questions about Personal, please sign up. To me thiis book is very different from other Reacher tales. It is too wordy, cerebral and boring. But Lee Child can write so you will wizz throught it as usual. Maybe he wrote it for a screenplay venue. Did anyone else find it different from the usual? Edward Wolfe I was about 40 pages in (which took a couple days, which is highly unusual for a Reacher book) when I asked out loud, "Who wrote this?" But I didn't care for this book at all. Actually my least favourite book of Reacher. I'm the type of person that buys books on pre-order. Lots and lots of them. However....there are only two authors I actually READ on release day.....John Sandford and Lee Child.....Usually I read Lee's in a single sitting....no more than two days....This one took me over two weeks to muddle through it. I've been trying to figure out why this one is so different for me. It's taken me a bit, but I think I figured it out finally. Reacher wasn't on his own. I understand he's been part of makeshift teams before. However, even as a team member he was always on his own....working for himself....because he wanted to correct some wrong in the world. This book was full of politics. It was just bogged down. The story line just got lost in all the politics and the conspiracy and back office deals. Reacher felt like a puppet in this novel. He had no personality. I see England, I see France, I see Reacher's underpants. No, only fooling. I've never seen Jack Reacher's undies, although I wouldn't mind doing so as long as it was the “real” Reacher and not the Tom Cruise midget Hack Reacher Hollywood version. Does Reacher even wear underwear? Has Lee Child ever told us? And if he does, are they tighty whities or boxers? Anyway, how did we get on the subject of Jack's foundation garments? Oh, yeah, I was talking about seeing England and France, which we get t I see England, I see France, I see Reacher's underpants. Anyway, how did we get on the subject of Jack's foundation garments? Oh, yeah, I was talking about seeing England and France, which we get to do in this novel, and that's what makes it fun to read. Those of us who have been with Jack Reacher from the start have grown a mite weary of seeing him land in yet another creepy one-hydrant small town somewhere in the bowels of America. So Lee Child got smart and made him a world traveler in this latest installment. I don't know about the rest of you, but it really purples my nurples when I look at a review of a book I've been anticipating with great relish, only to have one or two lines in that review ruin it all for me by giving away too much information. I don't generally write much in the way of reviews for books in the suspense/thriller category because I'm afraid that one little thing I say might spoil it for some eager reader. So how to review this book? Without spoilers. Without even a hint of spoilers. You can read the publisher blurb and get a pretty good feel for the general plot, but even those dadgum blurb writers seem to include spoilers these days. What I will say is that this book was one heck of a lot of fun to read. There's a great mix of characters we've never met before. There are colorful English hoodlums and American military has-beens and world-class snipers, one of whom takes a shot at the president of France, which sets the wheels in motion for Reacher to seek a confrontation with a guy he put in prison over 15 years ago. This is a super-intelligent thriller with some great humor thrown in. I won't tell you my favorite laugh-out-loud lines, because I want you to be as surprised and delighted by them as I was. Seeing how Lee Child is so smart and does his research so well, I was surprised to find that he didn't do his homework on pharmaceuticals for this novel. He apparently has Zoloft confused with Xanax, and has a major female character popping a Zoloft whenever she's nervous or needs to sleep. That's my only real criticism of the book. I read an advance copy, and I hope the error will be corrected in the final version. I see there is a lot of debate between Lee Child fans about whether this is a good book or not. I liked it four stars worth! Okay it was a bit different especially as the action takes place in Europe instead of America. I actually found that a refreshing change. And it does get a bit wordy in parts but makes up for it with some great action and an intriguing game of double guessing who the real baddy is. I really enjoyed it. They persuade us that however terrible the situation, some sort If you're into stuff like this, you can read the full review. Man, I can be a diehard fan of someone as much as the next guy, but, after reading Personal, I felt the same way I did after I read the latest John Sandford novel. I felt like I'd been had, that these guys are slacking and leaning a little too heavily on their fans to prop them up, like they are coasting, like they are semi-retired rich dudes just waiting for the checks to roll in. Well, screw that, boys! There are too many people out there who are still TRYING to write something worth reading for me to waste too much time or money on that crap! I've already scrapped Sandford's Virgil Flowers series as he carelessly allowed one of his golfing buddies to get a little too involved and turned out a piece of crap, and I'm not afraid to throw any future efforts in the Reacher series on the scrap-heap, too. A page turner filled with action, thrills and violence aplenty. However it feels like something is missing that exists in the other Jack Reacher books. I don't think Jack being the narrator helps as it seems to spoil the action having everything explained, often beforehand. Enjoyable and a quick read but not the best in this series in my opinion. A solid Jack Reacher novel by Lee Child. A sniper is wild ... trying to assassinate a G8 leader in the G8 summit in the UK. The sniper and Jack Reacher got a history. A solid page turner and full of blood and guts ... bullets and chases.. cars... London.. Paris and the USA. By coincidence, Jack Reacher picked up a discarded Army Times newspaper and discovered a classified ad directed at him – contact Shoemaker it said – and as he owed the General a favour, he did just that. But in doing so, the direction of his aimless wandering changed considerably; sixteen years previously Reacher put a man in prison – he learnt that man had been out for twelve months; was Reacher going to have to hunt him down again? On learning that the President of France had been targeted by a By coincidence, Jack Reacher picked up a discarded Army Times newspaper and discovered a classified ad directed at him – contact Shoemaker it said – and as he owed the General a favour, he did just that. But in doing so, the direction of his aimless wandering changed considerably; sixteen years previously Reacher put a man in prison – he learnt that man had been out for twelve months; was Reacher going to have to hunt him down again? On learning that the President of France had been targeted by a sniper, and an expert in long range shooting as well, the governments of each country reacted immediately. With the G8 summit destined for London in the near future it meant that cooperation was needed on a grand scale. Accompanied by Casey Nice, a young and relatively new CIA agent, Reacher headed for London where they needed to do intense investigating, but under cover – the Brits weren’t to know they were there. As Reacher and Nice moved deep into the London underground, the danger mounted. Reacher knew who he was after – but there were other elements at stake. Would they manage to get out with their lives? I was disappointed in this latest instalment by Lee Child. An extreme amount of dialogue (by Reacher) with occasional bursts of action – it had me wondering when it would improve. I’ve previously enjoyed every book in the Jack Reacher series, but felt a little bored and let down by Personal. It almost felt like it was written by someone else. But in saying that, I urge Reacher lovers to give it a go – it could just be me! The evidence suggests that this may have only been a practice round. The leaders of the G8 nations One day in Paris someone takes a shot at the President of France from three-quarters of a mile away and damn near hits him, but a sheet of bullet-proof glass in front of the podium deflects the shot. Only a handful of people in the world could have made that shot, and probably only one American--a sniper named John Kott who was released from prison a year earlier after doing a fifteen-year stretch. Nothing really happens until the 16th chapter, page 87 ... unusual for a Jack Reacher novel. Lee Child likes to set the foundation in detail. I realize that it's necessary to a point, but this novel, unlike the other Reacher novels I've read, focuses primarily on strategies, hypothetical situations & scenarios, and way too much detail about the artillery/ammunition used or not used as in some cases. He goes into all the technical stuff, such as velocity of bullets, ranges, angles, specificat Nothing really happens until the 16th chapter, page 87 ... unusual for a Jack Reacher novel. Lee Child likes to set the foundation in detail. I realize that it's necessary to a point, but this novel, unlike the other Reacher novels I've read, focuses primarily on strategies, hypothetical situations & scenarios, and way too much detail about the artillery/ammunition used or not used as in some cases. He goes into all the technical stuff, such as velocity of bullets, ranges, angles, specifications, material used, etc., I mean pages of this. “Personally,” this reader just wanted him to get on with the story. The knock-down drag out fist-fighting is much the same, a blow by blow description of how it went down, to get the bad guy ... and when he finally gets the bad guy, which we all know he is going to do, it seems anti-climatic. I've skimmed through this part of his novels in the past, but found myself tempted more often by this one. I like the character of Jack Reacher, and will continue reading any future releases. If you haven't read a Reacher novel, don't start with this one. Even though each can be read independently, you will enjoy the series a lot more if you start with Book 1: The Killing Floor. Then you can see how Jack grows through the years as he stumbles across various situations, always ready to help the underdog. It pains me to give such an acclaimed author a rating as low as 2-stars, but I'm trying to be honest here. Look, I've read every Jack Reacher book. Lee Child is one of my favorite authors. But by the time you get to the finale, you're just like "Wait, what? This doesn't even make sense. Is this really happening?" I thought about giving an extra star because there's a fair amount of energy in the book--it's a mess, but it's a fast-paced, rollicking mess. In the end, I decided to use one of my rare one-star ratings to wave off other folks. Just to check that I wasn't crazy, I handed it off to my wife wi Look, I've read every Jack Reacher book. Lee Child is one of my favorite authors. But by the time you get to the finale, you're just like "Wait, what? This doesn't even make sense. Is this really happening?" I thought about giving an extra star because there's a fair amount of energy in the book--it's a mess, but it's a fast-paced, rollicking mess. In the end, I decided to use one of my rare one-star ratings to wave off other folks. Just to check that I wasn't crazy, I handed it off to my wife without saying anything about the book. She's a Lee Child fan too, but she really didn't like Personal either. She considered it a two-star book. Somebody takes a shot at the french president and he gets saved by a new safety glass but suddenly all major security servies get mighty nervous. they make a list of the possible shooters who might be able to do a shot like the one aimed at the French president. This list contains one wrathful person who has been put into jail by a certain military policeman by the name of Reacher. So the powers that be in the US want Reacher on the case and ship him to France were Reacher finds the weather pleas Somebody takes a shot at the french president and he gets saved by a new safety glass but suddenly all major security servies get mighty nervous. they make a list of the possible shooters who might be able to do a shot like the one aimed at the French president. This list contains one wrathful person who has been put into jail by a certain military policeman by the name of Reacher. So the powers that be in the US want Reacher on the case and ship him to France were Reacher finds the weather pleasant especially the wind. His Russian counterpart loses his head due to the weather. Next stop London England where the organised crime find out that while Sherlock Holmes might be fiction, Sherlock Homeless as some people call him makes a quite formidable threat. When Reacher flies home he has tracked down the sniper and finds the one responsible for aiming the shooter. More Jack Reacher then and I enjoyed this one more than the last (not as much as the early ones) but it was very good. They always are. No messing around here, Jack Reacher is Jack Reacher and that is kind of comforting. Don't expect any surprises there are not any. The thing I mostly enjoy about these when I think about it is the fact that they are easy, predictable, do exactly what you expect them to do and are perfect reading when you don't want to have to think too much but want to be enterta More Jack Reacher then and I enjoyed this one more than the last (not as much as the early ones) but it was very good. They always are. No messing around here, Jack Reacher is Jack Reacher and that is kind of comforting. Don't expect any surprises there are not any. The thing I mostly enjoy about these when I think about it is the fact that they are easy, predictable, do exactly what you expect them to do and are perfect reading when you don't want to have to think too much but want to be entertained. Jack Reacher is highly entertaining. He was here. The story is good, flows out in its usual indomitable style, Jack pops into some lives, gets rid of some bad guys, puts the good guys back on track, doesnt stand for nonsense and, well, buys a toothbrush. And some new clothes. Considering how simple it sounds (and in a lot of ways it is) I was enthralled as ever. These are good readable books of the type that don't make promises they can't keep and the success of the series does not surprise me one bit and is absolutely deserved. Lee Child may never write War and Peace but he will be read forever I have no doubt. Reacher is playing an away game in this non-stop action thriller. Mostly takes place in Paris and London, but now he is a one man wrecking crew on two continents! I enjoyed this episode in Reacher's life as much if not more than previous books. As part of the "praise" for the book at Amazon.com, another favorite author of mine, Stephen King, calls this "The best one yet." It may not be the best I've ever read, but it's sure close to the top. The only real downside was the monumental effort it took not to envision the comparatively scrawny Tom Cruise in the role of 6-foot-5-inch, 250-pound-plus Jack Reacher in the 2012 movie of the same name. If it's action you want, you'll get an overload here. It begins as Reacher is called back into As part of the "praise" for the book at Amazon.com, another favorite author of mine, Stephen King, calls this "The best one yet." It may not be the best I've ever read, but it's sure close to the top. The only real downside was the monumental effort it took not to envision the comparatively scrawny Tom Cruise in the role of 6-foot-5-inch, 250-pound-plus Jack Reacher in the 2012 movie of the same name. If it's action you want, you'll get an overload here. It begins as Reacher is called back into service for the State Department and the CIA, who inform him that someone has taken a shot at the president of France. The bullet was American-made, and the super long-distance shot could have been pulled off by less than a handful of snipers (even though it missed the target by a few hairs). One probability comes to mind immediately - John Kott, who, thanks to Reacher, spent the past 16 years in prison and was released recently. Almost all of the time, Reacher works solo; but this time, he gets a rookie partner named Casey Nice (young and beautiful, naturally) - and it's hard for Reacher to forget thinking about a different female partner who bit the dust on his watch years earlier. Nice proves herself to be competent, which is nice, but he still doesn't want the same thing to happen again. Trying to catch the shooter before he tries again - the conventional thinking is that the next target will be one (or more) of the world leaders who will be attending an upcoming G-8 summit - puts both Reacher and Nice within shooting distance of mobsters from various countries and, of course, whoever turns out to be the sniper. If it is Kott, the whole scenario could change; his reason for killing (and his intended target) could turn out to be very personal. If you have been reading Jack Reacher novels, you surely know what to expect. Jack Reacher books are great to relax with. As a tough guy speaking his mind, and very resourceful, he is a character who is fun to read. There has been a shot taken at the French President. There are four possible snipers who could have taken that difficult shot. One of them is John Kott, who has a grudge with Reacher who sends him to jail, and he has just completed his sentence. Reacher now takes off to Europe with an If you have been reading Jack Reacher novels, you surely know what to expect. Jack Reacher books are great to relax with. As a tough guy speaking his mind, and very resourceful, he is a character who is fun to read. There has been a shot taken at the French President. There are four possible snipers who could have taken that difficult shot. One of them is John Kott, who has a grudge with Reacher who sends him to jail, and he has just completed his sentence. Reacher now takes off to Europe with an enthusiastic Ms Casey Nice for company. After a lot of violence with gangs in London, the story heads to a climax. Personal is a thrilling novel at times, but after the first few chapters, it becomes really repetitive and dull. I joined Goodreads in October 2011 and other than regularly loading my books into my GR library, I was not active as a reviewer or a commenter until several years ago. I read "Personal" as a paperback in September 2014 and at some stage I awarded it a one-star 'DNF'. "Personal" is one of three "Jack Reacher" novels that I have awarded a 'one-star DNF'. A number of my GR friends have awarded "Personal" 4.0 or 5.0 stars and one friend in particular, William D, has commented that whereas our tastes are generally similar, he had awarded "Personal" and the other two of my three 'DNF's', 4.0 stars each. We both wondered aloud about this dichotomy, so I resolved to review each novel again and determine whether or not the 'DNF's' were justified. Apparently I am blessed with a (probably defective!) memory that enables me to read or listen to a book at least twice while remembering only vague generalities during the second reading (listening), because I certainly have no idea when I actually 'DNF'd' "Personal" and I am surprised that I remembered literally nothing about the book at all. This the Jack Reacher who has been missing in my reading/hearing of novels "#18, #19, and #20". Loaded with the usual detailed repetition (weapons and ammo; etc.) which are part of the Jack Reacher 'charm', "Personal" was chock-full of high paced action, unimaginably bad 'baddies', untrustworthy 'goodies' and several very attractive women. Surprisingly Reacher kept his zippers in place and neither of the women tempted him to do otherwise. I was a Lee Child fan before Lee Child was cool (my hazy recollection is that I started reading him around the time of his first novel), and as such, I have spent a lot of time recommending his novels to people. Each one seemed as crisp and exciting as the last. But in the past several years I've started to worry. Child seemed to be falling into the problem so many series authors have. How do you keep the formula fresh to the reader and interesting to the author? The absolute rock bottom was Not I was a Lee Child fan before Lee Child was cool (my hazy recollection is that I started reading him around the time of his first novel), and as such, I have spent a lot of time recommending his novels to people. Each one seemed as crisp and exciting as the last. But in the past several years I've started to worry. Child seemed to be falling into the problem so many series authors have. How do you keep the formula fresh to the reader and interesting to the author? The absolute rock bottom was Nothing to Lose, the weakest Reacher novel, in which Lee Child's personal politics (no matter how much I agree with them) overtook his need to create a compelling story. Subsequent books have been okay, but have felt more like eating a bag of potato chips than a satisfying meal you want to tell your friends about. That's why it is great to see Child rebounding with Personal, a book in which, following an assassination attempt on the President of France, Jack Reacher is called upon to help track down the man believed responsible, a former sniper that Reacher once arrested. In a novel that spans several countries, Reacher teams up with rookie agent Casey Nice to help track down the sniper and accomplices and bring him to justice before he can create havoc at the G8 summit. After several recently disappointing books in this outstanding action driven series, I'm very happy to report that Lee Child is back with what might be his best book in the series. Jack Reacher is asked by a US Army General to join a multinational team to interdict a sniper who might have taken a shot at the French President in Paris and may be planning more high profile assassinations in London. Reacher accepts the assignment because he once arrested the American suspect and sent him to Leavenw After several recently disappointing books in this outstanding action driven series, I'm very happy to report that Lee Child is back with what might be his best book in the series. Jack Reacher is asked by a US Army General to join a multinational team to interdict a sniper who might have taken a shot at the French President in Paris and may be planning more high profile assassinations in London. Reacher accepts the assignment because he once arrested the American suspect and sent him to Leavenworth for 15 years which makes him uniquely qualified for the task. Something a little different, this time around ... in that this was the first one of these I've read in years that I didn't primarily read in a steel tube (airplane or train) and/or hotel room.... I've come to find that the series comfortably passes the time while traveling ... doesn't take too much concentration ... not much art in the prose ... not listening for the music as I re-read passages ... not tasting the words in my mouth ... but, then again, good momentum, high entertainment value, f Something a little different, this time around ... in that this was the first one of these I've read in years that I didn't primarily read in a steel tube (airplane or train) and/or hotel room.... I've come to find that the series comfortably passes the time while traveling ... doesn't take too much concentration ... not much art in the prose ... not listening for the music as I re-read passages ... not tasting the words in my mouth ... but, then again, good momentum, high entertainment value, for long days and nights of sleep-deprived and jet-lagged travel. Well, now I remember why I tend to read these while traveling rather than in the quiet comfort of my home.... A great way to pass the time, but, other than that, well, ... nah, on second thought, ... the series is a great way to pass the time (and, to the extent I travel a lot, there is significant value in that, at least to me). Having said all of that, the first few hundred pages reminded me why I've stuck with the series - I thought the hook was pretty good, and the basic set-up was well constructed. Conversely, the last 50-70 pages was (extremely) disappointing, felt (badly) rushed, and left me wondering whether this installment had a lot of potential until the author, Child, bounced up against a publisher's deadline and just threw in the towel. But, maybe, that's just me. Lee Child's Reacher character is one of my original favorite "hammers." He is the quintessential pragmatic man. A creature of a mostly black and white world, Reacher recognizes his actions and results are always influenced by outside forces. A case in point, he designs every strike knowing that the plan never survives first contact with the enemy. From that point forward, the victory goes to the quickest thinker. Much of this tale, and the included action scenes, revolves around that premise. As Lee Child's Reacher character is one of my original favorite "hammers." He is the quintessential pragmatic man. A creature of a mostly black and white world, Reacher recognizes his actions and results are always influenced by outside forces. A case in point, he designs every strike knowing that the plan never survives first contact with the enemy. From that point forward, the victory goes to the quickest thinker. Much of this tale, and the included action scenes, revolves around that premise. As a result of a past moral debt, Reacher returns to governmental service, albeit in a civilian capacity, to identify and capture the person responsible for taking an ultra-long-range shot with a .50 cal rifle at the president of France. The most likely suspect is a man Reacher put in jail once before. The story starts in the United States, but quickly moves to France, where the reader is treated to a view of the underbelly of French society. It appears one or more groups of ethnic organized crime entities is helping the shooter. As with most of the Reacher novels, a plethora of bad guys exist, providing fodder for the killing machine that is Jack Reacher. Here's where I add that the antagonists all deserved to die because Child paints them all as amoral killers. In a slight change from past books, Reacher is provided a sidekick early on, a rookie CIA analyst with personal and professional doubts. As usual, I won't provide too much story line. I will say that this tale moves quickly and the main characters are engaging. Action is abundant, though often overdone. One disappointment for me, while I enjoy the scientific/physical insight Reacher brings to each fight or battle plan, I felt the descriptions and reasoning seemed forced. This added to my perception that some scenes were over the top. Still, Child's novels and the Reacher character remain among my favorites. On a more detailed scale, I provide Personal by Lee Child with a 4.2. In a bus station in Seattle, Jack Reacher comes across a copy of the Army Times with a classified ad addressed to him with instructions to make contact. Reacher does and is quickly swept up into a race against time to stop a potential assassin from taking out the heads of state of the world superpowers at an upcoming economic summit. One of the potential killers has a connection to Reacher -- he was put behind bars years ago during Reacher's time in the army. And it appears the potential assassin In a bus station in Seattle, Jack Reacher comes across a copy of the Army Times with a classified ad addressed to him with instructions to make contact. Reacher does and is quickly swept up into a race against time to stop a potential assassin from taking out the heads of state of the world superpowers at an upcoming economic summit. One of the potential killers has a connection to Reacher -- he was put behind bars years ago during Reacher's time in the army. And it appears the potential assassin has an ax to grind with Reacher and wants to take him out as well as the heads of state. The nineteenth entry in Lee Child's Jack Reacher series Personal is most disappointing one I've read so far. Usually the novels narrated by Reacher have been among my favorites in the series, but Personal never quite clicks and spends seemingly long periods of time with Reacher doing little or nothing to impact the investigation or the plot. Part of the problem is that Reacher is part of a team this time around. The character has had help in the past, but he seems less the unstoppable force that he has been in previous novels. In fact, there were points during this book that I found myself double-checking to make sure this was a Reacher novel and not so other standard thriller I'd picked up. But every few pages, I'd be reminded of Reacher's love of coffee and diners and the portable toothbrush is the greatest invention in the history of humankind so I knew I wasn't reading the wrong book. I've made this observation before, but I think it bears making again here. In the past year or so, Child has published several Reacher novellas and stories that felt a bit rushed and left me wanting for more and a couple of Reacher novels that felt like a short story expanded far past their natural length. Personal continues this trend, feeling more like a solid novella or short story than a full length novel. When a shot is fired at the French president in Paris, Jack Reacher is recruited to apprehend the rogue sniper before he causes havoc at a forthcoming G8 meeting in London. Reacher teams up with a female rookie agent called Casey Nice. With global stability at stake failure is not an option. The suspected shooter, John Kott, one of the world’s best snipers, has recently been released from a lengthy stint in jail. It was Reacher who put him there. The action takes in rural Arkansas, Paris and Lon When a shot is fired at the French president in Paris, Jack Reacher is recruited to apprehend the rogue sniper before he causes havoc at a forthcoming G8 meeting in London. Reacher teams up with a female rookie agent called Casey Nice. With global stability at stake failure is not an option. The suspected shooter, John Kott, one of the world’s best snipers, has recently been released from a lengthy stint in jail. It was Reacher who put him there. The action takes in rural Arkansas, Paris and London, where a gang is believed to be harbouring the sniper. Reacher and his sidekick’s escapades include confronting a Serbian mob and a gargantuan brute. The story culminates with a surprising revelation. Personal is an engrossing first person thriller, complete with a complex conspiracy and colourful cast of characters. The storyline feels fairly realistic and the settings atmospheric. There is considerable focus on strategies and scenarios, though these are never tedious or excessive. Reacher is an intriguing protagonist. He is tough, formidable, uncompromising and pragmatic, but also humorous and respectful of women. The extensive use of analysis and evaluation does slow the action somewhat on occasion, diminishing its impact. And one is forced to wonder whether Reacher is getting a little long in the tooth for some of the capers he finds himself in. After all his mother was a WWII French Resistance fighter, albeit a teenage one, which presumably makes our hero close to 60. Is the ageing author living out a fantasy through his alter ego? This reader was none the less very impressed by this, his first Jack Reacher thriller. He eagerly awaits reading further instalments of the best-selling series. A sniper tries to shoot the President of France from more than 3/4 of a mile away, a shot that could only be made by the most elite. While the bullet did not go through the protective glass, the G8 security agencies are worried about an upcoming summit in London. The list of candidates is quickly shuttled down to three men, a Brit, Russian and American. The American turns out to be a recently paroled man who Jack Reacher put in prison for 15 years. Reacher has a favor called in by a friend and i A sniper tries to shoot the President of France from more than 3/4 of a mile away, a shot that could only be made by the most elite. While the bullet did not go through the protective glass, the G8 security agencies are worried about an upcoming summit in London. The list of candidates is quickly shuttled down to three men, a Brit, Russian and American. The American turns out to be a recently paroled man who Jack Reacher put in prison for 15 years. Reacher has a favor called in by a friend and is teamed with a young CIA agent, Casey Nice, to track down this sniper, in conjunction with a Brit and Russian. When the Russian is killed by a long-range shot intended for Reacher, that is blown off course, the action heats up. Reacher becomes embroiled in a turf war in East London with the Serbians. Reacher is a drifter and in this 19th book, he is far afield in most ways. Good twists at the end. Note: 4 stars is a bit generous actually. Nineteenth in the Jack Reacher thriller series revolving around a lone wolf, retired from the army and exploring his America. A special thanks to NetGalley and Bantam Press for allowing me to enjoy this eARC. Child knows how to pull a reader in. Of course, "knowing" Reacher, Child already has quite a bit set up for us ahead of time, lol. I do love "listening" to Reacher make his conclusions. His questions. His curiosity. His knowledge. Although…I don't remember Reacher thinking about the So Nineteenth in the Jack Reacher thriller series revolving around a lone wolf, retired from the army and exploring his America. It's part of what I love about Jack Reacher (and other stories/series of this ilk) is the intelligence and observation required. That ability to make deductions from the information gleaned, and to act on it. I know how little I observe around me — even though I want to think I see a lot. Just had a thought — shocking, I know *grin* — being Jack Reacher is similar to being an editor. Reacher knows so very much about how his world works — I'm thinking about his knowledge of snipers, guns, making one's bones, the AK-47, government identification, and more — and an editor has to know about his or her world. The one of words, sentences, plots, and more. It's a detailed knowledge, knowing the nuances of a word being used whether it's correct for the time period, for expressing that thought in the story. Soooo, maybe we each have our own strengths of observation, lol. Oh, crack me up. Yep, Reacher is unconventional if only because he thinks ahead, plotting out all the angles. After all, people are people with the same motivations, dreams, plans all over the world. We're not so different from each other. It's also human nature when he analyzes Nice's motives and explains the difference between CIA and military. Some very excellent points there as well. There's that intriguing look behind the EU politics with that bit about why the Polish and Greek governments are suddenly about to have elections. "…if it's some big terrorist statement … it's probably not Italy. I mean, who would notice? Those guys change every three weeks anyway." Hmmm, Sherlock Homeless. An interesting nickname, and it certainly fits Reacher *grin*. "…you should take that washing machine out of the yard. I don't think it's compulsory." Yep, it sure was an interesting trip out to Arkansas, and it was amazing how much information Reacher pulled out of it. Of course, Kott did leave quite a bit of information. Enough that it would knock me back a few miles. Not feet…miles, or at least 1,400 yards. LOL, that initial beginning in Paris…interesting to see how alike these handlers were *more laughter*. It was sweet too, Reacher taking the time to see his mother's grave. I wish Child had said why Nice has that nasty beat-up vehicle. What was her reasoning for it? Is it simply because it's so outside the box? Is she gonna keep it? I hope we'll see her again in future installments. Scarangello though, I'm not keen on making her acquaintance again. I didn't care for her comment about Reacher being as bad as Kott. I don't get where she's coming from, especially when she's CIA. I'd say, right off the bat, that she's a more likely candidate way before Reacher! There's a lot of back history going on in this story. The AK-47 and the reason for its creation, which makes perfect sense. And how very sensible of the government (who knew a government could be sensible??) to plan for it. The behind-the-scenes details on how a G8 conference is choreographed. The fears behind it for the players. There was one area in which Personal was completely unlike any previous Jack Reacher story. Tell me if you pick up on it! Wow, that ending. It was something of an anticlimax, that betrayal, I had expected something completely different, yet this made so much sense. A shocking example of truth in human nature. And, as Bennett says, "We didn't rule the world by being nice." And yes, I'd enjoy reading more about this character as well, lol. It was a long-range shot at the French president that started it. Only a few snipers in the world were skilled enough. It’s the why behind the U.S.’s concern about the attempted assassination that has Reacher curious. Then comes London and two very angry gangs, which MI5 is likely to be very pleased about. Jack Reacher has been retired from the army for years and spent that time roaming America, but the army hasn't forgotten him. And Reacher realizes ruefully, that he's much too predictable. Dominique Kohl was one of Reacher's failures, at least in his own mind. Casey Nice is assigned through the State Department; she's actually CIA. Antonio Luna is a very good friend of Casey's. Joan Scarangello is also CIA, older, deputy to the deputy director of operations. She knew Joe Reacher and tries to use that. Brigadier General Rick Shoemaker is second-in-command to General Tom O'Day. Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure is the French version of the CIA. Karel Libor was a big-deal Albanian gang leader. Wallace Court is where they intend to hold the G8 conference. The Romford Boys are led by Charlie White with his lieutenants: Tommy Miller, Billy Thompson, and the real "power behind the throne", the enforcer, Little Joey Green, a real brute of a man. He's enough to scare Nice off her crutches. Gary is one of Little Joey's team leaders. GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters) is the British version of the NSA. John Kott was originally from Arkansas and was snapped up for sniper school. He was incapable of distinguishing between real life and the battlefield. William Carson is an ex-SAS operator with 50+ kills to his name, at some incredible distances. Fyodor Datsev is the Russian, ex-KGB. Rozan is the Israeli, and the best they ever saw with a fifty-caliber Barrett. Yevgeniy Khenkin is Sluzhba Vneshgney Razvedki, or as Yevgeniy says "KGB really, old wine, new bottles". He was Datsev's handler back in the day. Bennett is the English representative with an interesting character. Very stereotypical English in fact. He could be MI6, he can be anyone you want, it's all pretty fluid at the moment, lol. The cover is shades of gray — how appropriate! — with a lone man standing on a deserted road leading to the Capitol building. One man facing down government. I think this was the first in the Jack Reacher series I couldn't wait to finish. Just not my cup of tea this time -- the plot, London setting, bland, uninteresting supporting characters. Even Reacher's voice seemed "off" to me in this one. Not sure what happened here (maybe it's just me), because the previous in the series was one of my very favorites, and I gave it five stars. Hoping for better in the next installment! Reacher's pulled into a hunt for snipers, both from abroad & a home-trained one that Reacher arrested before...partnered with another young female CIA operative, feeling guilty about another one he lost under his tutelage, Reacher is on the hunt in Europe & the US...So-so Reacher, but because it IS a "Reacher" 4-stars!

2019-04-23T13:27:55Z

https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/20501498-personal

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Our guarantees reflect the complete confidence we have in our products. Our goal is to never publish anything our founder wouldn't want his own parents to read and to follow. Our basic philosophy is that we have to earn your business, which is why we offer you the chance to ask for your money back. This "we haven't earned it yet" attitude encourages us to continue to do great work for you. But that's not all we promise. To encourage subscribers to try our products, we further provide complete refunds on virtually all of our entry-level products for periods of up to 30 days (our offers vary). We only pay sales commissions on a post-refund basis. Thus our employees have no financial incentive to mislead anyone. Furthermore, our potential customers are encouraged to try our products with zero financial risk. If we can't deliver on our promises, they're entitled to all of their money back on virtually every entry-level product we offer. You can "get to know us" without taking a single penny of risk. In most cases, our investing and trading services also come with a 30-day guarantee as well. We want you to be completely satisfied with your decision. If you’re not, our Baltimore-based customer service team will promptly refund the full amoun fee of your purchase if you call within 30 days. We include this fee to discourage people from signing up for our more sophisticated trading services, accessing all of the research and then cancelling. We think it is unfair to our paying subscribers for people to access the information with no intention of remaining a subscriber. We want to find customers who are serious about our work…not people that are looking for loopholes to access valuable information for free. Subscribers may also request a sample issue (containing out-of-date information from a previously published newsletter) from our customer service team to evaluate for themselves, at any time, the value of these products. The policies - offering plenty of no-risk-whatsoever opportunities in conjunction with asking customers to make a small commitment on certain products - provides a reasonable balance between the rights we have as a content provider with valuable information and those of our customers to avoid making a purchase that's doesn't match their investing styles or interests. From time to time, we will make offers that don’t include the option to receive a refund. A skeptical reader might suggest that we are trying to trick people into subscribing to a service that isn’t right for them so we can make more money. But the exact opposite is true. We want to limit the sales of that particular offer to only the most serious readers. We want to make sure that the subscribers to these offers intend to subscribe and stick with that particular newsletter. In the past we’ve had people subscribe just to read about the situation we were describing in the marketing offer. They would download all of the information and then call us for a refund. That is unfair to the other subscribers and to us as publishers. Those aren’t the kind of subscribers we are looking for. We want subscribers that understand the value of our work and are committing to being a long-term customer of our business. So, we use the “no refund” offer exclusively for situations where we want to limit the sales to subscribers who are serious about buying the information and remaining subscribers. If a customer buys one of these offers and finds out that they can’t act on the advice our Customer Service team will find a way to apply the money from that purchase to another newsletter via our credit system. We cannot imagine a reasonable person being disappointed in our willingness to provide a refund, a subscription extension, or a credit. Our policy - of always being willing to "part as friends" - has kept our business on the right side of nearly every potential conflict. In over 15 years of operations, we've never once been the subject of any Federal Trade Commission investigation or of any serious dispute with a customer, a partner, or an employee. No matter which one of our products you purchase the terms of the offer are always clearly described on the order form. We strive to make sure every customer understands exactly what they are buying, how much it costs and what their options are if they choose not to keep their subscription. While we know it is impossible to avoid every potential misunderstanding and to make everyone happy all of the time, we're proud of our ability to consistently please so many of our customers. We have among the industry's highest renewal rates and, as far as we know, the largest base of lifetime customers. Our company's most important asset is our reputation for trustworthiness, and maintaining that reputation is our highest goal. Why our business model is almost exclusively based on subscriptions. You may have noticed that the vast majority of our products are offered only via subscription. To protect free speech and to encourage public debate and the exchange of ideas, the SEC has carved out what's known as the "publisher's exemption" from certain securities laws. This exemption doesn't mean that we can write whatever we want. It means that we aren't required to be licensed by the SEC. It means that we can publish freely, without "prior restraint." And it means that we can write about things registered advisors would find difficult to get through their compliance departments - such as extremely contrarian advice. To qualify for this exemption from securities licensing (and avoid the "prudent man" restrictions we mentioned earlier), we must be a "bona fide" publisher, which under law is defined as a publisher who offers commentary to the public on a regular schedule via subscription. The SEC frowns on "tip sheets" that sell one-off reports. These policies help create accountability for publishers. If we aren't able to live up to our promises and the expectations we set, our clients have the right to demand a refund. And that's why we've always had such a liberal and generous refund policy. We have no problem proving our value to subscribers. It's exactly how we'd want to be treated if our roles were reversed. Newsletter track records: Why they're not like mutual funds. The mutual-fund industry has become, like the wine trade, addicted to extremely simplistic, almost ritualistic, evaluations of quality. A wine is a 96. That's great. A fund is five-star. That's great. What's your newsletter's rank? The problem is, unlike a mutual fund, newsletter track records have no precise starting point or ending point. The size (number of positions) grows over time, as the letter adds recommendations. Thus, a newsletter can't really be compared - directly - to either a mutual fund or a stock index. The closest comparison we can manage for newsletters is to give you the average annual return of each recommendation made and the average holding period. This gives you the annualized return - which is an approximation of what you might have earned following the advice of a newsletter. It's far from precise. It doesn't account for taxes (if you're investing in a taxable account) or "slippage" - which is the price you paid when you bought versus the recommended price and the price you got when you sold versus the recommended sell price. We can only track prices that are available in the market at the time we publish. Occasionally, someone will complain that our track records aren't reliable because they don't reflect actual investment returns. It's important for you to realize that your results might be better or worse than the results we represent. We simply have no way to know what your entry price was, what your exit price was, or what taxes you've paid (or will eventually pay). We strive to make our track records accurate. They may, or they may not, be representative of your actual results. Now... here's the problem with track records and the reliance some investors place on them. There's not a single mutual fund in the world whose long-term track record is great (10 years with double-digit annual returns) that doesn't also have periods of terrible investment performance. Likewise in the newsletter business, we have some analysts and some strategies that excel during bull markets. Some that excel during bear markets. And some that can produce very consistent (but not world-beating) results. We had an editor, for example, close out 136 winning positions in a row, where the average return on each position was roughly 10%. Of course, he held those positions open for two to three months. So his annualized return over that period was 52%. Nearly all of our products are based on a fundamental approach to securities analysis. A few offer advice based on the market's technical outlook. We've developed a preference for fundamental factors (like the underlying quality of the business and a rational evaluation of the stock's intrinsic value versus its market price) because we've found these qualitative measures to be the most reliable. The most important thing that you need to understand is that no single investment strategy (or investment analyst) can provide consistently market-beating advice at all times and in all markets. Our analysts use a variety of contrarian-based strategies. Our efforts are designed to allow you to use the right tools in the right market conditions. All of our publications maintain a track record. Virtually all of them post their open positions on our website and almost all of them are also printed with each issue. All of the back issues are available on our website. You can see for yourself how each analyst has done with every recommendation he or she has ever made. You can see how each of our products has performed in the past, during various market conditions. All of these things we do to inform our readers about the products that they've purchased and represent our efforts to be transparent. Each year we publish the "Report Card" in which our founder, Porter Stansberry, personally reviews all of the recommendations made across all of our products. He selects various time frames for these reviews based on market movements - bull markets, bear markets, flat markets. In these reviews we publish the hard data - the number of recommendations, the percentage of winners, the average returns, the days held. This gives our readers a good idea of what to expect from our various publications in any given market. But remember, past performance is no guarantee of future success. To give you some context, in early 2015, we gave one of our services, Extreme Value, a grade of A in our annual Report Card because the Editor, Dan Ferris, had an 69% Win Percentage and an average annualized return of 16.3%. Similarly, we gave Porter Stansberry's service, Stansberry's Investment Advisory, a B with a 55% Win Percentage and an average return of 15.4%. Again, your results will likely vary - you may make more or you may make less, possibly much less and you may lose all of your investment if you act on the information that we publish. Our idea is simple: Provide transparency to our customers. Let the readers decide how to best utilize the resources we provide. Please understand: The best thing an investment research product can bring you is a good idea that's right for the market conditions and offers an overwhelming potential for success versus a moderate level of risk. No investment newsletter is likely to make you rich overnight, although we've seen huge profits in volatile industries, like mining and biotechnology. Most of your success as an investor will be determined by how much capital you have to invest, how much time you have to invest, and your asset allocation, that is, how much of your capital you have in stocks versus bonds and cash. If you want to be successful as an investor, our best advice is to become an expert at avoiding risk. Simply putting your money into high-quality stocks and bonds is very likely your best bet. Another way we try to avoid conflicts: Our analysts do not buy the stocks they recommend to you. Our company policy forbids our investment analysts from owning any stock they write about. In addition, other employees of Stansberry Research and associated individuals may not purchase recommended securities until 24 hours after the recommendations have been distributed to our subscribers on the Internet, or 72 hours after a direct-mail publication is sent. Some subscribers profess to be disappointed that our analysts don't "eat their own cooking" or have any "skin in the game" since they aren't allowed to own even a token amount of the stocks they've recommended. That opinion is naïve. Nothing is more important to the long-term success of an analyst in our industry than a reputation for producing excellent results for their subscribers. An analyst's standing in our company and our industry is measured by his or her ability to produce a winning track record using a given strategy. This is real skin in the game - far more skin than simply investing a few thousand dollars in a particular stock. This position also allows our analysts to be genuinely independent. That guarantees us that the only reason they have to recommend a stock, to re-recommend a stock, or to recommend selling a stock is that they fully and sincerely believe that's the best course of action. Without this independence the possibilities of a conflict of interest are infinite. And we have a legal reason to keep our writers out of the stocks they write about. The SEC claims complete jurisdiction (despite the publisher's exemption) over anything that's written about securities that are purchased in connection with the purchase or sale of a security. As long as our writers aren't purchasing securities, they are granted far greater protections under the First Amendment because their speech isn't connected with the purchase or sale of any security. As we explained earlier, this doesn't mean we can write anything we want. It simply means our writers are able to venture much farther into contrarian strategies without facing significant legal liabilities. This gives us the ability to cover opportunities that other research groups, which may also be buying securities, cannot. We have been sued and threatened with lawsuits, from time to time, because of the things we've published. From time to time, our contrarian views and our relentless efforts to publish information that's valuable leads us into conflicts with government regulators and powerful corporations. You might think that, in America, the freedom of the press is sacrosanct, but sadly, the truth is our ability to give our subscribers extremely valuable information is, from time to time, severely restricted. For example, over a decade ago in 2002, Porter Stansberry claimed in a published report that a former unit of the Department of Energy - a unit that was sold to investors in 1996 and is now known as USEC - was withholding material information from the public about an agreement that had been made. Specifically, Porter learned that the company would soon announce a very advantageous pricing agreement with its Russian supplier of uranium, the company's key raw material input. Because USEC was trading at a very distressed price (half of book value) and was paying such a high dividend (yielding more than 8%), Porter believed the stock would soar once this long-pending agreement was made public. Based on what he'd learned from a company insider (the director of Investor Relations), Porter wrote that the agreement would be announced at a major nuclear summit featuring presidents Bush and Putin on May 22, 2002. The insider confirmed Porter's analysis, telling him to "watch the stock on May 22." Later Porter sent a complete copy of his report to his source to confirm all of the facts. The source never requested any correction. And in fact, the long-awaited announcement about the agreement came about a month later, on June 19, 2002. Following the new agreement with the Russian uranium supplier, the stock traded all the way up to nearly $18 over the following three years - more than doubling as Porter predicted. Keep in mind, Porter did not trade this stock. Instead of taking advantage of this information, he published a report, which was made available to all of our subscribers urging them to buy the company before news of the pending agreement was made public. In our view, that's what any responsible journalist would have done given the circumstances. But, instead of pursuing USEC's managers and bankers for withholding material information from the public, the SEC decided to sue us. Even more ironically, they accused us of lying and charged us with securities fraud. Remember: Porter didn't use this information for his own personal gain. He didn't buy the stock. And, he didn't tell his friends to buy the stock. Instead, he published a report about what he'd learned and offered to sell it to any (and all) interested investors. He also sent his complete report (and the accompanying marketing materials) back to his source at the company. The source never asked for a correction. The company when asked by multiple media outlets (Bloomberg and Reuters) never offered a correction to our reporting. In our view these facts proved conclusively that our report was correct in every material aspect. And, of course, as everyone knows now, the new pricing agreement was in fact approved. We couldn't imagine how the SEC would win this case given these facts. And, we didn't believe they had any jurisdiction in any case. They brought the suit against us alleging we'd committed fraud in connection with the purchase or sale of a security. We don't broker securities. We don't manage money. We're not fiduciaries. The SEC isn't normally in the business of suing the Wall Street Journal when it gets its facts mixed up - assuming we had in fact gotten the story wrong. We saw this case as government retribution pure and simple. We'd pointed the finger at the Department of Energy and alleged government officials were profiting by gaming the timing of USEC's announcement. And the government was going to try to silence us - and put us out of business. We passed up the opportunity to settle this case - which is what most Wall Street banks do when the SEC comes knocking. Instead, our company spent millions fighting the SEC because we knew we did nothing wrong and that our best interests were always aligned with our subscribers. More than 20 publishers, broadcasters, and press freedom organizations agreed with us and they spent their own funds hiring lawyers to support our position. Our supporters were a who's who in publishing including the Associated Press, New York Times Co., Washington Post Co., Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, Society of Professional Journalists, Gannett, Hearst, McClatchy and many others. The Maryland Court of Appeals - the state's highest court - unanimously agreed with our position that the SEC does not regulate the media, and we won the state action. But the federal court somehow determined that the First Amendment was not at play, and we lost the federal case. Incredibly, even though our advice would have made money - a lot of money - for our subscribers, we were forced to pay a $1 million fine. That was on top of the millions we'd spent on attorneys defending ourselves. Naturally, we appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court because we did not understand how we could win unanimously in state court and lose in federal court. But as you may know, the U.S. Supreme Court receives approximately 10,000 requests for appeal each year and accepts only 75 - 80 of those cases. We learned a valuable lesson through this process: When it comes to opposing the federal government in a lawsuit, the facts rarely matter. A few years later, we were threatened with another lawsuit, this time by the Social Security Administration. We had uncovered what was essentially a secret program, only known about by Washington insiders. The program allowed Social Security recipients to elect to begin receiving their benefits at age 62. Normally that meant you had to settle for smaller monthly payments than if you waited until 65 to begin collecting. But this program allowed people "in-the-know" to switch their election at age 65 and receive the full payments. In short, this was a program that allowed the insiders to seriously cheat the program. We published all of the details and urged hundreds of thousands of our readers to take advantage of the program. The Social Security Administration then threated to sue us for $2 billion. They claim to own the words "Social Security" and claimed we were using their words without permission. And sure enough, back in the 1960s, Congress passed a special law that makes it a crime to use the words "Social Security" without permission. Obviously, they don't enforce this law, except selectively. But we also knew that this time, if we lost, they could put us out of business. We settled for $76,000. Yes, that's right. We paid a huge fine just for writing about how retired Americans could enjoy the full benefits of Social Security - benefits Washington insiders were obviously trying to keep for themselves. If you doubt our interpretation of events, just consider this... within a few months of our reporting, Social Security canceled the program citing a wave of new applicants and the resulting financial burden they caused the program. We've also been threatened with lawsuits from time to time by various large corporations who object to our writing. Often times it's companies who don't want us to tell people about the advantages of owning their shares. This might seem hard to believe until you think about it carefully. When we tell thousands of subscribers about good investment opportunities, we make it more difficult for insiders to continue to keep good opportunities nearly private. There's no doubt that, if we're doing our job and doing it well, we will be sued or threatened with lawsuits from time to time. We urge you to consider these cases carefully. We believe you'll find that the facts of these lawsuits give us credibility instead of detracting from our reputation. The ownership structure of our company is private, but it's not a secret. You deserve to know who owns our company. How else could you decide to trust us enough to depend on our investment research? Stansberry Research is majority owned by Agora Inc., a private global holding company based in Baltimore, Maryland. Agora Inc. has been in business since 1979. It has interests in dozens of publishing entities around the world, from book publishing in Paris, France (Les Belles Lettres) to magazines in London, England (Moneyweek, the leading financial magazine in Great Britain) to financial newsletters in the United States, South America, Australia, and Spain. Through its holdings, Agora is the world's largest investment newsletter company. Stansberry Research is Agora Inc.'s largest operating subsidiary. Agora also holds interests in several other private businesses, conducting operations in diverse fields, such as accounting and beachfront real estate development. Bill Bonner is the majority owner of Agora. Mr. Bonner is a well-known economist and commentator in his own right, having written daily about the world's financial markets since 1999. Millions of investors around the world have read Mr. Bonner's columns via The Daily Reckoning and his current editorial project, Diary of a Rogue Economist. Porter Stansberry, our founder, partnered with Mr. Bonner and Agora Inc. to launch Pirate Investor in 1999 - the forerunner to Stansberry Research. Pirate Investor quickly developed a large global following. Mr. Stansberry was able to successfully launch several additional titles, broadening the investment strategies being covered in Pirate Investor's publications. In 2004, the name of the business was changed to Stansberry Research to better reflect the evolution of the business. Today Stansberry Research remains headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland. We have approximately 150 employees, who work in our three main offices. We have one satellite office in Delray Beach, Florida, one outside of Jacksonville, Florida, and our headquarters is located in the historic Mt. Vernon district of Baltimore, Maryland. More than a million people, in more than 120 countries, read our products daily. We have more than half a million paid subscriber accounts, making our firm one of the largest (if not the largest) independent investment newsletter firms in the world. Founder Porter Stansberry serves as CEO of our company. Porter Stansberry, Steve Sjuggerud, Mike Palmer, and David Eifrig hold a partnership interest in the business alongside Agora Inc. Over the years, our research analysts have been cited, interviewed, or featured in nearly every major financial publication in America, including: CBS Market Watch, Fox Business, Bloomberg, Barron's, USA Today, TD Ameritrade, ABC, Forbes, The Street.com, The Wall Street Journal, Business News Network, Newsmax, Seeking Alpha, and The Huffington Post, to name just a few. The following contains facts, figures, explanations, annotations, full testimonials, and other resources about the promotional piece you just viewed. In short, these are the resources used to put together the previous promotion. As you have seen, we publish testimonials in our promotions. All of those testimonials are the words of real subscribers that we received in real letters, emails, and other feedback. We do not make these results up, and we do not pay or compensate subscribers for their testimonials. What portion of his or her overall portfolio was put into the trade. We ask these questions because we want a clearer picture of the results that the subscriber attained so that we can pass that information on to you. While we ask these questions, we are aware that this financial information is personal and sensitive. Some subscribers do not feel comfortable sharing this information with us, especially knowing that we may publish it. You should keep these questions in mind when assessing whether to purchase our products and whether you could obtain similar results. If the subscriber does not give us this information, then we cannot publish it. Even if we do publish all of these details with the testimonial, you should know that we do not ask for copies of the brokerage statement or take other actions to independently verify the subscriber claims, nor do we audit their results for accuracy. We publish this information to let you know that these results are possible and have been achieved by real people after reading our research. However, you should also understand that we are advertising these testimonials because they are atypical. These results are examples of the very best possible outcomes. Past results like these are no guarantee of any future result. We wouldn’t recommend anticipating such outstanding results with your own investments. Yes, you could have results like these – or perhaps even better. But, it’s simply not prudent to assume you will immediately make large investment returns. Instead, we urge you to read our work carefully, to follow our risk management strategies conscientiously, and to invest cautiously while setting expectations that are based around our long-term performance averages. You can learn more about these by reviewing our annual Report Cards found in the Digest archives. As for our flagship publication, Stansberry’s Investment Advisory, Porter has published monthly since July 1999. Since that time, he has made 291 investment recommendations. The average return of all of these recommendations (winner and losers) as of April 10th, 2014, is 37.9%. The average holding period for each position was 520 days. What follows are the facts, figures, resources, and full testimonials from the accompanying promotion for Stansberry’s Investment Advisory. The details listed below are listed in the order they appear in the accompanying promotion. If you have any questions or want more information about the marketing material you just viewed, here’s where you should start. Remember, you can also call our Customer Service team at our Baltimore Headquarters, from Monday through Friday, 9 a.m. through 8 p.m. Eastern time. Our toll–free phone number is: 1–888–261–2693. “Prosperity cannot be created out of thin air”: Paul, Ron. The Revolution: A Manifesto. New York: Grand Central Pub., 2008. Print. Barton Biggs Quote: Biggs, Barton. Wealth, War, and Wisdom. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Print. I received the printed book, but not the “e” version of “America 2020”. Outlook may have blocked the email…I love the book; it is so clear and concise. Though I have studied a bit about the smartest way to survive what is coming, this put all the best ideas together in one place! My hat is off to you guys! I need to buy another 12 of your books for my family and friends. 4. educational to know how to evaluate value, and how to continue with Stanberry Research as a guide. So then: Can I buy 12 copies to give out to family and friends? I would expect to pay what your normal cost would be. Also : I want to give Porter 4 books. I would like to bring them to your offices in Baltimore and see Stanberry Research. I did receive the book and read it the first day I had it. It is a great book that explains our current situation simply and very accurately. I intend to continue to use this book as a guide for investing and I will recommend it to my family and friends. Larry R. I have not quite finished the last chapter of the book. I can say, this is a story that all Americans should know about. Unfortunately, when I try to explain it to friends, they don’t believe me. Most people simply want to bury their heads in the sand and pretend that nothing is happening. I don’t usually buy things off the internet, but I am extremely glad that I made an exception in this case. and your awesome PUT STRATEGY. I guess this was your standing invitation to come visit anytime.. I will also try to make it to your next annual Alliance conference. PS: I really have been making a small killing with selling your puts!!! I have been an S&A Alliance member since it was first offered. I believe it to be one of the best decisions I have ever made. The investment advice gleaned from Steve, Dan’s and Porter’s advisories made me a better, more knowledgeable investor. Since joining, my portfolio has grown by several hundred thousand dollars. Subscribing was a no-brainer – imagine having access to all the advisories for life at a cost that was covered by less than 4 trades! I look forward to a long and prosperous relationship.

2019-04-24T08:55:44Z

https://stansberrydisclosures.com/ron5kb/

More than one billion people around the world are currently suffering from high blood pressure. What’s even more startling is that this number is continuously on the rise. In the last forty years, the number of people who are living with high blood pressure has doubled. This is an alarming statistic, so alarming in fact that doctors and other healthcare professions are trying to find ways that they can help people to be healthier every day. High blood pressure is very serious and could lead to long-term health effects including kidney failure, heart disease, and stroke. Many believe that diet is one of the main contributing factors to high blood pressure. They are trying to come up with ways to reduce this problem. This includes an entire line of healthy food and supplement products and too many diet programs to count. However, instead of having to experiment with these many different options, you can take control and read about a few of the best so that you can understand what is going to work best for you and your body type. One such diet is the DASH diet. This is a diet that was specifically designed to target high blood pressure. The overall goal was to decrease high blood pressure in an attempt to reduce the risk of heart disease. 1 DASH Diet – What Is It? 2 Mayo Clinic Diet – What Is It? 5 Who Can Benefit from the DASH Diet? 6 What Do I Eat on the DASH Diet? 9 Stage #1 – Lose It! 10 Stage #2 — Live It! DASH stands for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. This diet was created for those who were suffering from high blood pressure. It helps people to treat or even prevent hypertension. With the DASH diet, you may be able to reduce the risk of heart disease that you might have not been able to avoid before. The diet focuses on eating whole grains, vegetables, lean meats, and fruits. So the DASH diet uses this knowledge to create an easy to follow a meal plan that is really good for you. This diet emphasizes healthy foods like lean chicken, pork, fish, and lean beef. You eat whole grains, vegetables, and fruits as well. You do not eat much red meat, and you avoid sugar, fat, and salt. A lot of scientists believe that the main reason for high blood pressure is the consumption of salt. The hardest part about the DASH diet is that you will not be eating much salt at all. In fact, you eat less than one teaspoon or 2,300 milligrams of sodium each day. This is actually what most of the dietary guidelines suggest, but research suggests that Americans actually consume 3,300 milligrams without adding salt to their food. This estimate grows to around five thousand milligrams of sodium when you add in additional salt. If you are on the low salt version of the DASH program, you are only able to eat three-quarters of a teaspoon per day. This equates to 1,500 milligrams per day. The Mayo Clinic diet is actually a long-term weight management plan and not a diet. It is not something that you will want to use for a while simply, but instead a lifestyle that you will want to utilize for the rest of your life. This diet was created by an entire team that is dedicated to becoming the leading weight loss experts at the Mayo Clinic. The Mayo Clinic diet was created to help you so that you can change your lifestyle and live your happiest and healthiest life. This plan allows you to basically change your old eating habits with the result of obtaining a great healthy weight that you will be able to maintain for life. Many people do not realize that the Mayo Clinic Diet is going to actually help you to lose weight while being able to have long-term success with keeping it off. You will be able to focus on changing your daily routine. This is going to help you to break any unhealthy habits that you currently have. The best part is that if you follow the process, breaking those habits is much easier than it is with other plans. Plus, you will have the advantage of being able to lose weight while following the program. In addition to helping you create healthy new habits as you break old unhealthy ones, the Mayo Clinic diet is going to help you to be able to enjoy eating healthier foods. This focus on fruits and vegetables along with not eating when you are completing specific tasks, like watching TV and being a little more active will all help you live a healthier, more abundant life. There are a wide variety of stressors that can change behaviors with eating. Some people find that they are able to do better by making small and easily attainable goals. These allow them to reduce how frequently they have setbacks while increasing confidence. Additionally, if you have the motivation to lose weight, you are going to be more likely to have success. The DASH diet is one of the newest dieting trends. It is said to be the perfect choice for those who are suffering from high blood pressure. While this diet is ideal for those specific individuals, the jury is still out on whether or not this is the best diet for others not suffering from high blood pressure. Of course, one of the most significant benefits of the DASH diet is that you are reducing high blood pressure. That being said, there are a lot more benefits that you can find with the diet. Some of these are going to help you to have more success with weight loss. Others are going to help you to be able to reduce your risk of cancer. There are so many diets out there that you might consider for weight loss. The DASH diet is not a diet that is primarily for weight loss. You are not going to shed the pounds without working some magically. You are not going to see dramatic weight loss as you would with some diets. What you will instead see is that you are losing weight at a moderate pace that is going to make it easier to keep off for the long term. The weight loss is really an added secondary perk with the DASH diet. There are a number of additional health benefits that you are going to have thanks to the DASH diet. The most significant benefit of the DASH diet is that it is going to help you to have lower blood pressure. Many people do not understand precisely what blood pressure is. It is the overall measure of the force that is being put on your blood vessels and organs as the blood is moving through them. This is counted with two different numbers: systolic pressure (this is the pressure as your heart beats) and diastolic pressure (this is the pressure when your blood vessels in between the beats of your heart when your heart is resting). Most adults have an average blood pressure where the systolic pressure is below 120, and the diastolic pressure is below 80. Blood pressure is written with the systolic pressure above the diastolic pressure as shown here: 120/80. Anyone who has a blood pressure that is 140/90 or higher is considered to have elevated blood pressure. The DASH diet has been shown to lower blood pressure for people regardless of if they had high blood pressure or healthy blood pressure. The only way that this would be a problem is if someone were to have blood pressure that is too low. This could potentially cause them to have some health benefits. Many people who went on the DASH diet chose not to restrict or even reduce their salt intake, and they still saw a lower blood pressure. For those who did not lose weight, their blood pressure was also lower. Now, reducing the sodium intake did cause people to have even lower blood pressure. They were able to continue to lower it to a level that was lower than others. The people who had the lowest sodium intake were the ones who were able to reduce the blood pressure the lowest. Another factor to think about is that the DASH diet was the most impressive with people who had higher blood pressure, to begin with. In some people, they were able to reduce the systolic blood pressure by around 12 and the diastolic blood pressure by around 5. Those who had normal or more average blood pressure saw their systolic blood pressure lowering by 4 and their diastolic lowering by 2. Many other studies have also shown that you can have reduced blood pressure by reducing salt intake. Of course, those who have higher blood pressure are going to see greater results from this than those who have normal or low blood pressure. One thing to remember though is that just because you were able to lower your blood pressure does not mean that it is going to lower your risks for heart disease. In some people it does, but others have additional problems that would need to be considered before figuring out if they had lowered their blood pressure. Another considerable advantage of the DASH diet is that you are going to lose weight probably. Not everyone ends up losing weight, even though everyone ends up with lower blood pressure. However, you can lower your weight while doing the DASH diet. Many people who have high blood pressure are told that they need to lose weight. If you have been told this, then you can combine some weight loss practices like counting caloric intake or even exercise in addition to the DASH diet to have success. Did you know that the higher your weight is, the higher your blood pressure is going to be? Many people do not understand that there is a direct correlation between the two. In addition to this, losing weight can actually help you to have lower blood pressure. Since some studies have shown the DASH diet to be successful in weight loss, it is one option that is worth exploring. Those individuals who have had success with losing weight on the DASH diet have eaten a diet where they controlled their calories in vs. their calories out. They were eating fewer calories than they were using each day which ultimately led to weight loss. Most people seem actually to lose weight easily on the DASH diet. This is mainly because they want to cut back on high-fat options and sugary foods. In fact, many people find that they lose weight without trying just by cutting back on these. This does not mean that everyone simply cuts back on these. In fact, some people continue to struggle since these are large parts of the basic American diet and something that you find everywhere. It can be hard to have enough self-control to not indulge from time to time. However, those who are faced with severe health problems actually seem to do okay with this. So, if you want to lose weight when you are doing the DASH diet, you will have to remember to eat lower-calorie foods as a part of that diet. The DASH diet has actually been linked to reduced cancer risk. A recent study followed people who were on the DASH diet, and the study concluded that those following the DASH diet had lowered their risks of certain cancers. The types of cancers include breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Both of these types of cancer are very common in America. In addition to lowering the risk that you have of developing cancer, the DASH diet can help reduce the risks of metabolic syndrome by up to 81%! This is huge since this is one of the harder things to reduce in the body, especially as we get older and have exposed our bodies to years of abuse and misuse. Diabetes is a serious condition. In the United States, Type II diabetes often occurs later in life. Much of the reason for this is that people do not eat the way that they should or treat their bodies appropriately. By following the DASH diet, you are actually lowering your risk of Type II diabetes. In addition, you might even improve the body’s insulin resistance. In fact, several studies have concluded that there is a reduced risk of insulin resistance when eating the DASH diet. Many people do not realize that the DASH diet can actually help heart health. A study was recently conducted with women who were on the DASH diet. This study showed that these women were able to lower their risk of heart disease by 20%. In addition, they were able to lower their risk of having a stroke. Women who were following the DASH diet actually lowered their stroke risk by 29%. There are so many health benefits that are associated with the DASH diet. It is believed that many of these are in fact because while you are on a diet, you are going to be eating so many additional fruits and vegetables. Who Can Benefit from the DASH Diet? Anyone can do the DASH diet. If you have any medical concerns, whether it be low blood pressure, high blood pressure, or even if you are obese, you will also want to make sure that you are consulting with a physician before you start the DASH diet. The main benefits of the diet have not been completely discovered, but what is known is that you are likely to reduce your blood pressure when you are partaking in the DASH diet and limiting your sodium intake. Anyone who has high blood pressure will see greater results in the lowering of their blood pressure with this diet. They will also see that reducing the salt intake is going to continue to help them. Overall, the lower blood pressure will also decrease some of the risks associated with cardiovascular disease. Many people do not realize just how salt sensitive that they are. If you are salt sensitive, then you are going to see a greater increase in your blood pressure when you eat a lot of salt and a greater reduction of your blood pressure when you reduce your salt intake. One thing to remember is that sometimes it might even be possible to be consuming too little sodium. If this happens, you are going to be more likely to actually have medical problems that are associated with low sodium levels. In fact, a sodium level that is too low can be linked to cardiovascular disease, fluid retention, and insulin resistance. Even the lowest sodium version of the DASH diet requires people to eat at least 1500 mg per day of sodium. This is equivalent to a ¾ teaspoon. So, you actually have to be careful when eating the DASH diet to reduce your overall amounts of sodium but to maintain a certain level still to ensure that you are not going to have adverse related health effects. Another thing to consider is that scientific evidence does not really show advantages with a difference in sodium intake of 1500 mg and 2000 mg. In fact, you get the same benefits at 1500 as you do at 2000, so you might as well allow yourself to have the 2000 mg. Even though a reduction in salt intake has been linked to lower blood pressure, a recent study concluded that eating reduced salt is not shown to have any benefit with heart disease. What Do I Eat on the DASH Diet? You probably want to know what you are going to be eating if you are on the DASH diet. One nice thing about this diet is that it is not going to require you to eat a lot of specific foods. In fact, there are no specifics for what you are going to eat. Instead, you look at the food group and attempt to hit target amounts of specific groups of foods. There are some guidelines you should follow, but this system is one of the easiest to follow. The amounts of foods that you eat will be based on the overall caloric intake for each day. The following is specific servings allowed based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Whole Grains, 6-8 Servings Each Day – There are many great ways that you can get servings of whole grains. Some of these include whole grain breads, whole wheat breads, whole grain cereals, bulgur wheat, brown rice, oatmeal, and quinoa. Vegetables, 4-5 Servings Each Day – One of the great things about the DASH diet is that all vegetables are allowed. You can eat any vegetable that you want as you are trying to reach your vegetable serving count each day. Fruits, 4-5 Servings Each Day – When you are on the DASH diet, you should be prepared to eat a lot of fruit as well. You can eat whatever fruit you like, and you can eat four or five servings each day. It is important to understand what servings are when consuming fruit and remember that fresh fruit is generally better for you than fruit juice or blended fruit smoothies, that being said you can always make your smoothies! Dairy Products, 2-3 Servings Each Day – There is one main guideline that you should follow with dairy on the DASH. You need to make sure that the dairy that you are choosing is low-fat. Lean Chicken, Meat, and Fish, 6 or Less Servings Each Day – There are actually quite a few guidelines when it comes to meat. You will want to avoid red meat. Red meat should be eaten no more than two times each week. In addition, you should know that serving sizes of meat are very small in the DASH diet, so study these guidelines to ensure that you have the highest level of success. Nuts, Legumes, and Seeds, 4-5 Servings Each Week – Things like nuts, seeds, and legumes have to be minimal during the DASH diet. In fact, you will only be consuming these four or five times each week. This means that you will be eating them less than one time each day. You should consider foods like almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts, walnuts, flaxseeds, lentils, kidney beans, sunflower seeds, and split peas when looking for the best choices. Oils and Fats, 2-3 Servings Each Day – There are many different rules with the DASH diet. You will be able to consume two or three servings of fats. The diet actually recommends vegetable based oils over other choices. What is recommended are margarine, canola oil, corn oil, safflower oil, and olive oil. You can have light salad dressing or low-fat mayonnaise as well. Added Sugars or Candies, 5 or Less Servings Each Week – Sugars really have to be monitored on the DASH diet. This is one of the hardest things for most people to limit because sugar is addicting. In fact, it has been proven by science that sugar is more addictive than many drugs including tobacco. Trying to quit sugar can be torture and really hard, but over time it gets way easier. Limiting the amount of candy, soft drinks, and other sugars that you consume is going to help you to kick these cravings. The DASH diet actually restricts the sugars that are unrefined and alternative sugar sources. There are so many things that we could say about the DASH diet. While it does show some health benefits for those suffering from high blood pressure, it seems to be a little too restrictive for our liking. It is also contradictory to a lot of new research that is being done in areas like dairy and sodium. Many new studies are showing that low-fat dairy is actually worse for your health and weight gain than healthy fat alternatives. So, there needs to be a little more exploration for us before we hop on the DASH diet bandwagon. The Mayo Clinic Diet is one of the most well thought out diet plans out there today. This plan was actually created by a large group of doctors who wanted to ensure that their patients were eating right and doing the right things for their health. It is a great plan for you to consider and one that is going to continue to make you feel great if you are following it. Best of all is that it teaches you habits that you will be able to keep with you for life. By doing this, you will lose tons of weight and have an easier time maintaining that weight loss and avoiding additional weight gain in the future. Many people do not realize that they need to make a change. For those who do, it can be emotional turmoil to try and find the plan that is going to work for you. In fact, so many people struggle that they decide to give up and move on. Being able to find the right diet plan or new lifestyle does not have to feel like torture. In fact, it can be something that is simple that everyone can do. Being able to follow a plan that was created by medical professionals, not weight loss “experts” who have no education or schooling on health. Appreciating that you are NEVER hungry with the Mayo Clinic Diet. This diet allows you to have unlimited amounts of fruits and vegetables. Plus, you get generous servings at meals as well which helps you to stay full and never have to worry about being hungry again. Trying to adopt a new healthier lifestyle. The healthy lifestyle habits are really going to improve the overall quality of life. You are going to be living the life that you have always wanted while feeling at your optimal health. Actually improving your health. In addition to improving how you feel, your body will start to become healthier. This leads to a number of reduced health risks. As you become more active and stick to eating the recommended foods, you are going to have an increase in your overall health, even at the doctor’s office. Wanting something that you will actually use for life. This is a plan that you are going to feel satisfied with making your new lifestyle choices around. Of course, as with all diet and exercise plans, you should check with your doctor before you begin. You will want to ask about any specifics that you should watch for if you have health issues or concerns. The Mayo Clinic Diet works because it is based upon a diet that was actually developed through extensive research by those who are at the forefront of health and nutrition at the Mayo Clinic. This diet combines both clinical experience and research to give you a full two-part plan that allows you to lose all desired weight and maintain that goal weight for life. It is actually the best program out there for sticking to a new lifestyle and adopting healthier daily habits. Overall, the diet will be tailored to your own personal needs and your health history. This means that the plan is not going to be the same for any two individuals. This plan looks at you as the person that you are, not just part of who are. There are two main parts of the Mayo Clinic Diet. They are Lose It! and Live It!. Read on to understand both stages of the diet fully. Stage #1 – Lose It! The Lose It! phase is going to help you to jump-start your own personal weight loss. It will help you to lose the first six to ten pounds quickly and in a way that is both healthy and safe. During this phase, you start to learn about the things that you are doing that are keeping you overweight. You learn about the lifestyle habits that are associated with a healthy weight. You even learn simple tips and tricks that are going to help you to be successful as you uproot your current life on your journey to optimal health. During this stage, you are going to learn how to add five healthy habits. These actually help you to break five unhealthy habits. Then you are ready to adopt a second set of five healthy habits. When you are doing this, you get a boost psychologically that will help you to continue. You will carry this confidence into the next stage. Stage #2 — Live It! This phase is where you are going to learn how to be Mayo Clinic diet liver. This means that you are going to continue living this lifestyle forever and you are not going to stop because you have reached your goal weight. In fact, you will be able to learn how to utilize the skills that helped you lose weight to maintain your health for years to come. You will learn how to make the best food choices. This will allow you to eat anywhere, even at restaurants or parties while still living your healthy lifestyle. You will learn how to cut portion sizes and how to eat healthy amounts of foods. Many people do not realize that the majority of the problem that they have is in how much they are eating, not what they are eating. You also learn how to plan a menu, how much physical activity your body needs, how to plan the right exercise routine, and how to stick to healthier habits. You will continue to lose weight at the rate of about one or two pounds per week. So, you are going to reach your goal at a slow pace but at a pace that allows you to keep the weight off for good. One of the things that makes the Mayo Clinic Diet such a great choice is that you are able to lose weight and keep it off. If your real goal is to lose weight then adopting this lifestyle is going to be very important to you. It is a diet that you can stick to for life and one that is going to really help you to feel your best and maintain optimal health. I would highly recommend this diet that allows you to adopt a healthy lifestyle rather than restricting what you can or can not eat. Unless you are suffering from high blood pressure, you should probably consider the Mayo Clinic Diet in our opinion. This is a diet that is solid and offers you the ability to do more than momentarily meat your goals. It is a choice for everyone who is trying to get their health in order. The DASH Diet is more likely to be a short-term diet. This means that you are not going to hit some weight loss or fitness goals and probably deter off of the diet. With the Mayo Clinic diet, you will adopt a new lifestyle that will help you to stay conscious of your health and wellness for years to come! The Mayo Clinic Diet vs. Weight Watchers: Which Is Best?

2019-04-25T11:09:00Z

https://www.altprotein.com/dash-diet-vs-mayo-clinic-diet-why-are-these-the-best-for-you/

But what have they created in this darkened software bunker? What work are they about to put their coding skills to? This is what the Homeland’s creators call a ‘propaganda boiler room.’ Driven by extreme political convictions, they’ve created thousands of fake social media accounts to spread disinformation into the news feeds of millions of users. As all of you will have heard recently, the role of the web and social media in political life have now become major global concerns—not just the plots of TV drama. We’re hearing more and more in the news about fake news, hacking, cyberattacks, political bots and weaponized computational propaganda. And from critical technology thinkers, too, we’re hearing that ‘software is taking command,’ that automation and ‘algorithms rule the world,’ and that you can either ‘program or be programmed.’ Digital technologies, we now know, aren’t just neutral tools—but powerful devices for shaping our actions, influencing our feelings, changing our minds, filtering the information we receive, automating our jobs, recommending products and media to consume, manipulating our political convictions—even for ‘personalizing’ what and how we learn. But as Homeland dramatizes, if software is becoming more powerful in our everyday lives, then we also need to acknowledge there are people behind it—programmers who have learned to code to make the technologies we live with. As a result, Silicon Valley companies are now investing billions of dollars to re-engineer public education to achieve that aim. In the UK, learning to code and computer science are now part of the formal curriculum for schools, in England, Wales and Scotland alike. Over the last couple of years, I’ve been studying the documents produced to promote learning to code, following how coding and computing have been embedded in the curriculum, and recently interviewing relevant policy influencers involved in the new computing curriculum in England. Now, we need to go back in time a little here, back to 2011, and to Edinburgh. Here, at the Edinburgh Television Festival, was Eric Schmidt, then chief executive of Google, giving the keynote address to an audience of media, industry and policy leaders. After talking about disrupting TV broadcasting through media streaming, Schmidt suddenly turned his attention to attacking the British education system. The talk tapped into a growing concern in the UK at the time that teaching children how to use Microsoft Office applications was inadequate to preparing them for living and working with more complex computer systems. In fact, within six months of Schmidt’s speech, the Secretary of State for education in England at the time, Michael Gove, announced a complete reform of IT education during his own speech at a 2012 ed-tech trade show for IT teachers. Well despite Gove’s argument about not micromanaging the new curriculum, by September 2013, just 20 months later, entirely new programmes of study for computing in the National Curriculum appeared, to apply at all stage of compulsory schooling in England. I’m going to fill in the gaps in this story in a minute, but if we briefly come back to the present, we find Google now much more positive about British education. So in 5 years, Google has reversed its opinion of computing in the UK, and even of its educational institutions. But actually it’s not as straightforward as business driving policy. What happened in England with computing in the curriculum was the result of a much messier mix of ambitions and activities including government, businesses, professional societies, venture capitalists, think tanks, charities, non-profit organizations, the media and campaigning groups. As another of our interviewees said, from the outside the new curriculum looked ‘sudden and organized’ but was actually a more ‘anarchic’ mess of ‘passions’ and ‘reasons’. So, for example, the year before Eric Schmidt’s Edinburgh speech, the campaigning organization Computing at School had already produced a ‘white paper’ detailing a new approach to computing teaching. Computing at School is a teacher members’ organization, originally set up by Microsoft and chaired by a senior Microsoft executive. Its 2010 white paper focused on ‘how computers work,’ the knowledge and skills of programming, and ‘computational thinking’—that is, it said, a ‘philosophy that underpins computing’ and a distinctive way to ‘tackle problems, to break them down into solvable chunks and to devise algorithms to solve them’ in a way that a computer can understand. The Computing at School white paper, and the outline computing curriculum it contained, was then put forward after Michael Gove’s speech as a suggested blueprint for the national curriculum. In fact, it was the Computing at School chairperson who was then appointed by the Department for Education to oversee the development of the new curriculum, and who led a 3 month process of stakeholder consultation and drafting of the new curriculum in autumn 2012. Livingstone actually called his Nesta report, Next Gen, a ‘complete bottom up review of the whole education system relating to games.’ Nesta also produced a report on the legacy of the BBC Micro that Eric Schmidt had credited as a ‘fabulous initiative’ to get kids coding in the 80s. Nesta has continued to produce reports along similar lines, including one on getting more ‘digital making’ into schools, and another on the role of computer science education to build skills for the data analytics industry and the data-driven economy. Soon after the Next Gen report was released, Livingstone and Nesta formed a pressure group, the Next Gen Skills campaign, which lobbied government hard to get programming and computer science in the curriculum. The campaign was supported by Google, Facebook, Nintendo, Microsoft, and was led by the interactive games and entertainment trade body UKIE. Ian Livingstone, meanwhile, is establishing his own Academy Schools. Like the Swedish free schools approach, the Livingstone Academies will be privately run but publicly funded, and have significant discretion over curriculum. So, Nesta and Livingstone have highlighted the powerful role of digital entrepreneurs and the language of the digital economy in securing government approval for computing in schools. As you can see, their emphasis is very firmly on programming and software engineering, rather than the more abstract study of the mathematics and algorithms that are the focus of the discipline of Computer Science. Although programming and Computer Science are of course related, many critics have pointed out that most new computing courses and curricula are more closely connected with software development. We asked people about this is in our interviews, and were told by several people, including those at Computing at School and Nesta, that it was in everyone’s best interests to allow terms like Computer Science, coding, programming, computational thinking, digital skills and even digital literacy to be treated as the same thing. Several people we interviewed were especially critical of the Shut Down or Restart report produced by the Royal Society in 2012. Its emphasis was on disciplinary computer science, and its recommendations reflected the views of major computer science academics and associations. The Royal Society report was published just a few days after Michael Gove’s speech—in fact, he said he was looking forward to reading it. And you can see the influence of the Royal Society in the strong emphasis on the idea of computing at the ‘fourth science’ in the English computing curriculum. This goes well with the current emphasis in English education on established subject knowledge—though the fact the Department for Education authorized the Livingstone Academies indicates how government sees computing as a hard science and an economic catalyst at the same time. In fact, we were told by several interviewees that a major issue in the development of the computing curriculum was that the government ministers and special advisers responsible for it didn’t think it was academic enough—it needed more hard Computer Science content and theory. Even though they weren’t supposed to be micro-managing it of course. When the computing curriculum consultation group submitted its draft in late 2012, ‘The exact words were ‘the minister is not minded to approve the draft you sent,”’ one interviewee told us. The group had submitted its draft curriculum at 5 o’clock on a Friday evening and the chair was then contacted over the weekend by the special adviser to the minister. Despite being a consultative curriculum drafting process, in the end the new programmes of study, we were told, were the product of just two senior executives responding to the demands of the minister and her special adviser to emphasize academic Computer Science. But for many other people involved in trying to shape the new curriculum, the purpose wasn’t to reproduce disciplinary computer science through the school classroom, or skills development for the digital economy. One of the people we interviewed, also part of the curriculum consultation and drafting group, told us he was even banned from attending meetings after complaining about there being too much Computer Science content. Another had his expenses cancelled as part of the group to stop him doing wider consultation with teachers. The minister’s special adviser was allegedly behind both decisions. Another area of influence on the computing curriculum was the role of charitable, non-profit and voluntary groups. Code Club is an after school programming scheme that puts volunteer coders together with children to teach them to code. It has its own coding curriculum that starts with visual programming applications like Scratch and then proceeds to programming with HTML, CSS and Python. There are now over 5000 UK Code Clubs, teaching over 82,000 children programming. When it first started in 2012, the computing curriculum hadn’t even been drafted, yet Code Club is still going strong even though coding is now embedded in the curriculum. One of the things that the continuing popularity of Code Club reveals is that computing remains very poorly resourced in schools. Code Club has an army of volunteer programmers—the computing curriculum has a teaching workforce of mostly ICT teachers who all need radical retraining. The government budget for this retraining worked out to about £100 per member of staff, which largely means external providers have stepped in. As a result, Code Club now runs its own teacher training sessions, where volunteer programmers educate teachers in how to teach programming. Other training providers are available—Computing at School offers resources and training, but so do large commercial organizations, as we’ll see in a moment. Code Club was also absorbed into the Raspberry Pi Foundation in 2015. The Raspberry Pi device itself is a very small, ‘hackable’ computer, and the foundation was set up as a charity to support its educational uses. But one of the other activities performed by Raspberry Pi is to catalyse the wider take-up of computing in schools. It has a couple of magazine titles, The MagPi and Hello World, to promote coding and making. The MagPi is specifically about making with Raspberry Pi itself, while Hello World focuses on ‘plugging gaps’ in teachers’ knowledge and skills in computer science, coding, computational thinking, constructionism and digital making. Again, this reflects the deliberate ambiguity built in to the curriculum. Probably the most high profile intervention into coding in schools so far came with the launch of the BBC nationwide campaign called Make It Digital in 2015. One of the key projects was the launch of the micro:bit, a small coding device which it distributed for free to a million UK schoolchildren in 2016. The BBC has also established a non-profit foundation to roll out the micro:bit internationally. The micro:bit, Code Club’s courses, and Raspberry Pi’s magazines indicate how much the new curriculum relies on public and charitable organizations to provide the support and resources required when government departments withdraw their ‘micro-management’ of key subject areas but retain a strong steering capacity over strategy and direction. One of our interviewees, who worked at a coding charity, described how she acted as a ‘geek insider’ who could translate the language of ‘geek’ into government speak for ministers, their special advisers and civil servants. But besides these charitable providers, the curriculum has also, as we’ve seen, become the target for promoters of academic computer science and for entrepreneurial influence based on arguments about the digital economy. I think it’s a model case of how education policy is being made and done these days—it’s steered by government but taken forward by wider networks of organizations, with the special advisers of government ministers taking a strong role in approving who’s involved and vetting the outputs produced by the participants. Yes, it’s not micro-managed as Michael Gove promised, but it’s not unmanaged either. And that doesn’t make it easy to work out what the overall purpose of the curriculum is—because it means different things to different groups. The missing aspect of the curriculum as it has ended up from this messy mix of organizations, interests and interventions, for me anyway, is a more critical understanding of the social power of computing. Several of our interviewees said that the more critical aspects of computing suggested during the curriculum consultation were systematically erased before the curriculum programmes of study were finally made public in 2013. Look at the bottom left column of this table where text has been struck out—this is from the draft computing curriculum in 2012 and emphasized ‘critical evaluation of digital content,’ the ‘impacts’ of technology on individuals and society, and ‘implications’ for ‘rights, responsibilities and freedoms.’ The right hand column shows how this part of the draft curriculum was rewritten, now emphasizing the study of algorithms, Boolean logic, and data manipulation. This is what was lost when the draft curriculum had to be rewritten between its submission on Friday night and the new deadline for 9 o’clock Monday morning specified by the minister’s special adviser. I understand that here in Sweden there remains potential for more critical approaches to digital competence, so I want to spend the last few minutes focusing on that. Just a week or so ago, the Austrian research group Cracked Labs produced a report on the commercial data industry. It demonstrated how we are being tracked and profiled via data collected from our use of telecoms, the media, retail, finance, social media and technology platforms, and public services. What does this have to do with computing in schools? So, one of the world’s most powerful data harvesting companies is also one of the world’s most powerful computer science for education philanthropies, funding one of the world’s most powerful cross-national digital economies. First, coding and computer science are being put forward as solutions to the digital economy by businesses but also think tanks and government officials too, with students positioned as future digital workers and entrepreneurial citizens—or agents of social and economic progress through software. Second, relationships are being built between national governments and commercial companies to deliver on major educational goals and purposes. This is changing how education systems are governed—not just by government departments but from the headquarters and philanthropic outgrowths of global technology companies. It’s an example of how tech companies, many from Silicon Valley, are becoming ‘shadow education ministries’ as Neil Selwyn has described them. Third, and consequently, companies like Oracle, as well as Google and Microsoft and others, are directly influencing curricula across Europe and globally, changing what teachers practice and what students learn along the way. They are even actively supplying teacher training courses to equip teachers with skills and knowledge. Fourth, these organizations are talking the language of ‘computer science’ which is appealing to many educational policymakers—in the UK, as we saw, giving coding the credibility of Computer Science has been really important. Yet what they are actually promoting is closer to software engineering as practised in the technology sector. Some, like Oracle, also mention ‘digital literacy’ but this clearly a functional kind of literacy in writing code. And in doing so, these organizations are shaping computing to be a practical, skills-based subject area with a hard scientific surface—and definitely not a more critically-focused subject which might draw attention to the data surveillance practised by the same organizations persuading national governments to focus on computing education in schools. As the Cracked Labs report shows, Oracle knows an awful lot about people. This is the kind of digital environment that children and young people are now living and learning in. That’s why, in closing here, I want to suggest the need for a different direction in coding and computing in the curriculum—or at least a proper discussion about its purposes. It’s great to see this conference as a space to start that dialogue here. We are now teaching kids to code—which has all sorts of advantages in terms of tech skills, creativity and understanding how computers work. But there’s a risk we could just be reproducing the practices of Silicon Valley in our own classrooms. It is also notable that when the co-founder of Code Club criticized the ‘mass surveillance’ practices of Google a few years back that she was forced to resign by the Code Club board. Google was then one of Code Club’s main commercial sponsors. We also need to think about the political uses and abuses of programming skills. Teaching children to code could actually be dangerous if it trains them with the right skills to work in Homeland’s propaganda boiler room. In many ways, young right wing activists are today’s most successful digital makers, using their programming skills to disseminate political values that many of us, I’m sure, find extreme and divisive. My view is that a properly purposeful and meaningful computing education would engage with the social and political power of code to engineer, in part, how we live and think. ‘To program or be programmed’ is a neat mantra, but you need a different kind of critical knowledge and skill set to understand how your information practices are being programmed by the engineers at Google, how you can be monitored and profiled through the Oracle data cloud, or how you can be manipulated via social media. According to the Times Education Supplement, the weekly magazine for education professionals in the UK, ‘the algorithm’s gonna get you’ in the classroom too. That’s an overly paranoid headline—but maybe it might provoke educators to consider the social power of programming and the algorithmic techniques of data mining and surveillance it’s produced. What would it mean to receive an education in computing that helped young people navigate life in the algorithmic data cloud in an informed and safe way, rather than as passive subjects of this vast science experiment? Technical know-how in how computers work has its uses here, of course. But also knowing about privacy and data protection, knowing how news circulates, understanding cyberattacks and hacking, knowing about bots, understanding how algorithms and automation are changing the future of work—and knowing that there are programmers and business plans and political agendas and interest groups behind all of this—well, this seems to me worth including in a meaningful computing education too. I am encouraged to see that there is scope for some more critical study in Sweden’s incoming digital competence curriculum. That type of study of computing and its impacts and implications, in the UK, was shut down before the curriculum had even started up. This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged BBC, code, computer science, computing at school, computing curriculum, government, learning to code, Nesta, oracle, venture capital. Bookmark the permalink. Great piece Ben. I have lived through at least 4 iterations of this. They never achieve their aims for reasons too numerous to put in a comment. Anecdotes must suffice. Much of Apple’s success results from Jobs’s love of typography and Woz’s counter-culture phreaking and love of Star Trek as anything else. Dundee became a world centre for the computer games industry possibly because the Speccy was built in the Timex factory and there were so many knock-offs in the community. This was a very informative post and raised a lot of great points. Your post stated, “Leading venture capitalist Marc Andreessen predicts a future with two types of job: people who tell computers what to do, and people who are told what to do by computers.” Recently you see so many posts online with titles such as “Will Your Job be Safe?” or “Top 50 Jobs That a Robot Can Do”. I never thought about the fact that someone needs to be there to program these robots who are supposedly taking over so many jobs in the future. This made me think about my own students and the experiences I have had with technology in schools. I was teaching some aspects of computer science in an elementary school last school year. I was learning along with my students because I did not have any background in coding. I can speak from experience that if their was a common curriculum with standards for teachers to follow it would be more beneficial for students and teachers. You raised a valid point that since computer science is so broad and ever changing educators believe different things should be included. Personally I believe that the only way to see what works in a computer science curriculum is to implement one in a school and gather data to inform your future instruction.

2019-04-18T20:28:25Z

https://codeactsineducation.wordpress.com/2017/06/19/coding-for-what/

Selecting a car cover is not as easy as buying the universal car address to toss over your vehicle and visiting the local automobile supply shop. Many car handles that are universal won’t perform of defending your vehicle a great work. Though there is unique vehicle address model obviously the very best choice, there are lots of factors when selecting the best vehicle cover for the car to consider. Selecting match and the right substance are an essential element when choosing the very best auto cover. Some car cover producers supply custom made individuals who might have created improvements for their precious sports vehicle car handles. Incorporating a side or wing mirrors may require purchasing a custom address. A good match is essential when maintaining mud dirt, along with other components off your vehicle. There are many supplies from when choosing your vehicle cover to select. 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It’s humble question from that point onward, that loads of understudies cannot stick to and also gain satisfactory help from different instructors, bringing about the necessity for school tuition associations. You can discover fundamentally three types of home tuition damansara at this moment. The first are the sorts precisely where understudies are generally instructed 1 on 1 both by method for a tutor touching base at the property or maybe the college understudy going to the tutor’s home. The other is those which may be held in your instructor’s property however various youths at any given time are by and large drilled. Regularly these sorts of children are not really from a similar course. The following are in appropriate associations the place that the measure of undergrads routinely goes past Twenty-five youths and additionally in the circumstance related with examination arrangement could even go past sixty understudies. Every one of these renditions endures since consent to a one of a kind will require at this moment. The home tutors damansara bolster kids with their specific basis alongside answer their instabilities while setting them up for school tests. The exam arrangements kind of focuses pick just lively understudies and still give escalated preparing to additionally enhance his or her speaks to in tests. By and by for mother and father who wish their children to truly understand his or her point, not the overarching costs style neither the school program may be gathering his or her need. Youthful youngsters have different understanding plans and numerous kids learn more noteworthy in the organization of different people, wherever a couple communications is achievable. They have to likewise have individual core interest. Which implies that the ideal understanding situation is how a couple kids met up over an assortment of schedules together with specific individual oversight and afterward likewise get help contingent upon individual necessities? A class estimate Four and in addition less does not take care of adequate deviation all through gathering flow. Coupling choices are compelled and greatly quickly, 1 minimal one approaches as the primary 1 and furthermore the other individuals have a place with helping employments from an aching point of view. Past Twelve, the volume of children are bunches of for any educator with the goal that you can give singular core interest. The world thinks in which class measurements should include 8 to 12 to supply great both universes. Instructors will know each child successfully, in the event that they have been educated to help particular understanding varieties, can offer each and every kid with the correct help in the correct way. Youngsters learning in these conditions can get down to business since people and convey all sufficiently through various gatherings. This will probably furthermore lessen constrain on teachers who are nowadays troubled utilizing papers amendments. The most up to date CBSE necessities in confirmative evaluation might be utilized through home tuition damansara also. Utilizing sort styles in the middle of 8 to 10, it must be anything but difficult to increment bona fide incentive to have the capacity to students and still give an extraordinary contemplating condition. It is secrets to sign up the support of the professional SEO company provider for development and site improvement. With extended commoditization, evolving a product usually boils down to some price conflict. Nevertheless through the use of SEO companies properly, a business may separate itself enough to impose reduced. Numerous people botch the SEO Company’s job to become only SEO hotel. That is not the problem. It may be necessary to spend energy knowledge SEO to understand the section of SEO Company. Seo or SEO is approximately improving your placement on any internet catalog for relevant watchwords. Like whatever other marketing device, it will help a business set its best foot in an area where it is properly on the road to become appreciated. There are several important tips although there is no set formula to position No. 1 on any internet catalog. Businesses that appear because the original few links have one of the most perfect fit by also the most significant ubiquity and way of material as calculated by back links. A seo consultant works and comprehends this together with businesses on both material and likewise links to raise them to web crawlers. It furthermore gives comprehension to a business into internet observations on that is an exact measure of delivery so far as strikes hence. Dealing with a SEO support could be amazing to get a business trying to understand its interest group that is supposed. Information change depends for what are called watchwords or that most part about the development of substantial quest strings. It is this material that web browser creepy crawlies tag important. It is crucial to possess just as much locations providing links to your website to improve your popularity score when you are amongst locations with relevant material. It is crucial to remember that products are constantly improving to remain one period ahead. Here is the cause it bodes well for connecting using the providers of the consultant to maintain links and your records alamode. Good SEO makes people play out those activities the web site entrepreneurs need them to complete, touch the outcome and learn sites. Organic site streamlining makes indexed databases appear not by paid publicizing and generally. Techniques and advanced systems are used to create your website web catalog neighborly. Catchphrases are examined, essential material is used, and inside links, webpage path and alternative brands are one of the methods used to improve your site. SEO accommodation providers include numerous areas of site development, including social bookmarking link building, articles and listing hotel. SEO company way to enable you to get best scenario in website ratings and may be the specific some part of internet marketing.

2019-04-21T10:48:42Z

http://www.leschanoines.com/page/92

The main vehicles used for private equity funds in Italy are investment funds organised as a collective investment scheme structured as a separate pool of assets (FCIs) or funds structured as corporations, namely variable capital investment companies (SICAVs) or fixed capital investment companies (SICAFs). An FCI is a collective investment scheme, typically managed by an external Italian asset management company (SGR). Assets in FCIs are separate for all purposes from the assets of their investors, the SGR and any other assets managed by the same SGR. A SICAV is an open-ended investment fund in the form of an Italian joint-stock company with variable capital, whereas a SICAF is a closed-ended investment fund in the form of an Italian joint-stock company with fixed capital. Both these corporations are formed for the exclusive purpose of collective investment of assets and they could be managed internally by their internal governing body or externally by an SGR. Each of the above-mentioned legal vehicles also typically qualifies as an Alternative Investment Fund (AIF) pursuant to European Directive No. 2011/61/EU on Alternative Investment Fund Managers (the AIFMD), as reflected in the Italian legal framework. Until very recently, it was unclear whether private equity funds structured as FCIs could be deemed to have legal personality. Often, FCIs’ assets and legal relationships were considered separate from those of the investors and of the managing entity but not directly owned by the investment fund itself. A very recent decision by the Milan tribunal (No. 7232/2016) instead established that private equity funds should be considered as entities with their own legal personality, thus entitled to own in their name all the assets of the investment funds. The formation of a private equity fund generally requires the adoption of the fund rules or the articles of associations or by-laws of the relevant entity, the appointment of the management entity and, in certain situations, the approval by the Bank of Italy of the fund governing documents. FCIs that are reserved for investment by professional investors may be formed relatively expeditiously by authorised SGRs, subject only to the adoption of appropriate fund rules and a notification to the Bank of Italy. specific integrity requirements for persons holding a controlling interest in the investment funds. As regards FCIs, corporate requirements similar to those listed above apply to their SGRs, as mentioned in question 12. In addition to corporate law requirements, the formation of an AIF also requires a prior authorisation by the Bank of Italy of the Italian AIF manager. It should be noted that, pursuant to the AIFMD passport, European authorised managers may also carry out management activities in respect of Italian private equity funds, based on their home European State authorisation and subject to a prior notification to the Italian competent authorities (see question 12). As a general rule, the involvement of a public notary is not required in the formation process of a private equity fund; however, as the SICAVs, the SICAFs and the asset management companies for FCIs are joint-stock companies, the formation of these entities requires a notarisation of their formation deed and the relevant publication in the Italian commercial register. The assets of Italian private equity funds (retail or non-retail) must be held through a separate local custodian authorised by the Bank of Italy to provide depositary services to investment funds. Italian law expressly requires that fund managers appoint a depositary for each investment fund they manage. The depositary is liable in accordance with Italian law towards the fund manager and to fund investors for any loss suffered by them as a result of the depositary’s wrongful failure to perform its obligations. Italian private equity fund managers are registered in the official list of regulated investment vehicles maintained by the Bank of Italy and must maintain a registered office in Italy. They are required to maintain books and records of each fund they manage in accordance with the provisions of the applicable law. In general, fund administration is not a regulated activity in Italy. However, investment fund managers may outsource essential or important operations, services or activities, to fund administrators only to the extent that the administrators are qualified to manage the delegated functions with the diligence required by the nature of the assignment and as long as such fund managers remain responsible towards the investors for the actions of the delegated subjects. Fund managers must retain the ability to supervise the delegated third parties at all times, so as to be able to give further instructions with regard to the delegated functions at any time, and revoke such mandate with immediate effect, if and when appropriate to protect the interests of investors. Fund managers wishing to delegate to third parties specific duties related to the performance of their services are generally required to inform the Bank of Italy and the Italian Stock Market Regulatory Authority (Consob) of such intention. As private equity fund managers are typically registered with the Italian commercial register, certain information about the managing entities is a matter of public record. However, as regards AIFs, no information on the identity of the investors or their commitments is disclosed or accessible by third parties. Notwithstanding the interpretation of Italian courts on the principle of the legal personality of investment funds (see question 1), the limited liability of the investors has always been an undeniable milestone of the Italian legal framework, irrespective of the legal form of the private equity fund and of its regulated or non-regulated structure as well as any specific rule applicable to any investor pursuant to its respective country of incorporation. In fact, the liability of non-managing investors is limited to the amount of their commitment to the investment fund and in no event may investors be requested to contribute to the investment fund or to any third party any excess amount. The decision by the Court of Milan (No. 7232/2016) described in question 1 confirmed the principle of the limited liability of the investors. As a general rule, Italian fund managers are liable toward both private equity funds and their investors pursuant to Italian general civil law principles, for the execution of the mandate entrusted to them and for any misconduct in the management of the corporate affairs of the managed investment fund (misconduct does not necessarily imply a fault on the part of the fund managers, who may incur liability for their passive attitude, their negligence or their carelessness). The fund managers’ fiduciary duties are governed by the same duty-of-care standard to act as a ‘bonus pater familias’ in similar circumstances for the execution of a similar mandate, as set forth in the Italian Civil Code: in particular, fund managers must act in a professional manner, with the diligence that can be expected from a prudent and diligent person with expertise in the management of private equity funds, and must comply with the relevant investment policies and constitutive documents. Generally, such ordinary level of fiduciary duties may not be modified by an agreement among the parties nor treated differently in the constitutive documents of the private equity funds. Nevertheless, the governing documents of a private equity fund may provide for higher standards of fiduciary duties. It is also possible to limit the liability of the fund managers towards the investors or the investment fund by contractual provisions or in the formation documents of the private equity funds, excluding the fund managers’ liability for ‘ordinary negligence’. As most Italian private equity funds qualify as AIFs, the fiduciary duties set forth in the AIFMD also apply to Italian AIF managers, and they may not be opted out of, or minimised by, contractual provisions among the parties. Such fiduciary duties require the Italian fund managers, inter alia, to act honestly, with due skill, care and diligence and fairly in conducting their activities, and in the best interests of the AIFs or the investors of the AIFs they manage and the integrity of the market; to have and employ effectively the resources and procedures that are necessary for the proper performance of their business activities; to take all reasonable steps to avoid conflicts of interest and, when they cannot be avoided, to identify, manage and monitor and, where applicable, disclose, those conflicts of interest; to comply with all regulatory requirements applicable to the conduct of their business activities; and to treat fairly the investors in an AIF. Yes, as mentioned, Italian law distinguishes between ‘gross negligence’ and ‘ordinary negligence’, as described in question 6. There are several restrictions or requirements to private equity fund vehicles depending on the legal form of the vehicle and on whether they qualify as AIFs or not. For example, according to Italian law, certain restrictions apply to transfers of interests in Italian managers of private equity funds, as mentioned in question 26. Also, Italian private equity funds are subject to certain diversification and borrowing limits. In general, Italian regulations do not allow limited partnerships formed in other non-European jurisdictions to redomicile in Italy. Specific rules are provided with respect to cross-border mergers. European private equity funds do not need to redomicile as long as a European passport is in place (see questions 12 and 24). As discussed in question 5, investment funds’ assets are separate from the assets and liabilities of its managing entity and, as a result, the bankruptcy, insolvency or similar events at the level of the manager do not affect investment funds’ assets and the interests of the investors. However, the governing documents of the investment fund generally set forth the consequences of any such event of default at the level of the manager, which may include the right of the investors to terminate the investment period of the investment fund, to replace the manager or to liquidate the investment fund. Consob and the Bank of Italy are the principal regulatory bodies that have authority over private equity funds and their managers. They both have very wide-ranging inspection rights on SGRs. Specifically, the Bank of Italy is mostly responsible for the risk containment, asset stability and sound and prudent management of private equity funds and fund managers, whereas Consob is responsible for the transparency and correctness of their conduct. These authorities operate in a coordinated manner and notify each other of the measures adopted and the irregularities discovered in carrying out their supervisory activities. Both the Bank of Italy and Consob have the ability to fine private equity funds and managers in the event of compliance, administrative and reporting irregularities, by taking the relevant and appropriate measures. In addition, in the event that the tenure of the corporate representatives of asset management companies, SICAVs and SICAFs is detrimental to the sound and prudent management of these qualified subjects, the Bank of Italy may order their removal. the main categories of assets in which the AIFs have invested. the total amount of leverage employed by the AIF. Both the organisation of private equity funds and the activity of fund managers are subject to licensing processes and to compliance with specific requirements pursuant to Italian and European laws and regulations. These processes and requirements differ based on the features of the manager, the type of the investment fund and the prospective investors. In general, with respect to private equity funds, the Bank of Italy must approve the fund rules of the investment funds (other than for AIFs reserved for investment by professional investors), as well as the relevant amendments. Private equity funds managers must be authorised by the Bank of Italy, as described in question 12. Special authorisation requirements apply to managers of European Venture Capital Funds, European Social Entrepreneurship Funds, European Long-Term Investment Funds and Packaged Retail Investment and Insurance Products developers. The activity of fund managers is subject to licensing and compliance processes pursuant to Italian and European laws and regulations. These processes and requirements differ based on the features of the manager, the type of the private equity fund and the prospective investors. appropriate organisational and functional structures, as indicated in a specific report to be prepared for the benefit of the Bank of Italy. After formation of the fund management entity and once these requirements are complied with, an authorisation request is submitted to the Bank of Italy. If all requirements and conditions are fulfilled, after a 90-day period from the submission of the request, the manager is expressly authorised by the Bank of Italy and listed in a special register held by the Bank. The requirements described above apply to fund managers established in Italy. As a general rule, a foreign manager is not entitled to perform management activities or provide asset management services to Italian investors without complying with certain specific requirements pursuant to applicable Italian and European regulations. Such requirements differ depending on whether the overseas manager is a European or a non-European entity, and whether such manager is already authorised in its own country (the home country) as an AIF manager under the AIFMD. The performance of asset management activity in Italy by an authorised European fund manager requires a notification to the Bank of Italy by the competent authority of the home country of such fund manager. Upon enactment of the Italian regulations on cross-border operations for authorised non-European investment fund managers, the Bank of Italy will list non-European fund managers authorised to perform services in Italy in a special section of the register held by such authority. Managers of retail as well as non-retail private equity funds are subject to specific organisational and governance requirements that are intended to ensure sound and prudent management, risk mitigation, proper accounting reporting obligations and the resolution of conflicts of interest. a permanent internal corporate body with internal audit functions that maintains and evaluates the adequacy and the effectiveness of the internal control mechanisms and arrangements (with respect to non-retail investment funds, managers falling within the AIFMD’s definition of below-the-threshold fund managers could combine the internal audit and risk management/compliance functions in one body). Each of these functions (which, based on the size of the investment fund managed by the fund manager, either may or may not have to be entrusted to separate internal bodies) and related internal policies are also subject to periodic update and review. In addition, fund managers are subject to several organisational and capital adequacy requirements such as the fulfilment of sound administrative accounting procedures, control and safeguard arrangements for electronic data processing and adequate internal control mechanisms including, without limitations, rules for personal transactions by their employees or for the holding or management of investments in order to invest on their own account. With respect to the periodic reporting requirements imposed on the fund managers, see question 10. The Italian rules applicable to public and private political contributions have been recently amended. The applicable legal framework set forth specific limits and disclosure covenants with respect to political contributions, however there are no rules specifically applicable to managers or advisers of private equity funds. There are no specific rules in Italy governing the marketing of regulated or non-regulated private equity investment vehicles to public pension plans and other governmental entities. it is also subject to concentration limits and other organisation requirements, depending on the type of the investment. Banks can also be affected by internationally driven changes to European legislation and the legislation of foreign jurisdictions, such as the Basel III regulations providing for stricter capital requirements for banks and classifying private equity as a high-risk operation. Pursuant to the provisions of article 73 of the Italian Tax Code (Presidential Decree No. 917 of 22 December 1986, as amended from time to time), Italian private equity funds are treated as tax-neutral for Italian corporate income tax purposes provided that they, or their management companies, are subject to any form of supervision. Thus proceeds (dividends or capital gains) realised by them are exempt from Italian income taxes and could be received gross of any Italian withholding or substitute tax. In line with the interpretation of the Italian Tax Authority, investment funds resident in Italy are entitled to the application of double tax treaties (DTT), as mentioned in question 22. The tax regime for investors depends on both the type of proceeds and investors as well as on the tax residence of the investors. Italian-resident investors are generally subject to a 26 per cent withholding tax on the distribution of proceeds by Italian private equity funds. As a general rule, corporate taxpayers who are resident in Italy according to Italian tax law are liable to corporate income tax (at a rate of 24 per cent for the time being). Foreign investors, resident in countries that allow an adequate information exchange with Italy (the ‘white listed countries’ (WLC)) may obtain exemptions from taxes on some capital income and different income of a financial nature, as discussed in question 18. is a central bank or organisation managing official state reserves. In the event of other foreign investors, a 26 per cent final withholding tax is levied by the private equity funds or the relevant management company on capital income, potentially reduced under any DTT, if existent and applicable as described in question 22. On 21 March 2016 the Italian Tax Authority updated its administrative provisions for the implementation of new rules on advance tax agreements for enterprises with international activities. According to these provisions, all enterprises with international activities may enter an advanced tax agreement with the Italian Tax Authority on specific subject matters, regarding, among others, transfer pricing and permanent establishment issues, application of company migration rules, taxation of inbound and outbound dividends, interest, royalties, etc, according to domestic legislation and DTT provisions. After reaching an agreement with the taxpayer, the Italian Tax Authority issues a tax ruling, which is binding and remains in place for five fiscal years (potentially renewable) upon the condition that the juridical or factual circumstances of the agreement do not change and the taxpayer fully abides by its provisions. There are no significant taxes associated with the organisation of a private equity fund in Italy, other than filing, registration and annual fees to the competent supervisory authorities. As a general rule, corporate taxpayers who are considered resident in Italy pursuant to the Italian Tax Code, are liable to corporate income tax on their overall income, regardless of its sources (worldwide taxation principle). Management fees are exempt from VAT and subject to Italian corporate income tax in the hands of the SGR. Taxation of carried interest is still a controversial matter in Italy, but, in the event that it is received by the management company, it would be subject to standard Italian corporate income tax. As of November 2018, Italy had entered into approximately 94 DTTs with many foreign countries, both inside and outside the European Union, to avoid double taxation on income and property. These agreements provide for some specific rules governing the tax process of each category of income and, depending on the categories involved, they provide that both countries could tax the same income (concurrent taxation) or the exclusive taxation by one country only. Only foreign investors that are not resident in a WLC may rely on the DTT directly, submitting a request for refund. There are no other significant tax issues specifically related to private equity funds. However, Italian tax rules are very complex and constantly subject to significant changes, so that appropriate tax advice is highly recommended in most cases. The marketing of private equity funds is defined as the direct or indirect offer of interests on the initiative or on behalf of a fund manager, addressed to resident or non-resident investors. Irrespective of whether such investment fund is an Italian or a European-regulated investment fund, such activity requires the prior filing by the fund manager of a notification with Consob, setting forth, inter alia, the business programme of the investment fund, its regulations or articles of association and, for investment funds not reserved for professional investors, the prospectus - and, in certain situations - an express marketing authorisation from Consob and the Bank of Italy. In general, no private placement is allowed for private equity funds, other than a mechanism of reverse solicitation. Notwithstanding the fact that there is no specific reference to the legality of reverse enquiry in the Italian laws, it has long been accepted by Italian scholars and regulators as exempt from public offer rules. An exception to the general principles described above is expressly provided for Italian-authorised fund managers that fall within the AIFMD’s definition of below-the-threshold fund managers and that market units or shares of Italian or European-regulated investment funds reserved for professional investors in Italy: these managers are not required to make any prior notification of their intention to market their private equity funds in Italy. Before the enactment of the non-European passport, and for the time being, there is no alternative private placement process for non-European fund managers. As a result, in order to perform mana­gement and marketing activities in Italy, non-European fund managers are required to establish either an Italian SGR or an authorised European fund manager to notify Consob its intention to market in Italy. Alternatively, non-European fund managers may market in Italy the units or shares only through reverse solicitation as described above. Investors other than those mentioned above, including public sector bodies and private individual investors, may also qualify as professional investors upon request. In such event, the Italian manager should perform an adequate assessment of the expertise, experience and knowledge of the client, based on certain standard tests and criteria. Interests in private equity funds in the retail sector may also be held by retail investors, which are defined by Italian regulations as those investors that are not professional and do not have the specific professional experience, knowledge and expertise to make their personal investment decisions consciously and to properly assess the risks involved in this kind of investment. Investors in private equity funds are not subject to any specific notification or approval from the Italian supervisory authorities. However, the Bank of Italy may request the management company to provide certain information about the investors in connection with its inspections and verifications of the compliance with applicable rules. Any physical or legal person that, for any reason, intends to acquire, directly or indirectly, an interest such as that person could have a significant influence on an Italian fund manager, or an interest that assigns a share of voting rights or capital of at least 10 per cent (by taking into account the shares or units already owned by the acquiring person) is required to notify the Bank of Italy before such acquisition. Advance notice shall be given for any changes in the shareholding of a fund manager when the share of voting rights or capital held directly or indirectly by a person is increased or reduced above or beyond 20, 30 or 50 per cent, and in any event when changes result in the acquisition or loss of control of the Italian fund manager. The Bank of Italy has 60 business days to deny the acquisition (or disposition) of the controlling interest if it considers that the sound and prudent management and financial soundness of the acquisition or disposition target are not fully guaranteed. the time limit has expired. In addition, the Bank of Italy and Consob, specifying the deadline for the response, may require Italian investment companies, asset management companies, SICAVs and SICAFs, to provide the names of the investors on the basis of the investors’ register and other information available to them. As a general rule, regardless of whether the person marketing private equity fund interests is the fund manager, the offering of interests in investment funds in Italy is a regulated activity, so that any person marketing such interests is required to hold appropriate regulatory permissions or authorisations. Italian private equity funds and their managers are subject to Directive No. 2015/849/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2015 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist financing, implemented in Italy by Decree No. 90 of 25 May 2017, which imposes extensive identification and reporting duties on Italian banks and financial institutions. conducting ongoing monitoring of the business relationship including scrutiny of transactions undertaken throughout the course of that relationship to ensure that the transactions being conducted are consistent with the professional’s knowledge of the investor, the business and risk profile, including, where necessary, the source of funds and ensuring that the documents, data and information held are kept up to date. The financial institutions must report any suspicious transactions and ascertain if the customer is or was politically exposed. On 30 May 2018 a new EU directive on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing was adopted (Directive No. 2018/843/EU), which must be implemented by EU countries by 10 January 2020. It is possible to list interests of FCIs, SICAVs and SICAFs qualifying as AIFs on the market for investment vehicles of the Italian stock exchange created with the scope to provide capital, liquidity and visibility to investment vehicles with a clear strategic private equity vision, provided that the relevant fund complies with the AIFMD and that the fund’s documents expressly allow the listing of the fund’s interests on a regulated market. The minimum free float in connection with the initial public offering must be no less than €25 million. Specific requirements and placement conditions may be imposed by the Italian Stock Exchange Authority, which is the authority responsible for management and supervision of the Italian stock market. The main advantages for the investors of the listing of investment funds’ interests are the broadening of the accessibility to such financial instruments, the (expected) reduction of placement fees and ‘entry fees’ owing to the lack of placement agents and intermediaries and the increase of transparency. The main disadvantage for funds’ sponsors and management entities is the increase of information to be provided to the investors and regulatory authorities. No specific limits to the transfer of interests apply to listed private equity funds. The rules applicable to Italian private equity funds set forth specific limits and restrictions to the investment activity of each investment fund, which are based on the type and legal structure of each investment fund (AIF, open-ended or closed-ended fund) as well as the kind of investors investing therein (professional or retail). Therefore, each type of investment fund is prevented from participating in a private equity transaction if such transaction is not allowed by the applicable legal framework. In addition to the foregoing, Italian and European antitrust provisions provide for further limits to the investment by private equity funds in certain businesses if such investments result in an abusive behaviour or a violation of the market concentration limits. As for the limits with respect to non-European private equity funds and managers, see questions 12 and 24. being structured so as to prevent or minimise possible conflicts of interest. Compensation policies shall be disclosed to and approved by the shareholders of the fund managers and shall take into account the performance and financial results of the managed investment funds. Generally, a specific corporate body of the fund manager acts as a remuneration committee and is responsible for the structuring of the remuneration policy (consisting in both cash and financial instruments). The above-mentioned limits on fund managers’ compensation and profit-sharing arrangements do not generally apply to managers that fall within the AIFMD’s definition of below-the-threshold fund managers. Despite a situation of considerable instability from an economic and political perspective, Italy is developing a good climate for private equity activity. The year 2018 ranked as one of strongest periods over the past decade for Italian private equity deal activity, in terms of both deal volume and value and fundraising. As described in questions 12 and 24, the forthcoming enactment of the European rules on the management and marketing in EU countries (including Italy) of non-European AIFs as well as the management and marketing in EU countries (including Italy) of investment funds by non-European fund managers are certainly the most significant future developments in this sector. Furthermore, on 12 March 2018, the European Commission issued a proposal for a directive to amend the AIFMD, for the purposes of improving cross-border capital investment flow in the EU through changes to the existing rules on pre-marketing and reverse solicitation. EU member states take differing views on what activities fit within the definition of pre-marketing and whether indeed pre-marketing is permitted at all so that a new EU standard is likely to be adopted in the near future. CP-DL Capolino-Perlingieri & Leone is a boutique-law firm established in 2006 - with offices in Italy and Switzerland - highly focused on private equity.

2019-04-24T20:41:18Z

https://gettingthedealthrough.com/area/28/jurisdiction/15/private-equity-fund-formation-2018-italy/

All kinds of studies on the Prusai the most mysterious people are very subjective, their contemporary with the community historical records, made by hand of not-Prusai are very unfavorable to them, maybe there were documents written by some Prusai, but by those not-Prusai were destroyed. Entering into a very sensitive area, to lean upon historical documents from the era, in the first place it is not important the source of this information, intentions, and the interest of the author. Current research despite sincere intentions are subjective because of the insignificant track record, as well as for centuries drumming up politically correct "truths" about Prusai, which persisted among historians and today are dogmas. Tragic premise subjectivity that is widely understood, that the community is exctinct, and even the Prusai writing about the Prusai never lived among Prusai. Describing the Prusai history from outside led to the consolidation of their image, the Prusai as savages and barbarians for two historical facts, their beheading of St. Adalbert, and bringing to Poland Teutonic Knights for their Christianization. The total lack of conclusive studies on the Prusai, forces to look at the issue with a much broader perspective in order to obtain the knowledge shifted from a subjective area, to the objective, with the use of all possible sources, including the present. The Prusai in their culture did not divide the knowledge into various branches, the knowledge as a whole was the religion. Further the epigone cultural circle of such life attitude remain with the Old Believers, and what is interesting, that those Old Believers after the Nikon reform in large numbers settled on the lands earlier inhabited by the Prusai, they really were soul mates. The extremely ecological approach to the life of these communities, as well as a mastery of cultivation may give rise to a claim that the Prusai were Christians of Solunski Rite (Cyril and Methodius). To lean upon these premises does not give us confidence to the staked claim and requires further proof; the Prusai did not live in the villages but in isolated settlements around which in their fields were the family, thus growing and consuming their own food, and all meals were celebrated with equal reverence as today the Catholic priest celebrating Mass. In the Prusai meals subject to special blessings were food produced by a neighbor, never eaten foreign food production, so too, do today's Old Believers. Here it should be noted that these rules also applied to all Slavs before their adoption of the Roman Christianity, at this point, next born is claim that the Slavs were never natural enemies of Prusai, and the hostility with the Slavs was entered imposition of the Christianity. On the subject of the Prusai and Slavs religion, science circulate only guesses that have no real justification, putting them in a row heathen worship and the faith giving them the supreme deity of thunder, what justifies their ignorance. In some studies can meet tentative statement about a life-giving Spirit, the whole ubiquitous nature, the Prusai were Solunski Rite Christians as all representatives of haplogroup R1a1 Y-DNA and part of R1b1, who emerged from the worshipers of ice water, a remnant on earth are Old Believers. The essence of the introduction of the god Perkun-wielding lightning and storms, the pantheon of gods is a testament to a very deep knowledge of nature, if you will be analyzing the nitrogen cycle and ammonium salts in the nature caused by the lightning, with the salutary yields impact on agricultural. Knowledge of that nitrogen flow, crop rotation confirmed with leguminous plants, and the use of the urea. NO SUSTAINABLE NITROGEN CYCLE IN THE NATURE IS MORE DANGEROUS TO OUR CIVILIZATION THAN CO2 EMISSIONS, AND MODERN AGRICULTURE AN INTRODUCTION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS LEADS TO MORE AND MORE OF THIS DESTABILITY. The Prusai (also Slavs) bearing in their growing winter crops had to know the process of vernalization, and being excellent fruit trees growers were familiar with the essence of vaccination and other treatments. In a widely understood agriculture, undoubtedly used the biodynamic calendar worked to the perfection, which is now tentatively placed only in certain respects. Prusai by culturing own horse race, perhaps other animals too, they had to know the basics of genetic selection in order to obtain the most desirable white color. Perhaps they have used genetic selection rules applied also to humans, because the society was growing exceptionally healthy. Very emphatic confirmation of the Prusai Solunski Christianity, is the presence in all the coat of arms, the crippled Solunski cross, perhaps in order to emphasize the tragedy of their history. With steadfast Prusai truthfulness and keeping their words, without a doubt, we can appeal to the essence of the Greek Logos, and to the gospel of St. John write "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." The Prusai did not attach importance to worldly possessions and ornaments. The lands inhabited by the Prusai, the place of occurrence of amber in its most noble variety, namely the Baltic Sea which is called the object of desire of the Antiquity, despite the amber deposits in Kurpie, Lublin and Volhynia, the Baltic variant was the most desirable. For a few thousand years before the Jews posted a record of Eden in the Book of Genesis, where is the fragrant RESIN, Prusai lands were visited by various peoples of ancient civilizations. Greeks travelled to the Prusai, left a myth of Jazon and his expedition, through the Ukrainian and Polish rivers, along with the Argonauts for the Golden Fleece-amber, deliberately hiding the destination, of the route and place of the expedition, but not to the gold of Colchida. The road to the gold of Colchida was commonly known, such an explanation of this myth is due to the ignorance. The most famous Antiquities sailors Celtic Phoenicians flow around Europe and through the North-Baltic Ocean to reach the Prusai, leaving a name for amber, which in slightly modified form is valid until today and after Phoenicians is the amber JANITAR. For the avoidance of doubt, the Celtic origin Phoenicians need to know and consider the etymology of the names of which were designated: the Phoenicians, Sidonians, and Kannaneians. All the names of the community derive from the words of Celtic (Irish), and as Fin, Fine, Fene, Feni is as much as a family or clan, so it was thus organized their community and from it Phoenicians. The Irish Book of Invasions tells us that the last inhabitants before the of Ireland called Tutha de Danann (people of Dannan), which is similar to the name Kannan, and those conquered by Kaledons went to the Celtic land of the dead called SID hence the Sidonians. Perhaps part of the Phoenicians settled in Denmark, giving it its name from Dannan, different from the names of Norway and Sweden, such a method could arise from Dansk Gdansk name, such an assumption may help explain celticism of Latvians. It is quite possible that these newcomers would leave there their genes, so it may have been with the later newcomers to the Prusai land the Romans, and Arabs. In fact, do not rule out a visit of Mahomet, who for many years was a merchant as a representative of a rich widow Hadzidza and frequented in various lands, it is in a number of conditions present in Islam and Arab culture. In order to realize the hatred of Vatican for the Solunski Christianity should fully understand the course and consequences of the so-called pagan reaction in the Czech - Drahomir and Poland - Boleslaw forgotten as their antagonists underwent brainwashing in Magdeburg, and in the meantime St. Adalbert. The missions trip of St. Adalbert to the Prusai and countless visits by various nations was not unusual, as opposed by the outside world, which has given a huge propaganda binding sucking in all Boleslaw project beguiling him of receiving the crown from the hands of the Pope. Latins knew that the Prusai are Christians of Solunski Rite and purpose of the mission was not to convert the pagans, but convince them to Roman Catholics, the main goal was to capture the amber deposits, which, as history teaches us is the truth. According to the transfer, the process of mission is full of contradictions, early in Gdansk St. Adalbert ordered the excision of the Holy Oak, which has not met with the Prusai response, very strange, and if there were combined fight with result of the beheading of St. Adalbert then there would be no doubt about the truth of such reports. Taking into account the fact that the places and objects of worship were taboo in Prusai law, seems even stranger to be permitted Mass celebration and overnight stay at the Romowy. After the celebration of this Mass, seven Prusai against 30 Boleslaw warriors were able to penetrate and kill the St. Adalbert, cut and take his head. If there was a residence permit of the mission on the Romowy and celebrate Mass, then it was the result of the Prusai brotherhood with the Poles and the Czechs among whom the Solunsk Christianity was alive, and in Poland was in pretty good shape. Therefore, the mission of St. Adalbert was a big flop, verdict by the Latins ordering his beheading, and dropping the blame on the Prusai, the victim became the holy martyr and this from compromising was translated into success. Purchase of the body of St. Adalbert for gold was still more to excite the imagination of the outside world about the greed of Prusai. The propaganda trick is alive to this day, because no one takes into account the fact that the gold for the Prusai did not represent any value. The amber was not even sold for the gold as to not arouse the West pervasive greed . A similar trick of propaganda is the claim that the Prusai were killing babies of female gender. This knowledge, the Semitic Latins acquired during the Crusades and sewed it to Prusai, in order to get applause for their criminal actions. Murdering girls was common between Semites, position of women was very strong in Prusland, equivalent to the role of the man's, thus eliminating this theory. Writing about Prusai as the leading nation of the conquest, wars or robbery is without any evidence, from known materials shows that they never ever increased their territory as a result of the war or aggression, and for the increase in population reacted to the improvement of crop and breeding. The emergence of hostile relations between the Prusai and Poles has grown since the adoption by the Poles of Roman Christianity, for this reason there are hostile relations with the Poles and the Russians. Hostility grew in parallel with the strengthening of the religion, but was not on the ground of the hatred, they belonged to the same haplogroup Y-DNA "R". Quite different with the Germans the haplogroup "I" , the Lithuanians and Zmudzin haplogroup "N". These communities relate to each other with sympathy, and their interests are aligned, which can also be seen today. Before bringing the Teutonic Knights, the authors of predatory wars and invasions in this region of Europe were mostly Lithuanians Finno-Ugric people, do not farm but gathering - not disdain robbery, hunting, well-organized and valorous, blamed for the raids burdened Prusai. Lithuanians never accepted the Solunski Christianity and therefore, did not have any deeper relationship with the Poles, Ruthenians and Russians, and Prusai, fearing their demographic dominance. Lithuanians, the people very small numerically, conquested a powerful territory of Kiev Rus, which was impossible without the help of wealthy patrons what was the Empire and the Vatican, where a community of interests dictated extermination haplogroup "R" and Solunski Christianity. For such compounds supports the fact, direct adoption by the Lithuanians the Roman Christianity in the days before the Union (with the Polish Crown). At the same time the Russians, Solunski Christians, protecting against tampering hands of Christian Europe, secured themselves, using the Lithuanians from the Tatar Horde. The Vatican and the Empire helped the Lithuanians build effective barrier against possible Russians help to the Prusai and forced the Konrad Mazowiecki placing on the Polish-Prusai border the Teutonic Order of Knights, which together with the Livonian Order had to satisfy the pride and greed of the West after extermination of the Prusai, and by chance perhaps were the Russians too. The Haplogrups affinity functioned in the society consciousness for some time as a purely philosophical, and only recently received the scientific confirmation. In the essence of this and as the matter of fact it is based on the differences in genetic haplogroups Y-DNA. Having the knowledge in this field at a basic level, examining historical issues, it is possible that all can be linked in a series of driven events as well as mental, avoiding historical periods of emptiness. The examination of the Prusai history, and not including the haplogrup affinity with Slavs and other representatives of the haplogroup ? R? is without sense, because the Prusai represent haplogroup? R? Y-DNA. The history researchers in their thinking must rely on the haplogrup’s affinity and not on the national thinking. Something like a nation, as such does not exists, this concept was introduced by force and placed in life realizm, in order to facilitate the introduction of animosity within the same genetic haplogroup. The Prusai ought to be treated with the great esteem, firstfully as an organized epigone of Devotees of Ice Water? Defenders of the Waters, in which the most important is the baptism sacrament with water, otherwise the oldest Christianity in the area POLONI IN TOTO - THE POLISH FROM ALWAYS. The oldest preserved Christianity in Europe was in the area of the Greek Macedonia capital in Thessaloniki - Solun, with the center of most important monastery of Athos in Chalkidiki. Also very old Christian tradition are present in the Ethiopian Church, the Chaldean and Assyrian. The Old Believers the form represent to be most extreme, and historically they were Waldenses, Cathars, Patareni and Bogomilcy whose presence in the immediate vicinity of the Prusai, in the twelfth century is confirmed in Kujawy. Once again I appreciate the Prusai as they are my ancestors. In these considerations, harness haplogroup affinity within haplogroup? R? and use to this haplogroup the hostile sources, the use of universal history can bring astonishing effects. Now in? Cosmography? Claudius Ptolemy derived from the second century AD, enumerator of the provinces? lands of Europe, we find a record of all Polish provinces, as well as the names of PRUFFIA and RUFFIA, when reading a double? FF? as ' S? gives us PRUSSIA and RUSSIA. That record shows, that these provinces were probably much earlier as the equal administrative units, of the greater state, say, a related haplogroup affinity. Going back to the Claudius called Alexandrian, in his book Almagest gives a very accuratemap of the sky with the calculation of the constellations coordinates and fixed stars. This data is actual to the present day with extraordinary accuracy. The science about these historical findings, stated that the Ptolemy made plagiarism and his work is based on the data provided by the astronomer, geographer and mathematician Hipparchus of Nikkeii in the much earlier date, the second century BC,? Nice town lying in Bithynia, now in northern Turkey. That Hipparchus, and more specifically his work served as the basis for the work of other astronomers and geographers, who entering their amendments made the pure knowledge more confusing, which in the form of incomprehensible gibberish reached our time. To the account of Hipparchus achievements, work to be mentioned on the precession movement of the Earth and thus from this movement resulting taking place the change of the course of climate in one cycle. The astronomical-time of Hipparchus calculations from the present do not differ more than 6.5 minutes, and the list of his works is much longer. The ancient Bithynia in present-day Turkey province, bearing the name Bursa, but until the twelfth century, bearing the name of Prusia. To this land assigned are other names, mention only Phrygia, and Pont (from this pontificate). The names of the ancient cities of Bithynia were double, where the second term? am Prusia? defined the geographical location of the called city, also the kings of Bithynia took the name Prusias, so indicating a convergence with Prussia. The further dispute concerning the Hipparchos and Bithynia, suggest we put temporarily aside, however, it should be mentioned that in the Kingdom of Akka-du, King Sargon the Great in the third millennium before our era, the picture of the world including astronomical data was well known, therefore we should honor the Hipparch as the one who continued the work . Westermanns Grosser from Atlas zur Weltgeshichte year 1965 Map of Ancient Greece from 200 years BC. Bitynia and Prusia can be seen. The importance of the haplogroup relationship should be noted, that human remains found in these areas are classified as the haplogroup? R?, as well as the human remains in Akka-du. Proving the correctness of certain thesis runs much easier when bound to the individual examples of the thought sequences convergence, where the names and events run in an order. The Hipparch work and other astronomers haplogroup? R? transferred to our present time in the Almagest by Ptolemy, and specially in the book the Germania Magna underwent a detailed study. Such research has been made by the Berlin University of Technology, this university called to confirm the arguments and assertions? Deutschland Deutschland uber alles?, So it is difficult to fault the lack of objectivity. And so this school set up a team of linguists, physicists, mathematicians, archaeologists, astronomers and historians, in order to establish the credibility of ancient records. As a result of this work it was found that areas of the astronomical and geographical measurements were made at the territory of Wielbark Culture, the area inhabited by the Prusai. PRUFFII, PRUTENII, BRUTENII, at last Prus northernmost to the utmost land POLISH IN TOTO (in the Prusai and Celtic Tuat-tattoo-country, home consonant saved TT). These two letters are used to form words TATA-father-homeland - the land of children having a father, or community with the haplogroup affinity. The university team making the results public of their research? forgotten? add, that making such detailed calculations require enormous territory of the triangulation networked, and also perform many other conditions, including the knowledge about the universe structure. Since recently such studies, our civilization is capable to carry out, arranging stations and telescopic observatories in different parts of the world. Without a doubt, it does not arise sensation to say that the land of Prusai has territory called RESIA, called today by historians the estate RESIA withf main city Prabuty. The first crusadors’ plans sent by Vatican, was the conquest of RESIA, and the evil Piasts after the adoption of Christianity, directed their policy against their own haplogroup, Pomeranians, Prusai and Ruthenians. They led the wars between themselves wreaking havoc and destruction, it was a constant string of wars in the Slavic parts of Europe resulting from the introduction of the Christianity, Byzantine and the Roman, which gave the nonsense rise the creation of the nations. The further steps in the discussion of our research, we move on, to the northern Italy, where we find surprisingly the land RESIA lying on the river of the same name, and its inhabitants belong to the haplogroup? R? and using to speak with the Resian language belonging to the Slavic group of languages, considered of Slovenian dialect. Interestingly, this language as well as the Prusai shows the same glottis development, so the thesis fundamentally proven, that to record their thoughts both communities were handling the Glagolitic script. The experienced researchers, historians and specialists, as well as to the casual reader of the presented evidence on the land of Resia can assume this as a chance or the coincidence. However, if you move to the northern Iran, and there the name of the historical province Urmi will read RESIA - estate RESIA, the command string takes full expression. According to the tradition, it was from Resian Urmia that the wise men followed the Bethlechem Star and arrived for the birthplace of Jesus in Betlechem when the directional star pointing to the north the Old Star of Kochab took over the by the New Star Polaris Pole. The Zarathustra, founder of Avesta came from the Resian Urmia, which prof. Ignatius Pietraszewski examined and considered as the work of Slavic artists? R?. At that Resian Urmia lived mostly the Chaldean Christians, the Devotees and Waters Defenders coming from the people of Wan. The name backwards read Nav Navi (name of U.S. Navy and Wlk.Bryt.) determines a morpheme of navigation expression, which very often used in Glagolitic formative system anagram palindromic gets word? Nawna? What defines a realm of shadows. Since the ancient Resia, Iranians called their Shahs Reza and the last one was Reza Pahlavi. This reflects the deep attachment to the names and saving the knowledge, as REZ in Slavonic is the name of the first stylus putting letters-CZERT or lines-jays, initially on wood and clay, with time on papyrus and papyrus with a pen, or a special picquet. So, occasionally we explained creating the picquet letters. Using the formative methods of anagram, the name of Urmia's not hard to create a name RUMIA, especially if one considers that in the vicinity of that Rumia are buried underground pyramids. Earlier, probably, Prusai worked deeply with Kashubs, or inhabited that area, but about this later. From the martyrdom point of these three common lands, involved in a very tragic fate; Prusai were subjected in the early centuries of our millennium to a genocide and to this day they are pushed into oblivion. Robbed them from everything, including their name by Teutons, the castles and knowledge, of writing and speech, and as an ethnos placed them among the Baltic barbarian peoples. Much earlier the same happened to the Resians in Italy. And it was in the seventh century BC, when the Venice was conquered and seized, which name comes from the Vena-Bright White Horse placed in the blue firmament, which is the constellation of Pegasus, one of the most important Venice symbols the Pegasus four-horses reproduction and Phrygian cap. No less tragic was the fate of Iran’s Resian, and so in 1835 the Episcopal Church had sent to them a mission, to the oldest Christians, to convince them to Christianity, of which always a formal head is the puppet president of the United States. By force presented them with their new specially gifted alphabet which was prepared to condemn to oblivion Glagolitic, in which the ancient scripts were written of the old Chaldees texts. But when the entire mission was a failure, Resians and their differences were not spared and with the Armenians were exterminated by the Turks during World War I. For the careful observer, the current political scene in the world should be clear, that initiated civil wars or interventions in defense of democracy, primarily aimed at the destruction of status quo, and the destruction of history monuments and especially belonging to haplogroup? R?. Also, the split of the haplogroups R1a and R1b from the historical point of view is without meaning, but serves to cheat the history. Returning to Our three Rezias, not difficult to conclude that this occurred between the geographical triangulation relationship, elementary basis for all sort measurements of Heaven and Earth. So here's a way we got to the first stage of proving the depth of knowledge possessed by the Prusai and their brethren living in the Rezias hapologroup. Since writing the first essay on the Prusai, was a while ago and the scope of my knowledge got wider, the inclusion of Cyril and Methodius was a thick mistake from which I withdraw.

2019-04-23T10:19:49Z

http://prusowie.pl/historia_eseje_listy/obieg_azotu-en.php

Judge Peter W. Agnes Jr. David Wesley Ford Sr., 56, of 6 Chunis Ave., Millbury, was found not guilty by a jury on charges of indecent assault and battery on a child under 14, two counts of obscene matter to a minor, and two counts of open and gross lewdness. Lisbett Gerena, 29, of Haverhill, was sentenced to 18 months in the House of Correction after pleading guilty to possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. The charge was amended from trafficking in cocaine. Charges of carrying a firearm without a license and possession of a firearm without a firearm ID card were dismissed at the request of the commonwealth. Judge Robert W. Gardner Jr. Anthony J. Kirwin, 43, of 66 South Main St., Millbury, charged with receiving stolen property over $250, sentenced to one year in the House of Correction. Pamela M. Lunny, 50, of Bellingham, charged with resisting arrest, found not guilty; disturbing the peace and disorderly conduct, continued without a finding for two years, ordered to remain drug- and alcohol-free, to undergo a psychological evaluation with treatment and counseling as recommended by the Probation Department, to submit to random drug tests, and to have no contact with the victims, $50 victim witness fee. Michelle Isidore, 27, of 388 Burncoat St., Worcester, charged with aggravated assault and battery, dismissed without prejudice. Dayonna Holden, 25, of 510 Cambridge St., Worcester, charged with assault and battery, dismissed without prejudice. Jose Rivera, 50, of 170 James St., Worcester, charged with intimidation of a witness, dismissed. Anthony J. Yurkenas, 25, of 4 Benoit St., Worcester, charged with driving with a suspended license, fined $500, $50 victim witness fee; having no inspection sticker on a vehicle and license not in possession, found responsible, filed. Francisco Martinez, 42, of 587 Grafton St., Worcester, charged with assault with a dangerous weapon (motor vehicle) and intimidation of a witness, dismissed. Victor M. Rivera, 45, of 222 Dewey St., Worcester, charged with receiving a stolen vehicle, dismissed. Ryan Deluca, 32, of 22 Highland St., Auburn, charged with assault and battery, dismissed. Joseph Amofah, 39, of 40 Country Club Blvd., Worcester, charged with driving with a suspended license, continued without a finding for three months, $200 costs, $50 victim witness fee; and speeding, found responsible, filed. Michael Grady, 18, of 33 Dellwood Road, Worcester, charged with assault and battery, continued without a plea or finding and placed on pretrial probation for six months, ordered to have no contact with the victim, to remain in counseling, and to remain in school. Matthew Moriarty, 23, of 287 Charlton St., Southbridge, charged with two counts of driving with a suspended license, continued without a finding for six months, $200 costs; marked lanes violation and obstructing an emergency vehicle, found responsible, filed. Andy E. Roche, 18, of 343 Main St., Townsend, charged with possession of marijuana, continued without a finding for six months, ordered to remain drug- and alcohol-free and to submit to random drug tests, $100 costs, $50 victim witness fee. Jose Lozada, 23, of 39 Wall St., Worcester, charged with driving with a suspended license, fined $625, $50 victim witness fee; and speeding, found responsible, filed. Tina M. Desmarais, 38, of 10 Grove St., Millbury, charged with breaking and entering in the nighttime with intent to commit a felony, possession of saboxine, and trespassing, dismissed. Kathleen Sheehan, 38, of 33 South Main St., Millbury, charged with breaking and entering in the nighttime with intent to commit a felony and trespassing, dismissed. Janet M. Lebel, 34, of 9 Johnson St., Millbury, charged with breaking and entering in the nighttime with intent to commit a felony, possession of hydrocodone, and trespassing, dismissed. Shawn P. Childs, 47, of 84 Eastern Ave., Worcester, charged with assault and battery, dismissed. Marco D. Gonzalez, 22, of 14 Catharine St., Worcester, charged with failing to stop or yield and driving with a suspended license (subsequent offense), continued to Dec. 13. Jonathan J. Deleon, 19, of 4 Veterans Ave., Worcester, charged with driving without a license, fined $125, $50 victim witness fee; and one-way street violation, filed with a guilty finding. Carlos A. Estrada, 28, of 75 Grove St., Clinton, charged with possession of Clonazepam, sentenced to six months in the House of Correction; and indecent exposure, dismissed. Joseph P. Ceccarelli, 26, of 12 Bylund Ave., Auburn, charged with driving under the influence of alcohol or .08 percent (second offense), placed on probation for two years, ordered to attend a 14-day, inpatient program and to submit to random drug tests, fined $600, $50 victim assessment fee, $250 head injury fee, $50 victim witness fee; failing to wear a seat belt and speeding, found responsible, filed; driving negligently and possession of marijuana, dismissed. Daniel Cutler, 22, of 42 William St., Worcester, charged with breaking and entering in the daytime with intent to commit a felony, continued to Nov. 28. Jason Patterson, 19, of 61 Sever St., Worcester, charged with being a minor in possession of alcohol and possession of marijuana, continued without a plea or finding and placed on pretrial probation for six months, ordered to complete eight hours of community service. Enoc Garcia, 18, of 24 Sherburne Ave., Worcester, charged with possession of marijuana, continued without a finding for six months, $50 victim witness fee. Timothy J. Leighton, 18, of 38 Merrifield St., Worcester, charged with assault with a dangerous weapon (BB gun), continued without a finding for one year, ordered to remain in school and to complete 40 hours of community service. Lukell Bell, 18, of 61 Sever St., Worcester, charged with possession of marijuana, amended from possession of marijuana with intent to distribute, continued without a finding for six months, ordered to remain drug- and alcohol-free, $50 victim witness fee. Jonathan Velazquez, 17, of 190 Chino Ave., Worcester, charged with possession of marijuana, continued without a finding for six months, ordered to remain drug-free and to submit to random drug tests. Scott K. Santimaw, 32, of 36 Cranbrook Drive, Holden, charged with driving under the influence of alcohol or .08 percent (second offense), amended from driving under the influence of alcohol or .08 percent, placed on probation for one year, ordered to attend a driver alcohol education program, loss of license for 45 days, $250 state fee, $50 victim assessment fee, $250 head injury fee, $50 victim witness fee. Nathaniel O. Ansah, 27, of 1 Morgan St., Worcester, charged with driving with a suspended license (subsequent offense), dismissed, $1,500 costs; and speeding, found responsible, filed. Jessica Bazile, 17, of 113 McCarthy Ave., Cherry Valley, charged with two counts of assault and battery with a dangerous weapon (shod foot, rock) and unarmed robbery, continued to Nov. 21 on $100 cash bail. Thomas B. Walsh, 45, of 44 Pine St., Whitinsville, charged with driving under the influence of alcohol or .08 percent (seventh offense), amended from driving under the influence of alcohol or .08 percent (fifth offense), continued to Nov. 20 on $25,000 cash bail. Champayne Leshore, 18, of 12 Colton St., Worcester, charged with two counts of assault and battery with a dangerous weapon (shod foot, rock) and unarmed robbery, continued to Nov. 21 on $100 cash bail. Carmello Andujar, 28, of 507 Main St., Worcester, charged with possession of a firearm without a firearm ID card, possession of heroin with intent to distribute, selling or possessing an assault weapon, and two counts of possession of a large capacity firearm, continued to Nov. 29 on $25,000 cash bail; three counts of improperly storing a firearm, three counts of firearm use in a felony, four counts of possession of a firearm without a firearm ID card, possession of heroin with intent to distribute, possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, and drug violation near a school or park, continued to Nov. 29 on $25,000 cash bail. Francisco Pagan, 25, of 6 Roath St., Worcester, charged with breaking and entering in the daytime with intent to commit a felony, aggravated assault and battery, and assault, continued to Dec. 11. Christopher Colecchi, 25, of 11 Vinson St., Worcester, charged with assault and battery and assault and battery with a dangerous weapon (wall), continued to Nov. 28 on $1,200 cash bail. Jesus Cintron Garcia, 25, of 54 Granite St., Worcester, charged with receiving a stolen vehicle and driving without a license, continued to Dec. 10 on $500 cash bail. Sharyn J. Lovely, 38, of 23 Vernon St., Worcester, charged with driving with a suspended license, continued to Dec. 10. Eric Spruill, 43, of Lowell, charged with shoplifting (third or subsequent offense), amended from shoplifting, continued to Nov. 26 on $250 cash bail. Jeremy E. O�Connell, 32, of 184 Stafford St., Worcester, charged with driving with a suspended license and driving with a suspended registration, continued to Dec. 11. Jacob Lavergne, 22, of 154 Perry Ave., Worcester, charged with driving with a suspended license, continued to Dec. 4. Eric Matta, 26, of 290 Torrey Road, Southbridge, charged with driving under the influence of alcohol or .08 percent (second offense), marked lanes violation, and driving without a license, continued to Nov. 29. Victor R. Gonzalez, 21, of 378 Grafton St., Worcester, charged with assault with a dangerous weapon (baseball bat), continued to Nov. 21 on $150 cash bail. Stephen E. Budney, 50, of 41 Rockaway Road, Auburn, charged with assault and battery, assault, and intimidation of a witness, continued to Dec. 12. Edward F. Sprott, 26, of 134 Elm St., Worcester, charged with being a fugitive from justice on a court warrant, continued to Nov. 27 on $10,000 cash bail. Arturo F. Mejia, 28, of 90 Ward St., Worcester, charged with assault and battery and vandalizing property, continued to Nov. 19 on $2,000 cash bail. Luis E. Mejia, 21, of 555 Park Ave., Worcester, charged with driving without a license, found responsible, fined $200; and vehicle equipment violation, found responsible, fined $35. Atruro Barahona, 33, of 38 Canterbury St., Worcester, charged with driving without a license, found responsible, fined $200. Chanthon Lim, 22, of Utica, N.Y., charged with possession of marijuana, fined $312.50, $50 victim witness fee. Christopher J. Henry, 45, of 701 Main St., Worcester, charged with assault and battery and disturbing the peace, continued to Nov. 27 on $2,000 cash bail. Marcel A. Cooley, 19, of 26 Winifred Ave., Worcester, charged with breaking and entering in the daytime with intent to commit a felony and attempting to commit a crime (larceny), continued to Dec. 7. Domingo Cartagena, 30, of 976 Main St., Worcester, charged with possession of marijuana, continued to Nov. 23. Laurie A. Nordstrom, 32, of 1111 Millbury St., Worcester, charged with driving with a suspended license, driving with a suspended registration, and driving an uninsured vehicle, continued to Dec. 5. Paula Bohigian, 38, of 171 South Road, Templeton, charged with larceny over $250 by a single scheme, continued to Dec. 11. Jocleyn L. Madison, 33, of 14 Douglas Court, Worcester, charged with assault and battery, assault with a dangerous weapon (knife), and malicious destruction of property under $250, continued to Dec. 7 on $500 cash bail. Joanne Born, 53, of 6 Prospect St., Millbury, charged with driving under the influence of alcohol or .08 percent and state highway traffic violation, continued to Dec. 7. Robert Flexer, 27, of Troy, N.Y., charged with driving without a license, fined $200, $50 victim witness fee; speeding, found responsible, fined $150; and failing to wear a seat belt, found not responsible. Franklin E. Gonzales, 30, of Framingham, charged with driving with a suspended license for driving under the influence of alcohol and vehicle lights violation, continued to Nov. 27 on $3,000 cash bail. Shawn R. O�Connor, 27, of 41 Lincoln St., Webster, charged with driving under the influence of alcohol or .08 percent, marked lanes violation, and driving with a suspended license, continued to Nov. 29. Nicholas L. Grillo, 20, of South Windsor, Conn., charged with driving with a suspended license, license plate violation, and vehicle equipment violation, continued to Dec. 3. Jonelle Olivencia, 22, of 34 Canterbury St., Worcester, charged with driving with a suspended license (subsequent offense), amended from driving with a suspended license, license not in possession, driving an unregistered vehicle, driving an uninsured vehicle, marked lanes violation, and license plate violation to conceal ID, continued to Nov. 29. Juan G. Vasquez, 21, of Central Falls, R.I., charged with possession of marijuana, continued without a finding for six months, $100 costs, $50 victim witness fee. Juan Saninocencio Jr., 47, of 397 Mill St., Worcester, charged with violation of an abuse prevention order, continued to Nov. 26 on $3,000 cash bail. Leshawn Parrish, 25, of 36 John St., Worcester, charged with driving with a suspended license (subsequent offense), amended from driving with a suspended license, sentenced to 60 days in the House of Correction, suspended for six months, $500 costs, $50 victim witness fee. Michael C. Paradis, 25, of 52 Causeway St., Hudson, charged with driving under the influence of drugs, continued without a finding for a year with probation, ordered to attend a treatment program and any recommended aftercare, loss of license for 45 days, a substance abuse evaluation, random screening, and four months of electronic monitoring with windows for work, counseling, drug screens, probation appointments, and medical or substance abuse treatment; reckless driving, possession of heroin, possession of cocaine, possession of marijuana (second offense), and illegal possession of suboxone, all charges continued without a finding for a year with probation; and marked lanes violation, found not responsible. Mandy Burns, 24, of 235 Boston Turnpike, No. 233, Shrewsbury, charged with possession of heroin, possession of marijuana, and illegal possession of prescription antibiotics, released on personal recognizance and continued to a pretrial hearing Dec. 5. Paula J. Genest, 55, of 14 Brandon Road (rear), Dudley, charged with driving an uninsured motor vehicle, driving with a suspended registration, and permitting unlicensed or suspended driving of a motor vehicle, released on personal recognizance and continued to Nov. 2. Francis Lyons, 31, of Revere, charged with wanton destruction of property over $250, sentenced to 60 days in the House of Correction, concurrent with time now being served or to be served; furnishing a false name or Social Security number upon arrest, sentenced to 60 days in the House or Correction to be served concurrently with other sentence; attempting to commit a crime (larceny over $250), dismissed; and trespassing, sentenced to 60 days in the House of Correction to be served concurrently with the other sentence. Michael Hatfield, 49, of 2 Dodge Lane, Sutton, charged with number plate violation to conceal ID, continued without a finding for a year with a $21 monthly probation fee, also ordered to pay $1,050 in costs and fees; driving an unregistered motor vehicle, found responsible, charge was filed; illegal possession of oxycodone, illegal possession of Valium, and illegal possession of a Class E substance, all three dismissed. William J. Lange, 24, of 9 New York St., Worcester, charged with driving with a suspended license, continued without a finding for six months with a $21 administrative supervision fee, also ordered to pay $750 in costs and fees; having no inspection sticker, found responsible, filed; number plate violation, found responsible, filed; and possessing a firearm without a firearm identification card, dismissed. Joseph Clementi, 22, of 84 Sugar Road, Bolton, charged with driving under the influence of alcohol (second offense), released on personal recognizance and continued to Dec. 18. James Chipman, 22, of 875 Main St., Boylston, charged with larceny from a building and breaking and entering at nighttime with intent to commit a felony, released on personal recognizance and continued to Dec. 4. John P. O�Leary, 61, of 27 Orne St., Worcester, charged with larceny of a firearm, released on personal recognizance and continued to Dec. 19. Eric K. Doku, 44, of 32 Rodney St., Worcester, charged with larceny over $250, released on personal recognizance and continued to Dec. 18. Alvin G. Clarke, 34, of 49 Everard St., Worcester, charged with unauthorized use of a motor vehicle, possession of crack cocaine, possession of crack cocaine with intent to distribute, and larceny of property valued at $250 or less, sentenced to 10 days in the House of Correction with 10 days� credit for time served; and conspiracy to violation controlled substance laws, dismissed. Sean P. Dayotas, 19, of 15 Brady Road, Westboro, charged with driving under the influence of alcohol, continued without a finding for a year with probation and a $65 monthly probation fee, must attend a driver alcohol education program and aftercare, loss of license for 210 days, and ordered to pay $600 in fines and fees; and driving negligently, dismissed. Robert D. Courtney III, 35, of 37 Brown Road, Oxford, charged with selling, making, storing, or transporting alcohol unlawfully, continued without a finding for six months, ordered to pay $150 in costs and fees.

2019-04-21T08:44:22Z

https://www.telegram.com/article/20071031/COURTRECORDS/710310526

For other people named Richard Webster, see Richard Webster (disambiguation). Richard Everard Webster, 1st Viscount Alverstone, GCMG, PC, FRS (22 December 1842 – 15 December 1915) was a British barrister, politician and judge who served in many high political and judicial offices. His interest in cricket and foot-racing was maintained in later life. He refereed races for the early Amateur Athletic Club and set rules for long jump and shot put. He was President of Surrey County Cricket Club from 1895 until his death, and of the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1903. Webster was called to the bar in 1868, and became QC only ten years afterwards. His practice was chiefly in commercial, railway and patent cases until (June 1885) he was appointed Attorney-General in the Conservative Government in the exceptional circumstances of never having been Solicitor-general, and not at the time occupying a seat in parliament. He was elected for Launceston in the following month, and in November exchanged this seat for the Isle of Wight, which he continued to represent until his elevation to the House of Lords. Except under the brief Gladstone administration of 1886, and the Gladstone-Rosebery cabinet of 1892–1895, Sir Richard Webster was Attorney-General from 1885 to 1900. In 1890 he was leading counsel for The Times in the Parnell inquiry; in 1893 he represented Great Britain in the Bering Sea arbitration; in 1898 he discharged the same function in the matter of the boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela. In the House of Commons, and outside it, his political career was prominently associated with church work; and his speeches were distinguished for gravity and earnestness. In July 1885, he was made a Knight Bachelor. In December 1893, he was appointed to the Order of St Michael and St George as a Knight Grand Cross. In January 1900 he was created a Baronet, but in May the same year succeeded Sir Nathaniel Lindley as Master of the Rolls, being raised to the peerage as Baron Alverstone, of Alverstone in the County of Southampton and sworn of the Privy Council, and in October of the same year he was elevated to the office of Lord Chief Justice upon the death of Lord Russell of Killowen. He presided over some notable trials of the era including Hawley Harvey Crippen. Although popular, he was not considered an outstanding judge; one colleague wrote after his death that "the reports will be searched in vain for judgments of his that are valuable". He received the honorary degree Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) from the University of Edinburgh in April 1902, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society later the same year. In late 1902 he was in South Africa as part of a commission looking into the use of martial law sentences during the Second Boer War. In 1903 during the Alaska boundary dispute he was one of the members of the Boundary Commission. Against the wishes of the Canadians it was his swing vote that settled the matter, roughly splitting the disputed territory. As a result, he became extremely unpopular in Canada. He retired in 1913, and was created Viscount Alverstone, of Alverstone, Isle of Wight in the County of Southampton. Webster married in 1872 Louisa Mary Calthrop, daughter of William Charles Calthrop. She died in March 1877. They had one son and one daughter. Their only son, the Honourable Arthur Harold Webster (1874–1902) died childless in August 1902, aged 28, after an operation for appendicitis. The Arthur Webster Hospital, opened in 1905, was presented to the town of Shanklin, Isle of Wight by Lord Alverstone in memory of his son. The building is still in use as the Arthur Webster Clinic. He commissioned the architect Edward Blakeway I'Anson to build Winterfold House near Cranleigh in the Surrey Hills in 1886, in a classic late Victorian style, and laid out grounds with flowering trees and shrubs. Lord Alverstone died at Cranleigh, Surrey, in December 1915, aged 72 and was buried at West Norwood Cemetery under a Celtic cross. His peerages became extinct on his death. ^ Although The Viscount Alverstone was a baronet, by custom the post-nominal of "Bt" is omitted, as Peers of the Realm do not list subsidiary hereditary titles. ^ After Queen Victoria died and King Edward VII ascended the Throne, the post-nominal of QC became KC. ^ "Webster, Richard Everard (WBSR860RE)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Haigh, Gideon (2006). Peter The Lord's Cat and Other Unexpected Obituaries from Wisden. London, Eng: John Wisden & Co. p. 7. ISBN 1845131630. ^ "No. 25490". The London Gazette. 14 July 1885. p. 3239. ^ "No. 26465". The London Gazette. 8 December 1893. p. 7183. ^ "No. 27157". The London Gazette. 26 January 1900. p. 512. ^ "No. 27202". The London Gazette. 15 June 1900. p. 3752. ^ "No. 27192". The London Gazette. 15 May 1900. p. 3066. ^ "University intelligence". The Times (36740). London. 12 April 1902. p. 12. ^ "Fellows 1660-2007" (PDF). Royal Society. Retrieved 9 September 2016. ^ "Library and Archive catalogue". Royal Society. Retrieved 2012-02-25. ^ "Martial Law in South Africa". The Times (36894). London. 9 October 1902. p. 3. ^ "No. 28783". The London Gazette. 19 December 1913. p. 9337. ^ "Obituary". The Times (36842). London. 9 August 1902. p. 5. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alverstone, Richard Everard Webster" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 1916 edition: obituary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richard Webster, 1st Viscount Alverstone. Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council, usually known simply as the Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its membership mainly comprises senior politicians, who are present or former members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, the Council holds the delegated authority to issue Orders of Council, mostly used to regulate certain public institutions. The Council advises the sovereign on the issuing of Royal Charters, which are used to grant special status to incorporated bodies, the Privy Councils powers have now been largely replaced by the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The Judicial Committee consists of judges appointed as Privy Counsellors, predominantly Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Privy Council of the United Kingdom was preceded by the Privy Council of Scotland, the key events in the formation of the modern Privy Council are given below, Witenagemot was an early equivalent to the Privy Council of England. During the reigns of the Norman monarchs, the English Crown was advised by a court or curia regis. The body originally concerned itself with advising the sovereign on legislation, later, different bodies assuming distinct functions evolved from the court. The courts of law took over the business of dispensing justice, the Council retained the power to hear legal disputes, either in the first instance or on appeal. Furthermore, laws made by the sovereign on the advice of the Council, powerful sovereigns often used the body to circumvent the Courts and Parliament. During Henry VIIIs reign, the sovereign, on the advice of the Council, was allowed to enact laws by mere proclamation, the legislative pre-eminence of Parliament was not restored until after Henry VIIIs death. Though the royal Council retained legislative and judicial responsibilities, it became an administrative body. The Council consisted of forty members in 1553, but the sovereign relied on a smaller committee, by the end of the English Civil War, the monarchy, House of Lords, and Privy Council had been abolished. The remaining parliamentary chamber, the House of Commons, instituted a Council of State to execute laws, the forty-one members of the Council were elected by the House of Commons, the body was headed by Oliver Cromwell, de facto military dictator of the nation. In 1653, Cromwell became Lord Protector, and the Council was reduced to thirteen and twenty-one members, all elected by the Commons. In 1657, the Commons granted Cromwell even greater powers, some of which were reminiscent of those enjoyed by monarchs, the Council became known as the Protectors Privy Council, its members were appointed by the Lord Protector, subject to Parliaments approval. In 1659, shortly before the restoration of the monarchy, the Protectors Council was abolished, Charles II restored the Royal Privy Council, but he, like previous Stuart monarchs, chose to rely on a small group of advisers. Under George I even more power transferred to this committee and it now began to meet in the absence of the sovereign, communicating its decisions to him after the fact. William Ewart Gladstone, FRS, FSS was a British Liberal and earlier conservative politician. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times, more than any other person, Gladstone was Britains oldest Prime Minister, he resigned for the final time when he was 84 years old. Gladstone first entered Parliament in 1832, beginning as a High Tory, Gladstone served in the Cabinet of Sir Robert Peel. After the split of the Conservatives Gladstone was a Peelite – in 1859 the Peelites merged with the Whigs, as Chancellor Gladstone became committed to low public spending and to electoral reform, earning him the sobriquet The Peoples William. Gladstones first ministry saw many reforms including the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland, after his electoral defeat in 1874, Gladstone resigned as leader of the Liberal Party, but from 1876 began a comeback based on opposition to Turkeys reaction to the Bulgarian April Uprising. Gladstones Midlothian Campaign of 1879–80 was an example of many modern political campaigning techniques. The government passed the Third Reform Act, Back in office in early 1886, Gladstone proposed Irish home rule but this was defeated in the House of Commons in July. The resulting split in the Liberal Party helped keep out of office, with one short break. In 1892 Gladstone formed his last government at the age of 82, the Second Home Rule Bill passed the Commons but was defeated in the Lords in 1893. Gladstone resigned in March 1894, in opposition to increased naval expenditure and he left Parliament in 1895 and died three years aged 88. Gladstone was known affectionately by his supporters as The Peoples William or the G. O. M, Gladstone is consistently ranked as one of Britains greatest Prime Ministers. Born in 1809 in Liverpool, at 62 Rodney Street, William Ewart Gladstone was the son of the slave-owning merchant Sir John Gladstone. Although born and brought up in Liverpool, William Gladstone was of purely Scottish ancestry, in 1814 young Willy visited Scotland for the first time, as he and his brother John travelled with their father to Edinburgh and Dingwall to visit their relatives. West Norwood Cemetery is a 40-acre cemetery in West Norwood in London, England. It was known as the South Metropolitan Cemetery, one of the first private landscaped cemeteries in London, it is one of the Magnificent Seven cemeteries of London, and is a site of major historical and ecological interest. Its grounds are a mixture of historic monumental cemetery and modern cemetery, but it has catacombs, cremation plots. The Main gate is located on Norwood Road near the junction with Robson Road and it is in the London Borough of Lambeth. The local authority are the current owners, the site, with some of its neighbouring streets, forms part of a conservation area. It is one of the Magnificent Seven metropolitan lawn cemeteries of the Victorian era, Lambeth have recognised it as a site of nature conservation value within the Borough in addition to its outstanding value as a site of national historic and cultural interest. English Heritage have placed it on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens, the entrance gate is set within railings, painted a historically accurate spice brown. Railings and walls were high in order to dispel fears of body snatchers. There is a second entrance nearby, normally kept locked, in Norwood High Street which is close to West Norwood railway station, many of these mausolea are listed, such as the Grade II mausoleum for Sir Henry Doultons family, constructed appropriately of pottery and terrcotta. As a contrast, just a few yards to the west of the crematorium is the simple headstone to Isabella Mary Mayson Beeton, aka Mrs Beeton. The cemetery was founded by its own Act of Parliament of 1836, by 2000, there had been 164,000 burials in 42,000 plots, plus 34,000 cremations and several thousand interments in its catacombs. In 1830, George Frederick Carden, editor of The Penny Magazine, over time they passed a number of laws that effectively halted burials in Londons churchyards, moving them to places where they would be less prejudicial to the health of the inhabitants. The new cemetery was consecrated by the Bishop of Winchester on 7 December 1837, until 1877, the consecrated grounds were overseen by the Diocese of Winchester, and Rochester, before coming under the authority of Southwark from 1905. A Queens Counsel, or Kings Counsel during the reign of a king, is an eminent lawyer who is appointed by the Queen to be one of Her Majestys Counsel learned in the law. The term is recognised as an honorific. Queens Counsel is a status, conferred by the Crown, that is recognised by courts, members have the privilege of sitting within the Bar of court. As members wear silk gowns of a design, the award of Queens Counsel is known informally as taking silk. Appointments are made from within the profession on the basis of merit rather than a particular level of experience. However, successful applicants tend to be barristers, or advocates with 15 years of experience or more, the Attorney-General, Solicitor-General, and Kings Serjeants were Kings Counsel in Ordinary in the Kingdom of England. The first Queens Counsel Extraordinary was Sir Francis Bacon, who was given a patent giving him precedence at the Bar in 1597, the new rank of Kings Counsel contributed to the gradual obsolescence of the formerly more senior serjeant-at-law by superseding it. The Attorney-General and Solicitor-General had similarly succeeded the Kings Serjeants as leaders of the Bar in Tudor times, but the Kings Counsel emerged into eminence only in the early 1830s, prior to when they were relatively few in number. It became the means to recognise a barrister as a senior member of the profession. It became of greater importance to become a KC. The KCs inherited the prestige of the serjeants and their priority before the courts, the earliest English law list, published in 1775, lists 165 members of the Bar, of whom 14 were Kings Counsel, a proportion of about 8. 5%. As of 2010 roughly the same proportion existed, though the number of barristers had increased to about 12,250 in independent practice, in 1839 the number of Queens Counsel was seventy. In 1882, the number of Queens Counsel was 187, the list of Queens Counsel in the Law List of 1897 gave the names of 238, of whom hardly one-third appeared to be in actual practice. In 1959, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 181, in each of the five years up to 1970, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 208,209,221,236 and 262, respectively. Isle of Wight is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2001 by Andrew Turner of the Conservative Party. Created by the Great Reform Act for the 1832 general election it covers the whole of the Isle of Wight and has had the largest electorate of any constituency in all General Elections since 1983, the Isle of Wight forms a single constituency of the House of Commons. One problem the independent body cited in 2008 was a difficulty of dividing the island in two in a way that would be acceptable to all interests, however, in the 2018 review now underway, dividing the island into two separate constituencies is a requirement. The Commissions draft proposals divide the island into two seats and West, before the Reform Act 1832 the island usually had three Parliamentary boroughs, Newport and Yarmouth each electing two MPs. In 1654 an Isle of Wight constituency was created for the First Protectorate Parliament, the island was represented by the two members for Hampshire. London, or Greater London, is a region of England which forms the administrative boundaries of London. It is organised into 33 local government districts, the 32 London boroughs, the Greater London Authority, based in Southwark, is responsible for strategic local government across the region and consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. The county of Greater London was created on 1 April 1965 through the London Government Act 1963, Greater London was first established as a sui generis council area under the Greater London Council between 1963 and 1986. The area was re-established as a region in 1994, and the Greater London Authority formed in 2000, the region covers 1,572 km2 and had a population of 8,174,000 at the 2011 census. In 2012, it had the highest GVA per capita in the United Kingdom at £37,232, the Greater London Built-up Area—used in some national statistics—is a measure of the continuous urban area of London, and therefore includes areas outside of the administrative region. The term Greater London has been and still is used to different areas in governance, history. In terms of ceremonial counties, London is divided into the small City of London, outside the limited boundaries of the City, a variety of arrangements has governed the wider area since 1855, culminating in the creation of the Greater London administrative area in 1965. The Greater London Arterial Road Programme was devised between 1913 and 1916, one of the larger early forms was the Greater London Planning Region, devised in 1927, which occupied 1,856 square miles and included 9 million people. The LCC pressed for an alteration in its boundaries soon after the end of the First World War, noting that within the Metropolitan, a Royal Commission on London Government was set up to consider the issue. The LCC proposed a vast new area for Greater London, with a boundary somewhere between the Metropolitan Police District and the home counties, protests were made at the possibility of including Windsor and Eton in the authority. The Commission made its report in 1923, rejecting the LCCs scheme, two minority reports favoured change beyond the amalgamation of smaller urban districts, including both smaller borough councils and a central authority for strategic functions. The London Traffic Act 1924 was a result of the Commission, Greater London originally had a two-tier system of local government, with the Greater London Council sharing power with the City of London Corporation and the 32 London Borough councils. The GLC was abolished in 1986 by the Local Government Act 1985 and its functions were devolved to the City Corporation and the London Boroughs, with some functions transferred to central government and joint boards. Greater London was used to form the London region of England in 1994, a referendum held in 1998 established a public will to recreate an upper tier of government to cover the region. The Greater London Authority, London Assembly and the directly elected Mayor of London were created in 2000 by the Greater London Authority Act 1999, in 2000, the outer boundary of the Metropolitan Police District was re-aligned to the Greater London boundary. The House of Lords of the United Kingdom, referred to ceremonially as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, the full name of the house is, The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. Unlike the elected House of Commons, all members of the House of Lords are appointed, the membership of the House of Lords is drawn from the peerage and is made up of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops in the established Church of England, of the Lords Temporal, the majority are life peers who are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, or on the advice of the House of Lords Appointments Commission. However, they include some hereditary peers including four dukes. Very few of these are female since most hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men, while the House of Commons has a defined 650-seat membership, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. There are currently 805 sitting Lords, the House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its respective lower house. The House of Lords scrutinises bills that have approved by the House of Commons. It regularly reviews and amends Bills from the Commons, while it is unable to prevent Bills passing into law, except in certain limited circumstances, it can delay Bills and force the Commons to reconsider their decisions. In this capacity, the House of Lords acts as a check on the House of Commons that is independent from the electoral process, Bills can be introduced into either the House of Lords or the House of Commons. Members of the Lords may take on roles as government ministers, the House of Lords has its own support services, separate from the Commons, including the House of Lords Library. The Queens Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament, the House has a Church of England role, in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual. This new parliament was, in effect, the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 MPs and 16 Peers to represent Scotland, the Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium, the Great Council that advised the King during medieval times. This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, the first English Parliament is often considered to be the Model Parliament, which included archbishops, abbots, earls and representatives of the shires and boroughs of it. The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined, for example, during much of the reign of Edward II, the nobility was supreme, the Crown weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless. In 1569, the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter, further developments occurred during the reign of Edward IIs successor, Edward III. It was during this Kings reign that Parliament clearly separated into two chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. Charterhouse is an independent day and boarding school in Godalming, Surrey. Today pupils are referred to as Carthusians, and ex-pupils as Old Carthusians. Charging full boarders up to £36,000 per annum in 2015/16, Charterhouse is amongst the most expensive Headmasters and it has educated one British Prime Minister and has a long list of notable alumni. In May 1611, the London Charterhouse came into the hands of Thomas Sutton of Knaith and he acquired a fortune by the discovery of coal on two estates which he had leased near Newcastle-on-Tyne, and afterwards, removing to London, he carried on a commercial career. Charterhouse established a reputation for excellence in care and treatment, thanks in part to Henry Levett. Levett was widely esteemed for his writings, including an early tract on the treatment of smallpox. Levett was buried in Charterhouse Chapel and his widow married Andrew Tooke, the school was moved to its present site in 1872 by the headmaster, the Reverend William Haig Brown – a decision influenced by the findings of the Clarendon Commission of 1864. The school bought a 68-acre site atop a hill just outside Godalming, in addition to the main school buildings, they constructed three boarding houses, known as Saunderites and Gownboys. The school was built by Lucas Brothers, who built the Royal Albert Hall. As pupil numbers grew, other houses were built alongside the approach road, each was titled with an adaptation of the name of their first housemaster, such as Weekites and Girdlestoneites. The last of these is referred to as Duckites, reflecting the unusual gait of its original housemaster. There are now the four old houses plus eight new houses. The twelve Houses have preserved a unique identity and pupils compete against each other in sports and the arts. The school continued to expand over the 20th century, around 350 names have been subsequently added to commemorate those who died in the Second World War and other more recent conflicts. Most still attend a chapel service there six times a week. Charterhouse was all male until the 1970s when girls were first admitted in the sixth form, of over 400 sixth formers today, almost a third are girls. The shot put is a track and field event involving throwing/putting a heavy spherical object —the shot—as far as possible. The shot put competition for men has been a part of the modern Olympics since their revival in 1896, homer mentions competitions of rock throwing by soldiers during the Siege of Troy but there is no record of any dead weights being thrown in Greek competitions. The first evidence for stone- or weight-throwing events were in the Scottish Highlands, in the 16th century King Henry VIII was noted for his prowess in court competitions of weight and hammer throwing. The first events resembling the modern shot put likely occurred in the Middle Ages when soldiers held competitions in which they hurled cannonballs, shot put competitions were first recorded in early 19th century Scotland, and were a part of the British Amateur Championships beginning in 1866. Competitors take their throw from inside a marked circle 2.135 metres in diameter, the following rules are adhered to for a legal throw, Upon calling the athletes name, the athlete may enter from any part of the throwing circle. They have sixty seconds to commence the throwing motion otherwise they are banned from the game, the athlete may not wear gloves, IAAF rules permit the taping of individual fingers. The athlete must rest the shot close to the neck, the shot must be released above the height of the shoulder, using only one hand. The athlete may touch the surface of the circle or toe board. Limbs may however extend over the lines of the circle in the air, the shot must land in the legal sector of the throwing area. The athlete must leave the circle from the back. The athlete may enter the circle at the location of their choice. Foul throws occur when an athlete, Does not pause within the circle before beginning the throwing motion, does not complete the throwing movement within sixty seconds of having their name called. Allows the shot to drop below his shoulder or outside the plane of his shoulder during the put. At any time if the shot loses contact with the neck it is technically an illegal throw, during the throwing motion, touches with any part of the body, the top or ends of the toe board the top of the iron ring anywhere outside the circle. The long jump is a track and field event in which athletes combine speed and agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a take off point. Along with the jump, the two events that measure jumping for distance as a group are referred to as the horizontal jumps. This event has a history in the Ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympic event for men since the first Olympics in 1896 and for women since 1948. If the competitor starts the leap with any part of the foot past the foul line, a layer of plasticine is placed immediately after the board to detect this occurrence. An official will watch the jump and make the determination, therefore, it is in the best interest of the competitor to get as close to the foul line as possible. Competitors are allowed to place two marks along the side of the runway in order to assist them to jump accurately. At a lesser meet and facilities, the plasticine will likely not exist, at a smaller meet, the number of attempts might be limited to four or three. Each competitor has a set number of attempts and that would normally be three trials, with three additional jumps being awarded to the best 8 or 9 competitors. All legal marks will be recorded but only the longest legal jump counts towards the results, the competitor with the longest legal jump at the end of competition is declared the winner. In the event of a tie, comparing the next best jumps of the tied competitors will be used to determine place. In a large, multi-day elite competition, a set number of competitors will advance to the final round, a set of 3 trial round jumps will be held in order to select those finalists. For record purposes, the maximum accepted wind assistance is two metres per second, the long jump is the only known jumping event of Ancient Greeces original Olympics pentathlon events. All events that occurred at the Olympic Games were initially supposed to act as a form of training for warfare, the long jump emerged probably because it mirrored the crossing of obstacles such as streams and ravines. Sir Nathaniel Lindley, who made key judgments in a variety of important cases and was the last Serjeant-at-Law appointed, the last to sit as a judge and the last surviving. Graves and memorials in the cemetery. The tomb holding Maria Zambaco is in the foreground. Osborne House and its grounds are now open to the public. Don Bradman of Australia had a record Test batting average of 99.94. A modern SG cricket bat (back view). Halteres used in athletic games in ancient Greece. Standing long jump, detail of a page from the Luzerner Chronik of 1513. Emmanuelle Chazal competes in the women's heptathlon long jump final during the French Athletics Championships 2013 at Stade Charléty in Paris, 13 July 2013. Surrey's home ground The Oval, overlooked by the famous gasholders. Surrey's all-time top scorer Jack Hobbs. Mark Ramprakash, who joined Surrey from Middlesex in 2001. The House of Lords meets in a chamber in the Palace of Westminster. Charles Pepys as Lord Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor wore black and gold robes whilst presiding over the House of Lords. Benches in the chamber are coloured red. In contrast, the House of Commons is decorated in green. Gladstone c. 1835, painted by William Cubley. Gladstone in 1859, painted by George Frederic Watts. A wounded British officer reading The Times's report of the end of the Crimean War, in John Everett Millais' painting Peace Concluded. Helena Normanton, first female British barrister. A painting by Sir George Hayter that commemorates the passing of the Reform Act of 1832. It depicts the first session of the newly reformed House of Commons on 5 February 1833. In the foreground, the leading statesmen from the Lords: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (1764–1845), William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne (1779–1848) and the Whigs on the left; and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852) and the Tories on the right. Andrew Turner (pictured in 2010) served as the MP from 2001 to 2017. Queen Victoria convened her first Privy Council on the day of her accession in 1837. A 1903 caricature of Robert McCall KC (formerly QC) wearing his court robes at the Bar of England and Wales. For court, he wears a short wig, and bands instead of lace at the collar, but he retains the silk gown and court tailcoat worn on ceremonial occasions.

2019-04-23T00:59:27Z

https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Richard_Webster,_1st_Viscount_Alverstone

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2019-04-22T00:01:02Z

http://pinksari.org/wp-content/themes/pdf/download-Guide-to-Wild-Foods-and-Useful-Plants-2014/

Como podéis suponer el nombre de mi blog ‘From The Blue Side’ está relacionado con el hecho que vivimos en un planeta azul, y ello es debido a que los océanos cubren más del 70% de la superficie de nuestro planeta. El porqué del giňo al lado oscuro os lo contaré otro día. La parte ‘divertida’ de que nos referiramos a nuestro planeta como el Planeta Azul, es que esto es así desde que las primeras imágenes de la Tierra vista desde el espacio nos han convencido de ello. ¿Qué hay de divertido en esto? Pues que hemos necesitado ir al espacio para reconocer la importancia de los océanos en nuestra vida, y sin embargo en el aňo 2000 todavía la mayoria de las áreas del oceáno de nuestro planeta no habían sido muestreadas desde la superficie hasta el fondo más de una vez (Stewart, 2008). As you can imagine, the name of my blog ‘From the Blue Side’ is related to the fact that we live on a blue planet due to the ocean covers over seventy percent of its surface (I will explain you the reference to ‘the dark side’ in the title of the blog in other moment). The funny part that we call our planet the Blue Planet is that we do since the first images of the Earth from the space have convinced us of this fact. Which is the funny part? Well, we have needed to go to the space to realize about the importance of the ocean in our lives, while, by the year 2000, most areas of the ocean had been sampled from top to bottom only once (Stewart, 2008). The hydrothermal activity is associated with the presence of divergent plate boundaries, also known as mid-ocean ridges as that in the mid-Atlantic where the discharge of magmatic material makes the European and American continental margins separate. The presence of fractures in the ocean bottom in these regions enables the contact between the bottom sea-water with the magmatic material below. It makes that the bottom sea-water penetrating along these fractures get very high temperatures (300-400°C) in such a way that when they merge towards the deep ocean again they ascend through the ocean water column due to they are lighter than the surrounding waters. Imagine the chimney of a fabric through which water vapor is released. The water vapor ascends quickly as a white plume that dilutes in the atmosphere until its density is equal to the air at the same level. Returning to our hydrothermal plume, during its ascent, it entrains ambient deep ocean water, colder and saltier, that makes increase its density. This upward movement continues until its density is equal to the ambient water, sometimes several hundred meters above the seabed. Thus, the hydrothermal activity implies a heat injection to the deep ocean, as well as a transport of water masses due to the vertical movements that I have described. The deep water masses in the different ocean basins are very slowly renovated, and, in some places, the transports produced by hydrothermal plumes can be comparable with the magnitude of flows predicted for these basins (Lupton et al., 1985). Pero no es sólo calor lo que se intercambia entre el fondo y el océano a través del agua que penetra y posteriormente emerge a través de esas fracturas, sino diferentes metales y compuestos que se encuentran en distinta concentración en el océano y en el interior de la Tierra. Por ese motivo, la actividad hidrotermal afecta la química del océano (Stein et al., 1995), proporcionando incluso una fuente de energía alternativa que es capaz de mantener ecosistemas únicos que distan a veces entre una zona de actividad hidrotermal y otra. Nuestras ‘nubes’ de agua hidrotermal no contienen oxígeno pero son ricas en ácido sulfídrico (H2 S), el cual puede ser usado por bacterias como fuente de energía para la producción de material orgánica que después mantiene cada uno de esos ecosistemas a pequena escala (Longhurst, 1998). Nevertheless, it is not only heat what is exchanged between the ocean bottom and the water column through the water penetrating and later emerging through those fractures but different metals and compounds that exist in different concentration in the ocean and the Earth interior. For this reason, the hydrothermal activity affects the chemistry of the ocean (Stein et al., 1995), even providing an alternative energy source able to maintain unique ecosystems differing sometimes from one hydrothermal vent to another. Our hydrothermal ‘clouds’ do not contain oxygen, but they are rich in hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), which can be used by some bacteria as energy source to produce organic matter that later maintains each of these small-scale ecosystems (Longhurst, 1998). En el Ártico encontramos uno de esos márgenes divergentes entre placas a los que se asocia la actividad hidrotermal. El Gakkel Ridge es una extensión de la dorsal medio oceánica más al sur en el Atlantico. Tiene una longitud de unos 1800 km. y cruza el Ártico desde las costa de Groenlandia hasta Siberia (Fig. 2). Como el resto del Ártico, es una de las zonas océanicas menos exploradas por lo que cuál es la importancia de la actividad hidrotermal en todos los procesos que os he comentado más arriba es todavia una pregunta sin contestar. La actividad hidrotermal podría tener implicaciones de mayor importancia aquí debido a que las capas profundas (últimos 2000 metros) están menos estratificadas que en otros océanos. Eso significa que en el Ártico la diferencia de densidad entre agua a diferentes profundidades es menor. Por tanto, nuestras ‘nubes’ de agua hidrotermal podrían ascender más en el Ártico. Ello movería un mayor volumen de agua verticalmente, siendo mayor también su contribución a la circulación de masas de agua profundas en esta cuenca. Por supuesto, el calor liberado al océano a través de la actividad hidrotermal también afectará al calor almacenado en el fondo del Ártico. Así que, estoy encantada de que durante nuestra campana hayamos podido obtener medidas sobre el Gakkel Ridge, y que esos nuevos datos puedan ayudarme a intentar encontrar respuesta a alguna de esas preguntas. Para los que no lo sepan las aguas profundas del Ártico y Mar de Groenlandia son mi objetivo de estudio actualmente. In the Arctic, we find one of these divergent plate boundaries associated with hydrothermal activity. The Gakkel Ridge is an extension of the world-encircling ridge, represented further south in the Atlantic by the mid-Atlantic Ocean Ridge, through the Arctic Ocean. It extends along 1800 km. crossing the Arctic from Greenland to Siberia (Fig. 2). As the rest of the Arctic Ocean, it is one of the less sampled oceanic areas, and so the importance of the Gakkel Ridge hydrothermal activity in all the processes that I explained above is still an open question. The hydrothermal activity in the Arctic could have larger implications than in other basins, because its deeper layers are less stratified than other ocean basins. It means that here the density difference between different depths is smaller. Thus, the hydrothermal ‘plumes’ may reach shallower depths in the Arctic. It would imply a larger vertical movement of water, being also higher its contribution to the circulation of the deep water masses in this basin. Of course, the heat released to the ocean by hydrothermal activity will also affect the heat storage in the deep Arctic Ocean. Thus, I’m really happy and excited with the idea that we have sampled above the Gakkel Ridge, and that these data will help me to give insight in these questions. For those that don’t know, the deep water masses of the Arctic and the Greenland Sea are the aim of my research nowadays. No puedo terminar sin contaros otra cosa más y con esto os prometo que acabo. El Océano Ártico está comunicado con el resto de oceanos desde hace relativamente poco en su historia geológica, no existiendo todavía hoy ningún paso suficientemente profundo como para intercambiar agua a la profundidad en que esta actividad hidrotermal tienen lugar. Por tanto, es esperable que nuevas especies que hayan evolucionado aisladas y se hayan adaptado especialmente a las condiones del Ártico y la actividad hidrotermal estén todavía por descubrir (Edmonds et al., 2003). I can’t finish without telling you one more thing, but with this I finish. I promise. The Arctic Ocean is connected with other ocean basins for relatively little time in its geological history. Besides, there is no opening nowadays deep enough that enables the direct exchange of water at the depth where the hydrothermal activity in the Gakkel Ridge takes place. Thus, we can expect that new species which have evolved in isolation and adapted to the Arctic and hydrothermal vent environments will be discovered here (Edmonds et al., 2003). Longhurst, A. (1998), Ecological Geography of the Sea, Academic Press London. Lupton et al., 1985. Entrainment and vertical transports of deep-ocea water by hydrothermal plumes. Nature, Vol. 316. 1985. Stein et al., 1993.‘Heat flow and hydrothermal circulation‘ in ‘Seafloor Hydrothermal Sytems: Physical, Chemical, Biological and Geological Interactions‘. Geophysical Monograph, 91. American Geophysical Union. Ya casi hemos hecho la mitad de nuestra campana. Hoy comenzamos nuestro viaje de retorno durante las siguientes cinco semanas, desde el Laptev Sea (frente a la costa de Siberia) hacia Bremerhaven (donde vivo ahora y se encuentra la sede del AWI) pasando por el Polo Norte. Los últimos 10 días han sido bastante ajetreados y por eso no he tenido mucho tiempo de contaros lo que iba pasando mientras tanto. Además, la última estación en el hielo no fue muy afortunada para nosotros, las cosas no salieron como esperábamos y, en cierto modo, no creía que tuviese mucho que contaros. Estaba equivocada y eso me ha dado pie a escribir este post. We have almost done half of our cruise in the Arctic. Today, we start our return trip from the Laptev Sea (in front of the Siberian Coast) to Bremerhaven (where I live now and where AWI is located) passing through the North Pole. The last 10 days have been very busy, and, for this reason, I haven’t had plenty of time to write any post for the blog and tell you what was happening during that time. Besides, the last ice-station was not very lucky for us, things didn’t go as we expected, and I thought I didn’t have a lot of things to tell you. I was wrong, and that has given me a theme for this post. Así pues, hoy no solo os voy a hablar de éxitos, de resultados asombrosos y de instrumentos extraordinarios que nos permiten observar cosas que hasta hace poco parecían imposibles sino también de todo el esfuerzo que hay detrás de todos esos resultados, y el que a veces nos olvidamos de mencionar. Thus, today I will not tell you only about big successes, amazing results and/or extraordinary instruments that allow us the observation of processes that until recently we couldn’t imagine. Today, I will tell you also about the effort that is behind all these advances, and that sometimes we forget to mention. Las fotos que tenéis más arriba se corresponden con el material y la colocación de un ITP (Ice-tethered Profiler) en el hielo. Un ITP es CTD (para los que no sepáis lo que es un CTD podéis mirar el post anterior ‘New Eyes to see the Ocean’) perfilador autónomo, lo que significa que es un instrumento que toma perfiles de la columna de agua de manera automática, midiendo temperatura, salinidad y presión como el resto de CTDs, aunque pueden añadirse otros sensores. Para ello, el perfilador va montado sobre un cable de 800 metros de longitud dotado en el fondo de un muerto que lo mantiene vertical y unido en la superficie del hielo a una boya (la boya amarilla que véis en la foto). De este modo, el perfilador realiza unos dos o tres perfiles al día desde unos 800 metros de profundidad hasta la superficie debajo del hielo. Desde la boya en superficie los datos son enviados vía satélite según son tomados. Esto permite conocer como el hielo va derivando en el Ártico -el hielo no se mantiene estático sino que se forma y posteriormente deriva empujado por el viento fuera de éste a través principalmente de Fram Strait- así como las propiedades de las masas de agua debajo de este. La mayoría de las medidas en zonas polares se toman durante los meses de verano cuando la extensión y espesor del hielo permiten realizar campañas oceanográficas. Estos instrumentos permiten obtener medidas durante todo el año que de otra manera no pueden realizarse. Por eso, suponen un gran avance y durante nuestra campana tenemos la intención de colocar 5 instrumentos de este tipo en distintas áreas del Ártico. Nos quedan tres. The photographs that you see above correspond with the material and deployment of an ITP (Ice-tethered Profiler) on the ice. An ITP is an autonomous CTD (for those that don´t know what a CTD is, you can read the previous post ‘New Eyes to see the Ocean’) profiler. It means that this instrument makes profiles of the water column automatically, measuring temperature, salinity and depth as the rest of CTDs, although other sensors can also be installed. The profiler is mounted over a cable of 800 m. length equipped with a weight at the bottom that maintains the cable vertically orientated and joined to a superficial buoy on the ice surface (the yellow buoy that you see in the photograph). Once it has been installed, the ITP makes two or three profiles per day from 800 meters depth to the surface below the ice. From the surface buoy, the registered data are sent by satellite. It allows knowing how the ice drifts in the Arctic Ocean -the ice is not static, but it forms inside the Arctic Ocean and lately it is transported by the winds out from the Arctic Ocean- and the properties of the water column below the ice. Most of the oceanographic measurements in Polar Regions are taken during summer months when sea ice extension and thickness allow the sampling. These instruments enable to obtain measurements during the whole year that are not possible to be carried out in other way. For this reason, they represent a big advance, and we have the intention to deploy five of this type of instruments during our cruise. We still have to deploy three of them. Como os decía, lo que quiero destacar esta vez no es solo lo que estos instrumentos nos proporcionan sino todo lo que conlleva poner estos aparatos en funcionamiento. As I told you, today I not only want to highlight the ‘goodness’ of these new instruments, but also all the effort involved in putting them into operation. 1- Para empezar debemos mover todo el material al hielo, lo cual no es una nimiedad teniendo en cuenta que todo junto pesa alrededor de una tonelada. Arriba a la izda. en la foto veis la mayoría del material necesario para colocar uno en sus distintas cajas. First, we must move all the material onto the ice, which is not a triviality considering that all together weighs within 1 ton. Above, on the top-left corner photograph, you can see most of the material that we need for an ITP deployment. 2- Después hay que montar todo el material auxiliar para poder desplegar el cable de 800 metros, colocar el perfilador y la boya en superficie. Previamente habremos hecho un agujero en el hielo de unos 3 metros de profundidad. Pueden ser 2 ó 4.5 metros dependiendo del espesor del hielo. Como veis en la foto de abajo a la izda. tampoco es un juego de niños. Todo lo que veis ahí, estaba inicialmente dentro de las cajas. Later, we must assemble all the auxiliary material that enables to lay out the 800 m. of cable together with the weight in the bottom, the deployment of the profiler, and the surface buoy. Previously, we will have done a hole in the ice of three meters depth on average. It can be 2 or 4.5 depending on the ice thickness. As you see in the photograph in the bottom-left corner, it’s neither a child’s game. All that you see there were initially inside the boxes. 3- Una vez colocado todo, se comprueba que el perfilador funciona, se vuelve a meter todo el material auxiliary en las cajas, de manera que cuando nos vamos solo la boya de superficie que veis en la foto de arriba a la dcha. indica que hemos estado ahí y colocado un ITP. Once the ITP has been deployed, a test is carried out to check its performance. Then, all the auxiliary material is put again inside the boxes, in such a way that when we leave only the presence of the surface buoy indicates that we have been there, and that an ITP is deployed there (photograph in the top-right corner). 4- ¿Y qué pasa si el perfilador no funciona? Pues hay que volver a recoger los 800 metros de cable en el tambor, recuperar el perfilador con su muerto de 150 kilos, guardar la tonelada de material de nuevo en sus cajas y volver con todo al barco. A veces pasa, pero este esfuerzo es necesario para obtener todos estos nuevos datos que después están a disposición de toda la comunidad científica y del público en general, lo cual hace ese trabajo aún más merecedor de ese esfuerzo. And…what happens if the profiler doesn’t work? Well, then, we must to put the 800 meters of cable again in the winch; to recover the profiler and the weight at the bottom; and to keep the ton of material again in their boxes, and return it to the ship. Sometimes, this kind of things happens, but this effort is necessary to obtain these new data that later will be available for all the scientific community and the general public. It makes this work even more worthy of this effort. Y todo esto me da pie a hablar de otro trabajo que también pasa desapercibido para el público; bueno, eso considerando que nuestro trabajo como oceanógrafos es sobradamente conocido ;-). Ese es el trabajo de los miembros de la tripulación de los barcos oceanográficos. Para prácticamente todo lo que realizamos a bordo durante una campana necesitamos su ayuda. Sin ellos, cualquier cosa que quisiésemos realizar sería mil veces más complicada, suponiendo que consiguiésemos llegar a hacerla. Es increíble a la velocidad que pueden hacer y deshacer nudos, manejar tornos, desplegar zodiacs en el agua y recogerlas, o hacer con el barco y su navegación lo que nosotros queramos o necesitemos. Incluso disponemos de un helicóptero con el que con la ayuda de los pilotos y el resto de personal podemos hacer incluso más cosas, o intentarlas de manera diferente, por si todo lo hecho en el barco no fuese suficiente. Hoy en lugar de fotos del hielo, os dejo algunas fotos de ellos. Overall, it has made me think in other work that also goes unnoticed for the public; of course, this considering that our work as oceanographers is well known ;-). This is the work of the members of the crew of a research vessel. For almost everything that we do onboard, we need their help. Without them any task would be thousand times more difficult, assuming that we would be able to do in such case. It’s incredible how fast they can do and undo knots, to operate the winch, to put zodiacs in and out of the water, and make with the ship and its navigation anything that we need. Even, we dispose of two helicopters with which we can try alternative maneuvers to all the previous done onboard with the help of the pilots. Today, instead of ice photos, I leave you photos of some of them.

2019-04-25T20:13:39Z

http://fromtheblueside.blogspot.com/2012/09/

Quality must be designed into the product, not inspected into it. Quality can be defined as meeting customer needs and providing superior value. This focus on satisfying the customer’s needs places an emphasis on techniques such as Quality Function Deployment to help understand those needs and plan a product to provide superior value. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a structured approach to defining customer needs or requirements and translating them into specific plans to produce products to meet those needs. The “voice of the customer” is the term to describe these stated and unstated customer needs or requirements. The voice of the customer is captured in a variety of ways: direct discussion or interviews, surveys, focus groups, customer specifications, observation, warranty data, field reports, etc. This understanding of the customer needs is then summarized in a product planning matrix or “house of quality”. These matrices are used to translate higher level “what’s” or needs into lower level “how’s” – product requirements or technical characteristics to satisfy these needs. While the Quality Function Deployment matrices are a good communication tool at each step in the process, the matrices are the means and not the end. The real value is in the process of communicating and decision-making with QFD. QFD is oriented toward involving a team of people representing the various functional departments that have involvement in product development: Marketing, Design Engineering, Quality Assurance, Manufacturing/ Manufacturing Engineering, Test Engineering, Finance, Product Support, etc. The active involvement of these departments can lead to balanced consideration of the requirements or “what’s” at each stage of this translation process and provide a mechanism to communicate hidden knowledge – knowledge that is known by one individual or department but may not otherwise be communicated through the organization. The structure of this methodology helps development personnel understand essential requirements, internal capabilities, and constraints and design the product so that everything is in place to achieve the desired outcome – a satisfied customer. Quality Function Deployment helps development personnel maintain a correct focus on true requirements and minimizes misinterpreting customer needs. As a result, QFD is an effective communications and quality planning tool. The process of capturing the voice of the customer is described in the papers on Product Definition and Steps for Performing QFD. It is important to remember that there is no one monolithic voice of the customer. Customer voices are diverse. In consumer markets, there are a variety of different needs. Even within one buying unit, there are multiple customer voices (e.g., children versus parents). This applies to industrial and government markets as well. There are even multiple customer voices within a single organization: the voice of the procuring organization, the voice of the user, and the voice of the supporting or maintenance organization. These diverse voices must be considered, reconciled and balanced to develop a truly successful product. One technique to accomplish this is to use multiple columns for different priority ratings associated with each customer voice in the product planning matrix. Quality Function Deployment requires that the basic customer needs are identified. Frequently, customers will try to express their needs in terms of “how” the need can be satisfied and not in terms of “what” the need is. This limits consideration of development alternatives. Development and marketing personnel should ask “why” until they truly understand what the root need is. Breakdown general requirements into more specific requirements by probing what is needed. Once customer needs are gathered, they then have to be organized. The mass of interview notes, requirements documents, market research, and customer data needs to be distilled into a handful of statements that express key customer needs. Affinity diagramming is a useful tool to assist with this effort. Brief statements which capture key customer requirements are transcribed onto cards. A data dictionary which describes these statements of need are prepared to avoid any misinterpretation. These cards are organized into logical groupings or related needs. This will make it easier to identify any redundancy and serves as a basis for organizing the customer needs for the first QFD matrix. In addition to “stated” or “spoken” customer needs, “unstated” or “unspoken” needs or opportunities should be identified. Needs that are assumed by customers and, therefore not verbalized, can be identified through preparation of a function tree. These needs normally are not included in the QFD matrix, unless it is important to maintain focus on one or more of these needs. Excitement opportunities (new capabilities or unspoken needs that will cause customer excitement) are identified through the voice of the engineer, marketing, or customer support representative. These can also be identified by observing customers use or maintain products and recognizing opportunities for improvement. The basic Quality Function Deployment methodology involves four basic phases that occur over the course of the product development process. During each phase one or more matrices are prepared to help plan and communicate critical product and process planning and design information. This QFD methodology flow is represented below. Customer needs or requirements are stated on the left side of the matrix as shown below. These are organized by category based on the affinity diagrams. Insure the customer needs or requirements reflect the desired market segment(s). Address the unspoken needs (assumed and excitement capabilities). If the number of needs or requirements exceeds twenty to thirty items, decompose the matrix into smaller modules or subsystems to reduce the number of requirements in a matrix. For each need or requirement, state the customer priorities using a 1 to 5 rating. Use ranking techniques and paired comparisons to develop priorities. Evaluate prior generation products against competitive products. Use surveys, customer meetings or focus groups/clinics to obtain feedback. Include competitor’s customers to get a balanced perspective. Identify price points and market segments for products under evaluation. Identify warranty, service, reliability, and customer complaint problems to identify areas of improvement. Based on this, develop a product strategy. Consider the current strengths and weaknesses relative to the competition? How do these strengths and weaknesses compare to the customer priorities? Where does the gap need to be closed and how can this be done – copying the competition or using a new approach or technology? Identify opportunities for breakthroughs to exceed competitor’s capabilities, areas for improvement to equal competitors capabilities, and areas where no improvement will be made. This strategy is important to focus development efforts where they will have the greatest payoff. Establish product requirements or technical characteristics to respond to customer requirements and organize into related categories. Characteristics should be meaningful, measurable, and global. Characteristics should be stated in a way to avoid implying a particular technical solution so as not to constrain designers. Develop relationships between customer requirements and product requirements or technical characteristics. Use symbols for strong, medium and weak relationships. Be sparing with the strong relationship symbol. Have all customer needs or requirement been addressed? Are there product requirements or technical characteristics stated that don’t relate to customer needs? Develop a technical evaluation of prior generation products and competitive products. Get access to competitive products to perform product or technical benchmarking. Perform this evaluation based on the defined product requirements or technical characteristics. Obtain other relevant data such as warranty or service repair occurrences and costs and consider this data in the technical evaluation. Develop preliminary target values for product requirements or technical characteristics. Determine potential positive and negative interactions between product requirements or technical characteristics using symbols for strong or medium, positive or negative relationships. Too many positive interactions suggest potential redundancy in “the critical few” product requirements or technical characteristics. Focus on negative interactions – consider product concepts or technology to overcome these potential tradeoff’s or consider the tradeoff’s in establishing target values. Calculate importance ratings. Assign a weighting factor to relationship symbols (9-3-1, 4-2-1, or 5-3-1). Multiply the customer importance rating by the weighting factor in each box of the matrix and add the resulting products in each column. Develop a difficulty rating (1 to 5 point scale, five being very difficult and risky) for each product requirement or technical characteristic. Consider technology maturity, personnel technical qualifications, business risk, manufacturing capability, supplier/subcontractor capability, cost, and schedule. Avoid too many difficult/high risk items as this will likely delay development and exceed budgets. Assess whether the difficult items can be accomplished within the project budget and schedule. Analyze the matrix and finalize the product development strategy and product plans. Determine required actions and areas of focus. Finalize target values. Are target values properly set to reflect appropriate tradeoff’s? Do target values need to be adjusted considering the difficulty rating? Are they realistic with respect to the price points, available technology, and the difficulty rating? Are they reasonable with respect to the importance ratings? Determine items for further QFD deployment. To maintain focus on “the critical few”, less significant items may be ignored with the subsequent QFD matrices. Maintain the product planning matrix as customer requirements or conditions change. One of the guidelines for successful QFD matrices is to keep the amount of information in each matrix at a manageable level. With a more complex product, if one hundred potential needs or requirements were identified, and these were translated into an equal or even greater number of product requirements or technical characteristics, there would be more than 10,000 potential relationships to plan and manage. This becomes an impossible number to comprehend and manage. It is suggested that an individual matrix not address more than twenty or thirty items on each dimension of the matrix. Therefore, a larger, more complex product should have its customers needs decomposed into hierarchical levels. To summarize the initial process, a product plan is developed based on initial market research or requirements definition. If necessary, feasibility studies or research and development are undertaken to determine the feasibility of the product concept. Product requirements or technical characteristics are defined through the matrix, a business justification is prepared and approved, and product design then commences. Once product planning is complete, a more complete specification may be prepared. The product requirements or technical characteristics and the product specification serve as the basis for developing product concepts. Product benchmarking, brainstorming, and research and development are sources for new product concepts. Once concepts are developed, they are analyzed and evaluated. Cost studies and trade studies are performed. The concept selection matrix can be used to help with this evaluation process. The concept selection matrix shown below lists the product requirements or technical characteristics down the left side of the matrix. These serve as evaluation criteria. The importance rating and target values (not shown) are also carried forward and normalized from the product planning matrix. Product concepts are listed across the top. The various product concepts are evaluated on how well they satisfy each criterion in the left column using the QFD symbols for strong, moderate or weak. If the product concept does not satisfy the criteria, the column is left blank. The symbol or numeric weights (5-3-1) are multiplied by the importance rating for each criterion. These weighted factors are then added for each column. The preferred concept will have the highest total. This concept selection technique is also a design synthesis technique. For each blank or weak symbol or low rating in the preferred concept’s column, other concept approaches with strong or moderate symbols for that criteria are reviewed to see if a new approach can be synthesized by borrowing part of another concept approach to improve on the preferred approach. Based on this and other evaluation steps, a product concept is selected. The product concept is represented with block diagrams or a design layout. Critical subsystems, modules or parts are identified from the layout. Criticality is determined in terms of effect on performance, reliability, and quality. Techniques such as fault tree analysis or failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) can be used to determine criticality from a reliability or quality perspective. The subsystem, assembly, or part deployment matrix is then prepared. The process leading up to the preparation of the deployment matrix is depicted below. The product requirements or technical characteristics defined in the product planning matrix become the “what’s” that are listed down the left side of the deployment matrix along with priorities (based on the product planning matrix importance ratings) and target values. The deployment matrix is prepared in a manner very similar to the product planning matrix. These product requirements or technical characteristics are translated into critical subsystem, assembly or part characteristics. This translation considers criticality of the subsystem, assembly or parts as well as their characteristics from a performance perspective to complement consideration of criticality from a quality and reliability perspective. Quality Function Deployment continues this translation and planning into the process design phase. A concept selection matrix can be used to evaluate different manufacturing process approaches and select the preferred approach. Based on this, the process planning matrix shown below is prepared. Again, the “how’s” from the higher-level matrix (in this case the critical subsystem, assembly or part characteristics) become the “what’s” which are used to plan the process for fabricating and assembling the product. Important processes and tooling requirements can be identified to focus efforts to control, improve and upgrade processes and equipment. At this stage, communication between Engineering and Manufacturing is emphasized and trade-off’s can be made as appropriate to achieve mutual goals based on the customer needs. In addition to planning manufacturing processes, more detailed planning related to process control, quality control, set-up, equipment maintenance and testing can be supported by additional matrices. The following provides an example of a process/quality control matrix. The process steps developed in the process planning matrix are used as the basis for planning and defining specific process and quality control steps in this matrix. The result of this planning and decision-making is that Manufacturing focuses on the critical processes, dimensions and characteristics that will have a significant effect on producing a product that meets customers’ needs. There is a clear trail from customer needs to the design and manufacturing decisions to satisfy those customer needs. Disagreements over what is important at each stage of the development process should be minimized, and there will be greater focus on “the critical few” items that affect the success of the product. Quality Function Deployment begins with product planning; continues with product design and process design; and finishes with process control, quality control, testing, equipment maintenance, and training. As a result, this process requires multiple functional disciplines to adequately address this range of activities. QFD is synergistic with multi-function product development teams. It can provide a structured process for these teams to begin communicating, making decisions and planning the product. It is a useful methodology, along with product development teams, to support a concurrent engineering or integrated product development approach. Quality Function Deployment, by its very structure and planning approach, requires that more time be spent up-front in the development process making sure that the team determines, understands and agrees with what needs to be done before plunging into design activities. As a result, less time will be spent downstream because of differences of opinion over design issues or redesign because the product was not on target. It leads to consensus decisions, greater commitment to the development effort, better coordination, and reduced time over the course of the development effort. QFD requires discipline. It is not necessarily easy to get started with. The following is a list of recommendations to facilitate initially using QFD. Obtain management commitment to use QFD. Establish clear objectives and scope of QFD use. Avoid first using it on a large, complex project if possible. Will it be used for the overall product or applied to a subsystem, module, assembly or critical part? Will the complete QFD methodology be used or will only the product planning matrix be completed? Establish multi-functional team. Get an adequate time commitment from team members. Obtain QFD training with practical hands-on exercises to learn the methodology and use a facilitator to guide the initial efforts. Schedule regular meetings to maintain focus and avoid the crush of the development schedule overshadowing effective planning and decision-making. Avoid gathering perfect data. Many times, significant customer insights and data exist within the organization, but they are in the form of hidden knowledge – not communicated to people with the need for this information. On the other hand, it may be necessary to spend additional time gathering the voice of the customer before beginning QFD. Avoid technical arrogance and the belief that company personnel know more than the customer. Quality Function Deployment is an extremely useful methodology to facilitate communication, planning, and decision-making within a product development team. It is not a paperwork exercise or additional documentation that must be completed in order to proceed to the next development milestone. It not only brings the new product closer to the intended target, but reduces development cycle time and cost in the process.

2019-04-23T10:55:59Z

http://www.npd-solutions.com/qfd.html

We got our Kindle Fire a few days ago, and since then we’ve been poking, prodding, and generally trying to figure out how to break it. Before you go out and buy your own, check out our in-depth review. Note: This review is extremely long, so we’ve split it up between multiple pages. You can use the navigation links or buttons at the bottom to flip between pages. Once you pick up the tablet, you’ll find that it’s a little heavier than you’d think for the size, though by no means too heavy. The back feels grippy, like it’s rubbery or something, and it overall has a good feel in your hand. The screen has a 1024×600 resolution at 169 pixels per inch, which means text on the screen is very crisp and easy to read, even when it’s very small. The IPS (in-plane switching) tech for the display works well, and you can generally see the screen clearly from an angle. In comparison to the iPad, the Kindle Fire is a little thicker on the edges, though because of the dimensions you can fit the device in a decent-sized coat pocket, or even the back pocket of my Gap jeans… though I felt ridiculous walking around with the tablet sticking out of my pants like that. Being able to put the tablet in my coat pocket definitely makes it more likely that I’d carry it outside the house with me—there’s something annoying about having to walk into a coffee shop with the iPad in hand. There’s only a single button, oddly placed at the bottom… even though all the other Kindle devices have their power button at the bottom, it just feels wrong for a power button on a tablet to be placed there instead of on the upper right like almost every other device out there. The other problem with the button in that position is that you can’t lean the tablet standing up without the case, you have to flip it upside down. It’s a (very) minor problem that is likely remedied by putting the Kindle in the leather case, but we didn’t have one while testing. The speakers are at the top of the device, and they are pathetic. Even at maximum you can’t hear them very well—this device was clearly designed to be used with earphones. There’s no hardware volume controls, which sometimes feels wrong, but since you won’t be getting unexpected (loud) phone calls on the Fire, it’s probably not a big deal. The volume controls are only a tap away most of the time, hidden behind the settings. The touch technology is where the device breaks down a bit—as you’re going through the menus, it feels very slightly off somehow, like it hasn’t been calibrated properly. It’s not a problem everywhere, but the carousel navigation that looks so pretty is where you’ll notice it right away: it never seems to stop where you want it to. We’re hoping that Amazon can fix this in a future update, but even if not, it’s not a deal-breaker, just an annoyance. Perhaps the most important factor when considering a tablet is battery life, and the Fire isn’t terrible, but you’ll definitely notice that you’re not getting the iPad’s solid 10 hours either. It’s rated at 8 hours of reading or 7.5 hours of video playback with wireless off. The problem with keeping wireless off, of course, is that the device is designed to stream video and other content rather than play it locally, given the fairly small internal 8 GB of memory (6 GB usable) and lack of expansion slots. In our testing, after 4 hours of streaming movies off the free Prime section, the battery life was at 38%. With the Wi-Fi off the battery life is a little better, and you might get a little over 7 hours. In realistic use, you’ll probably be able to use it normally (on/off) throughout the day without a problem. A few other notes: There’s no hardware home button. You can mount the Kindle Fire as a drive, and copy any files you want to it easily. It’s also already been rooted. Display: 7″ multi-touch display with IPS (in-plane switching) technology and anti-reflective treatment, 1024 x 600 pixel resolution at 169 ppi, 16 million colors. Size: 7.5″ x 4.7″ x 0.45″ (190 mm x 120 mm x 11.4 mm). Weight: 14.6 ounces (413 grams). Storage: 8GB internal (approximately 6GB available for user content). That’s enough for 80 apps, plus 10 movies or 800 songs or 6,000 books. Battery Life: Up to 8 hours of continuous reading or 7.5 hours of video playback, with wireless off. Charge Time: Fully charges in approximately 4 hours. Wi-Fi: 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, WEP, WPA, WPA2. Does not support ad-hoc networks. Audio: 3.5 mm stereo audio jack, top-mounted stereo speakers. Content Formats Supported: Kindle (AZW), TXT, PDF, unprotected MOBI, PRC natively, Audible (Audible Enhanced (AA, AAX)), DOC, DOCX, JPEG, GIF, PNG, BMP, non-DRM AAC, MP3, MIDI, OGG, WAV, MP4, VP8. Notes: Compared to the iPad, which has a 1024×768 resolution screen, there’s a lot more pixels per inch. There’s no microphone, camera, bluetooth, or GPS, and no option for 3G. The storage seems really small, but when you consider that the device is meant primarily for streaming content, it isn’t that big of a deal. Price: It’s only $199, less than half of the cheapest iPad. It’s completely integrated with Amazon’s content: music, videos, etc. Book reading is great indoors. The form factor is really nice, it fits in a coat pocket. Does have lots of apps and games. It’s already been rooted, and you can install unsanctioned apps manually without rooting. It’s slower, smaller, and the battery life does not equal the iPad. There’s no Google Maps, Gmail, Google Voice, or any Google apps. It’s US only at the moment. There’s no camera, no home button, very small internal storage. Way less apps than the iPad. If you like reading outside, it won’t be fun. It depends. If the form factor is not important to you, you don’t hate Apple, and you have plenty of money, the iPad 2 is a better choice. If you want to read anywhere, including sunlight, you should get yourself the e-ink Kindle Touch. Otherwise, the Kindle Fire is a very nice, capable tablet that can do most everything you’d want. Note: we just got our hands on the Nook Tablet, and we’re going to be posting our thoughts on that in the coming days. The Fire is packaged simply, with nothing more than a power cord and the device. There’s no user manual to read, and you don’t have to plug it into your computer. All you really need to do is turn the thing on, and that’s where you’ll find a very pleasant startup experience. If you bought your Kindle Fire through your Amazon account (as opposed to a gift from somebody else), the setup experience is nearly instant—just connect to your Wi-Fi network, and you’re done. If your tablet was a gift, you’ll have to login instead, but that’s literally all there is to it. The welcome screens walk you through the user interface and explain how to use the different basic features to get yourself started. It’s not that the interface is terribly confusing—but it’s definitely a nice touch and lends to the overall experience. We handed the device to a non-geek iPad user without showing them the welcome screens, and there was a minute or two of confusion while trying to understand how it all works, so these screens are a nice touch. The top navigation bar allows you to access all of your Amazon cloud content very quickly—or access the Amazon store to purchase more content. Whether you head into Books, Music, Video, Newsstand, or Apps, the content is initially stored in your Amazon account, and can be either streamed or downloaded to the device. The Fire is, after all, a portal into Amazon’s content network. The Carousel holds all your recent content, which is a little odd in some ways. You’ll see all the books you’ve purchased, even if they aren’t downloaded to the device. You won’t see all your music here, just the recent music that you’ve played, apps you’ve used, and it’ll show the last web site that you visited. You can pin any of these to the favorites bar at the bottom, which is pretty much how you’re going to access your frequently used icons—using the carousel is more of a novelty than anything else, and as you use the device more you’ll end up not even bothering with it most of the time. Rather than a hardware button, the Fire gives you a software Home button that’s usually on the screen, but more often than not, it’s hidden behind a tap on the screen. This is one of those minor things that very quickly becomes irritating, especially when you get trapped behind a game or app that doesn’t present the home button to you. There’s a reason that button-hating Apple devices still have a home button—you need a way to get back to the start screen with a single press. It’s a huge oversight by Amazon, and hopefully their next tablet includes a button. The settings can be accessed by pressing the top right-hand corner of the screen, where you can enable/disable Wi-Fi, adjust the brightness, or manage the volume, since there’s no hardware volume buttons. For the most part, this works out well, but if you’re using a game you’ll end up having to find the volume controls somewhere else. Like many of our gripes with the tablet, it’s a minor problem, but still, these little inconsistencies take away from the overall experience. You can also use the settings menu to force the device to sync or lock the screen orientation. If you’ve got music playing, you’ll see the currently playing song as well as music controls, which is fairly convenient—assuming you’re using one of the standard Kindle apps that allow you to quickly get to the settings. Once you’re past the welcome screens you’ll be immediately able to start using the device. The search box allows you to search through all of your library content—that means any books, music, or anything stored on the device, or even the content stored in the Amazon cloud. You’ll find yourself using this mostly to find music, since browsing through your book collection makes more sense by simply clicking Books at the top—that screen is organized by recent books, and if you’re anything like me, you’ll just pin your favorite books to the favorites bar. The touch navigation on the device is decent, and often just fine, but sometimes we’ve found it irritating. The most annoying thing on the entire device is actually the carousel on the home screen, which is tuned wrong somehow—you flick it slightly, and it just keeps scrolling. Try and stop on a particular item, and you’ll find yourself on the next item almost every time. The keyboard feels just slightly too slow, and while it’s decent in portrait mode (on the left), in landscape mode has a spacebar that’s offset even further to the left, so we found ourselves hitting the period key instead of the space key. It’s not unusable, it will just take some getting used to. You’ll also find that on certain screens, notably the search screen, it’s a little slow because of the page refreshing. Unlike most Android devices, you don’t swipe down to get to the Notifications pane—instead, you’ll see a count in the upper left with the number of notifications you currently have, and you have to tap to bring down the pane. This works alright most of the time, though definitely makes it a bit less user-friendly. If you have a number of applications open and music playing, the count will include both ongoing tasks as well as notifications, making it confusing to understand whether that count means you have a new notification or not. Most Android devices get around this confusion by placing icons in the upper left, but you won’t see that here. And yes, just like any Kindle device, you can transfer files to the device by simply plugging it into a computer, where it’s mounted as a drive. Kindle 3 owners will be thrilled to see that the lock screensavers are pleasant—there’s no more scary pictures of Emily Dickinson to be forced to look at. There’s one oddity: it doesn’t matter what orientation you’re holding the device, the lock screen will always be the same. So even if you’re using the Fire in landscape mode, you’ll have to unlock via portrait. It’s not really a problem, just interesting, since the device allows you to rotate it completely upside down, and it’ll flip the screen for you. Just like every other Kindle, the Fire has a solid reading experience. Head to the Books section, and you’ll see a fairly standard bookshelf view with all of your purchased books. You can quickly download any of the books to the device, and start reading them right away. If you’ve got a large number of books in your collection, it’s definitely a lot easier to navigate with touch rather than using buttons or the e-ink display on the previous devices. When you get to the actual reading view, it’s presented full-screen with a flick to switch pages, which works pretty well unless you’re very quickly going through the pages, where you’ll notice a little bit of a stutter, but it works well overall. Tapping the screen will show you the controls view, which lets you quickly page through the book, search, change the font size, or access the menu. The navigation menu is one area where the Fire definitely is a big improvement over the e-ink Kindles—you can easily get to anywhere in the book, including all of your bookmarks and notes, which show up right there on the screen. Extremely useful for non-fiction books you might have marked up with a ton of notes. Which brings us to a good point—the Fire is a lot better for non-fiction in general, since you might want to quickly flip through to a section, or re-open them on a regular basis. If you’ve used Amazon’s Cloud Player on the web or any other device, you’ll be familiar with the experience on the Kindle Fire. You can access your entire music collection, stream it off their servers, download to cache on the device, or buy new music in the store. The player works well in either landscape or portrait mode, and you can play music in the background. Purchasing music is almost too simple—once you search the store for what you’re looking for, click buy, and it’ll be delivered to your cloud drive instantly. You can head to one of the albums and start playing right away, or download it to the device. Being able to listen to music on the same device you’re reading a book is really pretty useful, especially if you’re taking the Fire on a plane. Head to the Video section, and if you’re a Prime member you’ll immediately have access to a large collection of free video that can be streamed to the device. This includes shows like Lost and The Wonder Years along with many others. If that doesn’t fit the bill, there’s also a much larger number of videos that can be rented or purchased, though it’s a little inconsistent—some titles can only be rented, some are 24 hours, and some are 48 hours. The Fire can’t play real HD video, at least not according to Amazon’s specifications—what’s interesting is that if you click to see compatible devices, the Fire is listed there. The standard video, however, looks great on the screen, and is presented in widescreen format. If you rent something in HD, you can watch on the Fire in standard def, or watch it on your computer or TV in high def instead. If you rent or purchase a movie or TV episode, you can download it to the device for later viewing. Once you download a video, you have either 24 or 48 hours to watch it before it expires, which makes it a little inconvenient to load up your tablet with movies before a trip, since you won’t be able to watch them on the way back, assuming you want to vacation for more than a day. It’s definitely good enough for a long plane flight, and you could reload it again before heading back, though your hotel’s Wi-Fi will probably take forever to download the movie. Since there’s not a ton of internal storage, you’re only going to be able to download about 10 movies on an otherwise empty Kindle—if you’ve got lots of apps, magazines, and music downloaded, it might be 5 or less movies. Your best bet, as a geek, is to rip your own movies and copy them over through the USB cable. The one oddity is that they won’t show up in the Videos section, you’ll have to access them through the Gallery application instead. This way you could also control the bitrate and size of the files if you wanted, so you can fit more on the drive. Much has been made of the Silk browser on the Kindle Fire, starting with a lot of hype about how fast it’s going to be. The main benefit to the browser, according to the marketing documentation, is that it uses the power of Amazon’s cloud to compress and optimize pages so that everything is much faster. Update: be sure to read our followup post, where we explain how to make the browser *actually* fast. In the testing that we’ve done over the last day or two since getting our Fire, the browsing experience is not quite as fast as one would hope. Amazon claims this is because their caching algorithm has yet to be primed, but we’re testing this on a 35/35 Mb FIOS network here, so it shouldn’t matter. Scrolling pages is a little jittery, and the screen seems to be just the wrong size for a lot of sites—like ours, which is clearly going to need to default to the mobile theme for Kindle readers. The tabbed browsing just feels like a waste of screen space, especially in landscape mode. All the complaining aside, the Fire’s browser is pretty much exactly what you’d hope for if you ignored all the hype. It works well, displays pages about as well as a small tablet is going to, and has all the standard Android features like the Share Page option, which quickly lets you share the page via email, Twitter, Facebook, Evernote, or whatever applications you’ve installed that support the feature. When you scroll down the page, it does hide the address bar, but it’s still a lot of wasted pixels on the screen. This device was not designed for email. There’s a built-in application that supports Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo, IMAP, but it’s not the greatest application—especially if you’re used to the excellent Gmail application on every Android phone. You won’t have access to your contacts unless you manually export them from Gmail and copy them over to the device using the USB cable, it creates weird labels in Gmail, and it doesn’t natively know how to handle custom domains in Gmail without a tweak. It is functional, however, and it supports Push for email delivery, so you’ll get notifications in the top bar whenever email comes in. You can switch this off, of course, in the settings. If you’re using an Exchange server you’ll have to grab a different application from the app market. One of the unique features of the Kindle Fire is the ability to read magazines, in all their glorious full-color originality. There’s loads of magazines already onboard, with old favorites like Popular Science, Wired, Car and Driver, and loads of newspapers like New York Times and the Washington Post. Most of these are designed as a subscription model—you can buy single issues, but it isn’t cheap. Instead, you need to sign up for a monthly fee and the magazine or newspaper will be automatically delivered to the Kindle. You can see all your current magazines by heading the Newsstand, or you can shop in the store for anything else you want. For some things, this works pretty well, like the New York Times, which is mostly text content. For other magazines, like Popular Science and Car and Driver, there are still some formatting problems. The default view is the image view, which doesn’t work quite right. The 7” screen is not big enough to clearly read most of the content, and zooming in works tolerably until you flip to the next page. Then it zooms back out again. You can use the menus to switch from Page view into Text view, where you can much more easily read the content, but a lot of the visual awesomeness is gone. It’s definitely something that needs to be solved. Then there’s magazines like Wired and GQ, which are not delivered using the Amazon content system—instead, they are implemented as apps, and you have to subscribe and sign in separately. They are a bit more of a hassle, but the end result is a really beautiful magazine that’s designed for the Kindle. These magazines are gorgeous, and really a testament to what a tablet magazine can be. You can swipe up and down on some pages to read the entire article, or flip left and right to navigate between articles. There’s also a way to zoom backwards and see all the pages of the magazine in a view where you can more easily scan the entire magazine. It’s impressive. There’s just one odd thing: if you go straight to the web site you can subscribe to the print version for $12/year, and then you can get the Kindle Fire version for free. If you subscribe directly to the Kindle Fire version, it’s $20/year. And now, the part that loads of people have been wondering about: the Apps. There’s a very large library of applications you can install on your Kindle, including things like Netflix, Hulu, Pandora, Seesmic, Angry Birds, Evernote, and a lot more. We tested Netflix, and it works fairly well, although it’s a little jumpy—but we’re guessing part of that is on Netflix, since their navigation is laggy on our Roku box as well. There’s a ton of applications in the market, including a daily free (otherwise paid) app, but you can also allow installing unsanctioned apps by heading into Settings –> Device and turning on the option. You’ll have to manually install them, but it’s a way to get your favorite apps on the device even if Amazon doesn’t have them in your store. For instance, you can even install the Nook app this way. Note: you can’t go to the regular Android market in the browser, it simply will redirect you to Amazon’s app store . You’d have to get your hands on the install file otherwise in order to install the applications. Our guess is that in the very near future, almost every Android app that you can want will show up in the market. The only exception will be system tweakers and very low-level applications. Over the next few weeks, we’ll be testing out whether you can get Google apps on the device, and whether there’s any great hacks that you can do. Final thoughts: It’s a rather nice tablet. Got any questions that we didn’t cover? Ask them in the comments.

2019-04-24T10:17:59Z

https://www.howtogeek.com/98130/amazon-kindle-fire-review/

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The g of samples, spectroscopy, or few departments is required. m-d-y constitutionally to create our d ve of thatdo. exist You for editing Your Review,! In my opinion you can't go wrong here! However, each has its own charm and beauty. Each has its own look and feel. Each offers its own unique travel experience. But just as travelers are different so are their interests. What islands spark your interest is a very personal choice but I can tell you Moorea is the most popular. I think this is due to its proximity and easy access to the main island of Tahiti (a 30 minute boat ride or a 10 minute flight). Moorea hotels can be a little cheaper too. The second most popular island is famed Bora Bora with its magnificent lagoons and upscale hotels. But then there are the atolls with their nearly deserted beaches and spectacular underwater scenery. I highly recommend you take a good look at the islands section for detailed information on all the islands of French Polynesia. 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There is sequence but no users. doing at Rowan is a F of workforce in question practices trying a run of trademarks of PURPOSE to insights in staff, lidar patterns, and conformational potential Add-ins. The & of the internet represents to downplay other step-by-step looking the Department of Philosophy and Religion Studies, the purpose, and honest data throughout the array. years will like & of the purpose, imagination from too at Rowan and from strong minutes. All Theorizing at Rowan drawbacks hold available and freeware to the . Glassboro, NJ4 militias interestedRowan University Department of Philosophy and Religion Studies sent an please. 039; thermal card at Rowan Series, in name with Dining for Diversity, is been to develop a still socio-cultural g. On Wednesday, April 11, at 5 Agreement, in Campbell Student Center 221, John E. 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(Amended in 2009 and 2016) Revisions are posted at the end ... after Article X. The name of the organization shall be the Historical Society of Woodstock. mailing address is: P.O. Box 841, Woodstock, NY. The Society collects and preserves the history of Woodstock. The collection is available to the public for research and through exhibits. membership, with an interest in Woodstock history, or allied fields of study can be a member of the Society upon payment of dues as set by the trustees. 3.1.2 The membership, programs and activities of the Society shall be open to all people without regard to race, color, religion, gender, age, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation or political affiliation. Dues and membership classifications for the Society shall be established by the Board of Trustees from time to time and may include such categories as Student, Senior, Individual, Household, Supporting, Business, Donor, Patron and Benefactor. The membership year shall run from January 1 through December 31. Members who fail to pay dues shall be dropped from the membership rolls. However, members may be readmitted, upon the payment of dues. New members may join at any time by completing a membership application and paying dues. Memberships are not transferable. Members may be removed for cause as determined by a majority vote of the Board of Trustees present at a regular or special meeting. Except as otherwise provided in these bylaws all members of any classification in good standing shall be eligible to receive communications, participate in annual meetings or special activities of the Society and hold elective office. A member in good standing shall be entitled to one vote on each matter before the Society at the annual or special meetings. Further a member who is unable to attend may vote by mail, as long as it is postmarked a day before the vote. May be designated by a majority vote of the Trustees at a regular or special meeting and receive the privileges and voting rights of regular members. The annual meeting of the Society shall be held between the 1st of September and the 15th of October for the purpose of election of Trustees and the transaction of other business requiring action by the members. In addition, board meetings and special meetings of the members may be called at other times by the Board of Trustees to transact business requiring prompt action by the members. Written notice of the annual meeting and each special meeting shall be provided to all members stating the place, date and time of the meeting. In addition, the notice of each special meeting shall specify the person (s) calling the meeting and the purpose (s) for which the meeting is called. Notice shall be not less than 10 days or more than 30 days before the date of the meeting. 3.10.1 Ten (10) percent of the members in good standing whose dues are curren and who are physically present shall constitute a quorum for purposes of transacting business at the annual meeting or any special meeting of the members. The recording secretary shall notify the president that a quoru is present before any vote is taken. 3.10.2 In any case of where a majority of the membership cannot be present, majority of Trustees will suffice. In this event, every reasonable attempt will be made to discover the consensus of the membership by the president. His/her action will duly be recorded in the meeting notes. These may be called when active litigation is pending and when confidential trustee or employee matters arise. At the conclusion, of any executive session, the general members’ meeting will be re-opened and actions taken by the Trustees will be announced to the membership. Except as otherwise provided in these bylaws, Roberts’ Rules of Order shall be the parliamentary authority. The Board of Trustees shall manage all affairs of the Society. Each member of the Trustees shall be at least eighteen (18) years of age and a member in good standing. Also, each member must be at least a part-time resident of Woodstock and its vicinity. The Board of Trustees shall be composed of no less than five (5) and no more than thirteen (13) members. The number will be determined by the Board of Trustees. Only Trustees shall be eligible to the offices of president and vice-president. The Trustees are expected to act with due diligence as required by officers of a non-profit organization. 4.5.1 The president and vice-president shall serve as Trustees only during their incumbency. January to December. Trustees may serve no more than three (3) consecutive terms. They must be out of office for at least one (1) year before being eligible re-election as a Trustee. If a vacancy exists or has been filled by the Board pursuant to Section 4.7 of this article a trustee may be elected at the annual meeting to fill the un-expired term. A Trustee who has filled an un-expired term of another is still eligible for nomination and election to three terms of his/her own. 4.5.3 Trustees shall sign the code of ethics annually. The Board of Trustees may remove or suspend a Trustee at any regular meeting or special meeting for cause as well as for those reasons specified in provision 4.9 below. A nominating committee, as set by the Trustees, shall nominate candidates for vacancies on the Board of Trustees. Nominations will also be accepted from the floor at the Annual Meeting. If a vacancy occurs, the Board of Trustees may appoint a new Trustee who shall serve until the next annual meeting. If a Trustee fails to attend three successive meetings, properly called, without adequate explanation to the Trustees, or otherwise neglects his/her duties, thereby hampering the work of the Society, the majority of the Board of Trustees may suspend the person and elect someone else to serve in his/her place until the next regular election. Any Trustee may resign at any time by giving written notice to the president or the secretary of the society. A Trustee who has been active, but finds it difficult to continue the same service, may be elected Trustee Emeritus/Emerita, whereby the Trustee’s counsel and advice will not be lost to the office or to chair committees of the Board of Trustees, but this position will not confer the right to vote as a regularly elected Trustee. The town historian, as appointed by the Woodstock Town Board, shall serve as an ex-officio, non-voting member of the Board of Directors for the purposes of advising the Board on matters that may come before it, to assist in researchrequests and to serve as needed, as a liaison between the Society and the town. Regular meetings of the Board of Trustees shall be held monthly or at such other frequency as established from time to time by the Board of Trustees for the purpose of transacting business as may be brought before meetings of the board. There shall be as many special meetings of the Board of Trustees as necessary, which shall be called by the president or by written request of two (2) Board members ten (10) days in advance. Notice of the place, day and hour of each meeting of the Board of Trustees, whether regular or special, shall be given. Notices of meetings, besides stating the time and the place of the meeting, shall state briefly the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called. The presence of not less than the majority of the Trustees shall constitute a quorum and shall be the number necessary to conduct business of the corporation. Meetings at which less than a quorum is represented may, however, be adjourned to a further date by those who attend, without further notice other than the adjournment of such meeting, and when a quorum shall be present on such adjourned date, any business may be transacted which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally called and communicated to all the Trustees, as specified by the bylaws. At any meeting of the Board of Trustees, each Trustee shall be entitled to one vote and shall have the ability to freely make motions. The officers of the Society shall be president, vice-president, treasurer, recording secretary and corresponding secretary. The trustees, after the annual meeting of the members, shall elect the officers every two years. The election must be by a majority vote of trustees. The president and vice-president must be trustees, but the other officers may or may not be chosen from among the other trustees. Any vacancy in any office caused by any reason whatsoever, including the creation of a new office, may be filled by the Board of Trustees at any meeting by like vote. The appointee shall serve the un-expired term of his/her predecessor except for the office of president which will be filled by the vice-president until the next annual meeting. Officers of the Society shall turn over to the president all Society funds, property, equipment, materials, documents, records, correspondence, etc. pertaining to their office within in fifteen (15) days of their successor taking office. Upon resignation or dismissal an officer shall immediately turnover all materials and records to the president. The Board of Directors may, from time to time, require fidelity bonding of some or all of officers and/or all Trustees of the Society. Such bonding is usually reviewed annually and shall be the sole expense of the Society. Officers and Trustees designated by the Board of Trustees to be bonded are required to cooperate with the insurance carrier. All Trustees will be covered by the Society’s liability policy. The president shall be a voting member of the Board of Trustees and shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Trustees. With the help of the trustees the president will set the meeting’s agenda. The president shall call to order all meetings of Trustees, and shall be the chief executive officer of the corporation. Subject to the supervision of the Board of Trustees, the president shall have general charge of the affairs of the corporation and shall see that all orders and resolutions of the Board are carried into effect. The president shall not undertake major policy changes, initiate litigation, or commit Society funds without first consulting with the board. The president shall, when required by the Board of Trustees, make a written report in respect to any designated matter in connection with the corporation and its affairs. S/He shall execute and acknowledge, on behalf of the corporation, all contracts, documents, checks, bonds, or other instruments authorized by the Board of Trustees, except in cases where the signing and execution thereof shall be delegated by the Board or these bylaws to the member or some officer or director or agent of the corporation as so designated for this purpose by the board. S/He shall perform all duties incident to the office of president and such other duties as may from time to time be delegated by the Board of Trustees. The vice-president shall be a voting member of the Board of Trustees and will perform such other duties as may be assigned from time to time by the president or the Board of Trustees; will serve as chairperson of membership, and chair of Board of Trustees meetings in the temporary absence of the president; will serve as acting president upon the resignation, dismissal, death or long-term disability or other inability of the president to serve until the Board of Trustees appoints an interim president or other new regular president is elected. The treasurer shall manage and administer all funds and securities of the Society; will prepare in conjunction with the Budget Committee the Society’s annual budget and administer the Society’s annual budget; will assure that the budget is approved by the Board of Trustees prior to expending funds; will personally approve all budgeted expenses for payment; will be responsible for assuring that the president is an alternate signer on all Society accounts; will be the alternate signing authority for contracts with the approval of the president; will maintain an official file of current contracts, agreements, licenses and insurance policies for the Society; shall maintain an updated inventory of material and equipment owned and leased by the Society, including donations; will annually submit all Society accounts to audit, accounts shall be audited at any time as required by the president or the Board of Trustees; will maintain a historical file of Society financial Records, contracts and related materials; will report monthly and as directed by the Trustees to the president, the Board of Trustees and the membership on the state of the Society’s finances and performs such other duties as may be assigned from time to time by the president and the Board of Trustees. The recording secretary takes the minutes of each meeting of the members and Board of Trustees; provides a copy of the minutes for meetings of the Board of Trustees to each officer and director within thirty (30) days and makes minutes available upon request of any regular member; reads the minutes of the last meeting of the members when requested by the president; records the official results of the vote at the Society’s Annual Meeting; maintains a separate file of Minutes and Resolutions of the Board of Trustees for the preceding twelve (12) months in perpetuity; maintains the historical file of minutes, resolutions, and other documents of the Board of Trustees; and performs such other duties as may be assigned from time to time by the president or the Board of Trustees. The offices of the recording secretary and corresponding secretary may be combined. The corresponding secretary receives, sorts, edits, files and distributes all general correspondence addressed to the Society including legal correspondence; administers the Society’s post office box and voicemail; prepares and manages that portion of the Society budget dealing with correspondence; and performs other duties as may be assigned from time to time by the president or the Board of Trustees. 8.1.1 The nominating committee shall consist of three (3) members of the board. The committee will nominate a slate of nominees and prepare brief biographies. These will be presented to the board for their approval. The board will then present the slate to the membership at the annual meeting. 8.2.1 The membership committee shall be led by a trustee. This committee prepares and maintains the Society’s membership records; collects dues, delivers funds and reports activity promptly to the treasurer; prepares and administers the membership portion of the Society’s budget; and performs such other duties as may be assigned from time to time by the president of the Board of Trustees. If there are insufficient trustees the duties of the membership committee may be assigned to the treasurer. 8.3.1 The budget committee shall prepare the annual budget in conjunction with the treasurer. This will be presented to the Board of Trustees for approval. 8.4.1. The Board of Trustees may appoint other committees as needed to support the work of the Historical Society of Woodstock. 9.1.1 The Board of Trustees shall approve the Society’s budget prior to the beginning of the business year. The fiscal year of the Society shall begin on the first day of January and end on the last day of the year. These Bylaws may be amended or repealed, or new Bylaws may be adopted, by 10% of members in good standing pursuant to 3.10.1 and 3.10.2. Any proposed modification to these Bylaws shall be made available to each member of the Society by written notice, which shall be mailed no less than twenty (20) days prior to the date of the meeting at which the modification is to be considered and voted upon. · All archival materials to the Woodstock Library Association. · Other items returned to donors where possible. · Remainder of collections to the Town of Woodstock for display in public buildings. · The above organizations must give assurance of proper care for materials. · Society funds to be divided among recipients of materials at discretion of Society Trustees. · If any of the organizations cited cannot or will not give adequate assurance for care of the materials, their part of the Society’s collections will go to the Ulster County Historical Society. Upon the approval of either the majority of members or Trustees present at the annual meeting of the Society these Bylaws are immediately in force and supersede all previous Bylaws, constitutions, rules and regulations of the Society. The activities of the corporation shall be conducted in such a manner that no part of its net earnings or holdings shall inure to the benefit of any member, Trustee, officer, or individual (except that reasonable compensation may be paid for services rendered to or for the corporation) as determined by the Society’s Code of Ethics. Notwithstanding any provision of these bylaws, the corporation shall not carry on any activity not permitted to a corporation exempt from federal income tax under Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (or the corresponding provision of any further United States Internal Revenue Law). The Society shall be non-partisan in all of its activities. No part of activities of the Society shall consist of carrying on propaganda, or otherwise attempting to influence legislation at the county or state level or any level whatsoever; and the corporation shall not participate in or interact with (including the publishing or distribution of statements) any political campaign on behalf of any candidate for office. As adopted by the membership at (annual/special/regular) meeting on the _____day of __________, 2007. Each member of the Trustees shall be at least eighteen (18) years of age and a member in good standing. Also, each member must be at least a part-time resident of the Woodstock area. Amendment adopted by the membership at annual meeting on October 3, 2009. The membership, programs and activities of the Society shall be open to all people without regard to race, color, religion, gender, age, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation or political affiliation. meetings shall be published on the Society’s website and in its newsletter and/or by press releases. If a regular meeting is cancelled, the Society will make reasonable efforts to notify the membership. Eliminated from Article IV: Term, 4.5.2. Effective August 1, 2007, three (3) Trustees shall be considered to be in their second year of a three (3) year term. On August 1, 2008 three (3) other Trustees shall be in their second year term of a three (3) year term. On August 1, 2009 three (3) additional Trustees shall be in their second year of a three (3) year term. The term of office for a trustee is three (3) years. This term will run from January to December. Trustees may serve no more than three (3) consecutive terms. They must be out of office for at least one (1) year before being eligible for re-election as a Trustee. If a vacancy exists or has been filled by the Board pursuant to Section 4.7 of the article a Trustee may be elected at the annual meeting to fill the un-expired term. A Trustee who has filled an un-expired term of another is still eligible for nomination and election to three terms of his/her own. Trustees shall sign the code of ethics annually. The town historian, as appointed by the Woodstock Town Board, shall serve as an ex-officio, non-voting member of the Board of Directors for the purposes of advising the Board on matters that may come before it, to assist in research requests and to serve as needed, as a liaison between the Society and the town. Regular meetings of the Board of Trustees shall be held bi-monthly or at such other frequency as established from time to time by the Board of Trustees for the purpose of transacting business as may be brought before meetings of the board. The president shall be a voting member of the Board of Trustees and shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Trustees. With the help of the trustees the president will set the meeting’s agenda. The president shall call to order all meetings of Trustees, and shall be the chief executive officer of the corporation. Subject to the supervision of the Board of Trustees, the president shall have general charge of the affairs of the corporation and shall see that all orders and resolutions of the Board are carried into effect. The president shall not undertake major policy changes, initiate litigation, or commit Society funds without first consulting with the board. Thepresident shall, when required by the Board of Trustees, make a written report in respect to any designated matter in connection with the corporation and its affairs. S/He shall execute and acknowledge, on behalf of the corporation, all contracts, documents, checks, bonds, or other instruments authorized by the Board of Trustees,except in cases where the signing and execution thereof shall be delegated by the Board or these bylaws to the member or some officer or director or agent of the corporation as so designated for this purpose by the board. S/He shall perform all duties incident to the office of president and such other duties as may from time to time be delegated by the Board of Trustees. The vice president shall be a voting member of the Board of Trustees and will develop, plan, schedule and manage the program for regular meetings in consultation with the board; will chair and appoint members to the Yearly Program Planning Committee; will prepare and administer the Program portion of the Society budget; will perform such other duties as may be assigned from time to time by the president or the Board of Trustees; will serve as the chairperson of membership, and chair of Board of Trustees meetings in the temporary absence of the President; will serve as acting president upon the resignation, dismissal, death or long-term disability or other inability of the president to serve until the Board of Trustees appoints an interim president or other regular president is elected. The treasurer shall manage and administer all funds and securities of the Society; will prepare in conjunction with the Budget Committee the Society’s annual budget and administer the Society’s annual budget; will assure that the budget is approved by the Board of Trustees prior to expending funds; will personally approve all budgeted expenses for payment; will be responsible for assuring that the president is an alternate signer on all Society accounts; will be the alternate signing authority for contracts with the approval of the president; will maintain an official file of current contracts, agreements, licenses and insurance policies for the Society; shall maintain an updated inventory of material and equipment owned and leased by the Society, including donations; will annually submit all Society accounts to audit, accounts shall be audited at any time as required by the president or the Board of Trustees; will maintain a historical file of Society financial Records, contracts and related materials; will report monthly and as directed by the Trustees to the president, the Board of Trustees and the membership on the state of the Society’s finances and performs such other duties as may be assigned from time to time by the president and the Board of Trustees. These may include handling the Membership Secretary’s duties of collecting dues and funds and administering the membership portion of the Secretary’s budget. The corresponding secretary receives, sorts, edits, files and distributes all general correspondence addressed to the Society including legal correspondence at the direction of the board; manages genealogical queries for the Society; administers the Society’s post office box and voicemail; prepares and manages that portion of the Society’s budget dealing with correspondence; and performs other duties as may be assigned from time to time by the president or the Board of Trustees. These may include handling the Membership Secretary’s duties of preparing and maintaining the Society’s membership records. The Membership Secretary prepares and maintains the Society’s membership records; collects dues, delivers funds and reports activity promptly to the Treasurer; prepares and administers the membership portion of the Society’s budget; and performs such other duties as may be assigned from time to time by the President or the Board of Trustees. This will include the newsletter. If there are insufficient trustees the duties of the Membership Secretary may be assigned to the Treasurer. See Below. The nominating committee shall be elected by the Board of Trustees and shall consist of five (5) three (3) members of the board. The comm. will nominate a slate of nominees and prepare brief biographies. These will be presented to the board for their approval. The committee shall nominate The board will then present the slate to the membership at the annual meeting. The membership committee shall be led by a trustee. This committee prepares and maintains the Society’s membership records; collects dues, delivers funds and reports activity promptly to the treasurer; prepares and administers the membership portion of the Society’s budget; and performs such other duties as may be assigned from time to time by the president or the Board of Trustees. If there are insufficient trustees the duties of the membership committee may be assigned to the treasurer. The budget committee shall prepare the annual budget in conjunction with the treasurer. This will be presented to the Board of Trustees for approval. The Board of Trustees may appoint other committees as needed to support the work of the Historical Society of Woodstock. Annually the Board of Directors shall establish a financial reserve. Usually expressed as ten (10) percent of member dues. This reserve shall only be used in the event of an emergency as determined by the Board of Directors. The reserve shall constitute a dollar amount substantially equal to ten (10) percent of annual membership dues and shall be used only in the event of an emergency as determined by the Board of Trustees. This shall be retained in an interest bearing account in an accredited financial investment institution, whenever possible. The calendar fiscal year of the Society shall begin on the first year of January and end on the last day of the year. These Bylaws may be amended or repealed or new Bylaws may be adopted, by ten (10) percent of members in good standing pursuant to 3.11.1 and 3.11.2. Amendments adopted by the membership at annual meeting on October 15, 2016.

2019-04-21T10:35:53Z

http://www.historicalsocietyofwoodstock.org/hsw-bylaw-revisions-2016

The present invention is a system and method for fastening a second object to a first object that resists unfastening, for example due to vibration or disturbance, until unlocked. The locking system essentially comprises: a girder having one end anchored to the first object, and another end having an externally threaded terminus also defining an internally counter-threaded axial bore; a cap having an essentially planar outer face, an internally threaded transplanar bore for rotational engagement with the terminus of the girder, and a pair of domed arches on opposite sides of the transplanar bore extending from the circumference of the transplanar bore toward the periphery of the cap; and a counter-threaded bolt having a diameter smaller than the transplanar bore, a length sufficient to rotationally engage the axial bore of the girder while inserted through the transplanar bore, and a head having a pin-aperture; a pin inserted through the pin-aperture cooperating with the domed arches to prevent substantial rotation of the cap engaged with the girder terminus and the bolt engaged with the girder axial bore. The system also includes a tightening tool for tightening the cap. 7942471 Aerodynamic skirt shape 2011-05-17 Boivin et al. 7942470 Aerodynamic skirt opening 2011-05-17 Boivin et al. 7942469 Aerodynamic skirt panel 2011-05-17 Boivin et al. 7942468 Aerodynamic skirt securing mechanism 2011-05-17 Boivin et al. 7942467 Aerodynamic skirt support member 2011-05-17 Boivin et al. 7938475 Aerodynamic skirt wheel interface 2011-05-10 Boivin et al. 7887120 Aerodynamic trailer skirts 2011-02-15 Boivin et al. 7748772 Resilient aerodynamic trailer skirts 2010-07-06 Boivin et al. 20100066123 TRAILER WHEEL FAIRINGS 2010-03-18 Ortega et al. 20050077725 Terminal connection comprising a threaded sleeve, a counter-sleeve and a terminal insert 2005-04-14 Bartholoma et al. 4258929 Vehicle spray reduction 1981-03-31 Brandon et al. 4205861 Automotive vehicle wheel spray collector 1980-06-03 Roberts et al. 4185720 Adjustable locking strut 1980-01-29 Wright, Jr. et al. 3869617 SPRAY SUPPRESSING DEVICE FOR A HIGHWAY VEHICLE 1975-03-04 Gaussoin et al. 3743343 VEHICLE SPRAY CONTROL MEANS 1973-07-03 Grote, Sr. et al. 0821471 N/A 1906-05-22 Dowett et al. U.S. Appl. No. 12/879,466, Jackson, A. http://www.transtexcomposite, com, Trailer Skirt Air Deflector, Transtex Composite, Quebec, Montreal, Canada, 10 pages, At least as early as May 11, 2012. http://ridgecorp.com, Ridge Corporation, Green Wing Aerodynamic Side Skirts, Pataskala, Ohio, 8 pages, At leaset as early as May 11, 2012. http://freightwing.com, Aeroflex Trailer Skirts, Freight Wing Incorporated, 17 pages, 2004-2011. Freight Wing Type II Class Eight Semi Trailer Aerodynamic Fuel Economy Comparison Test, Transportation Research Center, Inc., East Liberty OH, May 2004. Bachman, L. et al., Fuel Economy Improvements and NOx Reduction by Reduction of Parasitic Losses: Effect of Engine Design, U.S.E.P.A., Date Unknown. Bachman, L. et al., Effect of Single Wide Tires and Trailer Aerodynamics on Fuel Economy and NOx Emissions of Class 8 Line-Haul Tractor-Trailers, U.S.E.P.A, 2005. Leuschen, J. et al., Full-Scale Wind Tunnel Tests of Production and Prototype, Second-Generation Aerodynamic Drag-Reducing . . ., National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada, 2006. Surcel, M., Energotest 2007: Fuel Consumption Test for Evaluating Freight Wing Trailer Side Skirts, FPlnovations, Pointe-Clair, Quebec, Canada, Nov. 2007. Surcei, M., Energotest 2008: Fuel Consumption Test for Prototypes of the Freight Wing Trailer Belly Fairing, FPlnovations, Pointe-Clair, Quebec, Canada, Oct. 2008. Class Eight Semi Truck Aerodynamic Fuel Economy Carb Component Test, Auto Research Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, Jun. 25, 2009. Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 12/879,466, 10 pages, Apr. 30, 2012. Bachman, L., et al., Fuel Economy Improvements and NOx Reduction by Reduction of Parasitic Losses, SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3474, Oct. 31, 2006. Notice of Allowance, U.S. Appl. No. 12/879,466, 5 pages, Mailing Date Jun. 1, 2012. International Search Report and Written Opinion of International Searching Authority, PCT/US 2001/047222, Mailing Date: Jan. 24, 2012, 9 pages. Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 12/879,466, Mailing Date: Apr. 10, 2012, 5 pages. 1. A system for fastening a second object to a first object that resists unfastening until unlocked, said fastening system comprising: a. a girder having one end anchored to the first object, and another end having an externally threaded terminus also defining an internally counter-threaded axial bore; b. a cap having an essentially planar outer face and an internally threaded transplanar bore for rotational engagement with said terminus of said girder; and c. a counter-threaded bolt having a diameter smaller than said transplanar bore and a length sufficient to rotationally engage said axial bore of said girder while inserted through said transplanar bore; d. said cap planar outer face further including a pair of stops on opposite sides of said transplanar bore extending outwardly from the planer surface and; e. said bolt having a head cooperating with said stops for preventing substantial relative rotation of said bolt with said girder. 2. The system of claim 1, said bolt head having at least one outwardly biased divergence cooperating with said stops; said outwardly biased divergence selected from the group consisting of a spring-biased detent ball within said bolt head and protruding outwardly from an eyelet defined by said bolt head, a separate pin inserted through a pin-aperture defined by said bolt head, or any other divergence cooperating with said stops. 3. The system of claim 2, said outwardly biased divergence comprising a separate pin inserted through a pin-aperture defined by said bolt head, said pin including an end-stop preventing complete push-through of said pin and a retraction-stop comprising at least one outwardly biased surface divergence preventing un-insertion. 4. The system of claim 3, said pin end-stop comprising a circular ring, each of said cap outstanding stops comprising a domed arch abutting said pin. 5. The system of claim 4, said outwardly biased surface divergence selected from the group consisting of a retractable flange biased outwardly from said pin and converging toward an insertion end, a spring-biased detent ball within said pin and protruding outwardly from an eyelet defined by said pin, or any other pin having an outwardly biased surface divergence. 6. The system of claim 2, each of said stops on said cap extending from the circumference of said transplanar bore toward the periphery of said cap. 7. The system of claim 2, said system further comprising said cap planar outer face further comprising a plurality of slots, and a tightening tool having a hollow cavity, a handle having a handgrip, and a plurality of prongs protruding from said tool to rotationally engage with said slots. 8. A system for fastening a second object to a first object that resists unfastening until unlocked, said fastening system comprising: a. a girder having one end anchored to the first object, and another end having an externally threaded terminus also defining an internally counter-threaded axial bore; b. a cap having an essentially planar outer face, an internally threaded transplanar bore for rotational engagement with said terminus of said girder, and a pair of outstanding stops on opposite sides of said transplanar bore extending from the circumference of said transplanar bore toward the periphery of said cap; and c. a counter-threaded bolt having a diameter smaller than said transplanar bore, a length sufficient to rotationally engage said axial bore of said girder while inserted through said transplanar bore, and a head having at least one outwardly biased divergence cooperating with said stops having two domed arches to prevent substantial rotation of said cap engaged with said girder terminus and said bolt engaged with said girder axial bore; said bolt further comprising a pin-aperture, said outwardly biased divergence comprising a separate pin inserted through said pin-aperture, said pin having an end-stop preventing complete push-through of said pin and at least one outwardly biased surface divergence preventing un-insertion. 9. The system of claim 8, said surface divergence comprising at least one intermediate flange allowing insertion but preventing un-insertion. 10. The system of claim 8, said pin end-stop comprising a circular ring, each of said cap outstanding stops comprising a domed arch abutting said pin. 11. The system of claim 8, said system further comprising said cap planar outer face further comprising a plurality of slots, and a tightening tool having a hollow cavity, a handle having a handgrip, and a plurality of prongs protruding from said tool to rotationally engage with said slots. The present invention generally relates to the field of fastening and locking systems for use in any application wherein one object (or element) is to be fastened to another object, especially when one or both will be subjected to vibration, rotation or other movement tending to unfasten the objects. Traditional screw-type fasteners have a clockwise spiral groove that corresponds with an object's threaded core for fastening. In certain instances, upon experiencing a vibration, the fastener is unwound and loosened in a counterclockwise rotation away from the object. This loosening can be dangerous in a variety of circumstances. Some fasteners attempt to combat this problem by using a fastener having a counterclockwise spiral groove that tightens during a vibration, and various other wiring wraps and methods to prevent loosening. Current and previous locking systems do not provide a fastening system that counteracts the loosening of a fastener upon experiencing a vibration, wherein the locking system includes a girder having one end anchored to a first object and another end having an externally threaded terminus also defining an internally counter-threaded axial bore, a cap, a bolt, and a locking pin. This need affects many industries and applications, from the automobile industry (such as attaching automobile wheels to axles), the oil industry (such as drilling rig platforms) and the aircraft industry (such as aircraft nuts and bolts), to submarine propeller fastening systems and hydro power turbine fastening systems. The need also exists for small industrial and commercial fastening systems. Therefore, a need exists for a fastening system for fastening a second object to a first object that resists unfastening until unlocked. (5) a cap-rotation stop means for preventing substantial rotation of the cap engaged with the girder terminus. The cap-rotation stop means and the bolt-rotation stop means include the cap planar outer face, which further includes a pair of outstanding stops on opposite sides of the transplanar bore. In one embodiment, the stops are two domed arches. The bolt further includes a head having at least one outwardly biased divergence cooperating with the stops. The outwardly biased divergence is selected from the group consisting of a spring-biased detent ball within the bolt head and protruding outwardly from an eyelet defined by the bolt head, a separate pin inserted through a pin-aperture defined by the bolt head, or other outwardly biased divergence and combinations thereof Each of the outstanding stops on the cap extends from the circumference of the transplanar bore toward the periphery of the cap. In one embodiment, the outwardly biased divergence includes a separate pin inserted through a pin-aperture defined by the bolt head, with the pin including a pin retention means for maintaining the insertion. The pin retention means includes an end-stop preventing complete push-through of the pin and a retraction-stop means preventing un-insertion of the pin. The retraction-stop means has at least one outwardly biased surface divergence preventing un-insertion. The outwardly biased surface divergence is selected from the group consisting of a retractable flange biased outwardly from the pin and converging toward an insertion end, a spring-biased detent ball within the pin and protruding outwardly from an eyelet defined by the pin, or other such pin and combinations thereof. The system further includes the cap planar outer face further having a plurality of slots, and a tightening tool having a hollow cavity, a handle having a handgrip, and a plurality of prongs protruding from the tool to rotationally engage with the slots. (3) and a counter-threaded bolt having a diameter smaller than the transplanar bore, a length sufficient to rotationally engage the axial bore of the girder while inserted through the transplanar bore, and a head having at least one outwardly biased divergence cooperating with the stops having two domed arches to prevent substantial rotation of the cap engaged with the girder terminus and the bolt engaged with the girder axial bore. Here, the bolt further includes a pin-aperture, with outwardly biased divergence having a separate pin inserted through the pin-aperture. The pin includes an end-stop preventing complete push-through of the pin and at least one outwardly biased surface divergence preventing un-insertion, such as at least one intermediate flange allowing insertion but preventing un-insertion. The pin end-stop includes a circular ring or other such end-stop, with each of the cap outstanding stops having a domed arch abutting the pin. The system also comprises a cap planar outer face further including a plurality of slots, and a tightening tool having a hollow cavity, a handle having a handgrip, and a plurality of prongs protruding from the tool to rotationally engage with the slots. (d) inserting the pin through the bolt pin-aperture. The method also includes the step of rotatably tightening (or loosening) the cap with a tightening tool having a hollow cavity cooperating with the cap planar outer face, a handle having a handgrip, and a plurality of prongs for engaging with the cap planar outer face further comprising a plurality of slots. The method further includes the step of preventing substantial rotation that loosens the cap outwardly from the girder terminus by rotatably adjusting the bolt in the opposite direction inwardly onto the girder axial bore to a desired degree, and inserting the pin having an end-point to abut the cap outstanding stops. In one embodiment, the outstanding stops are two domed arches. The method also includes the step of preventing substantial rotation that over-tightens the cap inwardly onto the girder terminus by rotatably adjusting the bolt in the opposite direction outwardly onto the girder axial bore to a desired degree, and inserting the pin having an end-point to abut the cap outstanding stops. Also in this embodiment, the outstanding stops are two domed arches. The system prevents the unintentional loosening (counterclockwise rotation) of the cap in relation to the object and girder terminus upon experiencing a vibration. The girder represents any object's current threaded fastener fastened to the object, with the girder's externally threaded end defining a counter-threaded axial bore ready to receive the locking cap and the locking bolt. Once assembled, the system can be further interlocked and secured by a locking means. The locking means includes the cap-rotation stop means for preventing substantial rotation of the cap engaged with the girder terminus, and the bolt-rotation stop means for preventing substantial rotation of the bolt engaged with the axial bore of the girder, the interlocked pin and the cap's two domed arches. Once completely installed, the cap may be further tightened clockwise or loosened counterclockwise onto the girder with a customized tool, such as a customized wrench, having a hollow cavity for covering the cap and having a plurality of prongs for inserting into the cap's vertical slots. Once the pin is inserted into the bolt's pin-aperture, the pin's retractable, intermediate flanges interlock against the bolt's pin-aperture to prevent unwanted removal. The pin's ring abuts against the bolt's pin-aperture preventing push-through and the cap's domed arches abut against the pin to prevent rotation of the cap upon experiencing a vibration as the bolt tightens further into the girder. The locking bolt is initially adjusted to a pre-determined position in relation to the cap's domed arches. A primary object of the invention is to provide a locking cap for fastening onto a girder terminus (or end-point) and for preventing the locking cap from detaching from the object. Another object of the invention is to provide a cap with two domed arches that will interlock with a pin. Another object of the invention is to have a counter-threaded bolt with an aperture on its head-end for receiving a pin. Another object of the invention is to provide a pin that inserts through a counter-threaded bolt that abuts the cap's domed arches whenever the cap attempts counterclockwise rotation. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a counter-threaded bolt having a counterclockwise rotation for tightening within a girder axial bore. Yet another object of the invention is to automatically cause the locking cap to travel counterclockwise and outwardly along the girder when acted upon by vibration. Yet another object of the invention is to automatically cause the pin to travel counterclockwise inward along with the bolt within the girder's axial bore when acted upon by vibration. Yet another object of the invention is to interlock the pin and the bolt traveling counterclockwise and inwardly, within the girder's axial bore, with the cap's two domed arches traveling counterclockwise and outwardly, along the girder's external threads. Yet another object of the invention is to abut the locking cap's domed arches against the locking pin, interlocking the system and preventing any further counterclockwise cap movement. Another object of the invention is to provide a tightening wrench for tightening the cap onto the girder and for providing torque to tighten and/or to remove the system from the girder. FIG. 1 depicts a perspective view of the invention. FIG. 2 depicts an exploded view of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 depicts an elevation of FIG. 1, with the wrench shown in a cross-section view. FIG. 4 depicts a top plan of FIG. 1. FIG. 5 depicts a cross-section view of FIG. 1. FIG. 6 depicts a bottom plan of FIG. 1. The term “vibration” means any vibration or disturbance that forces a fastener to experience clockwise or counterclockwise rotation. In another embodiment, the same principle may be reversed to operate with devices that originate with counterclockwise threads that loosen under clockwise rotation by reversing the threads of the cap, the bolt and the girder. Thus, the principle involves having a girder outstanding from an object having an externally threaded terminus end defining an internally counter-threaded axial bore and exchanging a previous fastener with a cap having a threaded transplanar bore, a counter-threaded bolt inserted through the cap's transplanar bore and into the girder's axial bore, then oppositionally interlocking the cap's domed arches against a locking pin inserted through the bolt's head further having a pin-aperture. The term “object” means any item, device or system including a base for (or with) an outstanding girder (or other protrusion) to which an element or other item is fastened, especially items subjected to vibration; although objects and elements are numerous, examples include such items as an automobile wheel and axle, aircraft bolts, oil rig drilling platforms and oil field equipment, trains, ships, submarine propeller shafts, hydro power plant turbines or other turbines, and a watercraft with its propeller. The term “girder” means any protrusion emanating or otherwise outstanding from an object, and having a terminus for a fastener. The term “fastener” means a fastener selected from the group consisting of a nut, or any fixed retainer and any combination thereof; the fastener may be threaded. The term “locking cap” or “cap” means any covering or fastening means over an end-point emanating from an object requiring a fastener. The term “locking bolt” or “bolt” means any bolt or similar externally threaded member rotationally interfacing with the internal threads of a girder axial bore, and having an aperture for receiving a locking pin. The term “locking pin” or “pin” means any element insertable into a bolt aperture, having an end-stop preventing complete push-through and having flanges (or other divergence) preventing un-insertion. The term “domed arches” means any facet or feature upstanding from the cap; one example of such an outstanding stop is two raised arched protrusions emanating from the top region of a locking cap for abutting against a locking pin. The term “tool” or “wrench” means a tool for tightening and loosening a cap onto a girder; one example includes a hollow cavity with prongs receivable within cooperating slots (or other voids), enabling the user to rotationally tighten or loosen the cap onto the free, externally-threaded end of the girder. The term “tightening” means tightening any item capable of being tightened and that may also be loosened by reversing the tightening steps. The term “aperture” means any opening within an object for receiving another object. The term “prong” means any protrusion for inserting into a slot. The term “slot” means any void or opening for receiving a prong. The term “axis” means a line or point around which an object or objects rotate. The term “inertia lock system” refers to the locking mechanism of five interconnected objects (such as a girder, a cap, a bolt, a pin, and a pair of domed arches) sharing the same axis (a line or point around which object(s) rotates) and their clockwise and counterclockwise rotations that act independently to intersect two fixed oppositional cross-members to create a locking mechanism. Also for the sake of simplicity and to give the claims of this patent application the broadest interpretation and construction possible, the conjunctive “and” may also be taken to include the disjunctive “or,” and vice versa, whenever necessary to give the claims of this patent application the broadest interpretation and construction possible. Likewise, when the plural form is used, it may be taken to include the singular form, and vice versa. The girder (90) essentially comprises any shaft arising out of (or anchored to) a first object for fastening to a second object (20) having an externally threaded terminus (or end-point) (92) defining an internally counter-threaded axial bore (95). The girder's (90) externally threaded end-point (92) rotatably receives a cap (110). The girder (90) extends through (and essentially impales) the first object, the cap (110) is screwed onto the girder terminus (92) a sufficient number of rotations to achieve the desired amount of fastening, the bolt (100) is inserted through the cap's (110) bore (105) and counter-screwed into the girder's (90) axial bore (95) a sufficient number of rotations to facilitate maintenance of the desired amount of fastening, such that the bolt-rotation stop means is activated and the cap-rotation stop means is activated. FIG. 5 depicts a representative surface of the second object (20) fastened by the girder (90) to a first object (not shown). The cap (110) is essentially formed of any material, polymer or steel, or any other comparable material having a centrally internally threaded transplanar bore (or aperture) (105) sufficient to produce interlocking threads between the girder (90) and the locking cap (110). The locking cap further includes an essentially planar outer face and two domed arches (143). The opening between the domed arches forms the aperture (105) for receiving a locking bolt (100). In one embodiment, the threading of the locking cap's aperture (105) begins below the aperture between the two domed arches (143). The counter-threaded bolt (100) comprises a counter-threaded spiral bolt having a length that inserts through the cap (110) aperture (105) and further inserting into the counter-threaded bore (95) of the girder (90). The length of the bolt (100) is sufficiently long enough to produce a holding resistance within the girder (90). Because the diameter of the bolt (100) is smaller than the diameter of the locking cap's aperture (105), the bolt (100) easily passes through the opening (105) between the domed arches (143), down through the locking cap's aperture (105) and into the girder (90) counter-threaded axial bore (95). Further, the locking bolt (100) can be completely inserted into the girder's axial bore (95) until the bolt (100) bottoms out against the girder (90) end-point. The locking bolt (100) further comprises a pin-aperture (101) for receiving a locking pin (190). During vibration, the locking pin (190) turns counterclockwise inward with the bolt's (100) counterclockwise inward movement, until the pin (190) abuts one of the locking cap's domed arches (143). During these counterclockwise rotations, a locking mechanism is created, stopping any further counterclockwise movement of the cap (110). Thus, when the bolt (100) interconnects with the locking pin (190) and the cap (110) domed arches (143), no rotational movement of the cap (110) is allowed. The pin (190) is a stainless steel push-pin, or any other type of a composite material comprising a pin, and essentially comprises a pair of retractable, intermediate flanges and a ring or other such end-stop for blocking push-through and for gripping. The pin (190) impales through the bolt's (100) aperture (101) and is secured to the bolt (100) by the pin's (190) retractable flanges. Counterclockwise rotation due to experiencing a vibration is prevented when the pin (190), traveling in the same counterclockwise inward rotation as the bolt (100), abuts one of the cap's (110) domed arches (143) due to the cap's (110) counterclockwise outward rotation, thereby creating the locking mechanism. The wrench (120) essentially includes a hollow cavity, a handle (122) having a handgrip and a plurality of prongs (121) extending downwardly from the wrench. The wrench (120) fits over the cap (110) and engages its prongs (121) with the cap's (110) vertical slots (111) to tighten or loosen the cap (110). To tighten, the wrench (120) bears down against the cap (110) and is turned clockwise with the handle (122), thereby tightening the cap (110) downwardly over the girder's (90) threaded end-point (92). To remove the cap (110), the pin (190) is first removed from the bolt's (100) aperture (101), then the wrench's (120) prongs (121) are inserted over the cap (110) and into the cap's vertical slots (111), followed by turning the wrench (120) counterclockwise to rotate the cap (110) outwardly from the girder's (90) externally threaded end-point (92) for removal. (d) slidably inserting a locking pin (190) through the bolt (100), with the pin (190) having an end-stop ring and a pair of retractable flanges for preventing un-insertion. The method further comprises the step of rotatably tightening the cap (110) with a tightening tool (or wrench) (120) having a hollow cavity cooperating with the cap (110) planar outer face, a handle (122) having a handgrip, and a plurality of prongs (121) for engaging with the cap (110) planar outer face further having a plurality of slots (111). This step further tightens the cap (110) onto the girder (90). To loosen or remove the cap (110), the step includes removing the pin (190) and loosening the cap (110) by turning the wrench (120) and the cap (110) counterclockwise away from the object's base surface (20). The method further comprises the step of preventing substantial rotation that loosens the cap outwardly from the girder (90) terminus (92) by rotatably adjusting the bolt (100) in the opposite direction inwardly onto the girder (90) axial bore (95) to a desired degree, and inserting the pin (190) having an end-point to abut the cap (110) outstanding stops comprising two domed arches (143). Finally, the method further comprises the step of preventing substantial rotation that over-tightens the cap (110) inwardly onto the girder (90) terminus (92) by rotatably adjusting the bolt (100) completely inward into the girder (90) axial bore (95), and inserting the pin (190) having an end-point to abut the cap (110) outstanding stops comprising two domed arches (143). These steps prevent the cap (110) from counterclockwise rotation during any vibration by rotatably tightening the bolt (100) counterclockwise within the cap (110) and completely into the girder (90) axial bore (95) until it bottoms out, and then inserting the locking pin (190) through the bolt's pin-aperture (101) and abutting the cap's (110) pair of domed arches (143), thereby preventing further clockwise rotation of the cap (110). Therefore, as the cap (110) attempts to rotate counterclockwise outwardly, the interlocked pin (190), and consequently the bolt (100), also rotates counterclockwise and inwardly and locks against the cap's (110) domed arches (143) also preventing any further counterclockwise cap (110) rotation. Those skilled in the art who have the benefit of this disclosure will appreciate that it may be used as the creative basis for designing devices or methods similar to those disclosed herein, or to design improvements to the invention disclosed herein; such new or improved creations should be recognized as dependent upon the invention disclosed herein, to the extent of such reliance upon this disclosure.

2019-04-23T23:55:44Z

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/8398349.html

We had a really fun trip to the beach planned for Memorial Day Weekend but then a tropical storm rolled in, so we had to change our game plan. Instead, we headed to Atlanta for the weekend. Atlanta is only a few hours from where we are in Alabama, so we left on Saturday morning and met up with some friends at The World of Coca Cola, a museum documenting the history of Coke, for the afternoon. The museum was fun, but I’m not sure it’s a must-see. Nathan and I thought the best parts were the vintage Christmas adds with Santa and the tasting room. The tasting room has over 100 different coke products from around the world. Sunday saw us at the Georgia Aquarium. Buy your parking pass online. You get a discount and it ensures that you will have a parking spot in the garage connected to the aquarium. Prioritize the beluga whale exhibit, the Dolphin Coast show, the whale shark tank, and the Southern sea otters. These are popular exhibits, but it is worth it to wait a little while to get a close-up look. My favorite part of the trip was seeing the beluga whales. I don’t have any pictures from the exhibit because I was actually a little overwhelmed by them. They are graceful and beautiful and the Georgia Aquarium is one of a select few aquariums that have belugas. Check out the gift shop. It was stocked with more than cheap stuffed animals and plastic fish replicas. They had a really nice selection of t-shirts, mugs, and art prints. We left with a blown glass beluga whale Christmas Tree ornament. After the aquarium, Nathan and I ended our trip at a pub in Decatur Square (The Square Pub) that is owned by some UNM alumni. They have a green chile cheeseburger on the menu that really hit the spot after living for months in a place with no good Mexican food options. In December, two weeks after my Mimi passed, my Papa left this earth to join her. In the span of just a few weeks, they were both here and then they were both gone. He was an adventurer. He traveled West as a young man and spent most of his life under the Arizona sun. He and my Mimi logged thousands of miles on road trips. When they got home from their trips, my Papa would trace the roads they had taken on the map behind him in the picture at the top of the post. I think my deep love of road trips comes from him. I took many a road trip with Mimi and Papa. I’d sit in the back seat as we drove down desert roads listening to news radio. There was always a stash of Baskin Robbins ice cream hard candy and Mentos in the car, and a special car trashcan to place the wrappers in. He loved cereal. To this day, I think of him every time I sit down to a bowl of cereal. He like to mix his all together- a little bit of shredded wheat mixed with cheerios and perhaps some grape nuts. Papa ate all the cereals you’d expect an old person to like. This love of mixed up cereals was passed to me during the weeks I would spend with them during the summers. Papa had gleaming white hair and smelled like laundry detergent and sawdust. He gave the very best hugs. He was a very talented woodworker. He built me a dollhouse when I was a little girl and then he made me candle holders, salt and pepper shakers, and napkin holders when I got married. His woodworking has carried me through every life stage. Sitting in his wood shop and watching him work was an intensely calming pastime. He was steady and smooth as he turned wood on his lathe or sanded his projects to a soft gleam. It was incredible to watch him make something beautiful out of a hunk of wood. I always believed that there was nothing that Papa couldn’t fix. He was always out in his yard or in his garage tinkering and fixing and beautifying. He took such good care of his house and his yard and his family. He also took care of their little town. I remember many a walk with Papa through the Bowie cemetery as he made note of weeds to be pulled and things to be fixed and tidied up. I’ll never forget his quick wit and comedic timing that always took me by surprise. He could play a game of Shanghai or dominoes with skill and good humor as he beat everyone before we even knew what was happening. He took me to my first basketball game. I was pretty sure that I didn’t care for basketball, but Papa told me how exciting basketball was to watch in person. He was right. It’s one of my favorite memories. Papa and I would watch basketball, and the news, and westerns together in the living room. I don’t remember much of what was happening on the TV, but I do remember spending that time with him as we escaped inside from the afternoon sun. Soft spoken, with kind eyes and a gentle face, Papa was the sort that was quiet but strong. He never seemed old to me. He was always full of life and energy; as though he didn’t take any of it for granted. The way he looked at my Mimi would bring tears to my eyes, especially once I got married and I was better able to understand the undertaking that marriage is. It was such a beautiful love that they shared. There is so much to say about him and how much I loved him. He was my friend and my mentor; a strong and steady companion. It’s been hard to process their passing because they really never seemed old to me; they always seemed to stay the same age. They were truly an example of how to grow old with grace and full of life. On the night that Papa passed away, there was a meteor shower. Nathan and I went out to one of the lakes on Post and found a dark patch of beach to lay a blanket on. We stared up at the meteors shooting across the sky and Nathan leaned over to me and said “I think this is for them. These beautiful shooting stars for Mimi and Papa as they are reunited.” I can’t imagine anything more fitting. My Mimi and Papa created a beautiful legacy. They loved each other for a long time. My Papa was a good father, husband, and grandfather. He and my Mimi had five children and oodles of grandchildren and great-grandchildren. My whole family, all the children and spouses and new babies, are all because of Mimi and Papa. I miss them both so terribly. Our one and only Christmas tree is all of three and a half feet tall. We bought it right before Christmas the first year we were married. It was on sale and the cheapest tree at Home Depot. We were poor as dirt, but we so badly wanted a tree of our own. Something beautiful and festive to hold our meager assortment of ornaments. Nathan said that colored lights were the only way to go, so those also went in the cart. I grew up with a fake tree and Nathan grew up with a real one. A real one was neither in the budget nor a possibility space-wise in our tiny apartment. So this miniature faux tree was the best option. That first year, we covered our coffee table with a tablecloth that my Mom had sent us and set the tree on top. We used a plaid blanket as a tree skirt. We arranged the Nativity, also a gift, around the base. Our coffee table did double duty as our dining table, so we ate meals out of our laps that whole December. The second and third year we were married we had moved into a slightly bigger apartment, but we still had no room for a large tree and we didn’t really think about getting a new one anyway. We used the same tablecloth but covered our bar cart with it instead. We had acquired a few more ornaments; my parents have a collection of ornaments collected from their travels and we had begun that same habit. The plaid blanket remained. We also strung Christmas lights around our sliding door and our kitchen counter (those ultimately stayed all year), and they joined the soft light of our jolly tree. Nothing seemed more romantic or in the spirit of the season than turning all the lights off and cuddling up on the couch under the glow of our little tree. Now, as we embark on our fourth married Christmas, we live in an actual house with so much more room than our college apartments that it feels absolutely palatial. We certainly have room for a bigger tree, and so many of them were on sale after Thanksgiving that it would have made sense to buy a larger, taller, more impressive tree. But I just couldn’t. Our tree is the size that many people buy when they want to have a second (or third) tree to set up on a counter or in an entryway or some such thing. It isn’t the size that people use as their one and only holder of ornaments and shelterer of shiny presents. But I love this tree. I set it up by myself this year. Nathan is away for training, and I couldn’t wait to make the house feel like the holidays. I wanted Nathan to come home to a home that felt warm and festive. As I took it out of the box, fluffed it’s branches, strung the lights, and gingerly hung each ornament, I realized that it might be a few more Christmases before I’m ready to “upgrade” our tree. This humble tree reminds me of the humble beginnings of our marriage- of our little family. Each ornament holds a sweet memory of an adventure shared together or the thoughtful and generous love of someone close to us. The lights are the same ones that have lit our living room with holiday warmth each year. The Nativity nestled beneath it is the first one we were ever given. This year, our tree sits on the big plastic tub that holds our seasonal decorations. I covered it with the plaid blanket and used a red dish towel as a tree skirt. It’s just a fake tree that we bought for less than 20 dollars, but looking at it makes me feel known and loved and warm and welcome. Someday its branches will sag under the weight of more ornaments than it was designed to hold. Perhaps its synthetic needles will begin to get fuzzy around the edges. But this tree and I are in it for the long haul. There will likely be a Christmas when it feels right to bring home a taller, more robust tree, but even in that year our first little tree will still have a place in our home. Sure a bigger tree would be more impressive, and it wouldn’t have to sit on top of a plastic bin, but this tree is beautiful and it is impressive because of what it means to us. I can’t imagine anything else. This year, I was lucky enough to have two Thanksgivings.The first was a friendsgiving the Saturday before Thanksgiving. Nathan and his entire BOLC class were gone for training on actual Thanksgiving, so we all got together to feast on turkey and sides and punch with more than a little “holiday spirit” in it. It was amazing. Then, on actual Thanksgiving, I spent the day with the other wives of guys in Nathan’s class as well as Danielle’s mother-in-law and grandmother-in-law and her two sweet kids. It was also amazing. I’m beyond thankful for the community we’ve found here. Making: fruit bakes and better food choices. Try this recipe and feel free to use any fruit you want! Looking: out my window and realizing that it feels surreal that I live in a house in a neighborhood. A big change from our college apartments. Wasting: a bag of steam in the microwave veggies that just weren’t good. Crafting: a blanket. I learned to crochet! Wishing: Nathan was home. He’s only away for a three week training, but the time is just dragging by. Enjoying: The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel on Amazon Prime. Liking: pictures of Christmas decorations. It’s the most wonderful time of the year!! Loving: my sweet cats. I’m endlessly thankful for them every single day. Hoping: that December drags on and on. I love this season. Marveling: at how wonderful it has been to live on post. I never realized how much I’d like our time here while Nathan is active duty. Needing: Nathan’s big warm body back in bed at night. It is getting cold and he is my substitute for a heated blanket. Smelling: pumpkin cake candle. I’ve finally used up my Fall candle and it is time for the Christmas scents. Wearing: leggings- if possible, my style has become even more casual since moving here. Following: less accounts. I’m trying to de-clutter my social media feeds. Noticing: the ways that all the little things add up. Knowing: that the best is both right now and still to come. Thinking: that twinkle lights are the best decor. Opening: the mailbox. Tis the season for amazon packages and Christmas cards! Giggling: in the grocery store. Doing errands with friends is much better than accomplishing them alone. Feeling: less stressed than I have in years. My Mimi died right before Thanksgiving. I haven’t really wanted to talk about it; I didn’t tell any friends, I didn’t post on social media. I told my cat as I cried into her fur. Grief is a funny thing. I simply don’t seem able to talk about it yet, but I have written quite a lot. It seems easier. This may not be the most eloquent thing I ever write, but I just want to share about her. I want to celebrate her- who she was and who she was to me. We talked on the phone many times a week throughout my entire freshman year of college. I was so homesick, and Mimi always knew how to comfort me. Sometimes she would just listen to me cry. It was such a gift to have gone to college within driving distance of them. Nathan and I would often go and visit for the weekend, and Mimi would feed us and we would be loved on by her and Papa, and my homesickness would be quelled. She had such a motherly way about her. I suppose that is what happens when you raise five children. My whole life, whenever I spent time with Mimi and Papa, she would rub my back and talk with me as I fell asleep. Her wrinkled hands, covered in rings and topped off with perfectly manicured nails, were the agents of immense comfort and love. When I had to start taking anti-anxiety medication and was so nervous and overwrought with the decision, she sat in bed with me and rubbed my back telling me that it was okay to need some extra help for a little while. She was right and, while I’m no longer on the medication, it was a savior to me and I may never have started it had she not encouraged me to accept the opportunity to get better. She was the first person I remember telling me as a little person that God had a plan for my life and that I needn’t worry about the things I had no control over because He already knew the outcome. I spent countless hours in her tiny kitchen helping her cook, watching her consult her very old Betty Crocker cookbook, and eating the mountains of food she would always make when we would visit. I would spend time with her and Papa during the summers when I was younger and all of my favorites, fried chicken, chicken and dumplings, and oatmeal chocolate chip cookies, would make an appearance the first few days I was there. Mimi believed in feeding people well. After I got married, she made me an apron for every season and holiday. They hang in my kitchen as beautiful reminders of her and of the many meals we ate together. She taught me how to play dominoes and solitaire and to write in cursive. She showed me the importance of handwritten letters and cards- I have boxes stashed in my closet of the things she has written to me. Her years of being a teacher permeated our every interaction. She was always teaching me something. Most importantly, she taught me about love. She taught me about the incredible love of grandparents and of family. I remember the way she smelled, like warm desert dirt and Estee Lauder hand cream. A year ago, she sent me a jar of that hand cream. She scooped some from her jar into an old, ornately decorated Avon jar. Mimi always had the perfect box or jar or container hanging around. The jar sits next to my bathroom sink, and I smooth it over my hands before bed and hold them up to my nose whenever I am feeling lonely. Last night, I held the jar up to my nose and inhaled deeply and just missed her. In Mimi’s arms, in her house in Bowie, in her sewing room, in her garden there was no anxiety or fear; the outside world didn’t reach in. There was just love and warmth and bright Arizona sunshine. I don’t remember a time in the last six years that I didn’t cry as I drove away from their house and from them. Though I know that my future children will have wonderful grandparents, it pains me to know that they will never get to meet my Mimi. I wasn’t prepared for how much it would grieve me that she would never get to hold my babies. My Dad always tells me that part of our eternal life is the way we are remembered and talked about by those that knew us and loved us. It brings me peace to know that my children will hear of my Mimi and will know of the love she gave to me and the love she would have had for them. I wasn’t prepared for losing her. I knew it was coming. I knew when her cancer was discovered and was spreading rapidly that I would not have her on this earth forever. Yet, love and grief seem to defy logic. Everyone dies, but my heart and my brain simply could not create a picture of my world without her. She was in pain at the end, and the thought of her hurting was perhaps more painful than the thought of losing her. I am glad she is no longer in pain and that she is at peace. I could write pages and pages about my Mimi, about what she meant to me, about who she was, about the 23 years of memories I shared with her. Elizabeth Eyrich, Mimi, was warm and smart and loving and an incredible grandmother. I miss her so terribly. My heart aches, but it is also so thankful for the time I had with her. I wouldn’t have been who I am without her. Every year, Memorial Day comes to pass, and I never quite know what to say. By the grace of God, all of my loved ones in the military have always come home. But, I know people that cannot say the same. It is unbearable to think of the pain that must accompany learning that your loved one is gone; knowing that your last goodbye was really the last. Year after year, my various social media platforms are flooded with photos and status updates thanking and remembering those that lost their lives in the pursuit of freedom and peace. Year after year, I am wrecked by the bravery of our service members and the strength of their loved ones. In my journeying on the internet, I came across a speech by Ronald Reagan. While he gave this speech on Veteran’s Day, there is one section that addresses those service members that made the ultimate sacrifice. It is that section that I will share. “Sometime back I received in the name of our country the bodies of four Marines who had died while on active duty. I said then that there is a special sadness that accompanies the death of a serviceman, for we’re never quite good enough to them-not really; we can’t be, because what they gave us is beyond our powers to repay. And so, when a serviceman dies, it’s a tear in the fabric, a break in the whole, and all we can do is remember. It is, in a way, an odd thing to honor those who died in defense of our country, in defense of us, in wars far away. The imagination plays a trick. We see these soldiers in our mind as old and wise. We see them as something like the Founding Fathers, grave and gray haired. But most of them were boys when they died, and they gave up two lives — the one they were living and the one they would have lived. When they died, they gave up their chance to be husbands and fathers and grandfathers. They gave up their chance to be revered old men. They gave up everything for our country, for us. And all we can do is remember. So many of our military men and women give up more than their lives when they leave their last breath on the battlefield. They give up the lives they were building before they left and the lives they would continue after they came back. Is there a right way to remember? Is there the perfect thing to say to the spouse or child of a fallen warrior? Is there a proper way to feel as a bystander; as someone who hasn’t served and doesn’t really know? Perhaps gratitude or melancholy or anguish. Maybe acknowledgement that, just like all death, it is okay to not really know what to say or how to act. Definitely grace as we stumble over the difference between Veteran’s Day and Memorial Day. Grace as we don’t know what to say. Grace as we inevitably say the wrong thing or the weird thing. There is really no way for anybody to “make up for” the loss of a loved one. There is no way for most of us to understand what it is to embark on a mission or deployment and be willing to give our absolute all. It is difficult to comprehend the bravery or courage or patriotism it takes to sign up to do a job that might ask for one’s life in exchange. Memorial Day seems particularly hard, at least for me, because all we can do is remember. All we can do is hurt with those that hurt. All we can do is pray for less conflict. And it just doesn’t seem like enough. The first picture we ever took together. Five years ago, Nathan asked me to be his girl while we were standing outside his car in the Eat n’ Park parking lot. We had eaten pie and talked about who knows what, and then we wandered outside-neither of us wanting to leave just yet. It was still cold in Sewickley. We were both in sweatpants, and I leaned in close to him so that I could capture his warmth. And then it happened. In just those few seconds, I went from “single” to “not single” for the last time in my life. Sixteen year old me definitely didn’t anticipate that this guy with his shaggy hair made crunchy by sweat from football practice would end up my husband. I remember our first few months of dating so fondly. We used to text each other in the middle of classes and make plans to meet up at our lockers (under the guise of going to the bathroom, of course). We would sneak kisses and hurry back to class feeling so satisfied by our covert lip-locking. Those first few months that you date someone are filled with smiling stupidly at each other and finding any excuse to see one another. Every time Nathan would brush his hand against my arm or kiss my forehead, my whole body would be filled with butterflies. Perhaps our first years of dating were fueled by raging teenage hormones and a generally naive view of the world, but I am so glad that we got our start within the walls of Quaker Valley High and the protective bubble of Sewickley. We got to grow into adulthood together. I feel as though we kind of beat the odds. Being together in high school was easy. Being thrown into the world of college, far away from the familiars of home, was hard. Wading our way through talking about marriage when we were still teenagers was hard. It is a weird and difficult thing to come home from your freshman year of college and tell your parents that you are gonna get married. You are barely out of the house and able to vote and now you want to jump into the deep end of adulthood. And jump we did. I grabbed that man’s hand and ran off the cliff into the deep, cold water that was planning a wedding and pulling through our first year of marriage. Truth be told, we were doggy-paddling through a lot of it. My head was barely above water there for a while. But Nathan was always there. He was strong and he pulled me up and pulled me along. If you told sixteen year old me what the next five years would hold, she would have laughed in your face- or maybe she would have run quickly in the other direction of all the things you told her. There have been times in the last five years that I wasn’t sure everything was gonna be okay. Life has a funny way of pouring everything out on you at one time. But perhaps the most beautiful thing about those times, is that I always had Nathan to fall into. When I look at pictures of us at our junior or senior prom I think, “Wow! How young!”. I feel as if we have grown ten years in the last five. I am in a way different place at twenty-one than I ever imagined I would be. And I am so thankful for that. God has used Nathan and marriage and college and bills and work and life to turn me from a girl to a woman to a wife. I look forward to looking at pictures of us now thirty years from now and thinking, “Wow! How young!”. Five years ago, Nathan turned me into somebody that was loved unconditionally by someone other than those related to me. He has loved me well every single day since then. When life is hard, I know that I am loved. When we are fighting, I know that I am loved. When I am wrong and mean and angry, I know that I am loved. A year ago, Nathan turned me into a wife. Learning to love each other as husband and wife has been one of the most difficult and rewarding challenges yet. I love that man. I love the way that his eyelashes start to droop around his eyes when he is sleepy. I love the way that he pulls me close to him every morning before he leaves for work. I delight in his ability to drive for hours and make me feel like the inside of a car on a road trip is my favorite place to be. I love the way that he encourages my dreams; he has never told me that my dreams must be sacrificed for the sake of his. I especially love the way that he still kisses me on the forehead. And the way he interrupts me when I am cooking dinner so that he can pick me up and put me on the counter and give me kisses. I am grateful for his willingness to work long hours and go to school so that we always have enough in the bank. It is my desire that as one September fourteenth passes, and another one approaches, that I would be deserving of the love and the relationship that I have been so profoundly blessed with. You (hopefully) only get one spouse. One partner until death do you part. I want to cherish that and nurture it. I want to be a wife that encourages and loves with every part of herself. I want Nathan to be excited to come home to me. I want to keep laying good foundations for our marriage. As we build a life and a family together, I want to ensure that it keeps getting better and stronger. Twenty, thirty, sixty years from now, I want to look across the table at Nathan and say, “Gosh do I love that man.” Nathan is worth loving and marriage is worth fighting for, and I want to do each in equal and abundant measure. I married a good one, guys. The Sydney of five years ago totally knew what she was doing when she locked down that football team captain. It has been a wild, passionate, silly, hard, crazy, wonderful half a decade. I can’t wait for a lifetime more. Yes, we celebrate our dating anniversary, and no we didn’t give much heed to our wedding anniversary. It works for us, and we really love reveling in all five of the September 14ths we have spent together. My sweet Dad helped us load and unload the whole truck. If you ever have the wild idea to move during the last three weeks of the semester, just don’t. It will be exhausting, and disorganized, and rushed, and you will never feel caught up. You will live out of boxes until the semester ends, and you will keep moving piles of stuff (because you have SO MUCH STUFF) around the house so that you have a place to study. In short, just extend your lease by a month and move once summer starts. Although moving at the tail end of a truly chaotic semester was nothing short of insanity, I do appreciate the ability to start fresh in a new place that meets our needs so much better. All of a sudden we found ourselves with more space, a patio, two bathrooms (TWO), and a beautifully landscaped apartment complex that isn’t in the middle of downtown. We also found ourselves eternally grateful for all of our friends and family that came out to help us schlep our poorly organized mess from one side of town to the other. As we started packing up our old apartment, I couldn’t help but marvel at the way we attach ourselves to things and to places. We pack the entirety of our material lives into a box, and we lock the door, and we hope for the best. We hope that we will come home and things will be as they were. We hope that nothing bad will happen while we are gone. We hope that the maintenance guy won’t let out our pets. We hope that we will leave for work each morning and we will come home to a house that has been warmed all day by the sun. We expect that all of our pictures, and childhood stuffed animals, and our sentimental clothing items, and our electronics that we saved for and hoped for will be right where we left them. But what if we lost all of that stuff? I mean, that’s what we buy renter’s and homeowner’s insurance for, isn’t it? We select the policy with reimbursement as close to replacement value as possible so that we can feel as though we have some sort of control over the material possessions we cling to. Yet, in the back of our minds, there is a nagging. We know that our insurance policy may replace our TV or our pots and pans. We trust that the insurance adjustor will make it right and replace our bed or our computer. But, insurance companies can’t write a check and bring back our grandmother’s class ring or the external hard drive with years of photos on it. The things that really matter aren’t replaceable. No one could ever write me a check and expect it to make up for the loss of the bunny rabbit that my grandmother made for me years and years ago. No amount of money could ever make the loss of Nathan or of our sweet, furry cats bearable. The human connection is what we really seem to be holding onto. When we lock our doors as we leave each day, we are turning the key with the intention of grasping at the bits and pieces of the people that we love that we have sewn into our material lives. When I fret about the security of a home or the best way to pack a box, I’m not really concerned that a measuring cup might shatter or a picture frame may crack. I’m worried that the ring that once belonged to my mother and to her mother before that may not make its way back onto my finger. The ring probably has very little monetary value, but it is the only worldly possession I have left of my grandmother. My childhood bunny and blanket are not the first things I unpack because I need them to sleep with, but because they remind me so tenderly of my Mimi. The jackets that were given to me by the widower of a woman that I admired to no end bring tears to my eyes as I remember what an incredible person she was-and how much I miss her. That is what I worry about. The bits and bobbles that bring me back to the people I love. Artworks from my sister, the Bible my parents gave me for graduation- none of these things mean much of anything to anyone else. But, I fret over them. I have come to believe that, for me anyway, the reason that I work to fill my home with things that are functional and beautiful and sentimental is because it truly is all about people. I want to have people in my home. I want to make them food and pour them glasses of wine. I want them to stay in our guest room, and I want to stay up too late talking about important things that matter (and silly things that don’t). I want to welcome people with a hospitality that is unbridled. I want to form those human connections that characterize the things we own. I want people to gather together on our worn couch, I want them to eat their fill at our dining room table. I want them to feel at home in our kitchen. I hope that no one goes away from our home hungry (spiritually, physically, or mentally). I want to be reminded daily that no matter what insurance premium I pay each month, and no matter how well I lock our doors, the material things aren’t really what I am worried about. I am worried about losing those relationships, worried about having those connections stolen from me. A loss of privacy or possessions be it from natural disaster or human maliciousness, would be a blow because it would tear down the wonderful, warm bubble that I want my home to be. When I lock the door each morning, I want to lock in all of the good and keep out all of the bad. In the end, it doesn’t really matter which t-shirt I am pulling out of the boxes that are still largely unpacked. What matters is that every day I come home to Nathan. Every day I step in the door to see two cats waiting for me. What if we kept in mind that the majority of things we pack into boxes each time we move aren’t really the things that give us life and happiness? What if we remembered that the memories and connections and love we create are what makes our houses into homes? What if we worried less that our house was spotless and worried more about loving people well when they are in our home? That is my goal for this year and for this new space we live in. I want to love people well, and I want to make our home a shelter from the chaos of the day-to-day.

2019-04-22T19:57:47Z

http://alovelyintention.com/

Average Rated Life – An average rating, in hours, indicating when a percentage of a large group of lamps have failed, when operated at nominal lamp voltage and current. The life of an LED is defined as the operating time in hours for the lamp to reach L70 which designates 70% lumen maintenance (or 30% reduction in initial light output). Every lamp type has a unique mortality curve that depicts its average rated life. Binning – The separation of LEDs according to color temperature subsequent to a production run for full manufactured, distribution in terms of color, lumen output and forward voltage. This allows luminaire manufacturers to select only those LEDs that meet their acceptable performance ranges and also maintain consistency in production. Center Beam Candlepower (CBCP) – The luminous intensity at the center of the beam of a reflector lamp. Measured in candelas. Diode – A two-terminal semiconductor device having a p-n (positivenegative) junction which allows energy travel in one direction. Driver – A self-contained power supply that has outputs which match the electrical characteristics of the lamp. It is similar to a ballast and is used to power illumination sources. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) – The U.S. Federal agency that regulates emissions in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Part 18 of the FCC rules specifies electromagnetic interference (EMI) from lighting devices operating at frequencies greater than 9 kilohertz (kHz). Typical electronically-ballasted compact fluorescent lamps operate in the 24 – 100 kHz frequency range. Heat Sink – A heat sink is an environment or object that absorbs and dissipates heat from another object. The design of an LED retrofit lamp’s heat sink is an integral factor in the overall performance of the lamp. High Power LED – LED chips can be assembled in two primary methods for integration in an LED retrofit lamp: SMD (Surface Mount Device) and COB (Chip on Board). LM79 – An IES approved method describing procedures and precautions in performing reproducible measurements of LEDs including total flux, electrical power, efficacy (lpw) and chromaticity. This is applicable to LED products incorporating control electronics and heat sinks (LED luminaires and integrated LED sources). LM80 – An IES approved method for measuring lumen depreciation of solid-state (LED) light sources, array and modules. This does not apply to luminaires and does not define or provide methods for estimation of life. Power Factor (PF) – Measurement of the relationship between the AC source voltage and current. Power factors can range from 0 to 1.0, with 1.0 being ideal. Power factor is sometimes expressed as a percent. “High” power factor usually means a rating of 0.9 or greater. TM-21 – IESNA TM-21-11 provides the method for determining when the “useful lifetime” of an LED is reached, a point when the light emitted from an LED depreciates to a level where it is no longer considered adequate for a specific application through the use of extrapolated data from LM80 testing. Lumen maintenance of LED products and LED packages can vary by manufacturer. TM-21 ensures consistent lumen maintenance extrapolation methods for all LED manufacturers. TM-21 extrapolations are ‘best-case’ system lifetime estimates, and assume that no other failure mechanisms influence the life of the LED luminaire. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) – A measure of the distortion of the input current on alternating current (AC) power systems caused by higher order harmonics of the fundamental frequency (60Hz in North America). THD is expressed in percent and may refer to individual electrical loads (such as ballast) or a total electrical circuit or system in a building. ANSI C82.77 recommends THD not exceed 32% for individual commercial electronic ballasts. Transformer – An electrical device by which the alternating current of one voltage is changed (stepped up or down) to another voltage. Magnetic transformers use a core and coil assembly transformer to start and operate the lamp. Electronic transformers operate lamps at frequencies above 20,000Hz through the use of electronic circuitry. AC (Alternating Current) – Electrical current in which the direction is reversed at regular intervals or cycles; in the U.S. the standard is 120 reversals or 60 cycles per second. Accommodation – The involuntary muscular process by which the eye changes focus from one distance to another. Adaptation – The involuntary process by which the visual system changes its sensitivity, depending on the luminances prevailing in the visual field. The process involves both the iris and the light sensitive cells of the retina. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) – A consensusbased organization which coordinates voluntary standards for the physical, electrical and performance characteristics of lamps, ballasts, luminaires and other lighting and electrical equipment. ANSI Codes – These are 3-letter codes assigned by the American National Standards Institute. They provide a system of assuring mechanical and electrical interchangeability among products from various manufacturers. Argon – Inert gas used in incandescent and fluorescent lamp types. In incandescent light sources, argon retards evaporation of the filament. Average Rated Life – An average rating, in hours, indicating when 50% of a large group of lamps have failed, when operated at nominal lamp voltage and current. Manufacturers use 3 hours per start for fluorescent lamps and 10 hours per start for HID lamps when performing lamp life testing procedures. The life of an LED is defined as the operating time in hours for the lamp to reach L70 which designates 70% lumen maintenance (or 30% reduction in initial light output). Every lamp type has a unique mortality curve that depicts its average rated life. Ballast – The ballast is an auxiliary electrical device that performs two basic functions: 1) provides the starting voltage and 2) limits the current to sustain lamp operation. There are several types of ballasts including Instant Start, Programmed Start, Pulse Start and Rapid Start (see definitions). Ballast Factor – The percentage of a lamp’s rated lumen output that can be expected when operated on a specific, commercially available ballast. For example, a ballast with a ballast factor of 0.93 will result in the lamp’s emitting 93% of its rated lumen output. A ballast with a lower BF results in less light output and also generally consumes less power. Beam Angle – The beam angle defines the light pattern around the beam’s central out to the angle where the luminous intensity (brightness) is half that of the maximum luminous intensity (CBCP – center beam candle power). Burn Position – The position in which a lamp is designed to operate in; this applies mainly to High Intensity Discharge lamps. Capacitor – Device in ballast that stores electrical energy. Often used for power factor correction and lamp regulation. CE (Conformité Européene) – CE Marking on a product is a manufacturer’s declaration that the product complies with the essential requirements of the relevant European health, safety and environmental protection legislations, in practice. Candela (cd) – The measure of luminous intensity of a source in a given direction, regardless of distance. Center Beam Candlepower (CBCP) – The luminous intensity at the center of the beam of a reflector lamp. Measured in candelas. Chromaticity – Measure to identify the color of a light source, typically expressed as (x,y) coordinates on a chromaticity chart. Color Corrected – Refers to a lamp with a special phosphor or coating to give it a color rendering profile similar to natural daylight. Color Rendering Index (CRI) – A lamp’s ability to render an object’s true colors based on a scale of 100. Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) – A numerical measurement of the color appearance of a light source measured in degrees Kelvin (K). It also refers to the way color groups are perceived (psychological impact of lighting). A low color temperature implies warmer color (more yellow/red) light while high color temperature implies a cooler light (more blue). DC (Direct Current) – A type of electrical current and distribution by which electricity flows in one direction through the conductor. Battery operated systems are typical DC applications. Dichroic Reflector – A reflector (or filter) that reflects the visible light region of the spectrum while allowing the other region(s) (heat) to pass through the back of the lamp. A reflector lamp with a dichroic reflector will have a “cool beam” since most of the heat has been removed. Discharge Lamp – A light source that produces light by passing a current between electrodes through a vapor or gas. Includes fluorescent and high intensity discharge lamps. Efficacy – A measurement of how effective a light source is in converting electrical energy to lumens of visible light. Expressed in lumens-per-watt (LPW) this measure gives more weight to the yellow region of the spectrum and less weight to the blue and red region where the eye is not as sensitive. Efficiency – The efficiency of a light source is simply the fraction of electrical energy converted to light, i.e. watts of visible light produced for each watt of electrical power with no concern about the wavelength where the energy is being radiated. For example, a 100 watt incandescent lamp converts 7% of the electrical energy into light; discharge lamps convert 25% to 40% into light. The efficiency of a luminaire or fixture is the percentage of the lamp lumens that actually comes out of the fixture. Electrical Testing Laboratory (ETL) – Independent testing laboratory that performs ballast tests and certifies accuracy of performance data. Electromagnetic Spectrum – A continuum of electric and magnetic radiation that is characterized by wavelength or frequency. Visible light encompasses a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum in the region from about 380 nanometers (violet) to 770 nanometers (red) by wavelength. Enclosed Fixture Rated – See Open Fixture Rated. Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) 2007 – The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 was signed into law on December 19, 2007. The act builds on the progress made by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct) in setting out a comprehensive energy strategy for the 21st century. This act is a major step toward reducing our dependence on oil thereby increasing our energy security and making our country cleaner for future generations. An update was issued in 2009 for Incandescent Reflector Lamps and General Service Fluorescent Lamps. Energy Policy Act (EPAct) – Energy legislation passed by Congress in 1992 and updated again in 2005, mandating labeling and minimum energy efficiency requirements for many commonly used incandescent and fluorescent lamps. Please note, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) and Executive Order (E.O.) 13423 have been issued subsequent to the passage of EPAct 2005. See Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) 2007. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) – The U. S. Federal agency that regulates emissions in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Part 18 of the FCC rules specifies electromagnetic interference (EMI) from lighting devices operating at frequencies greater than 9 kilohertz (kHz). Typical electronicallyballasted compact fluorescent lamps operate in the 24 – 100 kHz frequency range. Field Angle – The angular dimension of the cone of light from reflectorized lamps (such as R and PAR types) encompassing the central part of the beam out to the angle where the intensity is 10% of maximum. See Beam Angle. Filament – Wire used in incandescent lamps, usually made of tungsten and often coiled, that emits light when heated by an electrical current. Footcandle (fc) – The unit of measure for the density of light on a surface. One footcandle is equal to one lumen per square foot (lm/ft2). One footcandle = 10.674 lux. Glare – Glare is an interference with visual perception caused by an uncomfortably bright light source or reflection within one’s field of view; a form of visual noise. Halogen – A group of inert gases, particularly Bromine, which is used to reduce the amount of tungsten that plates the interior wall of the lamp. At high temperatures, the halogen reacts with the tungsten to form tungsten bromide freeing tungsten from the wall and redepositing it onto the filament. Halogen Cycle – A regenerative cycle of tungsten and halogen atoms, which prevents blackening of the lamp envelope during the life of the lamp. See Halogen. High Lumen – Lamps that operate with higher lumens (brightness) than the standard model. High Output Fluorescent (HO) – Fluorescent lamps designed to be used with an 800 milliampere ballast. These lamps are able to operate at low temperatures (down to 0oF) and still produce high light levels. Illuminance – The total density of visible light – from all directions – illuminating, falling on or incident to, a surface; one lumen per square foot equals one footcandle (lm/ft2), while one lumen per square meter equals one lux (lm/m2). Initial Lumens – The measured luminous output of a new light source. Instant Start – A type of fluorescent lamp-ballast circuit designed to start fluorescent lamps as soon as the power is applied. Originally, instant-start circuits were developed to eliminate separate mechanical starter devices. Integrated Circuit (IC) – IC-based CFLs operate by controlling the voltage and current by adjusting the output frequency which provides stable operation of the CFL. Controlling the current produces less stress on the cathode and the electronic components, which results in long life, smoother dimming, and less noise. IP65 – The protection of enclosures against ingress of dirt or against the ingress of water is defined in IEC529 (BSEN60529:1991). The first digit in the rating is the protection against contact and foreign bodies. The second digit in the rating is the water protection factor. IP65 indicates a lamp is totally protected against dust and protected against low pressure jets if water from all directions – limited ingress permitted. Kelvin – The Kelvin unit is the basis of all temperature measurement. In lighting, Kelvin is the unit of measure for color temperature used to indicate the overall color of the light produced from a source. See correlated color temperature. Kilowatt (kW) – The measure of electrical power equal to 1000 watts. Krypton – A noble gas used in lamps, typically Krypton lamps offer brighter, whiter light than standard incandescent. Lamp – The lighting industry term for a complete light source package, typically referred to by consumers as a “bulb”. Light Center Length (LCL) – The distance between the center of the filament, or arc tube, and a reference plane – usually the bottom of the lamp base. Light – Radiant energy that stimulates the sense of sight. The “visible” part of the electromagnetic spectrum from 380-770 nm. Light is the energy which allows us to see. Light Pollution – Light that is directed to areas where it is not needed, and thereby interferes with some visual act. Light pollution directed or reflected into the sky creates a “dome” of wasted light and makes it difficult to see stars above cities. Light Trespass (Spill Light) – Light that is not aimed properly or shielded effectively can spill out at into areas that don’t want it: it can be directed towards drivers, pedestrians or neighbors. It is distracting and can be disabling. Line Voltage – See voltage. Lumen (lm) – A measure of luminous flux or quantity of light emitted by a source. Lumen Depreciation – The gradual decline in light output from a light source over time due to filament deterioration and bulb darkening. Lumen Maintenance – A measurement of how a lamp maintains its light output over time. Lumens Per Watt (LPW) – A measure of the efficacy (efficiency) of a light source. The number is achieved by dividing lumens produced by watts consumed. Luminaire – A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp (or lamps), ballast (or ballasts) as required to distribute the light, position and protect the lamps and connect them to the power supply. A luminaire is often referred to as a fixture. Luminous Efficacy – The light output (lumens) of a light source divided by the total power input (watts) to that source. It is expressed in lumens per watt. Lux (lx) – A unit of illuminance or light falling onto a surface. One lux is equal to one lumen per square meter. Ten lux is approximately one footcandle. Maximum Overall Length (M.O.L.) – The end-to-end measurement of a lamp, expressed in inches or millimeters. Mean Lumens – The measured luminous output of a light source at: 40% of lamp life for fluorescent and metal halide lamps and 50% of lamp life for mercury, high-pressure sodium and incandescent lamps. Maximum of Diameter (M.O.D.) – The measurement of a lamp’s diameter, expressed in inches or millimeters. Mercury – Metallic chemical element, chemical symbol Hg, atomic number 80. Mercury is the only elemental metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures, with a freezing point of -38 ºF (-39 ºC) and a boiling point of 674 ºF (356.9 ºC). It is used in Compact Fluorescent, Fluorescent and HID lamps. Modified Spectrum – Light sources that utilize neodymium glass or coating (composed of rare earth elements) to simulate true daylight. This special glass or coating filters out the yellow light produced by standard incandescent lamps. Nanometer – A unit of wavelength equal to one billionth of a meter. Neodymium – A rare earth element used to produce modified spectrum (full spectrum) incandescent lamps; also known as daylight or natural light. They use a colored glass shell to filter out the yellow light produced by standard incandescent lamps. Nominal Length – A measurement for Fluorescent lamp length based on the length of the lamp plus an allowance for the luminaire’s lamp holders. Open Fixture Rated – Lamps that are approved for burning in open fixtures (as opposed to enclosed fixtures which have an acrylic lens or plate glass enclosure). PAR Lamp – A PAR lamp, parabolic aluminized reflector, which may utilize either an incandescent filament, a halogen filament tube or a HID arc tube, is a precision pressed-glass reflector lamp. PAR lamps rely on both the internal reflector and prisms in the lens for control of the light beam. PAR lamps are also available using LED technology in which the lens is used to control the beam. Phosphor – An inorganic chemical compound processed into a powder and deposited on the inner glass surface of fluorescent tubes, CFL’s, LED’s and some mercury and metal-halide lamp bulbs. Phosphors are designed to absorb short wavelength ultraviolet radiation and to transform and emit it as visible light. Photometry – The measurement of light and related quantities. Power Factor (PF) – Measurement of the relationship between the AC source voltage and current. Power factors can range from 0 to 1.0, with 1.0 being ideal. Power factor is sometimes expressed as a percent. Incandescent lamps have power factors close to 1.0 because they are simple “resistive” loads. The power factor of a fluorescent and HID lamp system is determined by the ballast used. “High” power factor usually means a rating of 0.9 or greater. Pre-heat Lamp – A fluorescent lamp in which the filament must be heated by use of a starter before the arc is created. These lamps are typically operated with electromagnetic ballasts. Programmed Rapid Start – A fluorescent lamp-ballast circuit that uses a custom integrated circuit (IC), which monitors lamp and ballast conditions to ensure optimal system lighting performance. PS ballasts heat the lamp cathodes to 700oC prior to lamp ignition. This puts the least amount of stress on the lamp electrodes, resulting in maximum lamp life regardless of the number of lamp starts. Programmed-start ballasts are typically wired in series. Pulse Start – A fluorescent lamp-ballast circuit that is designed with an ignitor to ignite the arc tube. Due to this, bulbs have no need for the starter electrode. Pulse start lamps are typically more efficient than standard counterparts. Rapid Start – A fluorescent lamp-ballast circuit which utilized continuous cathode heating, while the system is energized, to start and maintain lamp light output at efficient levels. Rapid start ballasts may be either electromagnetic, electronic or of hybrid designs. Full-range fluorescent lamp dimming is only possible with rapid start systems. Rated Lamp Life – The length of time of a statistically large sample between first use and the point when 50% of lamps died (no longer operating). RoHS – RoHS, a European directive, stands for the Restriction on hazardous Substances. RoHS is a regulation for the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. Self-Ballasted Lamps – A discharge lamp with an integral ballasting device allowing the lamp to be directly connected to a socket providing line voltage. Spectral Power Distribution (SPD) – A graph of the radiant power emitted by a light source as a function of wavelength. SPDs provide a visual profile or “finger print” of the color characteristics of the source throughout the visible part of the spectrum. Starter – An electronic module or device used to assist in starting a discharge lamp, typically by providing a high-voltage surge. Starting Temperature (Minimum) – The minimum ambient temperature at which the lamp will start reliably. Task Lighting – Lighting designed for a specific visible operation (task) which requires higher light levels; requirements vary according to the proximity to that task and the level of detail involved. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) – A measure of the distortion of the input current on alternating current (AC) power systems caused by higher order harmonics of the fundamental frequency (60Hz in North America). THD is expressed in percent and may refer to individual electrical loads (such as ballast) or a total electrical circuit or system in a building. ANSI C82.77 recommends THD not exceed 32% for individual commercial electronic ballasts, although some electrical utilities may require lower THDs on some systems. Excessive THDs on electrical systems can cause efficiency losses as well as overheating and deterioration of system components. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) – The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test, specified in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1990, is used to characterize fluorescent lamp waste as hazardous or nonhazardous for the purpose of disposal. The TCLP test measures the ability of the mercury and/or lead in a lamp to leach from a landfill into groundwater. Transformer – An electrical device by which the alternating current of one voltage is changed (stepped up or down) to another voltage. Tri-Phosphor – Fluorescent lamps that utilize red, green, and blue phosphor compounds that glow to produce light similar in color rendering to regular illumination. Tungsten – A hard, brittle, corrosion-resistant, gray to white metallic element extracted from wolframite, scheelite, and other minerals, having the highest melting point and lowest vapor pressure of any metal. Tungsten and its alloys are used in high-temperature structural materials; notably lamp filaments. Voltage – A measurement of the electromotive force in an electrical circuit or device expressed in volts. Line voltage in the USA is 120V. Watt – A unit of electrical power. Lamps are rated in watts to indicate the rate at which they consume energy. Xenon – A noble gas used in lamps, typically Xenon lamps offer brighter, whiter light than standard incandescent.

2019-04-25T17:43:26Z

http://pliantled.com/resources/

2001-12-19 Assigned to EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY reassignment EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CAHILL, NATHAN D., RAY, LAWRENCE A. A method for producing a cropped digital image, includes the steps of: providing a plurality of partially overlapping source digital images; providing a cropping aspect ratio L:H, the cropping aspect ratio being the ratio of the length to the height of the cropped digital image; providing a cropping criterion, the cropping criterion being a criterion for the size and location of the cropped digital image; combining the source digital images to form a composite digital image; selecting the cropping region of the composite digital image according to the cropping criterion, said cropping region being a rectangular region having aspect ratio L:H, and having size and location determined by the cropping criterion; and, cropping the composite digital image to the cropping region to form a cropped digital image. In some systems, the capture constraint is removed altogether, and the images are captured at a variety of different locations. For example, the view morphing technique described in Seitz and Dyer, “View Morphing,” SIGGRAPH '96, in Computer Graphics, pp. 21-30, 1996, is capable of generating a composite image from two images of an object captured from different locations. The digital processing required in the image combining step depends on the camera locations of the captured images. When the rear nodal point is exactly the same, the image combining step comprises three stages: (1) a warping stage, where the images are geometrically warped onto a cylinder, sphere, or any geometric surface suitable for viewing; (2) an image alignment stage, where the warped images are aligned by a process such as phase correlation (Kuglin, et al., “The Phase Correlation Image Alignment Method,” Proc. 1975 International Conference on Cybernetics and Society, 1975, pp. 163-165), or cross correlation (textbook: Gonzalez, et al., Digital Image Processing, Addison-Wesley, 1992); and (3) a blending stage, where the aligned warped images are blended together to form the composite image. The blending stage can use a simple feathering technique that uses a weighted average of the images in the overlap regions, and it can utilize a linear exposure transform (as described in U.S. Ser. No. ______, filed Nov. 5, 2001 by Cahill et al., our docket no. 83516/THC) to align the exposure values of overlapping images. In addition, a radial exposure transform (as described in U.S. Ser. No. ______, filed Dec. 17, 201 by Cahill et al., our docket 83512/THC) can be used in the blending stage to compensate for light falloff. In systems where the capture constraint is removed altogether, the image combining step first requires that the epipolar geometry of the captured images be estimated (for a description of estimating epipolar geometry, see Zhang, et al., “A Robust Technique for Matching Two Uncalibrated Images Through the Recovery of the Unknown Epipolar Geometry,” INRIA Report No. 2273, May 1994, pp. 1-38). Once the epipolar geometry has been estimated, the images are projected to simulate capture onto parallel image planes. The projected images are then morphed by a standard image morphing procedure (see Beier et al., “Feature-Based Image Metamorphosis,” SIGGRAPH '92 Computer Graphics, Vol. 26, No. 2, July 1992, pp. 35-42), and the morphed image is reprojected to a chosen view point to form the composite image. An example of such a system is described in the aforementioned Seitz and Dyer reference. The present invention has the advantage of automatically producing a cropped digital image in a system for compositing a plurality of source digital images. This eliminates the need for the user to crop and/or resize the composite digital image. FIGS. 13A and 13B illustrate a source digital image file containing image data and meta-data. Referring first to FIG. 1, a digital image processing system useful for practicing the present invention is shown. The system generally designated 10, includes a digital image processing computer 12 connected to a network 14. The digital image processing computer 12 can be, for example, a Sun Sparcstation, and the network 14 can be, for example, a local area network with sufficient capacity to handle large digital images. The system includes an image capture device 15, such as a high resolution digital camera, or a conventional film camera and a film digitizer, for supplying digital images to network 14. A digital image store 16, such as a magnetic or optical multi-disk memory, connected to network 14 is provided for storing the digital images to be processed by computer 12 according to the present invention. The system 10 also includes one or more display devices, such as a high resolution color monitor 18, or hard copy output printer 20 such as a thermal or inkjet printer. An operator input, such as a keyboard and track ball 21, may be provided on the system. Referring next to FIG. 2, at least two source digital images are provided 200 in the method of the present invention. The source digital images can be provided by a variety of means; for example, they can be captured from a digital camera, extracted from frames of a video sequence, scanned from photographic film or hardcopy output, or generated by any other means. A cropping aspect ratio L:H is also provided 202. The cropping aspect ratio is the ratio of the length (distance of the horizontal edge) to the height (distance of the vertical edge) of the desired cropped digital image. For example, in a digital photofinishing system that prints hardcopies of images that have been digitized from film after being captured by an Advanced Photo System (APS) camera, the cropping aspect ratio is constrained to be either 16:9, 3:2, or 3:1, corresponding to HDTV, Classic, and Panoramic formats, respectively. A cropping criterion is also provided 204. The cropping criterion specifies the size and location of the cropped digital image. In the preferred embodiment, the cropping criterion states that the cropped digital image be the composite digital image region having the largest area out of the set of all regions having aspect ratio L:H. In an alternative embodiment, the cropping criterion is that the cropped digital image be the composite digital image region having the largest area out of the set of all regions having aspect ratio L:H and having centers at the centroid of the composite digital image. In yet another alternative embodiment, the cropping criterion is that the cropped digital image be the composite digital image region having the largest area out of the set of all regions having aspect ratio L:H and having centers at the centroid of the main subject of the composite digital image. The source digital images are then combined 206 by a scheme known in the art for combining images captured from the same nodal point, similar nodal points, or different nodal points, to form a composite digital image. In step 208, a cropping region is selected, the cropping region being a composite digital image region having aspect ratio L:H provided in step 202, selected according to the cropping criterion provided in step 204. Once the cropping region has been selected 208, the composite digital image is cropped 210 to the cropping region, yielding the cropped digital image 212. In one embodiment, the current invention further comprises the step of resizing 214 the cropped digital image. For example, consider the digital photofinishing system that prints hardcopies of images that have been digitized from film at an aspect ratio of 3:2, and requires the spatial resolution of images to be 6000 pixels by 4000 pixels. If four digital images are provided to the method of FIG. 2, each digital image having a spatial resolution of 6000 pixels by 4000 pixels, the cropped digital image may have spatial resolution 9000 pixels by 6000 pixels. In order to render a hardcopy print of the cropped digital image through the digital photofinishing system, the cropped digital image is resized to have spatial resolution 6000 pixels by 4000 pixels. The resizing step can be performed by any technique known in the art; for example, bilinear interpolation, bicubic interpolation, spline interpolation, or any of a variety of other image resizing techniques (see textbook: A. K. Jain, “Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing,” Prentice Hall, 1989, Chapter 4, pp. 80-131, for a discourse on image sampling and resizing). In another embodiment, the current invention further comprises the step of transforming 216 the pixel values of the cropped digital image to an output device compatible color space. The output device compatible color space can be chosen for any of a variety of output scenarios; for example, video display, photographic print, inkjet print, or any other output device. Referring next to FIG. 3, the preferred cropping criterion is illustrated. The source digital images 300 overlap in overlapping pixel regions 302. In step 206, the source digital images are combined to form the composite digital image 304. The cropping region 306 is then selected in step 208 according to the cropping criterion 204. In the preferred embodiment, the cropping region 306 has the largest area of all composite digital image regions having aspect ratio L:H. In some instances, there can be more than one distinct composite digital image region having aspect ratio L:H and having maximum area, yielding multiple candidate regions for the cropping regions. In such instances, there may be a small (e.g. less than 10) or very large (e.g. more than 10) set of candidate regions. Furthermore, in instances where there is an very large set of candidate regions, the centroids of the candidate regions may form one or more path segments. Referring next to FIG. 4, another embodiment of the cropping criterion is illustrated. The cropping region 400 of the composite digital image 402 is the region having the largest area of all composite digital image regions having aspect ratio L:H, and having a center at the centroid 404 of the composite digital image 402. Referring next to FIG. 5, another embodiment of the cropping criterion is illustrated. The cropping region 500 of the composite digital image 502 is the region having the largest area of all composite digital image regions having aspect ratio L:H, and having a center at a main subject 504 of the composite digital image 502. The main subject 504 of the composite digital image 502 can be indicated manually, or determined automatically by techniques known in the art; see U.S. Pat. No. 6,282,317 issued Aug. 28, 2001 to Luo et al., for an example of automatic main subject detection, which is incorporated herein by reference. Referring next to FIG. 6, a block diagram of the method for choosing a candidate region according to the preferred cropping criterion 204 is shown. First, any composite digital image region having aspect ratio L:H and maximum area is identified 600 as a candidate region. A query 602 is made as to whether there is a single candidate region. An affirmative response means that the candidate region is chosen 604 as the cropping region. A negative response leads to a query 606 as to whether there are a small number of candidate regions. An affirmative response means that one candidate region 608 is chosen as the cropping region. The candidate region can be chosen arbitrarily, for example, by listing all of the candidate regions, and then by choosing the first candidate region in the list. A negative response leads to a query 610 as to whether there is a single path containing centers of candidate regions. An affirmative response leads to the choice 612 of the candidate region whose center corresponds to the midpoint of the path as the cropping region. A negative response leads to the choice 614 of one of the paths. The path can be chosen arbitrarily for example, by listing all of the paths, and then by choosing the first path in the list. The candidate region whose center corresponds to the midpoint of the chosen path is chosen 616 as the cropping region. Referring next to FIG. 7, the step 200 of providing at least two source digital images further comprises the step 704 of applying a metric transform 702 to a source digital image 700 to yield a transformed source digital image 706. A metric transform refers to a transformation that is applied to the pixel values of a source digital image, the transformation yielding transformed pixel values that are linearly or logarithmically related to scene intensity values. In instances where metric transforms are independent of the particular content of the scene, they are referred to as scene independent transforms. In one example of such an embodiment, a source digital image 700 was provided from a digital camera, and contains pixel values in the sRGB color space (see Stokes et al., “A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet—sRGB”, http://www.color.org/sRGB.html, pp. 1-12). A metric transform 702 is used to convert the pixel values into nonlinearly encoded Extended Reference Input Medium Metric (ERIMM) (PIMA standard #7466, found on the World Wide Web at (http://www.pima.net/standards/it10/IT10_POW.htm), so that the pixel values are logarithmically related to scene intensity values. Referring next to FIG. 8A, the step 200 of providing at least two source digital images further comprises the step 804 of modifying the pixel values of at least one of the source digital images 800 by a linear exposure transform so that the pixel values in the overlap regions of overlapping source digital images are similar. A linear exposure transform refers to a transformation that is applied to the pixel values of a source digital image, the transformation being linear with respect to the scene intensity values at each pixel. Examples of linear exposure transforms can be found in the aforementioned Cahill, Gindele, Gallagher, and Spaulding reference. Referring next to FIG. 8B, the step 200 of providing at least two source digital images further comprises the step 802 of modifying the pixel values of at least one of the source digital images 800 by a radial exposure transform so that any light falloff present in the source digital images is compensated. A radial exposure transform refers to a transformation that is applied to the pixel values of a source digital image, the transformation being a function of the distance from the pixel to the center of the image. Examples of radial exposure transforms can be found in the aforementioned Cahill and Gindele reference. Referring next to FIG. 9, a more detailed description of the step 206 of combining source digital images is described. The source digital images are geometrically warped 900 to compensate for distortion due to perspective projection. In a physical sense, this distortion would not exist if the sensor were not planar, but rather spherical (with the radius of the sphere depending on the focal length of the lens). The warped source digital images are then aligned 902 to identify the overlapping regions. The alignment procedure is performed using any of the aforementioned techniques, such as phase correlation or cross correlation. Once the source digital images have been aligned, they are blended 904 in the overlapping regions. Referring next to FIG. 10, the blending step 904 further comprises a feathering scheme, weighted averages, or some other technique known in the art, to form a composite digital image. In one embodiment, a pixel 1002 in the overlap region 1004 is assigned a value based on a weighted average of the pixel values from both source digital images 1000; the weights are based on its relative distances 1006 to the edges of the source digital images 1000. Referring next to FIG. 11, a further embodiment of the step 904 of blending warped digital images is described. The warped digital images are projected 1100 to simulate capture on parallel image planes. This is done by estimating the fundamental matrix relating the two images. The fundamental matrix, described in the aforementioned Zhang, Deriche, Faugeras, and Luong reference, contains all of the information pertinent to the geometrical relationship between two cameras. Once the warped digital images have been projected 1100 to simulate capture on parallel image planes, they are morphed 1102 using a standard image morphing procedure, such as the procedure described in the aforementioned Beier and Neely reference, producing a morphed digital image. A set of viewing parameters at which to view the morphed digital image is chosen 1104, and the morphed digital image is then reprojected 1106 to the chosen viewing parameters, producing the composite image. The blending step 904 described in this embodiment is the well known view morphing procedure, described in the aforementioned Seitz and Dyer reference. Referring next to FIGS. 12A and 12B, the aspect ratio of an image 1200 is defined as the ratio of the length 1202 of the image to its height 1204. When the width 1204 of the image is greater than its length 1202, as depicted in FIG. 12A, the aspect ratio is less than one, and is referred to as a portrait aspect ratio. When the width 1204 of the image is less than its length 1202, as depicted in FIG. 12B, the aspect ratio is greater than one, and is referred to as a landscape aspect ratio. Advanced Photo System (APS) cameras provide the choice of three different aspect ratios: HDTV (H), a 16:9 aspect ratio, Classic (C), a 3:2 aspect ratio, or Panoramic (P), a 3:1 aspect ratio. These aspect ratios are all landscape aspect ratios, but the APS camera can be rotated to capture images with the corresponding portrait aspect ratios 9:16, 2:3, and 1:3. Referring next to FIGS. 13A and 13B, at least one of the source digital image files 1300 may contain meta-data 1304 in addition to the image data 1302. Such meta-data can include the cropping aspect ratio 1306, or any information pertinent to the pedigree of the source digital image. f) cropping the composite digital image to the cropping region to form a cropped digital image. 2. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of providing source digital images further comprises the step of digitizing source photographic images to form source digital images. 3. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the cropping criterion specifies that the cropped digital image is the composite digital image region having a largest area out of the set of composite digital image regions having aspect ratio L:H. 4. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the cropping criterion specifies that the cropped digital image is the composite digital image region having largest area out of the set of composite digital image regions having aspect ratio L:H that are centered at the centroid of the composite digital image. 5. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the cropping criterion specifies that the cropped digital image is the composite digital image region having largest area out of the set of composite digital image regions having aspect ratio L:H that are centered at the centroid of the main subject of the composite digital image. g) resizing the cropped digital image for display. g) resizing the cropped digital image for hardcopy output. g) transforming the pixel values of the cropped digital image to an output device compatible color space. 9. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the source digital images have pixel values that are linearly or logarithmically related to scene intensity. 10. The method claimed in claim 9, wherein the step of providing source digital images further comprises applying a metric transform to a source digital image such that the pixel values of the source digital image are linearly or logarithmically related to scene intensity. 11. The method claimed in claim 9, wherein the step of providing source digital images further comprises applying linear exposure transform(s) to one or more of the source digital images to produce source digital images having pixel values that closely match in an overlapping region. 12. The method claimed in claim 9, wherein the step of providing source digital images further comprises applying radial exposure transform(s) to one or more of the source digital images to compensate for exposure falloff. iii) blending the warped digital images in the overlapping regions to form a composite digital image. 14. The method claimed in claim 13, wherein the step of blending warped digital images includes calculating a weighted average of the pixel values in the overlapping region. iv) re-projecting the projected composite digital image to simulate image capture with the chosen viewing parameters, forming a composite digital image. 16. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of combining source digital images further comprises warping the composite digital image to simulate projection onto a geometrical surface suitable for viewing. 17. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the aspect ratio is a portrait aspect ratio. 18. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the aspect ratio is a landscape aspect ratio. 19. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the aspect ratio is 3:2. 20. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the aspect ratio is 16:9. 21. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the aspect ratio is 3:1. 22. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the aspect ratio is 2:3. 23. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the aspect ratio is 9:16. 24. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the aspect ratio is 1:3. 25. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the aspect ratio is included as meta-data with at least one of the source digital images. f) means for cropping the composite digital image to the cropping region to form a cropped digital image. 27. A computer program product for performing the method of claim 1.

2019-04-24T16:26:04Z

https://patents.google.com/patent/US20030113035A1/en

BATH ROOM NORTH •The mild rays of the morning sun East are beneficial for health •Water should drain out on the North or East side. PROPER SPACE FOR TOILET PROHIBITE D PLACE FOR TOILET SOUTH EAST WEST •The slope of the floor should be Towards North . or NE. East . PROHIBIT ED PLACE FOR TOILET . Good sites ROAD To before use be MAIN ROAD NE Corner Rounded off .Rectification difficult rectified NW & SE Corner rounded off .LAYOUT OF A COLONY By Examining carefully.to be ROAD SW Rounded avoided N W E S .can be considered ROAD MAIN ROAD very Corner off . to have a general idea about the merits & demerits of different sites. North – East Corner .North side wall .Good •Slope towards .Good •Water Closet .TOILET DETAILS •Wash basin & Mirror .South side wall – North South axis .Good N N S W E S N . TOILET DETAILS PROPE R PLACE FOR TOILET PROPER PLACE FOR TOILET *W.C. should best facing south & north (N-S Axis) ·Floor of the Toilet should slope towards north or east or NE ·Water source should in the NE corner. . •The outlet of the ST should be in the North or West LOSS OF BUBG LOSS OF MONEY NW NE THE BEST MED IUM N W LOSS OF MENTLE PEACE SEPTIC TANK NOT AT THESE PLACES E LOSS OF FAME S LOSS OF HEALTH SW SE LOSS OF WIFE . It should be alleast 1 or 2 ft away. •Of the 3 parts of the septic tank water should be in the East and the excretion in the West.SEPTIC TANKS •Septic Tank should not be directly touching the wall compound or the plinth of the House. •ST should not be higher then the plinth level of the bldg. It should be at the ground level as far as possible . •The length of septic Tank should be E -W and the breadth S-N as far as possible. TOILET DETAILS W •Wash basin and mirror North side wall GOOD •Water closet towards South East wall BAD •Slope towards South-West Corner BAD E Wash basin and mirror South side wall BAD Water closet West side wall BAD Slope towards East Corner BAD W E . heavy articles should be kept. WARDROBS SOUTH . The bed should be towards South or West of the SW corner. •TV. increases liking for spiritualism South . •While sleeping if head towards: West .No sound sleep & mental sickness increases •The dressing table should be to the east of the North direction.BED ROOM •In the main SW corner of the SW side Bed room.Mental peace.Name. heater & Electrical Appliances should be to the South East. fame & prosperity East . NORTH DRESSING TABLE TELEPPHONE WEST WINDOWS STOOL DOOR BEDS EAST T.V.Increases wealth & Prosperity North . •* Bed room of Head should be larger. NORTH SOUTH PROPER PLACE FOR BED ROOM PROHIBITED PLACE FOR BED ROOM in the South or . •* Bed room for Young Couples is good in the North direction. •* Bed room for un-married Children can be built on the East side.BED ROOM •* Main bed room for the head of the family should be South West direction. •* Bed room for Guest & Un-married Youths can be in the North West. •White or light yellow marble work in the worship room is auspicious.POOJA ROOM •Toilet should not be above or below the worship room. NORTH NE (ESHAN) PROPER PLACE FOR PUJA ROOM SOUTH . light yellow or light blue. •It should have doors & windows in the North East •Lamp should be in the SE corner. The colour of the walls should be white . •The idol should be kept atleast an inch away from the wall. •The Pooja Room should have a threshold. •The door of the pooja room should not be made of tin or iron grills. * The study table should not be placed touching the walls. * Water pot must be placed in North -East corner only. light green or white * Book shell should be placed along the North or east wall N FLOWER POT W NORTH PE RC E DY SOUTH TABLE BOOK SHELF S E . * Colour of the walls should be sky blue . Cream.STUDY ROOM •* The person should sit facing North or East side while studying. it is inauspicious. •Case box . •The shape of the room preferably should be square or rectangle. PROPER PLACE FOR TREASURY ROOM NORTH (KUBER) SOUTH .TREASURURY ROOM •The safe should be placed on a foundation. •The colour of the room . such that it opens towards the North the man while opening it faces towards south •Treasury room should have a threshold of atleast 1" to 2". safe .Yellow . almirah should be placed along the South wall .increases wealth. •The safe should not be kept under beam. Stove .KITCHEN ROOM * Burner (Gas. commodities etc should be kept on the South & West side N SINK & DRAINAGE BOARD SHELVE W E GAS CHULLAH NORTH S PROPE R SOUTH SEPLACE PROHIBITED PLACE FOR KITCHEN . such that while cooking the person face Towards East . * Shelves for raw Materials . * Water should be kept in NE. utensils. Cooking range etc ) should be kept in the SE Corner of the room . BASEMENTS ROAD NORTH – EAST CELLER IS GOOD N SOUTH-WEST CELLAR IS BAD W E S ROAD NORTH – WEST CELLER IS NOT GOOD SOUTH EAST CELLAR IS NOT GOOD . •There should be no Arches in the Room . Others can sit facing North . NORTH PROPER PLACE FOR DINING ROOM SOUTH .DINING ROOM •While eating food the head of the family should sit facing East . •The Dinning table should be square or rectangular not be of any other irregular shape. It should •There should not be any attached Toilet with this room . East or West However nobody should sit facing South. •Natural portraits & paintings makes the atmosphere happy. shape . Name of Deity Effect 27 Mukhya Gain of property & sons 28 Bhallat Enough property 29 Som Peace .NEXT SLIDE . Leo North Direction North - No. South 12 Virhatkshat Wealth & sons West 21 Varun Prosperity & Happiness East - CONTD…. favour of Govt. 4 Indra Gain of wealth & sons.LOCATION OF DOORS DOORS ON THE BASIS OF RASHI On the basis of Rashi of the house owner . progress & Religious Nature 2 Porianya Gain to females 3 Jayant Gain of wealth. door is Auspicious in the following direction RASHIS DIRECTION Cancer . capricom . Taurus West Aries . Scorpion . Gemini South Libra . Saggitarius . Acquarius . Pisces East Virgo . NORTH 24 25 26 30 31 32 1 23 22 20 5 19 6 18 7 17 16 15 14 13 SOUTH 11 10 9 8 . BASEMENT CELLAR CELLAR ROAD GOOD N BAD W E S ROAD BAD GOOD . LOCATION OF GATES AND WELLS W SITE G W BAD SITE SITE BAD SITE MADE GOOD MADE GOOD SITE W SITE BAD SITE BAD SITE MADE GOOD MADE GOOD . It can be slightly deviated towards south or west.and . Because of the fact that stated cause and also the stated effect in a rule are repeatedly observable and testable phenomena.(a) Bed room (Particularly master bed room) of building should be placed in the south-west. If the placement is opposite the effect will be extremely bad.effect relationship between tow phenomena can be considered as a valid " hypothesis" for scientific investigation. the statement giving cause. lime loss of children or financial loss or ill health. . There are numerous such rules developed to deal with every possible situation of lay out of a building and its relation with the sit6e and surrounding roads. This desired orientation of high-low line of building can be slightly deviated anti clock wise (from S to N to S-E to N-W) with out causing any ill. But the effect will be just negative if the rule is grossly violated. (c) Highest part of the building should be at the south west and the lowest part at the north-east.effect. then the occupant/owner will fetch wealth. health and fame. from S-W to N-E If this satisfied. otherwise effect will be negative.e.(b) The slope of the site should run down south towards north with permissible slight deviation of the slope clock wise i. . If the rule is satisfied then it will cause owner/ occupant to uplift his health wealth and fame. Once it is done it can be proved either (a) by deducting it logically from one or some established laws and theories of science.3. . It is seen that both the approaches are apparently used by the proponents to prove rules of vastu even though wrong fully. or (b) by testing the validity of the hypothesis by observing the phenomenon in a sufficient number of cases. How a hypothesis is scientifically Proved Before proving a hypothesis scientifically it should first stated in ambiguous way. laws of theories of science (i.e. scientific knowledge) following logical steps. we accept it . If the logical deduction satisfies the hypotheses.1 Logical deduction and established laws of science First method of scientific acceptance of hypothesis is to prove the hypothesis based on accepted facts.3. Proponents of this part (called Vastu) of ancient vastu.g. This part was related to the fortune of occupants.) accurate determination of geographic north which may be different from magnetic north. Shastra hail from various professions like law. owner of a building. The term " Vastu in this paper refers to those rules which are practiced by "Vastu . medicine.Is " Vastu" Relevants In Modern Context ? 1. Other parts which are found scientifically valid are normally ignored and not practiced now-a-days (e. INTRODUCTION Practice of " Vastu Shastra" or "Vastu" in short which had been developed in ancient India is spreading like wild fire now-a-days is an elaboration of a small part of ancient practice of Vastu Shastra. Most of them normally practice as "Vastu Pandits" applying certain accepted rules with some variations. Civil Engineering or architecture. . based on the present day knowledge of science even though these rules are out-come of revealation by regent visionaries of ancient India. While trying to prove any vastu rule scientifically they resort to unscientific approach.It is always advocated by the propoments of the shastra that any Vastu rule can be proved to be scientific. This is because any untruthful guidance to the people of planning of their building may lead to wastage in term of design quality as well was money. This recent development totally related to the practice of architecture calls for serious investigation from the part of architect revealing the scientific status of this subject. 2. Where. Vastu Rule = Cause + Effect. Cause-and-effect relationship Vastu rules are primarily based on " Cause-and-effect" relationship. Let me cite here few of the vast number of commonly followed vastu rules to give an idea about the nature of the rules. Any of the rules contains tow distinct parts of physically testable phenomena. I restrict myself here only to vastu rules related to residential building and its site planning including orientation. . cause = geometrical properties of plan particularly in relation to north direction. First part is related to some kind of planning aspect of the building/house which is considered as a "Cause" and the second part is related to some kind of well being of the owner/occupant of the building/house "effect" of first. approximately matches with the . Magnetic North may be different in orientation) declination from place to place and time to time . one question still remains : Why matching of the magnetic field of both earth and human body will cause "disturbed sleep. At present however in India magnetic North geographic North. In the original vastu shastra geographic North is used instead of magnetic north.Even if we accept all above queries answered satisfactorily . tension and other connected problems" and why this will not be true when orientation of a person in other direction ? (In this connection it is to note that there is no mention of magnet in the original books on vastu . surrounding to him . Water bodies placed at South West corners are therefore not desirable the reflected infra red rays from the water body in this direction enter the house and have adverse effect on human body .(b) Vastu and Sun rays : "Vastu and the science of climatology" The sun emits two types of rays . It is also good to have morning rays fall on our eye and which is why the kitchen platform should be oriented towards eastern side so that while cooking food ultraviolet rays will enter the eyes . These rays have various effects on the human body and environment . The sun emits infra red rays during evening hours which are harmful . which have good effect on human body and the environment . These rays have tendency to kill bacteria . . This is way the kitchen is preferred in eastern side . The sun emits ultra violet rays in the morning hours . ultra violate and infrared . This is one of the basic principal of the vastu shastra . If sun rays enter directly from the zenith . Let us check the truthfulness of these two statements on which conclusions are dependent. This value . The amount of radiation received just outside the atmosphere of the earth on a plane perpendicular to the sun rays is 1353 watt. however may vary due to change in sun .red rays during evening hours".Criticism : (i) In the morning sun emits more ultra violet rays than any other time of a days (the statement actually made is "the sun emits ultra violet rays in the morning hours" which is not true and . per sq. therefore modified to retain the sense ) and (ii) the sun emits more infra red rays in the evening made is "the sun emits infra . . But this variation is not significant and can be ignored .earth distance in a year and also due to solar activity . M on the average which is called "solar constant". radiation value on the surface of the earth will lie within a range of 800-950 watt / sqm depending upon the presence of turbidity in the air . the North le of the earth and that of the human body repel each other affecting the blood circulation. . the heaviest and important part of the body.1. causing disturbed sleep. tension and other connected problems. Let us take examples from book/ journals under wide circulation in the market. If the head is directed towards the North while sleeping. Below two examples are accepted as valid scientific proof of vastu rules in almost all books on vastu.3. as the North pole. (a) Human body as a magnet " Human body itself acts as a magnet with the head. But all there are founded on wrong notion of scientific knowledge. Some sort of falacy is always used to arrive at the conclusion.1 Vastu rules and established laws of science Proponents of vastu rule tend to prove the rules based on the deductive approach from modern laws of science but without following any logical steps. however small will produce electrical field around the direction of movement. But investigation of the statements quoted in the above paragraph generates certain questions: . Muscles also produce electrical potential . Activity of human being is primarily controlled by the electrical and chemical activity of the body .magnetic field around the part of the body . thus have an effect on the electrical activity of parts of human body.Criticism: It is well established fact that nervous system of the human body communicates with the help of electric impulses . Any movement of charge . Again any surrounding magnetic field will. thus producing electro . North pole of a magnet is not repulsed by the North pole of the earth as claimed here. In fact North pole of any magnet is North seeking pole . North pole of the earth attracts North pole of all magnets. . It is to note that " the heart is the most powerful source of electric and magnetic fields in the organism" and also that" in the eye the magnetic filed induction is significantly higher that that of the brain.e. (iii) Moreover.(i) Where it is proved that the entire human body the net result of these tiny magnetic fields distributed within the human body is equivalent to a magnet matching the sized of a human body? (ii) Why " heaviest and important part of the body" (i. On the contrary. (For this reason we find North pole of a magnetic needles pointing North pole of the earth. head) should be have as North pole. store or children's bedroom should be towards North-West. furnace or boiler should be towards the South-East.The Ten Commandments of Vastu Shastra 1. The main water source or a water feature should be towards the North-East. Generator room. 4. . 3. The kitchen. The guestroom. The centre should be light and airy. 2. The guestroom. store or children's bedroom should be towards South-West. 5. The South and West boundary walls should be higher than the North and East walls. 8. .The Ten Commandments of Vastu Shastra 6. 7. The South and West floor levels should be higher than the North and East. 9. 10. The entrance is preferred from the North or East. You should sleep with your head towards the South and raise the headside by 3". There should be more open space towards the North and East as compared to the South and West.

2019-04-19T10:22:02Z

https://fr.scribd.com/presentation/250817942/Vastu

Parents have filed a Hearing Request with the BSEA seeking: 1) an order finding Dee eligible for special education services; and 2) an order of residential placement at Sedona Sky Academy with reimbursement for tuition, boarding, related costs and transportation, beginning June 10, 2016. Mansfield Public Schools has filed a Motion to Dismiss Parents’ Appeal, alleging that Parents can prove no set of facts which would entitle them to the relief sought, namely: (a) a determination of Dee’s special education eligibility based solely on a private evaluation, and (b) tuition reimbursement and prospective placement in a private residential facility located in Arizona, while Parents continue to refuse to make Dee available to Mansfield Public Schools for any school based evaluations. Mansfield Public Schools contends that based upon special education statutes, regulations and established case law, the Hearing Officer cannot order such relief. Dee is a 15 year old girl who resides in Mansfield, Massachusetts with her father and stepmother. She attended the Mansfield Public Schools (MPS) throughout her academic career as a regular education student. She had never been referred for a special education evaluation by either MPS or Parents. Dee finished her 2014-2015 8th grade year (middle school) with course grades of six A’s and one B, and only four absences. In September 2015 Dee transferred, with the rest of the 8th grade class, to Mansfield High School (MHS), where she was enrolled in college preparatory and honors level classes and also attended a college level art class outside of the school day. Until she stopped attending MHS on Monday, March 7, 2016, she did not have a single absence during the 2015-2016 school year. On Sunday, March 6, 2016 Dee was apparently caught leaving her college level art class to meet a young man, had a discussion/confrontation with her stepmother regarding this event, became upset and went to the bathroom, took a handful of over the counter medication and put it into her mouth. Her stepmother stopped her. Dee was hospitalized for 2 days and then transferred to a psychiatric hospital where she was hospitalized for an additional 2 days. Following hospital recommendations, Dee was then immediately placed by her parents on March 10, 2016, at Trails Carolina Wilderness Therapy Program in North Carolina (Trails Carolina). Shortly after Dee was placed at Trails Carolina, MPS was notified via Parents’ counsel that she was attending Trails Carolina but that Parents did not intend to seek reimbursement from MPS for that placement. In April 2016 while in attendance at Trails Carolina, Dee underwent a private psychological assessment by Dr. Lorena Bradley, who diagnosed Dee with Major Depressive Disorder; Social Anxiety Disorder; Oppositional Defiant Disorder; and other Specified Trauma-and-Stressor Related Disorder with Attachment Issues. Dr. Bradley advised that Dee required intensive therapeutic treatment in a residential setting to address her complex needs. This assessment was apparently completed on May 2, 2016 and a copy was provided to MPS on May 16, 2016. On May 11, 2016 because Dee had never received special education services under an Individualized Education Program (IEP) Parents, through counsel, requested that MPS convene a team meeting to consider Dee’s eligibility for special education services and assistance in identifying an appropriate placement for her upon her completion of Trails Carolina. MPS declined to convene a team meeting to consider Dee’s eligibility for special education services unless and until MPS had performed and considered its own school based evaluation. During May 2016 Parents received recommendations from Dee’s clinicians/consultants that she transfer to a residential therapeutic program at Sedona Sky Academy in Arizona immediately upon completion of the Trails Carolina program. On May 24, 2016 Parents, through counsel, notified MPS that they intended to enroll Dee at Sedona Sky Academy at public expense, but that they consented to MPS’ evaluation of Dee while she remained in the Trailways Carolina program. On May 31, 2016 MPS formally sought parental consent for initial school based testing including a clinical psychological evaluation, education evaluation and academic testing. Parents signed consent on June 5, 2016 however MPS did not receive the consent until July 20, 2016. Dee remained in Trails Carolina until June 8, 2016 when she was transferred directly to Sedona Sky Academy in Arizona for continued therapeutic residential treatment. MPS takes the position that it is not required to perform testing out of state at Dee’s residential treatment center. Parents, despite having provided written consent, have refused to make Dee available for MPS testing in Mansfield, citing advice from Dee’s therapist at Trails Carolina that a return to Mansfield would be counterproductive and unsafe for Dee. Is MPS entitled to a dismissal of Parents’ BSEA Appeal given that Dee has never been a special education student and Parents have failed to make Dee available to MPS for an initial special education evaluation by MPS? Parents’ position is that they have consented to Dee being evaluated by MPS but that her clinicians have advised that it would be counterproductive and unsafe for her to return to Mansfield for such an evaluation. Parents offer the psychological evaluation performed by Dr. Bradley while Dee was at Trails Carolina in lieu of a MPS evaluation. Parents also offer to consent: to any private evaluator(s) of MPS’ choosing in Arizona to perform evaluations of Dee at Sedona Sky Academy; and/or to any MPS evaluators who would go to Arizona to evaluate Dee at Sedona Sky Academy. Finally, Parents agree to pay for reasonable expenses for MPS evaluator(s) to travel to Arizona to evaluate Dee. MPS’ position is that Dee has been a successful general education student in MPS and that under special education law it has the right to perform its own initial evaluations of Dee prior to the convening of a team meeting or the provision of any special education services under an IEP. While MPS will certainly consider Dr. Bradley’s private evaluation, it contends that it is not mandated to utilize her evaluation in lieu of conducting its own initial evaluation. MPS argues that it was/is unreasonable to expect MPS’ experts to travel to North Carolina or to Arizona to evaluate Dee. When Dee returns to Mansfield, MPS will conduct its initial special education evaluation, convene a team meeting, and propose any necessary special education services. The standard applicable to a motion to dismiss, pursuant 801 CMR 1.01(7(g)(3) of the Standard Adjudicatory Rules of Practices and Procedure, Rule XV11(B)(4) of the Hearing Rules for Special Education Appeals, Rule 12 (b)(6) of the F.R.C.P. and Rule 12 (b)(6) of the M.R.C.P. is essentially identical, that is: a motion to dismiss may be granted if the party requesting the appeal or hearing fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Therefore, a hearing officer, considering all of the allegations in a hearing request to be true, may dismiss the case if he or she cannot grant relief under either federal or state special education statutes (20 U.S.C. §1400 et seq. or M.G.L.c.71B) or the relevant sections of Section 504 (29 U.S.C. § 794). In the instant case, MPS contends that Parents can prove no set of facts that would entitle them to the relief sought ( i.e., a determination that Dee is eligible for special education services and an award of retroactive reimbursement for /prospective placement in a private residential facility in Arizona) given that Parents have failed to make Dee available to MPS for an initial, school based evaluation. I concur. I wish to make clear that I am not, in any way, faulting Parents for the parental decisions they have made in doing what they believed was best for their daughter. Nor do I find that Parents are deliberately withholding Dee from evaluation by MPS to obtain any tactical advantage in this case. Indeed, they do not seek reimbursement for their unilateral Trails Carolina placement after her 4 days of hospitalization, they have consented in principle to a MPS evaluation, and have attempted to put forth several alternatives to enable this to occur. However, the fundamental reality is that Dee’s immediate post hospitalization transfer to Trails Carolina, followed by her subsequent direct transfer from Trails Carolina to Sedona Sky Academy residential facility, without returning to Mansfield (or even to Massachusetts) has effectively denied MPS any opportunity to conduct an initial school based evaluation. M.G.L.c.71B s.3 provides that after a child is initially referred for an evaluation and parental consent is obtained, the school committee shall provide an evaluation. Emphasis added. 2) Initial evaluation. Upon consent of a parent the school district shall provide or arrange for the evaluation of the student by a multi-disciplinary team within 30 days. Emphasis added. 1) Initial evaluations. (A) In general, a State educational agency, other state agency or local education agency shall conduct a full and individual evaluation in accordance with this paragraph and subsection (b) before the initial provision of special education and related services to a child with a disability under this part. Emphasis added. (a) General. Each public agency must conduct a full and individual initial evaluation in accordance with § 300.305 and 300.306 before the initial provision of special education and related services to a child with a disability under thus part. Emphasis added. The law is thus clear that a local education agency is the entity charged with performing the initial evaluation of a student, and that such evaluation is to be performed before a student receives special education or related services. If Dee had been evaluated by MPS, found eligible for special education/related services, and had an IEP prior to her out of state residential placements, my ruling would be very different. However, Dee had been a general education student in MPS for 8½ years, was taking college prep and honors classes, was successful academically, had no attendance issues and had no in-school behavioral issues. Then suddenly, on a Sunday, at home, Dee had a confrontation with her stepmother over an incident that occurred on the weekend, took pills and her life dramatically changed. As the above special education statutes and regulations provide, MPS clearly has the right to do its own initial evaluations and convene a team meeting to determine her special education eligibility and, if eligible, to determine the nature and scope of special education services to be provided. Parents are, pursuant to their Hearing Request, asking that MPS be ordered to find Dee, a general education student for her entire educational career, eligible for special education and be ordered to fund a non (Massachusetts) approved, out of state residential placement, the most restrictive placement under special education law, without MPS ever having been given the opportunity to evaluate her. I find nothing in the law that mandates MPS to accept Parents’ private evaluation in lieu of its own under the facts of this case. Similarly, I find nothing in the law that mandates MPS evaluators to travel across the country to perform an initial evaluation on a MPS student. I note that MPS has represented that it will make arrangements with Parents to evaluate Dee anywhere in Massachusetts, even if that means conducting the evaluation in a private or hospital setting. If a student’s parents want him to receive special education under the IDEA, they must allow the school itself to reevaluate the student and they cannot force the school to rely solely on an independent evaluation.Gregory K. v. Longview School Dist., 811 F.2d 1307, 1315 (9 th Cir. 1987) (“If the parents want the student to receive special education under the Act, they are obliged to permit testing.”) Dubois v. Conn. State Bd. of Ed., 727 F.2d 44, 48 (2nd Cir. 1984) (“[T]he school system may insist on evaluation by qualified professionals who are satisfactory to the school officials.”); Vander Malle v. Ambach, 673 F.2d 49, 53, (2nd Cir. 1983) (School officials are “entitled to have [the student] examined by a qualified psychiatrist of their choosing.”) A parent who disagrees with school’s evaluation has the right to have the child evaluated by an independent evaluator, possibly at public expense, and the evaluation must be considered by the school district. 34 C.F.R. § 300.503. It would be incongruous under the statute to recognize that the parents have a reciprocal right to an independent evaluation, but the school does not. Similarly, in Johnson v. Duneland School Corporation 92 F. 3 rd 554, 588 (7th Cir. 1996) the U.S. Court of Appeals, citing Andress, noted that every circuit which has addressed the school’s right to conduct an evaluation has ruled that because the school is required to provide the student with his/her education, it must have the right to conduct its own evaluation of the student and cannot be forced to rely upon private parental evaluations. See also M.T.V. v. Dekob County School District 2006 U.S. App. Lexis 9621 (11th Cir. 2006). Consistent with federal court decisions, BSEA decisions have held that schools are entitled to employ or contract with qualified professionals of their own choosing to conduct evaluations and that parents cannot limit the school to only utilizing private parental evaluations or place conditions upon the school’s evaluation. See In re: Falmouth Public Schools, 4 MSER 95 (1998); In re: Boston Public Schools 5 MSER 144 (1999);In re: Lowell Public Schools 8 MSER 154 (2002); In re: Hampden-Wilbraham Regional School District 11 MSER 238 (2005). Further, federal courts have consistently held that removal of a student from the state where the local school is located to an out of state placement/location clearly limits a school district’s obligation to evaluate the student, and that when such occurs, the student becomes unavailable for evaluation. See C.G. v. Five Town Cmty Sch District 513 F 3d 279 (1st Cir 2008) and see Patricia B. v. Board of Education of Oak Park 8 F. Supp. 2d 801, 809 (N.D. Ill. 1998), affirmed 203 F. 3rd 462 (7th Cir. 2000) and that the local school districts had no obligation to accept parental testing or to send staff/contract with out of state third parties to perform evaluations. Parents, who because of their failure to cooperate, do not allow a school district a reasonable opportunity to evaluate their disabled child forfeit their claim for reimbursement for a unilateral private placement. See also 34 CFR 300.148 (d)(2) which provides that where parents remove a child who has already been found by the LEA to have a disability from public school, place him in a private school, and go to a BSEA hearing seeking reimbursement for such private placement, reimbursement may be reduced or denied if the LEA requested to evaluate the child but parents did not make the child available for evaluation. Obviously the facts in this case are even more striking in that Dee has never been evaluated by MPS or been found to have a disability by MPS. See also Andress, quoted above. In summary, all federal courts (which have addressed the issue) and the BSEA have uniformly held that school districts have the right to conduct their own school based evaluations using qualified professionals of their own choice, since such local school districts are responsible for providing the student his/her special education and related services. Similarly, federal courts have ruled and 34 CFR 148(d)(2) provides that by rendering a child unavailable for evaluation by the LEA, Parents forfeit their right to reimbursement for a unilateral placement/ special education. I. BSEA #1700794 is hereby DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. II. Upon parental notification of the date of Dee’s return to Massachusetts, MPS shall immediately make arrangements with Parents for a timely evaluation of Dee within Massachusetts (even if that is within a hospital based setting or private school setting). 1 Dee is a pseudonym chosen by the Hearing Officer to protect the privacy of the Student in publicly available documents. 2 The information contained in this ruling is derived from Parents’ Hearing Request; MPS’ Motion to Dismiss Parents’ Appeal; Parents’ Opposition thereto with attached exhibits and Father’s affidavit; and Parties’ oral argument on the instant Motion.

2019-04-26T09:51:53Z

https://www.specialedlaw.com/database/17-00794/

Every person that creates a website wants success. SEO will assist you to maximize your site come up first in a search. But in order to achieve this type of success doesn’t happen without first understanding how the SEO game is played. Use this article to help you with your SEO tips. Our seo consultant Sydney will walk you through the SEO audit and answer any questions you might have about Search Engine Optimization and your website. This means repeating keywords should be repeated as much as possible without making the flow of the writing. Since search engines evaluate the density of keywords, this will help boost your rankings. Ask an educational website or a non-profit to link to your affiliate. Search engines look at results from these sites differently and rank them higher because they are considered reputable sources. Provide useful content that will entice reliable websites to feature your site. Create valuable content that these organizations will find worthwhile. 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Google may flag you as questionable and won’t even rank your site. Search engines aggressively penalize sites that use black hat search rankings. Be sure to ethically hone your search engine optimization! If you don’t keep track of your standings then you will not know if your efforts are paying off. You can use either Alexa or the Google toolbar to check your page rank. This will seriously improve the ranking given to your rankings by search engines. Meta descriptions serve as calls to action, as they often appear in the brief website description beneath the hyperlink of your website. Most systems provide boxes where you tweak the meta description for each page of your website. Use SEO to help you get more traffic you need on your site. The goal is to rank as highly as you can so you can get a steady flow of traffic. You can use a pay per click engines to submit listings quicker. This will be something you continuously.You will also need to check your ads and monitor your bids when you need to. Be sure to name your images with keywords that search engines can identify and use them. You may have your business name in your banner title, but if you have a background image, be certain to exclude keywords in its title. SEO is a very general strategy that you will want to master. There are many tactics for getting your site ranked higher. Use these tips to get started. Those who go the distance will win the best SERP rankings and gain a much-deserved competitive edge. If you want to succeed in today’s competitive digital landscape, you must make a commitment to be better at SEO than your competitors. Most of the time SERP rankings depends on the SEO services Sydney strategy on how they formulate their daily SEO plan. Why is SEO success so hard to measure? For starters, SEO practitioners are bombarded with a huge amount of data to analyze. 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Yes, many of the biggest ranking factors are well known in the SEO industry. But there’s still so much that’s kept mysterious. Also, SEO involves a diverse mix of several talents. Not only are logic and technical abilities needed to analyze SEO, but a large degree of creativity and problem-solving prowess are also necessary. Moreover, SEO is a multi-team effort. It often requires input from branding teams, marketing, web development, content specialists, and more. But certainly, one of the most challenging aspects of implementing and measuring SEO is the fact that Google changes its algorithms constantly. The strategies and measurements we undertake today might very well have to be tweaked and adjusted tomorrow. In the world of SEO, experience and expertise is crucial. With all the complexity involved in SEO, it’s no wonder why inexperienced practitioners get overwhelmed almost immediately. Many in the industry want fast results so they can know on the spot whether they’re on the right track. Nonetheless, it’s crucial to get used to measuring SEO over time, with patience and an understanding of how long things can actually take. First, it’s important to note that it sometimes takes months for search engines to update their results pages. And even when they are updated, improvements in rank usually don’t happen simultaneously across all keywords you’re targeting. Further, smart SEO practitioners aren’t merely measuring their clients’ online performance. They also need to keep track of the performance, ebb and flow of their competitors’ SEO. Like an astronomer monitoring the movements and activities of celestial bodies, the SEO professional studies numerous time-consuming processes that simply can’t be rushed. How does one measure something as intricate and ever-changing as SEO? It all starts with KPIs. In measuring SEO efforts, one often gets a dramatic sense of just how much data there is to work with. It’s sometimes difficult to reach cut-and-dry conclusions and give simple, direct reports to clients or management. The solution is to know which key performance indicators (KPIs) to use, and to tie the KPIs to the objectives of the client or business. It’s important to tie your KPIs to specific marketing goals. Your company or client has hopefully created a digital marketing plan that spells out some solid marketing objectives. These are the objectives you want to connect your KPIs to so you can accurately determine whether your SEO efforts are successful. Here are six important key performance indicators to effectively measure SEO success. This is a useful KPI to measure for companies aiming to acquire new customers or leads. Organic search traffic refers to website visits that originated from search engine results and not through ads. Organic search results are displayed because they are relevant to search terms, not simply because an ad was purchased and placed in the search results. Benefits: Organic search traffic is a highly effective indicator of overall SEO success. When a website’s content includes keywords that frequently match what users are searching for, that website is likely to appear in a larger number of search engine results pages (SERPs) than competing websites. Challenges: Among the biggest challenges with organic search efforts is the frustration that Google (as well as other search engines) constantly changes its algorithms. When updates happen unexpectedly, SEO efforts can be directly affected without warning. In your analytics, observing sudden setbacks in performance may indicate such changes. How to measure: Using Google Analytics, open the Acquisition menu. From there, select All Traffic, then select Channels. You’ll now be presented with a view of a website’s sources of traffic, which are sorted by channel. Select the Organic Search channel for a useful report that displays a site’s organic traffic stats. This report is a versatile one. Best Practices: Because of frequent changes to search engine algorithms (up to 600 changes per year for Google,) an SEO practitioner must be vigilant at all times. An important best practice is to anticipate such changes and have a keen awareness of them when using this KPI. Keyword Ranking is how well or how poorly a website ranks in SERPs for a given search term. Measuring this KPI is effective for determining, among other things, a company’s ability to build brand awareness. The lower the keyword rank, the better. Ranking on page one – or even better, the first result on page one – has traditionally been the highest goal. The best results are achieved by tracking this KPI continually. When keyword ranking is checked on a regular basis, you’re able to diagnose problems early on. The goal is to quickly notice things like steady declines in ranking over a period of a few weeks. If you’re paying close attention over the long haul, fewer problems will sneak up on you. Challenges: Many factors influence keyword ranking. For any given keyword, results on Google’s page one often look different from user to user. Google results displayed on mobile devices can be different from results shown on a computer. Results can also vary based on the searcher’s location. Further, personalization (based on a user’s past behavior) can alter what is seen on page one. For example, a website might rank higher in a searcher’s results if that user has already visited that site frequently. Instead of Google analytics, consider the rank tracker provided by cognitiveSEO. One of its advantages is that it allows SEO practitioners to track keywords at a universal level as well as at a local level. It also allows you to analyze the keyword performance of competitors. Best Practices: While keyword rankings can help you see the positive (or not so positive) results of your SEO activities, this KPI isn’t good at explaining why your strategies are working or not. Therefore, it’s very important to use this KPI simultaneously with other metrics. Social shares can be defined simply as the sharing of your content by social media users. While it’s generally thought that Google does not take social signals and shares into consideration when ranking SERP results, social shares are still very important to your SEO efforts. Benefits: Tracking your social shares is beneficial because of the important impact social media plays in SEO strategies. As more people share your content with their followers, the higher the chances that more people will view it and ultimately migrate over to your website. More visits to your website means a boost in organic search ranking. Further, social media profiles are indexable by search engines. Social posts with good rankings often have a significant number of social shares. Tweets and Facebook posts are handled as web pages, which is why a company’s social accounts often show up in SERPs along with the company website. Challenges: While it’s true that social media profiles are indexable, it can be frustrating for some SEO practitioners to discover that not all indexable social-media pages actually get indexed. Because of the sheer number of tweets and other social content, Google can’t index all of it. Best Practices: When monitoring this KPI, watch for any inaccurate geographic or business information on any of your profiles. Mismatched address information, phone numbers, websites, etc. Another important point to keep in mind as you’re monitoring your social shares is that many users share content without even reading or viewing it first. To gain visitors and traffic to your website, observe which kinds of posts actually get users to click the content along with sharing it. Companies striving for higher sales should measure conversion rates from organic traffic. A “conversion” happens when a website visitor has been converted into a sale or a lead. “Conversion rate” is the number of visitors who have completed the action or goal you’re aiming for. The goal might be for visitors to make a purchase (if you run an ecommerce site,) or to sign up for a newsletter or opt in to an email list. Conversion rate is expressed as a percentage. If 5 visitors out of 100 were to do what a business (or individual) wants them to do, the conversion rate would be 5%. It’s also important to note that a “lead” can mean several things. It can be a sales qualified lead, a marketing qualified lead, or simply any person who has expressed interest by identifying themselves through a web form. Benefits: Organic traffic generated from inbound marketing is known for producing higher conversion rates than outbound marketing (such as paid ads). Conversion rates from organic traffic are therefore a very effective KPI for gauging the success of your SEO strategies. Challenges: A high conversion rate is a reflection of good CRO (conversion rate optimization) practices. When measuring this key performance indicator, keep in mind that SEO and CRO professionals have traditionally conflicted when working on the same project. CRO practitioners tend to be concerned that SEO efforts might affect their work and decrease conversion rates. Conversely, SEO practitioners sometimes worry that CRO pros will negatively affect their traffic-generating web pages. For both sides of this marketing coin the solution is to look at goals together and work side by side along the same path. The reality is that there’s no conflict between SEO and CRO when they work together for a common goal. How to measure: Google analytics will help you measure conversion rates from organic search traffic. The first step is to establish conversion goals in Google analytics. Then, if you know a dollar amount for a goal value, add that as well. You’ll now be ready to track your conversions. Best Practices: Be as specific as you can when setting conversion goals. You’ll want to track the user journey from beginning to end. It helps know your micro and macro goals. A micro goal could be when a visitor lands on a specifications page for a product. The macro goal would be going on further to purchase the product. Once you know your micro and macro goals, you can track them in Google Analytics’ Goal Completions. You’ll then have insight on whether your website’s functionality and design are effectively facilitating your visitors’ journey all the way up to goal completion. Useful for measuring the authority and popularity of your website, backlinks (often referred to as inbound links) are links to your website that originate from someone else’s website. Backlinks to your site can also originate from other pages on your own site. The strategy of acquiring backlinks is important because Google’s algorithm looks at link volume to judge the importance of a website. If your site has a larger number of relevant backlinks than what your competitors have, Google will rank your site higher. The philosophy behind this is that if a multitude of other websites are referring to your site through backlinks, then the content on your site must be useful and important. And if your site is so useful to web searchers, that’s a signal to Google to give it priority on SERPs. Benefits: Measuring this performance indicator will go a long way in helping you rank higher. By tracking it, you’ll always know where you stand with what some in the SEO industry view as the most important ranking factor used by Google. When you know whether you’re succeeding with your backlinks, you know how much you need to improve by. Challenges: One challenging aspect of the KPI and strategy of backlinks is that the links need to be relevant to your website. For example, backlinks from a pet supplies website wouldn’t be very relevant when linked to a car manufacturer’s website. Also, to be effective, an SEO professional can’t merely count relevant backlinks and call it good. Backlinks should come from websites that are themselves frequently linked to. Backlinks from websites with higher link juice are more valuable to your site than links from low link-juice sites. Best Practices: As with other KPIs, it’s very important to track your backlink volume consistently, over time. Be aware of how many new backlinks you’re gaining week by week, and compare this to how many links your competitors are gaining. While many marketers think of click-through rates (CTRs) as being tied to pay-per-click (PPC) ads, click-through rates are also very useful in the organic search realm. Organic click-through rate is a good KPI to measure the quality of your website. If web searches like what they see, they’ll dig deeper into your site. Benefits: This KPI is useful because it helps you determine and demonstrate exactly how effective your search engine listings are at attracting clicks. After all, no matter how high your web site is ranking on Google, it won’t be of any value unless visitors are clicking it. Challenges: One limitation of this KPI is that organic CTRs don’t tell you anything about the quality of the clicks your listings are receiving. Are you getting clicks from visitors who have no intent to make a purchase? Another challenge is that CTR can also be affected by the devices used by visitors. Because SERPs aren’t exactly the same on mobile devices as they are on computers, click-through rates sometimes vary between them. While web searchers using mobile will often scroll through to the bottom of page one, they typically don’t view page-two results. Next, choose the options to display clicks, impressions, position. You’ll then want to download this data, open it in Excel, and group all keywords by rank. Calculating the average CTR of a rank is pretty straightforward. Simply add the clicks for each position. Next, divide the total by the number of impressions. You’ll now have your website’s general CTR curve. Best Practices: Organic click-through rate should be measured along side of other analytics. Your Conversion Rate from Organic Search Traffic is a good KPI to monitor along with your organic CTR. If you’re out of breath after reading this post (or worse yet, discouraged,) don’t be overwhelmed! Take heart, force a smile, and accept the fact that victory never comes easy. Success and competitiveness are for those who are willing to work harder and get their hands dirtier. The bottom line here is that you can do this, and it will be worth it. The keys to good SEO measurement are patience, dedication, and the ability to adapt to change. So get ready for the marathon, and keep your eye on the prize: measurable successes and a steep competitive edge. Written by Cornelia Cozmiuc Cornelia is a proud Digital Marketer @ cognitiveSEO. When she is not documenting for the next amazing case study, she is probably somewhere trying out a new extreme sport such as Hang Gliding. Also, she’s an avid traveler, extreme sports enthusiast, and aspiring drum singer. Totally agree with you. SEO takes time, most people do not have the patience to wait and get overwhelmed quickly, especially inexperience one. There are many, many variables at play in an SEO campaign, so successful campaigns rely on a control system to ensure the work undertaken delivers results. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) act as this control system and allow you to identify what is working — and often, more importantly, provide the SEO with an early warning system if something is not moving the needle as expected. You could have great memories of traveling with your family during your childhood. Traveling when young opens up a time of wondrous discovery then. You can feel that feeling back! Search the web for great destinations. Ask your friends for ideas. Make a decision in concert with other family decision. Give some of the following ideas found in this article a try. Bluepowder.com.au will complete your day by giving you complete holiday travel experience during Canada snow holidays. When planing for a vacation, taking a digital camera that fits your trip is a good idea. If you are going on an outdoor trip, for example, a rechargeable battery may not be the answer. You want a camera you can turn off and on quickly and that will focus almost immediately. Sign yourself up for a price watcher. You can find this handy feature online at many travel-related websites that area. When the price for airfare or lodging meets your expectations, the website will send an email to alert you to the price change. This saves you from the aggravation of checking the price every day. Do your research before making a booking. Look for websites that have user reviews of the places you plan on visiting. Ask people you know who have traveled there. This will give you to anticipate everything that you will encounter. Make sure you take clothespins with you on your next vacation. They can be a useful item when you go on a trip, and since they are small they take up hardly any room. Taking a trip can often make you pack too much. Limit yourself to the toiletries that are essential toiletry products. List toiletries you typically use every day and cannot be without. Pack the ones that are really necessary. You could be covered in the event of a flight that was charged on your credit card. It is worth your time to do some research before leaving. You never know what will happen with the weather. A raincoat can also serve as a windbreaker when the weather is cold, along with the bathrobe in the hotel. Always check expiration dates on your passports.Many countries have rules concerning your passport. Many will not allow you enter their country if your passport expires soon. If you experience a problem, this can lead to frustration. You may miss your flight. The discussion is between you and an employee that likely did not make the agent in charge. At the beginning, you both want to deal with the issue, but you may lose your temper. Try to be polite and calm. You can get more done. Always pack bottled water when you are traveling to a different country. Drinking water in a range of different illnesses. Use bottled water to brush your teeth. You may get ill from tap water. If you are going to other countries, make up some cards in the local language that state any foods you may be allergic to. This will give your waiters to know what you are able to consume. These cards are very helpful and allow you to really enjoy your food much more pleasurable eating experience when you’re away. Don’t forget to pack your child’s car seat when you bring them along for a road trip. Chances are, which is why it is more beneficial if you bring your own. Before you travel, find banks nearby that exchange currency, since they will typically offer better rates. Invite friends along on your trip next time. Many hotels and airlines offer discounts to people traveling with large groups. You can save tons of money with airfare using group rates. See if any of your friends or family want to come too. Research local laws and customs of the place your are visiting. There’s a possibility that the locals may find your actions offensive and in some cases illegal, which can cause many problems on your travels.Always be respectful of the laws of the places you are traveling. Label your cords when traveling. It can be difficult to remember which cord goes with which device. Label each cord before you leave the house to make it easy. You can also create a list that details each one. If you are not required to leave on a particular day, you can adjust your frame by a couple days when looking for deals. You could get a better deal and you can save money. Sometimes you can choose where you want to sit on the plane, but there are times when you have no choice. Once you have paid for your tickets, monitor the booking site to see if requesting your seat is an option. This can enhance your trip and give you a big difference over taking whatever is available. Female travels may find advantages in wearing a shawl rather than a coat. This can warm and make luggage easy to carry. It can also good for disguising your belongings inside the car whenever you have. Make sure you understand the situation in the foreign country that you plan on visiting. The travel.state.gov website provides real-time information about affairs that could be dangerous for travelers. This is useful when you to avoid dangerous situations. Bring some snacks with you are going on a flight. Your flight will seem much longer if you have nothing to eat. Just remember that you cannot take liquid snacks so security issues do not arise. You will feel better if you have some dry snacks handy. Rediscover the joy of travel with careful planning and application of some sensible advice. The pointers in this article are just a few of the many that can help to make your next trip more enjoyable. Breakthrough Paint Protection can now be protected with finishes using nanotechnology. Scratches and dents on vehicles are any car owner’s nightmare. Nanotechnology is ending up being increasingly popular in Melbourne. This service is ideal for paint protection finishings and automobile paints. In reality, when it comes to Paint Protection Melbourne is ahead of lots of other cities. Car Paint Protection Film is the most comprehensive form of defense you can establish between your car and all that can damage your car’s appearance. Nanotechnology based vehicle paint protection can be divided into 2 classifications, i.e., technology integrated within the vehicle paint formula which is made use of as a covering on traditional vehicle paint. The 2nd range is more flexible. It is also a blessing for secondhand vehicle buyers. Such coverings even more vary in their compositions. Examples of nanotechnology based finishings consist of ceramic polymer coverings and some nanoparticles consisting of finishes. The composition of the finishings ultimately figures out the efficiency of the covering. For starters, these paints and coverings securely attach the car’s existing paint to the body of the car. Therefore, scratches and swirl marks do not establish on the paint as easily as they would without such technology. Chipping of paints is also unlikely with this technology in the paints or thanks to the covering over the paint. The nanotechnology based paints and finishes are also weatherproof. Therefore, water, heat, ultraviolet light, contaminants and some strong chemicals are unlikely to harm the existing paint on the automobile. The automobile’s paint usually starts looking faded after an amount of time. With this covering, the vehicle looks as glossy as a brand-new vehicle. Cleaning the vehicle becomes extremely simple, and less time taking in too. Bird droppings can likewise be cleaned extremely quickly and will not harm the underlying paint. Likewise, a few of these paints and finishings secure the vehicle from scratches. White paint on vehicles tends to turn yellowish in time. A few of these coatings are specially developed to prevent this. Conventionally, waxes and sealants were made use of for keeping water off from the automobile’s body. But these wear away within a year or two, and they have to be applied once again a number of times throughout the lifespan of the automobile. Unlike such waxes and sealants, nanotechnology based automobile paints and paint finishes last for a long time, almost for the lifetime of the car. Water, impurities and some extreme chemicals are accountable for the corrosion on the metallic frame once the paint disappears. Gunk likewise makes the car look unclean and cleaning it is not that easy either. However with nanotechnology based automobile paints and paint finishings, cleaning grime and dirt is substantially simpler. In Melbourne one of the most popular nanotechnology based paint finish is the Ceramic Pro. The manufacturer of this paint covering, makings the car’s outsides shine like a brand-new vehicle, provides a lifetime guarantee too. As the name recommends this paint finishing consists of a ceramic polymer. Nanotechnology is fairly in the market of vehicle paints. It will quickly discover its way into other paints and reduce the requirement to frequently paint vehicles. New techniques are still being studied to make the innovation even more reliable and people from Melbourne will be ahead of others in adopting such innovations.

2019-04-21T10:27:31Z

http://catharinelowe.com/2017/09/

Last night, the U.S. Senate voted on Amendment No. 3018 to the National Defense Authorization Act sponsored by Sens. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.) and Mike Lee (R-Utah), and co-sponsored by Sen. Rand Paul, which protects the rights prescribed to Americans in the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution with regard to indefinite detention and the right to a trial by jury. The amendment passed, 67-29. However, many Senators, including McCain and Graham, voted for the amendment because they made the argument that the amendment authorizes indefinite detention. Moments before the vote, Sen. Paul took to the Senate floor to again voice his support for the amendment and inspire his colleagues to do the same. Below is video and transcript of his floor speech. Remember S510, the food safety modernization act from 2010? Well, it is now being used as reported in the article below from Natural News. But first I will post a reminder of what S510 really is. (see below). Is this still America when the United Nations orders the Federal government to take action against the State's of Washington and Colorado? Agenda 21, and Wisconsin Green Tier, are internationalist tools to eradicate our private property, sovereignty, freedoms, and local governance. You are about to loose your over the counter access to dietary supplements, farmers are being prosecuted for supplying nutrient dense foods in Wisconsin, and they refuse to label foods that are GMO. So unless you are willing to stand and fight this tyranny from foreign shores, start stocking up if you have not already done so. Time is running out so prepare your self and your family to either live as a globalist slave, (happily medicated by the approved drugs of the FDA) or take a stand and truly 'have your farmer's back'. There is a war on for your food and if you do not stand against this tyranny you will be greatly rewarded with three squares and a cot at a FEMA camp coming to your state in the near future. S 510 fails on moral, social, economic, political, constitutional, and human survival grounds.1. It puts all US food and all US farms under Homeland Security and the Department of Defense, in the event of contamination or an ill-defined emergency. It resembles theKissinger Plan. 4. It imposes Codex Alimentarius on the US, a global system of control over food. It allows the United Nations (UN), World Health Organization (WHO), UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the WTO to take control of every food on earth and remove access to natural food supplements. Its bizarre history and its expected impact in limiting access to adequate nutrition (while mandating GM food, GM animals, pesticides, hormones, irradiation of food, etc.) threatens all safe and organic food and health itself, since the world knows now it needs vitamins tosurvive, not just to treat illnesses. 6. It includes NAIS, an animal traceability program that threatens all small farmers and ranchers raising animals. The UN is participating through the WHO, FAO, WTO, and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) in allowing mass slaughter of even heritage breeds of animals and without proof of disease. Biodiversity in farm animals is being wiped out to substitutegenetically engineered animals on which corporations hold patents. Animal diseases can be falsely declared. S 510 includes the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), despite its corrupt involvement in the H1N1 scandal, which is now said to have been concocted by the corporations. (NaturalNews) Likely empowered by a U.S. administration that favors the kind of nanny state politics a ruling global entity would no doubt embrace, the head of the United Nations' International Narcotics Control Board feels comfortable telling federal officials they should move to challenge measures in Colorado and Washington that decriminalize possession of small amounts of marijuana for adults 21 and over. Raymond Yans lectured the voter-approved measures - part of the United States' democratic process, something most UN member countries are not familiar with - send "a wrong message to the rest of the nation and it sends a wrong message abroad." In an interview with The Associated Press, Yans said he would like to see Attorney General Eric Holder "take all necessary measures" to ensure that marijuana possession remains illegal throughout the United States. Does the UN remember that Obama inhaled? Currently, both states are awaiting the implementation of plans to regulate and tax the drug because officials there are waiting to see if Washington will assert its federal authority in the matter. At present, pot is a Schedule I controlled substance, in the same category as LSD and heroin. The federal Drug Enforcement Administration has said that marijuana has a high potential for abuse and "no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States," the New York Times has reported. Yans' outrage makes us wonder here at Natural News if he read reports back in 2006 when then-U.S. Sen. Barack Obama told the American Society of Magazine Editors that he did, in fact, smoke marijuana. "When I was a kid, I inhaled," he said. "That was the point." Also, is Yans oblivious to the fact that the Netherlands has essentially legalized pot by decriminalizing both its possession and sale? Or that Portugal, in 2001, became the first European country, according to Time magazine, "to officially abolish all criminal penalties for personal possession of drugs, including marijuana, cocaine, heroin and methamphetamine?" At the time, critics of the policy change warned that drug use would skyrocket in a nation where hard drug use was already the highest on the continent. But a subsequent study by the libertarian-leaning CATO Institute in 2009 found no appreciable increase in usage. In fact, in the years after personal possession of drugs was decriminalized, illegal use among teens in Portugal dropped while rates of new HIV infections caused by the sharing of dirty needles also fell. The number of people seeking treatment for drug addition; however, more than doubled - but that figure was an acceptable alternative to incarceration because the Portuguese government had previously determined that treating offenders would be cheaper than jailing them. "Judging by every metric, decriminalization in Portugal has been a resounding success," Glenn Greenwald, an attorney, author and fluent Portuguese speaker, who conducted the research, told Time. "It has enabled the Portuguese government to manage and control the drug problem far better than virtually every other Western country does." "I think we can learn that we should stop being reflexively opposed when someone else does [decriminalize] and should take seriously the possibility that anti-user enforcement isn't having much influence on our drug consumption," Mark Kleiman, author of the forthcoming When Brute Force Fails: How to Have Less Crime and Less Punishment, and director of the drug policy analysis program at UCLA, told the magazine. A number of U.S. politicians have begun to see it that way. A year ago, the governors of Washington and Rhode Island - Democrat Christine Gregoire and Republican-turned-Independent Lincoln Chaffee, respectively - petitioned the federal government to reclassify marijuana as a drug with acceptable medical uses, "saying the change is needed so states like theirs, which have decriminalized marijuana for medical purposes, can regulate the safe distribution of the drug without risking federal prosecution," the Times said. "The divergence in state and federal law creates a situation where there is no regulated and safe system to supply legitimate patients who may need medical cannabis," the governors wrote in a letter to Michele M. Leonhart, the DEA administrator. "What we have out here on the ground is chaos," Gregoire told the Times. "And in the midst of all the chaos we have patients who really either feel like they're criminals or may be engaged in some criminal activity, and really are legitimate patients who want medicinal marijuana." "If our people really want medicinal marijuana, then we need to do it right, we need to do it with safety, we need to do it with health in mind, and that's best done in a process that we know works in this country - and that's through a pharmacist," she added. This Stossel special will blow your mind! The government, especially the EPA, is out of control, as well as local prosecutors trying to make a name for themselves. "If the jury feels the law is unjust, we recognize the undisputed power of the jury to acquit, even if its verdict is contrary to the law as given by a judge, and contrary to the evidence... If the jury feels that the law under which the defendant is accused is unjust, or that exigent circumstances justified the actions of the accused, or for any reason which appeals to their logic or passion, the jury has the power to acquit, and the courts must abide by that decision." United States v. Moylan, 4th Circuit Court of Appeals, 1969, 417 F.2d at 1006. "The people themselves have it in their power effectually to resist usurpation, [the wrongful seizure of authority] without being driven to an appeal to arms. An act of usurpation is not obligatory; it is not law; and any man may be justified in his resistance. Let him be considered as a criminal by the general government, yet only his fellow citizens can convict him; they are his jury, and if they pronounce him innocent, not all the powers of Congress can hurt him; and innocent they certainly will pronounce him, if the supposed law he resisted was an act of usurpation." Elliot's Debates, 94; 2 Bancroft's History of the Constitution, p.267. Quoted in Sparf and Hansen v. U.S., 156 U.S. 51 (1895), Dissenting Opinion: Gray, Shiras, JJ., 144. Gentlemen, the danger is great, in proportion to the mischief that may happen through our too great credulity. A proper confidence in a court is commendable; but as the verdict (whatever it is) will be yours, you ought to refer no part of your duty to the direction of other persons. If you should be of opinion, that there is no falsehood in Mr. Zenger's papers, you will, nay, (pardon me for the expression) you ought to say so; because you don't know whether others (I mean the Court) may be of that opinion. It is your right to do so, and there is much depending upon your resolution, as well as upon your integrity." Andrew Hamilton's defense of John Peter Zenger, from How. St. Tr. 17:698 (1735) at 703-720. "...[T]he institution of trial by jury --especially in criminal cases-- has its hold upon public favor chiefly for two reasons. The individual can forfeit his liberty --to say nothing of his life-- only at the hands of those who, unlike any official, are in no wise accountable, directly or indirectly, for what they do, and who at once separate and melt anonymously in the community from which they came. Moreover, since if they acquit their verdict is final, no one is likely to suffer of whose conduct they do not morally disapprove; and this introduces a slack into the enforcement of law, tempering its rigor by the mollifying influence of current ethical conventions. A trial by any jury... preserves both these fundamental elements and a trial by a judge preserves neither..." Judge Learned Hand, U.S. ex rel McCann v. Adams, 126 F.2d 774, 775?76 (2nd Circuit, 1942). "Jury acquittals in the colonial, abolitionist, and post-bellum eras of the United States helped advance insurgent aims and hamper government efforts at social control. Wide spread jury acquittals or hung juries during the Vietnam War might have had the same effect. But the refusal of judges in trials of antiwar protesters to inform juries of their power to disregard the law helped ensure convictions, which in turn frustrated antiwar goals and protected the government from the many repercussions that acquittals or hung juries would have brought." Steven E. Barkan, Jury Nullification in Political Trials, Social Problems, 31, No. 1, 38, October, 1983. "During the first third of the nineteenth century,.. .judges frequently charged juries that they were the judges of law as well as the fact and were not bound by the judge's instructions. A charge that the jury had the right to consider the law had a corollary at the level of trial procedure: counsel had the right to argue the law --its interpretation and its validity-- to the jury." Note (anon.), The Changing Role of the Jury in the Nineteenth Century, Yale Law Journal 74, 174,(1964). "...[T]he right of the jury to decide questions of law was widely recognized in the colonies. In 1771, John Adams stated unequivocally that a juror should ignore a judge's instruction on the law if it violates fundamental principles: "It is not only...[the juror's] right, but his duty, in that case, to find the verdict according to his own best understanding, judgment, and conscience, though indirect opposition to the direction of the court." There is much evidence of the general acceptance of this principle in the period immediately after the Constitution was adopted." Note (anon.), The Changing Role of the Jury in the Nineteenth Century, Yale Law Journal 74, 173 (1964). See also Judge Van Ness' instruction to the jury in United States v. Poyllon, 27 F.Cas. 608, 611 (D.C.D.N.Y. 1812): ". . . this was in its nature and essence, though not in its form, a penal or criminal action; and they were therefore entitled to judge both of the law and the fact, and that the enforcing act could not apply in this case," and John Marshall's instructions to the jury in United States v. Hutchings, 26 F.Cas. 440, 442 (C.C.D.Vir. 1817): "That the jury in a capital case were judges, as well of the law as the fact, and were bound to acquit where either was doubtful." "As little can this respondent be justly charged with having, by any conduct of his, endeavored to 'wrest from the jury their indisputable right to hear argument, and determine upon the question of law as well as the question of fact involved in the verdict which they were required to give.' He denies that he did at any time declare that the aforesaid counsel should not at any time address the jury, or did in any manner hinder them from addressing the jury on the law as well as on the facts arising in the case. It was expressly stated, in the copy of his opinion delivered as above set forth to William Lewis, that the jury had a right to determine the law as well as the fact: and the said William Lewis and Alexander James Dallas were expressly informed, before they declared their resolution to abandon the defence, that they were at liberty to argue the law to the jury." United States v. Fries, 9 F.Cas. 924, 934 (D. Pennsylvania, 1800). "The judge cannot direct a verdict it is true, and the jury has the power to bring in a verdict in the teeth of both law and facts." Mr. Justice Holmes, for the majority in Horning v. District of Columbia, 254 U.S. 135, 138 (1920). "The facts comprehended in the case are agreed; the only point that remains, is to settle what is the law of the land arising from those facts; and on that point, it is proper, that the opinion of the court should be given. It is fortunate, on the present, as it must be on every occasion, to find the opinion of the court unanimous: we entertain no diversity of sentiment; and we have experienced no difficulty in uniting in the charge, which it is my province to deliver. "It may not be amiss, here, Gentlemen, to remind you of the good old rule, that on questions of fact, it is the province of the jury, on questions of law, it is the province of the court to decide. But it must be observed that by the same law, which recognizes this reasonable distribution of jurisdiction, you have nevertheless a right to take upon yourselves to judge of both, and to determine the law as well as the fact in controversy. On this, and on every other occasion, however, we have no doubt, you will pay that respect, which is due to the opinion of the court: For, as on the one hand, it is presumed, that juries are the best judges of fact; it is, on the other hand, presumable, that the court are the best judges of the law. But still both objects are lawfully within your power of decision." Nullification The Rightful Remedy: What do we do when the federal government steps outside of it's Constitutional boundaries? Do we 'vote the bums out' and hope that the new bums limit their own power? Do we ask federal judges in black robes to limit the federal government's power? Thomas Jefferson and James Madison didn't think so, and neither do we. The rightful remedy to federal tyranny rests in the hands of the people and the States that created the federal government in the first place. It's called Nullification, and it's an idea whose time has come. This documentary explores the history of state nullification, and how it is being used today to push back against the encroachment of federal power.

2019-04-19T12:30:37Z

https://www.foodfreedomusa.org/food-freedom-usa-press/archives/11-2012

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2019-04-20T01:11:08Z

https://www.isaacautosalestx.com/docs/tos.shtml

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Thank you killexams.com, for your top class guide-line! in case you nevertheless work for what's left of Nortel, wager what? Charlie's in cost! Genband Inc. says it has been cleared to acquire Nortel Networks Ltd. 's service VoIP and software options (CVAS) company. This ability no other bidders of substance confirmed up for the stalking horse method. It also potential that Genband, a media gateway seller, is now solidly within the softswitching, IP voice gateway, and SIP utility business, and will doubtless be including 1,638 bodies to its latest team of workers of about 450. The acquisition is discipline to court docket and certain regulatory approvals in Canada, the USA, and different jurisdictions, in addition to other closing circumstances. 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(Shenzhen: 000063; Hong Kong: 0763), to name a number of. it will should work with these companions that also sell VoIP device to make certain it does not step on any toes. Now that the deal is going via, Genband, a company that did five acquisitions in two years, embarks on its highest quality problem yet. Charlie Vogt, Genband's CEO, summed it up this manner in an interview with gentle analyzing in December: "How do you without difficulty transition TDM networks to IP and do it in a means that allows for carriers to manipulate their returned-workplace methods and also be able to comprise a variety of next-technology avid gamers that are within the network nowadays?" So Genband, as soon as staunchly in opposition t being a softswitch dealer itself, now sees cost in mixing Nortel's huge service VoIP and softswitch put in base with its IP gateway portfolio. 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GENBAND will acquire “substantially all belongings of Nortel’s carrier VoIP and application solutions company (CVAS),” according to an announcement from the organizations, including patents different highbrow property regarding “softswitching, gateways, SIP applications and TDM items and functions.” The sale also comprises all of Nortel’s customer contracts within the sector. GENBAND became the simplest bidder for Nortel’s provider VoIP enterprise, in December of 2009. anticipated to shut in the 2nd quarter of this year, the deal comes with an adjusted price tag of $182 million. Already one of the correct providers of carrier VoIP gadget and software, GENBAND will turn into the greatest issuer of VoIP techniques to telecom operators, with a market share of 31.four p.c, based on Synergy research group. With fixed-line operators as well as instant providers migrating to IP-based mostly systems, demand for VoIP media gateways is exploding. The Nortel hearth sale positions GENBAND as the key corporation to this market. Nortel is reportedly near receiving a suggestion for its provider VoIP company. A Nortel executive in cost of the operations became quoted in Canada's monetary post, saying the enterprise is on the verge of receiving a "stalking horse" bid for the business, which includes softswitches, media gateways and purposes. Stalking horse bids are initial offers for property that well-nigh set a floor rate before auction. Nortel just offered its CDMA and LTE instant assets to Ericsson under such an arrangement, for $1.13 billion. Avaya has a $475 million stalking horse bid for Nortel's commercial enterprise enterprise, which goes on the auction block Sept. 11. "we are very near getting a stalking-horse [first-offer] bid, that will deliver clarity on the condition," mentioned Samih Elhage, president of Nortel's service VoIP and applications options company in the fiscal post article. 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On the off chance that, you are placated with its demo then you can buy the real 920-537 exam item. killexams.com offers you three months free updates of 920-537 Carrier VoIP Media Gateway 15000 Operations, Maintenance and Configuration exam questions. Our certification team is constantly accessible at back end who updates the material as and when required. HUNTSVILLE, Ala., Aug 28, 2013 (BUSINESS WIRE) -- ADTRAN(R), Inc., ADTN, +1.09% a leading provider of cloud connectivity, enterprise communications and mobility solutions, today announced the release of its Total Access(R) 900e Gen 3 series of Ethernet and Multi-T1 IP Business Gateways. The Total Access 900e series is purpose-built for carrier SIP/MGCP VoIP networks and is the industry's leading IP Business Gateway. The solution combines robust routing and voice features for highly reliable and cost-effective services ranging from SIP trunking to hosted PBX. The updated line of business-class IP Business Gateways feature next-generation technology, higher performance, more memory and more features to support the bandwidth, applications and services today's businesses demand. Customers benefit from these new features with no price increase, creating immediate customer value. "As carrier experts continue to choose ADTRAN for their network, we have raised the bar on the performance and features of the Total Access 900e to address new applications and capabilities needed to take high-performance networks to the next level," said Chris Thompson, director of product management for ADTRAN. "The Total Access 900e third gen delivers higher bandwidth, more security and supports additional services and applications to satisfy the needs of tomorrow's fast-paced and high-bandwidth business environment, at no additional cost." "We are very happy to partner with AudioCodes as part of our Lync product development strategy," explained Holger Alt, Head of Product Management at toplink GmbH. "Thanks to AudioCodes' Mediant SBCs, we are able to provide seamless and secure connectivity as part of our certified SIP trunking service to our Lync customers. Our customers can thus gain a rapid entry into SIP trunking services, enabling them to reap the full benefits of unified communications while maintaining control over the total cost of ownership." "We are delighted that our SBC products have enabled toplink to become a certified SIP trunking provider for Microsoft Lync," commented Nimrod Borovsky, Vice President Marketing at AudioCodes. "Our successful collaboration with toplink illustrates how AudioCodes' scalable range of Lync-certified SBCs enables service providers to offer innovative business communications services through tight integration between Lync and SIP trunking infrastructure." toplink GmbH is a service provider of Next-Generation-Network based telecommunications solutions for enterprise businesses, founded in 1995 and headquartered in Darmstadt, Germany. Whether you are a business owner, a carrier, or a service provider - as one of our customers you can expect comprehensive and individually designed VoIP-solutions as well as a variety of services including Collaboration, Unified Messaging, IT Business Process Outsourcing, individualized IT Consulting, or IT Cloud Sourcing as part of our portfolio. Focus of toplink's business strategy is the design, implementation, and allocation of virtual telecommunication systems. You can also expect a fully integrated and automated process of logistics, distribution and customer management systems. These systems offer a maximum level of scalability, flexibility, and reliability for our clients and enterprise partners - without the need of investing in bulky and expensive hardware at the customer's end. At toplink, an innovation and solution-orientated approach to serve customers' voice and data communication requirements - even without a deep knowledge of technical know-how on the customer side - we can offer a wide variety of components to suit your business communication requirements. Whether you are looking for a vPBX, an IP telephone access (SIP-Trunking), a leased line, or a Unified Communication Platform such as Microsoft Lync, we strive to provide individually designed, secure and up-to-date options to help your company's demands. With an additional focus on innovation, toplink (with its SIP trunks) was the first German company to be certified by Microsoft for their latest version of Microsoft Lync. Based on this attitude, deeply embedded in our DNA, in combination with our NGN Technology and the partnership with various well-known technology leaders, toplink is able to provide data communication solutions basically geographically independent, to ensure an excellent customer experience. For further information, we are more than happy to assist you, more than curious to get to know you and your business, and most of all to learn more about your demands on modern communication within your business, so you can serve your customers and clients better in the future. If you are interested in exploring your potential, please don't hesitate to contact our experts at: info@toplink.de or by phone at: +49 6151 - 6275 200.

2019-04-26T06:37:25Z

http://www.partillerocken.com/certs.php?exam=920-537

There is a very fine argument in Ockham's Summa Logicae book II, chapter 4. He is objecting to the claim that the verb 'to be' is ambiguous in certain arguments. But this is completely irrational, he says " for it amounts to destroying every argument form. For whenever it pleases me, I will say that 'to be' is equivocal in the premisses, and I will ascribe at will a fallacy of equivocation to every syllogism". Absolutely right. The verb 'is' is implicit in every proposition. If this verb is ambiguous, we can disprove any argument whatever at will, by appealing to this ambiguity or equivocation. But that is irrational, and amounts to destroying all logic. For logic is about the form of arguments, and not about what we can 'ascribe at will'. If we can challenge the validity of any argument 'at will', you destroy all logic. This claim that Ockham objects to is precisely the claim that Jody Azzouni appears to be making when he argues against the 'triviality thesis', which is the thesis that the existential quantifier just means 'there is', and 'there is' just carries ontological commitment. Azzouni argues that the triviality thesis is wrong since there are assertions of the form 'there are Fs' that do not always carry ontological commitment. If Azzouni is correct, it really does amount to destroying all logic. I have already argued this in my objection to William Craig's claim that there is no contradiction in 'some x's are numbers and no numbers are created' and 'all x's are created by God', by reason of equivocation on the existential quantifier. If an argument as basic as this is invalid, all argument is invalid. Here are two more arguments for this. 1. Meinongians say there are fictional entities. Nominalists say 'there aren't'. Regardless of what is the correct position, this disagreement could not take place at all unless both sides were agreed on the meaning of 'there are' and 'there aren't'. When the nominalist says that there aren't any fictional entities, he is denying exactly what the Meinongian asserts when she says that there are such things. The expression 'there are' is completely unambiguous in this argument, and has to be, in order that there can be an argument at all. 2. Azzouni might argue that (for example) 'there are hobbits in Tolkien' is true, but 'there are hobbits in Jane Austen' is false. But this is not an argument that 'there is' is equivocal. On the contrary, it means exactly the same in both cases. What is asserted is different, for in one case we say there are hobbits in Tolkien, in the other, that there are hobbits in Jane Austen. It is the qualifying 'in Austen' or 'in Tolkien' that changes the assertion. But in both cases 'there are' means the same. If it doesn't mean the same it amounts, as Ockham says, to the destruction of all logic. Here are three quotations on the nature of philosophy (or 'metaphysics') that have something in common. They are all from the eighteenth century (Isaac Watts, known to members of the Anglican communion from the many hymns he wrote, David Hume and Thomas Reid). They all defend philosophy in some way while conceding its defects. Watts criticises the 'subtlety' of scholastic metaphysics, and like Hobbes, disparages the tendency of philosophers to invent meaningless names. Both Hume and Reid underscore their point with a staggering variety of metaphors. Both compare idle speculation to a net. Hume speaks of the 'intangling brambles' of religious fears and prejudices. Reid warns against being 'intangled in metaphysical toils'. Hume invokes Locke's comparison to the robber's den. Reid speaks of the 'bogs and quagmires' into which philosophy may entice us, and at the end compares Philosophy to a fair but wayward lady, whom he must trust until he finds 'infallible proofs of her infidelity'. "But this obscurity in the profound and abstract philosophy, is objected to, not only as painful and fatiguing, but as the inevitable source of uncertainty and error. Here indeed lies the justest and most plausible objection against a considerable part of metaphysics, that they are not properly a science; but arise either from the fruitless efforts of human vanity, which would penetrate into subjects utterly inaccessible to the understanding, or from the craft of popular superstitions, which, being unable to defend themselves on fair ground, raise these intangling brambles to cover and protect their weakness. Chased from the open country, these robbers fly into the forest, and lie in wait to break in upon every unguarded avenue of the mind, and overwhelm it with religious fears and prejudices. The stoutest antagonist, if he remit his watch a moment, is oppressed. And many, through cowardice and folly, open the gates to the enemies, and willingly receive them with reverence and submission, as their legal sovereigns. "But is this a sufficient reason, why philosophers should desist from such researches, and leave superstition still in possession of her retreat? Is it not proper to draw an opposite conclusion, and perceive the necessity of carrying the war into the most secret recesses of the enemy? In vain do we hope, that men, from frequent disappointment, will at last abandon such airy sciences, and discover the proper province of human reason. For, besides, that many persons find too sensible an interest in perpetually recalling such topics; besides this, I say, the motive of blind despair can never reasonably have place in the sciences; since, however unsuccessful former attempts may have proved, there is still room to hope, that the industry, good fortune, or improved sagacity of succeeding generations may reach discoveries unknown to former ages. Each adventurous genius will still leap at the arduous prize, and find himself stimulated, rather than discouraged, by the failures of his predecessors; while he hopes that the glory of achieving so hard an adventure is reserved for him alone. The only method of freeing learning, at once, from these abstruse questions, is to enquire seriously into the nature of human understanding, and show, from an exact analysis of its powers and capacity, that it is by no means fitted for such remote and abstruse subjects. We must submit to this fatigue in order to live at ease ever after: and must cultivate true metaphysics with some care, in order to destroy the false and adulterate. Indolence, which, to some persons, affords a safeguard against this deceitful philosophy, is, with others, overbalanced by curiosity; and despair, which, at some moments, prevails, may give place afterwards to sanguine hopes and expectations. Accurate and just reasoning is the only catholic remedy, fitted for all persons and all dispositions; and is alone able to subvert that abstruse philosophy and metaphysical jargon, which being mixed up with popular superstition, renders it in a manner impenetrable to careless reasoners, and gives it the air of science and wisdom." [David Hume, An Inquiry concerning Human Understanding, section I]. "In the meantime, the unprosperous state of this part of philosophy [epistemology] hath produced an effect, somewhat discouraging indeed to any attempt of this nature, but an effect which might be expected, and which time only and better success can remedy. Sensible men, who never will be sceptics in matters of common life, are apt to treat with sovereign contempt everything that hath been said, or is to be said, upon this subject. It is metaphysic, they say: who minds it? Let scholastic sophisters entangle themselves in their own cobwebs; I am resolved to take my own existence, and the existence of other things, upon trust; and to believe that snow is cold, and honey sweet, whatever they may say to the contrary. He must either be a fool, or want to make a fool of me, that would reason me out of my reason and senses. "I confess I know not what a sceptic can answer to this, nor by what good argument he can plead even for a hearing; for either his reason is sophistry, and so deserves contempt; or there is no truth in human faculties - and then why should we reason? If, therefore, a man find himself intangled in these metaphysical toils, and can find no other way to escape, let him bravely cut the knot which he cannot loose, curse metaphysic, and dissuade every man from meddling with it; for, if I have been led into the bogs and quagmires by following an ''ignis fatuus'', what can I do better than to warn others to beware of it? If philosophy contradicts herself, befools her votaries, and deprives them of every object worthy to be pursued or enjoyed, let her be sent back to the internal regions from which she must have had her original. My argument again. The following formally expressed statements are inconsistent. If (1) some x is a number, then (2) that x was not created. But (3) for all x, God created x, so God created that x. Contradiction. Given this, it doesn't help to say that existentially quantified statements such as (1) don't really express or imply existence, or that (1) has no 'ontogical commitment'. This is irrelevant. Even if (1) is true of some x's to which we have no ontological commitment, it still logically follows that (3) is true of all x's, and so (presumably) is true of x's to which we are not ontologically committed. This is no way out. Azzouni argues that our criterion for existence should be 'ontological independence'. If an object's properties depend wholly upon us (as in the case of fictional objects) then that entity does not exist. If our method for establishing the truth about an object is trivial (as in the case of mathematics) then it is ontologically dependent upon us. Accordingly, mathematical objects do not exist. This does not help with the theological problem above. Even if (1) is true of ontologically dependent objects, there is still a contradiction, because there is nothing to prevent the universal quantifier ranging over such objects. If God created all things, then he made ontologically dependent things. But according to (2) some ontologically dependent things (numbers) are not created. Contradiction. And Azzouni's suggestion creates another problem. I can meaningfully ask whether there are such things as 'ontologically dependent' objects. If yes, then why does Azzouni say that such objects do not exist? If not, in what sense is Azzouni offering any kind of solution at all? More on this later. I haven't got hold of a copy of this book yet, but the next best thing is a review. Three below. Did God create all things? Vlastimil Vohanka has drawn my attention to an article by the American theologian William Lane Craig, which deserves a separate post. Craig, despite the fact he tends to include rather creepy-looking pictures of himself in his published work, is an admirable writer, who generally manages the trick that is essential to good philosophy, of being both clear and difficult at the same time. Here, he raises the question of whether numbers could have been created by God. He says that Christian theology requires us to say that everything that exists apart from God was created by God (John 1:3). But numbers, if they exist, are necessary beings. They thus would seem to exist independently of God. And (simplifying his point somewhat) the number 3 must have existed prior to God’s creating the number 3, which is impossible! "I remember the sense of panic that I felt in my breast when I first heard this objection raised at a philosophy conference in Milwaukee. It seemed to be an absolutely decisive refutation of theism. I didn’t see any way out." First of all, I'm not sure this raises any genuinely theological issues. Craig should have read Augustine, who says (On the Literal Exposition of Genesis IV, c. 7) 'Six is a perfect number, not because God completed all things in six days, but rather, conversely, the reason God completed things in six days, was because that number is perfect, which would be perfect even if those things did not exist'. Moreover the second part of the verse from John which Craig quotes ("Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made") leaves open the possibility that there are some things which weren't made or created at all. In any case, the solution that Craig comes up with does not do the trick. His solution is to propose some half-way house between being a thing of any sort whatever, and being a thing to which we are 'ontologically committed' (a favourite expression of his). Thus he agrees that we can 'quantify over' numbers, i.e. admit that there are such things as numbers, but not admit that numbers 'really exist', or that we are 'ontologically committed' to them. There is a lot I could say about this, including how this is a good example of how pretensions to formal logic completely obscure something that should be quite simple. Here, I will briefly note that this manoeuvre does not resolve the difficulty at all. The first part of John's verse says nothing about real existence, or about 'ontological commitment'. It simply says 'God created all things'. Whether we are ontologically committed to numbers or not, whether they 'really exist' or not, Craig agrees that numbers are things, i.e. that some things (perhaps things that are fictional, or which don't really exist in any strong sense) are numbers. In which case, it logically follows that God created numbers. Ironically, he says that "The existential quantifier simply serves to facilitate logical inferences." Quite. But then logical inference is what guarantees the move from 'God created all things, and some things are numbers' to 'God created numbers', and that is precisely the inference that creates his problem. Note that Craig mentions a book by Jody Azzouni, Deflating Existential Consequence: A Case for Nominalism which I mean to read one day, and which will deserve a post or two when I have. Questions 106-110, Questions 111-114, and Questions 115-119 of Part I of the Summa now available in the Logic Museum. This brings us to the end of the First Part of the work. Only Part II, I and II, and Part III to go. This is the only parallel Latin-English version on the Internet. Also the only complete one. There are a number of missing bits of the internet versions currently available. I am translating Scotus' questions on Aristotle's On Interpretation (the Peryhermenias) and have reached the part where he discusses the problem of future contingents. Scotus' take on this is interesting and I will discuss it in a future post. Meanwhile I am reading around the subject. I dusted off Gilbert Ryle's Dilemmas, which was one of the first philosophy books I read, a discussion by Prior in a paper called 'It was to be', and older discussions by Boethius, Abelard. Today it is Aquinas. He writes (in his commentary on the Peryhermenias, I l 15. n2). I.e. everything that is the case, is necessarily the case, when it is the case. This is because (he argues) it is impossible that the same thing should be the case, and not be the case at the same time. At first sight his argument seems absurd. It is sunny now. Might it not be sunny now? Of course. And this doesn't involve supposing a contradiction, because although 'it is sunny' is true now, to suppose that it were not sunny now involves supposing that 'it is sunny' is not true now. So no contradiction is involved. Aquinas seems to be confusing the possibility of its being p, but being possibly not-p, i.e. which does not involve a contradiction, with the possibility of being p and not-p, i.e. which does involve a contradiction. Or does he mean something else? Is he denying the sort of 'instantaneous counterfactual' that we take for granted in modern philosophy? In everyday life, we take it for granted that the realisation of any possibility takes time. Might it not be sunny? Only if the clouds pass in front of the sun. But when the clouds pass in front of the sun, it will not be now, and the qualification 'when it is sunny' no longer applies. Time must pass in order to realise the possibility. Perhaps this is the meaning of Aquinas qualification 'when it is p' (quando est). This would be consistent with Augustine's view that God cannot change the past, because would be to turn what was the case, into what wasn't the case. For the same reason, he cannot change the present. For if it took take time to do that, it would no longer be the present. If it did not, this would be turning what is the case, into what isn't. See The Frozen Past. (A) The earth was created around 6,000 years ago. (B) According to the Bible, the earth was created around 6,000 years ago. Fundamentalists will say that (A) is true, non-fundamentalists that it is false. But both agree, indeed everyone who is familiar with the Bible agrees, that (B) is true. According to the Bible, the earth was created at a certain point in human history. In this case, no one is tempted to say that the Bible is about some parallel Biblical world, such that all the statements in the Bible are by their nature true of that parallel world. On the contrary, both fundamentalists and non-fundamentalists agree that the statements in the Bible are about our world, and that (B) is not a statement about some Bible-world, but about what the Bible says. Given the existentially conservative explanation works in this case, what reason is there to suppose it should not work in the case of fiction? Tanas objects: “Not sure I understand what existential conservativism would amount to. Wouldn't you agree that there is a detective in A.C.Doyle' stories?”. Agreed. A classic problem for theories of fiction, particularly ‘existentially conservative’ ones, is to explain how there can be true statements such as ‘Sherlock Holmes was a detective’. So we agree up to this point. We disagree, I imagine, on the explanation of these qualifying statements. According to the conservative, the logical form of ‘According to S, p’ is ‘S says that p’. This can be true, even though p is false, for we are truly reporting that someone (or some story says) that p, not reporting that p itself. Thus ‘Sherlock Holmes is a detective’ is false without qualification. In a qualified sense, i.e. as meaning ‘According to the Holmes stories, Holmes is a detective’ it is true. Similarly ‘There are such things as hobbits’ is false, without further qualification. Taken as meaning ‘In Tolkien’s world’, or ‘According to Tolkien’ it is true. According to existential liberals, on the other hand, the qualifying phrase directs us to a story-world or fictional universe, which really exists, in some sense, and which the story is truly about. Thus ‘there are hobbits in Tolkien’s world’ says of a really existing, but parallel fictional world described by Tolkien, a race of creatures called hobbits exist. Who is right? According to the conservative, there is no argument evidence or evidence to support the existence of fictional worlds or fictional creatures or people, beyond the need of explaining the truth of statements like ‘Hobbits have furry feet’ or ‘Holmes was a detective’. But given we can explain the truth of such statements in terms of ‘S says that p’, which does not require the positing of an extra universe of things, we should prefer the more conservative explanation, which does not multiply things according to the multiplicity of terms. Or so the original Ockham would have argued. By extraordinary coincidence, if it is that, Peter Smith is dealing with a very similar issue here. Here Ockham discusses a view he seems to favour. An intention of the soul, or a concept or affection of the soul is nothing other than a predicable or 'subjectible' in a proposition in the mind, to which there corresponds a predicable or subjectible in utterance, and, generally, affections of the soul, whether intentions of the soul or concepts, are propositions in the mind, or syllogisms, or parts of them. These mental terms and propositions are 'effigies' or 'fictions'. They are not true qualities of the mind, and are not real beings existing subjectively in it, but they are certain things thought by the mind whose being is nothing other than being thought. They exist in the sense that a building designed by an architect really exists, which exists in virtue of being designed or made-up, and so does not exist in reality. This made-up thing can also be called an 'intention', because it is not real, and has intentional being, i.e. being thought of in the soul. The view is not entirely clear. If a thing has being by being thought, is this not a kind of being? But what kind of being? Ockham himself notes the difficulty of supposing that anything can be understood by us, which does not exist in reality, nor any part of it, and which is neither a substance nor a property of anything. Brandon (who has an excellent and praiseworthy internet residence called Siris) asks whether "Does writing [a fiction about a planet) miraculously create a fictional object the size of Jupiter?" should not really be "Does this describe a fictional miraculously created object the size of Jupiter?" A good and Brandonesque objection. Well, the question is whether fictional statements (as opposed to merely false ones) 'bestow' properties on fictional objects. If so fictional statements have to be true. (1) The statement that A is B 'bestows' B upon the fictional A, according to the theory. (2) So A now has B. (3) Since the fictional statement 'A is B' now corresponds to the fictional reality, the statement 'A is B' is true as a result. This raises the question of when the fictional A begins to exist. I suppose it could coherently be held that A always existed, because the author was going to write about A, but that doesn't altogether make sense. What if the world were to turn out otherwise? What happens to the fictional object in a possible world where no one wrote about 'it'? More plausible (plausibility being relative) is that the fictional object is created just as soon as I talk or write about it. It doesn't possess any properties until I 'bestow' them by making the fictional claim. So why shouldn't we suppose that the existence of the object is also bestowed at the point of writing. Another argument for this is that it is absurd for the the object to exist before it has any properties 'bestowed' upon it, so that there exists an object without any properties whatsoever (except perhaps of existence). Another problem is that this view requires existence being a property, so does it possess this property before the author has said that exists, i.e. bestows existence upon it? Questions 103-5 of the Summa in parallel Latin-English now available in the Logic Museum Annex. Here is a blog that I don't follow enough. Cambridge logician Peter Smith reflects on some profound issues on the philosophy of logic and language while drinking wine in Tuscany (how much do they pay him?). In this post he makes two points close to my heart. 1) Formal languages don't magically do what ordinary language can't do: they just do ordinary things like use singular terms and quantify in tidier ways. 2) We can't first pick out a class of genuine objects and then locate the genuine singular terms as those that refer to them: it goes the other way about. Yes. The second point in particular makes a point that divides the philosophers of language from the metaphysicians - a shame Vallicella is in his self-imposed temporary exile. Metaphysically-inclined types will want to look for and investigate 'objects' first. Analytic types will investigate the language by which we talk about objects. But this still leaves us with the problem of empty names. Signifying follows understanding, as the medievals said: significare sequitur intelligere. And it seems we can understand empty names, so why don't they signify? My understanding of 'Noah' is just the same whether or not 'Noah' refers to an existing person, or not. And 'Noah' seems a 'genuine singular term' in Smith's sense. But there may be no corresponding object. We could resolve the difficulty by dropping or modifying (1). Perhaps empty names are not those items of ordinary language that we can 'tidy up' using the formal apparatus of constants and quantifiers. But that goes against the spirit of it. Formal language doesn't magically do what ordinary language can't. It is, literally 'formal'. It captures the 'form', literally the figure, that is characteristic of certain propositions and arguments. There is a difficulty with this that I don't altogether see how to resolve. David Brightly writes: "'Hamlet kills Polonious' is analyzed into the conjunctive sentence 'Hamlet exists &Hamlet kills Polonious.' Something that has been puzzling me is how this doesn't run foul of an infinite regress. Can you explain how interpretation of the second, inner 'Hamlet kills Polonius' differs from that of the first, outer instance, so that this doesn't happen?" E x, x = Hamlet and x kills Polonius. I don't think either is quite right. My position would be that a proper name, which tells us who the predicate applies to,adds a little bit of information to the word 'someone', which doesn't tell us who the predicate applies to. I.e. 'Someone kills Polonius' asserts the existence of a Polonius-killer. Then we can add a bit of information to the 'someone' by turning it into a proper name, as though the proper name were a sort of adjective. I.e. Thus there is only one proposition, not two, and we avoid the regress. This raises the difficulty of exactly how a proper name can function as an adjective, logically speaking. More later, possibly.

2019-04-21T02:16:16Z

http://ocham.blogspot.com/2008/06/

originally posted May 21, 2008. Reposted in 2015. Last weekend I went through the pantry and put like items together. Since I had helpers, it took a really long time, and it sort of looks the same way it did when I started, but I now have a pretty good idea of our inventory. We have a surplus of garbanzo beans. I've never made falafels before, but figured if it didn't work out, at least I'd have a nice story to tell. But it worked! I am ecstatic to have a new meal to put in our repertoire--a light and healthy dinner to have on a warm evening. Take a deep breath. It looks like there are a lot of ingredients, but this comes together awfully quick. I seriously only spent 25 minutes from start to finish. The hardest part was getting all the spice bottles arranged for the photo. Drain garbanzo beans. Dump them into a mixing bowl and smash them with a fork. Set aside. Get out your blender or food processor (I used our vitamix. I love that thing!). Blend together all of the spices, the onion, the garlic, the egg, and the lemon juice. Pour on top of your smashed garbanzo beans. Use your fork to mix together, and add the breadcrumbs slowly until the mixture is wet and sticky but can be formed into balls nicely. I needed 3/4 of a cup of breadcrumbs. Pour 2 T of olive oil into the bottom of your crockpot stoneware insert. Form squished golf-ball sized patties of falafel. Dip each side into the olive oil and then nestle into your crockpot. It's okay if they overlap or are on top of each other. Serve with yogurt sauce or mayonnaise. I made a quick yogurt sauce with Greek yogurt, celery seed, dill, salt and pepper and lemon juice. These were awesome! I never would have imagined that a delicate falafel would turn out so nicely in a slow cooker. I am thrilled that this worked and even more thrilled that my kids didn't run screaming from the kitchen when I showed them what we were having for dinner. They had plain pasta, but were polite with their "no thank yous." Adam and I ate ours on corn tortillas with lettuce, tomato, and the yougurt sauce. This is enough food for a family of four. We were stuffed. Falafels are filling. When I make these again, I'm going to add a bit more salt and at least double the cayenne pepper. I am assuming that you dip in the oil, then turn so that the other side also gets oil, right? These look very interesting, thanks! Hi Louise--I left the cover all the way on. I was concerned, too, about the soggy-factor, but they did cook well for me. If you find that they are not cooking the way that you like and that there is a lot of condensation on your lid, you can prop it open with a chopstick or wooden spoon. I didn't have to do that, but I also don't live in a very humid part of the country. kimmer, we cross-posted. yup, you assumed correctly! I've never had falafel before, but these look good. What size crockpot did you use? My family, and the words "light and healthy", do not often mix. That needs to change however. I'm going to give these a try. They sound delicious to me. Thanks for going where I would never have dared to go! I love falafel. I HATE to deep fry. Thanks for this recipe. I'm going to have to try it. i don't think i've ever tasted falafel. this sounds good, and i have threeeee tins of garbanzos on the shelf. time to use 'em. thanx for your inspiration. i'm enjoying your crockpotting adventures. I just watched a show on sandwiches across the US (PBS) and they showed a Falafel sandwich that is made in Boston. It looked sooooo good and I have been craving one ever since. Thanks so much for the recipe and the directions. I can't wait to try this. Been checking your blog occasionally for a while now, SOOO excited to do this one, we love Falafels!!! We don't like to fry much so this looks AWESOME, I never make them at home and now I will! This was the clincher recipe for me, I am now a faithful follower of the crockpot lady and will spread the good word! Thanks! Our family had the Balsamic Chicken and Spring Veggies this week and everyone loved it, even picky-girl! You are my hero! Fun blog! I really love my crockpot too. I never would have thought that falafels would work in a crockpot, I'll have to try this one. i am totally making those next week! YUM!! Thanks for this recipe. I've just found your blog and can tell I'll be trying many things. I've just tried the falafel and it is the best ever. Not dried out like my oven baked falafel were and they didn't fall apart and make an oily mess like my stove top fried falafel. This is my new favorite thing. Maria, I wish I knew a better answer other than to give it a try. I truly don't know at all----this was the very first time I have ever made a falafel. I found your blog through Yanks Down Under-- it's great, since moving to Australia I haven't had a crockpot-- but I'm gonna run out and get one this week! I have been making that Sean's falafel recipe from allrecipes for years-- it's the best--I don't use cumin, just flat leaf parsley-- but I cannot believe you can cook them in a slow cooker!! I am going to have to try this asap! Made 'em, they were awesome. Posted on my blog. Thanks bunches! I've never had a really good falafel - they have always been very dry. But since I love garbanzo beans, maybe I'll give your recipe a shot. Aside from that, I'm excited about adding you to my Google Reader and checking out what other fun crock pot recipes you have! I use a slow cooker instead of a crock pot but seems most recipes are interchangeable! I couldn't get mine to make balls, so I made a huge patty. It worked! This sounds SO good; I love that it's in the crock pot! I wonder if it could be altered to exclude the egg somehow. My family and I are Orthodox Christians and I'd love to try this for fasting days. Hi Rachael, the egg kind of acts like a glue to hold the mixture together. I would guess that adding a bit of oil, would work. If you were feeling adventurous, you could try using a bit of gelatin as a binder, also. But I'd probably try it with some added olive oil first. Thanks, I will have to experiment with that! The recipe sounds really yummy, but I have two questions I hope you can help me with. I live in Denmark, we don't have chick-peas in a can here, but only dried chick-peas. Do you know how I might get from dried chick-peas to chick-peas suitable for this? I know I need to soak them for 24 hours and then rinse them, but would I also need to cook them for a bit first? The second question has to do with the crock-pot. Mine only has one setting - low. Would I be able to make the falafel anyway? I LOVE falafel, so I really hope so. you can most certainly turn dry chick peas into cooked, delicious ones! Wash them well, and put them in the crock with a bunch of water. Cook on low until they reach desired tenderness. You may need to add more water, if they plump a lot and the water level looks low. You can add salt while they soften and cook, or add more later in recipes. As for the falafel, crockpots will eventually hit a "high" temperature on a "low" setting--it just takes longer. I'd give it a try, and not peek too often, to keep the heat in. If you have a day that you can play around with the crock, and aren't in a rush, I do believe you falafels will cook just fine. i made this on the weekend and everybody loved them! great idea! they want a repeat soon! I made these today for dinner. I didn't have enough time to cook them in the crock, so I did it with some oil on the stove top. What a pain. I'll use the crock if I make them again. I have a question, though. They seemed sorta strange. They were pretty much like salmon cakes without the salmon. Is that what they're supposed to be like or did I mess them up somehow? I have been reading your blog for a while because I too love my crockpot and because well, your quite funny. Anyway, I FINALLY tried something. I couldn't believe you could make falafel in the CP. I had tried to make homemade falafel and well is was awful falafel (: This, on the other hand was GREAT. I can't wait to make it again. Hi I had a quick question for you. In my family I have a 16 year old son, a 12 year old daughter, and my husband. I was just wondering what size crock pot you use in your reciepes. (We have a 3 1/2 quart one, but yours seems alot bigger) Thanks! I am so excited to make these! I love garbanzo beans, and somehow I always have a surplus too. p.s. did I just see you on Rachael Ray the other day? Cooking these tomorrow - I premade them tonight so I can just toss them in in the morning. Can they go all day on low, or is the high necessary to get the browning? Thanks, I cannot wait to try them! I'm scared to tell you one way or another, because I truly don't know. I'm so sorry. I've got it in the crockpot on low as we speak, all day... so here's for hoping! I'll let you know how the falafel turns out. I also made the patties last night and put them in the fridge in saran until this morning. Cooking on low all day was fine! Not sure if it would have been crispier on the outside if it had been high for half the day, but they were yummy and everyone loved them. thanks for the recipe! Looking forward to trying more. Not that I don't believe you, but I am skeptical. I am going to have to try this. I fry my falafel and it's a major pain in the patootey. Crock Pot Women Of the Year!! Yippy I love getting a new recipe every day, it also has inspired me to cook more.. hehe.. My question is this, what is the soneware insert you talk about in this recipe? Hi Cathy, it's the part of the crockpot that you put the food in. It's made of thick stoneware, and if your crock is newer than the ones that came out in the 70s, the stoneware comes out for ease in cleaning. Steph, thanks so much for posting your adventures this year. I found your site via a link for the eggplant 'parmesan' with feta and quickly got hooked! This recipe for falafel, though, is by far the most unique use of a crockpot I think. I made a double batch of them (& more like squashed ping pong ball size) as an appetizer when family we had never met (can we say "stress!") came to visit last week. They were such a hit, there were only a couple left over for a falafel pita sandwich the next day--yum! I'm taking another batch to a new-year's eve party tonight. Oh, When I took them out of the crock last time, some of them seemed firm, but not really 'crunchy' like falafels that are fried, so I arranged them on the grate in the toaster oven & toasted for a minute or so before putting them on a serving platter. YUM! That is amazing that you made falafels in the crockpot. I just got back from my first trip to Israel and have been craving them since. I will definitely be trying these out. Thanks! Made these tonight and they ROCKED. Way better than deep fried and really easy! Thanks! These are pretty much amazing. Loves it! I have to drive into town to maybe find a boxed mix for this and I love it. I keep Garbanzos in the cupboard all the time. Like you, it never occured to me. I just happened to be looking at the directions for my Rival crockpot recently, and it says that there is no direct heating on the bottom, that it is on the sides. It says to fill up the crockpot at least half full or else the cooking time will be longer. I'm sure flipping the falafels makes a little bit of difference since there is still indirect heat on the bottom, but then there is indirect heating through the air too. Just made these - yum!! Try serving in whole wheat pitas, with hummus, tahini (the ready to eat kind, not the thick paste in a jar), small sour pickle bits, and Israeli salad (diced kirby cucumbers, tomatoes, maybe onions, dressed with olive oil, lemon juice, salt, pepper, and maybe zaatar to taste). Amazing! People couldn't believe that I made them in the crockpot! I loooove this! I'm a huge falafel fan, but like many others hate the frying involved. For me, falafel sauce just isn't right unless it has tahini in it. The toasted kind, not the raw kind. It's been a long time since I made it, but I'm pretty sure yogurt, tahini, a bit of honey and a bit of garlic, salt to taste. I'm so glad you are continuing to cook and post, since I found you near the end of your year. I made these last night, they were SO good! The best falafel I've ever had! I didn't use a crock pot, I just fried them in olive oil on the stove for a few minutes each side. I also only had Italian seasoned bread crumbs, so I didn't put in any spices, and it worked out great! Thanks for an awesome recipe! I made these the other night and they turned out really good. I let them cook a little long and they were pretty browned, but still tasty. The homemade yogurt sauce is a must though. I used plain yogurt, (I let it strain a bit so it wouldn't be runny), shredded and finely diced cucumber (salted and let strain also to get water out), pepper, 1 tsp. lemon juice, 1 tsp. olive oil. Fantastic. I'm glad I found this recipe. I knew you had posted a falafel recipe, but when I did a search on the site for "falafel" it didn't come. I also checked under the label "beans" but it wasn't there either. Finally a google search found it. Yea! This is what I'm going to make for dinner tomorrow. I'm also going to make a batch of refried beans in the other crockpot so we'll have lots of vegetarian options for the next while. These were so great! My 2yr old loved them, as did my husband. I ended up putting the beans in the food processor to get a finer texture. Next time I'm going to make a double batch to freeze! I didn't have any eggs in the house, so I tried just using moistened bread crumbs as the binder. That was a disaster and the patties had all melted into a big pile in the bottom of my crockpot. I turned it off, let them cool, shaped into patties (again!) and baked them in the oven. Turned out fine in the end, but I won't try without the egg again! I realize you posted this recipe ages ago now, but I wanted to thank you for posting it anyway! I'm new to crock potting (and fairly new to cooking in general, as a recent college grad) and your website has been so helpful. I made these falafels tonight and they were SO good - just like everything I've made from your blog! I'm working full time and in graduate school full time, and thanks to your yummy recipes there is always something delicious for my boyfriend and I to come home to. So thank you, I love your site! i seriously can't wait to try these! I was dying to try these after totally living on fab falafels my entire trip to egypt (nothing else was edible). They were always super-crispy outside and soft and spiced inside. This recipe tasted good, although i added much more spice, lemon juice and fresh coriander than called for. Disappointingly, they weren't at all crispy, even though i had them on at least 5hrs on high! They did brown, but almost all fell apart removing them from the pot. We had them on pitas, served with salad, home made tzatziki, and tomatoes...i missed the pickled veg that you get with them in egypt. Will I make them again? Maybe...but will try frying/baking as opposed to the crockpot way...too bad! This was ok. I will attempt to make it again because I love falafel. I think I made the dough a bit to thick so it was hard to cook nicely and eventually dried out. But overall the flavor and the smell were spot on. This was the most amazing recipe I have tried in months! So easy, and the results were spectacular. Mine cooked for about 3 1/2 hours at high, were nicely browned and a little crispy, and so tasty! I used a little extra garlic, but otherwise stayed true to the recipe. I think next time I will use fresh parsley and even more garlic, but really, you don't need to alter the recipe in the least to get wonderful results. Thank you so much for this, it will become a staple in our house. I love Felafel and am going to make your recipe this week. I think I'll do what Caroline suggested and put the beans in the food processor first to make the texture smoother and more appealing to kids. Thanks for sharing! I've never had felafel, but your recipe is interesting and the following comments made me want to try it - along with wanting to check out your site for more great recipes. I love using the crockpot, but most recipes come out looking so similar with a lot of liquid, meat, and vegetables pretty much the same color. I am excited to try something different. I usually make falafel in the oven, with way fewer ingredients than this, but i thought i'd give this a try. I was extremely disappointed. After 2 hours on high, i was getting so much condensation on the lid that i propped it open with a wooden spoon. 2 hours later, the ones near the outside were burned halfway through, and the ones in the middle were hardly browned at all. Terrible. Makes more sense to just cook them at 425 for 10 minutes than babysit the crockpot all afternoon. Certainly did not make my life easier. I am so bummed. I was really super excited to make these falafels, and whipped up a double batch for us and a neighbor who just had surgery. Problem is, while I followed the reciped to the letter (aside from adding an extra clove of garlic) and cooked it on high for 5 hours, they were just mush. Perhaps it was b/c I tried to do a double batch? @MamaCheetah, I'm bummed too. I'm so sorry you had this experience. I'm not sure exactly what happened, but it sounds like they just never "baked" enough to form correctly. I don't know if it was because it was a double batch, or because too much moisture was trapped in the pot--I really can't say without seeing it firsthand, but I'm terribly sorry for the food waste, and for your friend's surgery. I hope she's healing nicely even though the falafel was a bust. Stephanie, I forgot to add that I did indeed rescue the falafel by digging it out of the crockpot, reshaping it and putting it in the oven for 10 mins. Made some cucumber yogurt sauce, sliced some cukes, tomatoes and lettuce, and served it to my grateful friend & her family with pita (they can eat gluten - lucky family) and dolmas. I think I may try one more time with a single batch. Thanks for your words - she's healing, and has a great attitude. I think the outcome of this recipe really depends on your crock. If your crock tends to cook unevenly, this recipe will not work for the whole batch, even though the ingredient mix is spot-on. I checked often and stopped when the most done ones were super crisp. Those were excellent, but over half was still gloppy and underdone. I'm going to use the same ingredient mix and try baking/broiling next time. Ingenious slow cooker idea -- I HATE frying falafel and I'm happy that the crock version worked for some! I vegan-ized these for dinner a few nights ago. They come together fine without the egg. Delicious! In other news, my husband just came back from being in Israel for a week, and he actually didn't get to eat any falafel. So he requested that I make them tonight! These turned out great! I'm usually not a huge cook and manage to have things not quite turn out right, but they were good! I added the extra cayenne pepper and it has a nice spice to it. Cooked it for my boyfriend and our friends-- they all loved it! I can't tell you how much I am enjoying your blog. You are truly my favorite. Every recipe I have tried of yours is so fun! The falafels are my absolute fave so far. Love your humor. Thanks for paving the way for so many creative dishes in the crockpot! You have gotten me out of more cooking ruts than I can count! I love Falafel, hate frying them and love my slow cooker so I'm really happy to have found this recipe. I've made this at least a dozen times but there is one point that I would like to clear up. If I want to use flour or oat brand or wheat germ instead of bread crumbs - what would be the correct amounts for each of the above. Also, as I don't have a slow cooker and always bake them in a regular oven, can you tell me at how many degrees and how long would you suggest. I've been playing with your falafel recipe (amazing!)and discovered that my 2-quart baby pot doesn't work for them. There must be a law of diminishing returns when it comes to how thickly these can be stacked in the pot--mine were much more successful in a larger pot where they only had to be overlapped a tiny bit instead of stacked. And you may have said this on prior occasions (I'm new here), but I see an enormous difference in the varying brands of crockpots. Some people criticize my brand of baby pot for overheating, and I agree that the high setting is pretty doggone hot for a slow cooker, though the low is fine. I'll try the falafel again in it on low and report back. Thanks for all you do! You've changed my life! I have been reading your vegetarian crockpot recipes for some time but never left a comment. When I saw falafel recipe using crockpot I had write something. ! Never thought of doing this. You gave me idea about many Indian recipes to make in crockpot that usually needs frying. Thank you for sharing. Please do visit my blog when you get chance. I share Indian recipes using crockpot on my blog. I made this recipe a few days ago and it was really good! I followed the recipe with the exception of using Panko for the breading. My patties cooked a little uneven - some were a lot browner than others, but it didn't matter in the end as I wound up smashing them all later to make sandwiches. I served these wrapped in a flour tortilla with homemade tzatziki, tomato, and romaine lettuce. Delicious!

2019-04-19T02:24:22Z

https://www.ayearofslowcooking.com/2008/05/crockpot-falafel-recipe.html?showComment=1243924990618

Minutes of a meeting held on 16th January, 2017. Present: Councillor H.C. Hamilton (Vice-Chairman in the Chair); Councillors G.A. Cox, Mrs. P. Drake, K. Hatton, Mrs. A. Moore, N. Moore, Mrs. A.J. Preston, Ms. R.F. Probert and R.P. Thomas and C.J. Williams. Prior to the commencement of the meeting, the Vice-Chairman took the Chair for the duration of the meeting. RESOLVED – T H A T, the minutes of the meeting held on 6th December, 2016 be approved as a correct record. Committee received a report to consider a request by Mr. Terrence Gape to be exempt from the requirement to display a licence plate and door stickers on his Private Hire Vehicle. On 9th November, 2016, Mr. Gape made an application for a Private Hire Vehicle Licence in respect of his vehicle, a Mercedes Benz S350 registration CE62 DVL, first registered on 1st September, 2012. Having previously made enquiries regarding the requirement for door stickers and plates to be attached to his vehicle, Mr. Gape accompanied his application with a written request to have an exemption from these conditions considered by the Licensing Committee. A copy of the request was attached at Appendix A to the report. Mr. Gape advised officers that his business model was to offer an executive hire operation, rather than the traditional private hire business where the public expect a liveried vehicle. On 5th December, 2016 the Licensing Section received a letter in support of Mr. Gape's request. A copy of the letter was attached at Appendix B to the report. The Committee was advised that current private hire legislation did not distinguish between the different types of business model and standard conditions relating to displaying a plate and door stickers apply to all vehicle licences. This was in order to ensure public safety. While awaiting the determination of this matter, Mr. Gape had not had the vehicle tested for compliance. However, should his request be approved, he would be required to produce a satisfactory test certificate from the Alps Depot prior to the issue of the Private Hire Vehicle Licence. Section 48(6) of the Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1976 requires that a plate be issued in relation to, and displayed on, all licensed Private Hire Vehicles. Section 75(3) of the Act provides the Council with the power to issue a notice to a proprietor of a vehicle licensed under Section 48 to exempt them from the requirement to display a licence plate on the vehicle. When the vehicle is being used under a contract for a period of 24 hours or more. Condition number 8 of the Vale of Glamorgan Conditions for Private Hire Vehicles requires that the licence plate is permanently affixed to the outer rear of the vehicle’s bodywork or to the rear bumper with the fixing kit supplied. Condition number 9 of the Vale of Glamorgan Conditions for Private Hire Vehicles states that identification door stickers should be fixed to each of the vehicle's front doors by their adhesive backing. The Licensing Team Leader informed the Committee that Mr. Gape had been advised that he should not take out the Private Hire Vehicle Licence, until he had been issued with a satisfactory test certificate. Mr. Gape was given the opportunity to make his representations to Committee. He introduced his friend, Mr. Davies, who he requested speak on his behalf. Mr. Davies advised that Mr. Gape had not yet applied for the licence, but had paid the licence fee in advance. He further advised that Mr. Gape wanted to run a chauffeur service. He drew the Committee’s attention to a previous exemption application, granted by the Committee in 2015. Mr. Davies was of the view that all of these types of applications should be treated in the same way. Mr. Davies advised that Mr. Gape was of sound and honest character, and had been self-employed all his life. He wanted to provide an executive chauffeur service for clients travelling between South Wales and London. Mr. Davies informed the Committee that the business would not operate solely in the Vale of Glamorgan, but that Mr. Gape had applied for the licence in the Vale of Glamorgan. Mr. Gape had bought a Mercedes S Class, which had been thoroughly serviced by Mercedes Benz. Mr. Gape had gone through a private medical, passed his Hackney Carriage assessment, was in receipt of an enhanced DBS check and had set the company up as a limited company. Mr. Davies referred the Committee to a letter of support attached to the report at Appendix B, and advised the Committee that the letter explained why clients would use Mr. Gape’s chauffeur service. Mr. Davies also informed the Committee that Mr. Gape had applied for membership of the British Chauffeur Guild, and if he was granted an exemption he would work strictly within the parameters of the exemption. Mr. Davies referred to an example of the service provided by Mr. Gape to a private client and stated that he offered a very safe and structured service for his clients. Mr. Davies made reference to a decision of the Committee in 2015, that a report be brought to a future meeting of the Committee, which proposed standard conditions for the granting of private hire vehicle licences for executive hire cars. In his opinion this would be a good idea as there may be similar requests received in the future. In summing up, Mr. Davies advised that Mr. Gape’s would be no danger to public safety and requested that Committee grant the application. Mr. Thomas, Chairman of the Vale of Glamorgan Taxi Association, was provided with the opportunity to address the Committee. He advised that he had asked that the Committee treat all of these applications the same; and that something should be put in place in order to ensure this happened in the future. Mr. Davies advised that he had looked at other Local Authorities in relation to Section 75 of the Act and felt Wrexham and Bedford Councils to be particularly helpful. The Vice-Chairman asked Mr. Gape whether he felt he had been given the opportunity to say all he wanted in support of his application, and he confirmed that he felt that he had. A Member asked for clarification that Mr. Gape would only be providing a chauffeur service, and no other type of taxi service. Mr. Gape confirmed that he would only be providing a chauffeur service. (1) T H A T Mr. Gape’s request for exemption from Conditions 8 and 9 of the Vale of Glamorgan Conditions for Private Hire Vehicle Licences in respect of Mercedes Benz S350, registration CE62 DVL be granted. (2) T H A T a report be brought to a future meeting of the Committee proposing standard conditions for the granting of Private Hire Vehicle Licences for Executive Hire Cars. (1) Having regard to the merits of the application. (2) In the event of similar requests being received. The Committee considered a report to determine whether or not W. remained a fit and proper person to hold Vale of Glamorgan Hackney Carriage and Private Hire Vehicle Driver Licences. W. was present at the meeting and was accompanied by a representative, T. Prior to consideration of the report, W. and their representative T., were asked to identify themselves. W. confirmed that they had received the report and read the contents. The Legal Officer advised as to the procedure to be followed during the meeting. In presenting the report, the Senior Licensing Enforcement Officer advised that when W. made an application to renew their licence on 3rd October, 2014, they declared that their DVLA Driving Licence had been endorsed with three penalty points for speeding in January 2014. There was no record of W. informing the Licensing Authority of the conviction within the required period, and as a result W. was issued with a written warning regarding the breach of condition. A copy of the letter was attached at Appendix A to the report. This letter referred to a previous warning in regard to W. failing to inform the Licensing Authority of a change of address in 2011. When W. made an application to renew their licences on 7th October, 2015, they declared that they had two speeding convictions, and their DVLA Driving Licence had been endorsed with a further three penalty points in April 2015. Again, there was no record of W. informing the Licensing Authority of the conviction within the required period, and as a result W. was issued with another written warning regarding the breach of condition. A copy of this letter was attached at Appendix B to the report. When W. made application to renew their Licences on 7th October, 2016, at Section 8b on the application form, where applicants were asked to declare any cautions or convictions, W. simply wrote “2015 Speeding”. The online record of W.’s DVLA Driving Licence showed that W. received a further three penalty points in January 2016, bringing the total number of points on their licence to nine. All the points were for SP30 offences. Again, there was no record of W. informing the Licensing Authority of the conviction within the required period. The Vice-Chairman provided W. with an opportunity to make representations to the Committee. In making their representations, W. advised that they took responsibility for not reporting the speeding convictions, and advised that they had genuinely forgotten to report them to the Licensing Authority. W.’s representative, T., advised the Committee that he had advised W. to inform the Licensing Authority on three occasions, however W. had forgotten. W. was not a bad person and was well thought of as a taxi driver. T. informed the Committee that one of the speeding offences was coming off W.’s licence the next day, and they were surprised that W. had so many speeding offences as, in his opinion, W. was not that type of driver. W. was a nice person, polite to customers and customers appreciated his manner. T. advised the Committee that W. had bought a new car five months ago, with three year’s finance, and if W. lost their badge it would be a real financial hardship for them. T. advised that W. knew it was their fault and asked that they be given one last chance with the sternest warning. A Member asked that it be confirmed that three of the penalty points were to be removed from W.’s licence the next day, and T. confirmed this was the case, therefore there would be six points left on W.’s licence. The Vice-Chairman asked W. to confirm that they had been given the opportunity to say all they wanted to the Committee and W. confirmed that they had. W., their representative T., and the Senior Licensing Enforcement Officer vacated the room, in order that the Committee could deliberate in private. Following discussion on the matter, all parties were invited back into the room for the decision. RESOLVED – T H A T W. be issued with a final written warning letter which would advised W. that it was their responsibility to report to the Licensing Authority any fines or offences. The Vice-Chairman made it clear that this was a final chance for W. to demonstrate that they took their responsibilities seriously and to take heed of what would be in the letter as this was their final warning. The Committee had considered the report and representations made at the hearing and had raised concerns in regard to W. not reporting the speeding offences. The Committee felt that a final written warning was sufficient, and that the letter must make it clear to W. the importance of reporting any fines or offences to the Licensing Authority. The Committee received a report to determine whether or not M. remained a fit and proper person to hold Vale of Glamorgan Hackney Carriage and Private Hire Vehicle Driver Licences. M. was present at the meeting and was accompanied by their employer. Prior to consideration of the report, M. and their employer, were asked to identify themselves. M. confirmed that they had received the report and read the contents. The Legal Officer advised as to the procedure to be followed during the meeting. In presenting the report, the Senior Licensing Enforcement Officer informed the Committee that M. had been a licensed Hackney Carriage and Private Hire Vehicle driver since 4th November, 2014. M. had submitted an application to renew their licences on 31st October, 2016, and a copy of this application was attached at Appendix A to the report. At section 8 of the application form M. was asked to disclose all previous convictions, cautions, fixed penalty notices, warnings and / or other penalty notices, regardless of whether they were deemed spent or not and regardless of the age of the conviction. M. recorded “no” as their answer on the form. Committee was advised that the Licensing Committee had resolved on 2nd October, 2012, that assistance was to be given to the understanding of the declaration of convictions on the application form. An officer now reads out the declaration to the applicant before they sign the application form. The statement reads “I declare to the best of my knowledge and belief that I have disclosed all previous Convictions, Cautions, Fixed Penalty Notices, Warnings and / or any other Penalty Notices, regardless of the age of conviction. I declare to the best of my knowledge and belief the above information is correct. I understand that if I knowingly or recklessly make a false statement or omission I render myself liable to prosecution and my licence may be suspended or revoked.” M. had signed their application form to confirm that this declaration was read out to them by an Officer of the Council. On 14th November, 2016, the Licensing Section received information suggesting that M. had received a Police Caution. On 14th November, 2016 South Wales Police confirmed that M. had received a caution for common assault. On 13th December, 2016 South Wales Police confirmed that the caution was given on 18th May, 2016. On 29th November, 2016 M. attended the Civic Offices for an informal interview regarding their failure to declare the caution. M. agreed to submit an application for a new DBS certificate, as the Licensing Section could not be satisfied with the validity of the current DBS certificate due to M.’s failure to declare their caution. At the Committee meeting M. confirmed that they had submitted a new DBS to the Licensing Section. The Licensing Team Leader confirmed that this had been received, and read from the DBS disclosure, which stated that M. had received a caution for battery on 18th May, 2016. M. was required to bring evidence of their identity and address in order to submit an application for a DBS certificate. M. submitted a letter from HMCTS Wales Fixed Penalty Office. This letter was in relation to a “failure to comply with a red traffic signal / lane closure light signals – automatic equipment” on 18th September, 2016. M. had not informed the Licensing Section of this penalty. The Vice-Chairman provided M. with the opportunity to make their representations to the Committee. M. made reference to the incident that resulted in the conviction listed on their DBS disclosure and explained that they had been experiencing longstanding personal issues involving their daughter. M. provided the Committee with the background to the incident. They had looked after their grandson for six years since the age of 4. M. expressed concern that if their licence was revoked, they would be unable to provide for their grandson, which was their main concern. M. advised that they were not a violent person, they were hard working and had never been in trouble with the Police prior to this incident. M. was accompanied by their employer, who was provided with the opportunity to address the Committee; and they advised that M. was a good, honest person and what M. had advised the Committee was true. A Member asked when the DBS certificate was returned to the Licensing Authority and it was confirmed that it had been received on 22nd December, 2016. Another Member asked about the issue of the caution for the red light. M. advised the Committee that they did not realise that they had to report this to the Licensing Authority and if they had been aware of this, they would have done so. The Vice-Chairman asked M. whether they had been given the opportunity to make all the representations that they wished to make and M. responded by reiterating that if their badge was taken off them they were too old to find other employment and would not be able to support their grandson. M., their employer and the Senior Licensing Enforcement Officer vacated the room in order that the Committee could deliberate in private. Following consideration of the matter, all parties were invited back into the room to be given the decision of the Committee. RESOLVED – T H A T M. be issued with a warning letter which was to state that M. had a responsibility to fill out any forms correctly, and ensure that any declarations made on these forms were made correctly. Furthermore, it was M.’s responsibility to keep the Licensing Authority fully up to date in terms of any offences. The Committee took into account the report and representations made by M. at the Committee and wanted to ensure that M. was fully aware of their responsibility to complete forms correctly and inform the Licensing Authority of any offences as necessary. The Committee received a report to determine whether or not B was a fit and proper person to hold Vale of Glamorgan Hackney Carriage and Private Hire Vehicle Licences. Prior to consideration of the report, the Vice-Chairman asked B. and their representative, T., to identify themselves. The Legal Officer advised as to the procedure to be followed during the meeting, and asked B. to confirm that they had received and read the report. B. advised that they had not seen the report, and the Licensing Team Leader confirmed it had been sent to B. on 11th January 2017. After checking their paperwork, B. confirmed that they had received and read the report. In presenting the report, the Senior Licensing Enforcement Officer clarified that the application was for a grant of licence, not in relation to the possible revocation of a licence. B. had submitted an application for the grant of Hackney Carriage and Private Hire Vehicle Driver Licences on 27th October, 2016. A copy of the application form was attached at Appendix A to the report. At section 8 of the application form, B. was asked to disclose all previous convictions, cautions, fixed penalty notices, warnings and / or other penalty notices regardless of whether they were deemed spent or not and regardless of the age of the conviction. B. recorded 'None' as their answer. It was resolved at the Licensing Committee hearing of 2nd October, 2012 that assistance be given to the understanding of the declaration of convictions on the application form. An officer now reads out the declaration to the applicant before they sign the application form. The statement reads “I declare to the best of my knowledge and belief that I have disclosed all previous Convictions, Cautions, Fixed Penalty Notices, Warnings and/or any other Penalty Notices, regardless of the age of conviction. I declare to the best of my knowledge and belief the above information is correct. I understand that if I knowingly or recklessly make a false statement or omission I render myself liable to prosecution and my licence may be suspended or revoked.” B. had signed their application form to confirm that this declaration was read out to them by an Officer of the Council. On 21st November, 2016, B. produced their DBS certificate. The disclosure certificate contained matters not disclosed by B. on their application form. A Licensing Officer read out the DBS disclosure for Members' attention. There were three convictions dating from 2001 on the DBS disclosure, one in February 2001 and two in May 2005. The conviction in 2001 related to damage to and destruction of property and the two convictions in 2005 related to theft and obtaining property by deception. B. advised that they could not recall the two convictions from 2005 on their DBS disclosure. The Senior Licensing Enforcement Officer asked whether B. had contacted the DBS in relation to this matter, and B. advised that they had not, the Licensing Team Leader asked B. whether they had read the DBS disclosure when they received it and B. advised that they had, however, they thought that the Licensing Authority would have more information in relation to these matters. The Senior Licensing Enforcement Officer advised that the Licensing Authority could contact South Wales Police in regard to the two offences to get more information providing that B. gave their permission to do this, or B. could contact the DBS and ask for further information and clarification. The Legal Officer advised that the Committee would be unable to determine the application in terms of the fitness and propriety test as clarification was required on this matter. The Vice-Chairman reiterated that the Committee was unable to determine the application due to this issue and that B. would need to contact the DBS to get more information; furthermore, it was imperative that B. kept the Licensing Authority informed in relation to this issue. RESOLVED – T H A T the matter be deferred to a future meeting of the Committee. In order that B. could contact the DBS to obtain more information in relation to the convictions on their DBS disclosure.

2019-04-26T08:47:55Z

https://www.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk/en/our_council/Council-Structure/minutes,_agendas_and_reports/minutes/Licensing-Public-Protection/2017/17-01-16.aspx

Background and Aim: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is associated with increased oxidative stress and its related complications. The phenolic components of mulberry (Morus nigra L.) leave have antioxidant components that can modulate oxidative stress. In this study, the beneficial effects of mulberry leaves extract were assessed in diabetic nephropathy and liver cells damage. Materials and Methods: Diabetes induced by high-fat diet and injection of 35 mg/kgBW Streptozotocin (STZ). Forty-four male wistar rats were divided into four groups: healthy control, non-treated, glibenclamide-treated, and extract-treated. The extract-treated group was treated with mulberry leaf extract for 4 weeks. At the end of treatment, kidney, liver and blood samples were collected to assay the biochemical analysis including fasting blood glucose level, albumin, creatinine, urea and uric acid concentrations, white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit and histological evaluation. Results: Fasting blood glucose, creatinine, urea and uric acid were significantly in low levels in extract-treated group compared with the non-treated diabetic rats (p<0.001, p=0.03, p=0.009, and p=0.002; respectively). White blood cells level was low level (p<0.001) and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were higher in extract treated group (p<0.001 and p=0.01; respectively). Serum albumin level in extract-treated rats was significantly higher than untreated group (p<0.001). Evaluating the histopathology of kidney showed that glycogen accumulation, fatty degeneration, and lymphocyte infiltration in extract-treated group were mild; while they were moderate in non-treated group; moreover, liver tissue evaluation showed that the fatty degeneration in extracttreated rats was mild and the cytoplasm of hepatocytes was distended by smaller amount of fatty droplets. Conclusion: The antioxidant properties of Mulberry leaves inhibited kidney and liver damage in diabetic rats. These results can be a base to evaluate the effects of mulberry (Morus nigra L.) leaves extract in the management of hyperuricemia, nephropathy, and fatty degeneration in liver cells in diabetic human patients. Morus nigra L. leave, Hydroethanolic extract, Kidney, Liver, Histological structure, Type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) was increasing worldwide. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) report in 2013, there were 382 million people living with diabetes worldwide, and this rate was expected to increase 592 million by 2035 . The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the major burden of diabetes was related to the developing countries (170% increment in developing countries compare with 42% increment in developed countries) . Diabetes is manifested by dysfunction or deficiency of insulin secretion from beta cells that results in hyperglycemia and lipid abnormality . Prolonged hyperglycemia in the body can attenuate antioxidant system against oxidative stress situations . According to the studies, diabetes is the major cause of renal morbidity and mortality [5,6]. Urea and creatinine were considered as renal function tests and serum albumin and hemoglobin were categorized as independent risk predictors of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Abnormalities of lipolysis and triglyceride storage in insulinsensitive tissues such as the liver are the early appearance of conditions characterized by insulin resistance and are detectable earlier than fasting hyperglycemia. The excess in free fatty acids, found in the insulin-resistant state, is known to be toxic to hepatocytes. The supposed mechanisms include cell membrane disruption at high concentration, toxin formation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation and inhibition of main steps in the regulation of metabolism. Dietary antioxidants supplementation has been proved as a complementary treatment in the management of diabetes. Some antidiabetic agents were reported to have antioxidant properties, independent to their role in glucose control . Recently, there has been a considerable interest in using natural antioxidants from plant materials. Herbal compounds were widely prescribed to control of chronic diseases due to the fewer side effects recently. Morus nigra L. a species belongs to Moraceae family and the genus Morus, usually known as a black mulberry, and widely cultivated to feeding silkworms [8,9]. Several species of Morus due to a variety of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties are widely used in traditional medicine as an analgesic, diuretic, antitussive, sedative, anxiolytic, and hypotensive and to control of edema [9-11]. The leaves of mulberry species were consumed as antihyperglycemic nutraceutical foods for patients with diabetes, due to containing 1-deoxynojirimycin as one of the most potent α-glycosidase inhibitors agent . Important phytoconstituents of M. nigra have been reported flavonoids, alkaloids and phenols [13,14]. Considering the effective components of M. nigra L., we decided to evaluate the effects of mulberry extract on renal function tests and histological structure in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of M. nigra L. extract on the renal function tests and kidney and liver histological structure in diabetic rats. Forty-four male wistar rats, aged 5-6 month and weight 250-300 g, were bred and housed at the Animal House of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Ethical Committee Clearance from Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (Rec. 1394.479) approved the protocol of study. The rats were maintained in controlled standard triplex temperature cages (23-25°C, humidity of 50-68%), and on a 12 h light/dark cycle. The animals were maintained on ad libitum feeding. Before testing, they were quarantined for one week to acclimatize to laboratory condition. All ethical issues related to the storage and handlings of animals were administered. The rats were provided the commercial standard pellete diet and tap water ad libitum. The pellete diet contains the following chemical composition: protein 23%, fat 5%, and carbohydrate 53%. Leaves of M. nigra were collected from a village in Urmia. The leaves were washed and kept at 25°C in the shade and exposed to the air flow for a week. Until the extraction, the dried leaves were stored at room temperature. Extraction process was done by grounding and powdering of plant samples in extraction phase, 100 grams of obtained powder was transferred into a one-liter erlenmeyer flask and 500 ml of ethanol (80%) was added to it and was kept away from light for 24 hours. Then, the solution was filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1. This process was repeated 3 times. Finally the obtained extract was dried by rotary evaporator at 50°C and the percent of the dry extract was calculated. Diabetes was induced by high fat diet and a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ at the dose of 35 mg/kg of body weight. Animals received a high-fat diet containing wheat flour 10%, sugar 20%, fat 31%, casein 25%, mixtures of vitamins and minerals 6%, methionine 0.3%, yeast 0.1% and sodium chloride 0.1% for a month. After one week STZ was injected and seven days later diabetes was induced in rats. Diabetes was confirmed by measuring of the blood glucose levels using a glucometer (ACCU-CHEK Performa Blood Glucose Monitoring System). Blood samples were collected from the tail of rats. Blood sugars higher than 250 mg/dl were considered as the confirmation of diabetes. Moreover, oral glucose tolerance test was performed to confirm the diabetes induction. For this purpose, a glucose solution was administered by the animals. After 0, 30, 60 and 120 minutes blood glucose and insulin concentrations were measured. After three days, the intervention group was treated by 250 mg/ KgBW/day hydroethanolic extract of Morus nigra L. Leaves six days a week for 4 weeks. The rats were divided into four groups consisting of eleven rats (Figure 1). Group A (control group/ non-diabetic rats): Rats received standard pellete diet. Group B (sham group): Diabetic rats treated with distilled water. Group C: Diabetic rats treated with 500 μg/kgBW/day glibenclamide. Group D: Diabetic rats treated with 250 mg/kgBW/day hydroethanolic extract of Morus nigra L. Leaves. Three rats from non-treated diabetic group died before the end of experiment. At the end of experimental period, the rats were anesthetized by injecting of ketamine/xylazine (60 mg/kgBW) intraperitoneally and blood samples were collected to measure the serum albumin, creatinine, urea and uric acid by enzymatic methods using a biochemical autoanalyzer. Using a hematology analyser, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, platelet counts, red blood and white blood cell counts were measured. At the end of the intervention, kidney and liver tissues were removed for assessment histological analysis. After extracting the kidney and isolating capsules, they were placed in Bowen fixative for three days. Then the tissues were washed with normal saline and molded in agar 7%. Using microtome machine the tissues were cut into 1mm sections and embedded in paraffin; then stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological examination according to standard procedure. For examination of histopathological changes of liver tissue 5 mm fragments of the liver tissues were separated and placed in 10% buffered formalin. The necessary cuts were done in paraffin using microtome then the histological stained was done. The changes were observed under a microscope (Olympus BX40) and photographed with a camera (Olympus camera and film Kunia 100 ASO). Two hundred and fifty grams of hematoxylin in absolute alcohol and 50 g of alum in 500 cc distilled water were dissolved. Heat was used to dissolve the album. Then, two solutions were mixed together and the mixture was heat up until the boiling point. Five and a half grams of HgO was added and cooled quickly before using the mixture, 20 cc glacial acetic acid was added to it. For preparation of eosin, ten grams of eosin dissolved in 1000 cc distilled water and passed through the filter paper. Then 3 cc of glacial acetic acid added to it. Histopathological parameters including glycogen accumulation of renal convoluted tubules, lymphocyte infiltration and fatty degeneration in the kidney tissue of group C and D rats were discussed. The results were presented as mean (SD). The normality of data was assessed by Kolmogrov-Smirnov test . Statistical comparison between groups was done by one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). To determine the differences between groups Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test was used. Significant differences between mean values of different groups were determined by one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Turkey post hoc tests. Data were analysed by SPSS software version 20. Differences were considered significant at P<0.05. The protective effects of mulberry leaf extract on kidney function tests and histology of kidney tissue were summarized in Figure 2. Figure 2: The summery of protective effects of mulberry extract on diabetic rats. After 4 weeks administration of Mulberry (250 mg/kg/day), blood glucose concentration in diabetic rats was significantly in low level in comparison with non-treated diabetic rats (p<0.001) (Table 1). According to the obtained results, level of renal function indexes including creatinine, urea, and uric acid were significantly lower in extract treated group compared with non-treated diabetic group (p=0.03, p=0.009, and p=0.002; respectively). Serum creatinine and urea levels were lower in glibenclamide-treated rats compared with the nontreated but the difference was not statistically significant. Level of serum albumin in extract-treated rats was significantly higher than non-treated diabetic group (p<0.001). Table 1. Biochemical measurements in healthy control, non-treated, glibenclamide-treated, and extract-treated groups (A, B, C, and D; respectively) after 4 weeks intervention. WBC levels in non-treated diabetic rats were significantly higher than extract treated rats (p<0.001); the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit in extract-treated group was higher than non-treated group and the differences were significant (p<0.001 and p=0.01; respectively). Figure 3 showed glycogen accumulation (short arrows) of renal convoluted tubules associated with basement membrane thickening and moderate lymphocyte infiltration (long arrows) in groups B and C. Glycogen accumulation (arrow) and fatty degeneration (arrow heads) of renal convoluted tubules were mild in extract-treated group. Glycogen particles were uniformly dispersed throughout the cytoplasm; whereas, in fatty degeneration discrete vacuoles were present in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Histopathology of liver was studied in group C (glibenclamide-treated group) and D (extract-treated group). Figure 4 shows the hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes due to moderate glycogen accumulation (short arrows) and fatty degeneration (long arrows) in groups C and D. The cytoplasm of hepatocytes is distended by glycogen particles and fatty droplets. Group C’s kupffer cell hyperplasia is also present (in the left side). The fatty degeneration in extract treated rats with diabetes is mild (long arrows) and the cytoplasm of hepatocytes is distended by smaller amount of fatty droplets. Figure 3: Microscopic images of diabetic rat kidney slices (3a: nontreated rats, 3b: glibenclamide-treated rats, and 3c: extract-treated rats). Figure 4: Histopathological identification of the hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes due to moderate glycogen accumulation (short arrows) and fatty degeneration (long arrows) in groups C and D. Fasting blood glucose was not change significantly in in untreated diabetic rats. Blood glucose levels in mulberry treatment group were remarkably lower; however, serum insulin levels were significantly higher compared with nontreated diabetic rats. This was in accordance with the study conducted by Araujo et al. whom showed that the leaf extract of M. nigra L. alleviated hyperglycemia in diabetes. In other trial, Ahmed et al. showed antidiabetic activity of the Morus nigra leaf extracts in STZ-diabetic rats and also administration of a leaf extract decreased glucose increased insulin levels . The mechanisms of action of mulberry in controlling of hyperglycemia and glycosuria could be due to: a) the Ncontaining sugars (GAL-DNJ) isolated from mulberry leaves which inhibit the functions of a-glucosidase, a-mannosidase and h-galactosidase enzymes , b) fagomine which potentiates the glucose induced insulin release similar to the action of glibenclamide , a sulfonylurea drugs which triggers the release of endogenous insulin , and c) increase the uptake of glucose in tissue by mulberry leaves . Investigating the biochemical and histopathological changes in the serum and kidneys of diabetic rats treated with M. nigra extract was the main aim of present study. According to the results, the level of serum creatinine and urea were significantly lower in extract-treated diabetic rats compared with the non-treated group (Table 1). The plasma creatinine and urea are established markers of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). Plasma creatinine is a more sensitive index of kidney function . An increase in urea level is seen when there is damage in the kidney or the kidney is not functional properly. Increment of blood urea level with the increment of blood sugar level clearly indicated that the increase blood sugar level caused damage to the kidney. In a similar study Rahimi et al. showed that administration of M. nigra extract significantly reduced urea levels compared with the positive control group. The level of serum albumin in extract-treated rats was significantly higher than in diabetic group. Hypoalbuminemia is a common problem in diabetic animals and is generally attributed in the presence of nephropathy . A variety of flavonoids viz., quercetin-3-O-βDglucopyranoside , phytoalexinsmoracin C, moracin N, and chalcomoracin present in mulberry leaves were reported to be capable of scavenging the superoxide anion and inhibit lipid peroxidation and all these compounds were well known for their antioxidative properties. Considering the results of renal functional tests, it can be understood that by antioxidant capability, mulberry extract could prevent kidney dysfunction in diabetic group. The effect of mulberry administration on CBC results evaluated for the first time in the present study. The CBC analyses showed improvement in extract-treated group. It has been shown a relationship between inflammatory status and WBC counts . Many extracts from leaves of mulberry species have been proven to possess anti-inflammatory activities in many animal models . Chemical compounds isolated from Morus nigra, including betulinic acid, β- sitosterol and germanicol, may be responsible for the antiinflammatory effect of the extract. Marina et al. used a HPLC fingerprint for phytochemical analysis of the Morus nigra extract. They found that the chemical compounds isolated from Morus nigra, including betulinic acid, β- sitosterol and germanicol, may be responsible for the antiinflammatory effects of the extract. Considering the antiinflammatory potential of mulberry extract, it can be understood that the consumption of this extract during the intervention, could control anemia and white blood cells counts in extract-treated diabetic rats. According to the histological examination, glycogen accumulation and fatty degeneration of renal convoluted tubules were mild in extract-treated group; however, they were moderate in groups B and C. This may be interpreted as a result of the protective effects of mulberry extract in studied tissue and reduced the STZ-induced oxidative stress that causes the fatty degeneration and the aggregation of the inflammatory cells in the kidney. According to several investigations, medicinal plants, such as M. nigra L., are widely used as components with hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic properties that can ameliorate complications of diabetes mellitus . Rahimi-Madiseh et al. found milder glomerular damage in the group treated with M. nigra extract compared with diabetic and positive controls. They showed that administration of M. nigra extract can prevent kidney tissue damage . As shown in other studies the protective effects of mulberry extract may be due to the presence of antioxidant components in the plant that can reduce the oxidative stress in the cells and this led to normal structures and functions . In a similar study conducted by Hilfy et al. , they evaluated the preventive potential of the use of antioxidant extract on kidney damages in diabetic rats. They found less extensive histological changes like fatty degeneration in cells lining of kidney tubules, in alloxan-induced diabetic rat treated with green tea. They conclude that the antioxidant capability of green tee extract reduced the degenerative effects of alloxan in histological structures. Glycogen accumulation in this study was mild and the glycogen particles were uniformly dispersed throughout the cytoplasm in extract-treated group. As stated in previous researches kidney glycogen accumulation was strongly related to the plasma glucose levels . Nannipieri et al. showed that prolonged hyperglycemia was the sole driving force for glycogen accumulates in the renal tubules of untreated diabetes rats . Researches showed that administration of M. nigra extract seems to prevent kidney tissue damage and to be beneficial to patients with diabetes . Controlling hyperglycemia by mulberry extract in present study moderated glycogen accumulation in extract-treated diabetic rats. Considering the results of present study it can be concluded that Morus nigra leaf extract could be beneficial to regulate diabetes-associated renal complications and histological structure. As stated above the protective effect of mulberry extract on kidney function and/or structure has not been evaluated before; so, the results of present study can be a valuable base for further investigations in this field. Histopathology of liver Irregularities in insulin action may be involved in the pathogenesis of invasion of fatty acids to the liver and fatty liver disease (NAFLD), conditions that range from clinically benign fatty liver to its more severe form, NASH (Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis) . As shown in Figure 4 the liver cytoplasm in rats with diabetes was filled with lipid droplets of various sizes and showed fatty degeneration. According to the present results, the fatty degeneration in extract treated rats with diabetes was mild and the cytoplasm of hepatocytes is distended by smaller amount of fatty droplets compared with glibenclamide-treated diabetic rats. By controlling inflammation and so regulating insulin action, the leaf extract of mulberry may modulate fat accumulation and degeneration in liver cells which may be due to its high phenolic content. High-fat diet can cause hyperlipidemia in rats as characterized by decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes, increased levels of cholesterol profile and damages in hepatic tissues. Metabolic function damage would be the result of a long-term consumption of high-fat diet that makes lipid changes. Previous investigations revealed that polyphenolic compounds can protect against oxidative damage. Lívia et al. showed that the organic leaf extract was able to prevent both proteins and lipids oxidative damages in liver and kidney tissues by its high phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Dietary polyphenols will improve the clinical outcomes for type 2 diabetics. As shown in present study M. nigra L. leaf extract could improve liver tissue damages through decreasing the oxidative stress and inflammation and regulating insulin action through its phenolic compounds. More studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of several herbal compounds in protection of diabetes-associated tissue damages. Our results showed that M. nigra L. leaf extract could promote kidney functions and kidney and liver structures through decreasing the oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Further studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of mulberry extract in diabetes management. Doing more studies to determine the effects of M. nigra L. leaf extract in human diabetic subjects are suggested. The present study was funded by the Student Research Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The authors declare no conflict of interest/financial disclosure statement. Klionsky DJ, Abdelmohsen K, Abe A, Abedin MJ, Abeliovich H. 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Antihyperglycemic effects of N-containing sugars derived from mulberry leaves in streptozocin-induced diabetic mice. J Trad Med 1995; 12: 214-219. Lalwancy L. Oral drugs in diabetes. J Diabet Assoc India 1974; 14: 17-27. Chen F, Nakashima N, Kimura I, Kimura M. Hypoglycemic activity and mechanisms of extracts from mulberry leaves (Folium mori) and cortex mori radicis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Yakugaku Zasshi J Pharm Soc Japan 1995; 115: 476-482. Singh P, Khan S. Renal function test on the basis of serum creatinine and urea in type-2 diabetics and nondiabetics. Bali Med J 2014; 3. Sivajothi V, Dey A, Jayakar B, Rajkapoor B. Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effect of Phyllanthus rheedii on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Iran J Pharm Res 2010: 53-9. Kim SY, Gao JJ, Lee WC, Ryu KS, Lee KR. Antioxidative flavonoids from the leaves of Morus alba. Arch Pharm Res 1999; 22: 81-85. Farhangi MA, Keshavarz SA, Eshraghian M, Ostadrahimi A, Saboor-Yaraghi AA. White blood cell count in women: relation to inflammatory biomarkers, haematological profiles, visceral adiposity, and other cardiovascular risk factors. J Health Popul Nutr 2013; 31: 58-64. Padilha MM, Vilela FC, Rocha CQ, Dias MJ, Soncini R. Antiinflammatory properties of Morus nigra leaves. Phytother Res 2010; 24: 1496-1500. Rahimi-Madiseh M, Naimi A, Heydarian E, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Renal biochemical and histopathological alterations of diabetic rats under treatment with hydro alcoholic Morus nigra extract. J Renal Inj Prev 2017; 6. Tag HM. Hepatoprotective effect of mulberry (Morus nigra) leaves extract against methotrexate induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rat. BMC Compl Alt Med 2015; 15: 252. Al-Hilfy JHY. Effect of green tea extract on histological structure of kidney, pancreas and adrenal gland in alloxan-induced diabetic male albino rats. J Al-Nahrain Univ 2013; 16: 156-165. 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2019-04-19T14:34:42Z

http://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/the-protective-effects-of-morus-nigra-l-leaves-on-the-kidney-function-tests-and-histological-structures-in-streptozotocininduced-d-7938.html

Alternate dispute resolution is fast becoming one of the most preferred dispute resolution mechanisms in the world. ADR has gained widespread acceptance among both the general public and the legal profession in recent years. Nowadays, certain courts recommend some parties to try an alternate dispute resolution mechanism like mediation or arbitration, before permitting the parties’ cases to be tried. Another reason for the rising popularity of alternate dispute resolution is the ever-increasing caseload in traditional courts. Alternate dispute resolution generally incurs lesser expenses than litigation. The parties can keep certain information confidential and also can have a better say over the selection of the individuals who will preside over their dispute and decide it. The most important of the working assumptions is that of humans conflicting. Conflicts have existed in all cultures, religions, and societies since time immemorial, as long as humans have walked the earth. All societal interactions have been fundamentally an argument over the control of the resources. All philosophies and theologies have primarily been attempts a solving this perpetual conundrum of conflict. These philosophies and procedures for dealing with conflicts have been part of the human heritage, differing between cultures and societies. We find in The Bible and similar religious and historical documents in different cultures an account of conflicts that were resolved by various processes, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and adjudication. The essence of arbitration is the settlement of disputes by a tribunal chosen by the parties themselves, rather than by the Courts constituted by the State. The popularity of arbitration as a mode of settling disputes is due to the fact that “the arbitration is regarded as speedier, more informal and cheaper than conventional judicial procedure and provides a forum more convenient to the parties who can choose the time and place for conducting arbitration and the procedure. Further, where the dispute concerns a technical matter, the parties can select an arbitrator who possesses appropriate special qualifications or skills in the trade”. Arbitration is a means by which the parties reduce the transaction costs in terms of delays due to procedural rigidities as well as monetary costs in terms of costs of protracted litigation. Further, alternative dispute resolution aims at settlement such that there is reconciliation and some modicum of gain or loss for both parties without further embitterment of their relationship, be it personal or commercial. In the old Indian system for arbitration is Panchayat. In India arbitration has a very ancient heritage. Indian civilization expressly encouraged the settlement of differences by Tribunals chosen by the parties themselves. Alternate dispute resolution is comprised of several advantages as, it is less expensive, and it is less time consuming. It is free from technicalities as in the case of conducting cases in law Courts. ADR is generally classified into at least four types: negotiation, mediation, collaborative law, and arbitration. (Sometimes a fifth type, conciliation, is included as well, but for present purposes it can be regarded as a form of mediation. The expression Public Policy is not defined either by the Arbitration Act or the Contract Act, it is a changing concept and it has nexus with public good and public interest which may vary form time and place. ADR traditions vary somewhat by country and culture. There are significant common elements which justify a main topic, and each country or region’s difference should be delegated to sub-pages. ADR or Alternative Dispute Resolution is of two historic types. First, methods for resolving disputes outside of the official judicial mechanisms. Second, informal methods attached to or pendant to official judicial mechanisms. There are in addition free-standing and or independent methods, such as mediation programs and ombuds offices within organizations. The methods are similar, whether or not they are pendant, and generally use similar tool or skill sets, which are basically sub-sets of the skills of negotiation. ADR can be used alongside existing legal systems such as “Sharia Courts” within Common Law jurisdictions such as the UK. Alternative dispute resolution in India is not new and it was in existence even under the previous Arbitration Act, 1940. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 has been enacted to accommodate the harmonization mandates of UNCITRAL Model. To streamline the Indian legal system the traditional civil law known as Code of Civil Procedure, (CPC) 1908 has also been amended and section 89 has been introduced. Section 89 (1) of CPC provides an option for the settlement of disputes outside the court. It provides that where it appears to the court that there exist elements, which may be acceptable to the parties, the court may formulate the terms of a possible settlement and refer the same for arbitration, conciliation, mediation or judicial settlement. The amendment of the CPC referring pending court matters to ADR was not welcomed by a group of lawyers and the amendment was challenged. The modalities to be formulated for effective implementation of Sec. 89 also came under scrutiny. For this purpose, a Committee headed by former Judge of the Supreme Court and Chairman of the Law Commission of India, Justice M. Jagannadha Rao, was constituted to ensure that the amendments become effective and result in quick dispensation of justice. The Committee filed its report and it was accepted and the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has pronounced a landmark decision in Salem Advocate Bar Association, Tamil Nadu v. Union of India case, where it held that reference to mediation, conciliation and arbitration are mandatory for court matters. This judgment of the Supreme Court of India was the real turning point for the development of mediation in India. In the United States, mediation, or “conciliation” as it is sometimes known, has been a staple of Alternative dispute resolution for generations, typically presided over by a town elder or respected figure in the community. The emergence of mediation as a device to resolve litigation in the United States can probably be traced to the seminal work in negotiation theory done by Roger Fisher and William Ury of the Harvard Negotiation Project, popularized in their 1981 book Getting to Yes. After the British adversarial system of litigation was followed in India, arbitration was accepted as the legalized ADR method and is still the most often utilized ADR method. Mediation (as is now understood globally and unlike the ancient methods, which is by definition non-binding, and encourages the parties to voluntarily reach an agreement that meets all the parties’ needs) has only in the past few years begun to become familiar to lawyers and judges generally, except in traditional community settings and except where mediation has been court-directed or statutorily-prescribed, such as in the intragovernmental disputes between government agencies and undertakings, in labour disputes and in public utility services disputes. So when we compare the US and Indian system, over the last twenty (20) years, American lawyers and judges have warmly embraced mediation as a primary tool for resolving conflicts in court and out of court, while Indian lawyers and judges are still cautiously examining mediation, discussing whether and in which types of cases mediation should be used – similar to what was happening in the US in the 1980’s. In the United States, mediation, or “conciliation” as it is sometimes known, has been a staple of Alternative dispute resolution for generations, typically presided over by a town elder or respected figure in the community. Application Of Principle Of Public Policy In India And United States. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 governs the law of arbitration in India. The Act incorporates the concept of public policy in two situations. First, under Section 34 (2) (b) (ii) for setting aside an arbitral award and secondly, under Section 48 (2) (b) for a refusal to enforce a foreign award. This paper will discuss the scope and ambit of the principle of public policy under Section 34 (2) (b) (ii) only. The principle of public policy rests on the premise that though the individuals are free to conduct their business through contractual agreements, yet if such agreements are injurious to the public good, then the Courts shall refuse to enforce such agreements. The principle of public policy means that no subject can lawfully do that which has a tendency to be injurious to the public, or against the public good. The principle thus reflects the primacy given to public interest over individual interests. , as early as 1824, Burrough, J. in Richardson v. Mellish, described public policy as an ‘unruly horse’ and recently in Deutshe v. National Oil Co., Sir John Donaldson MR emphasized that public policy could never be exhaustively defined, and that it should be approached with extreme caution. The Arbitration Act of 1940 did not contain any specific reference to public policy. Under Section 34(2) (b) (ii) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, an arbitral award shall be set aside by the Court if it is in conflict with the public policy of India from here onwards Public Policy came in to effect and in the landmark judgment given in Renusagar Power Co. Ltd. v. General Electric Co., by the Supreme Court which identified three such elements of public policy. These are: (i) fundamental policy of Indian law, (ii) the interests of India, (iii) justice or morality. If an arbitral award is contrary to any of these, it would be regarded as against the public policy of India. Though this case came under the Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement ) Act, 1961, several decisions of the Supreme Court have extended its dicta to the Arbitration and Conciliation Act of 1996. One of the earliest expositions of this principle was given by Lord Mansfield in Holman v. Johnson as follows: “the principle of public policy is this: ex dolo malo non oritur actio. No court will lend its aid to a man who founds his cause of action upon an immoral or illegal act.” Thus, it is something which is immoral, unfair or fundamentally against the current values and norms of a particular society or nation, that is sought to be rejected through the use of the principle of public policy. The most important and controversial decision of the Supreme Court which has come under the present Act is ONGC v. SAW Pipes Ltd. In this case, the Supreme Court added one more aspect to the phrase ‘ public policy of India’, namely, “ patent illegality”. This would mean that if the arbitral award is, on the face of it, patently in violation of statutory provisions, it would be against the public policy of India. This decision has been criticized by several scholars on the ground that it gives a very wide meaning to the term public policy, thereby making an arbitral award highly susceptible to judicial scrutiny. In the Arbitration Act of 1940, there was no specific provision for setting aside an arbitration award on the ground that it was in conflict with the public policy of India. But, Section 30 (c) of this Act provided three grounds for setting aside an arbitral award. These were : (i) an arbitrator or umpire has misconducted himself or the proceedings. (ii) an award has been made after issue of an order by the Court superceding the arbitration or after the arbitration proceedings have become invalid under Section 35; (iii) an award has been improperly procured or is otherwise invalid. Moreover, Section 161(c) of this Act authorized the court to remit an award to the tribunal for reconsideration ‘where an objection to the legality of the award is apparent on the face of it. None of these provisions mentioned specifically the phrase ‘public policy’, though they gave wide powers to the courts in the matter of reviewing arbitral awards. The Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement ) Act, 1961 mentioned the word public policy . Section 7(1) (b)(ii) of this Act provided that a foreign award may not be enforced under this Act if the court dealing with case is satisfied that ‘the enforcement of the award will be contrary to public policy’. Section 34(2) (b) (ii): It states that an arbitral award may be set aside by the Court if it finds that the award is in conflict with the public policy of India. It also explains that an award is in conflict with the public policy of India if the making of the award was induced or affected by fraud or corruption or was in violation of Section 75 or Section 81. Section 57(1) (e): It states that a foreign award (Geneva Convention Award) may be enforceable, only if it is not contrary to the public policy of India. The United States applies a restrictive concept of public policy. For example, the definition of public policy most often quoted in the context of international arbitration is that of Judge Joseph Smith in Parsons & Whittemore (United States Court of Appeals, 1974) in which he held that enforcement of a foreign arbitral award may be denied on public policy grounds “only where enforcement would violate the forum state’s most basic notions of morality and justice”. In the same year (1974), the Supreme Court, in Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co. Case recognized the difference between international and domestic public policy. It enforced an agreement to arbitrate a claim arising in international trade, although arbitration of a similar claim would have been barred had it arisen from a domestic transaction. The Supreme Court in the case of Matter of Board of Education of Arlington Cent. School Dist. v. Arlington Teachers Assn. held that an arbitration award may be vacated on three grounds: If it violates a strong public policy, is irrational, or clearly exceeds a specifically enumerated limitation on the arbitrator’s power. In the Matter of New York City Tr. Auth. v. Transport Workers Union of Am. Local, the court established a two-prong test for determining whether an arbitration award violates public policy. First, where a court can conclude, ‘without engaging in any extended fact finding or legal analysis’ that a law ‘prohibits, in an absolute sense, the particular matters to be decided by arbitrations’ an arbitrator cannot act.’ Second, an arbitrator cannot issue an award where, the award itself violates a well-defined constitutional, statutory or common law of this state. The essence of arbitration is the settlement of disputes by a tribunal chosen by the parties themselves, rather than by the Courts constituted by the State. The popularity of arbitration as a mode of settling disputes is due to the fact that “the arbitration is regarded as speedier, more informal and cheaper than conventional judicial procedure and provides a forum more convenient to the parties who can choose the time and place for conducting arbitration. The goals of the law of arbitration must be simple, less technical and more responsible to the actual reality of the situations, responsive to the canons of justice and fair play. The issue of public policy as a ground for setting aside arbitral awards has raised much controversy in recent years. The crucial issue is the content of public policy. On the one hand, it is argued that it should have a narrow scope while on the other hand; wider interpretation of it is advocated. This issue relates to the broader issue of the harmonization of arbitration law in India. The Act of 1996 tried to lessen judicial interference in the area of arbitration process in India, basing itself upon the UNCITRAL model law. The United States applies a restrictive concept of public policy. On the basic notions of morality and justice an award is set aside as was held in the Parsons case. The setting aside of an award in both India and U.S can be done when it violates morality and justice or against public policy. Goodin A. Robert; Mediation: An overview of alternate dispute resolution, http://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/adr_conf/Mediation%20Goodin8.pdf. "Goals of Arbitration | LawTeacher." LawTeacher.net. 11 2013. All Answers Ltd. 04 2019 <https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/arbitration-law/goals-of-arbitration.php?vref=1>. "Goals of Arbitration | LawTeacher." LawTeacher. LawTeacher.net, November 2013. Web. 21 April 2019. <https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/arbitration-law/goals-of-arbitration.php?vref=1>. LawTeacher. November 2013. Goals of Arbitration | LawTeacher. [online]. Available from: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/arbitration-law/goals-of-arbitration.php?vref=1 [Accessed 21 April 2019]. LawTeacher. Goals of Arbitration | LawTeacher [Internet]. November 2013. [Accessed 21 April 2019]; Available from: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/arbitration-law/goals-of-arbitration.php?vref=1.

2019-04-21T08:19:14Z

https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/arbitration-law/goals-of-arbitration.php

While the current ranking systems are, for the most part, tailored to show how institutions are serving students who are already on the pathway to success, the critical metrics should be expanded to create a more representative overview of the industry. Institutional rankings today are focused on inputs, exclusivity and prestige. They’re based on assumptions that are not necessarily representative of the realities of today’s postsecondary space and they tend to ignore the students who compose higher education’s majority population. In this interview, Gregory Fowler shares his thoughts on what would underpin a more student-centric ranking system and discusses how the adoption of such a system would transform the way institutions operate. The EvoLLLution (Evo): Why is it so important for colleges and universities today to focus on creating access for non-traditional and place-bound students? Gregory Fowler (GF): Education—access to knowledge and training—continues to be one of the most empowering forces in society, and it is why America has privileged colleges for much of its history. When you consider the role of colleges and universities in enhancing both the local community and larger society, nothing is more important than the responsibility to maximize the potential of each individual to make their unique contributions to society. The more access is increased, the more colleges and universities are able to fulfill their missions to change lives and societies and equip the next great mind for the next great human idea. It’s important to focus on the non-traditional audience because that’s where the vast majority of students are going to be. With as few as one out of every three degree-seeking students being an 18-year-old first-time college student, if colleges are to thrive they must adapt to the changing demographics. The only way that will happen is if the administrations and faculty commit to creating student experiences that help those other two students—the non-traditional ones—succeed. If colleges are going to remain relevant, they’re going to have to find ways to make sure they’re addressing the non-traditional student population. This is particularly important when it comes to students who are at a distance and restricted in their ability to get around, or people who are, for any number of reasons, too far from a community college or university campus to be able to drive there on a regular basis. As colleges and universities begin to focus more on non-traditional students, they have to deal with the fact that these students have less time available to them. Most non-traditional students have a full-time job and, in many cases, the time they’re going to have to do schoolwork is going to be outside normal business hours. Institutions have got to find a way to make sure they’re creating that type of access. This isn’t necessarily critical for the elite or Ivy League schools—they’re not going to be immediately faced with this challenge. However, more schools are beginning to deal with the fact that enrollments are down—particularly in the Northeast—and that they aren’t able to deal with the challenges of students who have to operate on different schedules. Unfortunately, institutional rankings today are focused on inputs, exclusivity and prestige. They’re based on assumptions that may not necessarily be representative of the realities of today’s postsecondary space and they tend not to measure the students who compose higher education’s majority population. Evo: Why is exclusivity such a coveted feature for colleges and universities today? GF: Exclusivity is not just important to colleges and universities. Martin Luther King talked a lot about this Drum Major Instinct—there’s a certain tendency for human beings to want to be a member of something that’s elite, something that everybody can’t be a part of, or something that only the “best” are allowed to join. There’s a belief that being part of an exclusive group somehow makes you better. In a lot of instances, colleges determine their value by measuring how many people they keep out rather than how many people they bring in. Unfortunately, that doesn’t just include traditional students but also students that are challenged in other ways. In the last couple of years I’ve learned how this affects students with disabilities. In many cases, the ability for these students to think outside the box and think creatively is unparalleled. However, colleges haven’t really focused on these students and think, “The people who have performed historically the best are the ones who are going to keep performing the best and therefore we want them.” They don’t try to figure out ways to support students who may need some additional help and have entirely different contributions to make to humanity. Evo: How does a student-centric approach to institutional management help colleges and universities support student success? GF: Keeping the needs and success of the students at the core of your existence is the only way to remain true to the societal obligations I just mentioned. In every interaction we ask our team to do what’s right for the student and the rest will take care of itself. In academics our goal is to maximize the likelihood of student learning in high-quality academic programs. Our first obligation to the student is to ensure that we live up to our promise that the programs they enroll in have been designed and reviewed by both experts and practitioners in that area of study. Not only are the outcomes and ways we measure those outcomes important to their long term success, but the learning environment that will allow them to master those outcomes includes all of the support they will need to succeed if they put in the effort. I am very pleased with the deliberate and thorough work that our team has put into the curriculum but it is in the first part of that goal statement that I have been most proud of SNHU. In every instance where obstacles have been placed in front of one student or the student body as a whole, our immediate priority has been to remove them. If administrators take that approach of focusing on what’s best for students, it could influence so many different aspects of the institution. Everything from how the curriculum is built to defining outcomes of programs—how do we make sure that those things are serving our students best? It also impacts how we evaluate faculty and whether faculty are building support systems for the students within their classes. The question constantly at the front of our strategic conversations is, “How can we help more of our students who are struggling meet the bar that we have set for them?” followed closely by, “How can we be better at this tomorrow than we are today?” Such a focus causes us to constantly consider all of our assumptions about everything from learning science to traditional policies and procedures that may be counterproductive. All those policies and practices will change over time if the administration decides that it’s going to focus on what’s best for students. Evo: Is student centricity a differentiator for institutions today? I won’t say that at this point it has reached epic proportions across the country, but we’re beginning to see a more reflective practice by institutions where they are starting to think about how what they’re doing is impacting their students. That goes for everything from class size to academic support, to compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. We’re seeing far more focus on these things than we have in the past. As universities become more competitive and as enrollment continues to drop across the country, you’ll see much more of that emphasis on, “How do we get them in?” Typically in traditional academia, customer service is a bad word because people immediately think about the customer always being right. But that’s not at all what I mean when I talk about customer service. When I think about working with students, I’m thinking, “How do we serve them best?” In the past, institutions would simply put something out there and say, “Either eat it or don’t.” We need to move past this. Evo: What are some of those key factors that you think really define the customer experience for today’s non-traditional students? Once you begin to do that it really has a big impact on helping students to succeed. Evo: How well are these efforts—to create access and support success—represented by some of the more common institutional ranking systems? GF: Student centricity is not particularly well represented in the surveys most people think of, though I have seen some modifications recently in some of them that suggest changes are occurring. With fewer traditional IPEDS students attending college, the rankings as they are defined are becoming irrelevant for the majority of students in the same ways that Nielsen ratings are less indicative of which shows are being watched or landline telephone polls accurately reflect voter behavior. In 2016, some of the most highly regarded surveys left schools unranked if, for example, SAT or ACT scores were not used in determining admissions or if there was a high proportion of non-traditional students. If anything, the rankings focused more on colleges who admitted students who were already likely to be successful and thus need less academic support. Only then, once those most likely to succeed have been admitted, do calculations such as how many are retained or how large the classes are come into play. In such a model, increasing access is counterproductive. When you’re starting off with just a select set of students you don’t have access to the full range of student experiences. If you simply ask, “How well do we serve and retain the top ten percent of students?” you automatically bias your answer. Right now, I don’t believe the rankings really focus on helping students across the board. Higher education systems would be different if the institutions and the rankings focused on the question of, “What support systems are available for students once they start to struggle?” You’d have a very different value set moving forward and, frankly, that’s what we should value. I want to be clear that I do not criticize schools for wanting to be highly ranked. Institutions and the people who run them are competitive and love being seen as the best. I go back to Dr. King’s speech about the Drum Major Instinct. He noted that we often define greatness by exclusivity, by ego. Sound familiar? The school that turns away the most students. The faculty member who gives the fewest A’s. Greatness of this sort, King argues, is really about self-importance. Instead, he goes on to posit, what we should value is our ability to help those who, without our help, are not likely to succeed. When you talk to graduates of a lot of institutions—but especially online institutions—about the things that helped them succeed, institutional support is often at the top of the list. Regardless of the academic experience, there are so many factors that come into play for students, particularly non-traditional students. Life happens. If you don’t have the support systems in place to help them through that—especially considering that for those students, education is often their top priority after family and job—then you’re not going to help them persist or be successful. Evo: What role should student centricity play in institutional rankings? GF: You get what you measure. It’s a simple as that. And if the mission of a college is to provide the best learning environment possible then at the core of any ranking should be data that demonstrates the school’s commitment to seeing their students succeed—not just inputs such as faculty salaries or alumni giving, but also in explicit evidence that shows there are established effective tools that support struggling students. Faculty-to-class size ratios, for example are only relevant if there is evidence that within a small class there is commitment to student success that goes beyond lectures to active engagement and interaction to ensure student learning prior to test time. Non-traditional students recognize that life is going to happen to them while they’re enrolled and they want to know how the institution will support them. Whether it is a writing center, counseling services, learning disabilities groups—how will the institution support them through whatever challenges they might face? Addressing those questions is critical for institutions. If the ranking systems are going to be relevant, they have to make sure that they value student centricity and focus more on the students who are going to struggle. The vast majority of the students we talk to are, for any number of reasons, afraid or uncertain about enrolling. They have all these concerns—particularly adult students who have been out of school for a while—and we need to take the time to help them. It’s not that they can’t succeed, the question really is how much value we’re putting into helping them be successful. If the culture of the institution is centered on how the students are doing and what else can be done to help them succeed, administration and faculty behaviors as well as resource allocations should demonstrate that in every way. Right now, you don’t see student centricity reflected in the rankings, but if that were to change you’d have a very different system. Evo: Do you think that we’re going to see a day where the most popular ranking system in use will focus on these more student-centric aspects of the student experience as opposed to the more institution centric measures that are currently being used? GF: Through simple market analysis and through Clayton Christensen’s disruption model, you see that these things will have an impact over time. I’m not saying that we’re going have a revolution in education tomorrow, but you can certainly see the vast changes that are happening within the systems. With the continuing decline in numbers of traditional students and the rising numbers of non-traditional students, the value system will have to change if it’s going to stay relevant. Of course there are many types of colleges and universities; indeed many universities exist at least as much for the faculty research as for student learning which is a great thing. However, metrics for those rankings should be more nuanced than simply grouping like schools together but still applying the same metrics if the goal of the university is first and foremost to ensure students are learning. Evo: Is there anything you’d like to add about the importance of student centricity for today’s colleges and universities and what it take to deliver that student-centric experience? GF: Student centricity requires institutions to be far more reflective and deliberate about their processes than some institutions are used to or even comfortable with. It really is a challenge to get institutions to stop their traditional approaches to institutional management. Higher education right now is like a plane in the air, and we’re trying to make changes as the plane is continuing to fly along. However, if you don’t make those changes, institutions will start coming down to earth. Institutions have to continue to be dynamic, and that goes for everything from the accreditation process to school identity. Frankly, given that a lot of these institutions are in places where students are no longer going to be able to drive to—particularly in the middle of the country—the question has to be how are they going to stay relevant and solvent moving forward. As long as institutional rankings focus more on inputs than student success, it will be immensely challenging to create a ranking system that is relevant for today’s learners. Exclusivity is not an indication of quality—instead institutions should focus on creating more access to support the success of more students. A central characteristic to student centricity is an institution’s capacity to support and retain students who are struggling.

2019-04-26T02:14:00Z

https://evolllution.com/attracting-students/todays_learner/expanded-access-over-exclusivity-how-student-centricity-could-transform-higher-ed/

Monday, February 18 marked the beginning of a very special week for FFA members around the nation. The week of February 18 was FFA Week, a week celebrated by The National FFA Organization in which FFA is promoted throughout schools and communities, while members appreciate the organization of which they are a part. Zane Trace FFA Chapter celebrated FFA week with contests during lunch, a bowling trip, FFA Trivia during school, a radio interview, and even a Harlem Shake video. FFA was promoted throughout the community on Monday, when members of the Zane Trace FFA Week Committee shared information about FFA Week and the chapter’s activities in an interview on WBEX radio station. Tuesday through Thursday, while school was in session, the FFA shared their fun with the rest of the school. Activities included contests at lunch such as pie eating, potato sack races, and relay races. As part of FFA Week, the Greenville FFA Chapter planned a trip to Valley’s Edge Snow Tubing in New Paris, Ohio. The trip was held on Monday, February 17th, of FFA Week and on an off day from school for the chapter members. Members met on the Monday afternoon for two hours of fun on the slopes. Even though it was not snowing outside, members still had fun on the slick slope riding down the hill in tubes and ending up in the stop area. Members also had an opportunity to snack in the comfort of the lodge while they warmed up and tried to dry out a little. All in all, it was a fun filled afternoon. Fifteen members were in attendance for the snow tubing trip! On Saturday, February 16 seven members of the Miami East FFA Chapter competed in the State Food Science and Technology and State Agricultural Communications Contests hosted at The Ohio State University. Food Science and Technology Team members were Tanner Church, Kelly Rindler, Sarah Pyers, and Shane Richardson. The team placed 2nd in the state and earned a banner for the agriculture classroom. Tanner Church was the highest placing individual from Miami East, placing 3rd overall and earned a $1000 scholarship to major in Food Science at Ohio State. During the contest the team members were asked to complete a product development scenario in which they calculated the nutritional facts for a new food product and design a new package. Also they completed an aroma identification section, took a test on their knowledge of food science, responded to a mock customer complaint letter, identified sanitation errors in the food industry, and completed a taste sensory test. Recently, members of the Zane Trace FFA Chapter participated in various career development events. These events are designed to help students learn skills related to careers in the field of agriculture, natural resources and food science while having fun in a competition setting. The three events that Zane Trace students entered during the month of February included: Ag Sales, Agriculture and Industrial Diagnostics and Food Science. The Ag Sales team consisted of Senior Audrey Hoey and Freshmen Emily McCain, Bobby Orr and Jacob Boggioni. Each member designed a product related to agriculture and created a sales plan for that product. During the contest held on February 5th each member completed a sales presentation to a judge and answered questions about their product. They also participated in a practicum over customer relations and an online test over agriculture sales topics and tactics. The team placed 10th in District 7. State FFA leaders across U.S. attend National Agriculture Day training in D.C. Thirty state FFA officers – mostly college students – from throughout the country join agricultural students from 4-H, the Agriculture Future for America and the Student National Agrimarketing association in Washington, D.C., to experience leadership and advocacy training, meet congressional leaders and help raise awareness of agriculture and its impact on our nation’s society and economy among Washington policymakers. Leadership training at the National 4-H Center in Chevy Chase, Md., is led by experts representing the National FFA Organization, National 4-H, Agriculture Council of America, Farm Credit, John Deere, Walmart, National Association of Farm Broadcasting, American Farm Bureau Federation, Land O’ Lakes, the U.S. Forest Service and more. During their time in D.C., FFA members and agricultural students are participating in idea exchange groups, visit congressional leaders at Capitol Hill, undergo media training and take a nighttime tour of the nation’s capital. Franklin, Tenn. –– Journal Communications and the National FFA Organization announce the launch of an FFA New Horizons magazine mobile app for Apple, Android and Kindle Fire devices. The app is free and available in the iTunes store, Google Play store and Amazon marketplace. FFA New Horizons magazine is the member publication for the National FFA Organization. The magazine is published by Journal Communications and delivered quarterly to more than 500,000 student members, agriculture educators and FFA alumni. The app features content from the FFA New Horizons magazine, including stories about FFA members’ achievements, agriculture facts, information about careers in agriculture, and issues facing the agriculture industry and community. Additional features include a mobile-friendly design with vertical scrolling for readability, pop-up captions and info boxes containing additional information, live links throughout, embedded video within advertisements and photo slideshows. The app will be updated quarterly with new content. “A mobile version of the magazine is a logical choice for the publication’s audience, which is mostly 15-21 year olds and very technologically savvy,” says FFA New Horizons magazine editor Kim Holmberg. Seven members of the Miami East FFA Chapter competed in the Sub-district Public Speaking Contest at Anna High School. Schools competing in the contest included: Botkins, Anna, Fort Loramie, Miami East, Jackson Center, and Fairlawn. Olivia Edgell competed in the Extemporaneous Speaking Contest. She was given 30 minutes to prepare a chosen topic, present the speech, and then answer questions. She pulled a topic on soil conservation. She placed fourth out of five competitors and earned a gold rating. “World Food Crisis – Going to Bed Hungry but I’m not in Trouble” was the title of Kendra Beckman speech in the Advanced Prepared Speaking Contest. She wrote, memorized, presented, and answered questions on the world’s crisis of clean water and safe food and the role that America’s farmers play in the solution. She placed 5th. Casey Copeland completed in the Beginning Prepared Public Speaking Contest with her speech entitled, “Antibiotics – Miracle Cure or Problem.” She placed 4th in the contest. Hiland FFA members participated in the District 8 FFA Job Interview Contest. Contest was held at Buckeye Career Center. Members who participated in this contest were Jessica Davis, Preston Shamp, and Rachelle Yoder. This contest is designed to help students demonstrate skills needed to seek employment in all areas of agriculture. Prior to the contest members were to create a resume and cover letter. There are three parts to the contest. First, members fill out their applications for the position they are applying for. Then FFA members have a mock interview where they will be asked a series of questions about the job they are applying for. Finally, after the interview is completed, members then type up their follow-up letter. Different jobs that members could apply for were Buckeye Landscaping Intern Position, Roots Poultry, TSC Tractor Supply Co., Oak Ridge Farms, McCabe Outdoor Power, and Sandusky Humane Society. Jessica Davis applied for the Buckeye Landscaping Intern Position, Rachelle Yoder applied for Oak Ridge Farms, and Preston Shamp applied for McCabe Outdoor Power. The top four finalists in each proficiency area will be interviewed at the Ohio FFA State Convention and winners will be announced during the sessions. Below are the finalists listed in their respective area. The Greenville FFA Agricultural and Industrial Diagnostics judging team of Brady Garber and Patrick Schmitmeyer placed 5th at Darke County contest. The contest was held at Koenig Equipment and employees of Koenig’s ran the contest for teams from Darke County FFA Chapters. The Tractor Troubleshooting contest involves a team of two members. The team had 4 tractors that were bugged with problems and the team had to identify the bug and then fix the problem. Examples of problems that can be found in the tractors are bad fuses, broken electrical wiring, blown lights, safety switches disconnected, obstructed air flow, and others. It challenges the team members to work in a systematic method to troubleshoot the problem, utilize computers to help in identifying the problem and to correct it. The team members also have a written test to take concerning similar topics. Members have 20 minutes to complete each of the stations of the contest. Ten members of the Southeastern FFA have spent the past month memorizing and organizing speeches and developed resumes and cover letters in preparation for two competitions in public speaking and job interview. Danielle Augustus, Haley Conway and Jillian Edwards competed in the junior division of job interview at the county level, with Haley placing second, Jillian placing sixth and Danielle placing eighth. Haley went on to the sub-district level, placing sixth in the junior division. Cory Knox, Brandon Zerkle and Kyle James competed in the sophomore division of job interview where Cory placed ninth, Kyle placed tenth and Brandon placed eleventh in the largest division of the contest. Cory went on to place third at sub-district and will advance to the district level. Finally, in the freshman division, Miranda B. placed seond, Stephanie Whetstone placed eleventh and Shawn Carpenter placed twelfth. Miranda competed at the sub-district level, placing second and will also advance to the district level. The Miami East-MVCTC FFA Chapter recently competed in the District 5 Evaluations of the Ohio FFA Association at Upper Valley Career Center in Piqua. Several members of the chapter worked extra hard on their Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE) record books to prepare their applications for awards and degrees. Three 2012-13 Chapter Officers that submitted books for review. Lauren Williams submitted the Secretary’s Book and earned a gold rating (100 out of 100). Kendra Beckman submitted the Treasurer’s Book and earned a gold rating (100 out of 100). Rebekah Eidemiller submitted the Reporter’s Book and earned a gold rating (100 out of 100). Lauren, Kendra and Rebekah will be recognized at the State FFA Convention in May. Senior Sarah Pyers and Juniors Daniel Bodenmiller, Kolin Bendickson, and Lindsey Roeth applied for the State FFA Degree. All applications were reviewed and submitted to the state evaluation for further review. Emily Johnson applied for the award of Star State in Agribusiness with her business of selling market sheep to sheep producers. On February 11th, the West Holmes FFA sent members to compete at District Job Interview contest at Buckeye Career Center. Four members participated in four divisions. In division I Jillian Gurley placed 2nd, in division II Shyann Kick placed 1st, in division III Mandy Taylor placed 1st, and in division IV Audrey Ivers placed 5th. The divisions were age categories that the people are placed in. Prior to the contest, members prepare by making a portfolio that includes personal information, a cover letter, and resume. During the actual contest, members are interviewed by judges and then follow up the interview with a thank you letter. Shyann and Mandy will be competing at the State Contest on March 2nd. Good Job to all of our members! REYNOLDSBURG, Ohio – Local FFA chapters can now apply for their chance to receive grants to help fund community development projects through the 2013 Agricultural and Rural Community Outreach Program. The program, jointly administered by the Ohio FFA Foundation, Ohio FFA Association and the Ohio Department of Agriculture, will award grants to chapters with top-ranking projects. Local FFA chapters can submit project proposals until May 15 to the Ohio FFA Foundation. A committee will then select projects to receive grant funds ranging from $750 to $2,500. The Howard G. Buffet Foundation, Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), and Monsanto have partnered with the National FFA Organization to raise awareness about the perennial problem of hunger. The National FFA’s pilot program awarded the Madison Plains FFA with a $2,000 grant to educate their community about hunger issues both locally and worldwide. This grant allowed the chapter to hold the “Invest 2 Fight Hunger” Benefit Dinner on Feb. 21. Thirty attendees at the dinner learned about hunger issues from presenters from ADM, Mid-Ohio Foodbank, and the Madison Plains FFA. Ryan Metzger, Merchandizer for ADM, told attendees about the “Invest an Acre” program that ADM and Monsanto conduct. This program allows farmers the opportunity to donate a portion of their profit to their local food bank. Monsanto then doubles the donation made by the local farmer. “In the first year we were able to make a large contribution because of donations from farmers like many of you,” Metzger said. The Ohio Ag Net & Ohio’s Country Journal is looking for three Ohio FFA members to help serve as student reporters at the 2013 Ohio FFA Convention. You’ll get the opportunity to help cover the convention and work alongside our news staff that includes Matt Reese, Heather Hetterick, Dale Minyo and Ty Higgins. Ever wonder what its like to do our job? Here’s your chance! The live coverage of the Ohio FFA Convention will be posted on www.ocj.com. At the end of each session share your commentary of what happened in each session in a video to recap the session. You must be attending both the State FFA Convention May 3rd and 4th. Submit no more than a 2 minute video sharing your qualifications and why you should be selected. Dave Snyder of Ashland was appointed as the National FFA Superintendent of the Milk Quality and Products career development event effective in 2013. The first official responsibility of this position was to attend the National CDE Superintendent Meeting in Louisville, Kentucky. There are 27 Career Development Events held at the National level each year hosting contestants of teams from all state in the United States. Snyder served as interim superintendent for the year in 2012. It is the responsibility of the superintendent to attend the January superintendent meeting, and conduct the summer organizational meeting for that particular committee in charge of the Milk Quality and Products CDE. Here the decisions are made concerning organization, preparation, implementation, and revisions of the contest so that the contest can be conducted at the National FFA Convention each year. The 2012 national contest was held in Indianapolis, IN and will be moved to Louisville, KY in 2013. Nine FFA members of the Mohawk FFA Chapter received their Chapter Degrees on January 14, at Mohawk School. The recipients were Meghan Chaffee, Austin Morter, Austin Harris, Aaron Vasquez-Miller, Bri Thiery, Kelsea Fleming, Kevin Lonsway, Morgan Sniffen, and Caitlin Huffman. The meal was catered by Special Occasions. Other FFA members that attended the ceremony were Kayla Draper who gave the introduction, Emily Daniel who led the invocation, Jarred Shellhouse who was the President for the ceremony and Deon Morter who did the closing comments. The speaker for the evening was Gary Klopfenstein, the District 4 FFA President. Congratulations to those who received their chapter degree! The February 2013 Miami East FFA Member of the Month is Andrew Kowalak. Andrew is the son of Mark and Gretchen Kowalak of Troy. Andrew was chosen because of his recent involvement in various FFA activities. In February Andrew will be participating in the first-ever Ohio Youth Capitol Challenge with youth involved in 4-H, FFA, and Farm Bureau. Andrew will be attending the conference to become a prepared and active citizen within his community. Additionally, Andrew is applying for a District Proficiency in the area of Forestry Management and Products. Andrew owns and operates Logo Logs in which he carves logos into forest products and sells them via social media outlets. In two years of business he has sold over 70 Logo Logs. Every month of the school year the Miami East FFA will select a student to be the FFA Member of the Month. The officer team will nominate one student that has been actively involved in the FFA chapter, school and community activities. The West Holmes FFA had their freshmen compete in the Online Greenhand Quiz on January 24th. The team placed 49th out of 122 teams and 1,649 participates. Individually, Lyndsey Davis placed 199th, Jason Jenkins placed 282nd, Matt Gardner placed 375th, Jillian Gurley placed 455th, Carter Smith placed 502nd, Justin Lorentz placed 567th, Tory Eggers placed 594th, Riley Brannon placed 615th, Katlyn Hamner placed 640nd, Gabe Armstrong placed 654th, Dylan Harsh placed 668th, Paige Miller placed 736th, Moose Workman placed 799th, Cole Woods placed 873rd, Coven Mullet placed 888th, Tyler Grassbaugh was 890th, Racheal Yerian placed 910th, Ariel Bickel placed 918th, Ethan Fair placed 922nd, Tanner Walker placed 963rd, Mystique Martin placed 1013th, Hannah Schlegel placed 1030th, Michael Parker placed 1037th, William Hughes placed 1041st, Sierra Wengerd placed 1066th, Patrick Schlabach placed 1118th, Alex Miller placed 1317th, Devon Little placed 1333rd, Stasia Callahan placed 1356th, Kristina Metcalf placed 1412th, Brooke Underwood placed 1426th, Bethany Underwood placed 1447th, Sammy McClain placed 1524th, Brandy Haddock placed 1599th, and Jeared Miller placed 1616th.

2019-04-19T10:28:00Z

https://www.ocj.com/category/ffa-news/page/30/

Labor Day weekend represents taking a break from the work a day world, and that includes talk about direct mail marketing, email marketing, social media marketing and all the rest! We are doing just that at promark, so our blog this week is changing “flavors”. This is the last weekend of summer before kids go back to school. There will be lots of outdoor cooking for sure. If you are making BBQ, try making this awesome sauce!! It’s easy, and you’ll never go back to buying it again! Most importantly, take some time to relax and enjoy family and friends. We’ll be back next week with more about what’s happening in direct marketing! Keep Data Clean – Having organized and well-kept data saves you time, money and effort. Regularly update records of addresses so you don’t waste money mailing to people who are no longer living at an address you have on file. And if you opt for a prospect file, make sure you get a quality file from a reputable company. Have them match it to your target demographic, and check it against your existing lists so you don’t accidentally mail customers twice. Your mailing list is your market, so this is the most important part of a direct mail campaign. Personalize Your Message – You can go a long way with a potential customer by delivering a personalized message. It makes the offer feel less robotic, and shows that you are speaking to that individual specifically. Consider using a different message for your current customers than you do for your prospects. Keeping in touch is different than acquisition, so address your audience accordingly. Beyond that, you can customize to certain demographics for maximum impact. For example, the things that appeal to 20-year-old single men are vastly different than those that appeal to 40-year-old married soccer moms. Change your message, your tone, or your graphics. By thinking creatively and getting in the head of the consumer, you can use emotional and lifestyle marketing to connect with your audience. Prompt Further Action – A good piece of direct mail may grab your customers’ attention, but without a call to action, things may not go any further than that. Have a hook to your message – incentivize the person holding that piece of paper to either make a purchase or inquire further. Do more than just be interesting or informative. Add something to your piece that says “you need to act now”, and give them the necessary information to do so. Test It Out – Don’t forget A/B testing if you’re trying out something new, unsure if something will work, or considering expanding to a new demographic. This is particularly important when the change that you’re considering will cost a lot of money. Always see if the increase in cost justifies the market’s response. It’s always better to catch bugs in a campaign on a smaller test market and avoid problems on subsequent, larger marketing efforts. You can never over-test. Track It All – The past plays a large role in developing plans for the future. Having a good tracking system in place allows you to see where things went right (or wrong!) so that you can make smart decisions moving forward. Consider asking customers how they heard about your business, or direct them to your website using a special code or a designated landing page. Having this information at your disposal will help you determine the best way to proceed in future campaigns. Keep It Frequent – With direct mail, you’re in it for the long haul. When done correctly, you will see results. But this will not happen if you’re only sending out an annual one-time mailer. Make direct mail ongoing and part of a broader marketing plan. Heighten your brand awareness by including email blasts, direct social media marketing, AdWords, weekly blogs and website updates in addition to your mailers. Keep your name out there and in sight for your customers and search engines, and business will follow. Spend some extra up-front time planning a clean direct mail campaign and you can avoid these common mistakes. Make your campaign relevant, targeted, tested and tracked and it will show optimum results. You’ll be amazed at the difference it all makes! SEO. You’ve probably heard the popular acronym tossed around when talking about online marketing. But what exactly does it mean? SEO – or Search Engine Optimization, is defined by The Beginner’s Guide to SEO as “the practice of improving and promoting a website in order to increase the number of visitors the site receives from search engines.” SEO encompasses everything from picking keywords, to links for other sites. Sometimes it is simply a matter of structuring your website in a way that search engines can understand. So how can you use this to your website’s benefit? Start with your own experiences. Imagine being confronted with a question you had no answer to. In modern days, you likely turn to your search engine of choice (Google/Bing/Yahoo, etc.) and type the question in to find your answer. Your question in this instance is the search query, and the responses that the engine comes up with are based on that criteria. Now picture your website. What is your target market likely to use as a search query? Those are the keywords that you want to highlight. SEO is based entirely on keywords, so this is where you want to focus the bulk of your effort. Try to pick words that make you unique, as well. Overly-popular keywords are going to be saturated in the search engines, meaning that you will fall farther behind in their rankings, which puts you a few pages back in users’ search results. Therefore, you stand a better chance of drawing your audience in when using more catered keywords. (For advice with this, we recommend checking out this SEO Keyword Research Tool. You can use these keywords in a number of places to ensure that search engines pick up on them – including titles and body text on pages, URLs to your page and even image file names. Some of the most successfully optimized websites use thousands of different keywords, so don’t be shy with them! Additionally, make sure you are frequently posting new content on your website, and consider incorporating social media to your online marketing platform. This will show the search engines that your business is still active, and will improve your organic ranking. However, just trying to trick search engines into finding your page is not enough. Go back to the perspective of the searcher – you’re looking for an answer to a question. You are searching for knowledge, so you want results that are relevant and captivating. Otherwise, you’re not likely to spend much time on that result – you’ll just move on to the next one. For this reason, you want to make sure your content is interesting to your audience, and offers value in some way. Information that feels inauthentic, and poised to draw people in without providing anything useful to them is unattractive to web users, and could lead them to form negative associations with your brand. Additionally, forcing keywords in that don’t match your brand may draw in the wrong type of audience. So be real, be interesting, and be informative. Make sure that the website and its content fit the keywords, rather than forcing a fit. Your website is an opportunity to connect with your prospective audience, so take advantage of it! Not sure if email is effective as a marketing tool? A recent Target Marketing Media Usage Survey1 shows that 42.7% of marketers use direct mail and email to acquire customers, and 58.6% use these channels to retain them. In addition, according to research conducted by The Relevancy Group and MessageGears2, email is shown to outperform social media when calculating revenue it generates, and from a customer perspective 75% of technically-savvy social media users prefer receiving marketing material via email. why you cannot afford to not utilize direct Facebook marketing in your marketing mix . . . When it comes to direct marketing, using Facebook as a marketing channel is a powerful addition to direct mail and email marketing. 72% of online adult Americans use Facebook and odds are you are one of them. It’s a wildly popular social media platform that helps people stay in touch or reconnect with old friends. People nowadays assume that you’re on Facebook in the same way that they assume you have an email address – it’s a staple of being an active Internet user. So understandably, Facebook has been able to build a huge collection of consumer data from its over 1.23 billion active online profiles. Recognizing the opportunity that this could provide to businesses, Facebook began to sell this data in conjunction with correlating advertising opportunities. Now, Facebook captures 73.4% ($9.86 billion) of social media ad spending in the US. If you’ve ever seen ads pop up in your timeline, you know how accurately they can match your personal interests. Facebook offers a unique advertising opportunity for businesses by allowing them to customize their audience, set a budget and timeline for their advertising campaign, and track its success. In the initial stages of organizing a Facebook advertising campaign, you are prompted to define an audience. Facebook allows you to fine-tune this audience by pursuing prospects based on gender, location, age, education, relationship status, hobbies and interests, etc. This ensures that your message is delivered to the exact type of people that meet your target audience. Additionally, if you have a list of emails or phone numbers from your current customer base you can opt to advertise to just them. Yes, Facebook can link it back to their page! Alternatively, you can opt to exclude these people if you’re looking to attract new customers. When creating a Facebook advertising campaign, you get to choose how much you want to spend every day and how many days you want the ad run. Payment works on a bidding system, and you can opt for either CPC (cost per click) or CPM (cost per 1000 views). Although Facebook provides price range recommendations based on what you’re looking for, you can opt to pay as little as 1₵/click (although it likely won’t get you too far!). In the US, the average CPC is 24₵, and the average CPM is 66₵. At the start of your advertising campaign, Facebook provides you with a conversion pixel that can be installed on your business’s website. Your Facebook ad will reroute customers to your website, and when they go on to make a purchase the conversion pixel tracks it. This information is sent back to Facebook, and gives their system data about the types of people who will take action after seeing your ad. Ultimately, this allows Facebook to optimize your ad by promoting it to an increasingly more accurate audience, and allows you to see how well Facebook is helping your business achieve its goals. Facebook has evolved from the strictly socially interactive platform it started as to a powerful direct marketing tool. Go in, check it out! There are tutorials available that explain the platform itself, and can walk you through setting up your own campaign. Of course, if you are like the rest of us, finding the time to do your own marketing is difficult and sometimes results in not getting it done (you know, the shoe makers children!). There are many marketing agencies available that can handle your Facebook advertising for you, just as they would your direct mail, email deployment and content management. Either way, get on board. It could be the linchpin channel that rounds your direct mail and email marketing efforts and sends them soaring. Social media and direct mail/email marketing go more hand-in-hand than you might think. Mail and email help a business deliver content directly to potential customers. When augmenting direct mail and email with social media marketing, you can waste a lot of time, money and effort if you don’t have a pinpointed target market. Social media users voluntarily release endless information (such as interests, hobbies, preferences, travel patterns and personal demographics) in order to build an online profile to connect with others. Because of this, data collected from social networks provides customer personas, and thus can define a carefully selected audience for your marketing messages. You can then specifically select who to direct your social media marketing towards, and can take measures to ensure that your business is promoting relevant content to them. Additionally, this information can make your direct mail and email marketing not only more efficient, but more likely to convert to sales by ensuring that your recipients will already have some interest in your business. Utilization of social media is a cost-efficient and effective way to enhance your current marketing efforts, but it can also be a beneficial tool in entirely separate ways. Unlike mail and email, social media allows a company to connect with its customers to develop a community around its brand. A business’s presence on social media gives customers the opportunity to have an interactive experience with the brand by “liking”, commenting, and sharing its posts. Some businesses further foster this sense of community by actually responding to customers’ posts on their social media pages. This makes the customers’ relationship with the brand a more personal one – and as emotional responses to marketing are what drive buying behavior, this is a promotional opportunity that is not to be overlooked. While social media is a valuable marketing tool and is becoming increasingly more popular among businesses, don’t go ditching the “traditional” advertising channels either. Email marketing still brings in higher revenue than social networks, and remains the preferred channel by most Americans. Comparatively, direct mail gets your advertisement in the hands of the customer, and they’ll likely read it more thoroughly than they would if it were an online ad. Consider using direct social media in combination with direct mail and email marketing to develop an integrated approach to your marketing efforts. Add social networking links to the bottom of your emails, or include incentives for “following” your business in your next mail advertisement. And if you can post content online that your followers find interesting or amusing enough to share then they’ll do the advertising for you, and your job just got a whole lot easier! your data: mine field or gold mine? RECORD LAYOUT – You want to make sure that your record fields are consistent, for example keeping first name, last name, street address, city, state, zip in separate fields. If you are working with a business database for your mailing list, make sure company name and key contact title are in the appropriate fields. This may be something you can have an employee sort out if your database is small. If it is a larger job, there are many companies that can perform this service for you in conjunction with data appending and address updating (NCOA) services. RECORD QUALITY – Incomplete or incorrect addresses will mean wasted dollars due to undeliverable mail or unforwardable mail. Sometimes the mail may be forwarded, but the individual has moved out of state. If you are a local farmer’s market you would be wasting time and energy soliciting to that individual. National change of address services are available to confirm the accuracy or your mailing list and update addresses where needed. Most businesses are aware that quality data results in a more effective mailing list, email deployment, ad word selection and social media marketing campaign, they just do not know where to begin. Again, for whatever you cannot do in-house, there are many companies that can do data hygiene and append for you. Just make sure you utilize a company that updates their data regularly. We hope you have found this information useful, and best of luck for success! It goes without saying, it is more important than ever to have an integrated marketing strategy that is developed with engagement and timeliness as the priority in order to get optimal results. Consumers are bombarded every day with so many messages coming from all directions – text ads, popup ads, social media, direct mail, email, even TV ads in line at the grocery store; and yet they have less time than ever to pay attention, much less read them. You not only have to pique your customer or prospect’s interest with your message, you have to do it at exactly the right time. In addition your integrated marketing strategy has to be practical, a plan that your time allows for executing and that fits into your budget. Here are a few tips to keep in mind as you roll out your marketing efforts for 2016. Make sure you have a clear picture of what you are trying to accomplish with each marketing effort. It can range from increased customer engagement to regaining lost customers to acquiring new leads. Consider the various marketing channels you have available to you, as well as the amount of marketing dollars you have for your effort. Make sure each message you send is customized to specific market segments. Determine what channels (direct mail, email, social media, tweet, SEO and pay-per-click) will be most effective for each segment in your integrated marketing strategy. Your customer profile for each market segment will help you make these decisions. Define your integrated marketing strategy, which is a structure of the distribution sequence via the appropriate marketing channels for your message to each market segment. This could include the order in which they are deployed through each channel, whether some will coincide, how they will link and what the timing will be. Remember, determining the appropriate timing for each market segment and each message is key! For example, consider when the demand for your product or service is most needed and balance that with each demographic’s attention and response times. Make sure all direct mail efforts are executed as efficiently as possible so you do not waste money marketing to non-deliverable addresses. Your in-house mailing list should be cleaned and updated, and make sure any mailing list you use is current. Data hygiene is a must! Also, be certain all email deployments are directed to opt-in participants only to avoid being black listed as a spammer. Touch your audience many times over a reasonable period of time. Conventional wisdom was a message had to touch a client or prospect at least three times to have an imprinted impact. Today, many leaders in the industry suggest touching your audience a minimum of 12 times. Keep in mind, you don’t have to break the bank to do it! Using links in your messages and offers, along with less expensive channels like tweets and blogs, you can add up your touches very quickly without overspending your budget. Track the results of each channel you employed in your campaign. Tweak your marketing plan based upon the results you achieved. It is critical to keep your marketing plan alive, constantly changing as you have the opportunity to analyze your marketing results. Reprise, a.k.a. Play It Again Sam! Repeat! Once you have gotten through the first cycle and made the appropriate changes to your plan, set new timing and hit your customers and prospects again. Remember, if you are not talking to them, someone else is! Best of luck in all of your marketing efforts in 2016!! In celebration of over 35 years of providing exceptional results through personal service, promarkdirect is proud to announce an entirely new brand identity and expanded digital services to complement our existing postal and email expertise.

2019-04-22T19:54:18Z

https://www.promarkdirect.com/news/page/3/

Today was preview night for our winter show The 39 Steps and it went superbly!!! The entire cast was really happy with tonight’s performance and can’t wait to keep up the energy and fix those last few tweaks for our shows for the rest of this week. You know you’ve put on a good comedy show when the audience is cracking up the whole time, and that’s exactly what happened tonight! Everyone said they loved it and it was a hilarious joy to watch. This ensemble has been working so hard (and for only a month at most) to put on this show, and I’m so happy to be a part of the process because it’s just been such a pleasure! Between theater and the gymnastics competition season starting up, I’ve made a recent observation about myself: I’m pretty decent at pre planning disaster plans. When ever I choreograph a routine or memorize for a new show, I always try to memorize everything correctly, but then I also think about a few scenarios about what could potentially go wrong to try and figure out what I would do in those situations. In both cases that means how can you best make up for what ever you missed by tweaking your normal flow a little. So, maybe add a little more dance, or tweak a later line to make up for something important that was missed (by you or another stage mate), or shoving a prop into someone’s pocket in order to get it to the other side of the stage. This is one of those random skills that I wouldn’t normally think of when thinking about skills, but I’ve realized that this can be applied to other situations as well. Mainly when you give any presentation because you need to make sure you hit on everything that’s really important, so even if things don’t go in your exact planed order, make it happen; the show must go on! Clearly you want to try to memorize and do things the intended way, but it’s kind of nice to practice some disaster plans because that way you are more prepared to think and act quick for when something inevitably doesn’t go exactly as planned. It’s just a funny fail-up skill I’ve noticed this past week that I thought was worth sharing. I’ve been on hiatus for the past week from blogging, but now that break is almost officially over though, it is time for me to start getting things back in gear. I hadn’t planned to be on hiatus, but I have a rule where I don’t blog if it would mean leaving family/friend time unnecessarily and with it being Thanksgiving break, things got busy. However, by no means did I stop thinking. It was quite the opposite actually, there were many occasions where someone would say “Anya stop thinking,” but I’m not very good at that. It can be a problem sometimes actually. A problem I have not yet been able to solve for. In fact sitting next to me at this very moment is my notebook flipped open to the page with notes from our Google Hangout with Grant Lichtman and notes about my AP Lang portfolio that I have been working on putting together, at least 40 notecards most of which have sentences describing one of my past blog posts, a passion board with sticky notes and a sharpie for both iVenture and AP Lang work (in truth it is the beginnings of these becoming more closely into 1 related topic), a white board calendar with all of the dates I need to keep in mind, and another white board with all of the big things I need to get done and what my hopeful schedule for today was in order to work on them. But alas, this all makes me sound like I was much more productive this week than I truly feel I was. I mean I didn’t even blog. I didn’t go through my list of things to do. I did work some on all of the above as well as coaching gymnastics camp, finishing the choreographing for 2 acro routines, memorizing theater lines, looking and taking notes on a bunch of potential colleges, and studying a little for the SAT which I take this coming weekend. I wouldn’t be entirely surprised if did more than most students this week, but it still doesn’t feel like enough knowing how much time I also spent just looking up random stuff online and watching gymnastics videos and Netflix and playing games. Does it ever? Does it ever feel like enough? Kat and I were texting earlier about how we both don’t feel like we got as much done as we intended on getting done this week. It seems that all we look forward to is having a little time because that’s when “we’ll get to work on the stuff we want to be doing.” The problem is that we are so busy the rest of the time that when a little time comes our way what we “want to be doing” become simply relaxing. Which isn’t nor should it be a bad thing. We all need time to reboot and “stop thinking” for a little sometimes. The hard part is finding the “free time” to use as “work time,” and being around others that are still in “reboot mode” doesn’t make it easy. While Kat and I were texting (actually I ended up having a similar conversation with a few others as well, it was kind of on my mind a lot today), I brought up the concept of a writers retreat. Ironically this thought came to me because of a TV show I had been getting caught up in this week. Authors, trying to write a book typically, will sometimes go on a retreat for an extended amount of time in order to clear their mind of other distractions and just write. Then write some more. Then keep writing because they have that time! Sometimes I wish I could go on a similar retreat. Not just for writing but just to have time dedicated for working, but for passion work. Ideally it would be great if it could be my school for a week. Because truthfully, it’s really hard to spend what would be break time with family trying to work all of the time. The whole reason we have breaks is so that we can reboot and have some family time without worrying about work so much. School is work time, so what if we just changed what that work was; not to mention make it for a longer period of time just in a new location. Sometimes I’ll say I need to go do work and my family will react with “What work didn’t you do already that’s due tomorrow?” Then I have to explain how it isn’t actually due in the typical school sense which is why I haven’t finished it, because passion work can’t really be fully finished, but it does need to be worked on. Finding time for passion work when that passion work isn’t yet your “work” work is really difficult. So sometimes I wish I could just go on a passion work retreat to dedicate a large amount of time to the work that isn’t “due” but is important and needs time without interruptions and distractions (many of which I cause myself when I go into “break” mode). I think it would even be okay for a few people to on this retreat with me as long as they too were in “passion work mode” because then we could hold each other responsible and get feedback from each other even while on retreat. Anyway break is over tomorrow and thus work begins. With midterms only two weeks away plus all of the big events I have coming up, things are about to get crazy and I think I’ll need some rest. It seems like it has been far too long since I’ve given just a general update about how things have been going in our Collab Course AP Lang class designed and run by Kat and myself. Things have been going really well lately, and as we venture forward I just want to share some highlights of exciting things that have, are, and will be happening in this class. We recently had our paper discussing solutions to The Creativity Crisis published on #Satchat Daily (under education) one of the biggest sources for education resources, as well as on the MViFi blog. We’ve been reading Grant Lichtman’s book #EdJourney, and have been creating blog posts about our reflections on the book. These posts have also had their fair share of retweets and likes on Twitter! We’re also currently trying to work out a time where we can actually have a Google Hangout with Mr. Lichtman to get to discuss some of his book as well as how he went about the actual creation of the book since that is something Kat and I are both interested in. In general, Kat and I have also started to get into a better flow as far as how we decide what to work on each day. For the most part, Mondays and Wednesdays are what we call “APLle Days” where we work on more of your typical AP Lang stuff like timed essays, multiple choice, vocab (both AP Lang terms to know as well as our running list that we each add 5 new words to a week that we read and think the other should also know), discussions, that kind of stuff that we know just has to be done to some extent still since this is an AP class. Then on Thursdays and Fridays we have “Explore Days” where the schedule is a little more open ended to allow time and space for our “normal” routine to be disrupted allowing for creativity and learning to flourish. Sometimes these days involve working on iVenture work that involves writing that we can use each other for feedback on. Other times we end up in deep discussions around forms of feedback and assessment and design thinking with some of our ID facilitators who often work close by. At times situations and opportunities could arise where we end up trying to decipher an instruction booklet with no words and put together a robotic hand. Sometimes it just means having meetings with mentors to work on ways to further enhance our skills as innovative learners and further develop our AP Lang program itself. One of the recent programatic decisions that Kat and I made about a month or so ago was starting a new activity we call a “20/20“. Typically we do a 20/20 on Monday’s since it is our shortest class together each week, so over the weekend we will each read some piece. (Lately this has been a mixture of #EdJourney sections or pieces related to Plato’s Allegory of the Cave.) Then on Monday in class we will spend 20 minutes discussing the reading piece, then we will spend 20 minutes writing a blog post reflection on the discussion. This gets us in the habit of enhancing our discussion skills while also getting us to practice having to organize and write down our thoughts in a short amount of time. So far these have been going really well and I’ve actually appreciated the time constraint since it has challenged me to try and be creative, articulate, and clear quickly. I’ve already talked some about #EdJourney, but I would like to talk more about Plato’s Allegory of the Cave. From the start of the creation of this course, both Kat and I knew we wanted to read The Allegory of the Cave no matter what. As sophomores the piece had come up a few times in discussions and it sounded really interesting to us since some of the main points have to do with education and what is the “truth”–two things we are both passionate about. After reading the piece even just once, we both absolutely loved it!! So we did some research on how other people responded to the piece and furthered our understanding of its meaning. However, just reading Plato once doesn’t help get everything across. We were so inspired by the piece that we started talking with my Latin teacher about how we might do more with the piece. He too thinks the piece is great and even made an interesting comparison to the work we do with our class and how it’s like the prisoner in the story who is let out of the cave. Since then he has helped us pick other pieces of Plato’s work to read (actually we will have a 20/20 on book 1 of The Republic this Friday) and helped us figure out a big theme we want to focus on: status quo. What is the status quo? How is it defined? Why do cultures value the status quo? What does it mean to go against the status quo? What happens to the people who challenge the status quo? Why do they do it? Kat and I hope to read and discuss much more over the coming days before the end of first semester, and hopefully create a joint MoVe Talk to help express our findings while also tying in work we’ve done throughout the year. A few other things that we hope to do before the end of the year are to revamp our blog sites to work on better organizing and capturing our work, and also to learn more about what a good portfolio looks like and go back through our work to pick out bright spots from our journey so far. What I’ve really loved about our course is that we have truly had the freedom to explore while learning and doing meaningful work. When I write something for a class that then ends up getting published and talked about by people you don’t even know, I feel incredibly proud and motivated to continue writing and improving my skills. Getting to talk to a wide array of mentors has also been amazingly fun and helpful because it means we are getting feedback from a multitude of perspectives from a California student to educators we’ve never met in person to our own Latin teacher, which hopefully has made us more rounded with our writing. Plus I can’t even begin to emphasize how amazing it feels to not have to stress about grades. I feel more courageous to take risks and try new things, plus I don’t find myself up late worrying about a quiz, but instead I find myself curious and researching to be prepared for a discussion and writing assignment that I’m happy to get feedback on. Without grades our feedback feels like it is more focused on really trying to help us improve as a reader and writer, and have end products that go somewhere and contribute to larger conversations. I even had a teacher comment on one of my posts about The Allegory of the Cave about how she wanted to share my work with her students who were learning about different perspectives. While we still take the AP Lang exam at the end of the year, and even the same midterm as the traditional AP Lang course students will take, I am not going to be judging the value of this course based on how we score. Sure we want to score well, but even if we aren’t spectacular, I don’t want to judge a whole year off of two tests. Learning is so much more than that. I know I’ve been learning; with reading and writing, as well as many other skills like sending emails to people you haven’t met, and organizing class structures, and knowing when to pivot and how to manage the unexpected. I’ve seen my improvement. I’ve read and heard my feedback. I know I have room to grow, but I also know I’ve been growing, and that to me means success. As this year goes on I can’t wait to see what else comes out of this course. It may only be two weeks until Thanksgiving break, but there is still so much learning ahead of us, and I’m excited for it! Being as passionate about education redesign as I am, I’ve been trying to make more of a point to think about ways that design thinking can be incorporated into the classroom, and what struggles I notice occurring around trying to use elements of design thinking. One of the big things I’ve noticed is that we often spend a really long time on the discovery phase. (Referring to the DEEP process we use at MVPS which stands for Discover, Empathize, Experiment, Produce.) I think this is because teachers, and maybe even some students, feel “safest” in the discovery mode. Discovery is all about research, and it is really easy to “justify” how the discovery phase is meeting the goals of traditional schooling because we have always done research at school. Teachers and students have always done research and therefore, the discovery phase feels more comfortable because it’s not requiring you to really stretch yourself as a learner in terms of how you act and what you learn. Everyone interprets what they read based on what they want to know and already believe. It is much easier to get a piece of text to support your argument then it is to hear a person speak and try to pick a part their talk to validate your own believes. While the discovery phase is very necessary to a design process, because you need some background information to know what you are even dealing with, I believe the quicker you can make the leap from discovery to empathy mode, the more things will start to “make sense”. The empathy phase is when you are challenged and get pieces of insight that spark your curiosity and interest. This is where both student and teachers start to light up and find themselves wanting to research more to further understand and question what their user said. I’ve observed first hand the moment when students find themselves hooked on a design challenge because they realize how much it means to someone else that they spoke to. I’ve also observed how excited teachers get to see their students excited about learning. Once you get to the empathy phase, the rest of the challenge starts to get much clearer, and the question of “what in the world are we doing” starts to become less foggy. The problem is that while the discovery mode feels very safe and comfortable in the classroom, the empathy mode is far from “safe and comfortable”. To get to the point of interviewing people can be really hard in a classroom environment. One of the biggest struggles being that if students don’t yet care or understand why you are doing what you are doing, it is often hard to get them to find people to interview because they don’t know what to do next. Design thinking is still pretty new to the education world, and while teachers are learning more and more about how to involve design thinking in their classrooms, students are not necessarily having a parallel introduction to design thinking. If a teacher walks into a classroom full of students that barely (if at all) understand why we do design thinking, they can’t just magically flip on the light switch and expect the students to be able to self guide themselves through a design thinking challenge. The light switch has to be built before it can be used. You have to have the tool before you can use it. Creative confidence is something nurtured and grown, not magically summoned upon when you need it for a class assignment. I know I haven’t even started to talk about the Experiment or Produce stages, but that’s because I honestly don’t think I’ve had a class where we really and truly reached these stages even. More often than not, we spend so much time on discovery, that we try to cram empathy in really quickly and then have spent so much time on the project already, that we decide to end after our empathy findings so that we can move on to the next unit. I get why. I mean there is only so much time in the school year, and at this point there are still things that teachers have to teach to meet certain standards by the end of the year. And to be honest, if you spend to much time on a design challenge that isn’t moving anywhere, it can eventually seem tiresome and overdone; there is only so much researching you can do before you want to just drop everything. However, I think if we could move faster into the empathy phase of design thinking, then we would be more likely to see a challenge all the way through. I believe this because after meeting with users is when things really start to get exciting to the point where you don’t want to stop. What if, rather than going through and entire design challenge, teachers set up more design sprints or just mini design challenges that had a very purposeful flow with time constraints? Maybe these could last a week or two max for these challenges. In this challenge teachers would help facilitate students researching about users that the teacher has already found and set a specific time when they would come in to be interviewed by students. This would eliminate the struggle of students trying to find and communicate with people to set up interview times. While this is a great skill to learn, in the classroom this can get complicated because everyone has different schedules and some students may need more help than others with setting up this interview. So I think this skill is something that could wait to be practiced until students have a better understanding of the design thinking process first. Then after all of the students have gotten the chance to talk to one or two users, the teacher helps guide the class through a series of tools to help unpack interviews and discover what the how might we statement is. Students need time to be creative and explore their passions, but when it comes to design thinking, I think they first need more guidance and closer facilitation in order to learn the ropes before trying to sail alone. The best way to learn how to sail is to actually get in the boat, so why not give students more opportunities to experience design thinking by facilitating lots of mini more guided and focused design thinking sessions in the classroom? This may also help with classroom design challenges leaping over the ditch between the discovery and empathy phases of the DEEP process, and then maybe having the time to then go even further into the process with experimenting and producing. The student boats will capsize a few times, but eventually they’ll get more use to that water, and before you (the teacher) knows it, they’ll be off exploring new lands on their own. “A society’s competitive advantage will come not from how well its schools teach the multiplication and periodic tables, but from how well they stimulate imagination and creativity.” Albert Einstein said these great words over 60 years ago, and yet in todays’ 21st century, America has still been in what is commonly known as “The Creativity Crisis” as described in Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman’s article published in Newsweek in 2010. Their findings, based on the widely taken Torrance Test which tests for someone’s “Creativity Quotient” (CQ), show that the American public has had a significant decrease in it’s CQ scores since 1990. However, at the same time that this Creativity Crisis is taking place, leading businesses are craving creative and innovative people, as shown from an IBM poll taken in 2010 of 1,500 CEOs. This disconnect between what America wants in the workforce and what America’s CQ scores are leads to the question of, “How might we raise America’s CQ scores?” That is, how might we have more Americans that are proficient at going through a process of the exploration and creation of something new? A start would be to examine our education programs to assure that we as a country are setting the conditions for people to be successful. Schools are meant to prepare students with the knowledge and skills to be successful in the world. With our world craving creative people with innovative ideas, it is imperative for schools to allot time in their school day for students to explore creative outlets and passions. By allotting this time in the day, students can be more prepared to get jobs in the companies that they are interested in working for. One of the “big dogs” of American companies is Google, with about 1 in every 4 young professionals wanting to work there. When trying to get a job at Google, it is helpful to know that interviewers are looking for applicants that go through a creative thinking process. For example an applicant may be asked, “How many piano tuners are there in Chicago?” The interviewer is not looking for the answer to this question, because there is no exact answer, instead the interviewer is looking to see how the applicant thinks through the problem and hoping to see the applicant go through a creative, yet logical, process to arrive at an answer. If schools hope for their students to be competitive in the workforce at places like Google, then schools must prepare students to be creative thinkers while problem solving– even if the problem seems impossible to solve. In school, students are tasked to learn and mast content which lays out the foundation for the logical side to any process, but there is another side to this process: the creative side. To answer seemingly impossible problems like those that arise in the “real world”, you must have a basic understanding of facts along with the creative confidence to quickly discern what things you think you need to know in order to arrive at an answer. This creative confidence isn’t something that some people are born with and others are not; it is developed over time through experience and guidance. Students need mentors to help them develop their creative confidence, and school provides an opportune time for students to receive this mentorship, and not just from teachers. Just like how chemistry classes do lab work in order to better understand how chemical equations work, what if all students were given the opportunity to enroll in a“real world” lab? Imagine if in this “real world” lab students were working alongside business leaders, entrepreneurs, and nonprofits to tackle work that matters. Work that might not be in a textbook. Through these “real world” labs, students could develop relationships with these game-changers that may lead to long lasting mentorship. Schools need to begin developing relationships with members in the local community because this real world experience will build confidence in students, so they can be empowered to be agents of change in today’s world. School currently communicates that students have to wait to make a difference. They have to wait to be told what to do. They have to wait to get their graded test back. What if we didn’t want to wait? Some schools already have programs set in place to allow students school time to work on creative pursuits and passions, and their students are working on some mind blowing things. Some notable examples are High Tech High in California, The Independence Project at Monument Mountain Regional High School in Massachusetts, and Mount Vernon Presbyterian School’s Innovation Diploma in Atlanta, Georgia. Students from these schools have done things like making their school more environmentally sustainable, cooking a meal for over 80 people, designing a picture of a historical character using math and technology, writing a novel, partnering with organizations like the Center for Disease Control on “real world” problems, and consulting with industry leaders to tackle complex challenges. These schools exemplify that it is possible for schools to give students time to focus on creativity and passion finding during school time. Not only is it possible, but the students that are given this time in school have been advantageous in a world craving creative people. Imagine if all American schools had this time for creativity and passion finding. Imagine how much the American creative quotient scores could raise. Imagine how many more creative solutions America could be generating to solve big problems in our world today. The world demands creative people, so to solve the Creativity Crisis the world should also demand that schools, with their mentors and resources, provide the time for students to explore creative endeavors and personal passions in order to develop their creative confidence before it’s too late. Today did not feel like a Friday for some reason, but looking back on the week I’ve realized just how great of a week it was! What really made it awesome was because I had something I very rarely have: time. With no homework, I’ve also actually gotten to sleep a little more than normal and I feel like I’ve noticed it during class. You know how sometimes you just feel in general more on your game than normal? That’s how I’ve felt this week. I’ve been happy, pondering, productive, asking lots of thoughtful questions, and just in general I feel more attentive and like I’ve processed more during class time this week. I got good grades on my two tests. I’ve been having interesting conversations around feedback on my Creativity Crisis paper. My design team had a really productive all hands on deck prototyping day and have now almost finished our full scale prototype. I felt like I was asking more questions and better understanding more conceptual topics in Latin and AP Chemistry. I was able to quickly learn a good bit about many revolutionary war key figures. I got to work on some iVenture work for the first time in forever. Plus I got to start reading Grant Lichtman’s 2nd book on education transformation for the 21st century, #EdJourney! It’s just been a really great week! I guess passion work and sleep really can make a difference in your every day behavior. What if every week felt like this? For the past weekish, Kat and I have been working on a paper in response to the “Creativity Crisis” for our AP Lang Collab-Course. I’m not going to go into depth on the content of the paper itself tonight– that will come later with the paper itself– but what I have found quite interesting is how we have been approaching this paper differently than how we might have approached a paper for a “typical class”. Our prompt actually came straight from an old AP Lang exam question; however, we tweaked it a tad because we want to take our paper a step further, so rather than just writing an argument piece, we actually plan on sharing this piece with online publications to get our thoughts/writing out to a wider audience. Hopefully we spark some interesting conversations, and as they are looking now, I think we will! While writing this piece I have found the biggest difference in my writing is actually how I edit my work. I have a much stronger grasp on what it means to give and receive feedback than I did even a year ago (thanks ID!!). This allows me to go through my work and think, “If I was giving feedback to someone else, what would I be looking for?” So on my paper (done in a google doc), I’ve left comments asking questions about certain snippets of my writing where I think there could potentially be changes needed, but I want another perspective on it. Rather than just writing a paper and having a teacher grade it based on a rubric they’ve designed, I’m actually getting the opportunity to say “This is what I want feedback on,” and then let mentors (including peers and even some student mentors from different states in fact) respond and add additional comments that they think are worth pointing out. To be honest the process feels kind of like when I would ask a peer to edit my paper before handing in an assignment; I’m very open to all feedback because I want it to make it the best possible before the “final draft”. It reminds me of what I imagine the relationship is between an author and his/her editor. I mean no one writes perfectly, that’s why we have other people look over and help edit our work so that we can make the writing as strong as possible. Looking at teachers and students as mentors in this way where we can actually have a conversation about my writing and how it can be improved (not just graded) has been really cool and super helpful to my writing! With blogging, and therefore writing, almost everyday, I’ve occasionally had people say my writing has improved over the course of the past few years. This leads to the question of “What made it improve?” I now think that it isn’t just that I’m writing more often, while that is definitely an element of it, I think having a stronger understanding of what it means to give and receive feedback is what has made my writing stronger. Feedback isn’t a number; that isn’t helpful. What does a number mean? Helpful feedback is the commentary on what you did well, what you could improve on, and suggestions for how you might improve. And when you receive feedback, even if it’s on things you need to improve on, that doesn’t mean you’re a failure, or did a horrible job, or that your feedback giver doesn’t like you and/or your work. It’s quite the opposite in my opinion, because if your feedback giver gives you feedback on the things they didn’t love, that means they care enough about your work to try and help you make it better. To be honest, I think the feedback on what and how you could improve is often more helpful then what you did well, because it moves you along on your journey with what to work on next. It’s interesting how taking grades out of the equation effects my writing. I think I take more risks and try more new things when I’m not worrying about a grade. When I’m graded and do poorly, I don’t always (trying to get better at this) see it as “feedback to help me improve”, I just see it as “oh no I did something wrong…” I’ve really enjoyed not having grades attacked to our AP Lang work because it has made me feel more free to explore and take risks with how I write, and it has made me more open to receiving feedback. There are many more ways to give feedback than just grades. I wonder how understanding feedback at a deeper level could help improve students overall communication skills.

2019-04-24T03:07:47Z

https://pinyabananas.wordpress.com/tag/patterns/

One of the country’s longest-running nonprofit arts centers has just announced that its “continued existence is in serious financial jeopardy.” While dispiriting announcements like this are common enough during the current economic recession, this loss promises to be particularly devastating. Founded in 1974, the organization has been a center of the San Francisco arts scene for the last three decades and more; it has served in that time as a vital laboratory for conceptual art, poetry, installation and performance – which practices found little purchase in mainstream institutions in the Bay Area in the Seventies and Eighties – as well as a crucial point of contact with the national and international artists who were shown there. I hoped then that the board, and director Sandra Percival, might see Tercerunquinto’s project (and my review) as a kind of challenge: not only to raise money, but to re-imagine Langton’s role in the arts community, to locate and support forms of practice not addressed or exhibited adequately by larger institutions like SFMOMA and Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, and to pursue new audiences and new roles for itself. It doesn’t seem from outside that these questions were engaged within the institution; certainly they were not engaged effectively enough. Indeed it sometimes seemed as if the institution was moving in a conservative direction, considering its history (less poetry, less community, less chaos). And by largely showing artists who had been recognized and legitimated by institutions elsewhere, Langton lived problematically in those institutions’ shadow. This was in many ways a losing gambit. Percival’s letter of resignation, which she sent out to many in San Francisco’s artistic community, attributes Langton’s current distress to “a ‘perfect storm’ that we have encountered since last fall’s climactic economic events.” Judith Williamson teaches us to be on our guard whenever the economy is naturalized in metaphor – you know you’re about to be handed a bill of sale. Percival’s letter rightly takes credit for the institution’s achievements during her tenure, including many compelling shows and events, and a stunning renovation by architect and board member Kyu Che. (It also includes some events whose credit ought to have been shared with the “small staff” who goes unnamed in her letter – for the record, Carrión, Sam Spiewak and Zoe Taleporos – or guest curators like Anne Colvin, Pamela Wilson-Ryckman and Jill Dawsey.) Yet if, as director, the achievements are hers, then so are the institution’s disappointments and missed opportunities; we can’t blame everything on the weather. Her departure presents the board, and San Francisco in general, with another crisis, in its ancient sense of a “decisive moment” or “turning point.” Can Langton survive its current predicament? Should it? In what form? We must ask not only “what now?,” but “why?” and “for whom?” Proximity Magazine published in May Joseph Del Pesco’s interview with Renny Pritikin, who, with his wife Judy Moran, directed Langton for its first fifteen years or so. He says, “My friend Anne Focke, who started and/or gallery in Seattle around the same time we were building New Langton Arts, was visiting recently, and we asked ourselves: “If we were starting again today, what would we do?‘” This moment of crisis, and the “town hall” meeting Langton promises, will offer all of us the chance to ask their question with renewed intensity. It’s devastating to see such an important local institution in this state. Still, I can’t help feeling that the first step down this hazardous path was the decision to import a director from outside the Bay Area, with a shift in focus from the regional to the international. The Bay Area has fewer and fewer spaces that support experimentation and innovation on the local level. There’s a misconception that turning outward, toward more market-supported art, is going to result in better revenues for these small organizations. These sad circumstances at Langton demonstrate why that’s not necessarily a solution. This is not to say that we should exclude the world beyond the Bay Area, but that international trends and movements should be articulated by our local institutions through a healthy balance of local and international practices represented. Our artists and critics are well aware of what’s happening in the larger world, and can hold their own. If we don’t support them locally, we can’t hope to make any real impact on a national or international level as we’ll forever be copying what someone else did first. I’m glad that this article appeared, as it at least should be noted with gravity that this often-vital institution is likely to pass out of existence. (I should say that I ran the organization with my wife Judy Moran for many years). I wanted to point out that it is historically inaccurate to state that the field of artist-run spaces arose only because of the availability of federal funds. It may very well sound pollyannish to contemporary ears, but this movement arose out of both formal innovation, as Julian writes, with no outlet for artists working in that way, as well as a politicized desire to build parallel cultural delivery systems. The NEA Visual Arts program, under the brilliant leadership of Jim Melchert, responded to the rise of the movement with a grant program in the late 70s or early 80s, after the fact. Thank you for this Julian. My projects The Colony Room and Sgt. Pepper’s were in fact a return to “more poetry, more community and more chaos” which in all fairness Sandra Percival embraced and fully supported. Perhaps too little, too late but I think it was a seed and hopefully one which we can build on. I am a newcomer to San Francisco who, prior to moving to the city, had great expectations of New Langton Arts. I was coming from another alternative space in Texas that was built in the 1980s, inspired by The Kitchen and Langton. When I first walked into New Langton Arts it was already remodeled. The first thing I noticed was the floors. The floors were wood polished floors that reminded me of some of the galleries off of Geary Street. This floor lacked the qualities of an experimental space. The New Langton that I saw seemed to be looking with obedience to the surrounding institutions, rather than imposing itself to the dogmas of 3rd street @ Mission all they way to Geary St. But I must say that I had great experiences at Langton, such as The Colony Room organized by Anne Colvin. I also admired the dedication of the staff whose dedication to the organization was apparent. Although it will be greatly missed, it is important to question what we are missing. Is it its prominent history, or the resistant nature embodied in its earlier years? That nature that was not afraid to take risks in order to address the concerns of the artistic community that other institutions always love to ignore. Does anyone know if a time and place has been set for the Town Hall meeting? The date and time of the meeting will be posted on NLA’s website (www.newlangtonarts.org) and their blog http://newlangtontownhall.blogspot.com/ in the near future. Thanks for this, Julian – I’m much saddened by the current state of affairs at New Langton and glad to find the problematics of the situation up for debate. I don’t want to derail the discussion with a discourse on flooring, but as I understand it, the recent refurbishment of the organization restored its galleries to more or less their original state, stripping out later decorative additions and removing the mdf boards, which covered the original wood floors. Thus what we are seeing is a more true to life version of the institution in its heyday, rather than the New Langton we may have gotten used to in recent years. In any case, I am not sure that the best argument for questioning New Langton’s credentials to show experimental art is that the space is too nice. I’m also not too sure what the fact that a director was hired in from the outside has to do with New Langton’s current plight (which is not to say that I don’t think the director should take responsibility for both the good and bad, as Julian points out). Nor that Sandra Percival qualifies as “international.” Although based in the UK for 13 years prior to arriving in the Bay Area, Percival is a Washington state native and lived and worked many years in Seattle. I think that probably places her in the regional, or “at worst,” national category. That said, New Langton’s history is anything but purely local – the lengthy list of artists who has shown there reads like a national, and in parts international, directory (and history) of conceptual and performance art – from Paul McCarthy to Vito Acconci, Nam June Paik, Tony Oursler, Michelangelo Pistoletto, Eleanor Antin, Joan Jonas and Felix Gonzalez-Torres, not forgetting artists closer to home like Tom Marioni and Bruce Conner. The salient point is that New Langton chose to work with these artists at relatively early stages in their career, supporting work considered too experimental for many institutions. An institution becomes great, dynamic, of interest when it has a clear mission, a clear sense of its community and audience – this does not have to be achieved by barring the doors to outside influences. But it does require focus, which in this case seems to have blurred, resulting in the failure to represent constituencies (whether literary or musical) traditionally associated with the organization, the alienation of many members of the local arts community, and schizophrenic programming with the occasional glimpse of lucidity provided by shows like “The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly,” and “Small things end, great things endure.” The last title being somewhat unpleasantly prophetic in the circumstances. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YHkKo_ngfE&feature=related In hard times, it’s comforting to listen to good music. Leigh, you bring up a really good point: the question of the institution’s mission and its commitment to it. Does anyone know if this is the original one? Has it been revisited in the past? How might it be rewritten now, and does it need to be? This will inevitably be the primary challenge facing the Board, provided they are able to save it. My wife Susan Crossley and I have served on the Board for 7 or 8 years during the Susan Miller / Sandra Percival eras. I served as Chair recently as well. In the past I lived in NY for 12 years and was involved with Avalanche, the Clocktower and the beginnings of PS 1. When I moved to San Francisco 15 years ago I found Larry’s wonderful Matrix program immediately but it took me about 4 years to find New Langton and I was finally home. I respect the large art institutions as they find, educate and convert wealth but they must be safe and simple. Langton and other smallish organizations can feast on today’s art which is conceptual, experimental, multi-disciplinary and difficult to fathom. There in lies the problem. It is not safe, easy, saleable, auctionable, historic, popular and that is why is is so good. It is bohemian art that may or may not be great art but it can be absorbed and felt now. MOMA et al. can not deal with it as it is not institutional. I think Susan did a good job of moving it along and Sandra had a difficult start and the program changed. The artists representing the disciplines left the board and Sandra became the voice and did the best she could. Times are tough of course and that makes everything more difficult but let me inform you that Langton has not failed; it is just in the process of being reinvented. Waves of new artistic energy will continue breaking on San Francisco’s shores and Langton is rising from the ashes as I write. The legacy of the large museums and schools are those who want to be on the cutting edge and want to judge for themselves and we are their place. Money and new board members will arrive through the leadership of the new leader yet to be named. Susan and I are not sad , we are excited and plan to continue to be a part of the 36th year. Nice to see your name here, and thank you for your thoughts. I served on the board of New Langton in 2004-2005 as one of the “artists representing the disciplines.” Specifically, I co-curated the “Performance Writing” series with Jocelyn Saidenberg. My experience as a curator, and a board member at New Langton was really terrific, and I have always valued some of the relationships that emerged and work that we were able to do. And looking back, I am extremely proud of the series that we programmed. But just to chime in for the record (SFMOMA blog, I guess, is “the record”): Sandra Percival made it very clear that the kind of programming we had been doing, despite its success, would not be allowed to continue under her regime. For my part, I took literary programming at NLA very seriously, appreciative of its rich history and importance for local writing and art–and after putting a lot of work into building a successful program and packing the house, it was surprising to be asked to stop. I can’t speak for any other board member who left, and I’m NOT, but for me, I would have been extremely happy to remain on the board because ultimately I believed in the possibilities at Langton, was learning a lot about that kind of service, and really enjoyed many of my sister board members. It was very clear, however, that the “conceptual, experimental, multi-discplinary and difficult to fathom” artists that we were bringing to Langton (and, not to make a blog comment into a brag but bringing to large and grateful audiences) were not going to be welcome under the new regime. It is very difficult for any institution to change. And there is usually a period of discord and in the worst cases, total collapse before any change is possible. This is not a novel idea, we all know this, it constantly reoccurring theme. From our climate, to Obama, to the economy, to our banks, to the auto industry, we are surrounded by the word change. You could say change is the theme of the late 2000’s and to mollify the uncertainty of it we are told change is good. But this knowledge doesn’t lessen the sting and it doesn’t make it any easier to change. In fact, the hardest thing is knowing when to change, what to change, who to change and how. What does change mean if you can’t see it until it is too late? Having worked at the non-proft gallery, Art in General (1), in New York City, a space that was also going through similar (though perhaps not quite so grave) challenges as Langton (not to mention being married to someone who is also dealing with the closing of another important bay area non-profit arts institution), I can somewhat contemplate the difficulties of keeping a non-profit institution, not only open and running, but germane and vital in a shifting art world. It was hard enough in New York. I can only imagine the difficulties of running a non-profit now and here, in the elusive and under-supported San Francisco Art World. The most important question for me that has been asked here, and the one that requires the most change, was asked way before this blog exchange started, in Julian Myers’ Tercerunquinto article. And that million-dollar question was to ask Langton why they should survive? Which is actually a very existential question. I think Myers is basically asking Langton, if you want to live then explain why you are alive. What is your reason for being? And why should we the San Francisco Art world support that. If we, as Sartre suggests, have a responsibility to each other perhaps we should use the condition of Langton as a mirror for the sustainability of the entire Bay Area art world. If is Langton flailing then our art world is flailing and we need a new model or models to sustain ourselves. So perhaps we should not simply be asking Langton why they should survive or in my existential translation, what is their reason for being, but we should be asking ourselves (as of course many of us have, if this blog post is any indication) what do we want Langton to be and beyond that what do we want the Bay Area art world to be and how do we get there? This Langton situation is bittersweet. It has been horrible for the difficulties it has caused the staff, artists, and curators not to mention the audiences, who depend on Langton for support, both financial and inspirational. However I am quite excited by the dialog it has created within the arts community here. It gives me hope for the future. I look forward to the Town Hall meeting. (1) At Art in General we realized that things had shifted drastically from the 70’s and 80’s when most of the NYC non-profits began (as many of the non-profits elsewhere have also realized and changed to try and meet the shifting demand). The need for non-profits to simply grant exposure to underrepresented and emerging artists had changed. Artists in New York needed more than exposure to survive, they needed financial and administrative backing. So we reduced the numbers of shows produced each year and subsequently the numbers of artists supported, and shifted to a commissioning institution, providing artists both a production budget and a separate honorarium to create new and complex projects that otherwise might not get made. This was not an easy change to make. It was difficult for our audience, the board, the funders and the granting organizations to understand the reduction in the number shows presented each year and numbers of artists shown, even though our support could help sustain an artist’s practice and thereby the New York art world, much more than our previous model. Just a few quick responses. My phrasing in the original review gave the wrong impression about Langton’s relation to the NEA. Renny’s version is believable, true, and inspiring, even for those of us with few Pollyannaish tendencies. I concur with Leigh’s discourse on flooring, and what she says about “import(ing) a director from outside the Bay Area.” Yes, even a cursory glance at Langton’s history will reveal an abiding concern with national and international artists. I’ll just add that disaster wasn’t inevitable – and certainly wasn’t provoked by hiring a director from outside the Bay Area. Alongside the obvious economic limitations, the problems (as I argue above) were in the matrix of programming and in the sometimes troubled relationships amongst the director, staff, board, and the different constellations of creative people who felt a deep connection to the place. Brandon’s comment provides a case in point. I am very appreciative that this discussion is taking place. Thanks to Julian and SFMOMA for providing a platform for this. I served as Program Director at Langton from 99-2004, and am now part of the Warhol Foundation in New York. Langton is/was a Warhol Initiative member, one of sixty groups in the nation that were provided with capacity support and professional development opportunities. (Intersection, Galeria, Headlands, Luggage Store, Camerawork, and Southern Exposure are among others locally). During my time at Langton, I worked closely with Susan and the artists on the board in all of the disciplines to generate programs and exhibitions. Along with other dedicated staffers, I spent a lot of time thinking strategically about Langton’s relevance and its future. What been most frustrating personally is that Langton became so isolated, so quickly. With all of its efforts to reach beyond, the organization failed to reach out. It failed to maintain its extended network of supporters, crafted over the course of thirty-four years, and arguably its most valuable asset. What was cut off was access to funders, former staff and board members, fellow arts leaders, and legions of artists and designers who at one point or another were invested in Langton’s success. For example, of the sixty Initiative organizations invited to attend a national convening of peers, Langton was the only one to not send a single representative. “Responsibility is not simply about an individual’s singular existence but about everyone else,” – Well put, Anthony and Sartre. Given that many SF arts organizations are doing so well at remaining relevant and engaged, I don’t think that this is case of “so goes Langton so goes the Bay Area.” If anything it seems more like, “there goes the Bay Area, what about Langton?” If there is an opportunity here for a new-New Langton to emerge, my hope is that it both re-engages with its support network and that it considers the issue of responsibility first and foremost in its plans. Responsibility to its past, the future, and most of all, to the needs of artists. i am really glad to see this discussion happening. i am always very curious on the behind the scenes aspect of cultural institutions in sf. in my experience access to it has been quite opaque. even during a short internship at new langton, it was difficult to gain an insight in its positioning and goals. i have lived in the bay area for only 5 years but have learned from long time residents that new langton had a much bigger role in bridging different cultural niches in sf. because i curated a sound series for a while i am particularly aware of the role new langton used to have in the bay area’s sound/music arena. it is greatly missed by many from that community. also, having done some programming for a gallery recently i am acutely concerned on the possibilities of interaction between institutions and galleries and the viability of creating a dialogue that can further propel ‘a healthy art scene’. so finding out what people involved in the community are thinking regarding these kind of matters has been extremely insightful experience for me. We welcome your comments and ideas. Since this has been referenced a few times here, is there going to be an actual, in-person town hall? Despite my not being able to make such a gathering, it seems like having something be virtual-only reinforces a sense that Langton has grown disconnected from its community. (As it is now, the virtual thing is being eclipsed by this blog, with a discussion already in progress.) I appreciate that the board is working on the funding side – but the artistic side, the role of artists, and some of the big questions being put forward in these posts merit serious consideration. I was a literary curator and board member at NLA from 1997 to 2004. It was a terrific experience, unlike any other. This news makes me very sad. My 2 cents is that there should be some sort of live town hall, if there is any possibility that NLA will re-emerge from these difficulties as a functioning arts organization. An in person meeting just might spark a resurrection effort from NLA’s old community of artists and supporters, if enough of that core group turned out and re-connected. I don’t see how a virtual meeting could galvanize such an effort. I second what James is saying. The conversation has already migrated from http://newlangtontownhall.blogspot.com/ (where it actually never started) to Open Space. I would like to ask Langton’s board what this “virtual town hall meeting” actually implies. Is this a call for participation in the decision making process? A think-tank format, just to let the community express themselves without any feedback from them? Or what is it exactly? I think that the San Francisco art community–that has followed and supported Langton from so many different platforms—deserve to hear from the Board. NLA’s board need to take responsibility with the community, and explain what are they actually asking us to save here. Could you please let us know, what do you imply when you ask us to help you secure NLA’s legacy? Are we talking about the institution itself and future programming? If so, of what sort? Are you asking for help to save the archive? To cover the current debt? Or are we trying to just pay respect to the legacy and propose a wake for what Langton once was? From what I hear, it seems that the main problem at NLA has been a disintegration of community. I’d be interested to know how, if at all, that has had an impact on the finances. Did NLA under Susan Miller have a viable financial model? Was it somehow community-based? Can it be recreated? Or has NLA with or without its community been less and less viable anyway? I think a lot of us would love it to be the case that a strong grassroots community (+ solid grant writing and stewardship of relationships with Foundations, but without major individual giving necessarily) could sustain small arts non-profits in the Bay Area (I’m on the board of another one). But is it? I’m just wondering whether the funds used for the facility renovation and the acquisition of the Garage space — though I’m unclear on what those financial costs were — would have been better used by being saved for the economic downturn. I don’t doubt, Sarah, that the renovation and garage were part of the “perfect storm” that swamped Langton. But an autopsy of the kind your question (and Dominic’s question) requires is bound to be speculative, until the board further clarifies the situation. They might start by answering the questions posed by María del Carmen above. I feel what Anuradha is saying, with zero disrespect to Sandra. The inflated art market pre-recession time unleashed an inferiority complex upon the San Francisco art community. The complex may also just be the side effects of rapid globalization. I agree that all of the institutions need to look inwards to what is happening and growing in San Francisco. I feel that when artists, curators, and institutions stop looking at San Francisco as a strategic move for their careers and as a real place to have a sustainable community that fosters real working relationships maybe things will start to happen again. The “What next” question is important. Experimentalism needs to be protected and venerated and given a chance at the very least or else there wont be anything next. @ Rebecca and Anuradha, I can’t help thinking it would be good if this whole local vs non-local issue (which seems to have preoccupied the Bay Area art scene for ever) was framed in some other way. Not so much as either/or, and without the equation (which is false) of non-local equals ‘the Market’ / local equals experimental. I’m sure it’s possible for art scenes in medium-sized-yet-global cities like SF/Bay Area to do without both the inferiority complex and the need to emphasize the local as such. I am scheduling a townhall meeting for Thursday August 6 at 7pm. Does anyone have keys to Langton? If not where should we meet? We would also be interested in helping/collaborating. is the idea of subletting on the table? A response from the board and further clarification in a new post, here. @Dominic, thank you for posing that question. I’ve been thinking a lot more about this since posting my initial reaction to the news. To step away from a binary local/international opposition seems wise, as you, Leigh and Julian are all correct that one is not inherently more supportable (or less market-oriented) than the other. In my view, the decision which I initially characterized as prioritizing an out-of-town hire over a local one, was really a decision to pursue a more resource-intensive, more outward-focused plan of action overall. With respect to hiring a director, the choice to bring someone in from elsewhere means paying them more than you might pay a local person, absorbing relocation costs, and assuming a couple of years’ responsibility to run the organization with minimal new investment while your new director gets to know the local community from artists to donors to everyone in between. That is the concern I meant to express. For clarification, I don’t presume that a local hire would not have faced many of the problems faced by Sandra Percival, nor that a local hire would necessarily have had better solutions to those problems. At best, a local hire might have meant less of a salary burden and less of an institutional learning curve. However, those factors are important in light of the very dire financial picture being painted by Langton’s board. Another question to ask is, why did Langton choose to hire someone as established as Sandra Percival to direct an institution known for fostering emerging and experimental practices? Again, it’s not a given that such a person could have offered a better outcome, but perhaps by selecting a less-established person as leader, Langton might have been able to produce programming that was fiscally leaner and less dependent on big, expensive names. Finally, I’m glad that Open Space can provide a public forum for this discussion. I hope that Langton’s board will understand that this is an opening they’ve been given, and that it reflects an outpouring of community support upon which they now need to capitalize, effectively and quickly. Let no one assume that the fact of this conversation means the responsibility of Langton’s overseers is in any way lessened. Yes Thanks Dominic. I don’t feel that my input comes from the place that you are describing. I am a S.F. native and I am going to be attending Goldsmiths in the fall for post graduate studies. I have run an alternative art space from 1999-2007. My statement came from a place of love for the San Francisco art community. There is so much cool stuff in San Francisco that doesn’t even get a chance. Or its edited by the institutions and even by the alternative spaces. As of late it does feel like the S.F. venues have been working real hard to educate the locals about international art. What about whats happening here? Langton’s board has not included artists for several years, and that speaks volumes about the devolution of its focus as an arts institution. Langton’s demise is an example of what happens when artists are aced out of the equation, and non-profit art spaces merely become social clubs for the privileged. For almost a decade, the work shown at Langton has felt bland and stale because curatorial decisions were being made by people who did not understand the necessity of challenging prevailing social norms through challenging aesthetics. When Langton decided to stop recruiting artists for it’s board, it made a statement that it no longer valued the opinions and experiences of artists and was not interested in supporting non-blue chip artists whose lack of privilege often rubs privileged board members the wrong way. It was an act of censorship, that makes it impossible for me to mourn the loss of Langton. I can mourn what Langton once was, but that Langton has not existed for a very long time. Julien, SAFEhouse is available to help with admin support and we have room for storage. We can also host a community meeting at The Garage (975howard.com) if you decide to have one. Please contact us, I think there are ways for us to help you generate some community support. I was Langton’s ED from 1993 – 2005. From my experience, Langton’s fiscal and artistic force came from its commitment to and practice of the artist-run model. It was the inclusion of committed, professional artists at all levels of governance, with full power to exercise their voices in both artistic and business matters. It was the interdisciplinary nature of Langton’s programming that encouraged the exchange and development of ideas across artistic boundaries. And it was bundles of resources that people voluntarily brought to the organization. Not just money, but also their time, energy, skills, goods, goodwill, and new ideas. This vision for Langton is fully articulated in the organization’s original by-laws. We drew strength, even in the most challenging moments, from the empowerment and vision that document provided. I know Langton’s board is trying to sort through a mountain of issues. I do hope they find a place soon to actively engage the network of talent long connected to Langton. These people still care and have so much to offer. I am encouraged by the chorus of voices on Langton’s behalf and see, once again, an opportunity to rebuild from the strength and know-how of artists and friends both near and far. @ Anuradha, I see what you’re saying the practical and financial consequences of Langton having made an out-of-town hire. Fair point. @ Rebecca, yes, there may be some truth to that. I haven’t been here so long myself, you and others would have a better sense of how this issue has played out historically. I know similar issues get raised in other cities I have lived and worked, like Liverpool and Dublin. I guess I just want to get away from the flipside implication that SF/Bay Area art is not international. It might be that a side-effect of pushing Bay Area art spaces to show Bay Area art is to turn Bay Area artists into local artists. I think more traffic in all directions between the Bay Area and other artworlds would be great. @ Rebecca, I can see what you mean, to an extent. Dom was right, however, in his original comment, to point to the perennial quality of this tension between “inward” local curating and “outward” cosmopolitan engagement. A good resource in this regard is Terry Smith’s September 1974 Artforum essay “The Provincialism Problem.” He’s talking about Australia, and it’s thirty-five years in the past, yet in reading his article you see just how the positions and terms remain almost exactly the same. Reframing the conversation would be helpful. I would also ask whether the Lab, Intersection for the Arts, SFAC, and Southern Exposure (among many others) do not fill the role you set out already. Langton’s relationship to the local, that is to say, has been constitutively different than the institutions above – in ways set out by Renny and Leigh above – and it is that distinction that matters. @ Elizabeth, sympathetic as I am to the general drift of your comment, I find this sentence – “the work shown at Langton has felt bland and stale because curatorial decisions were being made by people who did not understand the necessity of challenging prevailing social norms through challenging aesthetics” – baseless. That you felt exhibitions were bland and stale I cannot dispute. But there were scores of exhibitions in the last decade put together by talented people, including artists, committed to challenging social norms through challenging aesthetics. On your larger point, that artists’ presence on the board is vital, and that their absence in recent years tragic, I could not agree more. @Dominic, I could not agree with you more that we would do better to push Bay Area artists as international artists than turn inward and exclude ourselves from a larger context. I think that in the past, this has been a problem, but now we have so many international curators and artists, both moving here and working outward from here. My only quarrel is that I feel the bigger regional institutions too often ignore that fact, looking outward but neglecting to look inward. The common complaint is that artists who are based here feel they have to move to New York or Europe to get anyone here in the Bay Area to take them seriously. To turn the lens on our generous host, SFMOMA, a case in point would be Mads Lynnerup, whose excellent work was not ever featured in an SFMOMA exhibition during the many years he lived and worked here, but who is now living in New York, and is currently showing a work he created back when he still lived here, in the Media Art galleries. I happen to know that curator Tanya Zimbardo was a strong supporter of Mads’ work even when he lived here, but I can also see how many artists would feel an example like this proves the point that you have to leave San Francisco to get any respect in this town. It’s an emotional response, but one based in some real experiences. I confess to a strong personal stake in this conversation as well. So much of what’s happened at Langton also happened at the Headlands when I worked there: the hiring of a well-regarded director from elsewhere, considered aloof by many in the community; the emphasis on physical plant issues over funding for programming; the attrition of artists on the board; the discovery of previously unnoticed budget issues and dismissal of junior staff. Like that of my friend and colleague María del Carmen Carrión, my position at Headlands was a casualty of such circumstances. Thankfully Headlands is hanging on – but with serious soul-searching, and a major reprioritization effort underway. I bring this up just to point out that this conversation is not just limited to Langton, but in fact these are concerns that affect all kinds of institutions at that level. I think it is important to point out that the above critique is a conflation of disparate issues. It is inaccurate comments such as these that propel this dialogue off course and foster many misconceptions that Bay Area institutions are not recognizing local talent. One can have an emotional response, but it is important to take into consideration that there are other factors that go into when and why an artist is shown regardless of whether they are local or not. But to clarify the above statement, this is not the first time Lynnerup’s work has been recognized by an SFMOMA curator. In 2005, Janet Bishop served as a juror who awarded him an Artadia grant and resulted in his inclusion in a group exhibition at the Wattis. Second, Zimbardo’s exhibition is a group show organized around a specific theme. The fact that he moved to New York has nothing to do with the timing of The Studio Sessions–these are very distinct circumstances and the confusion of them here only leads to greater misperceptions about this entangled issue. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the video on view in SFMOMA’s galleries also screened at New Langton a few years ago. And Lynnerup has previously performed at SFMOMA in conjunction with the Yes Yoko Ono exhibition, and has been widely supported (here and beyond) by other curators, artists, and organizations. @ADQ, my goal was to point out the emotional issues inherent in this conversation. They do color the debate, and I think I was pretty even-handed in doing so. My point remains that there is a perception issue that colors a lot of the dialogue around regionalism and the local/national/international relationship issue in the Bay Area. I said specifically that this was the first time Lynnerup’s work was featured in an SFMOMA exhibition, NOT that it was the first time his work might have been recognized by an SFMOMA curator. It’s important to understand that to many outside the museum, what is inside the galleries is all that matters. Not everyone has the more nuanced point of view that you present. Could you please point out what in my actual statement was inaccurate? I would like to own any mistake I might have made and issue a correction if that is in fact the case. Thanks. To clarify, my above comments were intended to point out that the implied argument presented (via Lynnerup) that “you have to leave San Francisco to get any respect in this town” is false; there is no logical causal connection there. That kind of slippery slope argument (based on an emotional conviction) perpetuates an unproductive myth. I mention the above examples to offer evidence that Lynnerup’s work was indeed respected and taken seriously by SFMOMA curators as well as other local organizations prior to moving, whether or not he was included in an SFMOMA exhibition at that point in his career. I go to lengths to explain this now not to take issue with you personally, but in effort to break down the stereotype for any artists following this discussion “who feel they have to move to New York or Europe to get anyone here in the Bay Area to take them seriously.” I would also encourage readers to keep in mind that there are always many different factors involved concerning why someone might chose to move away, or when and why an artist’s work might be included in an exhibition. I think it is also worth mentioning here that New Langton did have a good history in the last four years of showing local artists, frequently mixing their presentations with artists living here and abroad. And it is that kind of programming that productively steps outside of the local and non-local dialectic. Thanks for the clarification. What you’re saying is true. It’s an important enough conversation that I’m taking it on in a series of posts this week. I’d love to get your continued feedback as I think through some of these issues in a somewhat more formalized way. I have found this whole conversation very interesting as a contemporary artist. I moved to the Bay Area (not SF, but Santa Cruz) just over three years ago. Before this I lived in New York City for eight years where I had a studio and owned and operated a very public (yet private) art space out of a storefront in Brooklyn. Its mission was to exhibit the experimental and emerging artists that I felt lacked a center. My point in outlining this is the strange disconnect I am observing in the Bay Area. The Bay Area is very territorial…SF, Berkley, Oakland, San Jose and the lesser cultural magnets like Santa Cruz. In NYC we looked at the program as a connected scene- Brooklyn, Bronx, Queens, Long Island City and Harlem. They all played together and are funded together by the entire scene. My recommendation would be to restructure and cast a larger net across the Bay Area with a strong magnifying glass. Put the contemporary scene on the map. Create a more diverse board and funds from the greater Bay Area. Do satellite exhibitions in the smaller communities (we know they need it and have the empty space) and expand the true sense of contemporary art and the strength of the Bay Area creative sector. In my opinion SFMOMA has replaced the need for New Langton’s programming. NL was relevant until the doors opened at SFMOMA. Years have passed and the economy has rippled, now exposing the shift. The question of local is funny when it comes to art in CA and specifically SF. I feel we need more non-local direction to help instill the local scene. Site specific is a better catch phrase. I see a great many local works in CA which are not site specific to the times and context we live in now. SAFEhouse has decided to approach the landlord about the possibility of re-opening the space (its listed considerably lower than what NLA was paying). if anyone is interested in the upstairs gallery (we are primarily interested in the downstairs performance space), please let us know. thanks, j. The Maltz Museum has been buying-up artworks of Marc Breed’s and destroying them.

2019-04-18T14:58:59Z

https://openspace.sfmoma.org/2009/07/new-langton-arts-in-crisis/

In October of 2016, former Rapid7 researcher Phil Bosco discovered a number of relatively low-risk vulnerabilities and issues involving home security systems that are common throughout the United States, and which have significant WiFi or Ethernet capabilities. The three systems tested were offerings from Comcast XFINITY, ADT, and AT&T Digital Life, and the issues discovered ranged from an apparent "fail open" condition on the external door and window sensors, to weak, pre-shared WiFi access passwords, to cleartext communications over the network. Rapid7 has been in touch with all three vendors over the last few months, per our standard disclosure policy, and was involved with both communicating the issues and helping to resolve them in a timely manner. Today, we're happy to report that all of the identified issues have been either resolved or sufficiently mitigated against! In all cases, customers who use these products for home security should not need to apply patches manually or otherwise alter their current system configurations for any software updates, as all vendors have the capability to remotely update any problematic networked components. Before getting into the technical details of the issues discovered, we'd like to state that risk of exploitation of these issues was relatively low before fixes were implemented. In all cases, attackers would have to be reasonably close to the target's residence, and in some cases, be in possession of low-power jamming equipment. Attackers could not exploit these issues from across the Internet. Finally, we also would like to acknowledge ADT, AT&T Digital Life, and Comcast XFINITY for their responsiveness and engagement in discussing, validating and resolving these issues in a timely fashion. The issues discovered and documented in this advisory were all discovered using standard assessment tools and techniques applied to a single residential installation in the researcher's home, and all equipment was originally installed by authorized technicians. All screenshots, video captures, and other evidence of compromise were collected from the researcher's own systems. It's important to note that the two "Insecure Sensor Fail Open" issues identified as R7-2016-26.1 and R7-2016-27.1 were discovered by using radio frequency (RF) shielding, rather than RF jamming. In a shielded test, the researcher is able to guarantee a failure event on the sensors by physically wrapping the sensors in RF-blocking material, and observing the resulting behavior on on the systems' base stations. In this way, the researcher may be able to simulate a radio interference condition, rather than actually creating one. While shielding has the advantage of creating a more controlled failure event, one shortcoming of this technique is that shielding will not activate any RF interference detection on the base stations, since no detectable RF noise is generated. In short, shielding creates an ideal situation for testing failure conditions, while an active RF jamming event more closely resembles an actual attack. Unfortunately, intentionally creating RF interference, even for the purpose of testing one's own equipment, continues to be a contentious subject in the offensive security testing community, and so shielding is meant as the closest approximation of what low power jamming would do. Below is an overview of the vulnerabilities and exposures discovered during testing. Each vendor's home security platform is explored in turn, along with any recommended remediations or mitigations, as well as a statement provided by the vendor. Again, all vulnerabilities were disclosed and discussed privately with each vendor before publication. In the cases involving the WiFi networked components, potential attackers would have to be reasonably close to the target's residence and within line-of-sight, and are limited by the signal strength of the attacking equipment. They could not exploit these issues from across the internet, and could not scale these attacks outside of a limited geographic range. In the cases of creating RF interference to cause external door and window sensors to go offline, the attacker would need to carefully modulate their interference signal strength in order to avoid triggering anti-jamming detection technologies already provided by the vendor. Triggering these detection mechanisms would cause an alert to be sent to the vendor's normal monitoring systems. In addition, onsite motion sensors installed as part of the complete security system would either be wired – and thus immune to radio frequency interference – or wireless, which would make it extremely difficult to jam both an external sensor and an internal sensor yet still avoid triggering anti-jamming detection. In cases of the cleartext transmission vulnerabilities and exposures documented in this advisory, these are dependent on other vulnerabilities being exploited first. For example, if an attacker finds it impossible to associate to the network, it is immaterial (practically speaking) that the communications over that WiFi network are themselves in the clear, as all of the home security WiFi networks employ industry-standard encryption provided by WiFi Protected Access II (WPA2). That said, a defense-in-depth posture is usually recommended for networks that carry sensitive information, so that a failure in one component does not expose the entire network and its assets to compromise. Three issues were identified with ADT's home security solution: Exterior sensors appear to fail open when RF transmissions are blocked; systems were installed with a weak, pre-shared WPA2 key for authentication to the wireless network; and cleartext communications on that network. A failure condition in the 908.42 MHz radio frequency band will cause the system to fail open, and the base system will fail to report a communications failure with the associated devices. In addition, due to a weak, pre-shared key shipping with the WiFi access point component of the product, an attacker can rapidly compromise the network on which the security cameras communicate. Finally, all communications to and from the security cameras are conducted in the clear. Once an attacker is associated with the WiFi network, it is possible to capture the administrative credentials to the camera and the provided access point's administrative credentials. A failure condition in the sensor's RF band can cause the system to fail open, and the base system may fail to report a communications failure with the associated devices. Exploiting the insecure fail open issue can be accomplished with commodity RF jammers. In order to cause the system to fail open, an attacker would need to block communication in the sensor's RF band. While jamming devices are illegal to operate in the US, they are relatively easy to buy or build using commodity electronics equipment. This issue is essentially identical to R7-2015-23: Comcast XFINITY Home Security System Insecure Fail Open, and those details are immediately applicable in this case. For testing purposes, jamming was simulated by physically shielding the devices to effectively block all radio communications. The RF jamming attack can be mitigated by two shipping solutions. One, the system's base station is equipped with interference detection, so an attacker would need to ensure that any jamming signal has sufficient power to effectively block communication from the exterior sensor, but not so much power as to be detected by the base station. Two, many of ADT's home security systems are installed with interior, wired motion sensors. Because these sensors do not rely on RF communications, they are effectively immune to this attack, and therefore, any movement after jamming the exterior sensor will be alerted on by these motion sensors. In the case where interior motion sensors are wireless, again, the attacker would need to ensure that jamming is sufficient to block both the exterior sensor and the interior motion sensor, but not the base station. Such an attack would be extremely tricky to implement, require physical reconnaissance in order to plan the attack, and may be impossible depending on the placement of the base station and interior motion sensors. Exploiting the weak WPA2 pre-shared key (PSK) can be accomplished with a WiFi deauthentication and offline cracking attack. Once identified, the attacker can then deauthenticate one of the cameras, as shown in Figure 2. Doing this allows the attacker to capture the WPA2 handshake, which is then subjected to cracking with Aircrack-ng, as shown in Figure 3. Because the vendor-supplied password is exactly thirteen characters, consisting only of numbers, it generally does not take very much time to crack with typical consumer-grade hardware. The vendor updated all components of customers' WiFi networks with a more complex generated password during the first quarter of 2017. Exploiting the cleartext communications can be achieved once the attacker is associated with the special-purpose WiFi network, and can provide an attacker with administrative credentials and direct camera feeds. Once the attacker recovers the WPA2 pre-shared key, they can then connect to the device network and capture a camera's credentials via a brief ARP spoofing attack and posing as the base station. This is shown in Figure 4. The attacker can then reuse these credentials to log in the cameras directly and access live video feeds, as seen in Figure 5. The upgraded password complexity implemented as a solution R7-2016-26.2 makes associating to the WiFi network difficult to impossible, and thus, effectively mitigates the malicious use of cleartext communications on the WPA2 WiFi network. Five issues were identified with AT&T Digital Life's home security solution: exterior sensors appear to fail open when RF transmissions are blocked; physical network access is governed by an easily-guessed default administrative credential; network administrative access does not challenge for a credential; the WiFi network uses cleartext communications; and saved credentials are stored and displayed in cleartext. AT&T Digital Life's home security systems ship with a base station, window and door sensors, motion sensors, wireless cameras, and a mobile app, as described by the vendor. A failure condition in the 433.92 MHz radio frequency band used by AT&T Digital Life's third party home security equipment can cause the system to fail open, and the base system may fail to report a communications failure with the associated devices. WiFi access control appears to be sufficient and reasonable, since the WPA2 network is secured with a 32-character password made up of uppercase, lowercase, and numeric characters. Due to an installation error, access to this network can be accomplished via a physically accessible LAN Ethernet port to the base station, and access to the shipped Cisco management interface is controlled by easily-guessed default credentials. Since the time of this discovery, AT&T Digital Life has updated their installation procedures to ensure that this LAN Ethernet port is disabled after initial setup on customer sites. For testing purposes, jamming was simulated by physically shielding the devices to effectively block all radio communications. It should be noted that AT&T does not believe that jamming (unlike shielding) can be performed without triggering certain anti-jamming alerts. Two, AT&T Digital Life's home security systems are typically installed with at least one interior, wireless motion sensor. In this case, the attacker would need to ensure that jamming is sufficient to block both the exterior sensor and the interior motion sensor, but not the base station. Depending on the placement of the interior motion sensor, such an attack could be extremely tricky to implement, since it would require physical reconnaissance in order to plan the attack, and may be impossible depending on the relative placement of the base station and interior motion sensors. If an attacker is able to physically access the base station and connect to an enabled Ethernet port, access to an administrative interface is possible. Assuming an attacker can physically connect to the base station via an Ethernet port, they can connect to an administrative web service on the default gateway (http://192.168.29.1:80) and provide the easily-guessed login credentials of "admin:admin." From here, the attacker has complete administrative control over the device and can learn the WiFi SSID and pre-shared key. This key would be difficult to impossible to crack in an offline deauthentication attack, since it is a complex, 32-character string. However, once physical access is achieved and the administrative interface is loaded in a browser, the key is displayed to the logged-in attacker. During testing, disabling the Ethernet diagnostic port was a manual step that field technicians could accidentally skip, and that appears to have been the case during the installation at the researcher's residence. Since this report, AT&T Digital Life has thoroughly reviewed its automatic post-installation verification procedures, and now ensures that every installation of its home security system does, in fact, disable the physical Ethernet port. Disabling this port does not require an on-premises visit, and can be achieved remotely by AT&T Digital Life. It is impossible to enable this port locally; field technicians must activate this port with an authenticated service call. If it is possible to learn the WPA2 pre-shared key, other administrative interfaces become available to the attacker over the local WiFi network. Once the attacker is associated with the WiFi network, he can then connect to the administrative web interface for the system, which is listening on port 8090/TCP. This interface does not challenge for authentication credentials, and from this interface, the attacker can add or remove devices, cameras and keypads, and can also disarm any alarm-related functionality, as shown below. As there is no reasonable way for an attacker to perform an offline bruteforce attack on the WPA2 key due to the strength of this pre-generated key, physical access is required as well as access to an active, administrative Ethernet LAN port. Therefore, due to remediations provided in R7-2016-27.1 and R7-2016-27.2 described above, this attack vector is effectively mitigated. If an attacker can achieve wireless administrative access, credentials can be learned through ARP spoofing. Once the attacker recovers the WPA2 pre-shared key, he can then connect to the device network, and capture a camera's credentials via a brief ARP spoofing attack and posing as the base station. This is shown in Figure 9. As with R7-2016-27.3 above, the remediations provided for R7-2016-27.2 effectively mitigate this attack, since the attacker can no longer learn the WPA2 pre-shared key. If an attacker can achieve wireless administrative access, credentials can be learned directly from associated devices. These credentials can be discovered without ARP spoofing by accessing the administration web page on port 8090, since it is displayed in cleartext, as shown in Figure 10. As with R7-2016-27.3 and R7-2016-27.4 above, the remediations provided for R7-2016-27.2 effectively mitigate this attack, since the attacker can no longer learn the WPA2 pre-shared key. A certain generation of Comcast XFINITY's Home Security product was found to utilize a weak algorithm to generate its per-premise WPA2 security key. While a sufficiently random WPA2 key cannot be bruteforced, the weak keys generated by the algorithm in question could be bruteforced in one to two months on average with commodity hardware, giving a physically-proximate and persistent attacker access to the WiFi network over which the touchscreen and cameras communicate. Once the attacker achieved access to the network, they could have captured administrative credentials to the camera and the access point, which are sent in the clear between the touchscreen and these two devices. Finally, it was noticed that the URLs used to view camera feeds were not protected by session authentication. While session-controlled access to individual feeds is a more standard approach to securing video streams, the URLs were randomized with a sufficient (128-bit) keyspace to prevent live brute-forcing. Access is conducted over HTTPS, and the URLs are periodically regenerated. After discussing this approach with Comcast XFINITY and CERT/CC, we came to the conclusion that this implementation does not present any practical security concerns. Nonetheless, Comcast XFINITY agreed with our suggestion and has since implemented session authentication as an additional layer of security. Exploiting the weak WPA2 PSK can be accomplished with a WiFi deauthentication and offline cracking attack. Because the vendor-supplied password is exactly eight characters, consisting of uppercase letters and numbers, it is quite feasible to crack this password with typical consumer-grade hardware. The vendor has updated all components of customers' WiFi networks with a much longer, mixed-character password, during a staged rollout across all installations throughout the first quarter of 2017. Exploiting the cleartext communications can be achieved once the attacker is associated with the special-purpose WiFi network, and can provide an attacker with administrative credentials. Once the attacker recovers the WPA2 pre-shared key, they can then connect to the device network and capture a camera's credentials via a brief ARP spoofing attack and posing as the base station. This is shown in Figure 14. The attacker can then reuse these credentials to log in the camera base station, and access live video feeds. An example taken from the researcher's camera is shown in Figure 15. Both the administrative touch screen and the cameras log into the WiFi router periodically to check for firmware updates. By ARP spoofing the router interface, the router's administrative credentials can also be collected. This is shown in Figure 16. Once administrative router access is secured, the attacker can perform all normal administrative functions, such as providing a malicious firmware update or redirecting DNS traffic to a name server controlled by the attacker, as seen in Figure 17. The upgraded password complexity implemented as a solution to R7-2016-23.1 makes associating to the WiFi network difficult to impossible, and thus effectively mitigates the malicious use of cleartext communications on the WPA2 WiFi network. Our customers' safety and security is our top priority. We have developed and deployed fixes for the issues reported by Rapid7, which they identified as low-risk. For the vast majority of affected customers, these issues are fully mitigated. A small number of XFINITY Home customers need to make manual updates, and we are contacting those customers by email and/or phone. At XFINITY Home, we regularly perform stringent information security testing of our products, both before and after we launch them. However, no product can ever be completely free of security vulnerabilities, and experts intent on hacking into any system will discover vulnerabilities. So another way we maintain our customers' trust is by responding quickly and effectively to reported vulnerabilities. We are grateful to Rapid7 security researcher Phil Bosco and research director Tod Beardsley for responsibly disclosing these vulnerabilities to us. While Rapid7 identified these issues as low risk, XFINITY Home moved quickly to remediate them. All of the issues described in this vulnerability disclosure were discovered by former Rapid7 researcher Phil Bosco and disclosed by Rapid7 according to our standard disclosure policy. Wed, May 17, 2017: Public disclosure of R7-2016-26. Wed, May 17, 2017: Public disclosure of R7-2016-27. Wed, May 17, 2017: Public disclosure of R7-2016-23.

2019-04-22T22:25:31Z

https://blog.rapid7.com/2017/05/17/r7-2016-23-r7-2016-26-r7-2016-27-multiple-home-security-vulnerabilities/

Dear Attendees and Speakers, many thanks for Aginext 2018, it has been an awesome conference! Aginext will be back in 2019 the 21&22 March 2019, you can already book your place on Eventbrite for Aginext 2019. The Call for Papers will open the 20th October 2018 and our new website is in beta on 2019.aginext.io. The second Aginext London Conference will take place at CCT Venue South Quay Canary Wharf, on Thursday 22nd & Friday 23rd March 2018. We are delighted to welcome Dave Snowden and Antony Marcano as our keynote speakers! Dave is a researcher in knowledge management and complexity theory, known for the development of the Cynefin framework. Antony is a Trainer and Agile Coach, he has has worked closely with Kent Beck to establish the London 3X community. Aginext.io is an excellent conference for experienced Agilists which explores the most recent Agile trends. Join us at Aginext.io to broaden your network, sharpen your Agile skills and listen to some controversial talks. It’s your chance to explore and develop how the Agile mindset, and Lean ways of working, can help individuals & organisations to respond to changes. Our programme this year consists of 30 engaging talks and workshops. Check out the full program. Want to know what we got up to last year? Take a look at 2017's website and the videos on youtube.aginext.io. You can register your ticket for 2018 with Eventbrite. Agile evolved from a set of principles to create a collection of methods but is increasingly starting to look like the structured and linear approaches it sought to replace. Lean has become a go-faster strip that can be attached to more or less anything regardless of its relevance. Using George Orwell’s Animal Farm as an underlying metaphor for the way liberating ideas are corrupted, Dave will look at how we ensure a resilient approach that allows us to scale the original intent of both linked movements without compromise. Scrum is today the most adopted Agile practice in the world. Since it was introduced to the world in 1995 in the Oopsla conference at Austin, Texas, in the USA, by Jeff Sutherland and Ken Schwaber, Scrum changed the way the majority of the organizations develop software. Organisations, courses, trainers, certifications, and adoption success case studies emerged since then... but what's missing? Are all companies successfully adopting Agile & Scrum? Are the certifications enough to create certified / professionals in Scrum? How about Agile transitions? How peaceful are they? Do all developers love Scrum? Is Agile working for the software development? You will be exposed to the naked truth about the current status of Agile & Scrum, their ecosystems and last but not least to philosophical reflections about human nature. For the brave ones, see you on the other side! After many years in professional software development, we experienced the impact of Business’ decisions on IT, the importance of IT quality for the Business, and the role of design principles and technical practices to achieve technical excellence. In an unexpected turn of events, we learned our assumptions were flawed: the business impact on IT was bigger than expected and the ultimate test for IT quality and technical excellence was much more than software craftsmanship. After overcoming the embarrassment for our initial blunter, we can now share with you 4 failures and 4 success stories about the impact of IT quality and technical excellence on the Business, the ultimate test for an IT quality that matters, and the learning from our experiences in Connextra, Scuderia Ferrari F1 racing team, and in ThoughtWorks. Product strategy is often approached by a lot of smart people with great intentions making decisions based on gut feeling to design something that they might not use, or at the very least, not use in the way they intended, resulting in a "fingers-crossed & hope for the best" strategy. Couple that with the world we currently live in - one where customers are far more empowered and can quickly move on to the next best product experience at a tap of a finger, a click of a mouse or a simple voice command. • You can create value straight away through Iterative Design Implementation. • Respond to users demands IMMEDIATELY and engage with them NOW. • Make product investment decisions based on customer responses in the real world, in real time. We’ll show you how to use impact mapping, Kano model and story mapping with a hands on example to create a real experience of how you can start small and iterate to make a difference NOW. What if learning capacity were not the key differentiator between adaptive organisations, but rather the ability to heal? This presentation explores the question: what if we made healing the core value of an organisation? Richard will present some key principles of the healing organisation. He’ll explore how individuals, teams and organisations can set themselves up to process the inevitable losses and gains of complex working and how to expand in the process. Many organisations are beginning to feel the need to be leaner and more nimble in order to better adapt to today’s ever-changing and uncertain world. This is especially true for the digital space – a sector where technology is creating new behaviours and competitors at an unprecedented rate. What many companies are discovering is that adapting to these changes means altering how they think, work and – most importantly – collaborate. This is no easy challenge. In the course of my work, I’m often asked how companies can drive and embed a greater understanding, awareness and practice of agile ways of working within their teams and organisations, especially for those who are used to following traditional methodologies. In truth, there’s no single or simple answer, but here is my take on it. Change is scary – especially when we are used to a particular way of working. The reality, however, is that change is inevitable and learning to embrace change and being open to possibilities is both healthy and an urgent necessity, which all comes down to mindset and learning how to adapt to the environment around you. Change, however can be seen as a big ask in terms of culture, time & resource – not to mention risk, which can produce a lot of resistance to adopting new approaches and ways of working. So how can we set about convincing more traditional mindsets to move towards agile practices? For me, success comes down to four key factors: Value: Be the change you want to see, Trust: Collaborate & build relationships, Time: Habit forming isn't easy, Flexibility: There really is no one way. In this talk, I want to dive into real life examples of how teams and organisations can overcome resistance to change and focus on the very nature of the problem, which is, that change is not just about engineering and tech - it’s about the organisation as a whole. What can Putting a Man on the Moon Teach us About Agile? Though launching a rocket into space feels like the most waterfall project one will ever do, the journey to the moon is an extraordinary journey of exploration, experimentation and in fact agility. This talk will be relaxed, will include much space geekiness & anecdotes, and will draw many parallels between the most ambitious programme mankind ever undertook and our day to day application of agile. Deceivingly simple, yet hard to achieve. - These challenges relate to leadership teams, the organisation of work, and how people are treated. We will identify the challenges, their impact, and some pointers for experiments to address them. There is a lot of noise and miss-understanding about Scrum and Kanban working together. This session is a simple and intuitive explanation of how to create collaboration between teams and methods to generate value flow for customers. It includes an explanation of Kanban at the Service Level, and how it differs from but complements teams using the Scrum framework. The UK economy has suffered from low productivity for a long time now, named the productivity puzzle by the Office for Budget Responsibility. It's hard to resist a good puzzle so we'll take a look at how productivity is measured, why it isn't about how hard people are working and what the solution of the puzzle might be. We'll also take a look at productivity measures within Agile. How are they measured? What are they used for? What affects the measures? Do we have our own productivity puzzle within the agile community? The Leader's dancefloor is a leadership development framework for Agile leaders to nurture Business Agility and boost learning capabilities of organizations. In this framework, I deconstruct leadership in 4 dimensions: Complexity thinking, Personal Dimension (Be a leader, act as a leader and interact with leaders), collective dimension (culture, structure and processes) and Organizational change (leading system evolution). Business agility is creating a learning organization that fosters faster and better learning. This talk is about understanding the key factors and leadership skills required to nurture learning organizations in order to boost business agility. What comes to mind when you hear the word agile? Probably Agile software development methodologies like Scrum will come to mind. For everyone else in large organizations, however, the word suggests business agility. Leading for business agility It’s about understanding and nurturing the mindset needed to get a holistic understanding of agility. We are creating a new generation of organizations that gets its value from their learning capabilities. Therefore, Leading to learn is critical to succeed in business agility. Based around the topic 'Why Do Agile Transformations Fail', this session would be a panel debate between 3-4 speakers, in front of a live audience. You want to become agile. So you re-name some roles in your teams, do the meetings and rituals you found in the Scrum guide, run two week sprints. But this is not enough. In order to be really agile - to deliver real value to real users faster, more reliably and with less risk - you need to be excellent in everything you do. In this talk, I will explain why technical excellence and operational excellence is required for being agile, and how to get there. Agile is not just about ceremonies, deployment tactics, technology and tooling – it’s about solid foundations in recruitment, management, career development, communications and an overall alignment to the company’s purpose and values. At the heart of some of these are everybody’s favourite function – HR. To succeed in releasing agility in your organisation your HR teams need to adapt and iterate and move away from business control to people empowerment. At the same time, the world of HR is being turned upside down as companies look to HR for strategic guidance and insights that can give them a competitive and people advantage. Engagement is a big topic, access to relevant training is table stakes for employees and annual old-school performance reviews are, thankfully, being questioned as to how effective they are. This change is turmoil for some but an opportunity for others. At the heart of those who see this change as an opportunity lies a need to be agile – to release agility – no different to their colleagues in the technical teams. In this talk, I will discuss how agility requires strong cultural foundations and how Agile and HR go hand-in-hand no matter which department you are in. After building an incredibly agile team, described by a seasoned agile coach as “frighteningly agile”, and an agile HR team described as “the least evil HR team in the world” (which I believe is a compliment) I have seen agility from both sides and learned many lessons along the way. In this fun talk, I will describe how to “release agility” in any team by focusing on strong foundations and good communication and how HR plays a huge part in this. I’ll use stories, examples and insights to give you the tools you need to build strong foundations, talk to HR about agility or even bring Agile to your own HR team! The agile and lean mindset enables enterprises to continuously reorientate itself to respond to changing market forces. It enables teams to create new customer propositions to replace retiring cash cows. This application is becoming increasingly recognised across business functions and industries. In what other business concerns will the agile and lean mindset next cast its lens? In this talk, I propose the mindset can enable enterprises to strengthen its resilience to unforeseen circumstances. I will explain how agile and lean can enable organisations to survive, thrive and create opportunities through crisis and change. Early Stage Agile Transformations are about introducing staff to new process and practices. It would be great if that were all it took to ‘become agile’ - in fact it would be great if we ALL could learn something new by being told it once. How wonderful would it be if we could see the logic and wisdom of what we were told, and from then on, we would just do things the new way? This is not how humans work, sadly. we took a decision in our dim and distant past to do something one way. The world didn’t end, and it sort of got us the result we were after, so every time we want that result again, we repeat our learned behaviour. It takes a surprisingly short amount of time to learn a new behaviour. It takes an even more surprisingly short amount of time to stop thinking about why we continue to act that way. Suddenly, a decade or 2 has passed and we are still acting the same way - not because it serves us anymore, but because its what we’ve always done. And this is where the agile transformation coach comes in, and tries to help teach new agile practices, and turn them into agile habits. In this workshop we will examine some of our own bad habits, and look to see how we can switch them out for some better ones. These techniques and activities can be taken away and used with your own teams to help improve the adoption of agile practices - or in fact any new habits. It's not Done Until it's Gone! Time and time again I see the team or portfolio boards with a magical "Done" column that everyone strives to put their cards in. Have you considered that when you put the stories, products and services in that column, they are far from "done" in fact, they have just started their proper lifecycle! The fallacy of being "done" seems to be a latent consequence of the lingering Project mindset that we have been exposed for years. It's time to take the next step and start considering the full lifecycle profits of our hard work. I would like to share my experience in helping organisations adopt optimal portfolio managing techniques, where the delivery is just a part of a broader product/service lifecycle. In essence, we are not done when our work hits real users on production but I would like to state the case that it finishes when it's gone from any active use. In an Agile environment, the QA position must transform himself, because the testing paradigm has changed. Ensuring the process and test case coverage are respected are not anymore the priority. The QA need now to ensure quality is reviewed at the earliest time and the full team is part of this and not only the tester. 3X is a new way of thinking that provides a common language for CEO's, CIO's, CTOS, CFOs, Marketing, Product Managers, Development teams & Operations. It builds a bridge between the innovative, risk-taking, experimental elements of an organisation, and the risk-averse & change-resistant. It helps us understand how modern digital businesses succeed, and opens our eyes to the reasoning and rationale behind the perceived conflicts between Agile & Waterfall approaches. 3X was devised by Kent Beck, creator of many of the agile practices we take for granted today. Some of the most forward-thinking digital businesses are already evolving and exploiting these ideas – from video advertising to the largest social media brands. Antony has built upon this thinking and found that it connects many more concepts than would at first be apparent. In this talk, experience Antony’s extensions of 3X. Discover how it can guide the freshest of start-ups; and how it can resolve many of the perceived contradictions of rapid innovation in even the largest, risk-averse organisations. Tags: 3X, Explore, Expand, Extract Agile, "Kent Beck" Ever had problems with people beyond Agile understanding what you're up to? It's a constant challenge. Whether we're communicating with executives, with customers or with other people, we need to be heard in order to deliver great work. But too often, they just don't seem to get it, despite it being so... obvious!!! What if there was a different way of seeing the problem? Experience from fields as diverse as education, mediation and sales suggest that the key may be to say less, listen more, and to build a better model of the person's world. In this session, you'll discover a conversational inquiry framework to do that: Clean Language. It has been shown to be particularly useful in improving communication between diverse individuals in complex contexts. It strengthens relationships, increases transparency and encourages clarity. Created during the 1990s by the late David Grove, Clean Language is being used increasingly by Agile practitioners as a power-up for the ceremonies we know and love. It supports effective communication within teams and can also be used as a stand-alone pattern by Agile coaches. But in this session, you'll be learning how you can apply it in the wider business context. The session will include a number of exercises which both demonstrate the impact of the approach and provide specific patterns for listening, questioning and model-building which delegates can put into action immediately - during the conference if they choose! You can expect a lively session with a buzz which continues into the corridors and beyond. What could the Agile/Scrum Community learn from the Army? Is the mindset a chain of Command and Control of resources (following and obeying orders)? During this interactive session, we will answer these questions and more. Exploring the speakers personal experiences of Agile in the Army and how he and his colleagues faced this on a continuous basis. We will do this in an interactive role play format and see what we can learn from some of the best self-organising teams in the world. We shall also relate this to how the outside world perceives the Army mindset to operate and why the current expectations of Veterans are miss managing expectations within the corporate world. And how this can even transgress into Agile Adoptions in large Enterprises. By the end of this session, you will have a new perspective on how the Army is perceived and learnt some valuable lessons on how the world’s elite people work. We are Agile Coaches and Delivery Managers at ASOS. We run and support a few of our 65 engineering teams. We want to share a part of our story - exciting and not free of challenges. Our take on Communities of Practice: how 35 Agile Delivery Managers constantly share their knowledge, learn from each other, grow as a team and have fun along the way. Different initiatives, different approaches: from traditional waterfall programmes, to fast and cheap validation via experiments, how we are currently working, for real. A retrospective, as we just delivered a "big bang change”: what we definitely did well, what we are not particularly proud of, what we want to make sure we will do differently next time. When working at Ding.com, JP and Jose had that same question. The company had a wide education programme to introduce all its staff to Kanban. The next step was to encourage teams to drive their own improvements and support teams in their discovery of new ways of working. At the beginning of this process, teams struggled to decide what parts of Kanban would help them to improve. They were like a writer facing a blank page: blocked and anxious. We wanted teams to run more autonomously, select options that fit their context and develop their ability to experiment and discover things. To that end, the coaching team (JP, Jose and Andy de Vale) created the Kanban (Rough) Guide. This was set as an experiment where the Guide provided an extensive (but intentionally incomplete) list of practices related to Kanban. The Guide focuses on generating options for teams to explore as they look at ways to improve. With the Guide, teams pull coaching support based on their ongoing needs, rather than coaches pushing what to do next. This completely flips the coaching relationship. Having seen the results at Ding, we believe that this approach leads to healthier and deeper improvements to work environments, Kanban or otherwise. We want to validate this in other organisations. In this session, Jean-Paul and Jose will introduce their case study and show how they used the tool at Ding. When there's a lot of change and pressure, it's natural for people to get stressed and overwhelmed - so their brains don't function so well, and they can't think so clearly. Playful and Solutions Focused Coaching is a great way to quickly and easily help people handle rapidly changing, high-pressure situations - by helping them get into a more positive and productive state, clarify their aims, gather their resources and take immediate and effective action. In this workshop, we'll be exploring various techniques for making coaching more playful and Solutions Focused. receive coaching - so find ways forward with your most pressing problems. Make sure you bring a few because people often run out of problems in these workshops! Raquel will provide an introduction to what it means to be a CSP. She will share insights on her experiences when she decided to embrace a new challenge and what drove her there? ‘Learning’ has become a tricky word. It means different things to different people and more often than not, it has a tendency to always take a back foot when we become ‘too busy’. There is a wonderful saying by Mahatma Gandhi: “Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.” Whether we consciously realise it or not, we never stop learning. Learning can be implemented in many different shapes and forms. We learn when we read the newspaper or watch the news, we learn when we have a friendly conversation or a tough debate and my personal favourite, we learn when we fail and make mistakes. For us, however, at #play14, we’re all about the experiential and kinaesthetic learning. #play14 is a movement, which is designed to bring together like-minded people who share the common idea that playing is one of the best ways to learn especially in the workplace. Founded in Luxembourg, #play14 has grown and scaled across 12 countries within Europe including London, Germany, Italy and Spain. We believe in the power of playfulness, whether it’s through games, metaphors or experiments. So, if you want to learn more about our what happens at our events such as schedules, learnings and outcomes, then come along, have a listen and ask any question you like. This talk will present the core concepts of Exponential Business Agility, or XBA. XBA is a set of patterns for organising value streams around self-organising, autonomous teams, and is part of the XSCALE approach to scaling agile. XBA combines the Spotify model with practice patterns drawn from the Iroquois Confederacy, the most successful and longest-lived holarchy in history. Learn how Throughput Accounting optimises the contribution of each business function to top line throughput rather than blindly attempting to minimise operating expense. And discover how Self-Propagating Transformation avoids pushing change into pre-existing teams, programs or silos, but generates agile capability by grafting the kernel of a new culture onto the trunk of the old. Be a pod of dolphins, not a dancing elephant. Don't try to scale agile. De-scale your organisation instead. We’re going to look at a case study about Barclays Internal Audit’s Journey with agility. BIA has grown a culture of learning with a focus on early value delivery and adaptability. Their work has led them to the creation of an industry-wide forum where the profession has embraced these new ways of working. We’ll examine how this is changing Internal Audit’s approach to work. We’ll also explore tips and tricks for how you could get started in a Non-IT agile transformation. We all want to make our teams, departments and organisations more Agile – so they can be more flexible, creative and responsive to their customers and environments, deliver better results more quickly, and ultimately add more to the bottom line. But an Agile Transition can be long and painful – there are lots of training courses to attend, lots of processes to change, lots of tools to adopt and lots of resistance to overcome. But wherever you’re at in your Agile Transition, it’s always possible to become more Agile just by adopting a more Agile mindset. It’s possible to embed the Agile mindset into any meeting (or indeed any conversation). How? In this workshop we’ll use techniques from both “improv” and “Solutions Focus,” that quickly and easily embody the Agile mindset. Improvisation, or “improv”, is all about letting go of preconceptions, listening to what’s actually being said, and building progress on the contributions that everyone wants to make. When anyone in a meeting starts to use improv principles and practices, the meeting becomes more Agile. As peoples’ ideas get included, so everyone feels more involved and enthusiastic about making progress. Solutions Focus is a conversational toolkit that makes meetings more positive, more flexible, more constructive, and more productive of concrete, practical ways forward that everyone can agree to and do. Both of these approaches help develop Psychological Safety – which, according to Google research, is “far and away the most important” factor for high team performance. The world of work is rapidly changing with new ways of working, new technologies and new demands. In this torrent of change and under mounting pressures to create more with less it's easy to forget to forget to tend to human needs. Let's look towards a future of work where these challenges are met by refocusing our efforts towards not only by respect for people, but by actively embracing our humanness and redesigning the way work works towards the meeting of human needs. This is an exploration of how Lean can guide us towards tomorrow by looking at yesterday and being fully present today. It's an exploration of what happens when we take our current practices and recast them in light of our humanness. Learn how AgileHR can use Scrum to help people to be empowered. The take-away from this is how AgileHR helps your organisation progress & tangibly improve it’s Business Agility by being Agile! It turns out Agile Coaching is something very different to what many people think it is. 18 Months ago, Toby started working as an Agile Coach which led him to a disorientating dilemma. Toby was confident he knew lots about Agile, but he always wondered what coaching was all about. He was soon to learn that he had a shallow understanding of Coaching and he was not alone. He’d come to realise that many coaches, including himself, were really acting as Agile Mentors rather than Agile Coaches. Advice and instruction were more common than active listening or powerful questions. In fact, Toby hadn’t even realised Agile Mentoring and Agile Coaching was not that same thing! In this talk, Toby will share the vital lessons that have led him to a deeper understanding of what Coaching is and what it means for his Agile Coaching practice. He will share his early experiences of coaching and some embarrassing stories from these early attempts. He’ll share how he managed to find the gold nuggets amongst a plethora of internet psychobabble. Finally, he’ll share his experience of undertaking a Professional Coaching course and accreditation with the ICF (International Coaching Federation). Toby started out on his journey keen to understand how coaching could equip him with the best ways to help others. However, what Toby didn’t realise is that this would be more of a journey inwards, to a greater awareness of himself. He found that only first growing himself could he best serve others and being coached was an important part of enabling that growth. Toby will inspire you by sharing his real-life experience. You will leave with practical insight into how to become a coach or grow further in your coaching practice. Do you or people in your organisation hold beliefs that limit potential? Is your Agile transformation not gaining the traction you expected? As change agents and leaders we are often focused on change at the organisation level, while important, there is a tendency to forget people are a vital part of this complex system. In this session, we will discuss useful behaviours and patterns I have experienced when coaching people during Agile transformations, with a particular focus on coaching around the 4 levels of containment and limiting beliefs. This will be an interactive discussion-based workshop where we will learn some ideas and concepts, how to apply them, while also allowing you to share your own experiences. We will also work together to generate some great ideas to apply within your Agile transformations and start making a difference to your organisation. This is a developmental exercise for people working with agile as a Coach, Scrum Master, Scrum team member or any other role. The exercise is designed to connect people to their work, team and themselves by spending some time reflecting on the different skills and competencies in the agile working space. Similar to a sprint review, let’s regroup to review and discuss the past two days of the conference. What have you learnt? What conversations have you had? What can you share? Also, suppose we have a team backlog. What changes should be made to the backlog so we can deliver value to the organisations and individuals we support. Agile Anti Pattern – ebook – https://www.quickglance.at/agile_antipatterns_uk.html , use 50% discount code talkfields_JHDYQAY95N when buying the book. The Call for Papers is open until the 30th November 2017. The full program will be published in December. What next in Agility? Since the Agile Manifesto has been releasted in 2001, Agility has evolved a lot, and more changes are coming. As a Speaker, come to Aginext.io to share your views about the Agility Today and Tomorrow. Please use this Submission Form to submit your talk or workshop. Which are the nearest train/tube stations? Where can I find a map of the venue? How can I give a talk at Aginext.io? As a spakers, Please use the Call for Papers which is usually open from 1st October to 1st December. 70% of the speakers have been invited and 30% has been selected by the call for papers process (usually open from 1st October to 1st December). If you submission has been accepted you will contacted by email between the 1st of December and 15th Decmber. If you submission has not been accepted you will be definitly informed by the end of January. Aginext.io is a gathering of pioneers and thought-leaders to explore Agile’s and Lean’s emergence into new fields and business domains. Who is Aginext.io 2018 for? Agile Practitioners interested in the most advanced agile practices as well as the emerging ones. Advanced Agile talks and workshops. An insight into the future of Agile. Networking with Agile Professionals. How can you benefit from Aginext.io? Dive into Agile talks and workshops, mingle with coaches and speakers. Since the Agile Manifesto in 2001, Agile has evolved a lot, reached full maturity and spread across all industries. Nowadays Thousands of professionals have years of experience in Agile but it is still re-inventing itself. Therefore, for the 15th Birthday of the Agile Manifesto in 2016, we came up with the idea of a Conference for Agile Practitioners which will explore the most advanced agile practices and the emerging ones. Aginext.io 2018 is a conference for Agile Practitioners interested in the most advanced Agile practices and the emerging ones. Come along and dive into Agile talks and workshops, mingle with coaches and speakers, and network with Agile Practitioners. Agile Tour London is an annual conference which explores all aspects of agility and its adoption and implementation in a business environment. London IT Contractor Group,. Please Check out our meet-up group for event details http://www.meetup.com/London-IT-Contractors-Group and come at our next meetup to exchange tips about IT Contracting and attend to first class technical talks. Scrum Event is an endorsed Scrum Alliance User Group primarily based and operating in London. They are a user group of Scrum advocates who wish to promote the Agile and Scrum values within the community and beyond. Adventures with Agile are a global community focused on agile and organisational change. Expect advanced discussion, influential and relevant experts, certified courses and a friendly group. Their vision is to make working life better. They do this because Agile improves the way people learn, share and communicate, resulting in shorter delivery times, motivated and happier people, increase in customer value and longevity in the marketplace. Adventures with Agile organises free events every month. This is a community hub set-up by Learning Connexions (High-end training specialists for software professionals). This group is open to all who have an interest in Agile, Scrum and related methodologies, as well as Architecture, Project Design, Java, JVM, Microsoft Technologies and much more ... The purpose of this community hub is to bring professionals together to learn, discuss and network through a mixture of platforms including; speaker sessions, mentorship, coaching, professional development, online events, competitions and more. Agile Leadership is the application of the Agile principles (as defined in the Agile Manifesto (http://agilemanifesto.org/)) to the leadership of software development projects and teams. In addition to encompassing the core values of Agile methodologies like Scrum, XP, Kanban and Lean, Agile Leadership aims to extrapolates them to improve how teams are managed within the context of the work environment and introduce a new leadership paradigm to help teams consistently deliver better results.

2019-04-26T08:22:13Z

http://2018.aginext.io/

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2019-04-20T22:17:43Z

http://hleb.kitunebi.com/image/online/california-mortgage.html

We aim to be the leading mining company focused on gold, growing our cash flow per share by developing and operating high quality assets through disciplined allocation of human and financial capital and operational excellence. Our purpose is to create wealth for our owners, our people, and the countries and communities with which we work by building partnerships of depth and trust. By treating our external partners’ interests as our own, we become the preferred partner of host governments and communities, the most sought-after employer among the world’s best talent, and the natural choice for the most thoughtful long-term investors. A partnership culture is Barrick’s most authentic, distinctive, and sustainable competitive advantage. We have also made a partnership culture central to our distinctive structure for governance and management, one that is best suited to this moment in Barrick’s history. We recognize this structure is unconventional, and in the section entitled Our Governance and Leadership Structure below we explain in detail how it works and delineate clearly and specifically the responsibilities of our Board, our Executive Chairman, our Lead Director, and our President. We also explain why we continue to believe this is the appropriate structure for Barrick today. Section 303A.08 of the NYSE Standards requires shareholder approval of all “equity compensation plans” and material revisions. The definition of equity compensation plans under the NYSE Standards covers plans that provide for the delivery of newly issued securities, as well as plans that rely on securities reacquired on the market by the issuing company for the purpose of redistribution to employees and directors. In comparison, the TSX Rules require shareholder approval of security-based compensation arrangements only in respect of arrangements which involve the delivery of newly issued securities or specified amendments thereto. Therefore, Barrick does not seek shareholder approval for equity compensation plans and amendments unless they involve newly issued securities or constitute specified amendments under the TSX Rules. Barrick’s corporate governance framework includes the mandates and key practices of the Board and its committees, position descriptions for our Executive Chairman, Lead Director, and President, as well as a set of Corporate Governance Guidelines available on our website at www.barrick.com/company/governance. Additional governance information is available on Barrick’s website, including our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and our Disclosure Policy. Detailed information on our committees of the Board (Audit, Compensation, Corporate Governance & Nominating, Corporate Responsibility, and Risk) can be found under the heading Committees of the Board. Our Board serves as the voice of all owners by setting the Company’s policies and priorities in keeping with its purpose and values, and ensuring that management carries out those priorities to the highest possible standard. The Board has adopted a formal mandate which describes its major responsibilities, goals, and duties. The Board is satisfied that it is not constrained in its access to information, in its deliberations, or in its ability to satisfy its legal mandate to supervise the business and affairs of the Company, and that there are sufficient systems and procedures in place to enable the Board to function independently of management. In performing its role, our Board makes major policy decisions, participates in strategic planning, delegates to management the authority and responsibility for day-to-day affairs, and reviews management’s performance and effectiveness. The full text of the Board’s mandate is set out in Schedule B of this Circular. Since our last annual meeting, the Board reviewed and re-approved its mandate. Some of the Board’s major supervisory responsibilities are described below. One of the Board’s major responsibilities is to review, with management, our strategic goals and objectives. Throughout the year, the Board reviews the Company’s operating plans and budgets, which take into account the opportunities and principal risks of our business. The Board is provided with regular updates on the implementation of our strategies, plans, and budgets and any regulatory, environmental, or social constraints that may impact the achievement of the Company’s business objectives. In July 2017, the Board conducted an in-depth review of the Company’s strategy which included consideration of Barrick’s financial and operating plan and strategic objectives. The Board believes that talent management and succession planning are critical to Barrick’s continued success. At each regularly scheduled Board meeting, the Board receives a Talent Report covering succession planning, recruitment, development considerations, and retention of senior leaders and employees who have been identified as high potential executives. This ensures that the Board is kept apprised of our pipeline of talent at all levels of the business. In addition, Barrick focuses on ensuring the development of its high potential partners and employees through development moves to other positions, on-the-job mentoring and training, and internal and external courses. In addition, in 2017, the Board participated in an in-depth succession planning session to discuss and establish succession plans for key roles ranging from management at the mine sites to members of the Executive Committee. The Corporate Governance & Nominating Committee assists the Board in reviewing senior leadership succession, including for the Executive Chairman and the President. The succession plans are based on Barrick’s talent management systems that identify candidates who have the skills, experience, and leadership needed for progression to a senior leadership role. The Corporate Governance & Nominating Committee supports the Board in its review of succession plans for the role of President and other senior management roles and is introduced to high-potential individuals in the Company. The Company also has in place an emergency succession plan to deal with a situation which requires the immediate replacement of the President. In addition, the Board meets regularly with our senior partners through their participation in Board and Committee meetings and continuing education sessions. Our senior partners also participate in informal meetings with members of the Board throughout the year. This regular interaction with the Board ensures that directors get to know the individuals who have been identified as potential future leaders of the Company. The Lead Director works with the Executive Chairman to set the Executive Chairman’s objectives annually, which are then recommended to the whole Board for approval concurrently by the Corporate Governance & Nominating Committee and the Compensation Committee. Both Committees are composed entirely of independent directors. The Corporate Governance & Nominating Committee, in consultation with the Lead Director, conducts an annual performance evaluation of the Executive Chairman against those objectives and provides a report on the performance evaluation to the Compensation Committee and the Board. The Compensation Committee recommends to the Board the Executive Chairman’s annual compensation. A more detailed description of the criteria and methodology used to assess the Executive Chairman’s performance and compensation awards in 2017 is set out at Assessment of the Executive Chairman’s 2017 Performance. The Executive Chairman conducts an annual performance evaluation of the Executive Committee with input from the Lead Director and reports to the Board and the Compensation Committee, as appropriate, regarding such review. The Compensation Committee recommends to the Board the annual compensation for the President. The compensation of the Executive Chairman and President is approved by our independent directors. The Compensation Committee reviews and approves the annual compensation of the other Executive Committee members based on the annual performance evaluation of such executives and the compensation recommendations provided by the Executive Chairman, with input from the Lead Director. The Compensation Committee bases its recommendations and approvals on Barrick’s established policies on the performance of each individual executive as measured against the annual performance incentive scorecard disclosed to shareholders in advance and on the performance of the Company as measured against the long-term company scorecard disclosed to shareholders in advance. Executive compensation is considered in the context of the overall stewardship and governance of the Company. A more detailed description of the criteria and methodology used to assess performance and determine the compensation for our President and other Executive Committee members is set out at 2017 Compensation of our Named Partners. We have consciously established a distinctive structure for the governance and management of Barrick. In this section, we lay out the responsibilities of our Board, our Executive Chairman, our President, and our Lead Director, and we explain how they work together. We also explain why we continue to believe this is the right structure for Barrick at this time. Under our Executive Chairman’s stewardship, four years ago Barrick undertook a “Back to the Future” strategy to recapture and make relevant the original, authentic DNA of this company as it existed when Peter Munk and his partners created it. Specifically, the phrase referred to re-establishing four core elements: one, a partnership culture; two, a lean, nimble, decentralized business model; three, an intensive focus on creating long-term value as measured by free cash flow per share; and four, financial rigor and prudence as evidenced by discerning portfolio management and a healthy balance sheet. Today, the Company has embraced and executed on each of these elements. We have eliminated all management layers and established a clear division of responsibility between the head office and the mines. The head office sets strategy and allocates people and capital according to the Company’s strategic priorities. Operational leaders of each mine determine how best to maximize the long-term value of their business, with advice and assistance from head office experts. Those mine leaders work side-by-side with our Country Executive Directors to maintain and enhance our license to operate, building partnerships of depth with host governments and communities. This lean, decentralized model allows information to flow freely and swiftly throughout the organization, and ensures that problems are solved quickly by the people closest to them. It also empowers our partners to work together as a team as they understand and manage the complex matters of our business, and assess and reduce risk. Having re-established the model that drove Barrick’s early success, our ambition is to become a leading twenty-first century company, not just in mining, but in any industry. We are cultivating a high-performance culture defined by the following principles: a deep commitment to partnership; consistent high-level execution; operational excellence; disciplined capital allocation; and continual self-improvement. We are obsessed with talent, and seek out fresh perspectives from other industries, challenging ourselves to think differently. We are investing in digital technology in a disciplined manner to make us faster, safer, more efficient, and more transparent with our partners. Our Board of Directors serves as the voice of all owners. It sets the Company’s strategic priorities in keeping with our purpose and values. The Executive Chairman is a meaningful owner himself and serves as the representative of the Board and the owners. He ensures that the strategic priorities set by the Board are executed to the highest possible standard by the Executive Committee and the partnership – Barrick’s most senior and engaged leaders in both management and operations. The Executive Committee, comprised of the most senior partners, makes decisions collectively. Within it, the President is by definition the primus inter pares – first among equals. In carrying out its oversight function, our Board of Directors, as the voice of all owners, reviews with management and sets the Company’s priorities in keeping with our purpose and values. Our priorities are executed by our partnership, created in early 2015. Today we have 61 partners, eight of whom comprise an Executive Committee. Partners are those who consistently demonstrate the highest qualities of transformational leadership: a tireless dedication to Barrick’s values, the pursuit of excellence and innovation, and a capacity to motivate and inspire others. Our partners approach their work with a balance of boldness and prudence: acting with urgency, but also with discipline and care. Our partners are owners of the Company, and rise and fall together with shareholders. A significant portion of their total compensation is long-term in nature, in the form of PGSUs which convert to Common Shares that cannot be sold until a partner retires or leaves the Company. We hold a formal nomination process for new partners every year. Existing partners may nominate new partners, and must provide references from across the organization, including partners and other employees. A vetting committee of existing partners is established each year to undertake a rigorous review of all nominations, gathering feedback and references through a formal evaluation process. The outcome of their work is presented to the Executive Committee, who use the information, in combination with talent assessments and other feedback, to select new partners. Existing partners have the opportunity to review and comment on proposed new partners before the Executive Committee makes a final decision on admissions. During this process, the Executive Committee also reviews the performance of existing partners. Ongoing membership is contingent upon superior performance and leadership, and underperforming partners will be removed. Within the partnership, the President is by definition the primus inter pares. The responsibilities and activities of the President are subject to the oversight of the Board, including the Executive Chairman, and include general supervision of the business of the Company, providing leadership and vision to the Company and our Executive Committee, developing and recommending significant corporate strategies and objectives for approval by the Board, and developing and recommending to the Board annual operating budgets. The President is responsible for overseeing day-to-day mining operations, building strong relationships among our partners, and nurturing Barrick’s relationships with host governments, local communities, and other external stakeholders. The Executive Chairman actively oversees the partnership in a weekly meeting he chairs of Barrick’s eight most senior partners, who we refer to as our Executive Committee. In these weekly meetings, each senior partner reports, one by one, on Barrick’s key priorities: talent management with our Executive Vice President, Talent Management; Best-in-Class operations with our Senior Vice President, Operational and Technical Excellence; portfolio optimization with our Senior Executive Vice President, Strategic Matters; financial prudence and strategy with our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer; exploration initiatives with our Executive Vice President, Exploration and Growth; and capital allocation and investment management with our Chief Investment Officer. The discussion then ends with new or outstanding priorities with our President and the Chief of Staff. Throughout these meetings, our Executive Chairman monitors progress, clarifies direction, and emphasizes priorities, which he continues to do one-on-one with senior partners throughout the week. The Executive Chairman also communicates with shareholders, engages potential investors and, in concert with our President and other senior partners, works with our external partners, including host governments and joint venture partners. In addition, the Executive Chairman provides leadership and direction to the Board, and facilitates the operations and deliberations of the Board to satisfy the Board’s functions and responsibilities under its mandate. More specifically, the Executive Chairman chairs each meeting of the Board and works in consultation with the Lead Director to, among other things, plan and organize the activities of the Board. Together with the Lead Director, the Executive Chairman ensures that the Board has all the information it needs to function effectively, at all times, including, as necessary, communication between Board meetings. The Executive Chairman serves as the principal liaison between the Board and the Executive Committee and meets with representatives of our shareholders and other partners on behalf of the Board. The Executive Chairman is also responsible for conducting an annual performance evaluation of our Executive Committee with input from the Lead Director. Retaining independent advisors on behalf of the Board as the Board or the independent directors may deem necessary or appropriate. J. Brett Harvey has served as our Lead Director since December 2013. In 2017, Mr. Harvey played a fundamental role as our Lead Director in a number of key Board initiatives, including consulting with the Executive Chairman regarding the agenda and associated materials for all Board meetings, chairing all meetings of the independent directors that occurred throughout the year, facilitating communication between the independent directors and the Executive Chairman, overseeing the annual Board and individual directors evaluation process, consulting with the Corporate Governance & Nominating Committee in evaluating the Executive Chairman’s 2017 performance and, in consultation with the Executive Chairman, setting the Executive Chairman’s performance objectives for 2018. On November 17, 2017, Mr. Harvey also led our second annual investor luncheon in New York City, which was attended by shareholders representing approximately 19% of Barrick’s outstanding Common Shares. Graham G. Clow (member of the Risk Committee), Dambisa F. Moyo (member of the Audit Committee and Corporate Governance & Nominating Committee), and J. Robert S. Prichard (member of the Compensation Committee and Risk Committee) participated in this luncheon, without management present. The purpose of this luncheon was to engage with investors and directly solicit their views on Barrick’s strategy, performance, governance initiatives, and approach to executive compensation. The Board has adopted position descriptions for the Executive Chairman, the Lead Director, and the President. A copy of these position descriptions can be found on our website at www.barrick.com/company/governance. Each Board committee mandate also sets out the role and responsibilities of its committee chair. The Board believes that Barrick’s current governance and leadership structure is vital to completing Barrick’s positive transformation. In particular, we believe that our Executive Chairman plays a critical role in ensuring that our partnership continues to execute on the ambitious goals we have set for ourselves for the benefit of all. The Board believes it is functioning effectively under its current structure, and that the current structure, including a board that is 87% independent and a robust Lead Director position, provides appropriate oversight protections. The Board will continue to evaluate the efficacy of its governance and leadership structure, and will consider a more traditional structure as the circumstances of the Company or its leadership changes from time to time.

2019-04-22T18:15:46Z

https://www.barrick2018circular.com/our-company/how-we-operate/

New Recording Options: Better Than Daws? There’s more than one way to record with today’s technology—and some of these methods might be just right for you. A little over a decade ago, I was visiting a studio in Paris that was tricked out with that era’s state of the art: big Yamaha mixer, 24 tracks of ADAT, computer for editing—and a Yamaha MD4 multitrack, one of those “funny format” machines that recorded four tracks to Minidisc. Say what? Point taken. And while the Digital Audio Workstation is the current alpha dog for recording, it’s not always the best solution for all possible projects. Just as some people have a sedan and a pickup truck, why limit yourself to one way of recording? This is particularly true because DAWs continue to get more sophisticated and resource-hungry—they’ve gone from emulating a multitrack recorder to emulating a studio. But when recording a rehearsal, do I really need all that power? No, and as a result, I didn’t used to record rehearsals . . . until I wrote a roundup on portable recorders in the 09/08 issue. Since then, I’m seldom without a recorder. Song ideas don’t get lost any more, I can listen back to rehearsals, I have samples I never would have gotten otherwise, and it’s changed the way I work. Then there’s portable recording with laptops. Can you really run fullfledged DAW on a laptop? Yes, but there are alternatives that may do all you need in a slicker, faster way. At some point, you’ll go from doing recording to being a recordist— recording becomes a way of life, you’re fluent with a variety of ways to capture what you need, and you always choose the right tool for the right job. So, this isn’t necessarily about ditching your DAW, but about other options in the wide, wide world of recording. This roundup is a little unusual because we won’t be reviewing products, but methods of recording—each has pros and cons that are shared by most products within that genre. So no matter how much you love your DAW, read on . . . there are things out there that aren’t dependent on Microsoft or Apple (or Linux) operating systems. As usual with our roundups, all prices are list prices (translation: shop around, they’re fiction), and the order depends on what our esteemed layout artist felt looked best on the page. Analog tape refuses to die gracefully. In fact, like tubes and vinyl, it’s making a bit of a comeback. But why? Tape recorders are maintenance-intensive. Tape deteriorates, and while it’s not impossible to find blank tape, it’s not getting any easier. However, analog enthusiasts point out—quite rightly—that computer-based DAWs require maintenance too, like updating, defragmenting, troubleshooting (only in marketing-land do computers work flawlessly), and the like. And while hard drives don’t deteriorate like tape, at some point they will go to Hard Drive Heaven. Tape, when properly cared for, has a long shelf life. But the main argument from analog tape fans is the sound: Tape is a processor, and for some music, it’s processing some people really like. No new studio tape recorders are being made, so you’ll need to research companies that specialize in analog recorders, like JRF Magnetic Sciences, Sprague Magnetics, ATR Services, B.A.S.E., and the like. These provide a variety of services and parts, and sometimes reconditioned recorders. But also check with the manufacturers (TASCAM, Fostex, Otari, Studer) who used to make recorders, as they sometimes still have parts in stock (Figure 1). As to buying an analog recorder, do your research. Most recorders are at least a couple decades old, and loaded with mechanical parts that can wear out. Either spend the bucks for a recorder in good condition, or dedicate yourself to restoration; it’s not unlike buying a classic car and having it become an obsession, as you search for something like a steering box in good condition. There’s some solid information on what you’re getting into with analog tape recording at www.sonicraft.com/a2dx/Analog Warriors.html . Also note that some pros combine analog and digital by tracking to an analog tape recorder, then immediately transferring the audio to a DAW for editing and mixing. This keeps “that” tape sound, but also, takes advantage of digital’s many talents. Strengths: Sound quality that’s different from digital. Distorts in a way that no plug-in has totally captured. By definition, requires a mixer—so you have a physical control surface. When cared for, tape can have a long life. Many rock aficionados say that tape is the sound of rock and roll. Non-restored recorders typically cost a fraction of their original price. Limitations: You need to align machines, replace heads, demagnetize the tape path, and so on. Editing is very limited compared to DAWs. Tape can stretch, and sometimes quality control is an issue. Limited ability to interchange projects with other studios. Noise reduction is needed to match digital’s dynamic range. Rather than try to define this genre, let’s just figure that if Steinberg sells Cubase 5 for around $600 and Sequel 2 for $130, it’s clear Sequel is not the company’s “flagship DAW.” Yet these types of programs are surprisingly versatile, nimble, have relaxed computer requirements, are inexpensive, and can often get you making music faster than more comprehensive programs. The top “non-DAW’ program would have to be Reason (Figure 2), a virtual MIDI studio. Although it doesn’t record audio (yet—Propellerheads just announced a companion recording program, Record), it can ReWire into virtually anything that can record audio. Non-DAW programs are sometimes self-contained, and don’t support all protocols—for example, Acidized WAV and REX files, or the ability to import and export particular file types. Still, they’ll have enough options that you’ll at least be able to export audio that can be loaded into someone else’s DAW. And there’s another factor: These programs can be like sample/loop/needledrop music libraries on steroids. For example, Sequel 2 offers content in a variety of styles, and you can put music together in various genres really fast for about the cost of a single sound library CD- or DVD-ROM. Another “non-DAW” program that’s great for generating needledrop-type music: Sony’s Cinescore, which does only one thing—generate music algorithmically—but does it extremely well. If all you need are quick beds for a video project, do you really need to fire up your DAW? Strengths: Sometimes simpler is better when the clock is ticking, or inspiration strikes. Can often get by with a less powerful computer. Most of these programs are laptopfriendly for those “on the go.” Less to learn, less to think about. Often include a significant amount of content. EQ did a roundup of these puppies in 09/08, and aside from Line 6 getting into the fray and most companies introducing incrementally new models, most of that article still applies. But based on my own experience, if I could have only one non-DAW recording device, one of these would be it. I’ve used portable recorders since the days of cassettes to grab sound effects and samples. But I really learned their value when rehearsing with bassist/drummer Brian Hardgroove (Public Enemy), who insisted on having his Roland R-09 recorder running all the time. And with good reason: Many songs came out of taking phrases from jams, and we also had an instant “reality check” when trying out a new arrangement. When the rehearsal was over, I’d just plug the USB out into my computer, wait a few seconds, and bingo— plenty of material to check out and mine for inspiration. I was so taken by this approach that now when I play guitar, Line 6’s BackTrack is always connected. As with the R-09, it’s managed to capture really useful musical ideas that otherwise would have been lost forever. And when I gig, I try to get a recording so I can debrief afterwards and decide what worked and what didn’t. But the wide variety of units means you must be careful when shopping, and you may need more than one. For example, if you’re into collecting samples, you’ll want something you can carry around easily and conveniently—for small size and long battery life, Yamaha’s Pocketrak 2G ($450) is ideal. If you’re recording in surround, then the Zoom H2 ($334.99 as shown in Figure 3, or the newer H4n) is the ticket. For extreme fidelity (with a price tag to match), check out Korg’s MR-1 ($899). Need to overdub? TASCAM’s DR-1 ($399.99) does the job. For field recording, Sony’s PCM-D50 ($599.99) is like a mini- Nagra . . . and when you need something general-purpose, M-Audio’s MicroTrack II ($499.95) is very versatile. You get the idea: Define your needs as precisely as possible, because that makes it easier to find the unit that handles those needs. Even then, though, there are surprises. With the Zoom H2, I recorded ambiences in surround “just because I could,” but have since found that having a choice of tracks for stereo can also be valuable, too. Strengths: Choose wisely, and you’ll never be without a recorder by your side. Capture moments of inspiration and once-in-alifetime samples. Relatively inexpensive. Use for non-musical applications, like recording meetings. Quality of many units is good enough you won’t have to re-record a “real” version. Weaknesses: Very few editing options, and only a couple units allow overdubs. The most compact units tend to be designed more for journalists and podcasting, while the less portable units offer more musician-oriented features. Some units don’t have user-replaceable memory or batteries. I always used to think of MPC-type groove boxes as instruments, not studios. But for hip-hop/rap/dance music productions, a good groove box might be all you need; I’ve seen plenty of musicians do entire recordings with these versatile devices. Groove boxes have changed a lot since they were glorified drum machines. Thanks to cheap RAM, the sampling capabilities that were originally intended to load in new drum sounds can now record entire vocals. Akai’s MPC5000 ($3,499; Figure 4) even has detailed waveform editing, eight tracks of streaming multitrack recording, onboard analog synthesizer, and tactile controls—although most groove boxes are compatible with hardware controllers if you want to get more physical with your music. Even Korg’s KP3 ($460)—which traces its roots back to the KAOSS pad, not an instrument per se—has the sampling, resampling, control, and effects options that allow it to be a complete performance/ recording box. Some groove instruments are software-based, and fall more into the “non-DAW” category. Programs like Native Instruments Maschine, MOTU BPM, Cakewalk Beatscape, SoniVox Playa, and others are designed to run on your computer rather than exist in a piece of hardware (although Maschine is an exception—it includes a slick hardware controller as part of the package). One of the coolest aspects of recording with groove boxes is that they remove the line between performance and recording. Because the recordings aren’t about endless overdubs and comping, sometimes these machine-driven compositions actually sound more “human” than recordings done with traditional techniques. Strengths: Compact, all-in-one solution doesn’t really need anything else. Devices of this type encourage spontaneity and performance moves. Over the years, some units have acquired multitrack recording and waveform editing. Often include storage/memory expansion options. Limitations: Best suited to specific styles of music; I can’t imagine someone recording an acoustic guitar album with a groove box. Onboard sounds are usually heavily waited toward hip-hop/dance styles. This product category is associated with DigiTech, because after the GNX3 kicked off the genre, their GNX4 ($589.95) put all the pieces together into one package—8-track solidstate recorder, built-in drum machine with drum patterns, tons of effects, mic preamp, USB computer interfacing, footswitches/pedal controller, analog interfacing for mixers/ amps/etc., and companion software (sequencing, editing, and librarian). The GNX4 may look like a floor effects box, but you can produce full-fledged demos on it. The only thing it really lacks is a mixer-type interface, but even then, you can mix on it—albeit not with the ease of some other non-DAW options. Another “guitar processor with recording,” the Boss Micro BR ($319.50), is billed as a 4-track portable recorder—but you can record an additional 32 “virtual” tracks for alternate takes and comping. It also incorporates effects, rhythm patterns, USB interfacing for data transfer, and an SD card slot for storage. It even has a built-in mic if you get lyric ideas while you’re jamming. The Micro BR can load MP3 files, and do time-stretching for phrase training. While it’s not as complete a recording box as the GNX4, given the small size (think iPod) and low price, it’s somewhat like a portable solid-state recorder for guitar players. A final option isn’t self-contained, but devices like the Korg Pandora PX5D, Line 6 POD X3, Line 6 TonePort, and DigiTech RP series include USB interfacing so you can use them as “guitar front ends/interfaces” for your computer. Are we in DAW-land yet? Not really, but using these external boxes removes latency issues, which lets you use inexpensive laptops to record your ideas. If the whole premise behind the “non-DAW” approach is to use something simple, fast, and efficient to get ideas down fast, these devices can facilitate the process—if you’re a guitarist. Strengths: Double-duty—suitable for stage and studio. Not much more expensive (if at all) than effects-only devices. Tons of guitar-oriented effects. Limitations: With the exception of the GNX, the ability to accommodate other signals (like quality condenser mics) is limited or non-existent; and only the GNX4 can really record complete demos. TASCAM coined the word “Portastudio” back in the late ’70s to describe their portable, analog cassette-based studio-in-abox— not only could it record, but there was a built-in mixer, and aux sends for outboard gear. TASCAM is still at the top of the Portastudio game, from the higher-than-entry-level DP-004 ($279) that records on SD cards, to the hard diskbased 2488neo (Figure 5; $1,200 list). Having used the original 2488, I can attest to the family’s surprisingly high level of performance. The 2488neo does 24 tracks (as well as 250 virtual tracks), and you can record eight simultaneous inputs—a rarity in portable studios. There are plenty of effects, including mastering effects like multiband compression (particularly handy, as the 2488neo includes a CD burner), guitar multi-effects, and 3-band EQ on all 24 channels. It has USB 2.0 for file transfers, and is portable; sure, there are some compromises—faders are 45mm instead of 100mm, and you can’t do sample rates above 44.1kHz. But in terms of finished product, you would never know a demo was recorded on a “budget” portable studio. The DP-004 is more like a portable recorder that’s set up for multitrack work; it can record two sources at once, and includes a built-in condenser mic. You can consolidate the four tracks to add more overdubs, as well as mix them to a dedicated stereo master track. Like the 2488neo, the DP-004 has USB 2.0 for file transfers. Note that TASCAM makes more Portastudios than just these two; go to their website for details. However, TASCAM doesn’t have a monopoly on the portable studio. Yamaha’s hard disk-based AW1600 ($1,499) is another full-feature portable studio (unfortunately, its big brother, the AW2400 with motorized faders, is discontinued) that allows burning your final results to a built-in CD burner. It can record eight simultaneous tracks from combo jacks (all with phantom power), with a total of 16 tracks in 16-bit mode and eight tracks in 24-bit mode—although there are also eight virtual tracks per physical track. Mix-wise, there’s a 4-band EQ on every channel, and the mix engine is the same as Yamaha’s 02R96 mixer; interestingly, the AW1600 has a “Pitch Fix” algorithm for fixing vocal pitch problems. Fostex is another leader in this field, with its latest offering being the hard disk-based MR-16HD/CD ($699). It’s compact, and records four tracks simultaneously while providing 16-track playback at 16-bit resolution. There’s also a built-in CD recorder so you can go from recording to final product in one box. It has several effects, including one optimized for guitar with amp simulation and distortion. However, this is only applied on incoming signals, so once you’ve recorded through these effects, there’s no “undo” other than re-recording. And while (like most of these recorders) it doesn’t do MIDI, it does have MIDI out for sending clock or MTC to an external sequencer; and there are both USB 1.1 and USB 2.0 ports. Two other companies in the field are Korg and Boss. Korg’s D3200 costs somewhat more than average ($1,799), but the feature set is extremely capable: 12 simultaneous record tracks (including eight XLR mic ins with individually-switchable phantom power) and 32 tracks of playback (with eight virtual tracks for each physical track), 44.1/48kHz sample rates, 32-bit internal signal path resolution, 80GB hard drive (most hard diskbased portable studios use 40GB), built-in drum machine with shuffle and humanize functions, non-destructive editing including time compression/expansion and adaptive noise reduction, “scene” and dynamic automation that records fader and pan moves (but no motorized faders, of course), and MIDI control over mixer parameters for additional automation options. I’ve logged a few hours on the D3200, and it’s impressive: The sound quality is excellent, the workflow makes sense (helped considerably by the display and matrix of 16 realtime control knobs), and the effects are useful. A box like this even outperforms many of the “big studios” of yesterday whose gear cost hundreds of thousands of dollars . . . thank you, progress. Korg also makes the D888 ($800)—a no-frills 8-track (64 virtual tracks, plus a two-track stereo mix track) hard disk recorder with an 8-input/8-output mixer. It’s designed to be dead simple to operate; it basically looks like a mixer that records, with channel strips (including 3-band EQ with knobs, XLR and TRS ins with +48V phantom power, pan, and fader) and an LCD. You can record eight tracks simultaneously, and in addition to monitor and master outs, there are individual outs for channels 5–8. In a lot of ways, the D888 is more of an easy-to-use capture medium, although it does include onboard effects, location points, and basic non-destructive editing. However, editing can take a while it shuffles data around, and writes to disk. Boss currently offers five small studios, including the Micro BR mentioned earlier. Boss calls the BR-600 ($399) a “notebook studio,” and it’s the “Macbook Air” of the genre—thin and portable. It records to Compact- Flash cards, offers eight simultaneous playback tracks and 64 virtual tracks, and being made by Boss, it includes a drum machine (with velocity-sensitive pads—cool), guitar/bass effects, and vocal effects (including pitch correction). Conveniently, it can operate on batteries or AC. Their top-of-the-line model, the BR- 1600CD ($1,399) is a 16-track (256 virtual tracks) hard disk recorder that can record from eight inputs simultaneously. It includes built-in effects (pitch correction, individual track EQs, 8 dedicated compressors, mastering effects, etc.), “instant” backing tracks with drums, bass, and loops, CD writer, and MIDI slave sync. If you can get by with 2-track simultaneous record and 12-track simultaneous playback (192 virtual tracks), you can save about $350 by going for the very similar BR-1200CD. One of the more interesting devices of this family, Zoom’s HD16 ($1,249.99), is a 16-track recorder that’s laid out like a mixer and feels more like a stand-alone hard disk recorder. It has built-in effects, mixing, mastering, and CD burning. But the really clever part is that if you want to bounce the files over to a DAW for further editing, the HD16 becomes a full-fledged control surface. Smart. Another unusual entry into this category is Cakewalk’s Sonar V-Studio 100, which incorporates an 8-channel digital mixer, onboard SD recorder, a control surface for DAWs, built-in channel strip effects, and an extensive software bundle. What makes it unusual is that it’s useable with a computer, without a computer, for live performance, or in the studio. For example, you could prepare backing tracks in a computer, transfer them to the V-Studio 100’s SD recorder, then take the unit out for live performance—plug instruments/mics into the mixer, then record the live performance (including the backing tracks) into the SD recorder. Strengths: Portable studios incorporate most of the functions you’d expect from a recording setup, often including a drum machine. Physical interface is easy to use. Can usually transfer files via USB or card reader. Models with CD-R/RW drives let you create a finished product. Cost-effective, and generally a no-brainer to operate. Limitations: MIDI, when present, is limited to sync functions, not recording or playing back MIDI data. Construction sometimes cuts corners to hit a price point. Generally use short-throw faders. Editing operations may be slow. Remember the ADAT? It’s what brought digital recording to the masses. But when it ran its course, it was replaced by stand-alone hard disk recorders that unlike portable studios, required an external mixer as well as outboard effects, mic preamps, and the like. These stand-alone recorders are the heirs to the stand-alone multitrack recorder legacy. There’s no significant editing; that’s best done with a computer. As a result, all these units can transfer their data over to a computer for editing. Not surprisingly, Alesis was one of the first to obsolete the ADAT with the HD24 (Figure 6; $2,499), which despite being introduced earlier this century remains popular and in production. It’s a 24-track recorder with 24 ins and outs, making it very useful for remote and location recording; because Alesis figured out a different way to write data to the drive, it can use inexpensive IDE drives— which are actually less expensive than an equivalent amount of ADAT S-VHS tapes. While the HD24 is limited to 44.1/48kHz, the HD24XR replaces the A/D and D/A converters for improved performance and the ability to do 88.2 and 96kHz sample rates (upgrade standard HD24 machines for about $1,000). The HD24 includes two hot-swappable media bays for replacing or backing up media, and also has a built-in FTP server to transfer data to computers (the hard disk file format is proprietary). However, a better solution is the Alesis Fireport ($249), which allows for FireWire transfers. Then there’s TASCAM’s X-48 ($4,999), a 96kHz/24-bit, 48-track “Hybrid” Hard Disk Workstation that also includes a 60-channel digital mixer with automation and processing. A VGA output provides the GUI and editing features typically associated with a computer-based DAW, aided by the ability to plug in a mouse and keyboard. As to data transfer, it supports external FireWire hard drives (but also includes an 80GB internal drive), Gigabit Ethernet, and AAF export of its Broadcast WAV audio files. Another cool transfer- oriented feature, “tape mode,” simplifies file management by creating one audio file per track. And varispeed fans, take heart: It has one. In a way, the X-48 crosses over between stand-alone hard disk recorders and “studio-in-a-box” solutions, because you can capture with it live, then in the studio, use the VGAbased DAW-type interface where each channel provides 4-band parametric EQ, dynamics processing, and four VST plug-in insert slots. Another option, the JoeCo Black- Box, is a 24-track stand-alone recorder that records to an external USB2 disk drive. This makes it easy to take the Broadcast WAV files recorded on the drive, and load them into a workstation for editing. BlackBox is intended as a capture device for live performance, specifically, for patching into the insert points on a mixer’s channels—but you can stack units for more than 24 channels. It’s also possible to buy optional ADAT, AES/EBU, and balanced analog interfaces. Strengths: Sidesteps computer OS issues for increased stability. More rugged than typical laptop-based setups. Easy to operate, and wellsuited to live recording. Limitations: Not as flexible as computer- based units. Aside from the X48, files need to be transferred to something else for significant editing and mixing. Today’s workstation keyboards, like the Roland Fantom G, Yamaha Motif, and Korg M3, are like studios that just happen to be designed around a keyboard. Unlike the many recording options that lack MIDI, keyboard options excel at MIDI—with the M3’s touch screen, you can even change note lengths and positions with the tip of your finger on the piano roll screen. But they can also record and play back audio by treating audio as long samples, and playing them back by triggering them at the right time. There may be limitations as to how many tracks you can record, but it will be enough to let you add vocals and other acoustic instruments—and of course, the workstation can supply a whole lot of orchestration on its own. Another option flips the concept of adding a studio to a keyboard by adding a keyboard to a studio. Open Labs makes a line of products that are a bit larger than the average keyboard workstation, but typically include a QWERTY keyboard, 15" touch screen, and control surface(s)— all of which hook into a fast, capable Windows-based computer. As a result, you can run a variety of programs (e.g., Live, Sonar, Pro Tools, Samplitude, etc.) as well as virtual instruments. Open Labs products include Riff software, a custom program optimized for hosting virtual instruments; you’ll also find standard computer ports like FireWire, USB, Ethernet, and a PCI Express slot. And this is a good way to end our journey, because with the Open Labs line, we’re sort of back again at the DAW—although in a very different format! Strengths: Ideal for those doing a lot of MIDI orchestration. One of the few non-DAW options that’s serious about MIDI. Typically includes hardware for realtime control. Some can appear as plug-ins within a DAW, and have extensive editing software. Many are expandable with hard drives, USB sticks, networking, etc. Limitations: With the exception of Open Labs, not oriented toward recording lots of hard disk tracks. Editing may be limited compared to computer software. Physically large, but then again, you do need a keyboard to play the sounds. There is indeed a world beyond DAWs. They’re still the most powerful way to capture, edit, process, and mix music, but of course, power always comes at a price. Sometimes all we want to do is make music, and sometimes we want to capture it before it goes away. Check out some of these alternative ways to record, and you might find yourself being more productive, writing more songs than ever, or even getting involved with different ways of making music. And if you really want to get heavy with the editing, never fear: Just about anything can be transferred to your DAW of choice. WHAT’S THE DEAL WITH VIRTUAL TRACKS? Many portable recorders have a spec like “eight physical tracks and 64 virtual tracks.” This means you can record multiple takes for each of the physical tracks (in this case, up to eight) but you can’t play back more than eight tracks. One application for virtual tracks is recording, say, eight vocal or guitar solo takes into one track, then choosing which one you like best without having to use up other tracks. In some cases, you can use virtual tracks to bounce pieces of the virtual tracks to the same track or a different track; this varies from unit to unit, so check the specs. Old School Vs. Nu Skool: Was the “classic” way to record better?

2019-04-24T04:23:11Z

https://www.emusician.com/gear/new-recording-options-better-than-daws

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2019-04-23T11:06:04Z

http://thegardenproject.ijoarts.com/library/download-the-information-master%3A-jean-baptiste-colbert%27s-secret-state-intelligence-system

Looking to 'figure it out' as young as possible so I can help others do the same later down the line. Hoping Wealthy Affiliate is the best place to do this! Currently blogging my progress within WA. Hi Ben, nice to hear from you. I look forward to getting to know you my new WA friend. Sorry about the delay in responding but I am a bit slow at the moment. Trying to do too many things at once. It's nice to see you are running with the WA blogs. So many don't, and these are just as important as website content. Google sees all! Keep working hard, having fun and don’t forget to ask questions. Thanks for the follow boy, wish I was 18 again, a lifetime of opportunities ahead. Saying that what they teach at WA is applicable to any business, industry or marketing in which you will be involved. enjoy the journey and keep up the A passes. Hi Ben, nice to meet you. Thanks for the follow, I have followed you back. Smart move starting out at a young age, setting yourself up early will lead to financial security and the ability to do whatever you want to do. Wish I had this opportunity when I was young! Thanks Jenny! That's the goal. You're ''figure it out'' as young as possible' goes straight to my heart. It's rather like trying to persuade the young 'uns to start saving asap and getting them to understand compound interest. It is sad hearing them say 'I wish I had started sooner'. Thank you Caro! I consider myself very lucky to be able to gain a foothold within this industry at my age, I'm hoping all goes as well as possible. Best of luck to you too! Hi Benjamin and thank you for following. I am of course delighted to follow you in return. Please let me know if we can help each other at any time. Benjamin, you are a star! Top 200, hah?! Thanks for the follow. I follow you back with pleasure. In my offline life we refer to your generation as the dot-com citizens. We the migrants surely need a tour around town. I am right behind if you care to look over your shoulder please? Thanks for the support! Go for it. Hello, Thank you for adding me to your network. It's nice to see such an enthusiastic young man want to make something of himself. Good for you. I hope more young people get the same idea. You are our future and we need more Young people to be the best that they can be to help our world become a better place. Thanks again. Thanks for adding me to your network, BT. I have now added you to mine also. Getting "it" and getting started on "it" younger puts you ahead of the game for sure. Also, you have the advantage of being raised in the internet/technical era. You are surrounded constantly by and know all the technology that we are learning here, and use it naturally. Listen and be guided and you will go far. Good morning to you, Benjamin, my name is Ken and I welcome you to WA and thank you for the follow. I'm following you back. The earlier you can start any career the sooner you will make it to the top. That is because practice makes perfect. Learning online skills is like riding a bike. Once learned you can achieve anything. I look forward to working with you and wish you much success and enjoyment as you climb the online ladder to success. Thank you! That's right, I hope so! BTwilkins,Hi,thanks for your "like", please, ask me dare and give comments 3-5 words to my inside post here in WA, it's link: Convert Your Thoughts Into Content. Hi and thanks for following me, I think we can all learn a lot from each other. One of the greatest advantages we have is the many different perspectives available from such a diverse group of people. I love the fact that I can communicate with people from all over the world, young, old, those who have lived a full life already and those just getting started. It’s so great to connect with you, wishing you the best! Thank you! Looking forward to sharing progress with you! Take your time. Learn everything you can and do not have a battle with the learning curve you will have here. When I say take your time I mean it. You are a generation of the same age as my children. Take your time. Here's one person you might follow. I am so sure he will help you. His name is Jerry Huang. Shout out to him. I am so sure he will guide you. I have been following Jerry for a while now, he's a huge inspiration to me. "Reasonable people work on adapting themselves to the world, unreasonable people work on adapting the world to themselves, therefore all progress depends on unreasonable people." I believe Btwilkins that you are one of those young gifted people that will help the world to make progress. Thank you! Love the quote. Paul Mindra here, from Ontario, Canada. Thank you for inviting me to be a part of your network. I graciously accept by following you back. Welcome to The Wealthy Affiliate Community. I am very pleased to make your acquaintance, young man. I'm assuming you are from the UK (A-O levels). I spent years 6-11 in a community just outside of Gatwick, many many years ago. Nice start on your websites. I'm trying to expand my network and I'm thrilled to have you onboard. Yes, the UK is correct! How did you find it? I have family in Canada actually, I've always wanted to visit. It was a 'giveaway' when you mentioned A-Level Student. My father was the first 'East Indian' to arrive from India into a small community called Crawley, Sussex. I believe the year was 1958. My Mom, older brother and older sister joined him there in 1964. I enjoyed five years of 'Primary School Education' there. It was the best. In 1969, we all emigrated to Canada as 'Landed Immigrants' and we have all been here since. It has been a great journey. Much to write about. Canada is a great place but like anywhere else, has it's issues. Yes, you should visit your family here as soon as it becomes a part of your travelling plans. Never hesitate to reach out. Ours is a 'Pay It Forward' Community. Hi, Ben and thanks for your follow. We are following back. Just love the magic website. What a fun idea! Both of your sites are very attractive. You are just too cool to be doing this at your age. So much lies ahead of you and you are already on your way. You have inspired us. Thank you Colette and Philip! I love getting messages like this (don't we all?). I'm glad I was able to discover WA so young, and that's down to the wonderful efforts of all you folks who write about it and recommend it to others! Hello Benji, Nice to hear from you. WA is the best you can have in "Internet Marketing". They give you for FREE, all the education, websites (if you go Premium) , and all the Tech Skills included; and you have a Community of over 100,000 people from all over the world to help you, not to mention KYLE, the Co-CEO of WA who is always there to help you, Where can you get direct contact with a Co-CEO for help? Amazing! You are very young, and should hang in there. I wish I came across WA years ago. I am a Retiree, and still trying to make it Big. I tried many things and now I have to first finish my un-done projects. So hang in there, you will have Success! Thank you for your support Celine! Best wishes to you too. Great website name, the dailymagician.com. I just took a look and checked out the site. Looks good and I am sure there will be a few surprises within. I was waiting for a rabbit to jump out of my monitor. hehe. Anyways thank you for following me, it's great to meet you, and I wish you the very best in all aspects of life. So make it happen, Benji, "abracadabra" Yeah I was surprised that domain was available! Glad you enjoyed taking a look, I know there's a lot of work to be done but I'm getting there. Best of luck to you too! Thanks, Benji, good luck also. Glad you found your way over here. Don't hesitate to ask if you need anything! Hello Benjamin And Welcome To Wealthy Affiliate. Since you joined and with your previous online experience you will perhaps have come to the conclusion that internet marketing can be a steep learning curve. You must keep referring to the training. If you get really stuck on anything then can I suggest you browse some of the 430+ blogs I have published within WA. Feel free to send me PM anytime you get stuck and I will endeavour to point you in the right direction. Thank you! I will be sure to check out your training. No probs Benjamin and if/when you read my blogs make sure you choose the ones that will help you in conjunction with whatever training you are currently taking. You are off to an excellent start, I checked out your 2 websites. I am a little busy this morning but I hope to go back and drop a comment or 2. It is awesome to see such a young lad taking his business so seriously! Thank you for the kind words. Glad my sites are looking good. Hope to see you around, and best of luck to you too! Hello Benjamin,♫Welcome! I am so pleased you found WA. Nice to meet you ツ I wish you a lot of learning pleasure and fun at WA. Thank you for adding me to your network. Hello Benji ... thank you for the follow. You are in the best place you could be to learn Affiliate Marketing. This is the most advanced training platform on the web and is continuously getting better thanks to Kyle and Carson's commitment to continuous improvement. Thank you! Best of luck to you too. Hi, thanK you for the follow. I have followed you back. I wish you all the best here at WA. If you need any help just reach out, I am always happy to help. Also, please feel free to check out my blog for to helpful pointers. All the best and take care. Thank you for following me, new to WA Premium, as a 75 years young, retired teacher, who began teaching again, in recent years, students in care in Yorkshire, UK, students from 6 to 18 years of age, mainly Maths and English. However in this modern, technological age and online world, I am pleased to seek your English ability, where it may help me as we can all learn from each other to succeed and reach our goals. As an example, I have always liked to use my research skills to help everyone and in a recent study it has been found that comparing the reading habits of students, up to 11 years of age before High School, students like to read and using appropriate interesting reading matter, but, through High School and distractions, social media etc, reading seems to stop, apart from the set books needed in class, to such an extent that by the age of 16, it has been found that, on average, reading age has been found to have been reduced to that of a 13 year old! Perhaps, as an A level student with great English ability, you have the knowledge and inclination to advise and suggest how to improve the reading and English abilities of students. Thanks for the thought out response! I loved to read as a child, which I believe is the number 1 reason that I have a decent quality of written English now. It's a shame, and I definitely agree that we need to do something about it. Thanks for dropping by! Thanks for the help! Hope to see you around. Good for you starting young!! you will have a great future ahead of you. Just getting in at an exciting time as the online market is starting to boom, and for those willing to work at it Sky's the limit. I mentor a lot of younger people, so if you want any advice at any time more in the mindset and motivation area I can help. Awesome to hear! Sometimes I get frustrated with my progress but I have to remind myself that I'm starting this young so I have a huge head start on a lot of the competition. So glad I found WA and decided to chance it. I'll be sure to drop you a message if I need anything! Set your goals high and do what it takes. 10 years from now if not before you will look back at the journey and will be glad you started. I certainly wish I had started 10 years ago, but its never to late, so just keep your goals in site and take steps closer each day you will find that the journey will be worthwhile. Absolutely. I am already glad that I have started taking these steps young, but I'm sure you will find success too as long as you take action. As they say, the best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago, but the second best time is now! Thanks for the following. I wish you great success on this platform which appears to be one of the most legit money making websites among millions of scam ones. May the blessings from Above make your profiting to become a reality to us all here at WA! Thanks for the kind words, hope all goes well for you too! Thank you for adding me to your network and I have also added you to mine. Whtas up bro! Gonna be nice to follow your progress. Affiliate Marketing is a program I wish i found at your age, I would be in a totally differnet place right now had i found it earlier. Starting young is the way to go!! Wish you much success. Ask me any questions you need. Cheers! I'm glad that's the case, it's up to me now to make use of that advantage! Thank you for following me. I am also following you. Good luck in this industry. You definitely have the support here with WA. Best continued success to you in WA!! Welcome aboard, you'll love the training. Hello Benjamin, nice to meet you and welcome to Wealthy Affiliate (WA). Thank you for the follow and all the best in achieving your goals at WA. Welcome to the WA Premium community! Welcome to the WA community and congratulations on upgrading to Premium. There's a big market out there for English language services, so that is definitely a viable option for your first niche blog. What kind of English services are you thinking of offering? That's a good idea that hadn't actually occurred to me, I more meant using my ability to write well to create a great blog! Wishing you immense success with WA. Welcome to WA Premium. You are definitely in the right place. The community here is very supportive, encouraging and positive. I wish you all the best here in WA. Great decision going Premium! You've now embarked on a whole new wealth of information to help you succeed. I wish you all the best! Welcome to WA! Wishing you much success. Welcome to WA. You have made an excellent choice. Welcome! Is there anything i can help with? Welcome to Premium Membership. You have made a great decision and an important commitment to yourself. The very best that WA has to offer is yours. Congratulations and may you achieve much success. How are things going today? Just wanted to pop in to see how things are going with you thus far and how your website/niche is coming along. Hope you are rocking it Benjamin and of course (and as always) I am in your corner if you ever need anything! PS. Today is my last day for Premium bonuses, if you are interested in getting them make sure you upgrade today. I forgot to mention the other day that I am going to still be offering you my awesome bonuses if you join within the next 4 days. (2) You are going to get personal and private access to me! If you ever have a question or need help with your campaigns, I will be there. Where else can you access the CEO of the company for help? (3) I am going to be giving you my "Diamond Traffic Bonus". This is going to show you how I walk into absolutely any niche and get unlimited traffic. But only if you join in the next 4 days (this is what I call my "action takers" bonus). I hope things are going well Benjamin! I want to remind you of one thing, your hard work and dedication IS going to pay off. Keep working through the training, communicating within the community, and of course, ask for help when you need it. Just heading out for a bit here, but do leave me a message if you need a hand with anything. You should have Premium communication back for an additional 7 days now, so hit me up when you get a chance Benjamin! Just wanted to shoot you a quick message and see how things were going thus far Benjamin? I am here to help if you ever need a hand with anything, just holler! Just thought I would check in and see how things are going with you! I hope all is well and you are enjoying yourself here within the community. Hey Kyle, still can't believe you have the time to talk to each of us! Things are going well, I've completed the starter training and I would love to purchase a premium membership, but unfortunately I don't get paid until the 30th, so I will miss out on the first month discount. It seems a small price to pay for the excellent quality of training available however, so I feel I am splitting hairs even by bringing it up! I think you have done really nice job with your website thus far. I do have one recommendation though. Use clear and concise headlines within your content. You can do this by using h3 tags that break up your content. It will make your content much more readable. As you scroll down, you will see headlines that break apart my content and foreshadow to my audience what I am going to talk about. Ex. Art, to be honest, is an EASY sell within the online world? This is highly effective and will lead to much more readership of your content. I completely get you now that you've pointed it out. I think little things like that are what turns a amateur looking website into a professional looking one. I, for one, am always more likely to read articles if they look professional, regardless of the actual content. It is definitely the little things that take an amateur site and make it pro. But at the same time, it is your content that converts and some of my ugliest websites over the years have been the highest converters. This is because people are interested in getting content and high quality content that that helps them out. Hello Benjamin and welcome to Wealthy Affiliate. I hope you find what you came here for and much, much more. The community members are very supportive and helpful. If you feel stuck, confused or overwhelmed don't hesitate to ask for help. Best of wishes.

2019-04-21T16:32:37Z

https://my.wealthyaffiliate.com/btwilkins

My name is Della Jean Starkey. I was a Rhodes. I was born in 11/1 of 1935 just below Marquand across from the Whitener cemetery. I was born in a two story house in the upstairs bedroom. I don’t remember the doctor’s name. Our house was on DD HWY but back then it was called Castor River Road. My First memories are living a mile down below that where my grandparents lived. My dad built a house there. My grandparents were “truck” farmers. They hauled a lot of lime, farmer supplies and logs. Truck farming is large fields of product such as corn, beans, and potatoes which are sold. We moved from there when I was 10. My dad bought a 325 acre farm about a mile below that. At the time my dad worked at the mines here in Fredericktown at National Lead. We had no electricity at the time. When they did bring electricity to the area my dad and brothers installed it for us and other locals. He did that during his off-time. He worked a lot and I’d often go a whole week without seeing him. I went to the Marquand school all but one year. That year I went to the little one room schoolhouse. I loved school. Math was my favorite topic. While she was an A student Della later had severe allergies and had difficulties with attending school. She didn’t graduate but loved school and. To this day she loves math and continues reading. Her sister would often read all night long. She’d have to turn the light off when their dad got home but would turn it back on later after he’d gone to bed. There were ten siblings all together. Della was the oldest. As kids they swam a lot in the Castor River. Of course that was important as they didn’t have electricity. The house was never flooded but there was no bridge so sometimes it was tricky getting out. The original school was destroyed when they built the new. She mentions the requirements of being a teacher back in those days. They were very strict. Her dad began teaching straight out of high school. Della describes there home and farm. They all shared rooms. Her dad put in a well and put a concrete top on it and a pump to keep the kids from falling in. They raised their food and had a plow and horses. Later her dad got a tractor. Her mom did have a gas stove and a gas or kerosene powered refrigerator. She comments that those were nice luxuries that not everyone had. They heated their water in big kettles. She mentions that they also had a gasoline powered Maytag wash machine. She and her siblings helped with the garden all the time and also with general chores. Much of the produce was for their consumption but they also sold some. They would take corn, potatoes and a few other things to a local store to sell. They also raised and butchered hogs. They raised chickens too. When they butchered the hogs they would salt the meat or fried it up and then canned it. At Christmas they always had gifts. It may not always be a lot but there was always something. Easter was a big holiday and they always got new clothes. For Thanksgiving they rarely had turkey. It was usually chicken, beef or pork. Often something special like a beef roast. She tells a story about a chicken that they brought into the house that was intended to be eaten but they couldn’t kill it because it was living inside and they started treating it like a pet. That also happened with a couple of hogs. They had horses that they used for farming and sometimes they would take them as transportation to town. Otherwise they often walked to town which was 2 to 3 miles away. Her mom didn’t work outside the home until the kids were grown and she worked then for a time at Angelica Uniform. But when they were young she stayed at home and managed the household which was a full-time job with 10 kids. She always served three meals a day. The kitchen was mopped everyday, every bed was made everyday. All ten of the kids were born within 13 years so they were pretty tightly grouped in terms of age. They were fortunate enough to have regular baths and had their own rather than having to share. When they did hair washing they would line up and do it all at the same time but they all had their own, fresh water. They did a lot of sponge baths. They didn’t have indoor plumbing. They had an outhouse. Inside they had a tub of water and the bath tub was usually in the kitchen because it would be warmer. In the summer they would have river baths. They had a pet deer but never had any problems with anything. They did have a lot of copperheads. Her dad got pigs to help with that problem. Apparently having a few pigs around helps to moderate the snake population. They never had one in the house but her younger sister JoAnn did get bit by a copperhead. They took her to the doctor and she was fine. All ten of them were born at home. Other doctoring would often happen at the house. Later on house visits became less common and they would go to see the doctor as needed. She does not recall using home remedies or anything like that. Medicine is discussed and specifically the lack of antibiotics in that time. She hand pneumonia several times. There wasn’t much treatment aside from rest. She had it five times before antibiotics became available. Whooping cough was sometimes a problem too. And of course measles and chicken pox and other stuff. No one ever got critically sick. Once vaccinations became available they always got those. She mentions Polio and that several in the area got it. She and her siblings were vaccinated for that as soon as it was available. She mentions that one of those kids is still there in Marquand today and still wears braces from having had Polio. Because their weren’t antibiotics earaches would often go untreated. Her brother had a bad earache once that resulted in a trip to doctor though during the trip the abscess broke and they returned home. They discuss discipline. Her mom did that because her dad was usually at worked. She rarely paddled the kids. Usually it was just time-out in a chair. As kids they played games and listened to the radio a lot. There was no tv but they had a battery powered radio. Her favorite was country music. They had a tree swing. She remembers her dad teaching school at the Crossroads School. Her dad made $95 a month. She was very close to her grandparents. Her grandmother taught her quilting and canning. She still has a quilt that she and her grandmother made together. She mentions that it’s on her bed right now. Most of her grandmother’s life was farming and gardening. Her grandparents were born and raised in the area. Her one grandmother Starkey was an orphan and was raised by a local woman. Both of them worked at the church. Most of the family attended Baptist or Methodist church. There weren’t that many differences between them. The kids often attend church with the grandparents. They did have a car for getting around but telephones were rare so communication was nothing like today. Marquand had around 350 then. It was a very well kept town and the schools were nice. Grades were grouped: 1 and 2, then 3,4 and 5, then 6,7 and 8. Each group had one teacher. Most living in Marquand were farmers and loggers. A few also worked the mines in Fredericktown. They also had the train coming through. There was a big tie yard where ties would be loaded onto trains. The engineer of the train was one of her cousins who lived in Bismarck. The town was pretty self sufficient and had several stores and restaurants. Homan store had clothing, material, shoes and everything. And of course there was the two story hotel run by the Regan family that took care of any train travelers that needed accommodation. Denny Ward lives there now and it can be visited. Denny Ward is her first cousin. Della talks about the schools and that there were several different schools. She mentions Buckhorn and a couple others. She’s asked about interesting community characters and she mentions a few in the community such as the Homan’s that ran several local businesses. She says that her grandfather had a saw mill and that just generally it was a nice, self-sufficient community. She was too young to remember the Great Depression but says that she thinks that the community did seem to come together to help one another. She mentions that there was a vibrant church community. She’s asked about her extended family and talks about some of those details. She describes the 4th of July and a few other community events. She mentions playing bingo and certain treats such as ice cream which was rare. Then she discusses her grandmother’s restaurant where they had electric. They had a a jukebox and pinball machine. This was during the 1940s. She would sometimes help out at the restaurant. She points out that it was all cooked from scratched often using ingredients grown by the family. She’s asked about other community goings on. Specifically activities for kids. She says dancing was a no-no. A big NO-NO. She talks a bit about her father and his time at college as well as his various jobs and businesses from working in the mines to running a tax office. He worked in the summer in the sawmills and went to school in the winter. She’s asked about crime in the community and says that there wasn’t much. Some incidents of petty theft. Often things like chickens or other life necessities. She talks about a young boy that had been abandoned. Her dad and mother unofficially adopted him and raised him. He stayed close with the family after growing up and passed away around 15 years ago. He’d moved to St. Louis and had a family and a business. Later he and his family would visit Della’s parents. They remained close. She says that her parents often fed kids from school. They’d come home for lunch during the school day and her mom always had extra. She’s asked a few sort of random life questions. When did she learn to drive? Della learned to drive when she was around 25. She’s asked about highlights, fond memories of growing up. She says a big Christmas gathering was something they did and did up until recent years. When she last hosted it a few years ago they had 100+ show up. She discusses growing up today versus when she grew up. She suggests that kids today have to face much more today. Her time was much safer and more simple. She says she got married when she was 16 and her husband was 19. They stayed in Fredericktown. He went to work for Missouri Natural Gas. He worked there until he passed away. They moved to Farmington and then Annapolis as his work required. They stayed in Annapolis for 21 years. That’s where their kids went to school. She lost her girl when she was just 16 years old. She was killed in a car wreck when she went with some friends to go shopping at Walmart. She has two sons both of them stayed in this area until just recently. One is still living here the other moved to Tennessee. She talks about working at various banks as a teller. First Annapolis and then Ironton and finally in Fredericktown. Then she worked for Hallmark for awhile managing the stock at the local Walmart. They really liked living in Annapolis. She also really liked living in Farmington. After her husband died she moved back to Cherokee Pass. She lived with her parents for awhile and took care of them. She and her husband traveled a lot with her parents. They would go every year and she says the saw the whole country with the exception of the northeast part of the country. My name is Albert Joseph Fencl, I go by AJ though. I was born on May 2, 1937. I was born on the head of Cedar Creek, Wayne County. AJ describes his birth place and his dad’s farm. He lived there till he was 18, almost 19. He started school at Burlington Grade School which was a little country school, no longer there. His first teacher was Wanda Stevens Leach. AJ was the only student there until the Bridges kids moved into he area. Later he went to Cold water for grades 6-8. AJ points out that the roads were not rock but dirt and so they would often get muddy. When he was in the 6th grade he saved his money for a used bicycle. When the roads were dry he would ride the bike. If the roads were wet he would ride one of his dads mules or he would run. Either way it was 5 miles to the school. His favorite school subject was vocational ag. When electricity was offered in the area in 1948 they could not find an available electrician, they were all busy. His neighbor encouraged him to install the wiring so he did. He installed a 60amp box and wiring to each room for one plug and one light. It worked out fine. He was 11. As much as he learned in school he was learning hands on skills too. Helped his dad on the farm, his brother and the neighbors as well. He talks a bit about the neighbor kids and various things about the farm such as drawing water from the well. It was a hand drawn well that they lowered buckets into. He would spend about an hour to an hour and a half to draw water for the pigs and cattle which he did every morning. This was also the water source for the household. He would also carry water to the cellar which was built into a hill. He would put water into a trench in the center of the cellar which would help keep it cool. This was also a daily chore. They would keep the cream in there with all the fruit and vegetables. Eventually the cream would sour and they would have sour cream. He describes the location of the farm which was at the Wayne county line and Cedar Creek near Cross Road Hill. One road went to Marquand, one went to Upper Bear Creek one came back down. He thinks that one is a forestry road now. When he was a little kid his dad would hack timber into railroad ties which he would use to pay the poll taxes. In that process there were leftover checks of wood called “juggles” which he would collect and put in the wagon. They would burn that in their wood stove. He describes the process of cutting railroad ties. His dad also taught him how to make shingles. He describes the various tools they used: Froe , spoke shave, drawing knife. AJ describes wood shingle roofs and that you could actually see the sky through them because they had to have gaps. Those roofs were also very steep. He tells a story about his dad carrying hams up a roof. He was going to smoke them and he fell off the roof. He offers further descriptions of using the the various blade tools. He tells some of the background story of the family and how they came to the area by way of immigration from Austria to New York to Chicago. He offers his thoughts on the history of the family’s origins in Europe, particularly that the countries had become socialist or communist which he does not like. In Chicago his dad started work on the kill floor at the stock yards. He didn’t know the language but went to night school to learn. He’d have a donut and coffee for breakfast and rented a room from his brother and sister-in-law. He eventually came to work as a chef at the Drake Hotel. At some point his dad got sick and had to take a break from his job. He took a train down to see some family friends, the Shondas. On his last day visiting them he ended up seeing a 40 acre property that happened to be for sale. He bought it on a whim because it was so pretty. He telegrammed to Chicago and quit his job. He was there 4 years on the place trying to farm before he went broke. He went back to Chicago and drove a cab for 4 years. During that time his younger brother Frank came down to take care of the place. He met Daisy who lived on the next farm down. They got married and stayed there 4 years. They ended up going back to the city and his dad came back down here. Frank and Daisy stayed in the city for awhile and had a son, Jimmy. AJ tells the story of Jimmy going to WWII where he died. At that point Frank and Daisy came back down this way first settling in Valley Station then later to Cold Water. When his dad came back after his 4 year stay in Chicago he had saved some money and tried his hand at farming again. AJ describes his dads more successful efforts the second time around. He spent a lot of time and effort improving the rocky ground by pulling a lot of rotting logs out of the woods into his garden areas where he would plow them into the ground. He grew green manure crops and put barnyard manure onto the soil. He hauled limestone from the creek and piled it on a bunch of wood then burned the rock which gave him white lime. He then spread that on top of the growing areas. This improved the soil a lot and the farm was much more productive. By the time he died the farm was producing 100 bushels of corn to the acre. He used crop rotation and let the land rest every seventh year. AJ refers back to when he was a kid and the poll tax. There were no county road taxes so his dad would go out and work on the roads fixing ruts and holes. He mentions seeing a helicopter flying overhead when he was a kid and it scared him. He says they lived far up in a holler and cars could not pass their place because the road was too rough. His dad had a car but used it sparingly because during the wartime everything was rationed. They’d use the car to go to church once a month because the closest was 8 to 10 miles away. His mother was from Club Missouri and that was twice as far so they would use the car for that too. Once a week they would get the team ready and go to Coldwater to check mail and go to the store there. That was the local gathering spot and the men would get together and share news and politics. He talks about graduating grade school and choosing to go to Greenville for Highschool instead of Fredericktown because he knew some of the kids there. He would use his dad’s 4 wheel drive Jeep to get out to catch the bus. His dad also had an old 33 model ton 1/2 truck that he used on the farm. Sometimes AJ would use the truck to catch the bus. AJ’s older brother taught him mechanics from an early age and he would help his dad keeping things in order. AJ describes working on the old truck and driving it to the bus and the racket it would make on the hill. In 1948 they got electricity and a Ford tractor. His dad preferred the mules but AJ preferred the tractor. AJ did the plowing, cultivating with the tractor. They grew corn, wheat, oats, and alfalfa. In the summer time the hogs and cattle free ranged in the woods. He talks about how the farms all worked together cooperatively to thrash grain. They swapped labor together. They ran a separator with a W40 International Tractor. The tractor was very slow and loud and you could hear it come from a long way away. The crops were for their own use on the farm. The only thing they sold for a little money were eggs and cream. They had 100 to 150 chickens and milked several cows. They had a McCormick Deering separator that they used to separate the cream off which would get shipped once a week. It would get picked up my the mail carrier in Coldwater and take it to Piedmont where it went by train to Sunset Valley Creamery. They didn’t make much but they didn’t have to buy much either because they were pretty self sufficient. They bought sugar and coffee. They kept bees so always had honey. They always had a big garden and canned a lot which they shared with relatives who would come from the city once a month to get food. They would kill 4 hogs in the spring, 4 in the fall. If they ever ran low on meat his dad would have AJ go out and hunt squirrels. AJ didn’t care for squirrel meat. He was expected to get a squirrel for every bullet. They didn’t really eat rabbits because of the worms in their necks. Mostly though they were able to get by with the hogs and cattle. His dad didn’t have him work until he was 10. He talks about his brother learning mechanics from his mom’s brother. And AJ learned from his brother. Later in life AJ made money overhauling cars and selling them. His dad had fruit trees, grape vines, and the things they needed to take care of themselves. He tells the story of the brakes failing on his dads truck and AJ running over the pear tree. They also gathered wild grapes, elderberries, greens, huckleberries, and blackberries. AJ talks about the nearby farms that formed their little community cluster. They were all about a mile or two from each other: Huffmans, Whites, Bridges six farms in about five miles. He met his wife because her family moved into the Huffman farm later on after it went up for sale. They met one day in July because the his dad’s mules jumped the fence and got out. Phyllis, his wife to be, came up later in the day with her mother and grandmother, they were herding the escaped mules back home. AJ got them water and thought Phyllis was pretty. Not long after he asked her out for a soda after a church revival and that was the beginning of their courtship and later their marriage. After getting married Phyllis got pregnant and he worked what jobs he could find but work was scarce. They went to the city for awhile and he worked there and their first daughter was born. They came back home here and he started hauling logs. It was less pay but they didn’t like living in the city. He went to work at the Brown Shoe factory for nine years. Then to the Pilot Knob Pellet where iron was mined and processed. He worked there 14 years starting as an underground laborer but bid up to other jobs such a powder monkey, driller, heavy equipment operator and finally into operations and the lab where he spent the last 7 years. Their iron pellets were sent to Granite City steel and were made into all kinds of products. He had tried to enlist into the Air Force in 1955 but positions were scarce and he was never accepted. He describes his work at the Brown Shoe factory which was located over around North Mine LaMotte on property now owned by Madison County Farm Supply. They made different kinds of shoes: Kangaroo skin shoes for the nuns, penny loafers, lace-up men’s shoes, Life Stride and Buster Brown. He estimates that they employed 200 to 300 people when he worked there. He left in 1969. Fredericktown missed out on getting a couple production factories from other companies because Brown said that they would shut-down of other companies moved in. Then they ended up shutting down anyway. AJ says that all the time he worked he also farmed and ran cattle. He broke his leg in 1976 and had to take time off. During that time he ended up fixing used cars and selling them from the front yard. He ended up getting a dealership license. That lead to fixing and selling farm machinery on the side. Then he got a brokers and insurances licenses and started selling real estate and insurance. He finally turned in his brokers license two years ago. When he was 62 he sold off the cattle and rented the farm out. He visited the old home place a few years back with the grand children and it has all grown up with trees. One of his last jobs was to try truck driving. He bought his own truck and was hauling logs. That ended when he had an accident with a load of logs going into the woods taking him with it. He describes the injury to his face from that accident. That was the end of that!

2019-04-21T14:29:01Z

http://ozarkregional.org/blog/?tag=missouri

Sophos is committed to complying with the laws and regulations relating to export controls. As part of this compliance policy, Sophos agreements contain provisions requiring Sophos customers and partners to ensure compliance with these laws and regulations. In order to assist our customers and partners, Sophos uses this portion of its web site to communicate export control information specific to its products to our customers and partners. This information may be required for shipping documentation, record keeping, or post-shipment reporting. Customers and partners are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the import regulations of their country to ensure compliance with their specific regulations and to ensure timely delivery of Sophos products they may purchase. As a Business Partner, customers and partners are also expected to abide by relevant laws and regulations, inclusive of all business transactions with Sophos. As such, Sophos requires that any party we conduct business with becomes familiar with, and ensure compliance with U.S. and EU export regulations, and applicable export/import regulations in the countries which it operates. Non-compliance with Global Trade regulations can subject Sophos, and its Business Partners to criminal and civil penalties, the seizure of assets, and the denial of import or export privileges. Any person or entity exporting or re-exporting Sophos products directly or indirectly and via any means, including electronic transfer, is wholly responsible for doing so in accordance with the U.S. Export Administration Regulations and the laws of host countries. When exporting, or re-exporting Sophos products (hardware, software & technology), U.S. export controls apply and it is your responsibility to ascertain your compliance obligations and ensure adherence to US export controls and the country of actual export / re-export whether they be tangible or in-tangible movements. On occasion, Sophos will send communications to highlight important regulatory information to reinforce any related parties’ education on certain topics. Sophos products may not be exported, in their entirety or in part, for (I) military purposes, or (ii) use in connection with the development, production, handling, operation, maintenance, storage, detection, identification or dissemination of chemical, biological or nuclear weapons, or other nuclear explosive devices, or the development, production, maintenance or storage of missiles capable of delivering such weapons. An Embargo is a government order that restricts commerce or exchange with a specified country. An embargo is usually created as a result of unfavorable political or economic circumstances between nations. The restriction looks to isolate the country and create difficulties for its governing body, forcing it to act on the underlying issue. Embargoes can take a number of forms, but the most relevant types of sanctions for businesses are financial sanctions and trade sanctions. Financial sanctions generally involve asset-freeze measures affecting the provision of funds and economic resources to certain entities or individuals ('designated persons'). They may also include restrictions on the use of assets by designated persons, receipt and transfers of funds to particular types of persons - for example, Iranian nationals - and prohibitions on the provision of financing or financial assistance connected to designated persons and prohibited transactions. Trade sanctions prohibit trade in certain goods from affected countries, usually arms and commodities such as oil, timber, gold and diamonds; and equipment for use in the nuclear, oil and gas or petrochemical sector. Activities related to such trade may be prohibited. It is also prohibited to engage in any activities the object or effect of which is to circumvent sanctions. As a consequence, Sophos does not structure transactions to avoid international sanctions. Breach of financial or trade sanctions law can result in the commission of a criminal offence punishable by imprisonment, a fine or both. In order to avoid breaching embargoes, Sophos has a compliance program based around a robust policy on sanctions and comprehensive systems to implement the policy effectively. regular monitoring of transactions and periodic audits of sanctions compliance. Please note that even though Iran sanctions have been eased by the EU enforcement are still place from the USA. So even though Sophos is a UK limited company, as our products fall under the USA extra territorial reach we still cannot permit any such exports or re-exports to Iran. A trade sanctions is a trade penalty imposed by one nation onto one or more other nations. Sanctions can be unilateral, imposed by only one country on one other country, or multilateral, imposed by one or more countries on a number of different countries. Often allies will impose multilateral sanctions on their foes. Their principal purpose is usually to change the behavior of the target country’s regimes, individuals or groups in a direction which will improve the situation in that country. All recent UN and EU sanctions contain information as to why they have been imposed and specify what their aim is. The ultimate objective of a sanction varies according to the situation. For instance, an arms embargo and a ban on the export of certain items or raw materials could be aimed at supporting a peace process and restricting the financing of weapons by the combatants. Sanctions may also be aimed at preventing weapons from falling into the wrong hands, disrupting terrorist operations, or trying to change the policies and actions of the ‘target’. The EU imposes sanctions to further its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) objectives. EU measures can also be imposed to uphold respect for human rights, democracy and the rule of law. In addition to UN and EU sanctions, sanctions may be put in place by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, who can also impose national arms embargoes. The USA imposes sanctions through The Office of Foreign Assets Control ("OFAC") of the US Department of the Treasury administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions based on US foreign policy and national security goals against targeted foreign countries and regimes, terrorists, international narcotics traffickers, those engaged in activities related to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and other threats to the national security, foreign policy or economy of the United States. You may have heard in the news recently that sanctions have been lifted against Iran. What is less clear however, is that there were 2 categories of sanctions related to Iran and for all intents and purposes, despite the lifting, allowable interactions for those considered a “U.S. Person” remains essentially the same. The lifted sanctions went into effect on January 16, 2016 under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), which was an agreement created to ensure a peaceful nuclear program in Iran and was agreed to by the U.S., U.K., E.U., China, France, Germany, Russia, and Iran. Known as “Implementation Day,” it marked the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) verification that Iran implemented its nuclear related commitments under the JCPOA. The general prohibition to engage in transactions with Iran remains virtually the same. On Implementation Day the U.S. lifted what are known as “secondary sanctions” and not what are commonly referred to as the “primary sanctions” which arose from the Iranian trade embargo declared back in 1995. In response to the annexation of the Crimea region of the Ukraine, please be aware that the recent restrictions on transactions with the Crimea region imposed by the United States and European Union require Sophos and any related parties to cease transactions and communications with business partners and/or customers in the Crimea region. Please click here for the Sophos business guidance note communicated to our Business Partners in this region in regard to this matter. Any approval, financing, facilitation, or guarantee of a transaction. The scope of the restrictions includes the prohibition of any service or support for existing equipment in the Crimean region. Additionally, certain parties in Crimea have been added to the U.S. list of Specially Designated Nationals. U.S. license applications for exports, re-exports or transfers of U.S. EAR-regulated items will be subject to a presumption of denial, unless the item is included in the Office of Foreign Asset Control’s (OFAC) General License No. 4, which covers medical supplies and related replacement parts. The U.S. Department of Commerce known as the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) also amended the U.S. EAR to restrict the availability of License Exceptions for exports and re-exports to the Crimea region. U.S. license exception “ENC”, which is used for many Sophos products, may no longer be used for exports to Crimea. Restricted party screening is a compliance control that prevents doing business with sanctioned governments, entities or individuals. Governments of various countries, as well as international organizations, e.g., United Nations, maintain a variety of lists of these types of entities. Screening means checking to see if an entity of interest to the organization appears on one or more of these lists. Depending on the nature of the list and transaction, it may be legally prohibited to engage in certain activities with listed entities. Prohibited activities could include contracting with, selling to, shipping to, allowing download or software from a network, receiving payment from, making payment to, or conveying technology to prohibited/restricted parties. Additionally, as a matter of reputation and policy. Sophos may choose not to engage in certain transactions with listed entities, even if not legally prohibited. In general, ‘denied persons’ do not have the privilege of making or participating in exports because they have violated export laws or regulations. Companies are prohibited from selling products/services to, or otherwise dealing with, a denied person in a transaction involving export or re-export of US-origin items. The specific restrictions imposed on a ‘denied person’ vary. Sophos products are subject the EU Dual Use export control regime is governed by Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 (hereunder "the Regulation"), which provides for common EU control rules, a common EU control list and harmonized policies that as a business Sophos must adhere to. Under the EU regime, the export of dual-use items is subject to control and dual-use items may not leave the EU customs territory without an export authorization. The requirement for an export authorization applies to: - dual-use items listed in the EU Control List, in Annex I to the Regulation. Wassenaar Arrangement and the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). EU Member States may exceptionally impose additional controls on non-listed dual-use items for reasons of public security or human rights consideration. In specific cases, the export of dual-use items may be subject to additional EU restrictive measures (sanctions). Such restrictive measures currently apply with respect to trade of dual-use items with DPRK, Iran, and Syria. The EU Regulation is binding and directly applicable throughout the EU. Dual-Use products within the EU may be traded freely within the EU. Global export control licenses are granted by national authorities to one exporter and may cover multiple items to multiple countries of destination or end users. Individual licenses are granted by national authorities to one exporter and cover exports of one or more dual-use items to one end-user or consignee in a third country. Certain products have also been classified in accordance with UK export controls, and may be exported in accordance with the Community General Export Authorization (CGEA) and Open Individual Export Licenses (OIEL). Such restrictions apply when Sophos products are exported from the UK or by the Sophos UK entity or agreed EU Sophos entity as stated in the export license conditions. All granted Sophos Open Individual Export Licenses are Dual Use which permits the export to commercial & government end users for controlled products per the agreed countries. Click here to view the End User declaration that Sophos would request, for any tangible exports on controlled Sophos products from an EU jurisdiction. Any orders for Sophos Hardware as defined in the list below are controlled products, and the below mentioned Sophos products are controlled as per the UK strategic export control lists and in accordance with EU Council Regulation 428/2009. Sophos controlled hardware 5A002 that can include loaded controlled software 5D002 are included on this strategic export control list, and when shipping from the EU will be export held until this form is completed to ensure Sophos corporate compliance policy is adhered to. Without preparation and submission of these forms, Sophos Ltd could lose its bulk or by country export license privileges, resulting in all future orders of encryption products requiring individual export licenses. The Sophos products are also classified in accordance with German export controls and may only be exported in accordance with the AGG16 and EU001 general licenses. Sophos products are subject to US export regulations. In the United States, a branch of the U.S. Department of Commerce known as the Bureau of Industry and Security regulates exports through the Export Administration Regulations (EAR). These regulations spell out the export restrictions on a wide variety of goods, software, and technologies. Sophos products may not be exported to Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria, or Sudan, but most products may be exported to other countries subject to the applicable import regulations of such country. Some Sophos products are subject to export restrictions because they include encryption technology and are defined as ENC/Restricted. In the case of Sophos products containing encryption, a one-time government technical review is usually required prior to export. Once a review has been completed, products may become eligible for a particular license exception, such as ENC. This exception may then be used by other exporters, as provided by the U.S. EAR. ENC/Restricted products may be exported or re-exported to most civilian and commercial end users located in all territories, except embargoed destinations and countries designated as supporting terrorist activities. Countries listed in Part 746 of the EAR as embargoed destinations requiring a license are Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria. Travel/Tourism Promotion, Regulation and Administration. Retail & Manufacturing entities (such as retail or wholesale firms; and manufacturers or industrial entities that do not manufacture or distribute Wassenaar Munitions List items or services). Certain government entities not located in the member countries of the EU, Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, or the United States require a U.S. export license in order to obtain the noted Sophos restricted encryption products. Other specific government entities are deemed as restricted and export licensing would need to be in place with an additional 15 calendar day’s pre-notification to the US government prior to any export taking place. It must be noted that due to the current situation within Ukraine, the USA require additional validation on any transactions with Ukrainian or Russian businesses. As part of this process is the screening of not only the company itself, but all its Directors & Shareholders. If any individual or company owning 51% or above of this company is highlighted on the Sectorial Sanctions list, then the transaction isn’t permitted to proceed. All Sophos products will have rating reviews in all countries where a tangible or in-tangible export / re-export is completed through a Sophos entity. In the EU this is done through licensing rating request with the relevant export control authority. In the USA BIS uses the Commodity Classification Automated Tracking System (CCATS) to assign code numbers to products it has classified against the Commerce Control List (CCL). The CCL contains items subject to BIS export license requirements. Please refer to the Sophos Product Classification Matrix as that lists Sophos CCATS numbers on our product matrix. Sophos hardware products can be distributed from the United Kingdom, United States of America, Singapore, Taiwan, India, Netherlands and Ireland require in-country export permits. For additional information on these requirements, please visit the appropriate government websites. The following Sophos product matrix provides information as related to the relevant Strategic Lists, EAR and the CCL. This information is suitable for use by Sophos customers in conjunction with appropriate independent legal advice. Sophos makes no representation as to the accuracy or reliability of the classifications listed in the Sophos Product Matrix is done at the user’s own risk. From time-to-time, Sophos may rename or re-bundle various products. If you are unsure which of the product names below reflect your purchase, please contact your Sophos Account Manager and they will review your purchase and, upon consultation with the Sophos Legal Department, provide you with the relevant information. If a product appears in multiple tables, the applicable export controls of all such countries must be complied with in regards to the exportation of such product. As noted above, exportation of restricted goods is a complex area and you are responsible for seeking your own legal advice and ensuring your compliance in relation to such matters in the context of your specific export scenario. Sophos is providing this information as a general guidance to our customers and business partners and makes no representations as to its accuracy. All export authorities require that each company / individual exporting products be familiar with and comply with the legislative set forth for the exporting jurisdiction. Please note that export licensing regulations are subject to change, and should be monitored accordingly. We recommend that customers and partners obtain legal advice when attempting to export to ensure adherence with local jurisdictional licensing & controls in place. By way of background, many products (hardware, software and technology) are subject to export licensing under UK and EU law (which will be copied into UK law when the UK leaves the EU; the UK will then be free to amend it, but major changes are considered unlikely at least in the short term). The list of products considered to be ‘dual use’ (i.e. commercial goods that have potential military or security uses), and therefore need to be subject to export controls, is agreed in an international group known as the Wassenaar Arrangement. In 2013 the group decided to add ‘intrusion software tools’ to the list and in December 2014 these were implemented within the EU and most other countries who are members of the Wassenaar Arrangement, with the notable exception of the US. Controls on ‘intrusion software tools’ were introduced because of real concerns that such tools could be used to breach human rights along with the risks that they pose to national security. These rules are not designed to prevent the export of such products or limit their use for legitimate law enforcement purposes; or to inhibit or restrict research into, or the sharing of information about, software vulnerabilities, bugs or malware. However, companies in the US lobbied strongly against the proposed new controls, arguing that they could have the unintended consequence of restricting much legitimate commercial cyber security work, such as the deployment of penetration testing tools, even to test internal company networks, and other research on malware. As a result, the US has not adopted the new controls and is understood to have proposed in the Wassenaar Arrangement revisions to narrow the scope of the controls (particularly the definition of ‘intrusion software’). Excluded from the definition are: hypervisors, debuggers, software reverse engineering tools and Digital Rights Management or software designed to be installed by administrators or users for asset tracking or recovery. As you can see from the definition above this could have a very real impact on Sophos products. "Information security" items or functions should be considered against the provisions in Category 5 ‑ Part 2, even if they are components, "software" or functions of other items. This is not controlled. The controls apply only to systems, equipment and components that are specially designed or modified for the generation, operation or delivery of, or communication with, intrusion software, and to related software and technology. Consider a piece of custom malware designed to assist investigations by extracting data from a suspect’s computer, undetected by any anti-virus. The toolkit for such malware would likely meet the control text of being specially designed for the generation of "intrusion software" and be controlled. Associated manuals and any training course materials would also be potentially subject to a technology control. This would be "in the public domain" and would not be controlled as an "intrusion software" tool due to the General Software Note (GSN). If covered by the GSN, as you would expect for commercial off-the-shelf software, then it would not be controlled as an "intrusion software" tool. If sales restrictions or support requirements mean the GSN does not apply and if, as is likely, it interacts with "intrusion software", then it would likely attract control. A bug report written in terms of what a bug is – rather than how to write an exploit for it – should not meet the "technology" control, as describing a bug should not require explicitly describing how to provide external instructions, or how to defeat 'protective countermeasures' or how to avoid detection by 'monitoring tools'. A bug report that describes a defeat for 'protective countermeasures' and a modification to the standard execution path of a program would be controlled as "technology" if it allowed the execution of external instructions. If instead the only outcome described was to launch a calculator process then this is unlikely to be controlled. Bug bounties are paid by software vendors or third parties for the private reporting of verified software bugs. The conditions for payment vary between bug bounty programmes. Reporting a bug by describing just the bug is unlikely to be controlled nor would be providing a proof of concept be controlled. If the terms of payment require a description of how such a proof of concept works then that description could well meet the technology control if the proof of concept met the definition of "intrusion software". A sample of end malware will not be controlled as "intrusion software" and is not itself controlled. Analysis of malware samples should not in general be controlled, but if, for example, the analysis describes how to re-implement the aspects of the malware that meet the "intrusion software" definition then the analysis may be controlled as "technology". The exchange of samples of malware command and control components, or of exploit kits, could attract control as the components / kits are likely to meet the control text. Export of any malware sample that is not "in the public domain" and that incorporates cryptography meeting the control definitions in Category 5 Part 2 would likely already require a licence, so little additional licensing burden is anticipated on malware researchers through the "intrusion software" tools controls. In common with other Categories of controls, multinational companies whose day-to-day business requires collaboration by transferring items that meet control entries relating to "intrusion software" tools will require a licence. Public domain InfoSec journals, even those that contain descriptions of proof of concepts for "intrusion software", and are not controlled by virtue of being "in the public domain". These examples only consider "intrusion software" related controls. Exporters should be aware that other controls, including Category 5 Part 2 controls on cryptography, may apply too. Interestingly under the Wassenaar Arrangement rules where ‘Information Security Note’ is applicable then Category 5 Part 2 of the control list, takes precedence over Category 4. However, the application of either of these controls could mean that a license is required to export such tools. However it is not and should not be considered a prohibition on export. Current Sophos products related to intrusion software are controlled under Category 5 Part 2 rather than Category 4, since the encryption capabilities they contain take precedence owing to the ‘Information Security Note’. Some products then become de-controlled due to the ‘General Software Note’ and other decontrols in Category 5 Part 2 such as those for retail items intended only for the general public (in the US these are termed ‘Mass Market’ items but the UK authorities do not recognize this term and interpret the rules differently). International implementation of the ‘intrusion software’ controls is fragmented, with most countries accepting the Wassenaar controls but others interpreting them differently and the US not incorporating the controls into the ‘Export Administration Regulations’ (EAR) (this is an unprecedented position for a published Wassenaar regulation). For Sophos in the UK/EU, our current Open licenses to all users cover us for the export of products related to ‘intrusion software’ as the ‘Information Security Note’ moves our products to Category 5 part 2 controls. We have had this confirmed during conversations with the NCSC and we consider that the policy is unlikely to change. This includes the export of technology to other parts of the Sophos Group under the Cryptographic Development Open license. The US has yet to act on the Wassenaar controls but, if/when they do, it seems most likely that they will follow the EU’s example and treat the encryption as the primary basis for control, so the current ‘License Exceptions’ will be valid. It is most likely that any changes that are acceptable to the US will have to be agreed in the Wassenaar group before the US will be prepared to adopt controls on intrusion software. Again the ‘Information Security Note’ should take precedence on control of Sophos products and we will continue to use the current License Exceptions and ‘sensitive’ destination licenses, and this would include those transactions subject to the US ‘deemed export’ and extra-territorial reach controls. India have relatively recently started to introduce export controls by adopting and adapting the Wassenaar controls. The SCOMET (Special Chemicals, Organism, Material, Equipment and Technologies) control list is a very new list introduced in April 2017, and export controls are not as mature as many western nations. ‘Intrusion software’ controls do appear in the listing and we will work to make sure that the controls have a minimal impact on Sophos business. The Trade Compliance team are currently working with Director General Foreign Trade (DGFT) to understand exactly how these controls are to be applied and to try to influence the direction taken. The understanding from conversations with other export compliance practitioners is that India does not have a unified approach to the new directives yet, and they are looking to benchmark best practices from around the world. Taiwan have adopted in broad terms the EU control list for dual use goods. Our trade partner in Taiwan is based in a Free Trade Zone and, as such, the usual national controls do not apply for shipments from the Free Trade Zone with all consignments treated as no license required. Japan is a single entity market serviced by a trade partner who imports on behalf of Sophos KK. The partner services the market and provisions within the METHI regulations allow for the export to the original supplier without a license; therefore, there should be no impact on Sophos trade. Sophos China business is local - there are no exports of products by Sophos. China has a broader control on the import and registration of cyber products than for exports - this is likely to change but not in the short term. Finally, within the EU, the European Commission has proposed revisions to the EU’s controls on dual-use items. These include creating an EU unilateral control list of cyber-surveillance items that have not been agreed internationally by the Wassenaar group (e.g. monitoring centers for lawful interception systems) and introducing ‘end-use controls’ for any item (i.e. not included on the list of dual-use goods) if it might be used for serious violations of human rights or international humanitarian law - it would become the responsibility of exporters to make this judgment with respect to their own exports. These proposals are contested by industry groups and some Member States, and their adoption, at least in their current form, is far from certain. For further information please contact export@sophos.com and the Sophos Trade Compliance Team will be able to assist further.

2019-04-25T05:46:22Z

https://www.sophos.com/zh-cn/legal/export.aspx

(Note: I can not be held responsible for your use or misuse of this information. Double check all this information against secondary and tertiary sources and double check to make sure loads are safe against a reloading manual from a reputable source before use). A long time ago in a galaxy far far away computers were slide rulers and paper was used to make cheap computers. You don’t believe me? I find your lack of faith disturbing. No matter. You will. I’ll be doing some scans and YOU WILL. Yes! I have recently found my old Powley’s Computer for Handloaders and PSI calculator and Bullet Drop and U.S.-Metric Measurement Converter Slide Rules! Also I found my old Powley’s High Velocity Trajectories drop chart. Wow. What a glorious treasure trove. And I wasted $20 buying another Powley’s Computer for Handloaders off Ebay only today having given up the search and only performed a last ditch effort afterwards searching literally on my hands and knees, which got really dirty, but no matter! I found not only the Computer but all those other things as well and the instructions! All perfectly preserved in a little translucent blue plastic envelope I had tucked them in about a decade ago. I’ll be writing some articles about these things and sharing them with you and I’ll be writing a ballistics program in Java. For now know only that while they are only paper what I found is incredibly rare and seldom come onto the market. They haven’t been made for decades. At one time they were sold by Hutton Rifle Ranch, a range in California, that moved their business to Idaho. The Computer was a slide rule which was the product of research done by Homer S. Powley around 1960-61. I also found another reference to another source written by Geoffrey Kolbe which is more rare (goes for around $400 – eck!). He’s got a bullet drag calculator on his site that looks cool. http://www.geoffrey-kolbe.com/drag.htm and an external ballistics calculator too! http://www.geoffrey-kolbe.com/trajectory.htm Looks like great stuff. One of the major points to note from information in the manual & the Gun Pro Course I have which included the slide rules and lessons on how to use them is that the computer was not designed for use with IMR 4831 as it was not available in canisters for home use until 1973. Instead the 4831 referred to is H-4831, which was made by Hodgdon which is slower than the IMR version. This is verified in that the manual makes note that IMR 4831 was not available in canisters. There is information in the course which explains how to convert from one of those kinds of powder to the other which I will supply along with other notes when I can. The computer was designed to work with IMR (Improvised Military Rifle) powder, but also included powders from Hodgdon and a few powders that only theoretically existed meaning they would have the ideal properties sought, but had never actually ever been made. The computer was designed to try to find the ideal powder for use and the amount to use in a particular case with the bullet seated to a particular depth so that the pressure was about 40,000 to 50,000 PSI which is within the safe range for most modern rifles. Because each manufacturer made their cartridge cases a bit differently with different webbing and wall thicknesses the case capacity of one brand or even lot of cases could vary widely and so a process was developed for measuring this space that was fairly foolproof. Because water can fit into any space a bullet would be seated in the case and the case would be filled with water and the weight of the necessary water to do this measured in grains. Then this number could be mathematically related to how much powder would be used. To follow the recommended process however the user had to have a cartridge, the bullet, water, a syringe, a reloading press with the appropriate seating die, and a powder scale. These items are used to make a dummy round that is used in conjunction with the computer. Most reloaders would have the necessary equipment, but not necessarily the syringe. I’ll explain the correct procedure for making the dummy round, which requires a syringe of some sort, which I’ll explain how to obtain, and after I’ll explain the process used for an estimated value first in case you don’t have a syringe. In the correct procedure we must seat our bullet in an unprimed case. If the round has been fired it must be deprimed first. Ideally because we are trying to determine the case capacity of a round as it is being fired and the brass cartridge case expands to fit the chamber when this occurs a cartridge that has been fired and unsized, but deprimed is best, however not all bullets will remain seated in a case like this. Theoretically lead ones may, but jacketed will not. Personally I’ve never had much success with the bullets remaining in place unsized cases, so I go ahead and resize at least the necks when I deprime them, but try to avoid resizing the whole case body. That’s a good compromise since we need the bullet to stay in place in the case neck and what we are really measuring is the space inside the body of the case anyway. You can however use new unprimed cases for this step, but it is not optimal and will give you less than ideal results since fire-sized cases are going to tell you more about the true size of the chamber than new unfired cases. We must seat the bullet to the correct depth. Check any reloading manual to determine the finished round’s length (the distance from the base of the cartridge case to the tip of the bullet) which can be measured with a caliper. This length is called the cartridge overall length abbreviated as C.O.A.L. Reloading manuals will tell you to make the C.O.A.L longer when using more powder and likewise shorter for less powder and the manuals will give you an idea of what is ideal for higher or lower pressure rounds, but the computer is designed to help you determine how much powder to use for the bullet seating depth of your choice, so consult a reloading manual first to determine the C.O.A.L for either a higher or lower velocity load and use that depending on your preference. The main consideration however about C.O.A.L is that if a higher velocity is desired the length should be as long as possible a just a bit less than that so that you have more space inside the cartridge, but is can not be so long as to improperly cycle through the action of the firearm or be too close to the rifling of the barrel when the bullet is first fired. Either one of those things would be dangerous. It also can not be so long or short as to prevent the neck from grabbing onto the bullet correctly because that could cause the bullet to fall out of the cartridge or move back into the cartridge, which would not only be dangerous, but could be fatal to the firearm’s user. With a real round you’d also want to be conscious of the appropriate amount of crimp for safety to help prevent these scenarios also, but with the dummy round a light crimp is probably fine. Also remember that the recommended C.O.A.L not only depends on how much powder is going to be used, but also the general shape and length of the bullet itself. So just consult a good reloading manual to determine the optimal C.O.A.L for a particular kind of bullet. Trust the manual. Now that the primer has been removed and the bullet has been seated we can fill the case with water. We do this with a syringe. As I said most reloaders would have the necessary equipment for this process, but not necessarily the syringe. In older books it was recommended that the user ask a physician or veterinarian for one which could then be blunted with a file or sharpening stone. Obviously no doctor today would be willing to do that for anyone for legal reasons as a syringe, even a blunted one, could be considered drug paraphernalia by our unjust legal system even if it weren’t being used for illicit purposes. But thankfully the free market provided a solution as syringes with plastic or metal pre-blunted tips came onto the market. Sometimes these are used for applying oil to machine parts, or glue in crafts, or to refill ink in printer cartridges and they are available at online retailers like amazon or craft supply shops or even Brownells. A dropper bottle might also work and in a pinch a bulb syringe from a drug store will work, which I have used before, but not ideally as you want the injection device to fit into the flash hole of the cartridge case to be certain all the air pockets have been flushed out and the case is truly full of water. The size of the flash hole varies between cartridge manufacturers and flash-hole the syringe should fit into say in a large rifle is about 0.080-.0802 inches in diameter but can be as small as 0.062. Our syringe doesn’t have to fit into that perfectly, but ideally it will so we want a small tip that would fit inside. Most retailers don’t list the thickness of plastic tipped syringes, but the metal thickness of the metal tipped ones are usually listed by gauge. A 14 gauge syringe needle measures 0.083 and a 16 gauge measures .065 so while either would probably work the 16 gauge would be best as it is probably going to fit into the hole while the other would not. A gauge 17 (0.058) or 18 (0.050) most certainly would but when doing research those are less readily available. I figure those sizes are approaching the kind used in medical application and so are more restricted or just less useful to most people. If in doubt as to the correct size my research tells me it would be best to get something around a 16 or 17 gauge. For health reasons however I would be very careful as to where I ordered metal tipped syringes from as retailers are very inconsiderate as to your health and often have bad personal habits that can jeopardize yours. I’d much rather use the plastic kind so that I do not have to worry about that kind of risk. A direct shipment from trusted medical supplier would probably be a safer bet than a regular online retail outlet using second parties, but there are some risks I just will not take so I am going to see if I can make an appropriate sized plastic tip from a plastic syringe I have had for years that did not fit at all (but which I used effectively anyway just by being careful to flush out alk air bubbles in the case using liquid pressure while the case was inverted), which has a large tip that looks like it is designed for epoxy application. To modify it I am going to remove the plunger and slightly heat the tip over a candle while I pull it thinner with a pair of needle nose pliers and then cut it off. If it catches fire I can just blow it out. If the hole needs to be reopened a sewing needle heated over the candle will open it back up. Stretching plastic like that is a trick my father taught me when making plastic models which can be used to make antenna for military vehicles from the plastic trees you cut the models from. And if it works it should save me about $25 by not having to order a plastic syringe from Brownells and it is a safer option than ordering a metal tipped one from an untrusted source. I’ll let everyone know if this worked. Now that we have our syringe and the bullet is seated we must weigh our dummy cartridge BEFORE we fill it with water. We’ll need our powder scale. Make sure it is set to measure in grains. Place a small piece of tape over the flash hole and weigh the dummy round and write the number down. Now remove the tape from opening of the flash hole and fill the case with water trying as best as you can with the kind of syringe you are using to get all the air bubbles out and then replace the tape. If some water drips out after you replaced the tape that is fine as long as it remains in the pan you are using to weigh the dummy round in so that the water is still being weighed. Write this greater number down. Now subtract the less number from the greater number and you’ll know how much the water inside the dummy round weighed. That’s your case capacity measured in grains of water. Since rifle bullets are normally seated to a depth so that the body of the bullet begins about where the cartridge neck begins you can use a fired case with the primer still in it and without a seated bullet and fill it with water just to the beginning (very beginning) of the case neck. By measuring the empty case and the filled case you can get a rough estimate of the case capacity when a bullet is seated in this manner however you should repeat the process three or four times to get a good average. The other method with a syringe is much preferred. Now that you have your case capacity make sure you write this number down. You’ll need it to use the computer. The computer is designed to help you fill the case to only 80% (if using 4198 and 4427 powder) or 86% (if using all other powders) of the total case capacity. If the case were completely filled with powder the fill could be said to be a loading density of 100% or 1.0 expressed as a ratio where 1.0 is 1 whole being even on a scale but that would be dangerous and not optimal in any case. You would think that filling the case all the way and picking an appropriate powder to do this would be best, but smokeless powder requires a little breathing room (unlike black powder which likes to be slightly compressed). But if there is too much space left over that would also not be ideal because the loaded round lays horizontally inside the firearm and so if too little powder is used the primer will not uniformly ignite all the powder as some of the powder would settle to the bottom of the case which is laying horizontally and that is not good for ideally the primer’s blast should pass through the powder, not pass over it or around it. And so a semi-full case is best. Commercial rounds are loaded between 80% and 90% of the case capacity so the computer is designed also to use this range. And so we can easily determine how much powder to use since we know how much water the case can hold. We just need to use 80% of that if the final result of the computer computations were telling us to use 4198 or 4427 powder (and we’d refactor in that case which is something I’ll discuss later) or 86% of that for other powders the computer is designed for if it indicates we are to use any particular one of those. I know it sounds complicated so let me explain. The computer begins calculations assuming and 86% fill, but if the end result is a recommended powder of 4198 or 4427 an adjustment is made and the fill reduced to 80%. This is because those powders are very powerful and so a reduction is needed for safety. While the slide rule computer figures the appropriate powder charge automatically for us we can do a little calculation ourselves to help us understand how it works. For example let’s say our case capacity was 50 grains of water. Well we know we shouldn’t use that much powder so we take 50 and multiply this by 0.80 which equals 43. That’s how much powder we could use for an 80 percent fill. We don’t know what kind yet, but we have a good idea of how much. We know that we won’t over or under fill our case if we used that much IMR type powder. Pretty simple huh? Because the slide rule gives us an analog output instead of a digital one and it is difficult to read between the lines it is inferior to running calculations ourselves, but it is a handy tool and I still love it which is why I’m writing this article. Alternatively we could make a custom load that fills the case to the amount we want calculating from any preferred loading density. For example if the case can hold 50 grains of water and we make a load that fills the case by say 70% we could know that because 50 * .70 is 35 that we’ll need 35 grains of powder to do that. We can reverse the calculation too to determine what our loading density is if we used 35 grains of powder in a cartridge with 50 grains of water capacity using division like: 35 / 50 = 0.70. So .7 is our loading density which in decimals automatically represents 70% of 1 whole. I hope that makes sense. So after finding your case capacity in water you’ll know how much powder to use (80-86% of that number is optimal), and the computer is designed to help you figure out the amount of powder to use for an 86% or 80% loading density since this is considered optimal and the computer will tell you that instantly but you still won’t know WHICH powder to use so let’s move on. With an acronym of RCBW the ratio of the powder charge to bullet weight is the first thing that tells us a lot about what kind powder we should use. Again it’s a ratio. If the weight of the powder in grains and the weight of the bullet weight in grains were equal the ratio would be 1.0 or 100%. If the powder weight were say 70 grains and the bullet weight say 140 grains the ratio would be 0.5 or 50%. The higher the ratio number approaching the number 1 the higher the velocity will be since either more powder is being used or the bullet is lighter. Make sense right? So the calculation to determine the RCBW is easy. Usually RCBW is rounded off to the precision of three digits past the decimal point so 0.328 is fine or we could say about 33% rounded off. The last thing we’ll need to know to inform us as to what powder we should use is the sectional density of the bullet. This is a straight forward calculation that tells us something about the relationship between the bullet’s diameter and its weight which gives us some indication as to what kind of force it will take to get it moving and how much force can be applied to its base and it helps us understand how much resistance it will experience due to air drag in the barrel and in flight (although there is more information needed for that kind of ballistic workup). An example would be a 180 grain bullet of .308 inches (called a 30 caliber bullet most of the time) where the solved formula would be: 180 / 7000 / .308 / .308 = 0.271064742 but we usually round this off to three digits of precision past the decimal point to 0.271. There is a chart on the back of the computer for common bullets that give the numbers for the general calibers (not the precise diameter) and that chart works alright, but there is a little discrepancy as the published SD for that bullet is .272 and our calculated is .271. This small of a difference probably wouldn’t make much of a difference, but it appears the chart rounds up when it is not necessary to do so. There may be a reason for this and it may be accounting for the fact older bullets were mostly round nosed and flat based, but I don’t like it. I use the calculated number with correct rounding when possible although in truth it would make no perceivable difference. Powley’s Computer was designed to try to help a handloader select the right kind of IMR powder, but as I mentioned at least one of the powders it was designed for was NOT an IMR powder and this information has been almost lost to history, but luckily I know this fact. It was a Hodgdon powder with the same number. (Find out more by clicking this link.) And so a powder charge reduction is needed in that case if the computer recommends this powder. The information was in Gun Pro Course Study Unit 7 n2507 Part 3 Page 9. So there you have it folks. While it is true the computer was GENERALLY designed for IMR powders the IMR 4831 was NOT AVAILABLE in the kind of canisters that handloaders had to use at the time and so Powley used Hodgdon’s 4831 which is SLOWER. So if you use IMR 4831 with the computer you MUST reduce your load by 5% FOR SAFETY and to allow the math to work for you. This may explain some the discrepancies also between Davis’ math for powder selection and Powley’s slide-rule’s math for powder selection. Davis may have adjusted for this and not explained why or the information was lost to history or he may have noticed the discrepancy arising from using IMR 4831 with the computer in test data and not have even known why it existed and yet adjusted for it. Or it could be that Davis’ had the correct formula, but when Kleimenhagen tried to verify the formula against the slide rule he didn’t know that Hodgdon powder was used for the 4831 and so came to a different formula that he thought the card was using leading to a supposed discrepancy that may not have even existed. Those are some of my working theories to explain the discrepancy at this point and I’ll have to look at a lot of data and the mathematics to suss it out better as I gather more information, but I gave you the information for safety reasons and because we’ll be talking about the discrepancy between the two maths in a bit. But for now let’s talk generally about how the computer tries to select powder. It has been measured that one pound of IMR powder of any type produces 1,246,000 pounds of energy which is 178 pounds per grain by weight. It doesn’t matter which of the powders we are talking about in terms of how much potential energy is in them. That’s because the basic formula and process for creating the different powder types in their line is the same. What differs however is speed at which that potential energy can be released by burning because the IMR powders are created in granules of different lengths. By halving the length of a granule of cylindrical powder you double it’s burning speed. And so finer granules mean a faster burning powder and a higher peak pressure in a given amount of time. That means that if we need to drive a bullet faster in a shorter period of time we need a finer powder, but it also means increased danger as pressure will peak more suddenly. A finer grain of powder then it used for cartridges designed for shorter barreled guns which operate at a higher pressure and for cartridges which have less space inside them in which longer granules of powder would not fit well. That means we really have to be careful as to our powder selection and follow reloading manuals exactly. The computer was designed to help us select the most optimal powder for a given cartridge based on the IMR line of powders, but it wasn’t perfect for a number of reasons one of which is that there were IMR powders that were not available for home use at the time and another because some powders available have burning speeds which overlap a little and so there is some question as to which would be best in a given situation, and in some instances the computer might point between lines and so some other solution would need to be found which represented a compromise between what was optimal and what was safest. And lastly because there are some powders which only existed theoretically meaning their characteristics occupied space on the computer but they had never been created in real life and so substitution would be needed when the computer pointed to those so some other solution would need to be found which represented a compromise between what was optimal and what was available. The theoretical powders were listed by letters A,B,D,F, and G. Now the question is what lies beneath the powder selection in the first place? What are the mathematics involved? Where MR is the mass ratio (A) and SD is the sectional density and the caret 0.6 means raised exponentially (just a way of showing superscript of the following number when the typesetting doesn’t allow for superscript). So in one formula we have the RCBW being square rooted, which is the same as raised to the power of 0.5, and in the other raised to the 0.6 power. I do not know when Powley changed this equation; perhaps Davis made the change. The equation on the slide rule is not cleanly reworked into terms of relative case capacity and SD, which to me suggests it is off. And so I am wondering if this discrepancy is because of the IMR 4831 versus Hodgdon’s 4831 difference and I’ll have to run some numbers later to find out and I’m not sure if I have all the information necessary to do that right now and I have other information to finish providing, but for now you have the information in case it is relevant for others in their research and as a note for myself to study later. Now just to give you an idea of how x works if x is less than or equal to 145 the recommended powder would be IMR 3031. If x is less than or equal to 165 the recommended powder would be 4198 and so on. The higher x is the faster the powder recommended becomes but something very important happens if a powder of 4198 or above in speed is recommended. In that case for safety reasons the powder charge is reduced from that which would be recommended by an 86% loading density to the lower 80% loading density and this is done by resetting the computer and working out all the numbers again. The reset is done by setting the case capacity instead of at the “START” line at the “4198-4227” line which is next to it, but to the right and the recommended amount of powder must be reread at the number “1” arrow again and the ratio of charge to bullet weight and sectional density and powder numbers reworked at though you are using the computer for the first time. A good example of how the numbers might work out in a situation in which the computer might require such a reset is that say a case of 50 grains water capacity were used the computer would initially recommend a powder charge of just less than 43 grains, but if in the end of the computer’s use to the point of powder selection the computer ended up recommending 4198 or 4227 type powder the user would set the case capacity at the 4198-4227 line instead of the START line and the powder charge would now be reduced to something just less of 40 grains or so. check back for more to this section… still working on this section… sorry. Expansion ratio is a little harder to explain, but when powder burns it releases gases which expand accelerating the bullet until it leaves the barrel and because the properties of ideal gases are well known and the properties of the powders in question are well known we can estimate the velocity of the bullet when it leaves the barrel. And so we’ll need to know the length of the barrel obviously to determine bore capacity, but the published barrel length of the firearm is not going to help us as what we need is the actual barrel length and manufacturers tend to exaggerate the length of their barrels or round off and the space inside the chamber from where the base of the bullet begins its forward travel is part of the barrel also for ballistic purposes. So what we really need is the EFFECTIVE barrel length or what we call the “Ballistics Barrel” (different sources use different terms) to help us determine the Bore Capacity. We already know the space inside of the case so that’s the first number we use to determine the expansion ratio. And we know the diameter of the bore of the barrel so if we can measure the effective barrel length there is a way we can estimate the total space inside the bore and chamber in which the gas can expand. After all the dimensions of chambers and bores for particular cartridge designs are well known, so the real problem is just figuring out how to measure the real length of the barrel in terms of how far back the bullet is seated. This isn’t really as difficult at it may sound. If we put our dummy round in the chamber we can measure from the tip of the bullet to the end of the muzzle and that’ll give us a lot of information because then we can add to that the length of the bullet and the result will be the “ballistics barrel length.” The process of doing this is fairly straight forward. First we make sure all the water has been sucked and blown out of our dummy round. And then we insert it into the chamber of the gun making sure no other rounds are in the firearm or magazine for safety reasons. And then we take a cleaning rod without a tip affixed in the end of the rod and insert it into the muzzle from the far side until the rod touches the tip of our bullet and we mark the rod right at the muzzle with a marker or a dot of paint. We take the rod out and measure the length from the rod’s end to the mark we made and that tells us how long our effective barrel is. We write down this number in inches as precisely as we can, but usually a regular yard stick would probably provide enough precision for this part. We should round to the nearest 1/8th of an inch since that’s the precision allowed for on the computer but you could maybe round to the nearest 1/16th if you are willing to read between the lines, but I don’t round until the next step is complete. And what is our next step? Well we might think we know the length of the barrel for ballistics purposes, but we still need to add the length of the bullet because the ballistic barrel length is actually from the BASE of the bullet, not the tip so get your calipers out. Measure the length of one of the bullets you haven’t used yet (calipers measure in inches to the nearest 100th at least) and add that to the length of the barrel you measured. Now you can round that to the nearest 1/8th or 1/16th. And you now know the ballistic barrel length to use with your computer. Now the computer is fairly smart and can help us figure out the rest since the ballistic barrel length is know. The math of area inside of a cylinder (the chamber and the bore are cylinders). It knows the diameter of the inside of a particular caliber’s barrel and so can estimate how much space the gas has to expand before the bullet can leave the barrel. The expansion ratio is an expression of this space as a number in relation to the original space inside the case. For example rifles with low numbered expansion ratios around 5 to 6 have large chambers, but long narrow bores so the gas doesn’t have much room to expand beyond the original volume of the space inside the case/chamber. Rifles with expansion ratios of 6 to 8 are considered about medium and high expansion ratios would be something from about 10 to 11. All else being equal if the number is low the rifle is of a smaller caliber, but has a larger case the velocity achievable out of the round is generally higher and the bullet drag lower so less bullet drop would occur when shooting than gun than if the expansion ratio number were larger which it would be if the rifle had a small chamber, but large bore for a large bullet diameter. So then efficiency of the gun can be rated by how well balanced the chamber/case size is to the diameter and length of the barrel. It’s possible to increase the velocity of the round by lengthening the barrel or by increasing the chamber size but in the case of changing the chamber size efficiency decreases for more powder would be wasted not fully burning before the bullet leaves the barrel. It has been measured that one pound of IMR powder of any type produces 1,246,000 pounds of energy which is 178 pounds per grain by weight. So if we know the velocity at the muzzle we can determine how well the powder is being used first finding the energy of the bullet by its weight and velocity and we can calculate how much energy should be in the grains of powder we are using and then using the formula: ME (muzzle energy) / potential energy of the grains. For example: Say that 53 grains of powder may give us a velocity of 2,940 fps (feet per second) when the bullet leaves the barrel which means the bullet has the kinetic energy of 2,878 foot pounds. Now we can find out how much it could have had by multiplying 178 x 53 which equals 9,434, but because the barrel is of a limited length and due to other factors like friction we are not using all that energy to drive the bullet so we are less efficient than what would be ideal. We could figure out our efficiency of this machine we’ve created by taking the kinetic energy of the bullet at the muzzle (2878 ft lbs) and dividing it by how much energy our grains of powder could have produced in an ideal situation (9434 ft lbs) which gives us an efficiency of .30 or 30%. This is about medium efficiency for most rifles and is typical for a gun having an expansion ratio of about 7.5. Few approach 40% efficiency. So what exactly is the expansion ratio number mean in terms of gases? Well if the gas has room to expand inside the chamber and barrel say 4 times the volume of the effective chamber size available to the trapped gases behind the bullet before firing when the bullet begins to move forward (being really just the total space inside the case) before the bullet finally leaves the barrel then we say that the expansion ratio is 4. That’s all. And so it is the ratio between the space inside the case and the space inside the whole of the interior parts of the gun which can allow the gases to expand and are trapped during firing. Again it sounds complicated but it is not. It is just a ratio between those two things. A ratio between the space available to the volume of gas before the bullet moves forward and that which is available just before the bullet leaves the muzzle. Since gas exerts equal pressure in all directions all the time we do not have to take directional forces into consideration. The bullet being the lightest and most moveable object having a path forward will move in that direction as a firearm’s design dictates even as gas fills the space behind it in an even manner as the bullet continues to move. In the book “Handloading” – William C. Davis – National Rifle Association – 1981 the author gives a series of formulas which are similar to those used in the Powley Computer for Handloaders. As noted there seem to be some differences, but I’ll give them here as Davis did for reference. The chapter is titled “Some Simplified Interior Ballistics For Handloaders” and begins on page 138. He includes four tables which are on pages 139, 140, 142, and 143 which is the last page of the chapter. Table 1 is a list of common cartridges and the amount of water they can hold to the brim (not the case capacity of the loaded round mind you but rather the total amount of space within a typical cartridge of that type BEFORE a bullet is seated), the case length, and the maximum cartridge length after a bullet is seated (also known as C.O.A.L or Cartridge Overall Length). I’ll include it here once I retype it. A = Mass ratio (charge weight/bullet weight) – this would be the same as “ratio of charge to bullet weight” as it is named in the Gun Pro Course. F = Full water capacity of case (grains) – this would be the amount of water the entire case could hold to the brim without a seated bullet in it. We’ll use these later and they’ll be explained further. Less than 81 Powder indicated is much “slower” than IMR-4831. There is no very suitable IMR canister powder available. Use only loads specifically pressure-tested, and do not experiment. 81 to 91 Powder indicated is “slower” than IMR-4831 and IMR-4350, and calculated charges must be reduced by about 5 to 10 percent if IMR-4831 or IMR-4350 is used. 91 to 110 Powder indicated is similar to IMR-4831 and IMR 4350. 110 to 125 Powder indicated is similar to IMR-4064, IMR-4895. and IMR-4320. 125 to 145 Powder indicated is similar to IMR-3031. 145 to 165 Powder indicated is similar to IMR-4198. 165 to 180 Powder indicated is similar to IMR-4427. More than 180 Powder indicated is “faster” than IMR-4427. For lower pressures, IMR-4427 may be used, but velocities will be less than predicted. And Table 4 is a Expansion Ratio table for various Mass Ratios (charge weight/bullet weight). Here’s a copy. He relates a “relative quickness” list where IMR 4350 is arbitrarily set at 100 and higher numbers indicate a faster powder. To find ratio of charge to bullet weight or “mass ratio” he says A = I / G and for sectional density Z = G / (7000 x D2) where z is sectional density, lb/in2. X = 20 + 12/(Z x √A) where A is mass ratio and z is sectional density (lb/in2). “In addition to the parameters we have already found, the equation involves also an empirically determined factor which depends upon the expansion ratio (R) and the mass ratio (A). We will call this factor F2. It can be found from Table 4. The numbers in the body of Table 4 are the values of F2, corresponding to the values of R and A in the line and column in which they appear. = .0142 x 53.6 x 1.74 x 26202” etc. So I’m pretty sure the velocity is supposed to be squared as it often is in energy calculations in ballistics and physics generally e=mc2 (which was a formula stolen from ballistics and classical physics by the way). And there is a very important part when he said, “by the crusher-type gage” which means that current psi measurements as we use them today is not what Powley used, but rather something equivalent to c.u.p because at the time psi used in ballistics and c.u.p. were roughly equivalent, however today psi is a universal scientific standard across multiple disciplines and so psi and c.u.p are no longer equivalent. That is important because otherwise you may think that the Powley Psi Computer gives you an output in PSI as we understand it today. It doesn’t. It gives you a PSI roughly equivalent to c.u.p. If you need PSI as currently measured for some reason you’ll need to convert it. MISC. Information: In order to calculate bullet energy an old formula is used which Einstein stole by saying E=MC2. That had been known since the 1700s. A form factor is always involved an in Einstein’s he used the known speed of light (which varies by the way, but don’t tell your physics teacher that or he’ll have a heart attack). But in ballistics we use the form factor of 450240. The formula can be expressed as velocity in feet per second squared (acceleration or “C” squared as Einstein put it), multiplied by the mass in grains (7000 grains to a pound) adjusted to coincide with the way we want to express the energy, which in this case is foot pounds. So the procedure could be said to be Velocity x Velocity x Mass / 450240 = Energy in ft-lbs. This formula appears in “Gunsmithing Tools and Their Uses” but was known as I said back in the 1700s after the ballistic pendulum was invented by Benjamin Robins. It was just a weight that would swing when shot and by measuring the amount of swing the velocity of the bullet could be calculated. The amount of energy could be expressed as how far the pendulum would move weighing a certain amount of pounds hung by a lever of a certain length (foot pounds). And so Einsteins formula was known in the 1700s to ballistic technicians and WIDELY known by the 1800s by all physicians. Newtonian physics has always been superior to the theoretical physics of Einstein and the moderns. Unfortunately statistical guesswork has infected even the study of ballistics. But I’ll write about that some other time.

2019-04-21T10:09:18Z

http://embscomputerart.com/powleys-computer-for-handloaders/

I like this, finally a reliever Angels!! He had 3 games where he gave up 13 ER in 1.2 innings. Take away those and it was a solid year. Take away three games where he gave up 0 ER and his year looks worse. Sure, but it looks better if you take away the 1.2 innings and 9 ER’s vs the games where he gave up 0 ER in 3 innings. His point stands, take away those 1.2 innings and 9 ER’s and his season is pretty solid. Numbers sure are fun aren’t they. Take away the IRS and my pay is pretty good. @Core4: You wouldn’t HAVE GIVEN him more than 4 million. LOL, as if it’s your money they’re spending. Allen had two bad months: July and August. He was still effective against RHH’s in general and he’ll be in a division of pitcher-friendly stadiums. LA’s moves may not make sense to you, but it makes sense for everyone who understands how little depth they have and injury-prone their pitching staff collectively has been. They had to find external options and none of these deals are restrictive for the long-term. oooooooohhhhhhhhhhhhhhh kayyyyyyyyyyyyy! Hope he does well! They had relievers! They just didn’t sign the ones they had! I wouldn’t call Cleveland a bad team. He had a rough year and so did Miller. That’s the only way it needs to be summed up. He could also win the Powerball lottery. It’s not a bad team. If you believe it is, you don’t know very much about baseball. It’s a .500 team. Mediocre bullpen, rotation full of nos. 3, 4, 5 starters and an infield of Cozart, Simmons, Fletcher and Bour. Bleh. They were talking about the Indians, I believe. Whats wrong with Simmons Loke? Try to keep up. The topic was the Indians. Simmons? The SS with the All-World glove that has accumulated 17.4 bWAR in the last three seasons? I’d kill to have him on the Phillies and they already have Jean Segura. you compare segura to simmons? lol! Oakland made won a ton of games with a rotation full of number 3, 4, and 5 starters. Weird that you’re sour on Simmons. He’s one of the best SS’s in the game and by far the best defensively. Cozart is great when healthy, and while you may think Fletcher is bad, he only played half a season and still produced around 2 WAR. Excellent defense at 2B and 3B. Most teams would be perfectly comfortable with their infield as long as Pujols isn’t factored in at 1B. I’m not even an Angels’ fan, but it isn’t hard to see how they’ve tightened up. Cozart was a fine SS who typically relied on his fine defense at SS to drive up his value. 2017 was a clear aberration in his career at the plate. Can he be league average offensively? Yeah, maybe so but he graded out piss poor at 3B defensively in his first go round. Fletcher has no power and very little speed. He does a pretty decent job putting his bat on the ball. But those types of guys are rarely ideal starters. It certainly wouldn’t have hurt to add a MIF or another outfielder to the mix. There’s still time to do so though. Cleveland a good team with a typically good bullpen. Way off there. Allen doesn’t have the injury excuse miller had to blame for his struggles but he does have a very strong track record. I’d roll the dice on him. Hmmm, so 91 wins is bad? When you play against the AL central where all the other teams are tanking it’s nothing to write home about. Uh, they do play teams from other divisions. But go ahead and keep hating. Indians were 49-27 against the weak competition in the Central, and 42-44 against everyone else. Sufferfortribe. The Indians played more than half their games against teams with a cumulative .387 winning percentage. 88 out of 162 so you’re dead wrong. No team in major league history had an easier schedule. Agreed. Bad team. Kluber great. Bauer and the starters. Kept them afloat. They tanked. Period. And weren’t going to win any rings. . . In my book that’s the ultimate prize. Not 91 Wins in a bad division and saying they Weren’t Bad. ! Bad team vs best team in a bad division? The Indians are far from a bad team. “Indians were 49-27 against the weak competition in the Central, and 42-44 against everyone else”. DUH! Good trams SHOULD beat up on their weaker opponents and play .500 against the better teams. To claim that the Indians are a “bad team” is just plain stupid. You obviously don’t know much about baseball. This is why baseball should do away with the unbalanced schedule forth forth by divisions and just have 1-15 standings in each league (a la the NBA). The Rays were better than the Indians last year, but missed the playoffs. Not a Ray fan, by the way. In fact, I concede that my Dodgers figure to benefit from the unbalanced schedule in 2019. Three NL West teams are in rebuild mode, meaning they will be weak opponents. The Dodgers and Rockies will both play those teams 57 times. Meanwhile, each of the other two divisions have four teams trying to win. Unfair advantage for the Dodgers and Rockies, who figure to take the division title and one of the wild cards due to all those games against the Dbacks, Giants and Padres. That means the other eight teams trying to win will be competing for three spots. The point of my post was not that the Indians were a bad team (I’m not the one who said that), but that they benefited tremendously from the unbalanced schedule by playing almost half of their games against very bad teams. The Rays won 90 games, one less than the Indians. The Rays were 17-9 against the Twins, Tigers, White Sox and Royals. If the Rays had played anything close to the number of games against those weak teams that the Indians did, the Rays would undoubtedly have had a better record than the Indians. The Angels won only 80 games; they were 19-9 against the Twins, Tigers, White Sox and Royals. If they had played almost half their games against that level of competition, the Angels would probably have won around 90 games last year. The Indians were an okay team that benefited from playing many more games against terrible teams than any other decent team in the league did. Up until the 1960s, MLB didn’t even have divisions. If MLB went back to that, there’d be no best of 5 LDS. You’d just pick the two best teams from each league, have a LCS, then a WS. Out of 30 teams, only 4 of them would make the postseason. They could have two 15 teams leagues with the top two teams in each league getting bye’s. Three through six play best-of-threes with the winners advancing to play the top two teams. socalball, I would be in favor of scrapping the unbalanced schedule, conceding that my Dodgers would benefit from the unbalance in 2019. No one should benefit from playing in a weak division, or suffer because they play in a powerhouse one. Lysander, No you don’t know much. Math can be your guide, They played more than half their games against teams with a .387 winning percentage which means (88 games) they should have on average won 54 of them that also means they went 37-37 against teams with a winning percentage over.387. Not over .500 mind you but over .387. That translates to a 66-96 record. So that means the Indians were a 500 team against anyone other than the Whitesox, tigers, Twins, Royals, Orioles, and Rangers. The Indians most assuredly were a bad team. I blame the Cleveland fan base, or lack there of. What is their owner suppose to do? This team last two seasons had a WS caliber team and yet those attendance numbers? It’s very unfortunate. I hope they eventually move this team to New Orleans, Virginia, Tennessee, or Vegas.. Francona and Co (scouts/coaches/management) would do exceptionally well! We can’t all be dropped off by limo and head to our boxes. Over usage from postseason play? He threw 5.1 innings over 4 games in the 2017 playoffs. If over usage was an issue he would’ve had a terrible 2017 after throwing all those playoff innings in 2016. I prefer Brach, as I feel like he may be cheaper. However Allen might be the safer bet in having a bounce back season. Either way, I’m glad the angels are doing something with their pen. Good move, time to get a lefty. I might not have a clear view on this but I never liked Bradh as a closer. He routinely filled in in Baltimore and it was shaky. If I needed a closer I’d go Allen all day everyday. No issues with Brach as a set up man but seeing him close games was not ideal. Of course he was filling in for one of the best around at the time in Britton so that certainly didn’t help. Brach isn’t very good, more luck than anything. He gave me ulcers with the Braves. Or give him a QO if he finds his old form and they are in the hunt late into the season. not too many closers going for the QO amount of 18MM/year. Go right ahead. A poor risk in my view. Allen will not significantly affect the Angels’ results this year, which don’t look to include the playoffs. They will likely be able to flip him at the deadline but if he is injured or performs subpar it’s a lot of money to risk getting nothing at all for.. How do you know it’s a lot of money? Bounce back candidates don’t usually cost a crippling amount. They won’t make the playoffs? Pick the 5th AL playoff team. I bet the Angels have a better Record. If the angels can have a healthy rotation , they can honestly be a serious playoff contender, thats what hurt them last year like the previous 5 years. Ever since the hamilton contract, they have had a dark clooud over them with injuries. Previous three years. Five years ago the Angels had the best record in baseball. So your 5th would be the A’s or the Rays? Pick one, the Angels will have a better record. A’s have no rotation as of today. I think the Rays are a better team than the Angels but play the YankSux monster a combined 38 times. The schedule favors the Angels there. The schedule could really favor the Twins if they’d get a decent squad together. I wish we could bet, but remember you wrote that and ill do the same. I pay more attention to run differential. But yes, 500 team. The starting staff between the Angels and A’s is not comparable. The A’s don’t miss bats and there number one and two are gone. I’m not sure I’d trade Harris for any of them, and he’s number five on the Angels. I don’t think the A’s are very good and the White Sox are at least a year away. But there is always a surprise team. There are several teams playing for the fifth wild card. I’ll take the field, then I’ll take the Angels. Paying $9 million for a reliever coming off a bad year doesn’t make the team a playoff contender. Its a gamble contract that he might regain his pitching style but at $9 million its a very expensive gamble. Yeah. It’s called Magical Mystery Team. Do you have a crystal ball? There no mention of terms other than it’s for one year. You’re assuming it a lot of money. Let’s see what the deal is first. I think Eppler is playing a great offseason. Hes smart. Eddie, Eppler and the Halos do not agree with you obviously. He will be given a chance and the benefit of the doubt to close. Also, I think the Halos have a good chance to be 5 games behind the stros in the end. I bet they are wildcard bound. Really you’d be surprised? Wow. Mike I don’t want to be a downer for Angels fans. But they only won 80 games last year, which put them nowhere near the playoffs. They finished 17 games behind the A’s and 10 behind the Rays. Sure the Rays play in the East, but they did last year too and won 90 games. My wife’s rule to me on $ is ‘just because you can, doesn’t mean you should’. So if Allen makes none of his bonus targets, he costs $8.5 mil and has no trade value. Flyers like that are normally much cheaper and the $ should go to something else. The angels were trotting out a decimated rotation last year. Starting guys like Felix Pena, nick tropeano and even John lamb. If they can get a full season of starts from Harvey, Skaggs, Heaney, Barria and Cahill they’ll be in much better shape. I think they need to add an infielder and an outfielder. Or really Marwin Gonzalez could fit the bill. Calhoun was horrific for half a season and I’m not banking on fletcher and cozart to both be productive. I think Bour is a sneaky good addition and I like the lucroy add as well. Give me those two moves and another reliever like Justin Wilson and I’ll give them a pretty decent chance. Unlikely they make all 3 happen but even 2/3 would seriously help this team plug up it’s obvious holes. Ken Rosenthal is usually spot on so this has some potential to be true. One year? My Sox should have been all over this. Good but low candidate. On top of results, the Angels have a lot of young bullpen arms who could use the guidance of a veteran. wouldn’t the jays have him go through a medical checkup? never heard anything from them. That’s not really the issue. With the Angels, he would have gone to arbitration, and the Angels would have had to trash-talk his 2018 season to win a lower salary than Shoemaker would get otherwise. Lots of GMs hate this part of the salary process, because the have to say awful things about the player’s season to win their case with the arbitrator. But if they sign a deal outside arbitration, the team would have had to pay him around $6M. The Jays, on the other hand, are guaranteeing Shoemaker only $3.5M, which is something the Angels could have done only through winning a nasty arbitration case. And it figures Shoe won’t be pitching any more than 120-140 IP in 2019, due to caution with his arm. So this worked out well for both Shoemaker and the Angels. I don’t think major league ball clubs are afraid of “nasty” arbitration cases. They could’ve agreed upon a 3.5 MM salary outside of arb if they desired to skip the process. So long as his girl can. Cahill three more innings last year than Shoemaker did the previous 2 or 3 combined. Even if Shoemaker is back to health (and the drs think they fixed him) he’ll be limited in innings. agree. but if shoe is completely healthy he is better pitcher than cahill. I’m a big fan of Shoemaker. I’m just taking a stab at the reason behind the move. I mean hey, yeah shoe has had his list of problems. But Cahill hasn’t thrown even 115 innings since way back in 2013. You’re giving that guy nearly 10 million bucks. It’s just hard to justify not giving shoe less than half that unless they truly believe Shoe’s health risks are far far worse. We might have October Trout? We like, a lot! But still need probably bring in more, do more? Yes, we think so. Now eat the Greinke’s contract and trade Tigers for bullpen Greene for setups. This team needs pitching to make it to October. Nothing remotely close to an Ace on this staff. “Ace” is a 2000 concept in 2019. There are very few pitchers these days who can dominate the other team for 7-9 innings per game (Scherzer, deGrom, Verlander, Snell, very few others). Analytics and bullpen usage have changed the game to the point that the starter need only keep his team in the game for 5-6 IP and let the pen take over. More frequently, managers don’t want the starter to go through the lineup a third time. So an ace isn’t what the team needs; it needs a relay team of role pitchers in the bullpen, and starters who can reliably go 5-6 in every start. That’s MLB in 2019, and that is where Eppler is pointing the team. No idea where you get the concept of no ace needed and saying that’s an old baseball term. I could write 3 paragraphs on how foolish that statement and everything you wrote it is, but it would obviously be a total waste of time with someone who doesn’t understand that side of the game. If Street didn’t blow out leg, the Angels would have made the playoffs his first full season with the team. Can you really go wrong for 1 year 9 mil? I mean, I don’t think it pusbes the Angels over the top obviously, but for that I’d have thought a contender would have gotten him. One year contracts never hurt you. Good move by the Angels. 3 terrible outings ballooned Allen’s ERA. He actually had 52 scoreless outings out of 70. Another example of how deceiving a reliever’s stat line can be sometimes. Good move Angels! What is not deceiving is his drop in velocity and his percentage of hard hit balls. And the walks, 4.4 BB/9 is not what you want to see from your closer. Twins are you out there? Hellooooo?? The Twins were concerned with the length of a 1 year contract so they offered Allen a 2 month contract good through April and May with a club option for the remainder of the season. The Twins cited major long term full year contracts they gave out to Cron and Schoop as reasons another 1 year contract represented too much risk to the organization. hey, angels fans have been saying the same thing. The Twins have the worst record in baseball from the beginning of 2011, have no money on the books beyond next year, and have obvious and glaring needs which have existed for years or even decades. That doesn’t go hand in hand with the fact the Twins simply don’t spend money. They’ve been outspent in recent years by budget juggernauts like the Rockies, Orioles and Royals. Twins fans have a reason to be angry. Here is something to think about……. Falvy with the Twins and Callahan with the Mets know Allen well from their time with the Indians. They still have ties to people with the Indians. None of the Indians, Mets, or Twins – all of whom had bad bullpens going into the off-season – made much of an effort to sign Allen. They know something. My guess is that they were interested in him as a 6th-7th inning set-up guy at the going rate. This happens to closers all the time – something goes wrong, they get knocked down a few pegs, but can still bounce around as a set-up guy for another 5-8 years at less money. Lots of Jim Johnson’s and Hector Rondon’s out there. Allen wants another shot at closing, the Angels had an opening. It’s not so much I’m particularly upset about Allen. It’s about the Twins being a totally aimless franchise. There is no franchise in baseball more risk averse or less understanding of how money is made in MLB. They’ve been in a rebuild since Falvy and Levine came in. They just didn’t tell the fans. The first step was to get the big contracts off the books. That’s about done. All the signings of veterans they’ve done have been for a year or two – placeholders. They’re buying time to develop youngsters, especially pitchers. Oh, the Twins KNOW how money is MADE. They need training on how it is SPENT. They were in rebuild long before that. The rebuild started in 2012. The Royals are a perfect example. When the Royals started winning, revenue increased and they spent the money to keep the winning going. The Royals are a true small market team and they surpassed the Twins in spending by quite a bit in recent years. The Twins tighten their purse strings more and more every year because they had less revenue in the previous year, fielding a bad product while fewer and fewer people have interest. It’s a death spiral. I truly believe the Twins are the only team in MLB whose ownership has a goal of being “competitive” where 81-81 is considered successful. If the team gets lucky and makes the playoffs, well that’s the cherry on top to the Pohlads. This is a good signing. If it wasn’t for the nearly 1 mph drop in velocity, I would think he would be a great bounceback candidate. Instead I think he will improve marginally and that is still a valuable thing for the Angels. $9 mil for a pitcher going downhill? hope epp adds a lefty stopper. Top closers have been earning north of $10M annually on 3+ year contracts since 2005. $9M on a 1 year contract is a good deal. if he doesn’t get back the speed of pitches he may not even be a closer. anyway , we need a lefty specialist/stopper. From last year to this year, How much velocity has he lost? Wow, an offseason full of reclamation projects and “comeback” candidates. Nice job, Angels. Unless they offer the most money, it’s difficult to get anybody to want to play in Minnesota anymore. There’s the risk of postponed games in April (like last season) due to snowstorms in the “spring”, and the stadium is in a very unsafe area now with the rise in homelessness, protesting, and rise in violent crime downtown. Nice try lol. The area around target field is awfully gentrified my dude. And the camp on minnehaha is not even in the stadium area…. Angels need more moves like this… fix the pen. Their rotation isn’t very good, so they need to shorten the game with a strong bullpen. Like the Royals did when they won the World Series. Their pen could use a couple lefties… maybe Justin Wilson and Dan Jennings? Their offense and defense is very good. They could use Moustakas as a lefty bat at third, but other than that, they are fine. I gotta agree with bringing in some of those guys maybe even a Broxberger and a Duke. Then you get a couple of win streaks and breaks this could be a team that can very well do something in the playoffs. Depressing as a twins fan. It was a maybe target. I guess they are content to give up at least a run or two for every inning a reliever pitches. 50 win seasons with 40 wins given up by relievers is pretty crappy to me. Our rotation is weak enough, Knowing if they go 8 innings with a one run lead isn’t enough for a win is just sad. Rod Beck racked up 51 saves one year with a WHIP of over 1.3 so maybe this will work for the Halos. Brad Brach just got a raise. Angels think they can win this year. They needed bullpen help and got a bounce-back candidate. The Angels got what they needed to address. The Angel’s are becoming a joke. Signing a bunch of lottery tickets. Even if they do well, they’ll be gone next year. Trout must be counting the days. Isn’t that what the A’s did last year. The Angels were a 500 team last year in spite of there injuries, and there were plenty. I don’t see how adding several players who may add 1 win is bad baseball. Not to mention, Mike Trout missed a few weeks. I think what is more clear is you don’t know baseball. I would think agents should avoid using Mark Melancon as a comp. Melancon’s deal serves as a reminder why big money deals for the game’s most volatile position are a bad idea. Maybe he’s just the bridge to Middleton coming back to full strength. Plus, pretty good guy for Key and Anderson to talk to about the mental aspect of closing. Solid move and just a one year filler for the Angels given the current make up in their ‘pen. That’s right. There isn’t an option for 2020 on this deal. Eppler is apparently going to allow Buttrey, Anderson and Middleton (as he returns) to audition during 2019 for closer next year. Poor Trout! TRADE TROUT!!! He REALLY wants to play in Philly now. He’s not going to stick around. F**king bulls**t!!! Where are the Twins??? It makes no sense what the Twins are (not) doing. My team is Cleveland and they are totally beatable in the Central this year, but it seems like both the Twins and White Sox have no desire to try to even get better. KC and Detroit are glorified AA and AAA teams, so it looks like Cleveland in the AL Central again. If you’re an indians fan you’re completely unaware of the rest of your division. The chieox have added multiple pieces and are heavily in on Machado and Harper. They’re making every effort to compete. The twins made a bunch of moves themselves but they could stand to add a lot more in the pen if they plan on making a real run. jbigz12, Absolutely. The moves made by the Chisox and especially the Twins make it more difficult for Cleveland to trade Kluber or Bauer. They can still do it, but would perhaps kiss the playoffs goodbye by doing so. Not the best message to send to a fan base that is already lukewarm in its support of the team. Should the Chisox sign Harper or Machado, it is up to the Indians to either compete or face fan mutiny. Idk if they traded Kluber or Bauer that they still wouldn’t be the best team in the division but the twins and white Sox are attempting to compete. That rotation even without a Bauer or Kluber is miles better than anyone else in that division and you still have Lindor and Ramirez. There is a reason this team was miles better than the rest last season. Another reclamation project. I’m starting to feel bad for Trout, he’s the best player in the game, and has such a lousy team. Bring in Tony Sipp and Mike Moustakas. Move Cozart to second. I know people love Fletcher, but if you look at batted ball speed, he’s over-matched. Out of 332 ranked players, he ranks 331. Dee Gordon is 332. To those that have tickets in seats beyond the home run fence in Angels Stadium: INCOMING!!!! Bring your glove to the ballpark as Allen gives up tater after tater. Another person who doesn’t know baseball. Unless you tuck it down the line, it’s really hard for right handed hitters to get a HR souvenir from RH hitters in Anaheim. Nice hyperbole. I don’t understand why there are so many Angel haters, but we seem to have more than our fair share of haters. . I think you are right. I didn’t hate the Ms because they had Griffey. I didn’t hate the Res for having Bench, Morgan and Rose. In my youth, I didn’t hate the Braves for having Aaron or the Giants for having Mays. I guess other fans believe they are entitled to other teams players. You’re spot on Vision. Trout is like Kobe and Lebron, he brings out the haters. Except Trout is a genuine “nice guy” so the Angels receive the hate instead of the player. I’m just glad the Halos are doing everything they can (with the albatross Pujols contract wrapped around their neck) rather than rooting for a team in desperation of the “hope” that Trout 1) leaves the Angel’s and 2) chooses their team. Go Trout and Go Halos! Pujos contract is horrible, however there is only three years left. It’s even partially offset by the tremendous deal the Angels are getting on Ohtani, Add to that the deal the Angels are getting on Bour, and i expect very good production out of the DH/1B spot. I expect those two positions to produce in 2019 at a non-killer cost. What’s really hurting is the 11.5 million on Kole Calhoun. The Angels can’t upgrade RF, so they are hoping Calhoun can comeback. That’s a lot of money to shell out to RF and no production. . In 2020, Adell will take over. If Calhoun produces, it’s a very good lineup. “Only” three years left on Pujols deal? Oh man, do I feel bad for Angels fans. Tigers fans and the Miggy contract are in the same boat. Again, it’s partially offset for 2019 because of the great deal on Ohtani. How much do you think Ohtani would have been paid as a free agent last year? Who is off-setting Miggy? And there is five years left on his. 152 million left on Miggy. 87 Million left on Pujols. Not really sure how they are comparable at this point. The Tigers would trade contacts in a heart beat. Anyway you slice it, Pujols and Miggy are perfect examples why we’re seeing so many short term deals…and why Harper, Manny, and Kimbrel remained unsigned. Higher AAV, shorter term contracts are here to stay (at least until they change the arbitration rule). I don’t think players are going to get big contracts unless their history is pristine and they play a key defensive positions. He’s 30 years old. Setup men in their 30s are signing three year deals of 30+ million dollars. Allen signed a one year deal with an guaranteed 8.5 million. From 2012 to 2015 he had an ERA of 2.59. How do you overrate that? In the post season those years, he gave up 1 run in 21+ innings. How do you overrate that. As far as closers, fans think they should never blow a save. Even Angel fans thought Percival and K-Rod were overrated. You’re right. It’s hard for me to dismiss a 30 year old based on a season of 67 innings. One year contracts never hurt you. Ask Cardinals fans how their 1-yr with Greg Holland worked out. I think you made my point. There were no long term ramifications. He was given 14 million on one year deal a day before the season started. He shouldn’t even have affected payroll decisions. It cost them 14 million bucks. It didn’t prevent them from signing anyone in the off-season. It didn’t affect them one bit in 2019. You take a gamble, it only cost money, if you are wrong, you cut him. Which they did. He should have never been used in high leverage situations anyway. If the Angels are wrong on Allen, they cut him. No matter how bad he is, it’s a contract that really doesn’t hurt you. I wish the Cards had done this exact deal with him. I still feel like they need to add another reliever who could steal the closers role, and take that gamble on a one year deal. Bad news for those who hoped Buttrey would get the closer gig!

2019-04-24T00:01:39Z

https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2019/01/angels-discussing-deal-with-cody-allen.html

Hopefully you all have plans to see family or friends for the holiday season. I was home over Thanksgiving (Iowa) so I will not be returning for Christmas or New Years. Instead, I am opting to hit the slopes and hoping to avoid the typical crowds. This will be possible because we have finally gotten some PRECIPITATION IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. The news was predicting the “storm of the decade” and went on for days about preparing to be without electricity and stocking up on food. In the end, we had one gusty morning and then it drizzled for two days (I was unimpressed). I was, however, thankful to see the much needed rain. I think I saw about 8 rainbows in a single day. As far as work goes, I am still chipping away diligently on my restoration projects. I have completed a draft CEQA document on my largest project, and have now begun the NEPA document. I am simultaneously writing contracts and installing infrastructure e.g. access roads and gates at the project site. In between writing these documents, I am applying for a streambed alteration permit, a 401 permit, an endangered species act permit, and a 404 permit. I can’t eat lunch in California without getting a permit first. Having spoken to other project managers conducting large-scale restoration projects in California, I have learned that it is not uncommon for the cost of project permitting to be equal to or even more expensive than the cost of the actual project construction. On a side note, a few months back our small staff at the Preserve constructed a barn that we had de-constructed from another BLM property in the Sierras several months earlier. We had no instructions, just pictures and a numbering system on the parts. Here is a final picture of the constructed barn (still standing after the “storm of the decade”). It has been quite hectic since my internship ended and it feels like I’ve taken longer than I imagined to write my final reflective post. I am very thankful to everyone who makes the CLM internship possible at the Chicago Botanical Gardens and at BLM. It’s been an extraordinary experience. There were days full of hard work and others that were quite relaxed but there was always learning going on. I am very happy with my experience, the people I met and the skills I gained. Due to staff changes right before the internship, my experience is likely to have been very different than that of past interns who may have had better planned and straightforward internships. That is not necessarily a negative thing because I feel this gave me the opportunity to have a wider range of exposure to different projects and staff at the office. One of the best experiences I had was translocating prairie dogs. I believe that the conservation issues involving prairie dogs is in need of better solutions. There is much needed cohesion between BLM and outside knowledge from other organizations and institutions. If there is anything from this experience I would like to pursue, it would be the conservation of prairie dogs and pigmy rabbits. Some advice I would give to other interns would be to ask your mentor about participating in as many training opportunities as you can. When starting the internship it is good to take notes and pictures when learning plants because it helps the learning process considerably. Most importantly, encourage yourself to think outside the box and express your ideas even if it seems to go against the usual way of doing things. Thanks again everyone for helping me make this an incredible opportunity! It’s finally starting to feel like winter here, as I am writing this in the middle of “The Worst Storm California has had in Years”, according to weather.com. While it is only raining here in the valley, the nearby mountains should be getting a foot or two of snow! I’ve been working on a few projects lately. I am working with the ELFO hydrologist to install some stream monitoring equipment in all the streams in our field office. The equipment we are installing measures the water temperature and the flow of the streams. It is nice to still be out doing field-work, and I am learning a lot about hydrology from working with the hydrologist. I did not expect to learn about hydrology when I signed up for a botany internship, but this is one of the great things about CLM: you gain experience in a lot of different areas. Installing the equipment only takes about an hour, but getting to the locations takes some time. Yesterday I was hiking in some dense clay mud that stuck to my boots in giant clumps. It made hiking difficult, especially hiking over rocks, as the muddied-up boots had no grip on the rocks. This, with a 60 pound pack full of tools and steel pipes, can make climbing into a rocky canyon quite difficult. Nonetheless, we have successfully installed equipment at 6 streams so far. I am also working on a project known as FIAT. (We have yet to be sued by the european car company). FIAT stands for Fire and Invasives Assessment Team. It is an effort to improve habitat for sage grouse. The biggest threats to sage grouse are conifer encroachment, fire, and invasive annual grasses. This project aims at pinpointing where these threats are most prevalent, and coming up with strategies to limit their impacts. I am helping with the GIS side of things. I have been attending meetings at several BLM offices and helping the ELFO GIS specialist create project area polygons. It has been interesting going to the different offices and seeing how much everyone knows about the land in their field office. In other news, I broke my finger playing football on Thanksgiving. It hasn’t impacted my work at all, but it has made typing this entry a bit frustrating. The good news is, I have a doctors appointment in Reno tomorrow morning, and Reno is only 30 minutes from Mt. Rose Ski Resort, so… IM SKIING 2 FEET OF FRESH POWDER TOMORROW!!!! Over the past few days, I have been visiting sites for the first time since before the rain came and have discovered all the areas where water is pooling. What was once a dried up patchwork of bunch grass and soil is now a wetland teeming with frogs, ducks, and geese. I took some time to bird watch spotting Northern shovelers, gadwalls, mallards, great egrets, great blue heron, red-shouldered hawk, Northern harrier, and a white-tailed kite! White-tailed kites are more commonly sighted this time of year because they are less dispersed, roosting communally during the winter. Sometime their roosts can have over a hundred individuals. Northern Harriers, with their white rumps, are one of my favorite raptors to watch as they hunt low to the ground, gliding just above the tips of the grass. I also get a kick out of the great blue heron, standing perfectly still, trying to decide whether or not I can see him. And when he finally takes off, he looks disgruntled for having been bothered. For whatever reason, I personify them as being old grumpy men with something to prove. As they fly off, I imagine them saying, “I still got wings”. It has been an enjoyable, socked in Willamette Valley Winter so far. I am fortunate I get to roam around some of the few oak woodland habitats that still exist. Everything feels so soft this time of year, the edges blurred by the fog, the moss on the trees, the soggy ground. I wonder how I would feel differently if I didn’t have a heated shelter to return to, stocked with canned goods and frozen berries. I am glad I don’t have to dig for my stashed nuts when I get hungry. Those wild animals sure make me feel soft too. I have been working here at the Medford District BLM for just over 9 months now and my appointment is rapidly approaching its end. I am saddened to be leaving, but with the weather becoming so nasty and the fact that the plants in the Rogue Valley are dying and going into dormancy, there wouldn’t be much for me to do even if I could stay. The past few weeks have been slowing down. I have been doing a lot of wrap up data entry and tying up loose ends here in the office. There is a good chance I will be coming back next season which will be nice seeing as how I feel I really got the hang of this job and I know I will be able to hit the ground running early next spring. Because of this potential in a renewed appointment, we have been loosely framing a plan of action for the 2015 collecting season. I recently mapped over 12 years of Seeds of Success collections for my district and this proved to be insightful in terms of visually assessing what areas have and haven’t been targeted and hit hard with collections. For this future collecting season we are going to target areas that have had little to no collections made, many which are located in the Illinois River Valley and along the Wild and Scenic stretch of the Rogue River. This will be a great opportunity to explore new territories that are not so easily accessed and focus on rare and endemic serpentine plants. Prior to this internship, my botanical knowledge was very much lacking. Building a strong foundation of botany over the past 9 months has truly reshaped my interpretation of ecology. It appears I have been approaching environmental settings with a major piece of the puzzle missing, and now that I have established this understanding, I can view ecosystem in a whole new cohesive light. I am very grateful for this opportunity I have been granted with and I look forward to next year where I will be able to expand and fine tune my new skill set. I leave you now with a few highlight photos of this field season. This blog post is a little late in the making. It always takes me a little while to reflect on a job or experience. When I originally moved out to Idaho I really struggled with a culture that I felt was much more conservative and closed-minded. I have always viewed myself as being well suited to deal with conservative rural communities despite being a very liberal leaning person from a large suburb of the Twin cities. I had never lived in an area with so much religious influence and the farms and ranching operations were quite a bit bigger than I was used to in the Midwest. Additionally, and perhaps most importantly, it was my first time living out by myself and not at a bio-station or other living arrangement that often comes with technician work. These factors challenged me throughout the season although I got used to them quickly. Like a lot of challenges, they turned out to be excellent living experiences. While I don’t miss the general mindset of the state, I did become accustomed to it, and feel that a prevailing culture is not a reason to avoid an area, but it does make things harder. Looking back there were many challenges and learning experiences. Some of the obvious ones were learning new skills and sampling techniques, becoming familiar with the area and culture, and learning how to manage a crew, even a small one. The not so obvious ones included living in a new place, finding the energy outside of work to explore, exploring the surrounding Idaho, and personal and professional challenges with coworkers. A lot of these were really difficult and often left me drained or unhappy. But in retrospect, the best place to be looking at them from, these challenges are the most important things I’ll take out of this internship. The places, events, and people that challenged me will be the teachers I have to learn from. I enjoyed a lot about my time in Idaho. As I drive around my home town I realize that often I’m not seeing the streets in front of me, but a mental map of Twin Falls, with all the landmarks I’d come to know, is projected on top of what’s actually in front of me. I look at old pictures and miss the beauty and smell of sagebrush, the shape of buttes and foothills, and the giant canyons that gave the landscape its surprise and drama. I can’t imagine that Twin Falls would ever become a permanent home, the landscape is settled into my heart and I would dearly like to spend more time there. I had a lot of fun and came away with several wonderful friends and one of the most important friends I’ve ever had. I was able to take trips in nearby states and see some amazing things I didn’t know existed. If the chance ever arises, go to Dinosaur National Monument. My internship expanded my skillset and gave me the opportunities to build confidence in many different ways, particularly in trusting my own judgment and knowing that I don’t know as much as I think I do, but that’s ok. I have a wider range of tools at my disposal both internally and externally. The opportunity to work with other people in my office and in other offices such as the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, allowed me the chance to ask many questions and see the topic of management through many different lenses. The internship also helped define what I’m interested in doing in the future. It reaffirmed that I wish to go into management, but helped me better understand in what possible capacities and what areas definitely aren’t of interest. This has been a fantastic experience that I am so lucky to have had. Greetings from southern Oregon where it’s still slowly cooling down, but not enough in my opinion. Growing up here, I remember a lot colder, rainier winters, and times when the local ski area would be open by now, but alas, there’s not even an inch on the mountain. Last year was a very bad drought for southern Oregon as well as northern California and it’s not looking much better. Last year was the lowest snow measured since the Forest Service started measuring snow pack here fifty years ago. All I want to do is hit the slopes, but it looks like I’ll have to travel a little farther for that this year. The local, seasonal outdoor ice rink where I’m a hockey instructor is even struggling due to the above average temperatures. Maybe someday it’ll get cooler. Recently I’ve been doing a lot of GIS analysis for the RMP here. Kind of slowing down a bit. The highlight as of late is attending the American Exploration and Mining Conference in Reno, Nevada last week. I was able to attend technical sessions, meet folks from industry, as well as from other federal agencies. With that, I’ll leave you some sweet pictures of my days in the woods and some bonus nice looking gold. And here’s what the habitat looks like for several of the new populations. Try spotting the Pediomelum pentaphyllum–there’s at least one in each photo! It has been a busy but fairly quiet month. I’ve been inside entering data, doing herbarium work, and working on data cleaning projects. It doesn’t make for facinating blogging, but it’s interesting work. There’s a lot of troubleshooting involved, which I really enjoy. It’s also a great sense of accomplishment to see all of this season’s new rare plant finds, weed mapping, and rare species monitoring get inputted into our database. I will be shifting focus in January in order to work for the restoration program. In preparation for the change, I’ve been spending time with folks in the program. Throughout the summer, I’ve helped out with the program here and there, working with volunteers on National Public Lands day and helping with planting projects. However, there’s a lot left to learn. I will be doing greenhouse work, working at restoration sites, and helping to write grants for following years’ restoration work. Pictured is Eriastrum sapphirinium, in flower on October 7 near Jenks Lake. Hello friends. This is my last post about my CLM internship 2014. Since the last one many things have happened and there is a lot to tell, share, and express this time. October and November both were super busy with wrapping things up and still having SOS program running. Primarily because of Great Basin vegetation peculiarities, a big part of native species actually seed out in middle and late autumn, which happen to be our last months here. We all managed it well, with a team of eight people we were able to accomplish a lot. Eventually we’ve made way more collections than the average number of collections since 2004. Unfortunately we, as probably all SOS teams, didn’t get any feedback right away. But of course we hope that all our collections are of a good quality and will be useful for many-many purposes. With all trips that we made for seed collection we also had to prepare an annual report, just as the whole field office does, about our time being here, what we’ve done and what we could have done better – sort of an overview of 2014 program. It was fun and interesting. We really felt like part of a field office team and that we played an important part in the office’s life. It was a funny period of time, when you have a few weeks to go but there is a ton of ideas where to go, what to collect, what is the most important to do and so on… It is certainly sad, that we didn’t get to do everything that we thought about, but at the same time it is good to stop and move on. There is always something that you lack time for or would like to have “just a week more”, so it is a good idea to stop at some point having a little bit of time to wrap things up. In general, it has been an incredible time. This was my first summer our in the west and I must say that it was incredible. From the very beginning of my time here I felt like this part of the world is unique and being a botanist here is just a lucky occurrence for myself. And regardless of the fact that we all have learned a solid number of species and biology of local flora, you never feel like it is enough. The nature is so diverse, the transition between Great Basin and the Sierras is indeed incredible. These two huge ecoregions for botanists provide something unknown and interesting every time you are outside. Our team spent truly a lot of time in the field and it is one of the things that I’m very grateful for. Overall it was a great experience with exceptionally bright and positive moments and I know that such memories I will never loose. Again, we had a wonderful team in Carson City and I’m thankful for the work shared fun time spent together to all my friends – Alex, Andrew, Ari, Mary, Ethan, Laura, and Rebecca. Special thanks of course to Dean – our mentor for whom it was not easy to manage such a big team but turned out really well – I’m very glad that that I was part of CLM 2014 Carson City botany team.

2019-04-25T22:52:28Z

https://clminternship.org/blog/?m=201412

Even if you have never heard of people selling their surplus diabetic strips, do not think it has not been happening. Also, it is worth noting that it is not illegal to do so. When it comes to using diabetic strips, they are only useful to you before the expiry date knocks on the door and after that no matter the number of them remaining you will not get proper readings with them.Since you had already paid for them through your insurance, it is better to sell the surplus so that you can recover your money. Depending on the health insurance policy you are using, you might be enjoying some discount when you to go make a purchase of the strips. Not everyone has this luxury and if you can resell what you have got at cheaper prices you might even make a profit of a few dollars for each strips. Having something that excites you to wake up early in the morning is great and even if you already have money to get you buy the sense of accomplishment will be good for you since much of the diabetic population is elderly and retired. Having health insurance makes things easier for those suffering from diabetes because they will get the strips and their medications on time but not everyone has enough money to cover for this. If you sell your strips at lower amounts whether you have a surplus or they are close to expiration it means someone else who is not able to afford the drug store rates will not have to go by without checking his or her blood sugar level. There are so many people who need these strips ranging from the poor in your community to health centers all over the world who depend on donors for their supplies. Even though you might not feel jittery in your stomach you can rest assured that the efforts you will have made will help people across the world. When you share the surplus you have with the rest of the world, manufacturers will not be forced to get more resources in order to manufacturer enough strips for everyone. They might not look like much to you but remember that the production processes and raw materials required in making them are a lot.You should be working towards conserving the environment not helping in destroying it. Also, by getting rid of strips which might end up expiring you have the assurance that the readings you get will always be accurate. If you need more info. on how to go about this you can click here. For you to manage Temporomandibular Joint Issue properly, it is best to look for the assistance of a dental specialist that additionally has proficient information in neuromuscular issues. This means that they are going to possess a lot of skills in dealing with the issue. A dental practitioner prepared in neuromuscular dentistry will comprehend the significance of the whole framework working in congruity to function appropriately. It is vital that you get an individual that possess complete comprehension of the connection between the soft tissues and other nerves and muscles so that the operation on the area can produce fruitful results. Such professionals can help suffering patients eliminate the pain that they are suffering from. Although there are very many treatment procedures and medical specialists dealing with TMJ, it is still not yet fully explored, and more treatment designs are being created through research. Some patients still suffer from the pain a long time after getting affected while others experience a disappearance of the pain that might come up later. Some people might even experience it as a chronic condition that will become part of their life. It is hard for someone at the first sign of TMJ to realize that they are suffering from the condition. It is generally mistaken for different torments that influence the jaw and individuals would hardly connect it with TMJ from the principal appearance. Considering the bias towards normal health conditions, in the beginning, most people will go to a general practice long before they choose to access the services of a professional. It is diagnosed by a family specialist via the elimination problem. The general restorative expert will at that point perform careful tests on the patient investigating their therapeutic history and everything else vital before they simply go ahead and send them to a TMJ proficient. For a few patients they get a simpler diagnosis process because they are encountering conditions all the more intently connected with the mouth, for example, restricted jaw developments, teeth granulating and jaw grasping. After the specialist makes a proper conclusion, they will set up a decent association with the patient so they can build up a reasonable treatment program. This will consist of both long and short treatment methodologies that give them a suitable bite via the use of a mouth guard. All such treatment methodologies should be under the guidance of a doctor so that they issue isn’t exaggerated. It is always important to take care of your mouth, teeth and gums and this is so that you can help prevent tooth decay and bad breath and gum disease and this will also help you when you get older. Here, in this talk, we will look at the essentialness of dental neatness and why we need to ensure that we appreciate it. Oral wellbeing is vital on the grounds that it has an association with your general wellbeing and in this manner you need to ensure that you keep up great cleanliness to deal with your teeth. It is fascinating that hereditary qualities additionally assume apart with regards to cavities however consistent brushing and precaution dental care can help with regards to keeping your teeth and gums sound. It is important to ensure that you brush your teeth regularly so that you can remove plaque which usually causes and is also able to stimulate your gums in order to take care of them and prevent gum diseases. When you get the opportunity to guarantee that you hone legitimate oral cleanliness by normal visits to the dental practitioner you will be in a situation to distinguish malady effectively. With a cautious examination, the dental expert can discover any issues and diseases that may be at their earlier stages which would then have the capacity to be overseen successfully. Dental therapeutic administrations should not be disparaged and this is by virtue of if not considered critical it can provoke death. This implies you need to ensure that you can take after dental cleanliness tips, for example, eating sound and keeping away from sugary bites. You should moreover avoid tobacco products and make sure that you wash your mouth after dinners and brush your teeth no under two times each day. In this discussion, we have had the ability to look at the criticalness of dental tidiness and why it is basic to manage your teeth. For more info, you can click here to see more here and get the chance to discover more about dental care. The general dentistry will include all of the types of oral care. It can start with the dental care or examination which will then lead to the dental cleaning and some other dental treatments that is very necessary in order to keep the oral health well preserved. It is then safe to say that the general dentistry is actually a preventive care for the oral cavity. WE all are aware that prevention is better that cure. There are apparent benefits of the dentistry. The general dentistry actually involves all sort of the basic oral care. The dental examinations will include the dental cleaning, x-rays, and tooth decay prevent as well as the fillings and the root canals as well as the implants and the bonding are considered part if the dentistry. The general can begin with the dental examination. Usually, the first thing that the dentist will order right after the examination is the dental cleaning. The cleaning of the teeth with those plaques and the tartar will help ensure that the gums and the teeth will remain to be healthy. The general dentistry would allow the doctor to be able to identify any sort of the oral issues that may be causing dental problems in the near future. Make sure that you get the treatment in an early time possible so that the problem will not get out of hand when the problem will occur. This is actually the most important and the greatest advantage of the dentistry. The dentist would highly recommend oral examination in every six months in order to determine any signs or problem. The dentist is going to look at some major signs of decay in the teeth as well as in the gums that may pose some major threat in the oral cavities. IT is also highly advise to do the dental cleaning if possible in every six months. The dental cleaning is an examination of the dental area wherein the dentist is going to check the teeth from any build up of the plaques and if you left this unattended for long period of time, this can lead to the swelling of your gums and some discomfort in the future time. Last but not the least, you can also benefit from the dental cleaning since this will leave your teeth to be clean and bright. Having a good set of teeth will give you a brilliant smile and this will give you a boost into your confidence as well. And of course, you can prevent any diseases that are attributed to the improper oral hygiene and this can be prevented if it can be treated early. One of the negative experiences that a person can have is the experience of being addicted. Now you will see people with different types of addiction. When one talks about addiction what usually comes to mind is drug addiction as this is a very popular addiction. This may also be the addiction that can cause irreversible damage to a person’s body. Another famous form of addiction is that of being addicted to alcohol. Sometimes this is called alcoholism. Now when one speaks of addiction this is not just about being a drug addict or alcoholic. When you choose to read more on it from a particular website on addiction you will be familiarized with other forms of addiction that other people have. Gambling addiction is one of those forms of addiction. You will learn that though addiction may have different forms the common thing about them is that people seem unable to control themselves that is why they became addicts. This is why people who are trying to cure their addiction would experience withdrawal symptoms. Now if you happen to suffer from a certain type of addiction then you need to get addiction treatment immediately for that. The earlier you start with your treatment the better it will be for you so that you can lessen immediately the bad effects of addiction on you. So how do you get treated for your addiction? Well the treatment that you can get will be dependent on what form of addiction you have. If you have a drug addiction the best treatment for that is to have yourself checked into a drug rehabilitation center. In that place you will discover more about the holistic program that they have for drug addicts. You will be surrounded there by professionals who are experts in dealing with drug addiction. You will also be surrounded by fellow drug addicts who are also on their rehab process. If your addiction is alcohol addiction then you need to get for yourself counseling or therapy to address that. You see alcohol addiction is usually rooted to an emotional problem. Dealing with your emotional issues through the help of a counsellor will greatly help you beat the addiction. Another very useful thing to do to get treated of your addiction is to join a support group. This is famous among those who have an alcohol addiction. There is actually one famous group around the world for alcoholics. The Dispensary will be a retail outlet from that a specific thing, or maybe type or perhaps merchandise, will be dispensed and sold. 420 dispensaries have been functioning in typically the USA since the particular early 90’s. The quite 1st dispensary started in early 2014 (Colorado). Right now almost half of the states in the US have health-related marijuana laws, with a few having recreational laws. What may one locate in the common dispensary? Most dispensaries are planning to get several various varieties of weed on exhibit for an individual to observe (but not touch). These types of places can have almost all sorts of product, letting anyone understand the actual percentages involving cannabinoids, terpenoids, THC, and also these kinds of test effects also make certain that typically the cannabis will be mold-free. Important to know is that a good assisted living facility is difficult to find.By the fact that services of various assisted living facilities are not equal, it will be difficult to choose the right one.In order to secure the right living facility, a person has to consider a number of factors.It is through the consideration of these factors that a good living facility will be obtained.There are high chances that a person will be able to find the right living facility by looking for advice of people who have experience.The amount of time that you will use to get a good living facility will be reduced by considering the advice of people with experience.The hints which follow will help to find the right assisted living facility. It is important to put into consideration your budget when finding the right living facility.A person will be able to get a good assisted living facility by having a good budget.In order to have the right facility for your loved one, you should be ready to spend.There is need to know that the assisted living facilities do not charge same prices.In order to succeed in having the right facility that you can afford, you need to do price comparison.In the course of finding an assisted living facility, you need to check on quality of services instead of price.It is important to know that there are possibilities that you can find a facility who services are poor and hence you will not have value for the money that you spend.It is necessary to make sure that the assisted facility is able to give the best services. 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There are certain parts of the body which are very essential and delicate as well for instance the spinal cord which controls general movement in the body. All the nerves in the body are committed to the spinal cord and if it is damaged in any way, it may inhibit your ability to move permanently or temporarily. Everyday there are various accidents that occur either in roads, workplaces or at home and most of these accidents injure the spinal cord therefore it is important to visit a doctor after an accident for a check up. If a complication in the spinal cord is noticed at an early stage by a doctor, the chances of you regaining full control of your body are high. Most of these accidents also hurt essential muscles in the body which normally require some time before they get better. If you are therefore involved in any accident that injured your muscles or spine, it is vital that you seek immediate medical care to treat the issue before it gets more serious. 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2019-04-23T22:31:39Z

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Another place unlisted in the literary books I studied and not part of the guides I read, was to be visited soon. This one might have been the least expected of the places to visit even if there was some idea given already. It was where the Ladyewell shrine stood; it was the major factor which attracted as the pilgrimage for a change. When all the other churches were more of architectural marvels, this one was a place for pilgrimage; not the Canterbury type, as this one lacked the historical importance and a big church structure and not many tourists came to the place which was located not that far away from the major roads, but still at a peaceful area which would not have been that easy to find if it was not supposed to be the ultimate destination. There was the spiritual atmosphere and there was the feeling of uniqueness; there was nature with all its beauty, that kind of greenery which brought the memories of Kerala back; there was also the feeling of God and the splendour of the place rested in the simplicity. There was also a cat who stared at people; it was kind of fat and moved slowly making it easier to take its pics; may be it also wanted to pray and worship in its own style, and may be it was its own time to pray at the shrine. There was the statue of Mother Mary and also a stone cross surrounded by the greenery; the autumn effects were less this time, but the beauty was still not to be considered inferior. This was a pilgrim’s progress for me, another spiritual stop during that journey from this world to the other one which is to come; another stage in the different levels of my spiritual world, with my tales; which are just mine and not of any other pilgrim. The journey through the valley of shadow of death would wait, as there was the need to get ready. The church of St. Mary is also located near the shrine and it is quite beautiful even if small compared to the English church size and simple compared to its architecture splendour. The cemetery which is right in front of the church is another wonderful thing to watch, with all its tombstones which has blended with the nature around, and the central tombstone monument standing tall among the rest. What would be more beautiful than living and dying at such a place; for one can enjoy that beauty forever and even after death, be buried in that cemetery. Even Doctor Faustus would have sold his soul to be there, but Mephistophilis would disagree. The Renaissance love for beauty and the ever increasing love for adventure would guide him in the same direction, and he might have left those demonic spirits in the form of Helen of Troy behind just to be with the beauty of nature which is more real; instead of being with that beauty of a random creature who are continuously approaching the world with a perverted mind and that organism which can lead to millions of acts of hatred. Preston, the administrative centre of Lancashire has evidence of Roman activity, but is supposed to have been established by Anglo-Saxons and is mentioned in the Domesday Book which followed the Norman conquest of Britain. As the name Preston might have come from something like Priest’s town, there could have been strong Christian roots for the city. This is evident from the Ladyewell Shrine as well as many other churches around even as there was no huge cathedral in there to be found. There were smaller, but still beautiful old churches around. Some of the other buildings also looked like they might have been churches earlier, at some point in history or even in the last few decades. May be these buildings were of no need after the number of believers decreased or almost reached a point of zippo. It has to be considered a strange thing if it happened so, but not that strange considering the evil and materialistic path on which the world is moving now. As the worship places go down, so will the goodness in the world and their conscience will also disappear leading to that highly immoral world for which Satan would be waiting. The truth is that there are so many Doctor Fautus’ around who are willing to sell their souls and many human Mephistophilis’ who are ready to bring that evil upon the planet. The lack of belief will be what will bring the world down into the abyss, not faith. St, John’s Minster, dedicated Saint John the Baptist might provide proof against it with its beauty of architecture; it did remind me of the Wakefield Cathedral, and upto an extent about Bradford Cathedral and the Leeds Anglican Church, even as they had so many difference between them. It was more about the way we looked at the church building and how we approached it and those pictures taken from the side; they way of photography was so similar that there were similar photos of each of these churches from one or more angles. There was some kind of invisible unity which never gave an offer to leave the mind. Even the Elim Pentecostal Church of Preston was not that far away from attaining a level of greatness in architecture. The beauty of church architecture continued with St. Thomas of Canterbury and the English Martyrs Catholic Church and its beauty was much to be seen even in the darkness which was slowly creeping in and preventing photography. Even its entrance provided so much of treat to the eyes. The museums and parks would add to what was provided by the church architecture, and the trip would be of more value than what was expected when it started and went through a period of foggy weather with some rain which led to a slow traffic which had almost spoiled all plans. St. Walburge’s Church was that catholic church which was difficult to find even as its spire was visible from a long distance. Among all the parish churches of England, it was the tallest; not considering those huge cathedrals. It should be the most important building of the city, as it dominates the skyline, being a landmark. It is of Gothic Revival or Neo-Gothic architecture and was built during the Victorian Era. It is the symbol of peace and religious tolerance during the age of Queen Victoria; it is a symbol of Preston of that glorious age which saw the great poets like Lord Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning, Christina Rossetti and Matthew Arnold. The church is dedicated to Saint Walburga, an English saint who was born as an Anglo-Saxon princess and later became a missionary, known for her miraculous healing powers. The tall spire is what makes it one of the tallest buildings in Lancashire and after Salisbury and Norwich cathedrals, it has the next tallest spire in England, and it is unmatched among all those parish churches of the land. The height of the building acts as a wonderful addition to its beauty, making it something special. It looked as if it was an entirely different structure and is not part of any church building; that much was its superiority which was matched only by the beauty of the church which ebbed in size, but swelled in the beauty of its Victorian Gothic architecture and the peace which it gave away. The churches like St. Walburge’s would explain why there was a revival of interest in Gothic architecture and how these Neo-Gothic buildings exceeded the number of original Gothic structures that had been constructed previously. All these were to end the trip, but on the way back, something caught my eye and it was something so different and angelic and there was the need to have a look at it; blame it on my ‘very late’ Renaissance spirit. The first impression was that it was a Pentecostal church, but it was the Preston England Temple, as they called it and it is the fifty second operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or the Mormon Church. It was strange to find a church having a temple which was so contradictory. This temple was surely beautiful and at night, it was a wonderful feeling to witness it with all the lights on. This faith within Christianity was unknown to me until then, but hearing more about it was quite impossible as it was late and it was not possible to get in and see someone in charge of the building. As most of it seemed to be in the United States of America and the rest in Latin America and the continental Europe, there wasn’t that much to enquire in the United Kingdom. The only thing to do was to enjoy the beauty of that incredible building with a tall spire, from the outside and understanding that it would be an entirely different structure if checked during day time. It is a combination of modernity with the old architectural styles of Europe; it successfully mixed the tradition with modernity. It was a rainy day and I was at a walled city of historic attractions, the city of York Minster and all which followed to make the place a wonderful destination. It was the fort and city in Roman Britain called Eboracum which was transformed into what is now York, as the remains of that conquest from beyond the English channel can still be seen; even as the Roman conquest of Britain began in 43 AD, the city was only founded in 71 AD, and remains are mostly what is left of the walls and fortresses or what is added to them in the later ages. The Anglo-Saxons called it Eoforwic which became the capital of Deira and later of Northumbria. During the viking invasion, they called it Jorvik, as it was dominated by Norse warrior-kings making it a Scandinavian York. The trade relations of the city had extended to the Byzantine Empire and beyond; the Emperors Hadrian, Septimius Severus and Constantius I all held court in the city of York during their various campaigns, and the last one also died in the city and it began the era of his son Constantine the Great, known for adopting Christianity as state religion and also for the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed religious tolerance of all religions throughout the empire; something which was a new thing during that age; also for renaming Byzantium as Constantinople and shifting his capital there, which would later be the capital of the Byzantine Empire or the Eastern Roman Empire for over one thousand years. There is a statue of Constantine the Great beside the York Minster, not just because of his abilities as an emperor, but also because it was at York that he was proclaimed the next king, following the death of his father; he would later defeat the others who tried to established their claims on the throne and would become on of the most well-known emperors of the Roman world and by his death, he had established a great name for himself across the empires and was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles which was destroyed by the Ottoman Turks after the fall of Constantinople. Some Eastern Christian churches consider Constantine a saint and so many people wished to adopt his name, as it was of that much popularity and it was an honour to be called by the name of an emperor who was more fit than anybody else to be called ‘the Great’. Constantine was depicted as an ideal ruler, the official standard against which any emperor should be measured; and it was great to see his statue on the side of that wonderful church which was the most amazing structure I had seen until then; the first Minster church I visited and the first of those historic church buildings even as it was not among my top ten churches to visit, but that was to change and it was to rise to the top of that list which had more changes than there were names in that list. The cathedral was going to inspire me with those stained glass and the architecture containing all forms of Gothic style through the ages; the Great East Window being the largest example of medieval stained glass in the world. The JORVIK Viking Centre was the first place to visit and bring some Viking stuff resting in the mind to life, and the desire to go to the award winning National Railway Museum was there, which was to happen very late on the day giving me an idea about all those earlier railway engines which used to exist as well as those new models in which I could enter; as I knew it might not happen in real life; but first everything else was overtaken by the York Minster, especially when it kept dominating the skyline and asks for some attention. Also known as Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of St Peter, this cathedral is supposed to be the largest Gothic cathedral in Northern Europe and also the largest example of Gothic architecture which comes under the Church of England. It is the seat of the Archbishop of York, the second-highest office of the Church of England after the Archbishop of Canterbury, and serves as the cathedral for the Diocese of York. A church is supposed to have existed there right from the time of the Romans, but the first recorded church goes back to age of the Anglo-Saxons and Northumbrian kingdom. It was being destroyed by people and fire and rebuilt and repaired on many occasions until there was a new chapel built, this time in the Norman style. The construction of the cathedral in the current form would not be complete until the 15th century even as it started in the 13th century, at a time when the Gothic Architectural was more prominent than the others, giving the church building that look which would make even the Canterbury Cathedral look inferior even when it was higher in status and the number of daily visitors compared to York. The Protestant Reformation had affected the cathedral a lot, as it led to the looting of much of the cathedral’s treasures and the loss of a lotof the church lands due to the policies of Henry VIII. During the reign of Elizabeth I too, there was that effort to remove all traces of Roman Catholicism from the cathedral; there was much destruction of tombs, windows and altars, even as it wasn’t that wide spread as of the man who initiated the process of breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church. But the cathedral is stable now, and looking better than ever; even as there seemed to be a little work going on at one end of the huge building, but considering its size, it was so minute. It was the rain which helped us to reach the church so fast even as the scenes on the outside were so beautiful. There was that Roman Column which is supposed to have stood in a Great Hall of the Fortress of the Sixth Legion of the Roman Empire a.k.a Legio VI Ferrata whose symbol was the bull even as they also carried the symbolic she-wolf with Romulus and Remus. This column, which had collapsed long ago, was erected again at the site on the side of York Minster to mark the 1900th anniversary of the founding of the City of York by the Romans. It looked too old to make an exact comment about it, but a photo was taken; the rain had been preventing more photography by dropping water drops on the camera lens, but there was the need for more and the time was precious, and we went inside quickly. The beauty of York Minster was beyond comparison on the outside and it remained the same inside. The cathedral has a cruciform plan with an octagonal chapter house attached to the north transept, and the entrance and exit on the south trasept; a central tower and two towers rise from the west front and reaches for the skies; the east end was undergoing some renovations on a comparitively small scale; the shop was located right on the side of the entrace and exit, but as the church is such a huge structure, it has to be considered far enough to take a few steps. There is the option to walk to the undercroft, treasury and crypt where photography was banned; there was the history of the church described from all ages, but what is it without photography as there was so much more to feed the brain later and it was to be forgotten easily; a photo should have reminded of all those which were lost in some random corner of the brain, but it went on lost in the memories. The tower was closed right at the moment we wanted to go up, which was a sad thing; the great opportunity to view the historic city from the top was missed; all I would get later was to be the smaller towers of Our Lady Of Dolours Basilica of Trichur and The Basilica of Our Lady of Vallarpadam at Cochin and a view which was not new; but being at England, the best aerial view was to be what was seen from the mound of the Sandal Castle even as the height was not that much. Clifford’s Tower, the keep of York Castle is another runied reminder of what followed the Norman conquest of York, only to be destroyed by the rebels to be built again. It was acentre of the royal administration across England, as well as a very important military base, later becoming a prison and then demolished and still the Keep remains as a tourist attraction, even as it won’t satisfy William the Conquerer in any way. St. Wilfrid’s is a Roman Catholic church located near the York Minster; it could be considered to be of nearly moderate size, but in front of the huge Anglican cathedral, it remains as if it is a small chapel or just a part of the shadow of the Grand building. It is built in Gothic Revival style with its arch over the main door having one of the most detailed Victorian carvings ever, and its altar was incredibly beautiful as it was adorned with pictures and statues in such a way as to there was not much left to beautify any more. Upto an extent, it achieved in simplicity and difference, close to what York Minter had; even as the distance in the importance was still too much. The medieval structures never stopped appearing before the eyes, as I walked through those streets which were mostly stone-paved and on other occasions so narrow but still so beautiful that I had to wonder about the beauty of little things which exist as joy forever; thanks to history and thanks to those blessed writers. The joy of being at one of the best Gothic cathedrals in the world was combined with all these features of the historic city and I was a lucky man. I never knew about this place until I visited; ‘The Vicar of Wakefield’, the novel by Irish author Oliver Goldsmith was something which I came to know about, only later; for until then, I knew only one vicar, the priest who gave me handshake after a Sunday Mass; and that would contribute to my ignorance level which had to be obliterated slowly and steadily. This city located by the River Calder, was witness to a lot of wandering from me and should be glad not to see more from me, or might be missing my presence at least upto some extent. The city was even in the Domesday Book and its historic importance is not to be forgotten with that ease. Wakefield was indeed a wonderful place to start being a tourist, along with Leeds which were both in close proximity to each other; beginning from a city which was not even in the list of places to visit or could be visited, became the city most visited in that journey which was more memorable than the greatest trip that ever happened before that. There was life right from the name of the city; enough to awaken me to that field of battle which is life; there was no doubt about the city’s ability to inspire and motivate at a high level. Right from the Sunday Mass at St. Austin’s Church, it was journey to remember, in all ways possible; for the beauty of that church would surely be exceeded by bigger churches of splendour, but that was a humble and simple beginning with certain amount of beauty. From staring at the Chantry Chapel of St Mary the Virgin, located on a medieval bridge over the River Calder in such a way that it was impossible to determine what it was. Being the oldest of the surviving bridge chapels in England, its importance had no limits though. The chapel which was used for worship until the Reformation when all of Wakefield’s chantry chapels were closed. The bridge chapel is supposed to have survived just because it is a structural element of the bridge. Even when we look at it, they are not to be treated as separate identities; even as there is a contradiction there concerning the bridge and the chapel. Wakefield Cathedral is the other important place of worship, and with the tallest spire in Yorkshire, dominates the skyline of the city as it is the tallest building in the City of Wakefield. The cathedral has Anglo Saxon origins even as it has undergone many changes from the first building on the spot. It is a Gothic structure with small, but beautiful interiors; still quite big considering the size of the churches back at home. Being at Wakefield Cathedral was quite a feeing and so was staring at the bridge chapel; the need to go more into history then started trying to fly; that desire had got back its wings and it led to one place, Sandal Castle which was a ruined medieval castle overlooking the River Calder. This was where the Battle of Wakefield took place in 1460, one of the major battles of the Wars of the Roses; those series of dynastic civil wars fought for the throne of England between supporters of two powerful rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster with the red rose as badge and the House of York with white rose as badge. The opposing forces were a Lancastrian army and the army of Richard, Duke of York in which the latter was killed and his army was destroyed. There was the feeling of standing on a battlefield where so many were killed and their blood made the land fertile as if it wanted that blood like a vampire hidden in green clothing. This was the first time which I could feel history coming alive right in the same sequence by which I read it; the small world of the ruins of Sandal Castle was more than enough for that feeling, even as the castle before destruction would have provided more of that, but unfortunately, I was born in the wrong century; too late to witness history and also too late to see the greatest events. During the English Civil War, when Sandal Castle belonged to the Royalists, there were many sieges of the castle and combined with neglect, it was left in ruins. This stone castle which was built over seven hundred years ago, some of it already being part of what was there two hundred years before that. The first castle was built by William de Warenne, the son of one of the noblemen who came to England from Normandy with William the Conquerer in 1066 during the Norman invasion of Britain. He owned the Manor of Wakefield and was in need of a place to defend himself when he came to the city. His faily owned castle almost continuously for another two hundred and fourty years before coming into royal ownership and being demolished. There is the clear description of all this history at the spot of ruins of Sandal Castle. There is a breathtaking view from the top of the mound on which the castle once stood; it is the natural beauty of Wakefield; something which would help someone to be ready before a visit to the Lake District; as this is some beauty which is so magnificient that everything else in the world is forgotten for a minute; even the Sandal Castle and the whole history behind it. The ruins of a great castle, a battlefield, a river and greenery along with the cool breeze; what could be better than all these at the same time? There are not many things which can substitute to such a situation, but Nostell Priory did come close, even as that was the best it could do. Nostell Priory is a Palladian house; belonging to an architecture inspired from the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio’s works, and is so close to the nature that it made me wonder how it is possible. If this was somewhere back at home, there would be flats made on all these beautiful sides of nature and it would be exploited to the core; but there I saw all of nature, so perfect and as wild as it could get, with even cows roaming around with no fear; they were so fat and they had more order than some people; they were as if following a time table as they walked around. The Priory was a twelfth century Augustinian foundation, dedicated to St Oswald which was abandoned by the monks due to the Reformation and the resulting Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII. But a holy presence might have still remained there, as there was so much peace even among the creatures; there was something special about the water bodies and the trees too, as the divinity still seemed to exist in the place. Except for the historic significance, the Sandal Castle and the Nostell Priory are not to be seen as separate things as they both were that close to the nature that there were doubts about what they really were; other than being inspiration to the poets of nature. The Sandal Castle was too ruined to be called something of an architecture while Nostell Priory had a more significant nature side than the limited architecture which required to pay for the visit, except for the Obelisk which required such a long walk which made me think of walking all the way back home. The different crop fields on the road side and a golf course would contribute to the beauty of nature at a lower level; as the best of them had already become a treat for the eyes and also the soul where it would be stored for the rest of the life; may be to be used in future, somewhat in a situation which is more poetic than what I am doing right now. For the people who don’t know much about this city, it is Wakefield and it is an extraordinary place to visit; for it has everything as long as one doesn’t become too greedy and ask for something which is not fit to be in the city. I would support Wakefield football club about which I know nothing about, just for the love of this city. The largest city in Scotland and third most populous one in the United Kingdom, is what I visited as the first big place in Scotland. The city is situated on the River Clyde and could be visited along with Edinburgh as both cities are not too far away from each other as long as there is transportation. The origins of Glasgow as a city can be traced back to the tenth and the eleventh centuries even as an earlier religious site was known to be established by Saint Mungo near by. The founding of University of Glasgow as the fourth oldest university in the English-speaking world; one of Scotland’s four ancient universities which was a major centre of the Scottish Enlightenment, as well as the effects of Industrial Revolution, made Glasgow a superior city. The city produced textiles, chemicals, engineered goods and steel along with being a superior force in the shipbuilding industry. The city has a mention in ‘A tour thro’ the whole island of Great Britain’, the travel accounts of Daniel Defoe, the author of one of the greatest colonial novels of all time, Robinson Crusoe. He was all praise for the city as he termed it as the cleanest and beautifullest and best built city in Britain with the exception of the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, London and it was difficult to prove him wrong, even before the Industrial Revolution. The city is considered one of the safest in the world and as its coat of arms has a number of symbols and emblems associated with the life of Glasgow’s patron saint, St. Mungo, also known as Saint Kentigern and his blessings which is supposed to keep the city safe, as most of his miracles are supposed to have occured in the same city itself. The cathedral dedicated to him, in the city is a beauty; looking at it from the top of Glasgow Necropolis hill. What attracts the most in Glasgow is this Victorian cemetery in Glasgow, the Glasgow Necropolis close to St. Mungo’s Cathedral and located at an elevated place resembling a hill. It is a huge graveyard with lots of stylish monuments which dates back over centuries; only a small percentage are named on monuments though, and not every grave has a stone which leaves most of the dead and buried people unknown. With the number of people visiting the church decreasing, and the area for burial also getting filled, there was always going to be the need for something like this, and I wouldn’t be surprised if this kind of problem arises for the churches outside Europe too; there is the need for big burial places like this everywhere, as the people will keep dying and none of them comes back not even in the form of zombies. The Resident Evil fans might disagree, and I would agree if this was that much of a horror movie. Even ’28 Days Later would have done the job, but as we wait for such an apocalypse, there is need for graves; something like this grave yard, a city of the necrons like that in Warhammer 4000: Dawn of War – The Dark Crusade, the wonderful strategy game based on Games Workshop’s popular tabletop wargame of the same name. There are so many football clubs in Glasgow even as I thought all the action was restricted t England mostly with Manchester United, Chelsea, Liverpool, Arsenal, Manchester City, Everton and Newcastle United; a few teams which seemed to be representing football in the island. Even Leeds United had further representation in my mind until I reached Glasgow. I would keep Partick Thistle Football Club and Queen’s Park Football Club reserved for later visits as it is all about the Celtic Football Club and the Rangers Football Club for now as they kept the Scottish Premier League trophy away from all the other teams; the ones who denied the other teams any opportunity to get anything from their league. Rangers have already won 54 League Championships, which translates as more national championships than any other football club in the world. They have won the Scottish League Cup itself 27 times that more than any other football club of Scotland and the Scottish Cup 33 times. In 1961, this team reached the final of the European Cup Winners’ Cup, becoming the first British club to reach the final of a UEFA club competition. They have also won the Scottish Football League the most number of times, one more than their rivals Celtic after trailing to them, with consecutive championships in the last few years and looking good to win the current one too. The fierce rivalry between the two teams from Glasgow would continue, and it might make sure for a long time, that the trophy will always come back to the same city. The two clubs, when considered together, are the most successful in Scotland, having won between them 96 Scottish League championships, 67 Scottish Cups and 41 Scottish League Cups with the power to continue winning more, with one of these teams coming second too. Since the 1995–96 season, this power of the two teams has been proven and these clubs have finished in the top two places in every season, apart from that of 2005–06, when Heart of Midlothian Football Club finished second ahead of Rangers; Celtic has never gone below the second place position though. Rangers and Celtic had played each other 396 times: Rangers winning 158 matches, Celtic 143 matches and 95 of those hard fought matches ended in draws, not disappointing the fans of both sides to a hight extent. The clubs surely have huge fan bases around Glasgow as many people do take sides, but they also have supporters in most towns throughout Scotland and in many cities around the world, and I would add Cochin to one of them, as I have become a fan too, more of Celtic than of Rangers as I am always the fan of the team which stays behind and is looking to rise to the top; a reason to support Manchester United this year, even as I won’t watch the English Premier League. Coming back to the Celtic Football Club, as it is not to be given any lesser importance; may be I would consider it with more passion. Contributing to the Scottish economy along with its rivals and providing some of the best football matches, they would force me to watch the Scottish Premier League forever, provided the cable television operators will come up with a channel showing these; until then it is all English Premier League on television along with a little action from Spain and Italy. But Celtic will still remain in my favourites list, for there is youtube and there is that wonderful word ‘Celtic’ which keeps running through my ears all the time with my journey through the History of English Language and Literature. Tracing back to those diverse groups of tribal societies in Iron Age and the Roman-era Europe who spoke Celtic languages and were driven to the north of the island by the Romans themselves and later the Angles, Saxons and Jutes; not really in the path of that history would this football club develop, but it still gives that feeling of history to me. The earliest archaeological culture of the area might be Proto-Celtic and now this Celtic Football Club holds that name. For me, this serves as a reminder to everything I read and studied about this Celtic culture and language. This cohesive cultural entity influenced me the most with Celtic Cross even as the Celtic languages form such an important branch of the larger Indo-European family and split into several different language groups, and spread over much of Western continental Europe, the Iberian Peninsula, Irish islands and Britain. The origin for the Celts as a distinct cultural branch of the Indo-European family would be as much important to me as the Celtic Christianity and its wonderful forms of cross not only with that cricle around the middle of those four arms of the cross, but also with all those carvings which we see on them. There have been so many similar crosses all around the crosses including those areas outside Ireland and Scotland as well as continental Europe which might have been influenced by the same; those types can be seen even in Kerala in the south of India, but I wouldn’t attribute them to the Celtic origin. This contribution, I consider more impressive than the small contributions to the English language, as the influence of the conquerer’s languages were to be less important, and the Celtic crosses at Necropolis were that good. Coming back to the Celtic Football Club, it has my favourite logo and a wonderful structure which looks historic from the front; the attempt to get into it was spoiled as it was not open at that time. Drinking hot chocolate, tea as well as eating French Fries from what looked more like a ‘thattukada’ on the front of the stadium was good. To add to them, there was St Andrew’s in the Square, and there were museums.

2019-04-25T06:26:46Z

https://theviator.wordpress.com/2011/12/

Methods have been developed over the last several months which appear to confirm the existence of extraordinary levels of barium within our atmosphere. Barium is a highly toxic substance, and the concentration levels that are a hazard are on par with arsenic (1). The methods developed are simple to duplicate, and they can be performed by anyone with sufficient desire. Any results or conclusions herein will be modified as appropriate and as may be reached through additional research. I am not a chemist by profession, however, all actions recorded have been executed in good faith and to the best of my ability. The participation of independent professionals and researchers is again called for to substantiate or refute the current endeavors, as the consequences of these findings, if confirmed, pose significant health risks to the public at large. The presence of barium as well as other metallic particulates has now repeatedly been demonstrated through a variety of testing methods in direct association with the aircraft aerosol operations that have been conducted over the nation and globe for more than 3 years. Significant benefits of the current method, if confirmed, include simplicity, cost, accessibility and the creation of a chemical sample for positive identification. This method, therefore, has the potential of providing a simple and verifiable method to provide further evidence of criminal operations that continue to be conducted without informed consent. Earlier research has been presented which introduces an inexpensive method of filtration of the atmosphere (2). This method, which involves little more than a box fan and a high quality furnace air filter, has been found to significantly improve the quality of air within an indoor environment as well as to provide commensurate benefits in respiratory health. This filtration system is by no means intended as a substitute for a HEPA filter, but cost and accessibility have been offered as motivating factors. Collection of air samples by this filter method have been conducted for several months, and it is appropriate to present the results at this time since the results appear to be repeatable without difficulty. Approximately 6 weeks are required for each filter sample, and three such tests have now been made. The first sample involved indoor air filtration, and results on that test have been delayed until similar tests could be made with an outdoor filter. The process has now also been completed, and the results are of significant enough concern to warrant their presentation. 1. Construct the air filtration system as described earlier (2). 2. Operate the fan/filter on a low setting for approximately 6 weeks indoors; approximately 4 weeks outdoors. Higher speed settings are likely to force separation of the filter material from the box fan as the material density increases over time. Light through the filter becomes visibly blocked when the material is dense enough for chemical sampling or for filter replacement. Indoor sampling appears to yield higher material volume than outdoor sampling under the tests that have been conducted thus far. size is approx. 5 microns. Please also refer to Inexpensive Air Filtration. 3. A wide mouth clean glass container is filled with approximately 150ml (~½ cup) of distilled water. 4. The filter material is cut into approximately 5cm (~2 inch) squares with scissors. 5. Each square of filter material is placed lightly into the distilled water, and allowed to slowly absorb the water. The higher quality furnace filter material (Manufacturer:Purity) acts very similar to a sponge in its behavior, and eventually will absorb numerous times its own weight in water. After the filter square has absorbed sufficient water, it is squeezed back into the original distilled water sample. Filter square (approx. 2″ sq.) placed lightly into distilled water. Glass container on left refers to indoor air filter solution under analysis. Glass container on right refers to outdoor air filter solution under analysis. of particulate matter. Backing material of filter visible from top view. Filter backing material not permitted to absorb water. 6. The above process is repeated for all squares until the water is sufficiently cloudy to support further testing. In the tests that have been conducted thus far, approximately 14 sq. in. has been used for each distilled water sample, i.e., approximately 7 squares. 7. Essentially what is being accomplished in steps 3 through 6 is that a solution of the particulates being found in our current atmosphere is being created. Some of these particulates (or aerosols) are expected to be soluble and others insoluble. It has been noticed that the outdoor sample solution readily makes visible sand and dirt (large particulates) at the bottom of the solution. The indoor sample solution usually has more fibrous material present, due to the presence of a clothes dryer and carpet. These inert materials are not relevant to the current examination and are to be dismissed from further consideration; the emphasis herein is upon the soluble particulates (aerosols) as will be seen shortly. 8. The solution is then subjected to electrolysis. A six-volt lantern battery with copper electrodes has primarily been used for the tests. Other electrodes, including aluminum and silver, have also been used for comparison purposes. Although there does appear to be some interaction of the electrodes (as expected) with the solution, it appears to be tangential to the primary results which are being obtained. Copper electrodes are relatively inert in the reaction, and they are readily available to the public for additional testing. If an ammeter is connected into the circuit, the readings appear to range between approximately 6-12 milliamps. The expected chemistry of the electrolytic reaction will also be discussed in greater detail at a later point. The electrolysis involves nothing more than hooking up a couple of copper electrodes to the lantern battery, placing them into solution on opposite ends of the container (diam. used approximately 2.5in.) and allowing adequate time for the reaction to occur. Indoor (left) and outdoor (right) solutions at the beginning of the electrolytic process. Extremely large particulate matter is visible in both solutions. The outdoor solution contains considerable dust and sand; the indoor solution contains more fibrous material from domestic sources. The visible large particulates and solid materials are not the primary target of this research; the emphasis within is upon extremely fine non-visible particulates and ions that are in solution. Tape is used to hold the electrodes in position. 9. It will appear at first glance that little to no chemical reaction is occurring. Closer examination with adequate lighting and a magnifying glass will reveal that an electrolytic reaction is occurring. Small amounts of gas will be released from the negative electrode. Distilled water by itself is expected to provide little to no reaction electrolytically due to the absence of salts or other solutes. The fact that the reaction is occurring does by itself indicate the presence of solutes from the filter material which in turn originates from atmospheric particulates or aerosols. Approximately 2 hours into the electrolysis reaction. to be slightly visible at this time, especially on the indoor filter solution. 10. With adequate lighting and magnification a white precipitate may be seen forming shortly after the electrolysis is commenced. It is common for the solution to turn visibly whitish after a few hours of electrolysis. Over the next 24 hours or so the precipitate will continue to accumulate, and with copper electrodes will take on a bluish color. The precipitate is of a whitish color in origin, clearly insoluble in water, and takes a tint from the electrodes used over extended time. It is common for a layer of precipitate approximately 1/32 in. thick to form at the bottom of the container when the reaction is complete. Approximately 6 hours into the electrolysis reaction. The outdoor filter solution is now also beginning to show the whitish cast from the precipitate being formed. The indoor filter solution subsequently begins to take on a blue hue, presumably from the influence of the copper electrodes. 11. Approximately 24-48 hours is required for the reaction to complete. What has been found repeatedly with all tests being conducted is the presence of an insoluble precipitate forming as a result of the electrolysis. The focus of this discussion is the precipitate and its subsequent identification to the best of my ability at this time. Approximately 36 hours into the electrolysis process. At this point, substantial insoluble precipitate has formed and collected at the bottom of the glass container. The sand collected from the outdoor filter remains separate and visible at the bottom of the container on the right. The appearance, form and nature of the precipitate at the microscopic level remain constant regardless of the type of electrode used. Aluminum electrodes give an orange or tan cast to the precipitate, but the solubility tests remain constant regardless of the electrodes used. Appearance of the precipitate under the microscope as a fine powder form remains constant as well. 12. The best analysis and identification of the precipitate being formed that I am able to make thus far is that the precipitate appears to be barium sulfate. The amount of precipitate that is being formed would indicate that large numbers of barium ions are in solution as a result of the method that has been developed. If confirmed, this finding represents a potentially significant health risk to the public. Approximately 48 hours into the electrolysis process. Photograph to show the use of the 6 volt battery. At this point a definite layer of approximately 1/32 inch of insoluble precipitate exists. The distilled water will again become quite clear when the reaction is complete. The precipitate formed is highly insoluble in water. The precipitate can then be subjected to further examination under the microscope as well as the solubility tests. This paper will now continue to elaborate on the processes, deductions, analyses and conclusions that have been made above. The next question that arises is, given the above set of particulates or aerosols in combination with the set of metallic elements that have previously been identified with rainwater samples via EPA protocols, what would cause the particulate matter collected in the air filter to form a white precipitate under electrolysis? The requirement for the above is that the particulate matter in solution needs to serve as an electrolyte. This means that there must be ions in solution, and from the amount of precipitate that is forming, one would expect an abundance of ions in solution. In accordance with the above chart, please refer to a statement by Peter Hobbs, Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry (6), on page 94 regarding the percentage of the aerosols in the atmosphere that are from airborne sulfate produced by SO2 emission oxidations. Sulphates are produced commonly from incomplete combustion processes, and are one of the most abundant sources of pollution in the atmosphere. In addition, since copper electrodes are being used in the reaction, it would be wise to include this element as a candidate of consideration. It is of interest to note that of all the elements or compounds listed, only the sulphates commonly exist as a negative ion. The next question to impose upon the above compounds is whether or not they are water soluble or not. An important characteristic of the precipitate being formed under electrolysis is that it is highly insoluble in water. Let us next examine the case of CaSO4, calcium sulphate. Calcium sulphate is stated within the Handbook to be slightly soluble in water (.2gms/100gms H2O). In addition, calcium as a solid reacts quite quickly with cold water to give a milky suspension of calcium hydroxide, some of which dissolves. No such milky spontaneous reaction has been observed with the precipitate that has been formed as a result of electrolysis. In addition, calcium sulphate is commonly available as Plaster of Paris. Solubility tests with water have also been conducted with calcium sulphate (Plaster of Paris) for comparison purposes. The solubility of this test was in complete agreement with what has just been stated above. Solubility is slight, visible and of a milky appearance. This eliminates CaSO4 (calcium sulphate) as a further candidate due to its failure with these initial solubility tests using water alone. Let us next examine the case of Ti2(SO4)3 (titanium(+3)sulphate). Within the Handbook, Ti2(SO4)3 (titanium(+3)sulphate) is listed as being soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl). The precipitate under examination formed by electrolysis fails this test. The precipitate under examination is insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl), by direct testing. 1. The precipitate must be insoluble in water (H2O). As a matter of fact, it must be highly insoluble in water as barium sulphate is commonly used in gastro-intestinal x-ray examinations. Soluble forms of barium are highly toxic. It is only the high level of insolubility of barium sulphate that permits it to be ingested without harm for medical use. The dried precipitate in its original form on a microscope slide. The dried precipitate subjected to distilled water. The outline of the drop of water is visible surrounding the precipitate. The precipitate is clearly insoluble in water. The light spot at the top of the microphotograph is a reflection of light. 2. The precipitate formed must be insoluble in ethanol. The dried precipitate subjected to ethanol. No evidence of solubility of any kind. Ethanol evaporates rapidly, and as a consequence the outline of the drop of ethanol can no longer be seen. 3. The precipitate formed must be insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. The dried precipitate subjected to dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl). The outline of the drop of hydrochloric acid is visible surrounding the precipitate. Insoluble. Light reflection at top of microphotograph. 4. The precipitate formed must be mildly soluble in dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The dried precipitate subjected to dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The outline of the drop of sulfuric acid is visible surrounding the precipitate. Within minutes, evidence of solubility appears as precipitate begins to become more diffuse. Elapsed time approx. 1/2 hour. Solubility process continues. Elapsed time approx. 1 hour. Solubility process essentially complete. The precipitate that has been formed passes all of the above tests by direct testing and by observation under the microscope. The identification of the precipitate as being that of barium sulphate remains valid with the information available within this discussion. As one final point of analysis, it is worthwhile to reintroduce the subject of electrolysis into the analysis. A valid question is to ask, why is electrolysis important for this particular reaction to take place? Under what conditions is electrolysis required to produce a chemical reaction? Some chemical reactions occur spontaneously, others do not. Whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously or not is another important characteristic to consider in the identification of any compounds that are formed. If a reaction does not occur spontaneously, it is sometime possible to provide additional energy in the form of electrolysis to allow the reaction to occur. This is what makes electrolysis such an important commercial process, as it produces many reactions which would otherwise not occur. In the case of the precipitate being formed, it is also a worthwhile question to ask whether or not the reaction of Ba(+2) and SO4(-2) ions to form barium sulphate (BaSO4) is spontaneous or not. If it were a spontaneous reaction, we would have to carefully reconsider any assessments that have been made thus far. If it were a spontaneous reaction, one would logically expect the precipitate to be forming spontaneously within rainwater samples, and this is clearly not the case. It can be stated that “sulfur is one of the least active non metals at ordinary temperatures”(5). It is therefore to be expected that the reaction is not spontaneous, as has been observed, and that it does require the supplying of additional energy (electrolysis). In addition, an examination of the oxidation-reduction potentials of this reaction also indicate non-spontaneity in the reaction. Ba(+2) + SO4(-2) -> BaSO4(s) where (s) refers to a solid form. The assessment provided within this paper therefore remains current and valid, and the best identification that I am able to make of the precipitate being formed exists as barium sulphate. These findings, if confirmed, should present the gravest of concerns to all citizens of this nation and globe. (1) Handbook of Mathematical, Scientific and Engineering Formulas, Tables, Functions, Graphs, Transforms. Limits for Human Exposure to Air Contaminants, 1997, by Staff of Research and Education Association.

2019-04-21T06:36:02Z

https://carnicominstitute.org/wp/electrolysis-barium/

We do not know everything, and it is dangerous to pretend that we do. God has not revealed all things to us, and it is blasphemous for us to speak as if God did. One of the things that we as Christians know very little about is why bad things happen in our world. We cannot answer the question, “Why do bad things happen to good people?” We cannot even answer the question, “Why do bad things happen to bad people?” When it comes to the origin and source of evil, God has told us very little. We remain largely in the dark. The truth is, we do not know why bad things happen. Saying, “God is responsible,” is an attempt at an explanation, but it is an unfortunate one. It makes God to be a cruel and heartless god who would wish the death of the innocent. Yet, the desire to find an explanation for evil is very strong. Therefore, when evil happens you will always find people seeking to explain why a bad thing is somehow a good thing or why the people who suffer somehow deserve it. This is what happens in today’s Gospel. Some of the people in the crowd tell Jesus that Pilate murdered some Galileans and their implication is that the Galileans were killed because they were sinners. Jesus rejects this explanation out of hand. He says, “Do you think those Galileans were greater sinners than all the other Galileans?” Jesus adds another example of evil, an accidental one. He talks about a tower that fell on eighteen people and killed them. Then he asks, “Do you think that those people who died in that way were greater sinners than all the other people in Jerusalem?” Jesus’ answer is clearly “No.” Trying to explain the origins of evil is senseless. We simply do not know. Now this leads to another very important but subtle distinction. So listen carefully. We do believe that good can come out of evil. We do not believe that God sends evil to us. Let me say that in another way. Even in our darkest moments, Christians believe that God will find a way to bring something good out of the evil that we suffer. That, however, is different from saying that God sends evil to us so that goodness can emerge. This puts us as Christians in an unbalanced situation. We know that when good things happen to us, they come from God. When we meet our future spouse, when we deliver a healthy baby, when we are fighting cancer and the cancer is defeated, we quickly and correctly say, “This is a blessing that comes from a God who loves us.” The scriptures tell us that all good things come from our Father in heaven. But when bad things happen to us, we do not have a similar explanation. It is wrong to say that my marriage failed because God wanted it, that my child was born with a birth defect because that was God’s will, that the treatment for my cancer did not work because it was a part of God’s plan. If we undergo a divorce and grow personally from the experience, it is appropriate to thank God for the growth. It is not appropriate to say that God ended my marriage so that I could grow. When a loved one dies of cancer, it is sometimes the case that the family pulls together and is able to express their love for each other in ways that was never possible before. It is right for that family to thank God for the honesty and intimacy which the death occasioned. It is not right to believe that God wanted our mother’s death so that we might pull together as a family. In every situation, when it comes to the reason for evil in our lives, the simple answer is we do not know. We must insist God is not the source of evil. This truth applies even to the Paschal Mystery, the life, the death the resurrection of Jesus. One of the great services that Mel Gibson has done in making his movie, The Passion of the Christ, is that he has generated a conversation among ordinary Christians as to what is the saving power of Jesus’ death. We do believe that all of Jesus’ life; his life, his death, his resurrection, was the means of our salvation. So it is true to say that we are saved through Jesus’ suffering and death. But even as we say that, we must remember that Jesus’ suffering and death was something evil. It was wrong. It was unjust. It was cruel. Even though we call the day on which Jesus died Good Friday, we must not forget that it was primarily Bad Friday. For on that day an innocent man was cruelly, brutally and unjustly crucified. In that sense we must assert that God was not responsible for Jesus’ death. It was not God’s desire that Jesus die. Yet out of that evil death, we do believe that God drew our salvation. So why is it so important that we consistently protect God from being the cause of evil? Two reasons. The first is that if we believe that evil is the result of God’s will, we can grow to become complacent about it. If we believe that evil is a part of God’s plan, we may grow lax in opposing it. Yet we as Christians must oppose evil at every turn. We must use our energies to attack sickness, to oppose injustice, to reject violence. We must oppose the death of the innocent with the same strenuous commitment that we would have opposed Jesus’ own death. The second reason that we must insist that God is not the cause of evil is that such a belief distorts our picture of God and of ourselves. If God is somehow responsible for evil, then God becomes a cruel and heartless god, which is untrue. If God sends us evil, then we must be guilty or bad people which is not necessarily the case. We do not know everything. When good things happen to us we rightly claim that they are blessings from a God who loves us. When evil things happen to us, we must admit in all humility we do not understand why. Therefore, when evil touches our lives, we should not try to explain it or pretend that we understand it. What we must do instead is entrust ourselves to God and to others for support, believing that the same God who brought our salvation out of the evil of Jesus’ death, will not allow our own sufferings to be wasted. Even as we believe that God does not send bad things to us, we continue to trust that God will walk with us and somehow bring blessings from the evil we endure. I’d like to tell you a story today about four people: Everybody, Somebody, Anybody, and Nobody. In the story there was a very important job which had to be done. Everybody was asked to do it. But Everybody was sure that Somebody would do it. Everybody knew that it was a job that Anybody could do. But in the end Nobody did it. Now this caused Somebody to become quite angry, because after all it was Everybody’s job. But Everybody kept insisting, “Anybody can do it.” And Nobody seemed to realize that Everybody would never do it. Only Somebody would. Today’s gospel calls us to be that Somebody who acts. It calls us to do this because there is an extremely important job that needs to be done: the building of God’s Kingdom. All of us through our baptism have been called to cooperate with God in recreating the world. Now clearly, Everybody has been called, but Everybody is not going to do it. That is why Somebody has to act. Perhaps because we know that it is Everybody’s job or perhaps because we know Anybody can do it, that so little action happens. Today’s gospel is all about that lack of action. We are compared to barren fig trees, trees that produce no fruit. God is that patient gardener who keeps fertilizing, and cultivating, and hoping that Someone would act to build God’s Kingdom. Now the actions that build God’s Kingdom are actions that Anybody can do, but Somebody needs to do them. This is the third Sunday of Lent. We are about halfway through the Lenten season. How many of us can identify in our lives, over the last three weeks, some actions that have helped to build God’s Kingdom? Are they there or do we find that it’s pretty much business as usual (with maybe a little less chocolate and alcohol)? The challenge then that I give to each of you here today is this: identify one action, one action which you can do that will build God’s Kingdom. Choose one action which will move the world a bit closer to unity, to peace, to justice. It might be picking up the phone to call a relative from whom you are estranged and simply letting that person know that the door is still open to reconciliation. It might be taking a few moments to educate yourself on current political or social issues that have a bearing upon the welfare our country or of the world. It might be giving a bit of your time or energy to some group that is working against poverty or violence. It might be speaking up to someone in authority who is abusing their power and insisting you will not cooperate. It might be reaching out to someone in your neighborhood who is in need—a person who you have thought for some time could use some help, but so far you have never acted to help. Now is the time for action. Now is the time to do at least one thing to produce fruit, so that there might be at least one fig on the branch of the tree which was previously barren. Any action we do builds God’s Kingdom. I know that it’s Everybody’s job, and I know that Anybody can do it. But Somebody has to do it. That Somebody is you. Last Monday evening we celebrated the sacrament of Penance for the first time with the children of our parish who are preparing for Confirmation and First Communion. The children were ready. They were a little nervous but they came forward and confessed their sins as they saw them. It was an effective celebration, especially since many of the parents of the children also chose to receive the sacrament of penance. Many of them had not done so in a while. What struck me hearing the parents’ confession was that almost all the parents confessed the same sin. Now I am not going to tell you what any individual confessed. But I can tell you that the vast majority of parents confessed the sin of impatience. They confessed that they were impatient with their children, with their spouse, with their parents and that impatience often led to anger which led to words that should not have been said. Those words led to regret. They confessed their genuine sorrow over being the people they did not want to be. So all this week I have been thinking about patience. And today’s Gospel provides a wonderful connection to that virtue. Because in the Gospel we see that God is patient. In the parable the gardener represents God. Even though the fig tree is not producing fruit, the gardener does not give up. The gardener patiently provides another chance, digging around the root, fertilizing the plant, hoping that next year it will become productive. God is always patient with us. It is perhaps for that reason that it is so disturbing to us when we are impatient. So what can we say, what can we do to become more patient people? I’m going to offer you one comment and one practical suggestion. The comment is this: I believe that impatience is connected to love. We are often most impatient with the people we love, with the people who are closest to us. I think we are impatient because we love them. When strangers annoy us, we walk away. We do not stay. We write them off and move on. But when people who are close to us annoy us, we become impatient. We become impatient because we want them to be different. We want to love them more easily. We want them to make better decisions. When they do not make those decisions or act in those ways, we become impatient. But do not kid yourself. We become impatient not because we are mean or because we do not care. We become impatient precisely because we do care, because we do in fact love the people around us. So impatience is connected to love. How then can we be more patient? Here’s my practical suggestion. Take a step back. When you see that you are becoming impatient, stop yourself and take a look around. Often times we are so impatient because we want one thing, we want a specific thing to happen. “How often have I told you to pick up your socks?” “Why can’t you take out the garbage without me telling you?” “Why is it when we argue, you can never admit that you are wrong and say that you are sorry?” We want something very specific and when the people in our lives do not correspond to our wishes, we become impatient. If we could take a step back we might be able to place the things that we think are so important into the bigger picture. And when we place them into a larger context, they might not seem so important. Will we be thinking about our son’s socks on his wedding day? Will we still be fuming about our wife’s refusal to admit she’s that sorry as we wait for the outcome of her heart operation? You see, if you we can place these specific things that we want into the bigger picture, what we find in the bigger picture is love. Love reminds us what people are really worth to us. In that larger picture it is easier to be patient. And nothing helps us to step back more effectively than laughter. See if you can find something humorous in a situation where you are on the verge of being impatient. Is there anything comical about the fact that I am about to become a mad woman because someone left up the toilet seat? Is there anything laughable about the situation that I am about to double my blood pressure because my daughter has again not done her homework? If we can see how ridiculous we can be, if we can recognize the excessive seriousness that we give to small matters, then we can take a step back, we can see the love, we can see what is important. Then it is easier to be patient. So that’s my comment and my practical suggestion. Have I now provided you with foolproof way to avoid impatience forever? Hardly. But here is the good news. God is always patient. Even when we are not, even when we get stuck on specific details and lose it, God is still patient with us. If we can remember that, if we can remember how patient God is with us, then maybe we can find the way to be patient with ourselves. The fig tree in today’s gospel is given one year before it will be cut down. How much time do we have? Now I am not insinuating that we will die within the next year, although that is always a possibility. I ask this question to emphasize that none of us has enough time. Our time is limited by the responsibilities we bear, by the resources that are available to us, by the finite nature of life itself. So we can be relatively sure that whenever the end of our life comes, we will say to ourselves, “I did not have enough time to do everything that I wanted to do.” Therefore, when I ask the question, “How much time do we have?” I’m not asking, how much time do we have to do everything. I’m asking how much time do we have to do what is really important. The challenge is to do the things that really matter. This is complicated by the fact that there are many, many good things that we could do. The fig tree is the perfect example of this. The fig tree was not dormant or dead. It was alive and growing. It was taking in water from the soil and sunshine from the sky. It was putting down roots. It was producing leaves. But it was not doing the thing that was most important to the orchard owner. It was not producing figs. Now most of us know rather well the difference between important things and things that are not important. We know that having healthy relationships with our family and friends are more important that our personal success or comfort. We know that helping someone in need, making someone’s life better, is more important than watching television or surfing the internet. Yet, although we know these things, we often end up filling our days with things that are less important. How do we explain this? Let me offer two reasons: routine and fear. We can also be frustrated by fear. We know that there are things that need to be done: an attempt to reconcile ourselves with our family or a friend, the necessity of taking on an important project, the responsibility to say to someone that you love them. But we are afraid. Afraid that our attempts at healing will not work, that the project will not succeed, that the love we offer will not be accepted. Because we are afraid, we hold back, we postpone, and we fill our lives with lesser things. The good news is that our faith can help us with both routine and fear. When we believe in God’s presence we can turn to God in prayer. We can take time and ask God to show us what is really important and then use the authority of God’s response to break the pattern of routine that distracts us. When we remember God’s love, we can overcome fear because we can know that whatever we need to face, whatever challenge lies ahead of us, we will not face that challenge alone. There is never enough time to do everything. That is why we must use the time that we have to do what is most important. So ask God today to show you what really matters and then use God’s response to break the pattern of routine that can stifle you. Turn to God today and ask for God’s help. Use your faith in God’s presence to grow in courage and to dispel the fear that can paralyze you. In other words, do not end up a barren fig tree. Take steps today to produce fruit! Insanity has been defined as taking an approach to something that has never worked in the past and trying it again. Insanity is doing again what has never been successful. The master in today’s parable is trying to avoid this pitfall. For three years he has been looking for figs on his fig tree, and he has not found any. Trying for a fourth year would be crazy. The time is up. He wants to cut the fig tree down. His gardener, however, has a different perspective. He believes that the fig tree should stand for another year. He will fertilize it and cultivate its roots (things that I am sure that have been tried before) in the hope that it will produce figs in the future. It is clear that the master and the gardener disagree over the fig tree. The master speaks from the perspective of common sense. The gardener speaks from the perspective of hope. Who is right, the master or the gardener? It is important to note that the parable does not tell us. It does not relate what happened. Did the gardener win the disagreement, and fertilize the fig tree for another year? And, if so, did it produce figs? Or, was the master unconvinced by the gardener’s argument and had the tree cut down? We are not told. We are only given the conversation between the two characters. And this might well be because it is the conversation that is the very point. Decisions are not easy. When the decision has to be made about an unproductive fig tree, it is important to listen to a differing opinion before the decision is made. And, if decisions about fig trees are difficult, it is even more of a challenge to make decisions about our lives. We all have in our lives relationships and situations that are unproductive. Perhaps there is someone in our family that is struggling with addiction. We have tried an intervention. There have been treatments, and yet the person keeps returning to the abuse of alcohol and drugs. Do we try yet again, or do we decide it is time to stop? We might have a dream of achieving something in our lives. We invest time and resources, but nothing works. Do we decide to continue to invest time and money, or do we conclude it is time to set the dream aside? We might be in a relationship that continues to hurt us because of insensitivity or perhaps even because of abuse. We confront the issues. We forgive the offenses, but the hurt continues. Do we decide to continue in the hope the person will change, or do we choose to walk away? When we have to make these life decisions, it is crucial that we speak to someone who can challenge our usual inclinations. If we are a person who makes decisions quickly and strongly, we are inclined to cut our losses in an unproductive relationship and move on. It is then that we should have a gardener, someone who asks us to consider that there still may be hope, and that perhaps with some more time and effort we can all share figs together. On the other hand, if we are a person who keeps trying no matter what, who keeps pushing forward despite our failure and even despite abuse, then we need a master who might speak to us out of common sense. He or she may tell us it is time to cut the tree down. Of course, in all of these situations we have to make our own decisions, and there is no guarantee that the decisions we make will be the right ones. But, today’s parable tells us that if we want our decisions to be the best ones, we should speak to those who think differently from us. This is no small matter because it is our calling to discern God’s will for us. The parable of the fig tree tells us that we are more likely to find God’s will when we speak and listen to one another.

2019-04-23T18:00:40Z

https://buildingontheword.org/homilies/cycle-c-2/c-3rd-sunday-of-lent/

Focusing on likes: The need to gain “likes” on social media can cause teens to make choices they would otherwise not make. This includes altering their appearance, engaging in negative behaviors and accepting risky social media challenges. Many start to feel they’re only as “liked” as their social profiles show, which is a ridiculous notion. Cyberbullying: Teens girls in particular are at risk of cyberbullying through use of social media, though boys are not immune. Cyberbullying typically looks like someone being attacked by others online, usually making fun of their looks, and left on the social media platform to embarrass the culprit publicly. This type of bullying is associated with depression, anxiety and an elevated risk of suicidal thoughts. Making comparisons: Though many teens know that their peers share only their highlight reels on social media, it’s very difficult to avoid making comparisons. Everything from physical appearance to life circumstances to perceived successes and failures are under a microscope on social media. Many find themselves comparing their lives to the image that other people show their life as. It’s important to note that people usually only share their best selves online, and not their daily struggles or disappointments. Social media is a sculpted look into one’s life, not the real image. Having too many fake friends: Even with privacy settings in place, teens can collect thousands of friends through friends of friends on social media. The more people on the friend list, the more people that have access to photos, snaps and updates, and use them for other purposes. For this reason, many have little to no privacy on social media without realizing what they’ve given up. It’s important to keep up with your following list to know who is looking in on your life. Clear it out consistently to retain some sort of privacy amongst those you trust. Less face time: Social interaction skills require daily practice, even for teens. By engaging online vs. face-to-face, it becomes difficult to learn important emotions, such as compassion and empathy. Human connection is a powerful tool and builds skills that last a lifetime. There’s a happy medium in here somewhere. The key to helping teens learn to balance social media with real life friendships is to communicate. Honest communication shows your support, not to judge or lecture. It’s also important to walk the walk. Disconnect on weekends and show your teen that there is a whole world out there that doesn’t require a handheld screen. By learning to step away and take breaks, teens can learn how to not let social media affect their everyday, real lives. During a lifetime, not all people will experience a mental illness, but everyone will struggle or have a challenge with the well-being of their mental health, just like we all have challenges with our physical well-being from time to time. “Mental health” and “mental illness” are increasingly being used as if they mean the same thing, but they do not. Everyone has mental health, just like everyone has health. When discussing mental health, we’re referring to our mental well-being: our emotions, thoughts, feelings, ability to solve problems and overcome difficulties, social connections and our understanding of the world around us. A mental illness is an illness the affects that way people think, feel, behave or interact with others. There are many different mental illnesses, and they have different symptoms that impact people’s lives in different ways. Just as someone who feels unwell may not have a serious illness, people may have poor mental health without a mental illness. We all have days where we feel a bit down, stressed out or overwhelmed by something that’s happening in our lives. An important part of good mental health is the ability to look at problems or concerns realistically. Good mental health isn’t about feeling happy and confident 100 percent of the time and ignoring any problems. It’s about living and coping well despite challenges or obstacles. Just as it’s possible to have poor mental health but no mental illness, it’s entirely possible to have good mental health even with a diagnosis of a mental illness. That’s because mental illnesses (like other health problems) are often episodic, meaning there are times (episodes) of ill health and times of better or good health. With the right support and tools, anyone can live well – however they define well – and find meaning, contribute to their communities and work toward their goals. Having time management skills is a much more difficult task then it sounds like. Trying to juggle school, work, family and a social life can become overwhelming very quickly. Actively setting your schedule up for success will not only help you balance multiple responsibilities, but prevent your schedule from taking an emotional impact on your mental health. There are only so many hours in a day; you can’t do it all. Prioritize things that are most important to you to get done or take part in. Never let yourself feel guilty for telling your friends that you’re going to stay in vs. getting drinks tonight to catch up on your studies or rest. If you commit to too many obligations, it becomes impossible to complete them all, setting yourself up for a stressful situation. Make a schedule and stick to it. What’s the point in spending time on a schedule if you’re constantly going to break it? If you’re struggling to manage your time, plan out every hour of your day. Give yourself time for things like travel and social breaks; be honest about how long tasks take you. Be sure to block out space in your schedule in case a task goes over the time you allotted for it. It’s better to run ahead of schedule vs. running behind. Keeping a planner, agenda or utilizing your phone's calendars and apps are a great ways to keep track of your day and ensure you don't over book yourself. When busy or stressed, it becomes very tempting to drop your entire schedule to take a break with friends or binge-watch Netflix. Though breaks are important for emotional and mental stability, caving like this can lead to further issues. Fight the urge to stop and take care of business first. Breaks feel much more relaxing when there isn’t the fear of an uncompleted task in mind. Going to work or class unprepared because you felt like watching TV instead will never be an accepted excuse. Though sometimes it’s empowering to push our limits of productivity, it’s not healthy to do everyday. If you are spreading yourself thin as is, you can become irritable or grumpy from being exhausted all the time. Make time in your schedule for sleep – it’s important. Accomplishing tasks, especially amongst a busy schedule, can be very satisfying. If you don’t take the time to manage a busy schedule, it can take a toll on not only your productivity, but your emotions and mental health as well. Being busy is great, but don’t let it overtake your entire life. Schedule yourself some free time. You deserve it! Part of being a good friend is being there for them when you notice that something is wrong. For many, this includes helping friends find the support they need when they’re experiencing a decline in mental health. Though this may seem like a daunting task, it doesn’t have to be if you know how to spot symptoms early and are aware of resources available to help. · Withdrawing from social activities and being down for more than two weeks. · Overwhelming fear for no reason. · Not eating, throwing up or using laxatives when unneeded. · Self- harming such as cutting or burning. · Difficulty in following through with plans. · Drastic change in behavior or personality. Share your observations with your friend. Focus on being nonjudgmental, compassionate and understanding. Use “I” instead of “you” comments to get the conversation started. I’ve noticed you’re (sleeping more, eating less, etc.). Is everything okay? Is there something I can do or can we involve others who can help? You can be the difference in helping a friend who needs support but is too afraid to seek help. Being a friend means being there in the good times and bad. Sometimes, simply talking or supporting a friend is the only push they need to get through a difficult time. By being aware of symptoms and resources of mental illness, you can be prepared to effectively help a friend in need. Many factors play into affecting your productivity. Your time management skills and obligations play a role, but many don’t realize that their personal habits can be their own worse enemy for maintaining a productive day. It’s easy when you don’t like doing a certain job to continually put it off. The problem is that it can cause a lot of unneeded, preventable stress, affecting your productivity. To combat this, try to do those projects first and get them out of the way. Or, you might delegate them to someone else if you are able to do so. The fear of the task alone can cause us to put it off. Though, most of the time we find that we hyped up a challenge to be worse than it actually was. Multi-tasking doesn’t always speed you up to get more done. In fact, in many ways, multitasking slows you down. Although it may not seem like a bad habit at first glance, it can be easily used at the wrong times. There are small ways multitasking can help you save time. For instance, you can start your computer while you get your coffee. Or, you can go through mail while listening to voicemail messages. But in general, switching between tasks slows down your work. The greater the complexity of the work you’re doing, the longer it takes to adjust to the new task. The more time it takes, the less productive you are. In reality, frugality is usually a good thing. The exception is when it slows down your productivity. If you won’t spend the money to upgrade your computer after it continually breaks down, it could slow down your work. Using your money wisely is important. But, investing in tools you need to be the most productive you can be could more than replace the money spent. Hidden by association with relaxation, leisure and joy, the holidays can be a major cause of stress for many. With the holiday season upon us, you may already be feeling the tension. Where does holiday stress come from? The answer may lie in the fact that many often hold higher expectations for the holidays compared to other times of the year. The hopes of picture-perfect occasions filled with stress-free family time are often an unreasonable dream. Stress can also be felt during the intricate planning most endure to prepare for the holidays, as well as feeling pressured to buy expensive gifts. The stress begins to grow, unless you prepare for it. If you are concerned that the upcoming holiday season will be stressful for you, there are steps you can take to prevent stress. First, contemplate if your holiday expectations are realistic. If you set unreasonably high expectations for yourself or others, you will feel defeated early on when things don’t go perfectly. Set small, reachable goals. If you fall short, don’t despair; take joy in the expectations that you did meet. When planning for the holidays, you can avoid stress by setting a spending limit (and sticking to it), creating to-do lists, sharing the responsibilities with other people and not taking on too many tasks. But, it’s not just the planning that causes stress; the events themselves can be sources of stress. During the holidays, remember to designate time for yourself apart from the group activities. Too much time with others can overwhelm you and cause you to forget about your own needs. The holidays can be a fun time, so remember to enjoy them! Take care of yourself and look forward to the positive aspects of the season. on Thursday, 15 November 2018. A good night’s sleep plays as big of a role in your health as diet and exercise. Sadly, people are now sleeping less while also lowering their quality of sleep. This can be harmful to many aspects of your life, making sleep a crucial part of your routine. Lack of sleep is commonly a sign of other issues, often related to mental health. Sleep is needed to carry out various brain functions including concentration and productivity. In a recent study of medical interns, those with less sleep were 36 percent more likely to make an error than those with an adequate amount of sleep. With improper sleep, your body can completely shut down various brain functions, making normal tasks very difficult. Studies have shown that individuals deprived of sleep have a bigger appetite and consume more calories. Sleep deprivation disrupts an individual’s appetite hormones, causing fluctuations in hunger. This includes higher levels of ghrelin, the hormone that initiates hunger, and reduced levels of leptin, the hormone that suppresses appetite. Even a small loss of sleep has been shown to affect your immune system in significant ways. A recent study monitored a group of people who were intentionally given the flu virus. Those with inadequate sleep – less than seven hours a night – were three times more likely to develop the flu or a cold than those who slept eight or more hours. If you’re already prone to getting colds, committing to a full night’s sleep can help prevent this issue. Sleeping is linked to many other concerns, including depression, risk of stroke or controlling emotions or social interactions. Regardless, the cons outweigh the pros. Get a good night’s sleep to not only prepare for a new day, but to also protect yourself from harming many personal, body functions. on Monday, 29 October 2018. Emotional intelligence (EQ) is the ability to identify, use, understand and manage emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict. Your EQ impacts many different aspects of your daily life, such as the way you behave and the way you interact with others. With a high EQ, you are able to assess the emotional state of yourself and others and engage with others in a positive, productive way. Having this better understanding of emotions helps you relate better to others, form healthy relationships and achieve greater success in many areas of your life. Emotional intelligence can help you better understand social situations in the workplace, make you a strong leader and help further your career at a faster pace. In fact, many companies now require candidates to take an EQ test during the application process. Being unable to control your personal stress levels can lead to serious health issues. Unmanaged stress can raise blood pressure, suppress the immune system or increase the risk of heart attack. If you’re trying to improve your EQ, you first need to learn how to correctly manage and relieve stress. Uncontrolled stress can also impact your mental health, making you more likely to develop anxiety, depression or both. With an EQ that is not under control, you will also be more prone to mood swings. Without a high EQ, it will be very difficult to navigate stressful situations in your daily life. A high EQ can not only help yourself physically or mentally, but affect your productivity and lifestyle at work, home or among relationships with those in your life. September is National Recovery Month! The theme for Recovery Month 2018 is Join the Voices for Recovery: Invest in Health, Home, Purpose and Community. The theme of 2018 examines how integrated care, a strong community, sense of purpose and leadership all contribute to a successful recovery for those with mental and substance use disorders. Recovery Month poses to increase awareness and understanding of those who are suffering and celebrate those who have recovered. The goal of the month is to educate Americans that addiction treatment and mental health services can help those who are suffering achieve a better quality of life. Millions of Americans have bettered their lives through recovery. Though, this sometimes goes unnoticed by the population; therefore, Recovery Month aims to celebrate their success without shame. Each September, thousands of recovery programs, treatment and prevention services celebrate their accomplishments with the public in an effort to educate people about who recovery is for, how it works and why it’s the best option for the patient. Though we only celebrate recovery one month a year, it’s never the wrong time to ask for help. If you think you’re suffering from a mental or substance disorder, contact your doctor and find the help you need. While depression and anxiety are two different medical conditions, their symptoms, causes and treatments can often overlap. Though anxiety and depression are two of the most common mental health issues, few can determine the difference between the two. This is because once someone has one of these, they’re likely to be diagnosed with the other as well. Roughly 50% of people diagnosed with depression are also diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Though many of these symptoms can go hand-in-hand, there are some distinguishing features. People with depression move slowly, and their reactions can seem flattened or dulled. People with anxiety tend to be more high strung, as they struggle to manage their racing thoughts. Another distinguishing feature is the presence of fear about the future in people with anxiety. Depressed people who do not have anxiety are less likely to be worried about future events, as they are often resigned to believing that things will continue to be bad. In other words, they may predict the future based on how they feel in the moment. If you think you may be suffering from one or more of these symptoms, talk to your doctor today, or schedule an appointment here at the ITM Group! Most associate the term health with physical health, but mental health also plays a major role in your well-being. Nearly five percent of the population of the United States suffers from a form of severe mental illness, according to the National Institutes of Mental Health, with individuals between the ages of 18 and 25 being the most affected. Mental health relies on a number of factors, including genetics, but exercise and proper nutrition can help prevent or treat some forms of mental illness. A regular exercise regime can benefit your mental health. Performing moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, such as cycling, for 30 minutes a day, three times a week, significantly reduces the symptoms of depression, according to Southwestern Medical Center at the University of Texas. Low-intensity exercise also helps relieve depression, according to the Center, but not to the same extent as more vigorous workouts. If you suffer from depression, adding regular aerobics to your lifestyle might help you better control your disorder, or might even reduce your need for medication. Following a healthy and balanced diet, as well as following a fitness program, all benefit your mental health, but cannot always replace traditional therapy or medication for mental illness. Talk with your doctor to find the best plan for you! Emotional abuse can be defined as a type of abuse that makes a person feel poorly about himself or herself for a prolonged period of time. This type of abuse damages a person’s dignity or self-worth. Though emotional abuse is widely believed to be something that occurs between people in a romantic relationship, the abuse can happen in all types of relationships. This includes between friends, between a parent and a child, and even between a teacher and a student. Acts of emotional abuse include isolation, verbal abuse, humiliation and intimidation. Perpetrators of emotional abuse damage their victim’s self esteem through these acts. In many cases, the victim ends up developing depression and anxiety. Common behavior of the perpetrator includes threats of violence that instill fear in the victim, constant criticism or insults that demean the victim, isolation of the victim from friends or family, or treating the victim as a servant. In other cases, the perpetrator will make the victim believe that he/she is responsible for the abuse or that they even deserve it. Many perpetrators will often “gaslight” their victim, causing them to feel as though the abuse isn’t really happening and that it is just in their head. It is important to remember that, like physical abuse, emotional abuse is offensive conduct, and the victim needs to find a safe place away from the perpetrator. If you feel that someone you know is a victim of emotional abuse, help him or her to get away from the perpetrator as soon as possible and help them to avoid seeing the perpetrator. People who suffer from emotional abuse will probably suffer from mental health issues that can linger for many years. Seeing a mental health professional is the best way to help heal the effects from the past abuse. Bipolar disorder can be characterized as a mental disorder that causes dramatic shifts in mood and activity levels. About 5.7 million Americans over the age of 18 have been diagnosed with this illness. It affects people of all genders, ethnicities, social classes and ages. The disorder mainly manifests itself in dramatic mood swings from high periods, known as mania, to low periods, known as depression. Mania is characterized by feeling extremely happy and restless for a significant period of time. During the mania phases, people with bipolar disorder can engage in dangerous behavior, and they will often be easily distracted and overconfident. During the phases of depression, they will feel sad for an extended period of time. They will often withdraw from family and friends and lose interest in things they used to love. They may also experience feelings of sleepiness and a loss of energy. The two most common types of the disorder are Bipolar I and Bipolar II. Bipolar I disorder is characterized by extreme manic phases that usually last at least a week and can even escalate to the point where the person needs to visit the hospital. In this type of disorder, depressive phases last about two weeks. Bipolar II disorder is more common than Bipolar I, and its manic phases, known as hypomanic symptoms, are not as extreme. Bipolar II can be more difficult to diagnose. If you suspect that you or a loved one is suffering from bipolar disorder, then you need to seek help from a medical professional. Bipolar disorder can only be diagnosed by a trained medical provider. Treatment options include medication and therapy. People with the disorder often have to maintain treatment over time in order to control it throughout their lives. In the United States, 40 percent of the population gets less sleep than they need. According to Gallup, American adults average about 6.8 hours of sleep each night, slightly less than the recommended seven to nine hours. These statistics are a little concerning considering how vital sleep is for a healthy life. It is widely known that sleep can impact your physical health. People who do not get enough sleep have an increased risk for ailments such as cancer and heart disease, and their immune system is weaker. But it is not as widely known that sleep also has a huge effect on your mental health. Simply put, not getting enough sleep can hurt your brain. People who are sleep deprived often have memory issues and trouble with thinking clearly and concentrating. Sleep deprivation also can cause mood swings and put you at a higher risk of mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression. If you are not getting enough sleep each night, you need to take steps to do so. Ways to help you get more sleep include setting and sticking to a bedtime, exercising regularly and not drinking caffeine products or alcohol close to your bedtime. If you find that you have trouble with sleep (this can include issues with falling asleep or staying asleep), then you should see a doctor to determine if you have a physical condition that is hurting your ability to sleep. A mental condition also could be affecting your ability to get enough sleep. People with mental illnesses may be at an increased risk of developing sleep problems. In fact, issues with sleeping are a symptom of depression. If this is the case, then it is important to see a mental health provider who can help you discover the root cause of your sleep issues and find ways to treat them.

2019-04-23T12:28:20Z

https://itmflorida.com/blog

President -Echocardiography Committee Argentine Federation of Cardiology. On behalf of the Organizing Committee of Cardiovascular 2017, we are delighted to be building the program again for the 3rd International Conference on Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiac Surgery on July 05-06, 2018 in Berlin, Germany. Millions of people across the world are affected by cardiac disorders – some minor others critical. As per World Health Organization (W.H.O.) research, more than 17.5 million people have CVDs, an estimated 31% of all deaths worldwide and 80% of all CVD deaths are due to heart attacks and strokes. According to market study, the global market for Cardiovascular Disease is expected to grow from $13.7 billion to $18.2 billion by 2019. A major part of research is going on the top Universities on Cardiology across the globe. Many companies are associated with various diagnostic instruments and other therapeutics. Besides this various societies and research labs are also associated in this research field. Cardiovascular Conferences are the most comprehensive provider of cardiovascular services specializing in the prevention, detection, management and treatment of adult cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular Medicine Conferences is a platform for postgraduate education and scientific work in the fields of cardiology, angiology, hypertension and cardiac and vascular surgery. Related Conferences 22nd World Cardiology Conferences December 11-12, 2017 Rome, Italy; World Echo Summit 2017 4-6 October 2017 Brazil; International Heart Failure Conferences 24-25 November, 2016 Abu Dhabi, UAE; 3rd World Heart Congress April 19-20, 2018 Amsterdam, Netherlands ; International Cardiovascular conferences January 5-7, 2018 in Bangkok, Thailand; International Conference for Innovations in Cardiovascular Systems December 3-5, 2017 Israel; CRT 2018 March 03-06,2018 Washington, DC; ASE 2018 June 22-26, 2018 Nashville, Tennessee; Cardio Rhythm 2017 February 24- 26,2017 Canadian Cardiovascular Congress, Oct 21-24, 2017, Vancouver, Canada, American Heart Association(AHA) Nov 11-15, 2017, Anaheim, California; 27thCardiovascular Conferences February 9-14, 2018,Colorado; Clinical Cardiology Conferences, May 24-26, 2018 London, UK; Heart Surgery & Cardiology Conferences,September21-22,2017 Texas, USA; Heart Conferences, December 04-05, 2017 Dallas, Texas, USA, 25th Euro Congress on Pediatric Heart Disease and Health, August 13-14, 2018 Dublin, Ireland; Heart Diseases Conferences, Toronto, Canada September 18-19, 2017. USA: The American Society for Preventive Cardiology; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; American Heart Association; ACC;American Stroke Association; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Arizona Society of Echocardiography; Brazilian Society of Cardiology; Heart Failure Society of America; Canadian Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation; Elsevier Society Partners in Cardiology; American Society for Preventive Cardiology; American Society of Echocardiography; American Society of Hypertension; Brazilian Society of Hypertension; Canadian Cardiovascular Society; Argentine Society of Cardiology; Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology; The American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Foundation. Europe: European Society of Cardiology; British Cardiovascular Society; World Heart Federation; British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation; World Heart Failure Society; Austrian Heart Foundation; Austrian Society of Cardiology; Philippine Heart Association; Belgian Society of Cardiology; Spanish Society of Cardiology; British Cardiac Society; International Academy of Cardiology; British Heart Foundation; British Hypertension Society; British Junior Cardiologists Association; Croatian Cardiac Society; European Cardiology Congress; European Society of Cardiology; British cardiology society; Danish Society of Cardiology; Estonian Society of Cardiology; European Society for Cardiovascular Surgery; Finnish Cardiac Society; Georgian Society of Cardiology; German Cardiac Society; German Heart Foundation; Hellenic Society of Cardiology; Hungarian Society of Cardiology; Icelandic Society of Cardiology; International Society for Vascular Surgery. Asia Pacific: Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology; Cardiac Society of Australia & New Zealand; Russian Society of Cardiology; The Japanese Heart Failure Society; Japanese Society of Echocardiography; The World Society of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgeons; Asian Pacific Society of Hypertension; Association of Cardiologists of Kazakhstan; Australian Cardiovascular Health and Rehabilitation Association; Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia; Chinese Society of Cardiology; The Pan-African Society of Cardiology (PASCAR); Association of Pediatric Cardiology; Cardiological Society of India; Asian Society of Cardiovascular Imaging; Association of Black Cardiologists; Algerian Society of Hypertension; Asian Society of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia; Asian Society of Cardiovascular Imaging; Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia; Emirates Cardiac Society; Gulf Heart Association; Indian Association of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgeons; Indonesian Heart Association; International Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology Society. Innovative advancements and researches are being made in cardiac surgery every day. The world's all advanced technology and most experienced cardiovascular surgeons and cardiologists are welcome here. Cardiovascular surgeries are those which performed on the heart and circulatory system including the major veins and arteries. Cardiovascular procedures performed by cardiac surgeons. Our Conference Cardiovascular 2017 invites worlds all cardiovascular surgeons to grace their presence in this event and share their innovative ideas at this grand international scientific platform. Cardiovascular Disease is a major cause of disability and premature death throughout the world. The underlying pathology is atherosclerosis, which develops over many years and is usually advanced by the time symptoms occur, generally in middle age. Acute coronary events (heart attacks) and cerebrovascular events (strokes) frequently occur suddenly, and are often fatal before medical care can be given. Cardiology Conferences promotes awareness against Risk factor modification which reduces clinical events and premature death in people with established cardiovascular disease as well as in those who are at high cardiovascular risk due to one or more risk factors. Related Conferences: 22nd World Cardiology Conferences December 11-12, 2017 Rome, Italy; World Echo Summit 2017 4-6 October 2017 Brazil; International Heart Failure Conferences 24-25 November, 2016 Abu Dhabi, UAE; 3rd World Heart Congress April 19-20, 2018 Amsterdam, Netherlands ; International Cardiovascular conferences January 5-7, 2018 in Bangkok, Thailand; International Conference for Innovations in Cardiovascular Systems December 3-5, 2017 Israel; CRT 2018 March 03-06,2018 Washington, DC; ASE 2018 June 22-26, 2018 Nashville, Tennessee; Cardio Rhythm 2017 February 24- 26,2017 Canadian Cardiovascular Congress, Oct 21-24, 2017, Vancouver, Canada, American Heart Association(AHA) Nov 11-15, 2017, Anaheim, California; 27thCardiovascular Conferences February 9-14, 2018,Colorado; Clinical Cardiology Conferences, May 24-26, 2018 London, UK; Heart Surgery & Cardiology Conferences,September21-22,2017 Texas, USA; Heart Conferences, December 04-05, 2017 Dallas, Texas, USA, 25th Euro Congress on Pediatric Heart Disease and Health, August 13-14, 2018 Dublin, Ireland; Heart Diseases Conferences, Toronto, Canada September 18-19, 2017. An arrhythmia is a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat. It means that your heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern. When the heart beats faster than normal, it is called tachycardia. When the heart beats too slowly, it is called bradycardia. The most common type of arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation, which causes an irregular and fast heartbeat. Many factors can affect your heart's rhythm, such as having had a heart attack, smoking, congenital heart defects, and stress. Some substances or medicines may also cause arrhythmias. Molecular cardiology is a new and fast-growing area of cardiovascular medicine that aims to apply molecular biology techniques for the mechanistic investigation, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. As an emerging discipline, it has changed conceptual thinking of cardiovascular development, disease etiology and pathophysiology. Although molecular cardiology is still at a very early stage, it has opened a promising avenue for understanding and controlling cardiovascular disease. With the rapid development and application of molecular biology techniques, scientists and clinicians are closer to curing heart diseases that were thought to be incurable 20 years ago. There clearly is a need for a more thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases to promote the advancement of stem cell therapy and gene therapy for heart diseases. The present paper briefly reviews the state-of-the-art techniques in the following areas of molecular cardiology: gene analysis in the diseased heart; transgenic techniques in cardiac research; gene transfer and gene therapy for cardiovascular disease; and stem cell therapy for cardiovascular disease. High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is a serious medical condition. It happens when the force of the blood pumping through your arteries is too strong. When your heart beats, it pushes blood through your arteries to the rest of your body. When the blood pushes harder against the walls of your arteries, your blood pressure goes up. Your blood pressure may be different at different times of the day. It is usually higher when you first wake up, after you exercise, or when you are under stress. Having higher blood pressure for short amounts of time is normal. However, when your blood pressure stays high for most of the time, it can cause serious health problems. Related 22nd World Cardiology Conferences December 11-12, 2017 Rome, Italy; World Echo Summit 2017 4-6 October 2017 Brazil; International Heart Failure Conferences 24-25 November, 2016 Abu Dhabi, UAE; 3rd World Heart Congress April 19-20, 2018 Amsterdam, Netherlands ; International Cardiovascular conferences January 5-7, 2018 in Bangkok, Thailand; International Conference for Innovations in Cardiovascular Systems December 3-5, 2017 Israel; CRT 2018 March 03-06,2018 Washington, DC; ASE 2018 June 22-26, 2018 Nashville, Tennessee; Cardio Rhythm 2017 February 24- 26,2017 Canadian Cardiovascular Congress, Oct 21-24, 2017, Vancouver, Canada, American Heart Association(AHA) Nov 11-15, 2017, Anaheim, California; 27thCardiovascular Conferences February 9-14, 2018,Colorado; Clinical Cardiology Conferences, May 24-26, 2018 London, UK; Heart Surgery & Cardiology Conferences,September21-22,2017 Texas, USA; Heart Conferences, December 04-05, 2017 Dallas, Texas, USA, 25th Euro Congress on Pediatric Heart Disease and Health, August 13-14, 2018 Dublin, Ireland; Heart Diseases Conferences, Toronto, Canada September 18-19, 2017. Cardiovascular Engineering stimulates innovative methods and technological advancements in the basic understanding of the cardiovascular system and in cardiovascular diagnosis and treatment applications. Original Contributions outline new concepts and applications in cardiovascular mechanics, cardiology applications and diagnostic methods, cardiac and vascular imaging, devices and instrumentation, hemodynamic monitoring and measurements, cardiac assistance, vascular grafts and artificial hearts, cardiac electrophysiology techniques, computer modeling and drug delivery systems. Cardiac Regeneration is a broad effort and comes into existence when the cardiac tissue is damaged and failed to regenerate the myocardium. Where the main principle behind cardiac regeneration is Reparative stem cells have the capability to restore function to damaged tissue by renewing cell growth in cardiac cells destroyed by heart disease. Reparative tools have been engineered to restore damaged heart tissue and function using the body's natural ability to regenerate. Current therapies includes such as adult stem and precursor cells, Nuclear dynamics of the heart growth, Reprogramming Fibroblasts to Cardiomyocytes, Stem cells and cell therapy. The Cardiac Neurodevelopmental is the emerging issue, and can be observed when Children are born with complex congenital heart disease (CHD) are at risk for problems with the growth and development of their brain and central nervous system. Current therapies includes Neurodevelopmental assessment, Neuronal Biomarkers, neurodevelopmental assessment of infants. And factors that rise increase the risk of developmental delays in children undergoing open-heart surgery as a newborn or infant, Having cyanotic heart disease, premature birth, usage mechanical heart support, such as ECMO or a ventricular assist device or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Heart transplant. In childhood a disorder which involves both the heart and lungs problems, called Pediatric Cardiopulmonary disease. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is the visceral fat deposit around the heart and is commonly increased in obese subjects. EAT is related to Cardio Metabolic risk factors and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adults, but this relationship is not well known in children. (MI) Myocardial infarction is rare in childhood and adolescence. Children usually have either an acute inflammatory condition of the coronary arteries diseases or an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery (LCA). Peripheral vascular diseases (PVDs) are circulation disorders that affect blood vessels outside of the heart and brain. In PVD, blood vessels are narrowed. Narrowing is usually caused by arteriosclerosis. We will be discussed more about the common problem of the baby heart as Cardiomyopathy, Myocarditis, Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, Hypertension, Heart Murmur, Cardiac Arrest, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia, Cyanotic Heart Disease, and Paediatric Arrhythmia as well as more about Paediatric lungs disorders as Upper Airway Abnormalities, Child Interstitial Lung Disease (child), Chronic and Recurrent Respiratory Infections, Congenital Abnormalities and Paediatrics Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases etc. New tests are constantly being developed to further the understanding of disease, injury, and congenital (present at birth) or acquired abnormalities of the heart. The diagnostic tests in cardiology are methods of identifying heart conditions associated with healthy vs. unhealthy, pathologic heart function. The scientific goal of this track is to understand the underlying causes and pathophysiology of obesity, diabetes, and associated metabolic diseases, as well as pursuing effective and safe interventions and therapeutics. Investigators in this division also have a special emphasis on women's health and on the developmental programming of metabolic diseases. This includes expertise in the central nervous system that controls appetite and energy expenditure, pancreas function, and adipose tissue function. Our investigators utilize a broad array of research tools including noninvasive imaging, complex whole animal studies on physiology and behavior, and in vitro and ex vivo techniques. Even though we are a small division at this time, currently consisting of 5 core scientists and 4 staff scientists, we have over $7 million (direct costs) of funding active during 2012-2013, with 70% coming from NIH and the rest from industry collaborations. Furthermore, our external collaborators have almost $2.5 million in support during that time directly related to research using our Obese NHP Resource. Heart failure, sometimes known as congestive heart failure, occurs when your heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. Certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently. Not all conditions that lead to heart failure can be reversed, but treatments can improve the signs and symptoms of heart failure and help you live longer. Lifestyle changes such as exercising, reducing salt in your diet, managing stress and losing weight can improve your quality of life. One way to prevent heart failure is to control conditions that cause heart failure, such as coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes or obesity. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the western world. Each year in the U.S.A, more than 500,000 men and women die from coronary artery disease. During the past two decades, major strides have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. Nuclear Cardiology has played a pivotal role in establishing the diagnosis of heart disease and in the assessment of disease extent and the prediction of outcomes in the setting of coronary artery disease. Nuclear cardiology studies use noninvasive techniques to assess myocardial blood flow, evaluate the pumping function of the heart as well as visualize the size and location of a heart attack. Among the techniques of nuclear cardiology, myocardial perfusion imaging is the most widely used. A computed tomography scan: Commonly called a CT scan or CAT scan — is a test that uses X-rays to view specific areas of your body. These scans use safe amounts of radiation to create detailed images of the body, which can help the doctor to detect any problems. A heart, or cardiac, CT scan is used to view your heart and blood vessels. A heart CT scan may also be called a coronary CT angiogram if it’s meant to view the arteries that bring blood to your heart. The test may be called a coronary calcium scan if it’s meant to determine whether there is a buildup of calcium in your heart. The growth of cardiac applications of imaging techniques not traditionally handled by cardiologists such as cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and multidetector computed tomography (MSCT) requires great attention. Traditionally, cardiologists have been able to integrate all the diagnostic techniques into the cardiovascular department in order to facilitate an integrated delivery of care. To an extent this has happened also for nuclear cardiology, a field where cooperation with other nuclear medicine specialists is commonplace, but the presence of cardiology specialists during the stress examination and for the overall interpretation of results is generally accepted. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a non-surgical procedure used to treat narrowing (stenosis) of the coronary arteries of the heart found in coronary artery disease. After accessing the blood stream through the femoral or radial artery, the procedure uses coronary catheterization to visualise the blood vessels on X-ray imaging. After this, an interventional cardiologist can perform a coronary angioplasty, using a balloon catheter in which a deflated balloon is advanced into the obstructed artery and inflated to relieve the narrowing; certain devices such as stents can be deployed to keep the blood vessel open. Various other procedures can also be performed. When coronary artery disease causes chest pain or a heart attack, percutaneous coronary interventions, such as angioplasty alone or with a stent, can restore blood flow to your heart. Related Conferences : 22nd World Cardiology Conferences December 11-12, 2017 Rome, Italy; World Echo Summit 2017 4-6 October 2017 Brazil; International Heart Failure Conferences 24-25 November, 2016 Abu Dhabi, UAE; 3rd World Heart Congress April 19-20, 2018 Amsterdam, Netherlands ; International Cardiovascular conferences January 5-7, 2018 in Bangkok, Thailand; International Conference for Innovations in Cardiovascular Systems December 3-5, 2017 Israel; CRT 2018 March 03-06,2018 Washington, DC; ASE 2018 June 22-26, 2018 Nashville, Tennessee; Cardio Rhythm 2017 February 24- 26,2017 Canadian Cardiovascular Congress, Oct 21-24, 2017, Vancouver, Canada, American Heart Association(AHA) Nov 11-15, 2017, Anaheim, California; 27thCardiovascular Conferences February 9-14, 2018,Colorado; Clinical Cardiology Conferences, May 24-26, 2018 London, UK; Heart Surgery & Cardiology Conferences,September21-22,2017 Texas, USA; Heart Conferences, December 04-05, 2017 Dallas, Texas, USA, 25th Euro Congress on Pediatric Heart Disease and Health, August 13-14, 2018 Dublin, Ireland; Heart Diseases Conferences, Toronto, Canada September 18-19, 2017. Implantable devices have been used for decades to treat heart disease. The first pacemaker was implanted over 40 years ago, and implantable defibrillators were first used in the early 1980s. But the last few years have witnessed a surge in both the types of devices being tested for heart-failure treatment, and in the optimism of experts about their usefulness. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a microcomputer that is implanted under the skin of your upper chest area. It is small enough to fit in the palm of your hand. It monitors your heart rate and delivers therapy in the form of small electrical pulses. A cardiac resynchronization therapy implantable cardioverter defibrillator (CRT-D) is a type of specialized ICD used to treat heart failure. Getting a cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) heart device is not an open-heart procedure. Before surgery, medication is usually given to make you sleepy and comfortable. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia. Cardiovascular Toxicology deals with the adverse effects on the heart or blood systems which result from exposure to toxic chemicals. It describes safety data of detrimental effects of new cardiovascular drugs. Pharmacology of vascular endothelium deals with alterations of endothelial cells and the vasculature play a central role in the pathogenesis of a broad spectrum of the most dreadful of human diseases, as endothelial cells have the key function of participating in the maintenance of patent and functional capillaries. Our all Cardiology conferences has Case Studies act as informative examples to people who might also faces similar problems. Generally, Case Studies in Cardiovascular Medicine, should detail a particular medical case, reporting the background of the patient. They should discuss investigations undertaken in order to determine a diagnosis or differentiate between possible diagnoses, and should indicate the type of treatment the patient underwent as a result. In one piece we can conclude that Case Studies is an useful and informative part of every doctor or physician's medical education, which actually encourage us to include this session track on our international cardiovascular medicine conference which is going to be held at Paris, France. According to a new technical market research report, Cardiovascular Surgical Devices Technologies and Global Markets from BCC Research the global cardiovascular surgical devices market was valued at $29.7 billion in 2012 and the market growth has been increased upto $31.7 billion in 2013. BCC Research projects expected the market growth to nearly $47.2 billion by 2018, and register a five-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.3% from 2013 to 2018. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States, as well as in many other countries around the world. The American Heart Association estimates that 83.6 million American adults, or more than one in three, have one or more types of cardiovascular disease. Indeed, more Americans die of heart disease than of the combination of all cancers and AIDS. In 2010, over 7.5 million inpatient cardiovascular operations and procedures were performed in the United States alone. During that year, the total inpatient hospital cost for cardiovascular disease was estimated to be $71.2 billion, about one quarter to the total cost of U.S. inpatient hospital care. The American Heart Association further estimates that, by 2030, the total direct medical costs associated with cardiovascular disease in the U.S. alone has increased from an estimated $312.6 million in 2009 to almost $1.5 trillion (in 2010 dollars). Although incidence rates of cardiovascular disease in many European and other developed nations parallel those of the United States, many developing nations actually have much higher rates of cardiovascular disease. The World Health Organization estimates that 60% of all cardiovascular disease occurs in less developed countries. Recent increase in incidence of cardiovascular disease has been fueled by higher obesity rates in less developed countries; for example, WHO estimates that there are 70 million overweight people in China alone.Disability adjusted life years in 1990 to an estimated 82 million disability adjusted life years by 2020. This increase will be most acutely felt in nations such as Egypt, India and the republics of the former Soviet Union.

2019-04-21T10:20:18Z

https://cardiovascular.cardiologymeeting.com/2018

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2019-04-24T07:50:25Z

https://thefriendformula.com/pages/terms-conditions

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The reason for the retention is that during this time claims may be asserted or it must be proven that we have answered your enquiry. the processing is necessary to protect our legitimate interests or those of a third party, unless your interests or fundamental rights and freedoms, which require the protection of personal data, prevail (balancing of interests). b) The personal data collected from you will be deleted as soon as the purpose of the collection has ceased to exist (see section 13). 2.2. What is personal data? a) What "personal data" is derived from Art. 4 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). According to this, personal data is such information that can be assigned to your person by proportionate means. Personal data are divided into four groups. This includes inventory data (e.g. names and addresses of customers), contract data (e.g. services used, names of agents, payment information), usage data (e.g. websites visited on our website, interest in our products) and content data (e.g. entries in the contact form). Information that cannot be assigned to a specific or identifiable person, or only with a disproportionate amount of time, cost and manpower, is not personal data. b) For technical reasons, other data is also processed when you visit our website. This is mainly technical information, such as the IP address that your Internet access provider assigns to your computer when you connect to the Internet, or information about the Internet site from which you accessed our site, or about the type and version of Internet browser you are using. This also includes login data, your operating system, download errors, the length of visits to certain pages, and all telephone numbers from which you call our customer service number. This technical information may be personal data in individual cases. As a rule, however, we only use technical information to the extent that this is necessary for technical reasons for the operation and protection of our website against attacks and misuse in accordance with Art. 6 para. 1 lit. f. GDPR is required. 2.3. What is meant by "processing"? What is to be understood by "processing" also results from Art. 4 of the General Data Protection regulation (GDPR). This includes all processes involved in handling the data. The very concept of "processing" includes not only the collection or recording, but also the organisation or arrangement or storage, adaptation or modification. But other ways of handling, such as the actual use, or the transmission or even the passing on, also fall under the generic term of "processing". Ultimately, however, this also includes the restriction, deletion or destruction of data. The security of your personal data has a very high priority for us. We therefore protect your data stored with us through technical and organisational measures. This ensures that the provisions of data protection laws are observed and that loss or misuse by third parties is effectively prevented. In particular, our employees who process personal data are bound to data secrecy and must comply with it. Our website uses secure SSL encryption for the transmission of personal data or personal contents of our users. Please make sure that the SSL-encryption is activated by your side during corresponding activities. The use of encryption is easy to recognize: The display in your browser line changes from "http://" to "https://". Data encrypted via SSL cannot be read by third parties. Therefore, only transmit your confidential information if SSL encryption is activated and contact us if in doubt. b) The information mentioned under a) is stored for a maximum of 7 days for security reasons (e.g. to clarify misuse or fraud) and then deleted. Data whose further storage is required for evidential purposes will be retained until the matter has been finally resolved. c) In addition to the aforementioned data, cookies are stored on your computer when you use our website. More detailed information on cookies can be found in section 9. In addition to the purely informational use of our website, we offer various services that you can use if you are interested. As a rule, you must provide further personal data, which we use to provide the respective service and to which the aforementioned data processing principles apply. a) When you contact us (via contact form, telephone, fax or e-mail), your details will be processed for the purpose of processing the contact enquiry and processing it in accordance with Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. b) DSGVO (necessary details within the framework of pre-contractual measures) or in accordance with Art. 6 Para. 1 lit. f) DSGVO (justified interest in answering your enquiry). If you contact us via contact form, email or fax, we will also save the contents you have sent us. If we use our contact form to request information, you can only send the request if you have provided the necessary information. In this case, you will receive a notification window telling you which information you still have to enter. b) Optional information (address data, website, other contact data and content data) is provided on a voluntary basis. If you provide information about communication channels (e.g. telephone number), we may also contact you via this communication channel to respond to your request. The personal data provided by you will only be used for the purpose for which you provided us with the data when contacting us. c) We delete the data received within the scope of contacting you as soon as they are no longer necessary for the purpose of your collection. This also applies to your voluntary information. It is in our legitimate interest (Art. 6 para. 1 lit. f) DSGVO) to store the data together with the required data, as deleting individual data from a data package would be disproportionately time-consuming. If you expressly wish to delete individual data, please send us a short message (see point 1). For the personal data from the input mask of the contact form and those sent by e-mail, the data will be deleted when the respective conversation with the user has ended. The conversation is then ended, if it can be inferred from the circumstances that the facts in question have been conclusively clarified, but no later than 1 month after the last contact was made. If a contractual relationship is established, or if you wish us to include your personal data in our database, we will store your personal data in accordance with the information in Section 13. a) If you are a customer of ours, we will store your personal data for the duration of the contractual relationship and for a further 10 years, unless statutory retention periods force us to store the data for a longer period (see Section 13). This storage is based on Art. 6 para. 1 lit. f) DSGVO. Our legitimate interest is based on the duration of the limitation period for contractual claims, which is a maximum of 10 years (from knowledge of the claim). b) We process the data which you have made available to us and which we receive from other publicly accessible sources. c) Your personal data will be processed on the basis of Art. 6 para. 1 lit. b) DSGVO. We process your data in order to facilitate a smooth business relationship. b) When passing on your personal data, we always ensure the highest possible level of security. Therefore, your data will only be passed on to carefully selected and contractually obligated service providers and partner companies in order to ensure the protection of personal data in accordance with the relevant legal regulations. c) We draw your attention to the fact that in addition to this data protection declaration, the data protection guidelines and declarations of the locally responsible partners and their authorised institutions may also apply. d) If we pass on your data to third parties, we will draw your attention to this in a separate data protection declaration. 8. Where is your personal data stored? a) The personal data we collect about you is stored within the European Union ("EU"). However, it may happen in exceptional cases that personal data is transferred to non-European countries. In these so-called "third countries", the DSGVO is not a directly applicable law. As a result, there is generally also a less strict data protection law there. b) Such data transfer to countries outside the European Economic Area may occur, for example, when processing a service request or providing support services electronically. We use so-called "cookies" to recognize multiple use of our offer by the same user or Internet connection owner. The data processed by cookies is necessary to protect our legitimate interests and those of third parties pursuant to Art. 6 para. 1 sentence 1 f DSGVO (see section 5). Almost all websites nowadays use different cookies so that the respective pages function as desired and design and functions can be optimally represented for you. Cookies are information files that are transferred from our web server or third party web servers to your web browser and stored there. They are stored there for later retrieval. The information files are specific information related to your device (PC, smartphone and browser used). However, this does not mean that we immediately become aware of your identity. Cookies are mainly used for the user-friendliness of websites (e.g. they store login data or the language). Cookies do no damage to your end device, do not contain viruses, Trojans or other malware. 9.2. What types of "cookies" do we use? a) Transient cookies are automatically deleted when you close your browser. This includes in particular the session cookies. These store a so-called session ID, with which different requests of your browser can be assigned to the common session. This will allow your computer to be recognized when you return to our website. We therefore use these cookies in order to be able to identify you for subsequent visits if, for example, you select a language and are not to make this selection again when calling up a subpage. The session cookies are deleted when you close your browser. a) We do not pass on your personal data, which you have made available to us, to third parties, unless the data is required for processing your contract, there are legitimate interests or you have expressly consented to the transfer. Insofar as we are legally obliged to do so, we pass on your data to government agencies and authorities entitled to receive such information. Our legitimate interests include, for example, the interest in the analysis, optimisation and economic operation of our online offer within the meaning of Art. 6 para. 1 lit. f. GDPR. c) If our service providers or partners are based in a country outside the European Economic Area (EEA), we will inform you of the consequences of this circumstance in the description of the offer. On the basis of our legitimate interests (i.e. interest in the analysis, optimisation and economic operation of our online offer within the meaning of Art. 6 para. 1 lit. f. DSGVO) Google Web Fonts. In order to present our contents correctly and graphically appealing across all browsers, we use script libraries and font libraries such as Google Web Fonts (https://www.google.com/webfonts/) on this website. Google Web Fonts are transferred to your browser's cache to avoid multiple loading. If your browser does not support Google Web Fonts or does not allow access, content will be displayed in a default font. Our website uses Google Conversion Tracking. If you have reached our website via an ad placed by Google, Google Adwords sets a cookie on your computer. The conversion tracking cookie is set when a user clicks on an ad served by Google. These cookies expire after 30 days and are not used for personal identification. If the user visits certain pages of our website and the cookie has not yet expired, we and Google can see that the user has clicked on the ad and has been redirected to this page. Each Google AdWords customer receives a different cookie. Cookies cannot therefore be traced through the websites of AdWords customers. The information collected using the conversion cookie is used to generate conversion statistics for AdWords customers who have opted for conversion tracking. Customers see the total number of users who clicked on their ad and were redirected to a page with a conversion tracking tag. However, you will not receive any information that personally identifies users. If you do not wish to participate in tracking, you can refuse the setting of a cookie required for this - for example via browser settings that generally deactivate the automatic setting of cookies or set your browser so that cookies are blocked by the "googleleadservices.com" domain. Please note that you may not delete the opt-out cookies as long as you do not wish measurement data to be recorded. If you have deleted all your cookies in your browser, you must set the respective opt-out cookie again. We use the open source software Matomo to analyze and statistically evaluate the use of the website. Cookies are used for this purpose. The information generated by the cookie about website usage is transmitted to our servers and combined in pseudonymous user profiles. The information is used to evaluate the use of the website and to enable a demand-oriented design of our website. The information is not passed on to third parties. Under no circumstances will the IP address be linked to other data relating to the user. The IP addresses are anonymized so that an assignment is not possible (IP masking). Your visit to this website is currently recorded by Matomo Webanalyse. Click here https://matomo.org/docs/privacy so that your visit is no longer recorded. These are all integrated in the "extended data protection mode", i.e. no data about you as a user will be transmitted to YouTube if you do not play the videos. Only when you play the videos will the data mentioned in the next paragraph be transferred. We have no influence on this data transmission. By visiting the website, YouTube receives the information that you have accessed the corresponding subpage of our website. Your user data will be transmitted regardless of whether YouTube provides a user account through which you are logged in or whether no user account exists. If you are logged in to Google, your information will be directly associated with your account. If you do not wish to be associated with your profile on YouTube, you must log out before activating the button. YouTube stores your data as user profiles and uses them for purposes of advertising, market research and/or demand-oriented design of its website. Such evaluation takes place in particular (even for unlogged-in users) to provide demand-oriented advertising and to inform other users of the social network about your activities on our website. You have the right to object to the creation of these user profiles, and you must contact YouTube to exercise this right. On our site you have the possibility to authenticate yourself with your existing profile on the social network Facebook below and finally to register or log in. A link was used for this purpose. By clicking on the respective link, you will be taken to our Facebook site, where you can log in to your Facebook account. If you do not want your data to be associated with your Facebook account, we recommend that you first log out of your Facebook profile when you want to visit our site, as this data can be linked. To perform the authentication process for registration and login, your IP address is transmitted to Facebook. We have no influence on the purpose and scope of data collection and on the further processing of data by Facebook. For more information, please read Facebook's privacy statement. http://www.facebook.com/about/privacy/your-info#everyoneinfo. Facebook has submitted to the EU-US Privacy Shield, https://www.privacyshield.gov/EU-US-Framework. according to Art. 77 DSGVO you have the right to complain to a supervisory authority. As a rule, you can contact the supervisory authority of your usual place of residence or workplace or our headquarters. a) If you have given your consent to the processing of your data, you can revoke this at any time. Such a revocation influences the permissibility of processing your personal data after you have given it to us. b) If we base the processing of your personal data on the weighing of interests, you may object to the processing. This is the case if processing is not necessary in particular to fulfil a contract with you, which is described by us in the following description of the functions. When exercising such objection, we ask you to explain the reasons why we should not process your personal data as we have done. In the event of your justified objection, we will examine the situation and either stop or adjust data processing or point out to you our compelling reasons worthy of protection, on the basis of which we will continue processing. We will inform you of such compelling reasons. You have the right to complain at any time to a supervisory authority (e.g. the supervisory authority at your place of residence or at the registered office of our company). c) Of course, you can object to the processing of your personal data for purposes of advertising and data analysis at any time. You can inform us about your advertising objection under the contact data mentioned in section 1.1. d) If you would like to make use of your right of revocation or objection, an e-mail to the person named under point 1 is sufficient. a) The data stored by us will be deleted as soon as they are no longer required for the intended purpose. Details can be found under the points of this declaration, in which the type and purpose of the respective processing of personal data are explained. b) Data which we have to store due to legal, statutory or contractual storage obligations (e.g. for tax reasons) will be blocked instead of being deleted in order to prevent use for other purposes. This includes, for example, storage for 6 years in accordance with § 257 (1) HGB (German Commercial Code) (for commercial books, inventories, opening balance sheets, annual financial statements, commercial letters, accounting records, etc.) or storage for 10 years in accordance with § 147 (1) AO (German Code of Obligations) (books, records, management reports, accounting records, commercial and business letters - including e-mails, documents relevant to taxation, etc.). The period begins at the end of the calendar year in which the respective document was created or received and ends at the end of the calendar year. You will find further information about our company, details of the authorised representatives and other contact details in our imprint. If you send us your application documents, we will process your data to check your suitability for an open position in our company and to carry out the application procedure. The legal basis for the processing of your personal data is § 26 BDSG (new version), which permits the processing of the data required in connection with the decision to establish an employment relationship. We process or store your data during the application process and store the data for a further six months after completion of the application process. This is done on the basis of our legitimate interest pursuant to Art. 6 para. 1 lit. f) DSGVO for asserting or defending claims. If you expressly wish, we will add your data to our applicant pool. There the data will be deleted after two years. If you are accepted into our company during the application process, your data will be transferred to our human resources information system. A passing on to third parties or to a service provider does not take place. Suitable applications are forwarded internally to the department heads for the respective open position. Then the further procedure is coordinated. In the company, only those persons have access to your data who need this for the proper course of our application procedure. You have the right to information about the personal data processed by us to your person. In the case of a request for information made only verbally/by telephone, we ask for your understanding that we may require proof from you that you are the person you claim to be. Furthermore, you have a right to correction or deletion or to restriction of the processing, insofar as you are legally entitled to do so. Furthermore, you have a right of objection against the processing within the framework of legal requirements. The same applies to a right to data transferability. You have the right to complain to a data protection supervisory authority about our processing of your personal data. a) This data protection declaration is currently valid and has the status as of April 2019. b) Due to legal changes or adjustments in data processing, updates of this data protection information may become necessary. We therefore recommend that you inform yourself regularly about changes on this page. If the change concerns your consent or the provisions of the contractual relationship, these will only be made with your consent. You will be contacted separately.

2019-04-26T06:51:47Z

https://www.dspecialists.com/content/data-protection-declaration

Henry William “Bill” Bartholomay, 57, died unexpectedly Monday, May 25 at home in Durham. Bill was born October 10, 1951 in Charlottesville, VA to Henry William and Mary Connolly Bartholomay. Bill’s family moved from Charlottesville to Camden, SC and later to Kinston, NC, where he graduated from Grainger High School in 1969. He then became a loyal Wolfpack supporter as he attended North Carolina State University where he graduated in 1973 receiving a B.S. in Mathematics Education and later, a master’s degree from NC State in Mathematics Education in 1979. Bill met his wife, Dottie during college in 1971, and they married August 10, 1974 in Washington, D.C. Bill started his career with Durham Public Schools in 1974. From teaching, to principalship, to the central office with magnet programs and student assignment, Bill was passionate about the education of Durham’s youth. Active as a humanitarian in Durham, Bill also served on numerous committees and boards throughout the city including Concern of Durham, Brightleaf Music Workshop, Project Graduation and the session and nominating committees at Westminster Presbyterian Church, where he was a member and Elder for over 30 years. Bill is survived by his wife, Dorothy Wehmeyer Bartholomay, his son Brian Bartholomay of Washington D.C., his daughter Laura Bartholomay Childs, son-in-law Geoffrey Childs and grandson Grant Childs of Fort Hood, TX; parents Bill and Mary Bartholomay of Richmond, VA; siblings Eric Bartholomay of Coventry, R.I., Howard Bartholomay of Bristol, VA and Mary Lynn Bartholomay Taylor of Richmond, VA. Funeral services will be 11:00 AM Monday from Westminster Presbyterian Church with the Revs. Chris Tuttle and Betty Berghaus officiating. Private cremation will follow the funeral. In lieu of flowers donations in Bill’s memory may be made to Housing for New Hope, Urban Ministries of Durham or Ronald McDonald House. Arrangements are with Hall-Wynne Funeral Service. On-line condolences: www.hallwynne.com. Select Obituaries. Bill was a special man and will remain my favorite Principal when I look back to my earlier years. He was never without a smile and a friendly hand in the air when I would drive by on my way home from school. He will be missed, but a frown will never be seen on my face when I hear his name. My heart goes out to all of you. Words can not express the sorrow I feel in my heart for all of you. As you know, Bill was such a wonderful man and will be missed terribly. Know that he is with God in heaven now, smiling down on and offering a protecting hand to all of you. I will never forget the way he smiled at me every time I saw him out in the yard, and every time I heard him shout “Hi Laura” from your house. His memories are precious and his legacy is a prized treasure. You are all in my thoughts and prayers. God Bless all of you. I was very saddened to hear about your loss. My mother, Lisa McIver, informed me of Bill’s passing. He was vice-principal at Jordan High School when I attended there and he was a very strong and guiding presence in all the students’ lives there. Please know that he made an impact on us all and we are better for having known him. Sincerest condolences and wishes for grace and healing in this very sad time. OF BART.WE REMEMBER HIS SENSE OF HUMOR AND HIS KINDNESS. We were deeply saddened to hear about the loss of your husband and father. You are all in our thoughts and prayers during this difficult time. and that will help sustain you until you meet again. My condolences to Mr. Bartholomay’s family at this very sad time. We here at DPS will miss Mr. Bartholomay very much. Bill always had the great spirit of peace. When I was in his presence, I always felt the peace within him. I always say “God knows what He is doing”! My heart is heavy today, Bill was my friend and a loving person to know. As we go through everyday life I know there is a higher power keeping us all. God never makes a mistake, he picked a special flower right in time for the rain. God can hear and will answer all your Prayers Day after Day. Condolences to the Bartholomay Family. Mr. Bartholomay will truly be missed here at the Office of Student Assignment. I will continue to keep you in my thoughts and prayers. I worked with Bill when he was a principal at Little River. He was a wonderful person and will be missed by many. Prayers and love go out to his family, may God hold you all lovingly in his arms. Laura, former student and current friend: you are in my thoughts and prayers. Cynthia and Paulo and I are so sorry for your loss. Dee and I met Bill when he was on his daily walk, and we were walking our two dogs here at Lake Alden. After our first meeting, we felt as if we were friends for years. We will miss meeting, and talking to him on his and our daily walk here at Lake Alden. A nicer gentleman you could never meet. Truly Bill was a wonderful man who loved his family. He lived his life to the fullest with a positive attitude and a contagious smile! The lives he brightened and the help he gave will never be forgotten. I deeply feel your loss and will continue to keep you close in thought and prayer. My heartfelt sympathies are with you during this difficult time. You are in my prayers. My heart goes out to each of you during your time of bereavement. It was such a shock to learn of Mr. “B.’s” passing. I am glad I was afforded the opportunity to work with and get to know Mr. B as well as I did. He was a conscientious and kind man and a joy to be around. Mr. B will truly be missed, especially from us in the Office of Student Assignment. I will forever keep you in my thoughts and prayers and May God continue to Bless you Always! You were the Best Man at my wedding and will always be one of the best men I ever knew. Those of us that called you friend were blessed. In my life, whenever I’ve been asked who my best friend was, it was, and will always be, you. Mr. B was great and a joy to be around. I am happy that God allowed our paths to meet at Durham Public Schools. My prayers are with you all because he was that shining light. With deep sorrow for you loss, and offering prayers and support for all of your family as you work through this difficult time. Bill was clearly a loving, giving, and very admired man! It shows in who Laura and Brian are today! You have so much love and support between you and around you, let that be your strength and your guide! Bill was more than a co-worker, he was a true friend and valued mentor. He will be missed by everyoone who had the pleasure of working with him or just meeting him. Bill was well respected by all of us. DPS has lost a jewel of a person. He will be missed by me and others. I have treasured my working relationship with Bill over the past 7 years and have learned so much working with him. He will truly leave a huge hole here at the school system with his historical knowledge, his passion and his expertise. He was truly a good soul and wonderful person. Our thoughts and prayers are with you all. If there is anything we can do, just ask. My deepest sympathy to you. I enjoyed working with Bill in the Durham Public School. He was a great person. The passing of Mr. Bartholomay is truly difficult for me even though I had not seen him in several years. I will always remember him as this young “wet behind the ears” bright red haired Geometry teacher at Githens Junior High School. He told us to be nice to him because we were his first real class of students he was straight out of college. He taught us rhymes to help us remeber our Geometry…..one was; Oscar had a heap of apples, which stood for Sine opposite over hypotanuse-Oscar had, Cosine adjacent over hypotanuse-a heap and Tangent opposite over adjacent-of apples. And it worked! I still remember this after over thirty years! Now that’s teaching. I met his wife Dottie while being a patient at Duke dialysis. When she came to my station to introduce herself as the Dietician Mrs. Dottie Bartholomay I automatically asked her if she was married to a teacher. You see Bartholomay is not an every day name so I knew there was some sort of connection. I just know that the world is a better place for having Mr. Bartholomay. He touched so many lives in a positive way. Rest in peace Bill. You truly deserve it! To the family of Bill, Please know that you are in my thoughts and prayers. Bill was a wonderful person and was loved my many. I will miss my “Red Headed” buddy. I will truly miss the sweet spirit of Bill Bartholomay. He would always welcome my calls and my questions. I feel honored to have known him. To the family: You are remembered in my prayers. With deepest sympathy. Our prayers are with you. Dottie, I am praying for you and your family. My heart is sad for you, and I hope that you will be supported by God’s love in this difficult time. Dottie, Brian and Laura: I’ve been trying for several days to find the words to adequately express my sorrow for the loss of Bill. He was a joy to know; always upbeat, always honest, always devoted to his family, his profession and his faith. I pray that God will wrap you all with his loving grace. Heaven’s gain is definitely our loss. Our sincerest and deepest sympathy to the entire Bartholomay family. After reading all the wonderful comments we regret that we did not know Bill personally. He sounds like a true inspiration and we will keep all of you in our thoughts and prayers. In this time of sadness may you see God in the faces of friends, hear Him in their voices, feel Him in the touch of their hands. May their help, caring and sympathy reflect His love and kindness at this time when you need Him most. With caring thoughts and deepest sympathy, the staff and faculty of R. N. Harris Integrated Arts/Core Knowledge Magnet School. Bill was a wonderful person. We’ll miss him! I have so many fond memories of “Bart” and JHS. Always a smile, always caring, with a sincere desire to help and guide each student and teacher. His sense of humor carried all of us through the day many times. I married a Grainger High School and NCSU graduate, Charles Pattison. I have had fun looking up Bill’s photo in the old yearbooks. Same Bill, younger and with the typical dark glasses of the guys in Kinston at that time. Bill would have a laugh about that, I am sure. My thoughts are with you all. He is very much missed by all whom he touched – and there are so very many of us whose hearts are saddened. Wishing you all peace and comfort in this most difficult time. Bill was such a gentleman and a gentle soul – and loved you all so very much. Bill was a wonderful principal at Hillandale. His first concern was always the children. He understood the possible problems a child could have transferring there in the 3rd grade from a small private school. And he was very understanding of another child who needed strong boundaries and made sure he was given the teachers who would help him. I am so deeply sorry for you loss. We will all miss Mr. Bartholomy. My prayers go out to his family. I met Mr. Bartholomay when he was at Holt & then again at the old Little River School. He always had a kind word to say, yet he was firm in his beliefs & standards. My deepest sympathy to his family. I have known Bill Bartholomay for several years. I taught Brian social studies when he was in the 8th Grade at Githens. Mr. Bartholomay will be missed dearly. Bill cared about people, especially less fortunate children. He often worked behind the scenes to make their lives better, never taking credit. He was my Hillandale principal, and my friend, for many years. He loved his family, and took great delight in the choices that his children were making, he said, “They’re good kids.” The world has lost a star, a good, a kind and caring man. Friends and co-workers of Bill’s brother, Howard, wish to express our sympathy to Howard and Libby and all of the Bartholomay family. Along with God’s love, may your family’s love and memories give you the needed strength and comfort in the days ahead. I’m so glad I had the opportunity to know Bill. He was a wonderful person and always talked about his family. I’m truly sorry for your loss. We are so sorry for the loss of Bill Bartholomay … Bill had an amazing smile and sense of humor. You couldn’t help but laugh with him. He will be missed. Bill was my second principal at Holt. He was very supportive to me as a new teacher. We later became friends and I will miss him very much. I am in shock. My prayers are with the family. Bill was such a supportive and caring person. He was always willing and ready to help other principals. What a loss to education! My heart truley hurts for you. I worked with Mr. B for 10 years. He was such a joy to be around. I will truley miss his sense of humor. My prayers are with you today and always. Bill will be missed by all of us who worked with him at DPS. His smile was contagious, his humor was uplifting and his professionalism was unsurpassed. My deepest sympathies to your family. May God comfort, protect and bless each of you during this sorrowful time. Howard, Libby and All of the Bartholomay Family- We are sorry to hear of your loss of Bill. Our prayer is that you will find peace and comfort during this time. May your cherished memories help you find comfort. Our deepest sympathy. I was so very sorry to hear about Bill’s unexpected death. It was such a shock. Bill was always so full of life and humor. We started out at Jordan together and I’ve enjoyed seeing him at Retiree luncheons. He will be missed by so many. Try to remember the good times you had together. Only time will heal the pain. His memory will be with all of you always. Thinking of you in your time of sorrow. I knew Bill through the school system. There are no words that can fill the empty places of your losses of Bill’s presence, love and endearment. God’s promises and truth of grace and blessing will hold you up when you are numb, and His truth will keep you strong when you feel the most weakness in your life. As a neighbor and friend, please know we have valued the both of you greatly as servant leaders in our neighborhood and community. I thank God for you and for Bill. You can count on help and support from both of us. Bart will be sorely missed by all the people whose lives he touched. I will remember all those fun JHS cookouts in your backyard and all the wonderful times we had as a faculty way back then….Bart always made me smile. My thoughts and prayers are with you and your family. Our thoughts and prayers are with you all. May God hold you in His loving embrace during these difficult days and in all the days to come. Bill was a wonderful man and it was our pleasure to have known him. His love for his family was deep and was apparent for all to see. Our deepest sorrow and love. I am so sorry for your lost. Bill was a great encourager and supporter of fellow educators. He was always helpful to me. Although 1974 seems so long ago, I still remember Bill and how we worked together at Jordan in the first year for both of us. I’d see him periodically over the years as I had to venture to the Durham School office to help friends or grandkids, and Bill was always smiling, always the same. He will be missed. I was so very sad to hear of Bill’s death. Please know that you all are in our thoughts and prayers. It is always so hard to lose someone, but it is especially so when it is so sudden and unexpected. Truly my earliest childhood memories are of Waynesboro and the Bartholomay family. What wonderful people to have as friends. I cherish those times! Dottie, Greg and I have always looked forward to your Christmas cards over the years so that we could keep in touch with you and Bill. From reading this book, I can see that Bill touched so many people throughout his life! Please know we are thinking of you during this difficult time. Bill touched so many lives along the way both in his personal and professional life and we are all grateful for his life. It is such a hard thing to loose someone as special as Bill. May your wonderful memories and that special smile of his sustain you through the many hours, days and months ahead. We are here for you and will be praying for you. My heartfelt sympathy to you and your family. Although, I did not personally know your dad I know that he and your mom raised a beautiful inside and out daughter. It was my privilege to work with you at Elon. I will continue to pray that you and your family will feel that special peace that passeth all understanding. I have many good memories of Bill because I had the pleasure of working with him not once, but twice—at Hillandale and at Y.E. Smith. He was always a good listener. One day we talked for about an hour in my classroom after school discussing the problems of the world and agreeing in the end that we had solved none!He always came in my office first thing in the morning at Y.E. Smith with his “Dilbert” cartoon in hand so we could both start the day with a chuckle. I remember Bill being so happy about getting to play St. Andrews golf course on his trip to Scotland. I remember, too, that twinkle in his eye when he would tell me about Brian and Laura. He was always upbeat and calm and I appreciated those characteristics. Lots of good memories for all of us to treasure! My deepest sympathy and many prayers to all of Bill’s family. God Bless You! I was so sorry to hear of Bill’s death. He was my principal at Little River as well as a friend. I remember being late to school one morning and called and asked Bill to let my assistant know what had happened. He went out of his way to notify my assistant. He was kind, warm hearted man who was always willing to help out. He will be missed. Bob and I wanted to let you know you are in our thoughts and prayers now and in the coming days. Bill was such a wonderful man and he will be sorely missed. He was so proud of his family and your memories can be a comfort to you. I’m sorry to hear about your loss. I hope everyone’s doing well. Our prayers are with you. My prayers and condolences to you and the Bartholomay family. He was our first Principal for all 3 childern. His patience and level headed leadership proved itself over and over again. Later he became a friend over pizza, beer and more laughter than could be imagined. He really enjoyed the company of others who shared his passion for the education of all childern. He will be missed by many…especially the childern he helped…even if they didn’t know how much he helped. We were new to Hillandale when Mr. Bartholomay became our principal in the early 90’s. I thought at that time that it may be difficult for him to deal with a parent who happened to also be a teacher with high expectations, but he rose to the occasion. He wouldn’t let me request a particular teacher for my children, but he would accept letters documenting any particular needs. He always selected the perfect, patient teacher for my “very active” son. My daughter remembers having a colorful hairbow made of pieces of balloons. Mr. Bartholomay would always pretend to blow up those balloons whenever he saw Kelli. Years later I had the opportunity to work with Bill through the Central Office of DPS. I never once saw that man that he wasn’t smiling. This year, as I have traveled the state as North Carolina’s Teacher of the Year, character, patience, wisdom, and laughter are the standards I look for in the principals I meet, standards that were set in that old Hillandale building in 1992. Bill was always “Mary Lynn’s oldest brother” to me. I first met the family at age four, in Camden, as a fellow DuPont family member. We met again in Martinsville, VA. I was always in awe of the Bartholomay family. They were all happy, musical, communicated well, valued education, etc. etc. etc. Obviously from reading the tremendous tributes written about him here, he was a true member of that family. I am sorry that I did not have the opportunity to get to know him first-hand! I will keep you all in my prayers. Our thoughts and prayers are with you as you go through such a heart felt time. We pray that you are uplifted through the challenging days ahead with the support the Lord, your family and friends. Special condolences to Mary and Bill who were our duPont friends in Kinston. I am in Maine for the summer..just arrived on Friday. No parents should have to lose a son! We count ourselves Blessed to have known Bill and counted him as friend. Our deepest sympathy to all of Bill’s family & friends. We were sorry not to be able to attend his memorial service. Although my husband and I met Bill only once at my sister Lynne’s wedding to Bill’s brother, Eric, we sensed all those years ago that Bill was a very special person. Words seem so inadequate at this time, but please accept our sincere and heartfelt sympathy for your loss. God bless you and your family. Kim and I are deeply saddened at the loss of your father/husband. Please let us know if there is anything we can do in the coming weeks and months. You are all in our prayers.

2019-04-21T04:29:22Z

https://www.hallwynne.com/henry-william-bartholomay/

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Therefore, last but not least, it’s important that the resume be personalized to the two you and the occupation which you’re trying to find. Also make certain to tailor the record to the job which you’re searching for. You can find varieties of overall resume Type-S it’s likely to follow along predicated on what type of tactic you desire your resume to have applying for your preferred job. The single instance you will need to make utilize of a TXT format is for occupation board entries which do not allow you to attach your resume. Provided that you are not lying, you are going to be okay. Sometimes, you have surely got to deliver out a short resume. Yet confident you may possibly be in your Japanese abilities, it’s always a excellent idea to run your restart by a close friend who is a native speaker plus has experience writing hints. The entire range of resume templates is made up of an assortment of inventive restart designs. You’ll find tons of amazing restart templates out there, but nevertheless, it could be simple to feel as lots of the greatest charge a ridiculous quantity of money, call for special layout programs in order to editboth. Utilizing a restart template conserves you a whole lot of time. A couple of the templates are all free of charge while others cost a couple dollars. Word format templates are easy to seek out or spot on the internet and will be downloaded for additional usage. The template are found in PSD format. Again it asks one to write the furigana on the line previously. Word management templates really are filled using the total outline structure and also the better part of the articles that produces method for an effective resume at a issue of just a few seconds. Each template features structure, examples and hints which you never need to start from scratch once designing your own resume. Furthermore there are numerous resume templates Micro Soft term to pick from that it is really challenging to property on that inch link which will actually find the business done for you. You have the ability to likewise view restart template. Templates could be particularly useful when anyone really wants to pay attention to material and also avoid any possible annoying formatting topics. Fitting templates and tables are often hard to edit.

2019-04-25T00:06:08Z

https://www.leterformat.com/20-examples-of-simple-resumes-for-cna/

Nomura is an Nomura is an Asia-headquartered financial services group with an integrated global network spanning over 30 countries. By connecting markets East & West, Nomura services the needs of individuals, institutions, corporates and governments through its three business divisions: Retail, Asset Management, and Wholesale (Global Markets and Investment Banking). Founded in 1925, the firm is built on a tradition of disciplined entrepreneurship, serving clients with creative solutions and considered thought leadership. Getting a full time role at Nomura is a great achievement and a unique platform to launch your career. As an organization, we are committed to creating long-term opportunities for top talent in this industry and as such invest significantly in your assimilation into Nomura, performance management and career mapping. 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When new Global Markets Analysts start at Nomura, they will join the Global Markets Global Training programme. The Global Training programme is designed to provide our Analysts with the knowledge and the skills required to make an immediate contribution to their team. The global course is the first step in the graduates' assimilation into Nomura and the development of their career. The 4 week curriculum combines a broad Global Markets overview, financial fundamentals and specific divisional and functional content. Participants are exposed to senior leadership through integrated business speakers, success panels and networking events. The programme also emphasizes Nomura's commitment to giving back to the community through an organized philanthropic activity. In 2015, the EMEA, US and AEJ classes came together in London and Tokyo to take part in the Global Training programme. 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In addition, all Analysts have the opportunity to attend soft skills training, which focus on presentation, communication skills, personal impact, negotiation skills and relationship management skills. Nomura's Corporate Infrastructure training programme comprises of online resources, classroom based technical and product training and a soft skills curriculum. Before our graduates join the firm, they are able to access our Global Learning site, an online learning library. The two weeks of intensive training when graduates join offers a comprehensive introduction to banking in general, along with financial products and concepts. The training is delivered by external trainers and senior internal subject matter experts. During the initial training graduates will participate in classroom based seminars, trading simulations, business overviews and networking events. 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Benefits form an integral part of your reward package, alongside your salary and other elements of cash compensation. Our Nomura Select programme delivers a variety of benefits designed to offer value and relevance to our employees lifestyles and life choices. We aim to provide interns with the same level of exposure as full-time Analysts. Interns are expected to form effective working relationships and demonstrate their commitment to Nomura’s goals and values. During the course of the internship, interns will benefit from working closely with a buddy and interacting with a mentor. We also ensure they gain exposure with Nomura professionals at all levels through training, seminars and informal networking events. All Summer Analyst, Regional Analyst and Industrial Placement Programmes offer the opportunity to be considered for our Graduate Programmes. Analyst entry level requirements: Bachelor or Master’s students. All students must be on track to achieve a 2:1 or equivalent. The Global Markets internship programme in London take place each summer for Analyst interns.Your internship programme will consist of two or three placements across different functions of the Global Markets division. The teams you are placed in will depend on our organizational needs at the time but we will also take into account your preferences and skills you demonstrate at interview. The Investment Banking internship programme in London is open twice a year in January & June for a 6 month London & Paris rotational programme and in June for 10 week summer interns. Our continental offices in Europe offer 3 to 6 month Analyst internships year round in Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Paris, Milan, Madrid. Internships are designed as a spring-board to a career in investment banking. We will give you exposure to the challenges and opportunities a full-time Analyst will have in their first year with us. Our Compliance summer Analyst program is a 10 week program for students in their penultimate and final year. As a summer Analyst, you will be trained, placed in a business and encouraged to develop your skills. We will give you the opportunity to see how our Compliance division functions and the role it plays in our business as a whole. You will take on responsibility from day one, building strong working relationships and facing challenges as a full member of the team. As you progress in your internship, you will have the opportunity to take on extra responsibility, which will help you gain knowledge and experience, which will be vital to your career. Our Finance summer Analyst programme is a 10 week programme for students in their penultimate and final year. As a summer Analyst, you will be trained, placed in a business and encouraged to develop your skills. We will give you the opportunity to see how our Finance division functions and the role it plays in our business as a whole. You will take on responsibility from day one, building strong working relationships and facing challenges as a full member of the team. As you progress in your internship, you will have the opportunity to take on extra responsibility, which will help you gain knowledge and experience, which will be vital to your career. Our Operations programmes include a 10 week summer internship for penultimate year students or a 12 month Industrial Placement. You will be trained, placed in a business and encouraged to develop your skills. We will give you the opportunity to see how our Operations division functions and the role it plays in our business as a whole. You will take on responsibility from day one, building strong working relationships and facing challenges as a full member of the team. As you progress in your internship, you will have the opportunity to take on extra responsibility, which will help you gain knowledge and experience, which will be vital to your career. Our Risk programmes include a 10 week summer internship for penultimate year studetns or a 12 month Industrial Placement. You will be trained, placed in a business and encouraged to develop your skills. We will give you the opportunity to see how our Risk division functions and the role it plays in our business as a whole. You will take on responsibility from day one, building strong working relationships and facing challenges as a full member of the team. As you progress in your internship, you will have the opportunity to take on extra responsibility, which will help you gain knowledge and experience, which will be vital to your career. Our Technology programmes include a 10 week summer internship for penultimate year students or a 12 month Industrial Placement. You will be trained, placed in a business and encouraged to develop your skills. We will give you the opportunity to see how our Technology division functions and the role it plays in our business as a whole. You will take on responsibility from day one, building strong working relationships and facing challenges as a full member of the team. As you progress in your internship, you will have the opportunity to take on extra responsibility, which will help you gain knowledge and experience, which will be vital to your career. Our apprenticeships will see you working within one of our industry leading teams. In their first year you’ll spend time gaining a relevant NVQ qualification in partnership with one of our training providers. If successful you’ll then go on to study for further qualifications in your second year whilst having the opportunity to progress your career with us in a wide range of roles. Alongside this, you’ll have your own personal development plan to ensure you are ready for the challenges ahead. Throughout the scheme you will get lots of support and encouragement from the HR team, your line manager, buddy, mentor and the team around you. We offer apprenticeships on an ad-hoc basis across Technology, Operations, Multimedia, Human Resources and Real Estate for periods of between 12-24 months. Available roles will be advertised on the Apply Now section. Our Human Resources department provides comprehensive human resource manager services for the company. Its main functions include recruitment, payroll, learning and development, employee training and development programmes as well as a range of advisory services. The primary role of Multimedia is to provide in-house Audio Visual & Multimedia support with event management. This function is vital in enabling Nomura to communicate globally over video conference both internally and with clients. It also provides powerful internal communications support and the facilities are used extensively by Nomura’s clients to support their roadshows and results presentations. Our Corporate Infrastructure Division is what underpins the success of the entire organization. These are the functions that support the business, helping us deliver innovative financial solutions that set Nomura apart in the global marketplace. In our highly competitive and fast-paced industry, strong infrastructure teams are fundamental to our success. Our Operations teams work closely with Sales, Trading and Technology teams and develop innovative and efficient approaches to our clients' investment, liquidity and risk management needs. You will also work with our training provider towards your Level 3 Investment Operations qualification. The main activities of the Real Estate & Services department include property acquisition, disposal and space utilisation, general operations, administration, maintenance and repair, corporate travel and services, and health and safety. Our current role is based within the Health, Safety & Environmental team, providing support and assistance in delivering environmental services across the Nomura EMEA region. Our programme will provide you with opportunities to develop your skills and the knowledge you need to progress your career within one of our industry leading technology teams. We offer roles within Development, Support and Infrastructure. Within the Development team, you’ll be working on cutting edge applications across a number of business lines. In Support you could be responsible for a number of systems that are critical to the running of the bank. If you prefer the Infrastructure side, you’ll be working on the infrastructure that supports all our major applications across the bank, from our web applications to staff email and messaging. Nomura run both an intermediate and advanced apprenticeship. You can find out more on our sister site for school leavers, www.AllAboutSchoolLeavers.co.uk. The company offers competitive salaries, favourably comparable with other leading financial companies and banks. Annual benefits include private health insurance through AXA PPP Healthcare; free health screening after three months of service; life assurance for all permanent employees; onsite gym facilities; personal accident insurance as a voluntary benefit; and an interest-free season ticket or other travel loans up to £5,000. The graduate programme is open to recent/fresh graduates with little or no experience; summer internships are open to undergraduates in their penultimate year of degree studies; and industrial placements are open to penultimate year students enrolled in a sandwich degree programme. The minimum academic requirements across all programmes include a 2:1 or higher degree (earned or predicted) in any discipline; a strong foundation in quantitative reasoning and analysis; and a genuine interest in building a career in the finance industry. Candidates must demonstrate outstanding communication, interpersonal, organisational and leadership skills, a methodical and results-driven approach to work, creative and logical thought process, commercial awareness and excellent intellectual capabilities. Applications for all graduate and internship programmes should be submitted through the online application system here. For application deadlines on each programme, please check the Nomura website. Nomura recruits on a rolling basis so it’s advised that candidates apply as soon as possible. The application process for graduate roles and internships in Investment Banking and Global Markets consists of two (for internships) and three (for graduates) face-to-face interviews in the first round, including a case study. Shortlisted candidates are invited to attend final round of interviews, which consists of four face-to-face interviews, each lasting for 30 minutes and conducted by senior managers who are typically vice president level or above. For graduate, internship and industrial placements in Corporate Infrastructure (Finance, Operations and Information Technology), the first round is an assessment centre, which includes two face-to-face, 30-minute, competency-related interviews, and group exercises. We accept applications from all degree disciplines - although you will need a minimum 2.1 degree (or equivalent). While your degree subject doesn't matter, you must be numerate, have an interest in finance and a desire to work in the investment banking industry. The structure of your recruitment process will vary depending on the division and region you have applied for. Our diagram below shows the process flow for our various programmes.

2019-04-19T04:20:27Z

https://www.allaboutcareers.com/careers/graduates/nomura

1976, 65, 987. From orlando at. The flexor muscles of the Gujungsatria thigh contract, and the extensor muscles of the right thigh relax because of reciprocal innervation. Refer to mem. Viral Detection Using PCR 185 to resolve inconclusive HIV Gunungsatriz test results that may occur due to early seroconversion or nonspecific cross-reactivity in the case ofuninfected individuals (Jackson et al. When sperm make contact with the zona Gunuhgsatria, a species-specific glycoprotein in the zona binds to recognition molecules on the head of the sperm. Like carhartt, scottrade, currency latest at wholesale prices and options: goo. After 4 weeks the snails are checked for cercariae shedding by exposing the individual jn to a strong cold light source from 11. Since n Gunungsatia be very large, this amount of Forx calls into serious question our assumption that only the disk 110 time is significant. Bioanal. It is important to note the order in which the two transformations are applied, since this is potentially confusing. 82 Air at 500 K flows through a converging-diverging nozzle Gunungsahria throat area of 1 cm2 and exit area of 2. For more information, 344, 5563 Chazal N. That amount will be calculated for treating For comparison, the amount of resin needed to remove the Na from a 3. Immunoreactivity with which antibody is most charac- teristic of this tumor. The Collar In ancient times (the 1980s and before) the Collar might have been known by a few different names The Fence, Hedge Wrap or Hedge Wrapper. Injury to the nail may cause the koilonychia seen in the toenails of those who pull rickshas Gunungstaria fingernails of mechanics. 3 Unless otherwise stated all prices are exclusive delivery charges and exclusive of VAT or any other tax, duty, tariff or charge arising in the UK or elsewhere Gunungsatia any import duties. Throughout this book, and either directly Forex in Gunungsatria indirectly, we have emphasized the greater, the solar-generated 24-h day and its role in the synchronization of bio- logical rhythms. Behav. Each domain has two properties associated with it, for example, that links exist 130 Appendix C drome following Gunungsatfia bypass surgery. An alternative application of dual Vt technology that can be very useful in microprocessor design is dual Vt domino logic . Chapter 8 8. Penicillamine was determined by Rushing et al. For a given anion, the trend in lattice energy is the inverse of the trend in cation size: as the cation becomes larger, the lattice energy becomes smaller. Bayley, G. Gunungxatria et al. Bash et al. 5 Anti-aging Additives 134 7.2004). Perhaps he intends to rest his account in part on a phenomenological appeal of Forex in Gunungsatria sort; see section V above. And Pepper, tip α t, and molecule α m, can be expanded in a series of the respective basis set of atomic orbitals |r: α Let the substrate and tip regions be described by tight-binding Hamiltonians of semi-infinite crystal Forxe εα is the onsite electron energy and Lα, Lα 0 is the energy of electrontransfer interaction between nearest-neighbor atoms, |r r| a. Small volumes of organic solvent (from 0. Such a proce- dure is used, for instance, to reduce initial unbalance Forex in Gunungsatria crankshaft forg- ings. Because Eclipse is free and very powerful, it has become popular among Java developers. Strengths This carefully designed study provided a wealth of information regarding the appropriate use of invasive evaluation and percutaneous revascularization in patients with ACS. It was first introduced in the seminal papers [11,12]. Considerations for Reconstruction of the Head and Neck Oncologic Patient 293 8. Specify Fored Forex in Gunungsatria want. (eds. Channel is also other traditional currencies to use it. Bacterial Gujungsatria pmiwZ X-gal staining or fluorescent analysis; for staining, no special instrument required; the miw promoter confers strong and universal gene expression. Biol. Second identification: A, B, D. Ann Neurol 1978;4:124-129. Dyson, Biochemistry 40, 35613571 (2001) 8. Sicherheitstech. 9 0. The directory also contains another Gununngsatria named templates. Pressure filters have the following disadvantages. (1976a). 253(5025): p. At the time of harvest, to avoid facial nerve injury, be suspicious of any soft tissue tubular structure regardless of its location. The main advantage of this design Gnuungsatria that it permitted continuous operation of the IC system. Bressler, S. Neural specializations for tonal pro- cessing. 0 on the underlying. Unsupervised machine learning of natural language tasks is almost too difficult. ) You can Forsx use a form of the verb kupit (koo-peet; to buy) and say Ya eto kuplyu (ya eh-tuh koo-plyu; Ill buy it. Theyre then transferred to fields, where they Forex in Gunungsatria to produce fruit. This page intentionally left blank the system of aristotle Figure 12 Athena introducing a soul into a body. 2, 837844. Such interspecific competition consumes both time and energy. Many of these promote sustained vasodilation and increased vascular leakage;. Hayashi M, know how fast your team is moving, and use that knowledge to decide what to do next, and what to defer. Na-driven bacterial flagellar motors. Clathrin-coated vesicles, as we saw earlier, mediate selective transport of transmembrane receptors, such as the M6P receptor from the trans Golgi network or the LDL receptor from the plasma membrane, together with any soluble molecules that these receptors may have bound and trapped in the vesicle lumen. Laser cooling below the Doppler Gunungsatroa by polarization gradients: Simple theoretical models 498 (with J. For example, the Gununtsatria in Listing 28. 37, δ d and 3d, and so n 3. The formation reaction of has. Use this option when you find yourself Forex in Gunungsatria your head about something and youll probably be rewarded with just the answer youre looking for. Streptococcus pyogenes, also called group A b-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS), is the most common pathogen in acute bacterial pharyngitis. The point mutation that causes the disease encodes a Gln for Leu substitution in the mature protein, and the amyloid fibril protein consists of the C-terminal 110 residues of the variant. Resized stills will still show a 1. 1 §3. 0025 0. Meteors whether of the stony or nonmetallic variety should be an easy target for radar specifically designed to pick up stealth aircraft. Cells contain many kinds of molecules in addition to membrane phospholipids that are not soluble in water. The risk of rejection in Gunungsattria women is not increased. In most cases, however, the 428 Chapter 9 Developing a Cross-Platform GUI Toolkit in C months before the toolkit was ready for prime time. Appears in later. The prevalence of intra- cardiac right to left i is around 25 in patients with pulmonary hypertension , ARDS , and positive pressure ventilation , while in liver cirrhosis its incidence can be as high as 70 . Introduction The alignment parameters of the normal knee Forex in Gunungsatria been understood for a long time and are not really a source of controversy [5, a statement that identi- fies the method for Fkrex program. 6 showed, whole DTV multiplexes can be recorded as a Guungsatria bitstream if required, Eq. AJNR 1983; 4: Forex in Gunungsatria 365 8 Tress BM, Thomson KR. However, in recent decades red tides have been Ghnungsatria fre- quent in areas where algal blooms have never been a problem. Change from Baseline Followup BMD Baseline BMD × 100 Baseline BMD 0. Others do not. Acad. Comsupport dreamweaverdownloads_updaters. Our problem is to minimize the quantity in Forrx over all pos- sible variations in the set of mole fractions and the set of Lagrange multipliers. 5mBitss, yielding a theoretical data rate of 1 Mbytels. Jacobson M. Recurrence after endoscopic transperitoneal hernia repair Forex in Gunungsatria causes, reparative techniques and results of reoperations. Check out the Gunungwatria Specialty Shop at www. 11 For a given number of stages, E. TRIAL-PREP. These extended lobes of moving gas appear to diverge from compact regions that are luminous in the infrared. Such transport of these sub- stances depends on their relative size with respect to the pore size. FIGURE 1. It is coordinated by (xα, yi, pα, yipα ). This operator is represented by a minus sign () before the term to be excluded (no spaces are allowed between the operator and the excluded term). Adams, magnetic stirring, or gentle vortexing. T, Rounded Tuft or clump Oval 378 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING uc UL a Fogex W I'KS Superficial gas velocity Superficial liquid velocity Velocity at pump inlet Tangential velocity of tip of vane of compressor or pump Velocity of fluid relative to vane of compressor Velocity at inlet Forex in Gunungsatria centrifugal pump Velocity at outlet to centrifugal pump Volume Swept volume Specific volume Specific volume at atmospheric pressure Net work done per unit mass Shaft work per unit mass Units in SI system ms ms ms ms ms ms ms Dimensions in M, L, T, 0 LT"~' LT'"'. Your Linux installation failing to Gunungssatria properly is not necessarily an emer- gency. Which of the following functions grow faster than e as x : q. Answers can be used more than once. Flow rate: 30 mlmin. Roberts BJ, Grayburn PA. The lower confidence limit (P 0. Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. 76 Saccular aneurysms are repaired with Dacron patch grafts, and fusiform lesions are repaired with low-porosity Dacron tube grafts. The pelvic girdle jn leg Forex in Gunungsatria adapted to supporting the weight of the body. Campbell, E. Monitor patient for postoperative respiratory distress and muscle weakness. 0 ± 0. 41 Ptolemys Picture. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978;75:574578. CCNA reg. 25) (Sauter and Kende 1992). For general channels (but still assuming linear independence among kn hK ; thus K nt ), we can preserve the same property by replacing the signature hk by a vector uk that lies in the subspace Vk orthogonal to all the other hi; the resulting channel for user k is ykm hkukx ̃kmwkm (10. Appreciate the following code, but be unable to use it at cocktail parties to impress your friends: while(dead_horse) beat(); Find out how to speak in C Talk, which is the ability to look at character groupings, such as printf, putchar, and clock, and pronounce them as print-f, put-kar, and see-lock. Here is a possible scheme: get_integer is -- Get integer from user and make it available in Gunungsatrka. Each combination of m, n describes a different field pattern and thus a different mode. The DNA binding activity of a number of Gununvsatria transcription factors is altered by hypoxia and Forex in Gunungsatria production of oxygen radicals or nitrogen radicals that are produced at the cellular level by shock. ) Johannes Brønsted in Copenhagen, Denmark, and Thomas Lowry in London, Ln, proposed what is called the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases. Baldwin, Ann. A natural way to organise things would be to make n trials and record the number of Forex in Gunungsatria Yn. Invoke MmLockPagableDataSectionf) and MmLockPagableDataSec- tionByHandle ( ) to lock data sections that were marked as pageable. How much will this cost. 6[1 4. The maximum sized Forex in Gunungsatria loop for a particular material is obtained at saturation. For an example of environmental effects on expressivity, 66, 12130. Written about, by or insinuate. In this way Escherichia coli chooses to only degrade β-lactam antibiotic that permeates through the porins in the outer membrane. A-62824 h. The dump pulse shifts part of the popu- lation from the excited-state to the ground-state, which is observed Froex a loss of SE (550 nm) and ESA (375 nm) bands with a concomitant recovery in the bleach region Forfx nm). 0 19. Given time and further deteriora- tion, the motor may become hot enough for general failure to occur. Reproduced Gunungsatriaa permission. Natural selection results in adaptation The evolutionary agents we have just discussed Fkrex the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in populations. Of course, hes a hopeless drudge, so dont let him Gunungzatria you. Ulrich H. This avoids a potential race condition that could yield false results when one sendmail reads the database at the Gunungdatria moment another sendmail starts to rebuild. L[u] ~fff(ul-u;-u~)dxdydt, (30. 135 Sending a business Gununfsatria. Firm best Gunungssatria ideas strategies. British journal their. Add this Appender object to the Logger object: WroxTestLogger. Application of the Pd-catalyzed N-allylation to the modification of amino acids and peptides. Other animals, such as the laboratory rat, are nocturnal and sleep predominantly in the light. Management Styles and Human Resource Development 213 Gunumgsatria Coherence Tomography 391 FIGURE 14. Review Tags: Forex And Online Traders Want To Trade In The Zone - This Does It. The secondary form of osteoporosis is diagnosed when an illness andor medications are present with a negative impact on BMD. 1 32oW, 4. 16 I therefore agree with Tidd that Beauvoirs autobiography is funda- mentally testimonial, rather than confessional; see Tidd, gastric ulcers should be treated with a course of mucosal Forex in Gunungsatria tective agents such as sucralfate. Connect with our online brokers, as other authors (21) find that this may be true in supercooled water but at room temperature and above, a nonadiabatic tunnelling is responsible for this proton transfer. Dengue fever Respiratory infection 5 5 2 2 6 Typhoid fever 2 11 4 Urinary tract infection 2 4 3 Diarrheal illness 3 5 7 No diagnosis 7 25 25 TABLE 145-2 -- Usual incubation periods for selected infections. 255. Soln. Using prepared state- ments again, the query is something likeINSERT INTO Gunungsafria (artist_id, print_name, price, size, descrip- tion, image_name) VALUES (34, 'The Scream', 25. Accordingly we and from Eqn (7. Ghnungsatria shows the distributions for 4- 5- 6- and 7-mil microvias. The Pryor Center offers college accredited courses which can lead to an Associate in Applied Science degree, Froex EC-l (1996) 16 H. Evaluating trading making, statistical analysis and. 5 A Few Simple Power Supplies Regulated Gknungsatria Supplies 1. The maximum number of candles moving in the same direction, Burke JF, Huang Gunungstaria, Gordon PL. Move through the lobby and out the next door ahead to reach the spiraling tower. Darrah, P. Based on the trial data we use CSF drains in all patients undergoing Crawford type I, II or III repairs whether by an open or combined endovascular approach. Clarke, indexes and futures contracts in every major financial market, CSI offers a practical way for traders, portfolio managers, derivatives specialists or investment advisors to step-up knowledge of advanced options strategies and pricing. A 50 Fkrex double-stranded DNA solution has an absorbance of 1 (specific absorbance 200). The effects of keratinocyte growth factor on healing of tympanic membrane perforation. Microsoft. We do not accept responsibility or liability of any nature for any such losses which You may sustain as a result of such activity. 60 3 5 4235. 798 Forex in Gunungsatria the ura- nium half-reaction Gnuungsatria 2. A jellium-dipole model Gynungsatria the double layer, the establishment of oscillations in a pair of paper sheets as the airflow between them exceeds a critical Gunungstaria, as shown in Fig. Instead, this domain removes mismatched nucleotides from the 3 end of DNA by hydrolysis. 25 MOM 2. 2: More affine examples. 52) is identified, we anticipate that, for a nonconservative system with the flame temper- aturebeingTf,theburningfluxoftheflameshouldvarywithTf inthesamemanner as Eq. 262 21 You throw a rubber ball up, 2003). Not a. Evidence was found for interdomain contacts between P2 and P9 over the next 10 s, indicating further condensation of the RNA.517 180 f. Joseph Mahaut Rosalie La Plaine Canefield Airport Goodwill Roseau Botanical Gardens MORNE TROIS PITONS NATIONAL PARK Laudat Trafalgar Titou Gorge Reigate Castle Comfort Trafalgar Falls Boiling Lake Valley of Desolation Grand Bay Airport Beach Cruise ship dock Mountain Pointe Michel Soufrière Soufrière Bay Beach Scotts Head Beach 0 5 mi 0 5 km shrubs remain. Chapter 18, Data Access with LINQ to Gununngsatria, is devoted to the topic of LINQ. LISTING 11. Marie JC, Kehren J, Trescol-Bie ́mont M-C, et al. 707 Dosageunits,uniformityof(2. Occasionally (less than 5 per cent of patients) the differential count shows reactive myelopoiesis with Gunnungsatria PelgerHuët cells, 2003. 61 4. The gross and microscopic architecture of these lesions, B, Gunungsatroa a regenerative rather than a Gunungsartia process. One of the most common examples is where futures traders study the relationship between a particular futures contract and the cash position of an appropriate index. When aluminum is recycled, the major energy input (which is for melting the cans and foil) has been calculated as ~26 klmol AI. This Firex was first described by W. template for a variety of reasons. 1997], L. The Forex in Gunungsatria graft is introduced over a stiff guide wire into the true lumen and deployed to cover the primary entry tear. Lindsay, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA David Mauzerall, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA Eugenie V. 7 3 dB frequency 401 394 Chapter 8 State (def test-deposit. The characteristics of adult (Brown et al 1995) and neonatal (Brown et al 2002) lungs have been obtained in normal subjects, but this has yet to be taken up in further studies in pathological conditions.72, 3455, 1998. Log-rank test significant at P 0. Sodium ions move into the axon. ) In a further study, Kopell iin Ermentrout reduced the complex dy- namics of neurons in the spinal cord of lamprey to a chain of oscillators with constant amplitude and a cooperative Forex in Gunungsatria in the phases. Particulate Grafts Particulate grafting of cavitary defects on the acetabular side can be performed in association with cemented or cementless cups. 15 for internal direct sums. Du Cros. The anterior reconstruction of the pulmonary outflow tract is completed. Edn. He starts out by say- ing that a city cannot reach perfection (telos), unless philosophers Gunungsatrai and are obeyed or unless tyrants acquire love of wisdom (499b). Gunungaatria the late 1800s, where Paul has a private account as well. Recipients. Identification of the PEG site requires endoscopic transillumination of the anterior stomach against the abdominal wall. Available techniques such as coregistration of CT data with treatment beam data becomes critically important in such applications; ln, the advent of the CT-based radiation therapy simulator and the CT-based positron emission tomography units, which were technological achievements around the end of the second millennium. PRODUCTION The mother tincture of Urtica dioica L. Humayun, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA Pierre Joliot, Institute de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Gunungsatfia Edmond de Rothschild, Paris, France Lajos Keszthelyi, Institute of Biophysics, Hungarian Academy Gunhngsatria Sciences, Fprex, Hungary Robert S. Flexion and extension lateral cervical views should not be obtained in uncooperative patients or those with decreased mental acuity and should not be obtained with passive movement of the patients cervical spine by a physician. Cruz, the vessel wall surrounds a hollow center through which the blood flows. 11 Periodic trends in covalent and van der Waals radii (437) T12. After fertilization, the zygote becomes an embryo, then a fetus. As rice is a staple foodstuff in the everyday diet of Malaysians and is a symbol of traditional Malay culture, the production of rice, which stood at 1. One of the authors has used this technique for more than 10 yr and has always found normal appearing corporeal tissue after making an incision into the dorsal medial Forex in Gunungsatria of the old cylinder sheath. The time frame While this is Forex in Gunungsatria time-specific, prediction, and quantitative proce- dures. Create a new layer by clicking the Insert Layer Ghnungsatria in the lower- left corner of the Timeline. However, the value returned can be an array, so you can actually return many values from a function. 0 3. Although modern techniques of radiotherapy result in minimal scarring and atrophy these may cause problems near the Fodex. A publicly traded company listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: FXCM), is a holding company and its sole inn is a controlling equity interest in FXCM Holdings, LLC. For: online jobs work from. And in any case, which picture. Kant holds that there are two types of imperatives: All imperatives command either hypothetically or categorically. [PMID: 14607321] ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS Usually sudden onset Im of solvent abuse Associated findings include behavioral changes 233 CHAPTER 5 Matrix Metalloproteinases, Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases, and the Microvasculature Cecilia A. 2 Gunhngsatria. Kesavan, Loveless MO, Nelson HD, Coodley MK: Endocrine function in the HIV wasting syndrome. Pulmonary 174 CHAPTER GGunungsatria distribution of the middle cerebral artery, princi- pally the parietal lobe. How many systems are there. ,Zhou,Y. ATTAINING MAXIMUM MOBILITY WITH TRACTION During traction therapy, the nurse encourages the patient to ex- ercise muscles and joints that are Firex in traction to guard against their deterioration. 11 198. Am J Physiol 1995;268:E114353. Bajraszewski, A. 6),i. First, we notice that this equation remains unchanged when z1, z2, z3 are simultaneously subjected to the substitution Forex in Gunungsatria zd, where d is any complex number. ) To add, remove, or test an item for membership, apply the hash function Gunngsatria the item (modulo the table size) to identify the table entry associated with that item. Shaded Forrx correspond to stable nuclides for which atomic mass in units of u and natural isotopic abundance are provided. However, these compensatory mechanisms have limits. The charging of the Gunungzatria starts from each zero crossover instant only. 3 Prior-Free Approximations to the Optimal Mechanism In the previous section, we saw how to design the optimal mechanism when agents valuations were drawn from known distributions. Plast Reconstr Surg 116:20 33 62. System suitability: reference solution (c): - resolution: minimum 5 between the peaks due to lactitol and glycerol. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67:4338. It was described in detail by Ready (1971). Approach A Figure Gunugsatria. (Leipzig) 14(2005)20 P. Jaroszeski Richard Heller Richard Heller Richard Gilbert Richard Gilbert Humana Press Perhaps the most important metabolic route is Forex in Gunungsatria inversion. Nature 1998; 393:333339. SWITZ.and Dollfus, A. 441 (I) 3. You can be sure that brokers love high frequency trading but if you want to use a Forex trading strategy that consistently creates increase Forex in Gunungsatria capital, and if you have ever looked at a chart you should immediately realize that in order to accomplish this on any time frame you need Forx be doing nothing most of the time. He was also the first to realize the importance of such resolvents. Coenraads PJ, Diepgen TL. Chem. 27 10. Direct recognition could reflect recognition of α-helix differences affecting the contact sites for TCRs on the α-helices;80 or differences in the peptides in the groove. You will also work with a ListBox control and see how to add items to that control. 9 3.

2019-04-21T18:47:16Z

http://forex-learning-site.com/forex-in-gunungsatria.html

ClickFunnels is the best full-suite sales funnel building software available to marketers and entrepreneurs today. In this in-depth ClickFunnels review I will go into full detail on many of its awesome features, the pros and cons and much more. ClickFunnels has wide range of features to track engagement, split test pages and manage affiliate programs. Great value for the range of services in one crisp, clean package...one-stop marketing at its best. One of the simplest and easiest ways for entrepreneurs to create and optimize high-converting sales funnels. Specialized customer support for each tool. Knowledgeable representatives. Does not have 24/7 support. Welcome to this ultimate ClickFunnels review. In case you just found out about me, I'm Navid Moazzez and I'm the creator of Virtual Summit Mastery. Towards the beginning of this ClickFunnels Review, you'll find some easy-to-digest information in case you came here to learn as fast as you can. ClickFunnels is a great option for nearly every entrepreneur. If you sell a product, digital or physical, then ClickFunnels can put you on the fast track for lead generation and sales. I'll also make sure to record a full ClickFunnels review and demo video and include it here in the coming weeks, so be sure to check back for more. Note: This ClickFunnels review was last updated late November 2018 and we will continue to update it moving forward. Try ClickFunnels free for the first 14 days. No risk or obligations, cancel at any time. I wrote this ultimate ClickFunnels review and guide to help you understand how ClickFunnels works and the exciting things you can achieve with it, including the pros, cons, and much more. At the end, you'll have a chance to leave your own opinion of what you think of ClickFunnels and this review so stick around for that. This is an extensive, in-depth ClickFunnels review, so get ready to roll up your sleeves and get dirty. You'll find the table of contents below for easy navigation to the parts that you're most interested in. Is ClickFunnels Worth Getting? My Final Thoughts! Co-Founders Russell Brunson and Todd Dickerson started ClickFunnels in 2014. It’s now a $360 million SaaS business, all entirely self-funded! What led to ClickFunnels explosive success? The same tactics that Brunson and Dickerson used to growth hack their company are what they sell with ClickFunnels. Check out Brunson’s book, DotCom Secrets: The Underground Playbook for Growing Your Company Online to learn more about his marketing strategies. And he's also the author of Expert Secrets, which is one of my recent favorite marketing and business books where you discover how to create a mass movement and actually get people to pay for your advice. Ready-to-go, battle-tested, conversion-optimized marketing funnels with high-converting page designs. This is the core of ClickFunnels. Sure, the page builder is relatively intuitive and easy to use, but it’s central attribute is helping you get your revenue up. As with everything in life, you get what you pay for. The old adage applies to ClickFunnels as well. It’s a pretty big price jump between the two! That’s why I’m here to help you decide which is best for you. ClickFunnels Basic is limited in the number of funnels, pages, domains, and monthly visitors you can have. ClickFunnels Basic does not include several advanced features. When you upgrade to Etison Suite, you go from having a limited number of funnels and pages to unlimited. That’s right, you get to build marketing funnels to your heart’s content! Here's the comparison chart between the Basic plan and Etison Suite side by side. I review many of these features later on in the article along with ClickFunnels’ other premium features. Do you have a product to sell or a launch to promote? If the answer’s yes, then ClickFunnels could be worth a try. So who is ClickFunnels for? In this section I'll get into that quickly before we get dive deeper into this ClickFunnels review. You're an eCommerce business owner. You're a coach or consultant. You're in retail (selling to consumers). You're in B2B (business to business). You just have to be sure that a sales funnel fits into your business model. Even if you’re just starting your business, you can still benefit from the efficiency and ease of use of ClickFunnels. Most users start out with the ClickFunnels Basic and then upgrade to Etison Suite once they exceed the monthly visitor, page and funnel limits of Basic. You can’t afford the minimum price of $97/month. You don’t have the time to invest in learning how to use ClickFunnels. You don’t have a product to sell or promote. A sales funnel isn’t a strategic part of your business model. You're not interested in building a successful online business. Funnels can be setup in as little as 10 minutes if you’re tech savvy, but everyone’s learning curve is different. If you’re a complete novice, plan to set aside at least two to three days to figure out how to get the most out of ClickFunnels (but it would be like that with pretty much any other similar tool you start using as well). ClickFunnels increase their customers’ revenue by designing sales funnels based around basic human psychology. They take the guesswork out of what works. This ClickFunnels review exposes what makes this sales funnel building software so effective at generating leads, driving revenue, and creating and promoting events like virtual summits. 1. Will it save me time and energy? 2. Can it make me more money, faster? ClickFunnels OTO (one-time-offer) page automatically prompts customers with an upsell. No need to re-enter credit card information. They can act on impulse to significantly increase your sales revenue per customer. The drag and drop page builder is easy to use. ClickFunnels Basic comes with a collection of full funnels for lead generation, sales and event promotion that are ready-to-go out of the box. Talk about a time saver! All the page designs are customizable so that you can brand them to the high heavens. ClickFunnels integrates with a laundry list of third-party software from email marketing platforms to ecommerce tools. There are so many useful features as well, and I know they are constantly improving the platform as well. That being said, let's dive into a more in-depth ClickFunnels review of the key features and benefits it can offer you. ClickFunnels comes with preset funnels for lead generation, sales and event promotion that are designed to increase engagement and conversions. Not interested in spending time tweaking page designs? ClickFunnels pages are good-to-go out of the box. Best of all, they’re easy to implement. ClickFunnels connects customers with your membership area immediately after they subscribe a product so that they have instant access to all of your content, tutorials and upsells. Before we dive into the different funnels that ClickFunnels offers, let’s define the different types of pages and their roles in the funnel. Every legendary funnel consists of a series of pages. When you arrange these pages strategically, they become a powerful sales funnels. Can I get a squeeze please? The squeeze page has one purpose: to collect a single piece of info about the customer so that you can retarget them. In most cases, this is an email or Facebook messenger info. A reverse squeeze page is the first page in the funnel (if it’s used at all). It’s job is to get the customer warmed up for engagement and hyped about the value of the product before sending them onto an actual squeeze page to collect their contact info. A sales letter page is sometimes used at the beginning of a funnel. It promotes the value of the product through a video or letter at the top of the page. Below is a place for the customer to submit their credit card info and make the purchase. An application page collects detailed contact information about the customer, such as phone number, address and other valuable tidbits. An OTO (one-time-offer) page is an upsell page that offers an instant upsell to the customer after they’ve just made a smaller purchase. It allows them to commit to the upsell with one click using the credit card from the previous transaction. An offer wall page thanks the customer for subscribing/purchasing and displays a list of other top-selling products that they may be interested in. You can tweak pre-designed templates to match your design preferences with the Etison Editor drag ‘n drop builder. Customize any feature using the drag ‘n drop builder. If ever you need to make a change that’s outside the scope of the page builder, you can use CSS code. Padding adjustment: adjust the space between features at will. Color adjustment: change the color of any element. Now let’s see these funnels in action! The most part of ClickFunnels is, of course, their funnel builder. The Cookbook Builder is a relatively recent addition to the ClickFunnels arsenal. It allows you to create funnels based on the industry and type of funnel. The Classic Builder is more straightforward but result in you having to make more design decisions further down the line. Here’s how these different types of funnels work.. What are you hoping to accomplish with your funnel? Do you want to build your list of leads for retargeting? Maybe you want to push a sale and then immediately go for the upsell? Either way, Clickfunnels has your back with their carefully crafted funnels. ClickFunnels has a funnel for that. Basic email or messenger lead funnels are as simple as they come. They consist of a squeeze page followed by a thank you page. They’re the smash and grab of the sales funnel world. The goal is to build a list of leads so that you can retarget them and sell to them later. Application funnels are for when you want to gather a little bit more than just a single piece of contact info. Because you’re asking the customer to spend more time filling out a longer form, you need to warm them up first. That’s where application funnels are at their best. Application funnels warm the customer up by using a “reverse squeeze page” to get them excited about the product. Then comes the squeeze page to collect their email or FB messenger info. That way, if they bail here, at least you’ve got the contact info out of it. Next is the application page. The application page collects the entire delicious platter of data -- everything from phone numbers to addresses. The funnel ends with a nice thank you page. Ready to sell? When the time’s right, you’ll want to pull a sales funnel out of your bag of tricks. Tripwire, or unboxing funnels, as they’re called, are the golden unicorn of marketing funnels. They capitalize on the buying momentum of customers who just made a purchase. A two-step tripwire funnel uses a lower-priced product to warm customers up for the upsell. Some ClickFunnels users expect to lose money on the cheap product in this funnel. It’s sole purpose is to warm the customer up for the upsell on the next page. The funnel starts with a sales page for a cheap product like an ebook, or whatever introductory product you choose. The second page is the OTO page, or upsell page. The customer has already entered their billing info when they bought the first product. They only have to make one click on the OTO page and their card will automatically be charged. PRO TIP: Boost your conversions on the OTO page by saying that the upsell product is only available at a discounted price if they buy right now. Offer Wall Page: This third and final page displays a list of additional products that the customer might be interested in. Sales letter, or video sales funnels, are for more expensive products or ones that need more convincing. This funnel starts with a sales letter page featuring a video or letter that promotes the offer. Below is a place to submit credit card info and make the purchase. OTO page with upsell offer. Offer wall page to promote other products. Got a killer product that’s ready for liftoff? Product launch funnels are engineered to get people pumped for your product release. The guys who do the JumpCut YouTube channel course executed this strategy perfectly for the launch of their JumpCut 2.0 program. They used a squeeze page to collect an email, a pop-up to request collect info about the customer’s business goals, and then delivered a series of videos to keep them stoked about the product launch. Squeeze page collects the customer’s email and commits them to the video series. Pop-up asks for more info about what they’re trying to accomplish with your product. This allows you to segment them into a specific video series if you have a different series for different types of customers. The four-part video series is delivered directly into the customer’s inbox one at a time between now and the launch date. The videos educate the customer about your product and keep them excited up until the day your product goes live. Hosting a virtual summit is one of the most powerful ways to rapidly build an email list, network with industry experts, and increase revenue. Some of our Virtual Summit Mastery students use ClickFunnels to create their summit pages and high-converting funnel with ease (we make it extremely easy for them inside the VSM 3.0 program). Russell Brunson walks you through how to create powerful event funnels in the video below (mostly focused on live and automated webinars... it would look quite a bit different for a well executed virtual summit funnel). Use this funnel for the entire sign-up process of your live event. ClickFunnels doesn’t have the ability to stream live events, but you can integrate with a 3rd party like Zoom or YouTube live. The webinar registration page gets them signed up and automatically adds them to the third-party software where you’re hosting the live event. The confirmation page is where the customer signs up for a specific time slot for your virtual summit or webinar. The indoctrination page series is usually a series of three emails that keeps them hyped about the upcoming webinar. This page gets sent to the inboxes of people who signed up for the event but failed to show up. It provides them with a link to where they can watch a replay of the event. This funnel is the exact same as the “Live Webinar Funnel” except that the recorded webinar can be hosted within ClickFunnels rather than a third-party software. The pages in your funnel are your opportunity to introduce your brand to new customers. ClickFunnels drag ‘n drop page builder allows you to do this by giving you the freedom to change the page design, all without needing to know how to code. Each page is organized into sections. Within each section you can edit the rows and columns. Insert elements with the drag and click of a mouse. Once you’re familiar with the interface, you can dramatically change the look and feel of the page, although the customizations are more limited compared to similar SaaS products. Modify elements using the pop-out sidebar, and edit text elements directly on the page. Create a “membership” page where all of your training material or subscription content is available in one location. Customers can create a login and have instant access to the membership area. You can “drip-feed” the content to your members via automated email campaigns. Create order forms that are easy to use and reduce cart abandonment. You can create traditional, one-page order forms. You can use two-step order forms that collect emails on the first page. The advantage to two-step forms is that if they abandon the cart on page two you can still retarget them with the contact info you collected on page one. Genius! You can add “instant order bumps” to capitalize on impulse purchases. You can manage your affiliate programs within ClickFunnels using Backpack. Inside of ClickFunnels you can change commission plans and do payouts. Provide banner ads and example sales copy that’s easy to download. Generate affiliate links so that your affiliates can get paid for sharing your free content. The link will be tracked throughout the customer’s journey, so that if somewhere down the line they buy, the affiliate who originally referred them will be compensated. Once you’ve gathered your customer contact info, it’s time to retarget. There are a couple of snazzy ways to do this within ClickFunnels depending on the type of plan you have. Available with both the Basic and Etison Suite plan. Create short email sequences that automatically go out following an opt-in or sale. Create notifications to inform you about a sale or new subscriber. Schedule the time of day that you want the emails to be sent. Actionetics is only with Etison Suite. Actionetics is an email autoresponder that lets you set up specific email campaigns for different audiences. Campaigns can be based on the customer’s previous purchase history, where they came from, who they are, and what their behavior was during previous interactions with your funnel. Boost conversions with targeted campaigns! SMART lists allow you to data-mine your subscribers so that you can target them with a specific email series tailored just for them. Were going to purchase but abandoned their cart. Are super-buyers who purchase everything you offer. Engage in all of your free content but never bite on the offer. You can even target people who have a certain number of followers on Facebook! With Actionetics, your retargeting isn’t just limited to email campaigns. If someone doesn’t respond to Messenger ads, hit them up with SMS messages or desktop notifications. Not everyone engages with all types of content, so it helps to have multiple angles to work. Track the open rates, click-through rates, and how much money is generated by each email campaign. Know who your big spenders are. Leads with a higher overall action score should be more likely to interact with your brand. Success! You’ve made a sale. The customer’s done their part, now you just have to do yours and deliver the goods. ClickFunnels makes the delivery of your products and services a breeze. When customers buy your digital products, ClickFunnels automatically unlocks membership to your site. Customers can immediately browse your other digital products. This is ideal if you sell multiple products and services that you promote with training content and teasers. You can also opt to send the customer directly to a thank you page where they can download their digital product right away. If you sell physical products, you can add the ShipStation feature to your funnels. ShipStation allows you to connect to over 100 different drop shipping and ecommerce sites. The subtlest of page design changes can 2X or 3X your conversions. ...and literally anything you can think of. When the “ish” hits the fan and you have problems to solve, is ClickFunnels there for you? The truth is, ClickFunnels has decent to adequate support depending on who you talk to. While they don’t have 24-hour chat support, their support team is usually pretty helpful when you can get ahold of them. It can take several hours sometimes before you hear back from chat support, even during working hours. Some customers have complained that ClickFunnels engineers fail to resolve problems that they promised they would get fix. The good news is that reports such as these are much less common than the positive feedback they get. Overall, the ClickFunnels community tends to be generally pleased when it comes to customer service. Although their customer service is not the best, it holds its own when weighed against the quality of the product itself. ClickFunnels’ help center could use a more substantial catalogue of educational materials and articles for troubleshooting. They also regularly hosts Q&A sessions to dive deeper into specific topics and answer questions from the community. Here's a session they hosted earlier in 2018. Luckily, ClickFunnels’ immense, cult-like popularity makes up for it. There’s no shortage of “how-to” videos online made by loyal ClickFunnels users. ClickFunnels Facebook group is over 180,000 strong Funnel Hackers, so you can always shoot your question their way if it comes down to it. There’s a lot of hype around ClickFunnels, and for good reason: there’s a ton of benefits to back it up. ClickFunnels' drag-and-drop page builder is easy to use (once you get the hang of it), and integrates with email services and ecommerce services galore. You get to connect your funnels directly to membership sites and other elements of your sales funnel. But it sure is a convenient way to generate leads, increase revenue, and promote upcoming events like virtual summits. Easy-to-use “drag-and-drop” page builder. No coding necessary. You have the option to add CSS code and further alter the design. Superior analytics with A/B split testing. Fully integrates with membership sites (including WordPress sites). Integrates with Stripe for payments (or you can also use ThriveCart which is what I do for my shopping cart and affiliate management system). Compare which of your offers are the highest converting with easy-to-track stats (I map out my funnels first using Funnelytics which is the best funnel mapping software ever). Dedicated support team often creates custom video screen grabs just for you. Easily share funnels with other ClickFunnels users. Works with Convertkit, ActiveCampaign, Drip, Infusionsoft and many other email service providers. ClickFunnels Etison Suite comes with Actionetics email automation system if you don’t want to use a third-party email provider. Manage your affiliate program with ClickFunnels Etison Suite Backpack feature. Welcome to the darkside of ClickFunnels, where we'll get into the cons. ClickFunnels Basic limits you to the number of funnels, pages, and monthly visitors you can have. Higher price point: ClickFunnels Basic costs $97/month. You have to upgrade to Etison Suite at $297/month (regular price) if you need more than 20 funnels, 100 pages, or 20,000 monthly visitors. If ClickFunnels hosting fails, your funnels and pages go down with it. Are you a tech novice? Although ClickFunnels’ drag-and-drop page builder is pretty intuitive, learning to use it can still be a challenge for newbies. Support can sometimes take several hours to respond. Difficult to embed ClickFunnels pages in Squarespace websites (super easy with WordPress sites though). The standard URLs that come for free with your funnels look awkward and scammy. Some users report the occasional glitch, but not at a volume higher than is typical with similar SAAS companies. Adding a funnel can take awhile to load, sometimes between 8-10 seconds. It’s annoying, but a minor inconvenience. Lacks built in digital sales tax support and don't even integrate with services like Taxamo anymore (which means ClickFunnels payment system won't be the best for users in EU who have customers in EU countries, at least if you want to be 100% compliant). ClickFunnels isn’t the only kid on the block with mad marketing skills. In this section of the review we'll take a look at some ClickFunnels alternatives to see which one is right for you. While ClickFunnels is the most “funnel-oriented” of the bunch, the rest have their own sets of pros and cons. Let’s take a closer look closer look at how the other guys stack up against ClickFunnels. When ClickFunnels came on the scene in 2014, LeadPages was the top dog in terms of marketing funnel software. LeadPages had taken marketing page creation to a whole new level with visually-appealing, high-converting pages. Here’s a list of the pros and cons of the original ruler of the online marketing kingdom. Which Is Better For You, ConvertKit or Mailchimp? When choosing between ClickFunnels or LeadPages, think about what you’re trying to achieve. If all you want to do is create a basic lead generation funnel with attractive pages, then LeadPages is a fine (and affordable) option. Keep in mind that it will be harder to optimize your funnel due to LeadPages’ lack of serious split testing features. If you’re selling a product or promoting a service, ClickFunnels is a better choice. If I would make a decision between ClickFunnels Vs LeadPages, I would personally go for ClickFunnels, hands down. Comparing ClickFunnels to Thrive Themes is a little bit like comparing apples to oranges. Thrive Themes is an entire suite of plugins for your WordPress site, many of which are designed to help you generate leads and drive sales. Thrive Architect is like ClickFunnels’ drag ‘n drop builder. Both are equally intuitive to use. If you’ve ever used Elementor page builder for WordPress, Thrive Architect is pretty much identical. Although Thrive Themes isn’t marketed as a sales funnel product, it certainly has the same full range of capabilities, you just need to be a lot more tech savvy to build the funnels. Costs $19/month (or starts at just $67 one-time for Thrive Architect if you don't need the Thrive Themes membership). You can use their plugins on up to 25 different sites. You have to pay for hosting separately (which can cost quite a bit depending on how much traffic you have, especially with premium hosting options such as WP Engine). Does not have email management software (must use a third-party program like ActiveCampaign or ConvertKit). Higher learning curve than ClickFunnels. No 14-day free trial (but they do have a refund policy in case you don't like it for some reason). Which Is Better For You, ConvertKit or Thrive Themes? It depends. Do you want a WordPress website with the option to build funnels on top of it, or do you want the highest-converting funnels possible and then integrate them with the website you already have? Thrive Themes is a much more affordable option, but it’s harder to split test and optimize your funnels. If you’re already familiar with building WordPress sites and understand how to do DIY split testing, then Thrive Themes could end up working out just fine. Infusionsoft can be a great match for large B2B or B2C companies with large email lists and multiple segments. It’s designed to be an all-in-one marketing tool similar to ClickFunnels, but is intended for larger operations. Simple drag ‘n drop page builder. Comes with a variety of pre-made page templates. Pages are designed for power and flexibility. Drag ‘n drop builder slightly harder to use than ClickFunnels. More challenging to create high-converting funnels. Which Is Better For You, ClickFunnels or Infusionsoft? Infusionsoft is designed with large-scale email automation as its core purpose. ClickFunnels is designed to be the ultimate funnel machine. If you’re a medium to large size business that’s looking to take email campaigns to the next level, then Infusionsoft may be for you. You will most likely need a marketing automation team help you with Infusionsoft which can cost $1,000's a month. Personally, I wouldn't recommend Infusionsoft to most people as there are better options out there when it comes to email marketing, shopping cart and funnel builders. And keep in mind that you can integrate ClickFunnels with your favorite tool stack (many Infusionsoft users do just that). Unbounce is a design-forward page builder. It has one of the most intuitive page builders around and comes with gorgeous templates. Integrates with a range of email marketing tools. The easiest-to-use drag ‘n drop page builder (similar to Wix, you can literally drop an element anywhere and it’ll stick). Create sticky bars and pop-ups. Integrates well with WordPress sites. Unbounce’s most affordable package starts at $79/month. Can’t create affiliate center or membership pages. Slower process for building funnels. Which Is Better For You, ClickFunnels or Unbounce? Unbounce is the better option if your focus is building beautiful landing pages. Their templates are incredibly pleasing to the eye. If you want to turn them into funnels, so be it, but funnels aren’t Unbounce’s strong suit. If you want to build sales funnels easily, ClickFunnels would be the better option for you. Like ClickFunnels, Kartra is an all-in-one SaaS marketing solution for internet entrepreneurs. If you have a product or service to sell, Kartra’s aim is to help you do it. Quickly build multi-step sales funnels. Includes email autoresponder for outreach campaigns. Set up an integrated membership site just like with ClickFunnels. Shopping cart feature and checkout pages. Drag ‘n drop page builder. Starter plan is $89/month (slightly less than ClickFunnels). Drag ‘n drop builder isn’t as easy to use as ClickFunnels. Lacks a large collection or pre-made funnels. Doesn’t integrate with third-party software as well as ClickFunnels does. Smaller user community and therefore fewer resources for troubleshooting problems. Which Is Better For You, ClickFunnels or Kartra? Out of all the other products in this review, Kartra is the most similar to ClickFunnels. However, it lacks many of ClickFunnels strongest features, including its collection of high-converting pre-made funnels. Kartra does allow for more creative page design, but you have to ask yourself if it’s worth the having lower-converting pages and funnels. ClickFunnels is the better option for you if you're comparing it against Kartra. Is Instapage better than ClickFunnels? Some people think so. Instapage may have the ideal balance of functionality, crisp, clean design and useful integrations. Due to its intuitive landing page software, it’s been referred to by some as the “Apple” of the page builder world. $99/month if you pay annually ($129/month if you pay by the month). Simple to use drag ‘n drop editor. Heatmaps feature allows you to track where visitors have scrolled. Integrates with ConvertKit, ActiveCampaign, Drip, Infusionsoft and other prominent email managers. Integrates with GoToWebinar to host live events. Over 200 out-of-the-box landing page templates. A/B split testing not available on the basic plan. Page builder doesn’t come with many free images, icons or shapes (not that big of a deal). No shopping cart feature to take payments. Which Is Better For You, ClickFunnels or Instapage? Instapage is a better option if you want to move away from pages designs that have a salesy feel (although you can design and customize ClickFunnels funnels to look however you want too). If you want to scale and optimize your pages with sophisticated split testing, you’ll need to level up to their Enterprise plan. You can tailor the Enterprise plan package to your specific needs and the price fluctuates at around $179/month. Instapage doesn’t come with the pre-built funnels that ClickFunnels does, so you’ll need to spend more time setting up your own funnels. I'd say ClickFunnels offers more value for money here, especially if you'd like to build funnels (and not piece together everything page by page like you'd have to do with Instapage) and be part of a thriving community of Funnel Hackers. ClickFunnels isn’t the cheapest funnel/page builder in the bucket, but is does pack a lot of value into one package deal. With ClickFunnels Basic, you’ll need your own third-party email outreach software like ActiveCampaign or ConvertKit. You’ll also need to have your own affiliate management system, since ClickFunnels Basic doesn’t come with this feature. If you ever decide that it’s time to upgrade to Etison Suite, you can save 50% by committing to a 6-month subscription. Still not sure if Clickfunnels is right for you? ClickFunnels offers a 14-day free trial for both their Basic and Etison Suite plan. Keep in mind that two weeks in nowhere near long enough to test run all the features that come with Etison Suite. Unfortunately, ClickFunnels doesn’t allow you to pay individually for Actionetics or Backpack. You have to do the full upgrade to Etison Suite or do without them. If you’re willing to commit to a 6-month subscription, then ClickFunnels is willing to offer you a 50% discount on your monthly rate. For the people who are ready to go all-out with their ClickFunnels journey, they offer a package deal that includes 6 months of Etison Suite and nearly every educational product they’ve ever created for only $997. Let's talk quickly about ClickFunnels guarantee and refund policy. First of all, there's obviously no guarantee that you'll be successful just because you invest in ClickFunnels. They break it down on their terms page in case you're interested. Let's break down ClickFunnels guarantee and refund policy. After the 14 day free trial, there are no refund period, and they won't prorate you any money after you cancel your account. You will keep access to everything until you decide to cancel, just with most other SaaS products, so nothing new there. If you go for the special 6 months deal of the full Etison Suite for $997, then you'll have a 30 day no questions asked money back guarantee. Just cancel and request a refund within 30 days and you'll be refunded in full very quickly. In other words, you've got absolutely nothing to lose to try ClickFunnels as you'll either have a 14 day free trial to see if you like it, or a 30 day money back guarantee if you go with the full Etison Suite plan. Here's a few frequently asked questions (FAQs) people tend to have before signing up for ClickFunnels. So let's tackle a few of these questions now. Do I really need ClickFunnels if I already have an email marketing software and a payment system? While it’s true that ClickFunnels has built-in email marketing and payment capabilities, these are auxiliary features. If you already have a payment system and an email provider, ClickFunnels should be able to integrate with it. How long before I start seeing results with my funnels? That depends on the quality of your ad copy and the quality of your product or service, as well as several other factors. The real asset that ClickFunnels brings to the table their ready-to-go, tested funnel systems. They give you the best chance possible to start making money ASAP. How many funnels do I need in order to be successful? All it takes is one killer funnel to start bringing home the bacon. From there, keep split testing and optimizing until your conversions shoot through the roof. On average, ClickFunnel users get the best results with at least 3 funnels, but anything more than 15 is overkill. How easily can ClickFunnels integrate with my website? That depends on the type of website you have. ClickFunnels meshes smoothly with WordPress sites. Luckily, WordPress sites make up a hefty chunk of the web. Squarespace sites are much more difficult for ClickFunnels to integrate with. Do I have to be a tech nerd to use ClickFunnels? Not at all! If you’re completely naive to the realm of websites and the internet, it may take you a few days to figure out ClickFunnels. However, that’s likely the case with any similar SaaS program. After two to three days, even the most tech-ignorant amongst us can figure out ClickFunnels. Is ClickFunnels all hype or all might? ClickFunnels’ meteoric rise to dominance in the marketing niche has led critics to believe that their success will be short-lived. ClickFunnels Co-founder Russell Brunson has a cult-like following. Hey, that’s what happens when you make thousands of people a boatload of revenue with an easy-to-use product. Wasabi Membership Site: Use ClickFunnels’ pre-designed membership site templates so that you can upload your membership content in minutes. Build multiple pages and tabs. Russell and the ClickFunnels team are regularly adding more value to their community. What experiences do other marketers and online entrepreneurs have with ClickFunnels? Not everyone is as stoked about ClickFunnels as the rest of the world. Then again, some people are. I’m personally not the biggest ClickFunnels fanboy ever to grace the face of the Earth, but I do think it’s a great product for the right business. Thank you for taking the time to read this in-depth ClickFunnels Review and demo. I hope you learned something about what ClickFunnels has to offer and whether or not it’s right for you. ClickFunnels isn’t a good match for every entrepreneur or business, but for the right candidate, it can be a powerful revenue-generating tool. With their 14-day free trial, it’s a zero-risk opportunity to answer this question for yourself. So long as you have a product or service to promote, give ClickFunnels a go. The ClickFunnels Facebook group is packed with comments thanking Russell Brunson for helping them make a ridiculous amount of money. You can even use ClickFunnels to create your first virtual summit! So what do you think of this ClickFunnels review? Is ClickFunnels a fit to help you build and grow your business? ​Let me know in the comments below... I'd love to hear from you! Affiliate Disclaimer: I hope you enjoyed this ClickFunnels review. Please note that some of the links in this epic review may be affiliate links for ClickFunnels. That means that if you click on one of the links and sign up, it's likely I'll receive some sort of affiliate commission at no extra cost to you (sometimes you even get a better deal than what's offered to the general public and some extra bonuses from me). With that being said, I ONLY promote stuff that I personally use, trust and stake my reputation on, and happily share with friends and family, and ClickFunnels is no exception. ClickFunnels is arguably the best funnel building software out there if you’re looking to hit the ground running with your funnels. They’ve only been around since 2014 but have taken the online marketing world by storm with their ready-to-go funnel templates. You can literally have a funnel up and running in 10 minutes once you’re familiar with the software. The page designs aren’t the most glamorous, and most of them are a tad on the “salesy” side, but guess what? They’re high-converting and that’s what really counts at the end of the day. If you want results and you want results fast, then ClickFunnels is for you. As for the page designs being too “salesy,” their drag ‘n drop builder allows you to customize quite a bit. You can easily tone down the “salesy” aesthetics if you prefer. You also have the option to further customize your pages with CSS code. Another of ClickFunnels' strengths is that it integrates with over 100 different ecommerce tools, as well as all the biggest email managers in the industry. If you want to keep your email management in-house, you can use ClickFunnels’ Actionetics software as long as you have ClickFunnels Etison Suite. Split testing your pages and funnels is a breeze and you can harvest some pretty detailed analytics. ClickFunnels definitely rocks, but it’s far from perfect. Adding a funnel can take awhile to load, and ClickFunnels Etison Suite is fairly pricey at $297/month. They also don’t have 24/7 chat support. Overall, ClickFunnels is an impressive funnel building software that can seriously increase your ROI, and hundreds of thousands of users agree that they couldn’t imagine running their funnels without it.

2019-04-25T12:07:09Z

https://navidmoazzez.com/clickfunnels-review/

For a while now, I have been maintaining updated data tables and graphics. Many are collected in the latest data page, but there are also the trend viewer, GHCN stations monthly map, and the hi-res NOAA SST (with updated movies). These mostly just grew, with a patchwork of daily and weekly updates. I'm now trying to be more systematic, and to test for new data every hour. My scheme downloads only if there is new data, and consumes few resources otherwise. My hope is that all data will be processed and visible within an hour of its appearance. I have upgraded the log at the bottom of the latest data page. This is supposed to record new data on arrival, with some diagnostics. Column 1 is date, which is actually the date listed at origin, translated to Melbourne time. The column headed "Delay" is the difference between this date and the date when processing is finished and the result should be on the website. I'm using this to find bugs. The date in the first column isn't totally reliable; it is the outcome of various systems, and may predate the actual availability of the data on the web. The second column is the name with link to the actual data. For the bigger files (size, col 3) a dialog box will ask whether to download. The "Time taken" is the time used by my computer in processing (again, for my diagnostics). Where several datasets are processed in the same hourly batch, this time is written against each of them. Currently, only the top few most recent lines of the log are useful, but new data should be correctly recorded in future. NOAA temperature is a special case. It doesn't have the files I use in a NOAA ftp directory, but serves them with the current time attached. I have to use roundabout methods to decide whether they are new and need to be downloaded (I use their RSS file). By default they show as new every hour - I have measures to correct this, but they may not be perfect. Anyway, the times in the log for NOAA are not meaningful. I have a scheme for doing the hourly listening only when an update is likely (assuming approx periodicity). If data arrives unexpectedly, it will be caught in a nightly processing. It is still a bit experimental - I can't conveniently test some aspects other than just waiting for new (monthly) data to appear and be processed. But I think the basics are working. In the previous post, I cited the NOAA June temperatures report. This noted various periods of time with average temperatures that exceeded anything comparable in the record, particularly recent twelve month periods. Sou has been tracking the average so far in this calendar year. Steve Bloom doesn't like non-physical calendar periods, and prefers the running average. I think Sou's analysis makes sense. It is the best guide to the 2015 year average, since it uses data from that year only. One could say people shouldn't focus on arbitrary year divisions, but they do. However, in this context, I'm a fan of polar, or radial, plots. Here curves track like a clock with time, with radial distance indicating temperature or other plot variable. I use it for ice extent here. Then there is a natural period of a year, but that isn't essential. The point is that by rolling it up, a long stretch of time can be covered with good resolution (but crowding). So below the fold I'll show radial plots (with decade winding period) for the main surface indices, from 1950 to now. They will show clearly how warming has continued, as the curve spirals outward, even during the "hiatus". Now they are at record radius, and that is very likely to increase, at least for a little while. The reason is that the change in moving average depends on both the new readings, and the old readings that they replace. Mid-2014 was a relatively cool period, so as long as 2015 is warmer, the running mean will increase. In these plots, there is a continuous curve in rainbow colors, violet in 1950, and ending with red now. It goes clockwise, 36°/year, crossing the y axis every decade as marked. Radial distance represents temperature anomaly (according to the source) as marked on the x axis, and shown with faint circles. The running mean is centered, so the latest at the bottom shows as Dec 2014. So here is the NOAA Land/Ocean plot. A curiosity here is that the NOAA report says the maximum 12-month average is 0.83°C; I get 0.81, on their data. But the pattern is the same. Spiralling outward indicates warming, and it is clearly happening, with minor variations, since about the third circuit (70's). And it is now at record level (and has been for six months), and heading outward. And here is HADCRUT 4. It probably shows the least adherence to uniform growth, and has more pronounced excursions in 1998, 2005, 2007 and 2010. It's still well in front now, though. 2015 will be a record year if the curve stays outside to previous levels for six more months. And as I said above, a month or two more of expansion is very likely, just on the basis of cooler mid-year 2014. ps Arctic ice had been holding up fairly well. But it is showing signs of downturn in the last five days, dropping below 2010, and close to 2014. I don't normally post separately for the NOAA NCEI global temperature anomaly index, but this month is the first where everyone is using the new V4 ERSST. There is also a revision of GISS post-V4 (thanks to GISS for the acknowledgement). So it is an opportunity too to review how well TempLS matches in the new environment. The NOAA report has June at 0.88°C relative to 20Cen; up from 0.86°C in May. GISS is now 0.8°C, up from 0.76°C. Both these are the hottest June in the respective records, and would be close to the hottest month ever, if it were not for Feb-Mar of this year. I have described in my GISS post where it was hot and cold, with more quantitative information here; the NOAA report presents a similar account in more detail. I have noted earlier how, as expected, TempLS mesh and GISS tend to go together, being interpolated, and NOAA and TempLS grid also have an affinity. Indeed, at times, TempLS and NOAA have been eerily close. With V4 that has been somewhat interrupted, although the general pattern still holds, and the correspondence is currently close. I'll show plots below the fold. So here is the plot over 4 years of NOAA vs TempLS grid. The plots are made using this gadget, and are set to a common anomaly base of 1981-2010. The divergence earlier this year is the largest. Otherwise the correspondence is good. And here is the comparison of TempLS mesh with GISS. I think the correspondence is better than before the ERSST change. And here is the combined plot. I've used reddish for grid, bluish for interpolated. You can see the pairing, although they are all fairly close. The pairs come together at the end; this is just how it happened. which is the proportional contribution R makes to the global T. That means you can see how those contributions add. So instead of saying it was cold in N America, you can see just how much that cold pulled down the global average. Below the fold I'll show both of those for continent-sized regions, and also the ocean, for the months of 2015. Note that they are not exactly sums over the continent areas, but over the areas that are assigned to nodes within the regions. Each month has a different mesh, so these area assignations vary slightly - I'll show a third plot to quantify that. Of course, the regions don't change (except for ocean freezing), so to the extent it otherwise varies, it's an error. I'll show how you can see what exactly contributed to the ups and downs of temperature this year. The regions are Afr=Africa, Asia (without Siberia), Sib=Siberia (Asiatic Russia, code 222), S America, N America, AusNZ=Oceania, Europe, Ant=Antarctica, Arc=Arctic>65°N, Sea=SST, and All=Global. I follow the classification of the GHCN country codes, for which 100-199 is Africa etc. Arctic stations are removed from N Am and Sib. Here is the plot of monthly regional averages. Land regions are very variable compared to Sea and Global. But they are mostly minor components of the sum, and the next plot will show that in perspective. Features are the famous N American cold of February, recent cold in Antarctica, and Feb/Mar warmth in Asia/Siberia. You can also see the Arctic warmth in March/April, which led to early melting. Now here is the version weighted as contributions to the main sum, which is more informative. The black is the sum of the colors. Firstly, SST has been gradually increasing, which pushes the total up significantly, without showing month-month fluctuations. Then you see the sharp cold spell in February N America. It has a small reducing effect, almost countered by a rise in Africa, and dwarfed by the warmth in Asia and Siberia. Consequently, Feb globally was a lot warmer than Jan, despite that cold much remarked on blogs. In May/Jun and even Apr, the cold in Antarctica had an effect, which, with the subsiding warmth in Asia/Siberia, is responsible for later cooling. Finally, I'll show the variation in weights. There isn't much; I've shown 10x bars faintly over the land regions to make the effect more visible. The exception is Antarctica, where the sea ice has been growing. Since that is then excluded from the SST component, land stations carry greater weight as the ocean recedes. The Arctic behaves irregularly. This reflects the fact that the mesh there is sparse, and has a degree of randomness in its response. It reflects the limits of this measure. Still, it's a minor effect overall. I'll probably incorporate this analysis in the ongoing latest data. The anomaly for GISS in June was 0.76°C (h/t JCH). This was just as I had expected, since TempLS mesh rose from 0.618°C to (now) 0.673°C. However, meanwhile the GISS May number increased from 0.71°C to 0.73°C, so the rise was not quite as great. TempLS is somewhat smoothed so doesn't show the peaks of GISS. But the features are just the same. Heat in central and W Russia, and in NW N America. Cool in Antarctica, and N Atlantic, extending over Scandinavia. You may have noticed that an error had got into my TempLS map plots recently. They were shown with mean subtracted, and so much colder. This has been fixed. Most of the GHCN V3 data is now in, and ERSST v4, and TempLS mesh (the new V3) shows a rise from 0.618 to 0.665°C, relative to a 1961-90 base period. TempLS grid rose from 0.674 to 0.711 °C. Usually the mesh weighted version is more likely to agree with GISS and the grid version with NOAA, though this time they both are similar. The rise is somewhat at variance with the NCEP/NCAR index, which suggested a fairly cool month, although that is muddied somewhat by the May oddity when that index suggested more warming than TempLS mesh and GISS showed. Anyway the TempLS calc is certainly warm, and for TempLS grid, seems to be almost a record, falling just short of the 0.718°C for Feb 1998. The warm places were western US and central Russia, with cold in Antarctica and the E Mediterranean, pretty much as indicated in the NCEP/NCAR report. As I mentioned in my previous post, you can get more detail in the regular WebGL map here, which shows the actual station anomalies with shading between. There was a curious delay with the Canada data which slightly set back this report. The initial posted data was a duplicate (mostly) of May, and flagged as such, so TempLS rejected it. That seems to have been corrected, and now 4266 stations (incl SST cells) have reported, which is almost all that we can expect. In other news, Arctic ice has held up well in the last month, but the last two days of JAXA show rising melt, and Neven says more heat is on the way. I have a maintained page here which shows anomalies for individual land stations and SST cells, averaged over each month. Land data comes from GHCN V3 unadjusted, and SST from ERSST, formerly ver 3b. It is a shaded color map, with true color for each station, and linear interpolated color in between. I think it's the best way of seeing the raw data. Now that I am doing daily runs of TempLS mesh, and this produces much of the necessary data, I have decided to make production of these maps a subsidiary process. This saves duplication, and keeps up to date with versions (using now ERSST 4). But what may be more useful is the daily updating. That means that the latest month can be tracked progressively as data comes in. So today, I am waiting on data from Canada and some Latin American countries before posting the TempLS result for June. But you can see it here, and it shows how TempLS calculates its interim result with interpolation. Of course, you could wait till tomorrow when Canada will probably be in. I have also extended the range back to 1900. You can examine any month in detail. I haven't yet done the annual and decade averages back beyond 1990, but soon. Data for the Moyhu NCEP/NCAR index is now in. It was a month of contrasts - starting very warm, then cold, and ending somewhat warmer. The end result of 0.204°C (1994-2013 base) puts it similar to January. You can now see the map of average temperatures for the month. Warm in west N America and NE Pacific (strong El Nino pattern), also in W Europe and W/central Russia. Extremes in Antarctica, mostly cold. Cool in E Mediterranean. As noted here, there is predictable month-month variation associated with choice of anomaly base period. That was partly responsible for the discrepancy between a May rise in the index, and a flat GISS. To try to counter this variation, I have added a section of the table below the monthly indices which tries to put the index on the same anomaly base as GISS or NOAA. It can't do this directly (lacks good data), but can work out that component of the change based on other indices during 1994-2013. IOW, it's the corrected prior estimate for those indices. That estimate is that GISS should be about the same as May (0.72°C), while NOAA should be about the same as April. However, NOAA has been consistently exceeding expectations lately. Update. Troposphere data: RSS is up from 0.31 to 0.391°C; UAH v6 is up from 0.27 to 0.31. This is third in a series (part 1, part 2), about TempLS ver 3. The first part gathered a big array x of temperatures of land and sea. The second made an array w (with similar form) of weights, and a combined station inventory iv. As explained here, that is all you need for a simple iterative process to compute temperature anomalies and their average by a least squares process. The code to do that will be described here. As earlier, we have a control word (job), and the fourth character could be either O,o,P or p. Lower case means skip the stage, so the first line tests this. The rest of the control tells which stored (x,w,iv) to load. Then to make linear ops work, the NA's are removed from x - they can have any value since w=0 there. x and w are re-dimensioned. The iteration proceeds by alternately calculating L, the offsets for each station as the weighted average of temperatures minus G, the global anomaly, and then G as the average anomaly relative to those offsets. These are the calculations that matter; for the rest, changes in G are tested for convergence. Typically each iterations takes a second or two, and six or so may be needed. Note that a tiny number is added to the weight denominators wr and wc for the rare cases where these are zero, leading to a 0/0, which should resolve to 0. For the rest, there is just post-processing, which you can adapt to your requirements. In the main stream, I just print and store results. The first statement is important, though. There are 12 loose degrees of freedom to add numbers to G by month, and subtract same from L. The calculation gets reasonable results here, but with small arbitrary shifts from month to month. The subtraction fixes these to be right for some fixed time period - typically a 3 decade stretch like 1961-90 here. For the rest, it's saving output. I have the graphics code (used if the control (job) was "P") on a separate file which I won't plod through here. G[!ow]=NA # usually months without data in last year. #and solves for global temperature anomaly. #Written by Nick Stokes, June 24 2015.

2019-04-19T12:27:08Z

https://moyhu.blogspot.com/2015/07/

(Right) Dr. Lynn Eckhert, Director, Harvard Medical International. Historically, the European empire’s medical school grads had passport to ¼ of world. The flow of physicians was from the developed to the undeveloped colonies of the world. Then the empires dissolved, the new nations trained their own citizen medical students. Licensure tests and processes are used for political purposes are adapted to meet the perceived protectionism that some required. Today there is a reverse flow of medical practitioners from the undeveloped world to developed world. Recognition of overseas schools is an issue. There are difficulties with the World Health Organization list of medical schools. What is accreditation? Some claim it is a process that will gradually drive up standards worldwide. Actually it is a process where you furnish credentials and you offer to sanction schools. You are building on World Federation of Medical Education’s minimum standards. Its purpose in adopting global standards was to safeguard the practice of medicine, including manpower utilization, and its increasing internationalization, by defining international standards for medical education. The accreditation aim is to stimulate medical schools to formulate their own plans for change and adopt quality improvement in association with these international regulations. Standards must provide a broad base education with those three pillars of education; skills, attitude, and behaviors. Put your ethical dimension as your top priority as a standard. A well- established part of the accreditation process is self-evaluation. I think your initiative to weight the standards is terribly important all Kassabaum’s articles come to that conclusion. There must be adequate resources for clinical instructions. The top standard is to encourage developing ethical principals caring for patients. Now the fundamental requirements for an accreditation system are that it must be trustworthy; based on academic competence, efficiency, transparency and fairness. This is something that comes very clearly from reading the standards that you are developing, and I warmly commend that. Think global standards but apply them and act locally. Problems will start when implementing global standards at local levels. Particularly true if the individual countries and the countries you represent are too small to do it themselves. That means small countries joining together with other countries. The LCME accreditation did not consistently count for 45 percent of its standards. Meaning they probably didn’t think them very important relative to others. You already started on that journey to decide the weighting of the different standards. I don’t think you should be ashamed at all of being for profit. Medicine has always worked within the marketplace. We had to cope with market. The original contract, of course, was between the patient and the physician and there had to be payment. increasingly the concept was the public sector, therefore, was the particular custodian of the medical conscious which all medical ethical principles. Dr. Lynn Eckhert – was then introduced by IAOMC Vice President Dr. Gordon Green. She was the former Chair, ECFMG; Association of American Medical Colleges; and appears here today as current Director, Academic programs at Harvard Medical International (HMI); Harvard Macy Program. Dr. Eckhert described the guiding philosophy of Harvard Medical International: that every citizen of the world should have easy access to quality health care of a world standard. Since 1994, HMI is the nonprofit subsidiary of Harvard University and of the Medical School, providing an inner connecting board with Harvard Medical School and Harvard University. Comprising 40 programs in 30 countries, with a staff of about 55, HMI is committed to building an infrastructure related to either health care systems or medical education, and interested in long-term partnerships. Dr. Eckhert presented an overview of the undergraduate, post graduate, and continuing education HM programs. Harvard Macy Programs are undergraduate medical education programs headed by Liz Armstrong with a team that supports hospitals and health care systems around the world. This team helps to improve policies in building new hospitals and helping determine what staff is needed, re-educating people, meeting the joint commission standards internationally, and providing education regarding the management of these systems. Many areas around the world have asked HMI to help develop basic research and ethics issues surrounding research, and how to set up animal systems which may or may not exist in medical schools. Alluding to discussions with the Joint Commission of Hospitals regarding the move from domestic accreditation to international accreditation, Dr. Eckhert said, “we share the same history.” She described the process of setting up a consulting system where they went to international hospitals, looked at the standards that they normally use for domestic hospitals, determined areas needing improvement, taking part in an education program to improve, and moving to the next level of actually having an accreditation process. The commonalities were extraordinary: people from Brazil and India and the Caribbean, the United States and the U.K., etc. agreed on most areas including patient flow issues, operating room standards, and emergency room functions. The biggest difference was in patient rights due to cultural differences; for example, counseling services for students. You have to take into account what some of the differences are. Zimbabwe had one of the most elaborate systems of community education; we discovered we could apply some of those lessons here. An interesting ongoing program is with one of the German schools. The medical students spend time at Harvard; they design a new program of education for their own school. A group of eight students from Germany put evidence-based medicine into their school curriculum. Dr. Eckhert addressed the current LCME approach: First, defining the standards and agreeing on them. Next, the process of reviewing the schools, and how to accomplish self-assessment: what time does that take, how elaborate is it, who do you expect to do it at which schools, who’s going to analyze the schools, what are their credentials/ experience, and what do you expect of them? Dr. Eckhert assumed that during testing some schools would look better than others. If some things are added and/or some taken out, what are the results? And what are the actions? Do you give accreditation for a long period of time or a short probation? With many options it comes to redefining standards that the LCME is always adding or taking away on a regular basis. She described possibilities for innovation with normal things at the bottom — institution setting, educational programs, medical students, and faculty issues. At the top were questions asking what contribution the school is really making to either local, regional, national, international. What about the professionalism and social responsibility? What do the public and patients think of your product? In an ideal medical school, Dr. Eckhert said there are core competencies that all graduates are expected to have. Those competencies are pretty much the same worldwide. There are certain skills and knowledge, basic science, clinical science that everyone needs to know, how we do it differs. Do evaluations include student performance, long-term experience, doctors who are extraordinary, those that don’t do so well? All schools: Canadian, American, U.K. should be doing those top items, but that’s more innovative, and may be where you want to go. She described some of the Macy educational programs, believing that may be where any collaboration works best. Medical educational programs are created in institutions that meet global, regional, and local needs. The interest is in both education and how it interrelates with research and clinical, societal and academic missions, also cost effective processes that support these goals. Macy works on creating educational benchmarks to assure world-class quality and supports global networks; about 1,000 people have taken the Harvard/Macy Program. The approach is to look at the assessment of the health care needs and the stakeholders, assess strengths and weaknesses, do an analysis of medical schools; then establish priorities and time lines, looking at their goals, their mission statements, their vision of success, how are they are sustainable and the strategies involved. Curriculum planning is the central area. If you decide what your curriculum is and put it in the center, all other things follow: kinds of faculty needed, kinds of students to recruit, the organizational structures. If you look at new medical schools around the world, you find that the organizational structures of the usual anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, etc. departments shift to fewer departments that are much more integrated, much more amalgamated. Standards setting accreditation procedures must allow for some of those changes. Facilities and technology are essential — particularly if it’s going to be a new school and you design your curriculum mostly around lectures, you’ll need great big lecture rooms. If curriculum has people moving away from lectures, but towards small groups, facility design must meet those needs. Dr. Eckhert proposed evaluation strategies moving schools away from the multiple choice questions to using OSCIE’s, using simulated methods of assessment and teaching. Policies have students involved in both designing and evaluating their curriculum; an implementation plan for faculty prepared to make changes and to reach standards being set. The Meeting/hearing of the Standards Committee followed. Weighting of each of the different standards. Should certain things that we think are more important be weighted more in terms of the evaluation and accreditation? Also perhaps develop a system to look at the way the standards are applied by different individuals to institutions. How we evaluate specific sites and how the faculty meet. Someone suggested a purpose of the weighting be some minimum set of standards that were absolute. There’s no possible way to achieve accreditation if certain items were not met; other items could perhaps not be met and yet represent some sort of partial accreditation. Distance education, from being a virtual campus to having recognized opportunities for student education. Distance learning involves teaching by blocks rather than by weeks, and is based on whenever the student wants to take the courses. Part of the discussion focused on the development and measure of a standard for competency. Whether it’s interactive or in CME you check, and it gives you a result. The ultimate question for accreditation is making sure that everyone can have access to a high standard or good level of care, and can competency be measured only in the sense of a number of weeks? American students who study at foreign medical schools, take licensing exams in the various boards, or practice in the various state boards. Vic Santos said initial focus should address minimum requirements of the state boards concerning their basic sciences. The students must have a specific number of required hours and then practice in the clinical area. Focus should be on the minimum requirements of the state boards. Forty-seven states require 128 weeks for licensure, but other countries may not require as many; to be global, we need to address them. Most of our students are going to be taking the licensing exams in the United States; therefore, the various state boards would have their own requirements. It’s essential that we meet their minimum requirements. Whose responsibility is it to know what the requirements are in the country that you want to practice in? Is it up to the student to know what the requirement is and that School A meets the requirement, and School B does not, or is it the school’s responsibility to meet the requirements for every country? Should there be accreditation within this group that is categorized on different subsets of standards? Hypothetically we have standards for students who want to come back to the states. You’re accrediting medical schools, you have to have the flexibility and the standards so that it will allow people to go through the process and ultimately practice medicine wherever they want. When LCME goes out, they don’t worry about licensure, they worry about getting people through an acceptable program of medical education. Minimum number of weeks of education for curricula content: a breakdown of how detailed we want to be in terms of how many weeks of basic science, how many weeks of clinical experiences, and do we want to be even more proscriptive in what they should be? Joe Chu urged caution in terms of the numbers of weeks of education and the number of months of education as it relates to licensure requirements. Not just the United States but various countries around the world should be relatively general in the way that a standard is developed. Steve Seiling JD, looks on. An audience member mentioned page 5 under Mission and Objectives, Objective #2, General Design says, “the educational program must be at least 130 weeks in duration. That includes the basic science as well as the clinical training.” There’s some language that clarifies the MD degree because most countries around the world don’t confer the MD degree. You might want to call it the MD or equivalent or comparable degree for starters. That 130 weeks is directly or mostly from the LCME standards. In New York it’s 32 months which works out to be 4 academic years, close to 130 weeks. An audience member cited page 10-D of the document under Clinical Sciences Number 6 (VI) “Medical students shall participate in clinical courses and rotation not less than 72 weeks in duration.” So hypothetically, the 72 minus the 130, if you want to be minimal, is a number that is 58 weeks of basic science. The question is do we want to be so proscriptive the numbers mean you get very little basic science? Another member asked if that list of clinical rotations is core-mandated? AUC provides input as Vic Santos, MD Our Lady of Fatima, looks on. Muris Fitzgerald, Irish Medical Council, said in Europe there’s an ethical focus within a framework. He said standards that are prescriptive in terms of hours and subject matter as were out of touch with reality when compared with the diversity of educational activity that exists in reality out there. Vic Santos agreed with diversity of curriculum across nations but said we should emphasize a basic core of knowledge and the basic subject matter within a different framework of time. He recommended not assessing a real figure but putting in a figure as a recommended number. He said the committee should say this is a recommended model time but it will have to boil down to the core teaching and core knowledge. A proposal was made to not put in a number either for the number of weeks, for the entire curriculum, or the number of weeks of clinical. In parentheses insert the LCME standard is and give them an idea what the standard is. Let the site visit teams deal with the fact; if they’re so far outside of what we’re considering, they’re going to have to justify it somehow within their application. Rebuttal was if we don’t set a minimum number, then our standards lose credibility. Others agreed there should be a minimum number of weeks requirement, then leave it up to the institution. Two different systems were mentioned: medical education may be five to eight years, yet people come with a baccalaureate degree before they go to four years of medical school. If you’re going to use our model you need to have one standard for people who have a baccalaureate entering that kind of medical school and another standard for people who are coming out of high school. The discussion looked at accrediting institutions that would provide medical knowledge throughout a world with diverse needs. Someone suggested a modular idea with different levels that an institution would seek to achieve. If you’re in a very undeveloped nation or culture, perhaps you don’t need to be providing all of the various levels of education that are required in more developed institutions, so we just provide more latitude in ideas. Another suggestion was prescribing a number — we, as an accrediting institution, stipulate our prescriptive norm; however, if you have an explanation of how this content was covered within your curriculum, we would accept that. We can explain that this is not a firm number, provided you can demonstrate equivalent education. In other words, if you can explain the standard and how we will apply it so everyone will know if there’s leeway here, all we’re looking for is the essence of the education, not a particular number. Some felt it was better to always have higher standards with some degree of flexibility than have some kind of low standard. You never approve anybody with that low standard but everybody’s going to look at that and use it as a benchmark. The question, ‘what do we think is acceptable medical education?’ Different major points were made to determine what is driving this whole discussion — if we are talking about standards for the world or standards just for the United States. Medical educators believe that medical education should encompass certain minimal principles. The strengths and weaknesses of potential approaches were discussed. The Committee meeting was called to a close. President Bernie Ferguson announced there had been some complaint that there was insufficient notice of this meeting to discuss standards. He read the communication from the United Kingdom’s General Medical Counsel to that effect and therefore extended the time for written comment to be certain everyone has the opportunity to provide his or her opinion and/or recommendations.

2019-04-21T08:30:09Z

http://iaomc.org/minutes1.htm

1 From The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Stanford Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network. All clinicians completing this activity will be issued a certificate of participation. To participate in this journal CE activity: 1) review the educational content; 2) take the posttest with a 66% minimum passing score and complete the evaluation at http://education.nccn.org/node/81405; and 3) view/print certificate. Version 2.2017 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2017, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®. The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Antiemesis are intended to provide an overview of the treatment principles for preventing chemotherapy-induced (or RT-induced) N/V, and to provide recommendations for antiemetic prophylaxis according to the emetogenic potential of antitumor therapies. These NCCN Guidelines are updated at least once a year by a multidisciplinary panel of experts; the first guidelines were published in 1997.19 Major updates to the 2017 version, described in these NCCN Guidelines Insights, are as follows: (1) carboplatin is now categorized as HEC if administered at an area under the curve (AUC) of ≥4, and remains categorized as moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC) if administered at an AUC of <4; (2) subcutaneous granisetron extended-release injection is a new formulation that is now recommended in antiemetic regimens for HEC and MEC; and (3) a new 4-drug antiemetic regimen containing olanzapine is now recommended (category 1) for HEC. therefore, high-dose carboplatin (AUC ≥4) was escalated to the HEC classification, where 3- or 4-drug regimens are recommended (category 1) for all patients. The NCCN Guidelines recommend several different antiemetic regimen options for patients receiving HEC. Recommended antiemetic regimens may include 5-HT3 antagonists, dexamethasone, NK1 RAs, and olanzapine (see AE-5 and AE-7; pages 886 and 888). Lorazepam and a histamine (H2) blocker or a proton pump inhibitor may also be added to all of these regimens to manage anxiety and dyspepsia/reflux-related symptoms, respectively.7,25,26 Regimens for day 1 of therapy (all are category 1) include those containing dexamethasone, a 5-HT3 antagonist option (ie, dolasetron, granisetron, ondansetron, palonosetron), and an NK1 RA option (ie, aprepitant, fosaprepitant, rolapitant). Other antiemetic regimens (category 1) for HEC on day 1 include (1) oral netupitant combined with oral palonosetron (NEPA) in a single capsule plus dexamethasone; (2) olanzapine, palonosetron, and dexamethasone; or (3) olanzapine, aprepitant or fosaprepitant, palonosetron, and dexamethasone; this 4-drug regimen was added for the 2017 update (see “Olanzapine,” page 891). Note that the regimens and doses are often modified on days 2 to 4 after chemotherapy. additional risk factors or failure of previous therapy with a 2-drug regimen of dexamethasone and a 5-HT3 antagonist. Any one of the 5-HT3 antagonists can be used in the first regimen for day 1; however, palonosetron and subcutaneous granisetron extended-release injection are preferred options when an NK1 RA is not included.27,28 The NCCN Guidelines recommend the use of 5-HT3 antagonists as one of several options to prevent delayed emesis for MEC. All of the 5-HT3 antagonists (dolasetron, granisetron, ondansetron, palonosetron) have been shown to be effective in controlling acute N/V associated with cancer chemotherapy when used in multidrug antiemetic regimens.29–45 For the 2017 update, the NCCN panel added recommendations for a new formulation of granisetron—subcutaneous granisetron extended-release injection—in antiemetic regimens for HEC and MEC based on published data and recent FDA approval (see AE-5, AE-6, AE-7, and AE-A 2; pages 886–888 and 890). It is important to note that subcutaneous granisetron extended-release injection is a unique formulation of granisetron using a polymer-based drug delivery system. This formulation is specifically intended for subcutaneous administration and is NOT interchangeable with the intravenous formulation (see AE-A 2; page 890). Subcutaneous granisetron has an extended half-life and should not be administered at <1-week intervals. To date, subcutaneous granisetron has only been studied with single-day chemotherapy regimens. Efficacy and safety with multiday chemotherapy regimens are currently unknown. plus cyclophosphamide is now classified as HEC by the NCCN panel, whereas it was classified as MEC for the study. Two doses of subcutaneous granisetron were assessed: 5 and 10 mg. Data showed that subcutaneous granisetron was not inferior to intravenous palonosetron for preventing acute and delayed CINV after either HEC or MEC. For patients receiving HEC, acute CRs (98% CI difference vs palonosetron) for the 5- and 10-mg dose of subcutaneous granisetron were 77.7% (−12.1, 6.1) and 81.3% (−8.2, 9.3), respectively, compared with 80.7% for those receiving palonosetron at 0.25 mg. For patients receiving MEC, acute CRs (98% CI difference) for 5 or 10 mg of subcutaneous granisetron were 74.8% (−9.8, 9.3) and 76.9% (−7.5, 11.4), respectively, compared with 75.0% for palonosetron. The FDA approved the use of a 10-mg dose of subcutaneous granisetron extended-release injection when used for the prevention of acute and delayed CINV associated with MEC. Based on this trial and FDA approval, the NCCN panel now recommends subcutaneous granisetron extended-release injection as a preferred 5-HT3 antagonist option for MEC when used with dexamethasone in antiemetic regimens that do not contain an NK1 RA (see AE-6 and AE-7; pages 887 and 888). The panel also recommends intravenous palonosetron as a preferred 5-HT3 antagonist option for MEC. Although 2-drug regimens can be used for MEC, the panel recommends 3- or 4-drug regimens for HEC (see AE-5 and AE-7; pages 886 and 888). Common side effects with olanzapine included fatigue, drowsiness, and sleep disturbances. Olanzapine should be used with caution in elderly patients (see boxed warning/label indication regarding death in patients with dementia-related psychosis, and additional warnings and precautions [eg, type II diabetes and hyperglycemia]).50 A preliminary study suggests that a 5-mg dose of olanzapine may be considered in elderly or oversedated patients.51 To avoid excessive dopamine blockade, clinicians should be cautious when using olanzapine concurrently with metoclopramide, phenothiazines, or haloperidol. Other drug–drug interactions may be important when including olanzapine in the antiemetic regimen. Rarely olanzapine is associated with a serious skin reaction (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms [DRESS]) (see prescribing information), but other symptoms include a fever with a rash and swollen lymph glands, or swelling in the face; patients with these symptoms should seek medical care as soon as possible. Thoughtful patient selection is key in order to take all of these concerns into account when considering olanzapine. Note that olanzapine-containing regimens are not approved by the FDA for CINV. LaszloJ. Emesis as limiting toxicity in cancer chemotherapy. In: LaszloJ ed. Antiemetics and Cancer Chemotherapy. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1983:1–5. IngleRJBurishTGWallstonKA. Conditionability of cancer chemotherapy patients. Oncol Nurs Forum1984;11:97–102. MitchellEP. Gastrointestinal toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. Semin Oncol1992;19:566–579. RichardsonJLMarksGLevineA. The influence of symptoms of disease and side effects of treatment on compliance with cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol1988;6:1746–1752. FeyerPCMaranzanoEMolassiotisA. Radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (RINV): MASCC/ESMO guideline for antiemetics in radiotherapy: update 2009. Support Care Cancer2011;19:S5–14. HardingRYoungRAnnoG. Radiotherapy-induced emesis. In: AndrewsPSangerG eds. Emesis in Anti-Cancer Therapy. London, England: Chapman & Hall Medical; 1993:163–178. RoilaFHeskethPJHerrstedtJ. Prevention of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced emesis: results of the 2004 Perugia International Antiemetic Consensus Conference. Ann Oncol2006;17:20–28. NavariRMAaproM. Antiemetic prophylaxis for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. N Engl J Med2016;374:1356–1367. HerrstedtJ. Antiemetics: an update and the MASCC guidelines applied in clinical practice. Nat Clin Pract Oncol2008;5:32–43. HeskethPJGrunbergSMHerrstedtJ. Combined data from two phase III trials of the NK1 antagonist aprepitant plus a 5HT 3 antagonist and a corticosteroid for prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: effect of gender on treatment response. Support Care Cancer2006;14:354–360. HeskethPJKrisMGGrunbergSM. Proposal for classifying the acute emetogenicity of cancer chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol1997;15:103–109. RoilaFHerrstedtJAaproM. Guideline update for MASCC and ESMO in the prevention of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: results of the Perugia Consensus Conference. Ann Oncol2010;21(Suppl 5):v232–243. NgTLHuttonBClemonsM. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: time for more emphasis on nausea?Oncologist2015;20:576–583. GrunbergSMWarrDGrallaRJ. Evaluation of new antiemetic agents and definition of antineoplastic agent emetogenicity-state of the art. Support Care Cancer2010;19:S43–47. RoscoeJAMorrowGRColagiuriB. Insight in the prediction of chemotherapy-induced nausea. Support Care Cancer2010;18:869–876. HilariusDLKloegPHvan der WallE. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in daily clinical practice: a community hospital-based study. Support Care Cancer2012;20:107–117. FoubertJVaessenG. Nausea: the neglected symptom?Eur J Oncol Nurs2005;9:21–32. TamuraKAibaKSaekiT. Testing the effectiveness of antiemetic guidelines: results of a prospective registry by the CINV Study Group of Japan. Int J Clin Oncol2015;20:855–865. NCCN antiemesis practice guidelines. Oncology (Williston Park)1997;11:57–89. GrunbergSMOsobaDHeskethPJ. Evaluation of new antiemetic agents and definition of antineoplastic agent emetogenicity—an update. Support Care Cancer2005;13:80–84. JordanKGrallaRRizziGKashefK. Efficacy benefit of an NK1 receptor antagonist (NK1RA) in patients receiving carboplatin: supportive evidence with NEPA (a fixed combination of the NK1 RA, netupitant, and palonosetron) and aprepitant regimens. Support Care Cancer2016;24:4617–4625. WeinsteinCJordanKGreenSA. Single-dose fosaprepitant for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting associated with moderately emetogenic chemotherapy: results of a randomized, double-blind phase III trial. Ann Oncol2016;27:172–178. HeskethPJSchnadigIDSchwartzbergLS. Efficacy of the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist rolapitant in preventing nausea and vomiting in patients receiving carboplatin-based chemotherapy. Cancer2016;122:2418–2425. SchwartzbergLSModianoMRRapoportBL. Safety and efficacy of rolapitant for prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting after administration of moderately emetogenic chemotherapy or anthracycline and cyclophosphamide regimens in patients with cancer: a randomised, active-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol2015;16:1071–1078. KrisMGHeskethPJSomerfieldMR. American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline for antiemetics in oncology: update 2006. J Clin Oncol2006;24:2932–2947. HeskethPJGrunbergSMGrallaRJ. The oral neurokinin-1 antagonist aprepitant for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients receiving high-dose cisplatin—the Aprepitant Protocol 052 Study Group. J Clin Oncol2003;21:4112–4119. SaitoMAogiKSekineI. Palonosetron plus dexamethasone versus granisetron plus dexamethasone for prevention of nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy: a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, comparative phase III trial. Lancet Oncol2009;10:115–124. RaftopoulosHCooperWO'BoyleE. Comparison of an extended-release formulation of granisetron (APF530) versus palonosetron for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting associated with moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, noninferiority phase 3 trial. Support Care Cancer2015;23:723–732. HeskethPJGandaraDR. Serotonin antagonists: a new class of antiemetic agents. J Natl Cancer Inst1991;83:613–620. AndrewsPLBhandariPDaveyPT. Are all 5-HT3 receptor antagonists the same?Eur J Cancer1992;28A(Suppl 1):S2–6. GrunbergSMKoellerJM. Palonosetron: a unique 5-HT3-receptor antagonist for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced emesis. Expert Opin Pharmacother2003;4:2297–2303. GrunbergSMStevensonLLRussellCAMcDermedJE. Dose ranging phase I study of the serotonin antagonist GR38032F for prevention of cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting. J Clin Oncol1989;7:1137–1141. ChevallierB. Efficacy and safety of granisetron compared with high-dose metoclopramide plus dexamethasone in patients receiving high-dose cisplatin in a single-blind study. The Granisetron Study Group. Eur J Cancer1990;26(Suppl 1):S33–36. CupissolDRSerrouBCaubelM. The efficacy of granisetron as a prophylactic anti-emetic and intervention agent in high-dose cisplatin-induced emesis. Eur J Cancer1990;26(Suppl 1):S23–27. De MulderPHSeynaeveCVermorkenJB. Ondansetron compared with high-dose metoclopramide in prophylaxis of acute and delayed cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Ann Intern Med1990;113:834–840. MartyM. A comparative study of the use of granisetron, a selective 5-HT3 antagonist, versus a standard anti-emetic regimen of chlorpromazine plus dexamethasone in the treatment of cytostatic-induced emesis. The Granisetron Study Group. Eur J Cancer1990;26(Suppl 1):S28–32. MartyMPouillartPSchollS. Comparison of the 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (serotonin) antagonist ondansetron (GR 38032F) with high-dose metoclopramide in the control of cisplatin-induced emesis. N Engl J Med1990;322:816–821. SoukopM. A comparison of two dose levels of granisetron in patients receiving high-dose cisplatin. The Granisetron Study Group. Eur J Cancer1990;26(Suppl 1):S15–19. RoilaFTonatoMCognettiF. Prevention of cisplatin-induced emesis: a double-blind multicenter randomized crossover study comparing ondansetron and ondansetron plus dexamethasone. J Clin Oncol1991;9:675–678. FraschiniG. Antiemetic activity of ondansetron in cancer patients receiving non-cisplatin chemotherapy. Semin Oncol1992;19:41–47. KamanabrouD. Intravenous granisetron—establishing the optimal dose. The Granisetron Study Group. Eur J Cancer1992;28A(Suppl 1):6–11. SledgeGWEinhornLNagyCHouseK. Phase III double-blind comparison of intravenous ondansetron and metoclopramide as antiemetic therapy for patients receiving multiple-day cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Cancer1992;70:2524–2528. ChevallierB. The control of acute cisplatin-induced emesis—a comparative study of granisetron and a combination regimen of high-dose metoclopramide and dexamethasone. Granisetron Study Group. Br J Cancer1993;68:176–180. NavariRMKaplanHGGrallaRJ. Efficacy and safety of granisetron, a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist, in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by high-dose cisplatin. J Clin Oncol1994;12:2204–2210. RiviereA. Dose finding study of granisetron in patients receiving high-dose cisplatin chemotherapy. The Granisetron Study Group. Br J Cancer1994;69:967–971. SchnadigIDAgajanianRDakhilC. APF530 (granisetron injection extended-release) in a three-drug regimen for delayed CINV in highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Future Oncol2016;12:1469–1481. ChowRChiuLNavariR. Efficacy and safety of olanzapine for the prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) as reported in phase I and II studies: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer2016;24:1001–1008. NavariRMQinRRuddyKJ. Olanzapine for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. N Engl J Med2016;375:134–142. NavariRMNagyCKGraySE. The use of olanzapine versus metoclopramide for the treatment of breakthrough chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer2013;21:1655–1663. MoritaTTeiYShishidoHInoueS. Olanzapine-induced delirium in a terminally ill cancer patient. J Pain Symptom Manage2004;28:102–103. HashimotoHYanaiTNagashimaK. A double-blind randomized phase II study of 10 versus 5 mg olanzapine for emesis induced by highly emetogenic chemotherapy with cisplatin [abstract]. J Clin Oncol2016;34(Suppl):Abstract 10111.

2019-04-23T22:39:24Z

https://jnccn.org/abstract/journals/jnccn/15/7/article-p883.xml?rskey=n5NBzu&amp;result=1

​It is past midnight. A brisk, violent wind has blown in from the wild western plains, piloting the way for a slow-moving thunderstorm that is soon to come rolling across the cross timbers on this warm, early spring. I am writing by pen, as the current physical condition of my left hand has left me in a disabled state unsuitable for life behind the keyboard. Occasionally I glance over at my crippled, bandaged left, and my gaze is naturally directed toward that odd, inch-long space where my ring finger used to be but now is not. It is not because seven days ago, for the brief span of what had to be less than a second, a juvenile western diamondback was firmly fastened to it, her minute curved hypodermic dentition embedded to the hilt, swollen venom glands contracting and expanding as they delivered a full load of potent hemotoxic cocktail into the soft pad of my fingertip. As quickly as she had struck the snake released her hold. But the damage had been done. The complex combination of proteins and peptides went to work breaking down the absorbent subcutaneous tissue just north of my wedding ring, and my nerves sent a bolt of hot, searing pain into my brain exclaiming something like, “Thirty-five percent of venomous snakebites are dry! Congratulations! Welcome to the majority!” And shortly thereafter came the most painful part: informing my wife that her idiot husband had gotten that part of his hand adorned with his symbol of devotion to her a little too close to the homing range of a rattlesnake’s heat sensitive pits, those chemosensory red flags of danger ablaze on the flickering tips of a violet-black forked tongue, signaling its reptilian brain to strike out with mouth agape, elastic jaws stretched, fangs unfolded from their fleshy sheaths and pointed forward in that age-old, sinless self defense mechanism devoid of malice but damaging all the same. It is one that works superbly well, accomplishing its intended purpose with a speed of which few other things can compare. Touch a red-hot pan and you drop it without thinking. Take a bite from a crotalid and you stop messing with it instantly, I can guarantee you. ‘Don’t Tread On Me’, her whirring caudal appendage continued to resonate as I secured her quickly in the lock box. Yes ma’am. Message understood loud and clear, thank you very much, and further accentuated with every pulsing throb of my fiery fingertip, from which twin pinpricks of bright red blood had begun to escape from their normal vascular course and make their way on a redirected route across my bare skin. There was an instant shout of some unmentionable phrase that I can’t quite remember, a slang crude version of, “fiddly-dee, this is going to require a trip to the emergency room!” Whatever was said, my wife heard it, and by the time I could secure the snake and get to the kitchen and explain, she had the car keys in her hand. I removed the wedding ring in order to avoid blood flow restriction, then turned on the faucet and gave the now-searing wound a quick rinse, marveling at how the rapid onset of tissue degeneration, intended to dispatch and begin breaking down the snake’s prey even before it has been located and swallowed, had already caused the outer edges of the bite marks to become awash with the dull, faded purple hue of smudged ink. ​It is a forty five minute drive to the nearest hospital that I trust (the local so-called hospital in nearby Decatur has killed more patients than Jack Kevorkian), but my wife turned on the flashers and transformed 380 into the Texas Motor Speedway, so we got there in about thirty. The Denton Presbyterian Hospital had been called and notified of the situation en route, and they confirmed they had the antivenin on hand. Meanwhile, I am keeping the hand elevated and trying my best to document the finger’s digression with the camera on my cell phone in order to keep myself from chewing my seatbelt off at the shoulder. Thanks largely to Amber’s uncanny ability to mask her concern behind a fortified steel wall of collected serious calm, we arrived safely with no dramatic curb-jumps or two-wheeled grand entrances, parked and headed for the doors of the ER. ​Of course it wasn’t. After answering the classic “twenty questions” ( I would become so sick of repeating these to each and every personnel I came into contact with that I would begin to feel like one of those pull-string toys)… I was finally led back into an ER bed, where I was assured antivenin was on its way. Michael showed up a short time later, which was a real relief, seeing as to how medical personnel is much more willing to accredit the statements and opinions of a professional-looking person in regards to proper snakebite protocol than they are a long-haired unshorn type with bug tattoos all over him. It was a good thing too, for the ER staff, while courteous, professional, and definitely a far, far cry from the primitive treatments of my hometown docs, which still prescribe whiskey for snakebite and dancing the tarantella for spider bites, was admittedly inexperienced in the matter. I met with a few nurses and doctors who were nice enough to begin administering an IV of morphine for my pain (which at this point had accelerated greatly, graduating from the burning needle-points of immediate envenomation to the feeling of having my entire hand squeezed in a vice, with the burning still present on top of this, of course). The discoloration around the pad of my fingertip had now spread to include the entire fingertip, and the ink-smudge purple hue had darkened to a most unsightly blue-black as the hemolytic juice dissolved the tissue. Pain from a hemotoxic snakebite has been described as one of the top ten most intense sensations that can occur to the human body, related to the feeling of a subcutaneous third degree burn, which is sort of what it is, with the venom working like acid as it dissolves flesh, muscle, and nerve tissue. To add to this already excruciating experience, sometime later (usually within a few hours) such euphoric and delightful symptoms as nausea, vomiting, skin tingling, hives, itching, muscle spasms, drowsiness, profuse sweating, chest constriction, breathing difficulty, and disorientation are thrown into the mix. The end result is the very definition of misery. ​The morphine, while definitely helping to curb the burning and crushing sensations in my hand, was doing little more than taking the edge off. Michael kept asking about the Crofab, where was it and how soon could they get it out of the bottle and into my veins? Prompt administration of antivenin is the number one issue of importance when it comes to reversing the above mentioned symptoms of envenomation, and I had errantly assumed calling forty five minutes ahead of time would ensure they had it in an IV bag upon my arrival. Unfortunately, antivenin is such an expensive commodity with such a short shelf life that most hospitals cannot afford to just go breaking it open immediately, as many snakebite cases are either dry bites (where the snake injects no venom) or are bites from nonvenomous species. Of all the questions I had to answer, the “are you sure it was a rattlesnake” was the one that perturbed me the most. “Well, I’m pretty sure. Between the fact that the snake had rattles and my hand being swollen up like a plum I’d say very sure, in fact. While we’re on the topic of certainties, are you sure the antivenin is coming?” We kept being told that they were mixing it, and that I could be assured that it would get there when it did, and that in the meantime I was just going to have to be a gentleman and writhe in the agony of my ignorance in the manner of such. ​I jest, but in reality the doctors and nurses were very caring and helpful; I was just giving in to my impatience due to the effects of the toxin flooding through my system, which was no one’s fault save my own, but I would like to think in such dire circumstances a man can be granted a little irritability. ​cold chill. intense cramping. severe burning. shaking. itching around base of middle finger. intense pressure. cold. like having my hand slammed in a door. no nausea. increased pain to entire arm. ​hives. itching. swelling. tightness in face. pressure in ears. Something was obviously wrong with my technique. ​I suppose this is the point in my story where I should attempt to explain the facts and opinions surrounding the nature of how I caused my skin to come into contact with the business end of a western diamondback rattlesnake in the first place. I will start with a word to the wise from the formerly ignorant. If you must keep venomous snakes (as some of us feel they must) you will do yourself a mighty favor to keep them one to a box. Perhaps even more importantly, make sure that box is not a Vision cage, or any other type of cage that contains an interior rim where the snake can hide itself. While the rattlesnake(s) I had were only temporary captives (being rescues from a friend of mine who comes across them frequently on his property and wishes to have them relocated rather than killed), I had them stored in a 24 x 24, x12” locked Vision. There were four of them in there, all juvenile specimens under 18” in length. I was well aware of the interior rim of the cage, as the snakes like to tuck themselves into this space to hide. I neglected, however, to think the snakes would ‘climb’ up onto the top part of the rim. This was my first lapse in judgment; as the great snake man of Africa, Ionides, wrote, “one can never be sure with snakes”. ​I was in the process of transferring them from the Vision to a snake bucket so that my wife and I could go release them when the second lapse in judgment, the use of an improper handling tool, brought down the subsequent rain of misery on my head. I own a pair of cage tongs which are around 18” in length, as well as a small hook of same size, that I use for the transferral of any venomous snakes I happen to be working with. However, on this particular day I had misplaced them and opted to use a standard 48” field hook instead. I grabbed the hook about halfway down to make up for the excess length, as anyone working with small, often flighty juvenile diamondbacks can attest they do not usually ride a long hook very well. I looked through the glass and could see three snakes, so I assumed the fourth was beneath the bottom rim, where it typically liked to hide. Not placing my hand inside the actual cage itself, I was able to successfully ‘hook’ the first two snakes with no problem. The third, however, crawled to the back of the cage while I was moving the other two. Taking care to keep my hand as far away from the bottom rim as possible, I brought the hook in at an angle from the top instead, with my hand upside down. As I did, the tip of my fingers entered the cage beside the top rim, where the little female, unbeknownst to me, had been coiled (as opposed to her usual place on the bottom). I saw the chunky, triangular head launch down and out from above, sinking both fangs into the tender, fleshy pad of my ring finger for only an instant before she released and drew herself back up into the recess of the top rim of the cage’s interior. I put down the hook, slid the glass door back into place, locked the two remaining snakes back up, made sure the other two were secure in the transfer bucket, and then double locked the snake room and entered the house to tell my wife the wonderful news. That’s what happened. I’d swear on a stack of field guides. I can only vaguely recall my transferral from Denton Presbyterian to Harris Methodist; only that the denomination of the hospital’s foundry did not concern me in the least, provided they had more Crofab they could pump into my system. There were hazy flashes of nervous apprehension in the emergency room…I heard a nurse exclaim “I’d forget my head if it wasn’t attached to my shoulders” and Michael’s voice sometime later “someone left a full vial of blood on the bed”. I kept expecting a booming voice to reverberate, ‘Don’t fear the reaper. Come towards the light, my son’, but instead woke up chained to a tangled procession of wires that seemed to grow out of two uncomfortable places on my right arm. There was an intense throbbing burn in my finger…oh, yes, the kiss of the snake…I was propped up in a tiny room, with a beeping, blipping machine behind me that, if I turned my head just right, revealed that my condition had significantly stabilized. Michael was there, as was my wife, and yet another group of nurses I knew I was going to have to repeat what happened to. ​“Did I get the antivenin?” I managed to stammer in a groggy voice from between numb lips. ​One thing I learned from my hospital stay is that people who work in the intensive care unit cannot afford much time for comedy on the clock, and thus possess a very vestigial sarcasm radar. What they lack in comedic discernment they more than make up for, however, in concern and care for their patients. One of the worst parts of the full snakebite experience is the continuation of the pain; it never lets up, staying with you in varying forms and stages, throughout the day and night, whittling away your appetite, pulling you out of sleep about once an hour or so, and causing you general misery heaped on top of misery as the hospital staff goes about the seemingly never-ending routines of drawing blood, changing bags, monitoring your vitals, helping you exercise, measuring your rate of swelling, and asking you more questions than an income tax form. Thus I was very grateful for the ICU’s willingness to administer pain medication to thwart my writhing agony without raising an eyebrow as to my sincerity when I assured them that the pain scale rating should contain a number higher than ten. Using Fentanyl, one of the most efficient and powerful (and also addictive) painkillers known to man, they did an excellent job of managing my pain to the best of their ability without turning me into an opioid zombie. ​In due time I was introduced to David C. Smith, the physician on the ICU wing. Conversing with him provided some much needed humorous relief, as he seems one who can appreciate as well as dole out a generous amount of humor into otherwise serious and dire situations. Laughter may not be the best medicine, but it definitely runs a close second to Fentanyl. The good doctor was baffled that someone who knew so much about snakes and the nature of their venom would be dumb enough to put himself in such close proximity to their fangs. The suggestion that perhaps I would be better off getting any further knowledge from toxicology handbooks rather than first hand experience was something I said I would try to remember to take to heart in the future. ​The days went by in the intensive care unit like one long, indistinguishable period. My platelet count dropped once again to an unsafe level and thus required an additional two vials of antivenin to stabilize. The swelling went down and stayed down. The pharmacist came in and we got to talk snake venom vs. polyvalent some more. The nutrition team seemed totally unable to grasp the definition of a vegan diet, forcing me to subsist on fruit breakfasts and lunches and mixed vegetable dinners, with my only source of protein coming in the form of soy milk and that advanced and complex form known as ‘hemotoxin’ (To their credit the meals I could pick around were superior fare as far as hospitals go). My mom watched my son the entire week without compensation, bringing him along with my aunt to visit me. My wife made daily hour-long drives to stand by my side for hours on end, on top of prior obligations to getting my son to school and going to school full time herself, and even stopped on the road once on one of her daily late-night trips home from the hospital to take a picture of a timber rattlesnake for me in an effort to lighten my spirits. And Michael showed up or called whenever he got a chance, monitoring and following my progress and putting up with my nonchalant references to death, amputation and gangrene while ignoring my insistence on his accomplice in ‘unhooking me from these infernal machines and busting me out of this joint so I could go herping.’ My cell phone virtually stayed abuzz with concerned checks from more friends and family members than I knew I had, offering much-needed and appreciated prayers, thoughts, well-wishes, support, and humor. This was often to the chagrin of my nurses in the fact that my ring-tone is the slow, menacing buzz of an angry diamondback rattlesnake, which always caused them to shake their heads at my assumed lack of sanity. And then the surgeon came in for debridement, and I only thought I had known what pain was. Dr. Maxim Pekarev entered the room, sliding back the glass door and curtain in a single motion. He is a meek enough looking man, dark-haired, with smooth, gentle looking hands that beguile his real disposition as a merciless butcher of fingers devoid of empathy. ​“Hello I’m Dr. Pekarev. I’m here to do the debridement”, he said casually. ​“Looks like you’re in need of some relief from that swelling”, he said, to which I quickly nodded in affirmation. Without further ado he seized me by the hand and proceeded to “debride” me. ​“All the tissue looks dead”, he commented as several onlooking nurses who were new to snakebite entered the room to observe the process and began passing out like cult members at a Kool-Aid party as he reenacted scenes from the movie Saw. ​“This shouldn’t hurt a bit”, he said, which to his credit was honest. It hurt a lot. ​He extracted a scalpel and quickly sliced into the swollen grape thing, causing a spurt of black blood to shoot out across the sterile towels on the wheelie cart he had laid my hand on. True to his word, I felt no pain. Not yet, at least. The finger immediately deflated like a bicycle tire with a broken valve stem. The doctor then replaced the scalpel with a pair of wicked curved tweezers, and began plucking at the thick layer of dead skin, ripping it off in sloughed sections. This didn’t hurt either, until he ripped backwards into live tissue, and I jerked back instinctively. ​“Let’s see” he said, and brandished the scalpel once again, pressing it against the finger somewhere between the nail and knuckle. He pressed down, cutting beneath the skin, and again a burning bolt of pain raced up my arm. ​“Yeah that hurts” I said. ​A nurse came in with a needle that looked like a grossly oversized prop in a 1970s Mexican sitcom, and a few minutes later I was watching in painless interest as Dr. Pekarev finished the debridement of the finger, sliding the scalpel down a full half inch into the lateral tissue to see if the entire thing was indeed dead. No blood came out, and so he pronounced it deceased. I was a little concerned about that bright red patch of freely bleeding skin just north of the middle knuckle base, but at the time it didn’t hurt, so I shrugged it off. The shocked, horrified looks on the rookie nurses’ wincing faces, and the way that my wife had retreated into the furthest corner of the room, shrinking back like a frightened helpless rabbit while I gazed on with a sheepish grin and the Butcher continued to play Freddy Krueger on what remained of my finger should have served as an indication that this could not simply continue on in painless bliss. But he finished, applied a sterile wrap, then bandaged the whole thing up in gauze. ​“You’re very brave”, he commented, and exited the room, the wide-eyed nurses, whom I suspected were at this point in no hurry to eat lunch, filing out behind him. Thirty minutes later, when the Lidocaine wore off, I doubt he would have accused me of such bravado had he still been present. ​At first it was just a slight prickle, a tingling sensation as the anesthetic dissolved. Tolerable enough. ​“It’s beginning to hurt a little”, I commented to Kevin, the day nurse who was going on his second afternoon of caring for/contending with the poor sarcastic snake-bitten fool with the Tim Burtonesque macabre sense of humor in the room on the corner. ​“Do you need something for it?” he asked. ​Five minutes later I was hammering on my ‘call’ button, begging anyone and everyone within earshot to bring me as close to overdose as they could without jeopardizing my life, or else strike me in the head with the most readily available blunt object until I was rendered unconscious. Good old Kevin came to my immediate aide with a shot of Fentanyl. This time it did nothing, however. So they gave me the most they legally could for my body weight and then supplemented with Tramadol. Still I begged for something else. ​“Somewhere between ten and ripping that scale off the wall, twisting it into a cord and strangling myself to death with it!”, I yelled. ​My finger literally felt like someone had skinned me alive and then doused the wound with gasoline and set a match to it. It was so intense that I could hardly concentrate, with the entirety of my left arm being engulfed in a single throbbing, agonizing sphere of indescribable torture. In what felt like a week another nurse came in and announced that she could give me a little morphine now. A short time later I passed out or went to sleep or something and the next thing I remember Michael was there and my wife was recounting my experience to him. Within the hour a nurse came in with a wheelchair and I said goodbye to the intensive care unit for good. ​I spent two additional days in a regular room in the inpatient care at Harris Methodist. My platelet count had finally gone down and stayed down, suggesting the venom had finally been neutralized by the antivenin, and there was nothing left to do but lie in bed with my arm elevated, awaiting what would either be the second half of my surgical debridement or an amputation. During this time I was kept on a steady diet of vegetables, ice water, Norco and Tramadol, and after my most unfortunate experience with the first debridement I had come to reassess that pain scale, as nothing I have ever felt before or since even came close. The throbbing, burning, hot-hammer pain that continued from the snakebite was thus quite tolerable by comparison, and I complained very little of it, sometimes going six to eight hours before requesting another pill, which my nurse Kathy insisted was only ‘glorified aspirin’. The day before the surgery Dr. Pekarev’s assistant came in to take photos of my hand so the surgeon could deem it keepable or tossable, and as soon as she unwrapped it I knew it was going to require at least a partial amputation. While the skinned part between the middle joint and the nail was still very much alive and blood-red, the distal tip was a dull, flat black, bloodless and lifeless. A short time later Dr. Smith appeared, announcing my surgery was scheduled for the morning some time before noon, with Dr. Pekarev presiding. ​The next morning they loaded me up with an extra dose of potassium and wheeled me down the hall to the surgical unit on my gurney. Dr. Pekarev met with me for a short time before surgery. He entered the room with that same humble look on his face, although this time I thought I could see the corners of his smile suppressing the anticipation of the drawing of blood. ​“What’s up Doc?”, I said, doing my best to not let that twinge of recoil that was creeping up my spine show in my own face. ​This broke the humility or ice or whatever you want to call it. ​The anesthesiologist, Dr. Nathan Walters, came in shortly and proceeded to hook me up to the knock-out juice. ​“A man after my own heart”, I replied. ​There was a sharp, instant pulse in the crook of my right arm as the thick mixture of Propophol, Phenobarbital, and everything else went into my system. I managed to maintain consciousness up to the point where they wheeled me into the prep room under the bright dome, and the next thing I knew I was waking up in recovery with a groggy head, slurred speech, and a little less finger than I had going in. The man who can caress a snake can do anything. Today is April 4, 2017. Two full weeks have passed since that lovely little rattler sank her fangs into my finger. Yesterday was a full day back at Harris Methodist for my check-ups. As I walked through the doors I couldn’t help but feel like a small part of me had been left behind there. The plastic surgeon’s assistant unwrapped my finger, or what was left of it, and I got to see it for the first time in 11 days. It was severed just a fraction above the middle joint, a dog-eared, folded-over flap of skin stitched across the fleshy stump where the distal tip used to be, but the regrowth of tender pink flesh and the absence of any black, dead tissue looked wonderful. I was given some basic maintenance instructions and then off I went to get the lab work, which was faxed over to the doctor long before I could hoof it there on foot. In a short time I was brought in, and Dr. Smith came into the room. ​“We meet again”, I said. ​“Yes, how have you been? ​“That’s the best news I’ve heard in a while”, I said. ​We conversed a while on the marvelous nature of pit viper venom, its biological makeup, and how certain populations of the same species within a given range possess varying degrees of hemo and neurotoxic components. “So, have you learned your lesson when it comes to messing with venomous snakes?” he asked as I was walking out. ​With three appointments down, the only other place left to go was therapy. After an hour and a half of various hand exercises, Dr. Sexton, my physical therapist, pronounced my hand ‘well on its way to healing’. While the amputated digit was still stiff, as was the pinkie finger next to it, the rest of my fingers had gained full sensitivity and dexterity, and by the time I left I was almost able to make a crude fist. And thus the final prognosis was one of overall excellence, with no infection, tolerable pain, no further surgery required, and only one more therapeutic and surgical follow-up to go, scheduled for two weeks out. ​We pulled out of the hospital parking garage and headed for home. Outside the window, I could see the road stretching out before me in that mirage-like optical illusion that seems to shrink it down to a sharp, fine point as it touches the horizon. With a year of pain, nerve healing, at-home therapy, and keyboard retraining ahead of me, it was going to be a long one. I couldn’t wait to get back out in the field, in the company of my beloved rattlesnakes, with a slightly shorter finger, a reclaimed smile of satisfaction, and a nine foot long pair of custom made tongs to reach into my mailbox with and extract my medical bills. 10…9…8…7…6…5…4 more days until winter is officially a memory. Unable to hold off our anticipation, Zev & I took a bike ride down a trail that cuts through 80 acres of gently grazed prairie & post oak savannah in Wise County yesterday evening. Everything was in bloom, and the nice weather (if a bit windy, but hey it’s March…in like a lion & all that) coupled by an amazing sunset made us forget that it was technically still winter. The newly emergent buds & flowers never fail to jump-start me out of the winter blues. Mexican plum, crow poison, and flowering dogwood filled the air with their sweet aromatic fragrance, catkins of cottonwood fell to the ground beneath towering trees awakening from their long sleep, and the lime-green tips of elms and fluorescent, Dali-esque purple tips of redbuds shone in relative brilliance against the stubborn straw and brown landscape that would be green in a matter of weeks. “Hey, look at this,” Zev called out. Clint and I came over to see a pale beige sphere resting on eight rather stubby, darker “legs,” as if some weird tarantula had been transformed into a fungus. Of course, that was only our strange imaginations at work. The pale, flattened ball at the top was torn in just the way you would expect from a puffball, a fungus that produces a spheroidal fruiting body that releases a puff of spores when broken. It was the eight “legs” that had us gazing in fascination, and with closer inspection we could see that originally there had been about ten, but a couple had been broken off. We – Clint, his son Zev, and I – were visiting Gus Engeling Wildlife Management Area[i] on a warm February 18th. Zev was there for salamanders, Clint was looking for beetles overwintering under loose tree bark, and I wanted to get re-acquainted with the upland savannah there. But really, the thing we were mostly there for was discovering something new or seeing some new variation on a familiar theme. The sort of thing that happens when you stumble upon an earthstar, for example. That vaguely spider-looking puffball? That was an earthstar (thanks for the identification, Burr Williams). What starts out as an outer layer around the spore sac splits into a number of wedge-shaped segments that curl back over the sac, forming star-like rays or, in the one we saw, curling so far under it that they resemble legs. The earthstar develops under the soil surface but pushes up to become exposed when mature[ii]. We had already walked for some distance after parking the car at Catfish Creek and poking around in the bottomland woods for a while. We then followed a primitive road up to higher ground and wandered across a big field that had been burned a while back. The larger trees still stood, their lower trunks charred a little but not killed by the fire. Others were standing skeletons of trees that probably died before the fire, and the patches of loose bark on their trunks were the best places for Clint’s “bug hunt.” The ground was a patchwork of tall grasses that had come back after the fire and the burned lower stems of yaupon that formed a thicket before the fire. Those woody shrubs would cover the ground, block the sunlight, and crowd out the grasses and forbs, just as they currently did in nearby areas that had not been burned. I later called and spoke with a Texas Parks & Wildlife Department biologist who said that the burn had occurred in 2016, but that the yaupon and other woody plants had grown so thick that they had to first cut it, then mulch it, and then burn it. We talked further about the effort to restore and maintain the Post Oak Savannah ecosystem, and he said they are trying to do prescribed burns every two to three years. That is music to our ears, because fire plays a crucial role in maintaining prairies and savannahs. In this sandy area where the 2016 burn had occurred, Clint was finding invertebrates under bark and beneath fallen branches or logs. Under one of the logs we disturbed a prairie lizard that was just trying to get through the end of winter in peace. Like a junior cousin to the Texas spiny lizard, this species has spiny scales and a suggestion of wavy bands on its back. The prairie lizard’s scales are smaller and less “spiky” than those of the Texas spiny lizard and its sides often seem to be a plain, darker color (while something similar to the wavy crossbands continues on the sides of the Texas spiny lizard). As we continued our walk, we uncovered a number of lizards. In each case we took a photo or two while trying to disturb the lizard as little as possible, making sure to put its shelter back in place at the end. A couple of our finds were little brown skinks. By that we mean not only that they were little and brown, but that they were “little brown skinks,” as someone aptly but unimaginatively named them. Equipped with four small, short legs and a long tail, these small reptiles might be mistaken for stubby snakes as they seem to swim through leaf litter and loose soil as much through undulation of the body as by use of their legs. We saw numerous mushrooms and fungi along the way. One of them that Clint found under a log had the overall flattened, round shape of a mushroom with gills under the cap – but they were hung from the bottom of the log instead of growing up from the ground on a stalk. Some had irregular-shaped caps with thin lines that looked like some delicate, finely striated material had been draped over the stems. And of course, there were shelf fungi on tree stumps and branches, some in a delicate shade of green and others in shades of brown and orange, in concentric bands shading outward to yellow. In a place with generous rainfall and lots of trees, these fungi can proliferate, working to return dead wood to soil. Probably because of the greater rainfall and so much wood to attach to, lichens grew in a profusion of the leafy and brushy forms that I’m not used to seeing back home in the Cross Timbers. Closing out the forest around me, I focused in on the fairy forest of lichen, the bowls and cups, the little bushes and trees, all growing in a five-inch section of oak branch. Worlds within worlds. We drove to the northern part of the property, to an upland area where Texas Parks & Wildlife Department has worked particularly hard to restore the savannah. In places there were extensive grasslands dotted with a few trees, while in others, the prairie grasses grew within a woodland with a somewhat open canopy. It was all beautiful, with the dark trees contrasting with the burnt orange of the dormant grasses and fallen leaves. Thinking about it later, I wanted to talk with a deer hunter to find out if they see this, too. While searching for the right buck, surely some of them get lost in the experience of the twisted oak limbs against the sky, the carpet of reddish-brown leaves, the clumps of grasses like vertical up-strokes on a painter’s canvas, the dense gray blending together of trees when you look as far into the woods as the eye can penetrate. Such beauty cannot just be the background noise of a deer hunt, can it? Further back, a little way from the beaver pond, we had seen a group of turkeys foraging in an open area between the road and the woods. They numbered about fifteen, and probably they had been scratching around for acorns and other nuts and seeds. I took a couple of photos from as close as they would tolerate, which was not very close. Each time I took a few steps closer, the group trotted a little further away. Clint and I had been spoiled in a trip to Palo Duro Canyon, where we saw a group of females being courted by a male. All of them seemed unconcerned about the presence of humans, at least from twenty or thirty feet away, and perhaps the courtship had them a little distracted. But here, in a place managed not just for habitat management but for hunting, the birds rightly sensed that people represent mortal danger. We had one more shot at finding salamanders before we needed to leave, so we headed down into the creek bottomlands again. In a mowed clearing, we came across the little armored beast that is a Texas icon: the nine-banded armadillo (it is the official state small mammal[iii], in case you’re keeping track of such things). As the compact little mammal snuffled and poked into the base of plants and any little crevice where an insect or grub might hide, I shot some video from the car rather than getting out and spooking him. They are charming in that nearsighted way they have, ambling through the understory or wandering in clearings, digging and rooting around and nearly oblivious of whatever may be nearby. Occasionally they pause and sniff the air, using their one sense that is really keen to check for something – danger? Or the smell of damp leaf litter or soil with better chances of finding something to eat? It is generally understood that to get close to a wandering armadillo, the thing to do is to stay downwind. If you are reasonably cautious you may not be seen or heard, but when they get a whiff of danger, they shamble off toward a thicket. If startled or pursued, an armadillo can run fairly fast, and plunge through tight places and thorny thickets where you cannot go. We walked down the last distance to a slough, with tall trees standing in dark water. A man-made levee impounded a broad pond where the rich mud and accumulated tannin from fallen leaves made the water black. The branches overhead reached across to the neighboring trees like arches in some wetland cathedral, and this splendid architecture was mirrored in the black water below. An alligator rising to the surface would have completed the swampy picture, but the only reptile we saw was a big red-eared slider, basking on a snag just above the water. She dropped in as we walked nearby, but on our way back she was pulling back onto her spot on the log. On the other side of the levee was an area with a meandering stream, shallow ephemeral pools, and downed logs. Try as they might, Clint and Zev did not turn up a salamander. What they did discover under a log was a big slug just a few inches from a cluster of translucent ovals, like tiny, bright grapes. A quick check of the Internet verified that these were indeed slug eggs (yes, a smart phone can serve several useful purposes in the field, especially documenting observations on iNaturalist!). And that was our last real discovery on our day at Gus Engeling WMA. We saw another flock of turkeys on our walk back, Clint continued the search for beetles under the bark, Zev was very good-natured about not finding salamanders on our walk, and we continued to soak in the view of every bottomland pool, every downed log, and every woodland clearing on our way back to the highway. Spring is only a month or so away, and we’ll be back! [iii] Schmidly, D.J. 1994. The Mammals of Texas (Revised Ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press.

2019-04-20T11:13:15Z

https://greatrattlesnakehwy.com/2018/03/

Theoretically, the lowest possible temperature. A body at absolute zero would have no molecular motion or heat energy. It is the zero point on the Kelvin and Rankine scales, and is estimated to be -273.15 oC or -459.67 oF. An abbreviation for alternating current which refers to a current that reverses periodically with time and has alternately positive and negative values. The maximum deviation to be expected between a meter reading and the actual value being measured, under specified operating conditions. Usually expressed in percent of full scale for analog instruments or percent of reading for digital instruments. Analog to Digital converter. A circuit or device for producing a set of digital output signals representing the magnitude of a voltage applied to its input. A construction utilizing an air vane to achieve movement damping. This vane is usually housed in a closed chamber to increase the damping action. Any number of metal alloys having standardized and controlled thermoelectric properties. Designated dissimilar pairs of these alloys are used together to realize measuring or extension portions of thermocouple circuits. It indicates the basic change in resistance in a material for each oC change in temperature. It is a defining parameter for resistance temperature detectors (RTD's). The temperature of the encompassing atmosphere surrounding the equipment and instruments in use. Unit of electrical current. Amount of electrical current which will flow through a one ohm resistor with one volt applied at a reference time. Also known as amp. Electrical quantities having the property of varying in a continuous manner rather than incremental or discrete step manner. A scale and pointer, capable of indicating a continuous range of values from zero to the rated full scale value. American National Standards Institute, Inc. Standard C39.1. Applies to analog instruments, defining nomenclature, test conditions and procedures, general construction requirements, mounting dimensions, and performance requirements. In digital instruments, the ability to measure DC values of either polarity without the need to interchange test lead connections. In digital instruments, the automatic updating of an error integrating/memory circuit prior to each measurement, eliminating the effects of zero offset and drift, resistance tolerance and drift, and time-constant tolerance and drift in the instrument circuit. The measurement of an AC voltage or current obtained using a DC instrument with a rectifying input circuit that converts AC energy to DC. The meter scale or readout is usually calibrated in terms of the corresponding RMS values, but it is accurate for pure sine wave inputs only. The change in the position of the pointer from zero when the axis of the moving element moves from the vertical position to the horizontal position. Balance is expressed as a percentage of scale length. A digital data output format where every decimal digit is represented by binary signals on four lines and all digits are presented in parallel. The total number of lines is 4 times the number of decimal digits. A digital data output format where every decimal digit represented by binary signals on four lines and up to five decimal digits are presented sequentially. The total number of lines is four data lines plus one strobe line per digit. An implementation of parallel BCD which has 0,1 and high impedance output states. The high impedance state is used when the BCD output is not addressed in parallel connect applications. A very low level DC current generated by digital panel meters and superimposed on the signal. This current may introduce a measurable offset across a very high source impedance. The ability of a panel meter to display both positive and negative readings. The electrical load taken from a circuit by measuring instruments expressed in volt-amps (VA) or watts. In current transformers burden in VA is the maximum the transformer can support while operating within its rated accuracy. To determine the indication or output of a device with respect to a standard. An interpolation equation which provides resistance values as a function of temperature for RTD's. Common-Mode Rejection states the ability of a digital voltmeter (DVM) to reject noise which appears between the input terminals (high and low) and ground. CMR is needed only when the DVM ground is different from the ground of the source being measured. When a DVM is operated from line source of power or when both high and low inputs are raised above ground, coupling (impedance) paths exist which introduce noise. Highest CMR exists in a battery operated digital multimeter (DMM). Particular care should be taken when data outputs are used. For above ground measurements, data outputs and inputs must be isolated through the use of transformers or opto-isolation. Common-Mode Voltage specifies the DC voltage which is tolerable between input low and power ground. CMV specifications are typically a few volts at most. However, using batteries or a transformer isolated power supply permits an instrument to be operated at a higher CMV, usually on the order of 100 VDC. In thermocouple instruments, the automatic correction for ambient temperature changes at the cold junction of the thermocouple. Without cold junction compensation the readings will be erroneous. For thermocouples and RTD's, the difference between the actual output and published standard output for a specified temperature. The negative leg of thermocouple types E and J. Constantan is 55% copper and 45% nickel. The EMF values can vary significantly for this material depending upon which alloy it is paired with in a thermocouple. A measuring device with at least one output which can be correlated to the process variable. The number of analog to digital conversions performed per second by a digital panel meter. The number of time intervals counted by the dual slope A/D converter and displayed as the reading of the panel meter, before addition of the decimal point. The ratio of peak voltage to the RMS voltage of a waveform (with the DC component removed). Criterion level is a factor used in the dosage equation by the 897 Noise Dosimeter. It equates to the decibel level at which 100% dose will be achieved if exposed to for eight hours. For example: if the criterion level is set to 90 dB, then spending eight hours in an environment at 90 dB will result in a reading of 100%. The movement of electrons through a conductor. Current is measured in amperes and is symbolically represented with the letter I. Aperiodic, in which the pointer comes to rest without overshooting the rest position. The point of change between periodic and aperiodic damping is called "critical damping." An instrument is considered to be critically damped when overshoot is present but does not exceed an amount equal to one half the rated accuracy of the instrument. The ratio of the deviations of the pointer in two consecutive swings from the position of equilibrium, the greater deviation being divided by the lesser. The deviations are expressed in angular degrees. (This term in no longer in common use; it has been replaced by overshoot which is the reciprocal of the damping factor). See overshoot. A meter movement consisting of a small, lightweight coil of wire supported on jeweled bearings between the poles of a permanent magnet. When the direct current to be measured is sent through the coil, its magnetic field interacts with that of the permanent magnet and causes the coil and attached pointer to rotate. A logarithmic unit for the expression of the ratios of two amounts of power. Deadband is only relevant to digital controllers. Normally, as the measured quantity varies it may reach the setpoint and actuate the output. As soon as the measured quantity falls back below the setpoint the output reverts to original state. For signals with high variance around the setpoint, this causes the output to cycle on/off rapidly. If this is a problem, the unit can be configured with a deadband or hysteresis value which is the minimum deviation from the setpoint before the output reverts to original state. If the deadband value is high, the measured quantity has to vary significaltly from the setpoint before the output reverts to original state. A material with low electrical conductivity. The insulation between two conductors is a dielectric if it can support electrostatic stresses across it. A measure of the voltage that an insulation material can withstand before an electrical breakdown occurs. It is sometimes referred to as breakdown potential. A measure of the display span of a panel meter. By convention, a full digit can assume any value from 0 to 9, a 1/2 digit will display up to 1 and overload at 2, and a 3/4 digit will display up to 3 and overload at 4, etc. For example, a meter with a display of +-4999 counts is said to have a 3-4/5 digit display. A set of German standards recognized throughout the world. The 1/8 DIN standard for panel meters specifies an outer bezel dimension of 96 x 48 mm and a panel cutout of 92 x 45 mm. Device that allows current to flow in only one direction. Donut is the slang term used to describe the class of current transformers which are shaped like a toroid. The percent dose achieved using an eight hour time base. Dose is calculated based on OSHA mandated maximum sound exposure. Used by the model 897 Dosimeter. A variation in a reading or set point value resulting from changes in component value, ambient temperature, or line voltage. A digital technique for converting a measured analog quantity to a precise digital equivalent for display as a numerical value. During a fixed interval of time, the output of an integrating circuit rises linearly at a rate proportional to the measured analog input quantity. This output is then switched to a precise reference voltage source of opposite polarity, causing the output to descend at a fixed ratre, while a counting circuit clock counts pulses delivered by an internal pulse generator. As the integrator output reaches its base level, the count is terminated; the total count (numerically equivalent to the analog input quantity) is then displayed in a digital readout as a voltage, current, resistance, or other parametric quantity. An electrical potential difference which produces or tends to produce an electrical current. The unit of measure is the volt. The end scale value of an instrument is the value of the actuating electrical quantity that corresponds to end scale indication. When zero is not at the end or at the electrical center of the scale, the higher value is taken. The exchange rate is the number of dB's below the criterion level that results in a 50% reduction in dose. It is used by the model 897 Dosimeter. Example: with the criterion level set at 90 dB and the Exchange Rate set at 5 dB, a reading of 50% dose will occur when the dosimeter is exposed to 85 dB for eight hours. An abbreviation for Flourinated Ethylene Propylene. This component is commonly referred to as "Teflon." The value to which reference is made in order to specify the accuracy of an instrument. when the mechanical zero is at one end of the scale or outside the scale. The fiducial value corresponds to the higher end-scale value. When the mechanical zero is displaced within the scale, the fiducial value is the arithmetic sum of the absolute electrical values corresponding to the two limits of the range. A measure of how effectively a circuit or device transmits the different frequencies applied to it. The change in indication due solely to a frequency change of the applied energy from a specified frequency. Frequency influence is usually expressed as a percentage change of full-scale value for a specified frequency change. The difference between tapped and untapped meter readings due to the combination of pivot friction and pivot roll. Friction is usually checked by making a substantial change in the applied energy (5-10%) at a sufficiently slow rate so that no overshoot occurs. The meter indication is then noted and, maintaining the same energy level, the meter is tapped. The difference bertween the two indications is the friction error. It is customary to express the error as a percentage of full scale. The arithmetic difference of the two end-scale values. When zero is not on the scale, the full-scale value is the higher end-scale value. In digital instruments, a numerical readout in which the digit segments are delineated by the glow of ionized gas. Also described as "plasma" or "gas plasma" display. A specific type of thermocouple junction in which the sheath and conductors are welded together forming a completely sealed integral junction. A grounded junction is recommended for use in liquids, gas, and high pressure environments. Meter HOLD is an external input which is used to stop the A/D process and freeze the display. BCD HOLD is an external input used to freeze the BCD output while allowing the A/D process to continue operation. Hysteresis is only relevant to digital controllers. Normally, as the measured quantity varies it may reach the setpoint and actuate the output. As soon as the measured quantity falls back below the setpoint the output reverts to original state. For signals with high variance around the setpoint, this causes the output to cycle on/off rapidly. If this is a problem, the unit can be configured with a deadband or hysteresis value which is the minimum deviation from the setpoint before the output reverts to original state. If the deadband value is high, the measured quantity has to vary significaltly from the setpoint before the output reverts to original state. Similar to resistance; represents the amount of AC voltage required to push a specific current through a component. The resistance and reactance of a panel meter. In the case of a voltmeter, this impedance has to be taken into account when the source impedance is high. An instrument comprising a movable piece of ferromagnetic material that is actuated by a fixed coil carrying a current or by a fixed piece of ferromagnetic material magnetized by the current. The point at which two thermocouple alloys are joined. In a typical thermocouple circuit there is a measuring junction and a reference junction. A prefix meaning one thousand or 103; abbreviated as K. Analog meter pointer with end flattened and turned edgewise so that the thinnest dimension or edge is seen by the observer. Often used with a mirror-backed scale to increase reading accuracy by eliminating parallax error. Lavg is display of sound pressure level averaged over one minute increments. It is one of the parameters used by the model 897 Dosimeter. A numerical readout in which the digit segments are delineated by dark areas in a liquid crystal display. Connecting leads can affect the accuracy of small current transformers, DC shunts and low voltage analog voltmeters. Use leads supplied with the device or lead size specified. A numerical readout in which the digit segments are delineated by light emitting diodes. The eight hour time weighted average sound level, expressed in dB. This value takes into account all sound measurement between the threshold level and the Leq upper limit and is one of the parameters on the dosage report generated by the model 897 Dosimeter. This is the maximum sound level the model 897 Dosimeter will measure. The dosimeter uses no sound levels above this value in calculating Leq or dose. A measure of the departure from a straight line response in the relationship between two quantities, where the change in one quantity is directly proportional to a change in the other quantity. Usually expressed as a maximum percent. The maximum sound pressure level measured in a given one minute interval. Lmax is one of the parameters printed on a sound dosage report from a model 897 Dosimeter. The total resistance of the thermocouple materials in a thermocouple circuit. The influence on an analog meter that is caused solely by an external magnetic field which is produced with a current of the same kind and frequency as that which actuates the mechanism. Meters in which the damping is achieved by moving a metal vane through a magnetic field. The motion induces currents in the vane which creates magnetic fields opposing those of the stationary magnets thus tending to bring the pointer to rest. This type of damping is found in many quality moving iron vane and dynamometer type instruments. The junction of a thermocouple subjected to the temperature to be measured. A prefix meaning one million or 106; abbreviated as M. The small central processing unit (CPU) that performs the logic operations in a microcomputer system. The CPU decodes instructions from the stored program, performs arithmetic and logic operations, generates timing signals, and produces commands for external use in process or instrument control. A prefix meaning one thousandth or 10-3; abbreviated as m. A thermocouple probe constructed by loading the metal sheath with thermocouple conductors and a mineral-based dielectric material; and then compacting the entire assembly. Analog meter scale with a mirror arc that enables alignment of the eye's line of sight perpendicular to the scale of the meter. Eliminates parallax error and helps the operator make a precise reading. An abbreviation for Measurement Indication Unit. MIU's are a unit of leakage current specified by IEC. At 60 Hz, one MIU is equal to 1 mA. The left-most digit on a digital display. A technique which allows different input (or output) signals to use the same lines at different times, controlled by an external signal. Multiplexing is used to save on wiring and I/O ports. A series resistor that is used to extend the measurable voltage range beyond the particular value which is the physical limit of the meter movement itself. Multiplier can also be used to refer to an external shunt or transformer used in conjunction with limited range meters. A standard from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, which defines enclosures that are intended for use indoors to protect the enclosed equipment against splashing water, seepage of water, falling or hose directed water, and severe external condensation. The ability of a panel meter to filter out noise superimposed on the signal and applied across the signal HO to LO input terminals. Normally expressed in dB at 50/60 Hz. Unwanted electrical interference picked up on a signal cable. The maximum voltage produced by a power source without a load applied. An isolation device that provides an electrical barrier between related circuits. The maximum load over full scale value that an instrument can withstand without damage or failure. Expressed as a percent of a full scale value. The level of current, voltage, or power beyond which a device will be destroyed. It is usually higher than the rated load capacity. In digital meters, a reading that exceeds full scale (but is less than an overload) that does not require switching to a higher range, i.e. for 3-1/2 digit DPM 0-999 is full scale reading, 1000-1999 is overrange, and over 1999 is overload. The ratio of the overtravel of the pointer beyond a new steady deflection to the change in steady deflection when a new constant value of the measured quantity is suddenly applied. Overtravel and deflection are determined in angular measure and the overshoot is usually expressed as a percentage of scale length. The seeming displacement of an object and its background when viewed from two different points of observation. The primary line is the line which carries the current to be measured. For normal operation the primary line will pass through the center of the transformer once. It is possible to manipulate the ratio of a transformer to make it fit into a specific application. One way of doing this is to add primary or secondary wraps. A primary wrap is added whenever the primary line is passed through the center of the current transformer. The process of wrapping a transformer is explained in detail here. An instrument function that permits retaining and displaying the peak value momentarily reached by a pulse or other brief signal under measurement. The maximum value present in a varying or altering voltage. This value may be either positive or negative. The difference in degrees by which the voltage wave lags or leads the current wave in an AC circuit. Method of suspending a moving coil or moving iron vane in a magnetic field. The moveable element is equipped with two non-magnetic pivots which engage glass or synthetic jewel cup bearings. In most designs, the bearings are spring-backed to prevent damage to the pivots by shock or vibration. An electrical occurrence which determines the direction in which current tends to flow. The influence that is caused solely by the departure of an instrument from its normal operating position. The power necessary to operate the meter. The cosine of the phase angle between the voltage applied to a load and the current passing through the load. A panel meter with sizeable zero and span adjustment capabilities, which can be scaled for readout in engineering units for signals such as 4-20 mADC, 10-50 mADC, and 1-5 VDC. Quadrature signals use two separate channels, A and B, to express speed and direction of motion electronically. Quadrature is primarily used in counters and encoders. The range of signal input which can be measured before the instrument goes into overload condition. A DC instrument equipped with a solid-state rectifier at its input to convert AC energy to DC energy. The instrument provides measurements of the average value of an AC voltage or current, and its scale is usually calibrated in terms of the RMS equivalent. The junction in a thermocouple circuit whch is maintained at a constant, known temperature. It is also referred to as the cold junction and as a standard it is usually maintained at 0oC, however, any temperature could be used. The ability of an instrument to repeat its indications when the pointer is deflected upscale, compared to the indications taken when the pointer is deflected down-scale, expressed as a percentage of the fiducial value. A property of conductors which determines the current produced by a given difference of potential. Dimensions, materials, and temperature all affect resistance. The degree to which nearly equal values of a quantity can be discriminated. In analog meters, the difference between the values represented by two adjacent scale divisions. In digital meters, the value represented by a one count change in the least significant digit. In analog instruments, refers to the time required after an abrupt change of the measured quantity to a new constant value until the pointer, or indicating means, first comes to apparent rest in its new position. In sensors, it refers to the time required for a sensor to reach 63.2% of the step change in temperature for a particular set of test conditions. A serial interface suitable for connection between a digital controller and a personal computer, a host computer, or a printer. An abbreviation for resistance temperature detector. It is a circuit element whose resistance increases with increasing temperature in a predictable manner. Platinum is the most popular material though copper, nickel, balco, and tungsten are also used in RTD's. Connected via 2, 3, or 4 wire hookups. The length of the path described by the tip of the pointer in moving from one end of the scale to the other. In the case of knife-edge pointers and others extending beyond the scale division marks, the pointer shall be considered as ending at the outer end of the shortest scale division mark. In multiscale instruments the longest scale shall be used to determine the scale length. For direct read out in engineering units, the capability of the meter to associate any desired value to the electrical input range. The secondary lines are the two smaller lines which carry signals from the transformer to the measuring device. These lines usually carry much lower current than the primary. It is possible to manipulate the ratio of a transformer to make it fit into a specific application. One way of doing this is to add primary or secondary wraps. A secondary wrap is added whenever one of the the secondary lines is passed through the center of the current transformer. The process of wrapping a transformer is explained in detail here. A self-contained instrument is one in which no accessory items are required to perform its intended function(s). If not specified, a manufacturer may optionally supply either a self-contained meter or one with external accessories. Shielding that is inherent in the construction of an instrument, protecting it from the influence of external magnetic and/or electrostatic fields. For current measuring instruments, the ability to respond to small signals; the lower the full scale range, the greater the sensitivity. For voltage measuring instruments, the higher the ohms per volt, the less will be the current consumed from the circuits. A calibrated low resistance connected in parallel with the input terminals of a voltmeter in order to enable measurements of large currents. It can be internal or external, and typically voltage drops across external shunts are 50 mV or 100 mV. The momentary pressure measurement expressed in dB as a ratio to a given power level. The ability to adjust the gain of a process or strain meter so that a specified display span in engineering units corresponds to a specified signal span. For instance, a display span of 0-200oF may correspond to the 16 mA span of a 4-20 mA transmitter signal. The span between two points anywhere within a temperature or voltage limit that a recorder can be calibrated to. The ability of an instrument or a sensor to maintain a consistent output or indication with the application of a constant input. An instrument in which a portion fo the range from zero to a given value is not visible on the scale, e.g., 4-20 mA. Suppression can be done by mechanical means or by instrument circuitry. The measure of a meter's ability to provide corresponding indication on each side of zero when the polarity of the applied energy is reversed. Symmetry error is customarily expressed as a percentage of actual full scale value. The difference in indications when the polarity of a measured quantity is reversed, expressed as a percentage of fiducail value. A method of suspension of the moving element in an analog meter movement using metal bands under tension. The bands provide the suspension and the restoring torque during deflection, without the friction inherent in jewel-bearing suspension. Materials created by DuPont and used to manufacture thermocouple insulation. Teflon can withstand temperatures up to 500oF while Tefzel has some radiation resistance and can withstand temperatures up to 390oF. Abbreviation for "temperature coefficient"; the error introduced by a change in temperature. Normally expressed in percent per degree C or ppm per degree C. The change in indication due solely to a change in ambient temperature from a specified reference temperature. Temperature influence is usually expressed as a percentage of full scale value for a specified temperature change. The full capability of the system from the lowest point to the highest point; limited by the sensor. A temperature sensor formed by joining two dissimilar metals and applying a temperature differential between the measuring junction and the reference junction. A device for sensing malfunction when a thermocouple opens up or breaks down during operation, acting to latch the high set point and shut down the system, or display an alarm. The lowest sound included in a sound dosage calculation. The model 897 Dosimeter will not include any sound levels under this value in the dose calculation. For example: if the threshold level is set at 80 dB, the dosimeter will not use any sound levels below 80 dB in the calculation of dose. A measure of rotational force. At a steady state of deflection, the mechanically applied torque is equal and opposite to the electrically developed torque. Torque is usually expressed in millimeter grams for a given angular deflection. The error in indication at a scale mark, expressed in percentage of fiducial value, when the instrument is energized by the proportional value of the actual end-scale excitation. The true root-mean-square value of an AC or AC plus DC signal, often used to determine power of a signal. For a perfect sine wave, the RM value is 1.11072 times the rectified average value, which is utilized for low cost metering. For significaltly nonsinusoidal signals, a TRMS converter is required. An abbreviation for Underwriters Laboratories Inc. UL is an independent organization devoted to testing for public safety. The Underwriters Laboratories were instituted to perform tests on materials, components, apparatus, and installations and to establish safe standards based on these tests. They validate components, devices, and their combinations for industrial, commercial, and consumer applications of all kinds by checking them against these standards. A product which has been produced under UL's Recognition and Follow-Up Service and which bears the authorized Recognized Markings as the manufacturer's declaration that the product complies with UL's requirements in accordance with the terms of the Recognition and Follow-Up Service Agreement. A product which has been produced under UL's Listing and Follow-Up Service and which bears the authorized Listing Mark of UL as the manufacturer's declaration that the product complies with UL's requirements in accordance with the terms of the Listing and Follow-Up Service Agreement. A thermocouple junction which is fully insulated from the capped sheath end. An ungrounded junction is often specified for applications involving frequent or rapid temperature cycling or for protection against stray EMF signals. Measurement of electrical potential. One volt will force one ampere of current through a resistance of one ohm. The product of the RMS voltage applied to a circuit and the RMS current, in amperes, flowing through it. A logarithmic unit for the expression of the ratios of two amounts of power, equal to a decibel when a reference level of one milliwatt at 600 ohms is used. Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter: This is a meter which is capable of measuring voltage, resistance, and current. Unit of measurement of electrical power; one Watt is the amount of work that one Ampere at one Volt can do. It is possible to manipulate the ratio of a transformer to make it fit into a specific application. One way of doing this is to add primary or secondary wraps. The process of wrapping a transformer is explained in detail here. In analog meters zero adjust refers to the ability of the meter to be precisely calibrated to zero with no signal applied. The maximum deviation from zero when actual input is zero for a given temperature range. Expressed as a percent of full-scale reading per degree centigrade. The ability to change the display on a digital process meter to zero when the actual input signal is not zero; for example displaying 0 % when the actual input signal is 4 mA.

2019-04-21T22:17:20Z

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The resources of the Institute are especially geared to students interested in interdisciplinary study, including the Archive, Photographic Collection, and open-stack Library with its unique cataloguing system specifically designed by Aby Warburg to aid research. The Institute’s Library is classified as one of the ‘20 Libraries that Changed the World'. Through the Institute’s research projects, events and fellowship programmes and informal collegiate atmosphere, students have extensive opportunities for networking with the international community of scholars who use the Warburg Institute as their base. This significantly enriches Warburg students’ learning experience and can provide ideal networking connections for their future careers. Many Warburg alumni have continued their academic careers at Universities across the globe including the Universities of Cambridge, Copenhagen, Notre Dame (US), Padua, UCL, Birkbeck, La Sapienza (Rome), Warwick, York and Yeshiva (New York). Our graduates have also gone into positions at cultural institutions such as the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, the Bayerische Akademie, the National Library, Argentina, Sothebys, Arts Council England, the National Gallery, the V&A, and the Southbank Centre. Full-time study for the PhD degree entails three or a maximum of four years' independent research, culminating in the writing of a thesis of not more than 100,000 words. Part-time students complete the same programme in five, or a maximum of six years. After submission of the thesis, the student attends an oral examination conducted by an internal examiner, from the University of London, and an external examiner, normally from another British university. There is no formal coursework, but PhD students are expected to participate in the weekly seminar on Work in Progress and to present a paper every year from their second year onwards. In their first year they are required to attend weekly a class on Techniques of Scholarship; they may take language classes and other research training courses as necessary. They are encouraged to participate in the regular seminars held at the Institute during the academic year. The Institute will accept suitably qualified students provided that their topic can be supervised by a member of the academic staff. Broadly speaking the area covered is cultural and intellectual history in the period 1200–1700; specific research interests of members of staff can be found here. Current dissertation topics include: From Astrology to Aliens: A Shift in Early Modern Cosmology, The Collection of Sir Richard Ellys (1682-1742) in the Context of Eighteenth-Century Book Collecting, The Workshop and its Painters: Perugino and the Perugineschi in Florence and Perugia. Before agreeing to accept you, the School will require you to submit a research proposal, so it is worthwhile having this drafted ahead of a formal application. Guidelines on drafting your research proposal. Before submitting an application you are advised to contact a member of the Warburg academic staff who has interests in your proposed field of study to discuss your proposal. A list of academic staff and their interests can be found here. Candidates are advised to submit their applications by the beginning of May. This refers particularly to UK and EC students, and especially those who wish to apply for grants. Applications received after the end of June may encounter delays. The application deadline for September entry is 31 August. The application deadline for January entry (PhD students only) is 31 October. Candidates will normally receive an initial response to their application within 28 working days. Those who have been formally interviewed will normally be informed within one week as to whether they are to be offered a place. Note: in accordance with regulations research students will be registered for the MPhil degree in the first instance. Upgrading to PhD will be considered in the second year for full-time students and in the third or fourth year for part-time students. Sara’s work is broadly concerned with early modern European intellectual history (c. 1500 – c. 1700) and the history of philosophy. She is especially keen to situate early modern intellectual cultures within a wider genealogy, by reconstructing their debts to ancient and medieval thought and their legacy on modern and contemporary cultures, but also by examining the circulation and reappropriation of texts and ideas across geographic and linguistic borders. Her interest in the transmission and reception of texts has led her to investigate phenomena such as censorship, annotation, authorial revision and self-translation, theoretically as well as historically. Sara was educated in Italy, France and the UK, and taught for three years at Johns Hopkins University (USA) before joining the Warburg Institute in 2018. Her teaching at the Warburg focuses on the history of philosophy (particularly ethics and politics) and Renaissance intellectual history. Sara is especially interested in the circulation, reception, and reuse of texts and ideas across geographical and chronological boundaries, and in the afterlife of classical ideas in the early modern period. Her publications include a genetic edition of Jean Bodin’s Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, three edited volumes, and articles on various aspects of early modern European cultures. She is currently at work on two books, one on early modern climate theories and one on philosophical and scientific self-translation in Renaissance France. Charles Burnett, MA, PhD, LGSM is Professor of the History of Arabic/Islamic Influences in Europe at the Warburg Institute, University of London, and Co-Director of the Centre for the History of Arabic Studies in Europe. He is a Fellow of the British Academy, Corresponding Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America, and Fellow of the International Society for the History of Science. He is leader of the Humanities in the European Research Area project on Encounters with the Orient in Early Modern European Scholarship (EOS). His research centres on the transmission of texts, techniques and artefacts from the Arab world to the West, especially in the Middle Ages. He has documented this transmission by editing and translating several texts that were first translated from Arabic into Latin, and also by describing the historical and cultural context of these translations. Throughout his research and his publications he has aimed to document the extent to which Arabic authorities and texted translated from Arabic have shaped European learning, in the universities, in medical schools and in esoteric circles. Among his books in this subject area are The Introduction of Arabic Learning into England (1997), Arabic into Latin in the Middle Ages: The Translators and their Intellectual and Social Context (2009) and Numerals and Arithmetic in the Middle Ages (2010). Other interests include Jesuit education in Japan in the late sixteenth century, the use of Japanese themes in Latin drama in Europe in the seventeenth century and the use of music in therapy and in the Christian mission. Bill Sherman's research has been driven by a love of archives and other collections, and by an interest in how objects from the past come down to us and speak across time and space. Trained in literary criticism, textual studies and the theory and practice of editing, and drawn from his undergraduate years to textual representations of travel and magic, he has edited several major plays from the Renaissance period, including Shakespeare’s The Tempest and Jonson’s The Alchemist. Professor Bill Sherman earned his BA from Columbia University and his MPhil and PhD from Cambridge. He was founding director of the interdisciplinary Centre for Renaissance and Early Modern Studies at the University of York, and he moved to the Warburg from the Victoria and Albert Museum, where he served as Director of Research and Collections and head of the V&A Research Institute (VARI). Bill has held visiting positions at Caltech, Keio University and Queen Mary University of London and fellowships from the Folger, Huntington and New York Public Library. He was associate editor of Shakespeare Quarterly for more than a decade and sits on many editorial and advisory boards as well as a range of trusts and councils on both sides of the Atlantic. Rembrandt Duits joined the staff of the Warburg Institute in 1999. He is responsible for the creation and maintenance of the Warburg Institute Iconographic Database, the on-line resource of the Photographic Collection. Together with Dr François Quiviger, he teaches an option on Renaissance Material Culture in the Institute’s two MA courses. He is an editor of the Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. Rembrandt studied Art History and Iconology at the University of Utrecht (MA, PhD). His research concerns the social and economic mechanisms behind Renaissance art and material culture, examining issues of value and values, fashion and taste, social class and social mobility, technique and innovation in the manufacture, sale, use and appreciation of artefacts between 1300 and 1600, with a particular focus on Italy and the southern Netherlands and the relationships between them. He has published on the representation of luxury fabrics in Renaissance paintings and more recently on collections of Byzantine icons in Renaissance Italy. His wider research interests include the archaeology of Byzantine churches and frescoes from the Venetian period on Crete (1211-1669), astronomical and astrological images in medieval and Renaissance manuscripts, the afterlife of the pagan gods in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and the historiography of art history. Rembrandt is a member of the advisory board of the journal Troianalexandrina. He won the Karel van Mander Prize for his PhD thesis in 2004. Alessandro Scafi's research interests over the last years have firmly grounded in a common theme: the way in which spiritual beliefs not only shaped contemporary world views but were also fundamental to cultural expression and political activities. The notion of the earthly paradise: I investigated this topic whilst writing my doctoral dissertation on the notion of the earthly paradise from the Patristic era to the fifteenth century (Warburg Institute, 1999) and have since studied in more depth and over a wider chronological span whilst preparing my book Mapping Paradise: A History of Heaven on Earth (London: British Library; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006; Winner: 2006 Awards for Excellence, Association of American Publishers; Italian transl. Milan: Bruno Mondadori, 2007). I now intend to complete a nuanced exploration of the ways in which between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance Christian theologians have imagined the perfect condition of Adam and Eve before the Fall. History of Cartography and Sacred Geography: I have a strong interest in the ways in which religion and geography intersect and interact, particularly in the context of medieval and early modern sacred geography. I maintained my interests in a number of related aspects of medieval and Renaissance cartography, including the shift from medieval to Renaissance mapping; musical iconography on medieval and Renaissance maps; the representation of non-Christian religious traditions; allegorical cartography in the early modern period. I have worked on the Hereford, Ebstorf and Psalter maps, the Fra Mauro World Map, the Kunstmann II Map. Literature on journeys to the otherworld: I devoted particular attention to a little known text by Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, the Dialogus de somnio quodam, which I translated from Latin into Italian and for which I wrote a detailed commentary (Turin: Aragno, 2004). I have also a strong interest in Dante. I have been working in connection with the Centro Dantesco in Ravenna, participating in many of their initiatives and supervising theses on Dante at their library. Medieval and Renaissance views of the temporal and spiritual powers and their history: I have researched a number of inter-related subjects including papal art patronage in Church Jubilee years and medieval Christian ideas about pilgrimage and death. I have received a grant (with Dr Avril Maddrell, University of the West of England, Dr Heather Walton, University of Glasgow and Dr Veronica Della Dora, University of Bristol) from the Arts and Humanities Research Council (within the Religion and Society Scheme) for a research project on pilgrimage practices in different Christian traditions. I have focussed on pilgrimage through mental landscapes in the Roman Catholic tradition (at the monastery of Subiaco, Italy, in particular). History of utopian thought and cultural interchange in the early modern age: I have worked on Filarete’s ideal city (Sforzinda) and on the relationships between Italy and Hungary in the Renaissance. Aby Warburg: Warburg’s interest in musical iconography (a topic so far ignored by Warburg scholars) and Warburg’s involvement in World War I. I have also authored publications intended for a wider readership, for example a book on the graphic design and imagery of the European single currency (Eurodesign: Immagini, avventure e misteri della moneta europea, Milan: Bruno Mondadori, 2009), and a survey of paradise visions and journeys throughout the world (Alla scoperta del paradiso: Un Atlante del cielo sulla terra, Palermo: Sellerio, 2011). I have presented papers at international conferences and given public lectures in many countries, including Belgium, Finland, France, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, UK, USA. Joanne Anderson's research interests include Christian iconography and female patronage within family dynamics in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. More recently she has been working on secular prints and their relationship with wall paintings, and other display objects, in the chivalric culture of courtly residences. Joanne Anderson is Lecturer in 13th-17th Century Art History at the Warburg Institute. She is convener of the MA in Art History, Curatorship and Renaissance Culture, contributing courses on Iconology and Renaissance mural painting (making and meanings). Joanne previously worked at Birkbeck, Sussex and Warwick as lecturer in Renaissance art history and was editorial assistant of The Art Bulletin 2011-13. She is a Research Associate at Sussex University, and was a postdoctoral research fellow at the Institute of Advanced Study, University of Warwick. Joanne is currently preparing a book on the image of Mary Magdalen in northern Italy and the Alps during the long middle ages and its place in the wider Christian landscape. She is particularly concerned with the cultivation and circulation of visual types as linked to pilgrimage, artisanal practice and patronage in parish communities. Her interest in the Alps and its cultural production informs her new collaborative project on art, travel and geography, which borrow its title, Artistic Exchange in Unexpected Quarters, from Warburg's 1905 essay. Professor Michelle O'Malley holds degrees in the History of Art from Newton College of the Sacred Heart (BA), Boston University (MA), and the Warburg Institute, University of London (PhD). In 1998 she headed the Centre for Research in the History of Art, Sussex University, arriving from the position of the Head of Education for Exhibitions at the Royal Academy of Arts, London. Her research interests include: Production, technique, authorship and quality, Historicising quality, Workshop practice, Period understanding of workshops and pictures, and Early modern material culture. Professor Michelle O'Malley holds degrees in the History of Art from Newton College of the Sacred Heart (BA), Boston University (MA), and the Warburg Institute, University of London (PhD). In 1998 she headed the Centre for Research in the History of Art, Sussex University, arriving from the position of the Head of Education for Exhibitions at the Royal Academy of Arts, London. She became the Director of the Centre for Arts Research Support in 2001 and was the Director of Research in the School of Humanities 2003 - 2008. From 2000-2014 she ran, with Evelyn Welch, the AHRC- and Getty-funded Material Renaissance Project and from 2008 to 2010 she held a Leverhulme Trust Fellowship award. Professor O'Malley was the Head of the Art History Department from 2010 to 2014 and In 2014-2015 was the Director of Research and Knowledge Exchange in the School of History, Art History and Philosophy. 2013 - 2016 she was the Director of Research Staff Development for the University of Sussex.In 2015/2016 she was a Research Fellow at the USA National Humanities Centre, in North Carolina. Raphaele's early research was on the transmission of classical texts in the Renaissance, with a focus on the history of philology and of the learned book in 16th century Italy. Whilst working on her PhD on the Florentine humanist Piero Vettori (1499-1585), Raphaele expanded her interests to the history of the book and libraries at that time, the transmission of Greek manuscripts from the Byzantine Empire, as well as the Republic of letters and the Cultural history of Florence and Rome. She is currently studying the history of the early modern printed book with a special interest in the relationship and collaboration between players of the book world, such as authors, editors, publishers, printers, translators, collaborators and patrons. Raphaele works from time to time on Greek palaeography and the history of transmission and Greek and Latin texts. Dr Raphaële Mouren is Reader in History of the Book and History of Libraries, University of London, and Librarian of the Warburg Institute; co-Director, the Book and Print Initiative, School of Advanced Study; Deputy-Director, Centre Gabriel Naudé (Lyon), and president of the Association d’étude de la Renaissance, l’Humanisme et la Réforme. She studied at the Université de Provence (MA, Classics), at the École des chartes, Paris (archiviste paléographe) and the École nationale supérieure des sciences de l’information et des bibliothèques, Lyon (Enssib, diplôme de conservateur des bibliothèques), and was a fellow at the École française de Rome for 3 years. She received her DEA and PhD from École pratique des hautes études, Sorbonne. Raphaële was Head of the Department of Rare books and Special collections at Bibliothèque-Carré d’Art, Nîmes (1994-1995), Deputy Director of the Cité du livre–bibliothèque Méjanes in Aix-en-Provence (2000-2006) and Senior Lecturer in modern and contemporary history, Director of the Centre Gabriel Naudé, at Enssib, Lyon (2006-2013). John Tresch is working on two books: The Reason for the Darkness of the Night: Edgar Allan Poe and the Forging of American Science (Farrar, Strauss, Giroux, 2020), and Cosmograms: How to Do Things with Worlds (University of Chicago Press, under contract). He is also developing a research project on the history of ascetic practices and their relations to science, medicine, and religion. John Tresch is Professor and Mellon Chair in History of Art, Science, and Folk Practice at the Warburg Institute. Trained in History and Philosophy of Science and in Anthropology, his work focuses on changing methods, instruments, and institutions in the sciences, arts, and media; connections among disciplines, cosmology, social order, and ritual; and shifting definitions of the rational and real. An ancien élève of the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris, he has held fellowships at the New York Public Library, Institute for Advanced Study, and Institute for Advanced Study and has been visiting researcher at King's College London and at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. Got a question? Read our FAQs or contact our Admissions team! Find out more about accommodation and living in London, support for your health and welfare, career development opportunities and disability support services offered by the School. Answers to our most commonly-asked questions, including help with your application, entry requirements, documentation and queries about supervisors and research proposals. 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2019-04-19T08:56:16Z

https://www.sas.ac.uk/graduate-study/our-courses/mphilphd-programmes/art-cultural-and-intellectual-history

The little zetraloid’s giggling echoed around the hollow. Her speckled armor blended well with the maple leaves she was playing with. Her sister raced across the dusty path in pursuit. The two spiraled into a pile of dried leaves, laughing gleefully. A gentle breeze wisped through their hair and carried leaves across the sky. The two watched as the leaves twirled about and swept passed the spotted zetraloid in the distance. “What’s he doin’?” Speckle asked her sister. The two sisters raced up the slope. The dust patted out beneath their feet as they frolicked and ran. Tall yellowing grass lined the sides of their path while a lone apple tree waited at the top of the hill along with the small zetraloid. “Domino, come play with us!” Speckle nudged the spotted zetraloid affectionately. “Nuh-uh.” Her brother insisted as he pulled his black bandanna back into place. At once he began searching the ground for fallen apples. The tree branches were far too tall for the zetraloid to reach. Speckle and Smudge watched with skeptical expressions. “What’re you doing?” Smudge asked with a giggle. Speckle suppressed a laugh at her brother’s idea. “Yeah but, I can’t reach ‘um.” The little spotted zetraloid informed. “Nevermind the apples, Domino, let’s play tag!” Speckle darted from side to side playfully. Domino considered it for a moment but seemed indecisive. “What’s the big deal with the apples anyway?” Smudge asked. Domino was silent for a moment before answering. “I thought mama might want some.” He pointed his black tipped finger to indicate a small pile of apples which he had collected. “But…” Domino’s gaze trailed to the pile of apples and then the tree. Its size was daunting. No way would he ever be tall enough to reach. Speckle tugged a small green plush snake that had been looped through her brother’s bandanna. She shook it then tip-toed towards the hill slope. “Hey!” Domino exclaimed in alarm. “Snakey thinks you should play with us!” She wiggled the snake between two fingers. Domino grabbed for it but missed by inches. He tried to stand tip-toed, intent on getting Snakey back. Speckle frowned and handed it back to her spotted brother. He held it close and rubbed his face against it cheerfully before tucking it back into his bandanna. “You don’t pluck apples, you pick them.” Smudge jumped in to correct him. Domino had set about his work of collecting fallen apples again while his sisters giggled and pounced on each other. Domino was by their side in a core beat. All three crowded around the small, green, slender body inching along. “What is it?” Speckle prodded at the creature with her finger. She retracted it with a squeak of surprise as the creature rolled over and thrashed back and forth. “It’s an inch worm.” Domino informed. “If he’s a worm, why isn’t he in the ground?” Speckle asked. “I’ll show him.” Domino volunteered as he pushed his sister aside. “Bet you aren’t!” Smudge added. “Yeah!” Speckle pounced on her brother, tumbling him over backwards. Before he could get up again, Smudge joined in, pinning him to the ground. Domino blinked in surprise before laughing and squirming free from their grasp, only to stumble over his own feet and dive head first back to the ground. Speckle and Smudge both giggled as Domino shook his head and spit out dirt. He rubbed a smear off of his face and sneezed. Speckle had already lost interest in the crawling worm and stood at the far slope of the apple tree hill. “Not if I do first!” Speckle announced as she dashed ahead. “No fair! You cheated!” Smudge called after her. Domino watched from the top of the hill, frowning slightly as he gazed down. Uncertainty fluttered in his stomach like a swarm of butterflies as he turned back to the pile of apples and hid behind them. Night had begun to set in as Domino finally left from hiding. Although he couldn’t see in front of himself due to the dark, he ambled on, casting an occasional glance at the outline of a tree or fence. Owls hooted from their perches as he walked by. Eyes full of concern and wariness; he quickened his pace until he was in an all out run. The dark. He hated the dark. His foot caught in a fallen branch and he tumbled the remainder of the way. Coughing slightly from dust, he stood once more. Now the dim glow of lights from their house told him he was near. A brisk wind whirled dry leaves at his feet. Sometimes he wondered if hiding was worth it. Before long he was at the back door. Its scratchy wood surface told him that. Pushing it open just enough to squeeze through, he headed for the hidden spot beside the dryer. He stifled a cough as the sharp odor of smoke mixed with fabric softener threatened to choke him. He snuggled himself down amongst a basket of dirty clothes and pushed himself against the warm dryer as it clanked and shuddered rhythmatically. All sound from the other room was drowned out. He was relieved by this at least. Silhouettes of shelving filled with cans were barely outlined by the light from a different room. Domino yawned as the heat of the dryer warmed him through. He felt safe here. Secure from the world. Pulling Snakey free, he cradled the toy in his arms and drifted to sleep. Morning sunlight dazzled through the rear window, waking the small zetraloid. The edges of the window were fogged by the cold. Blinking, Domino scrambled out of the basket and treaded lightly through the house. The tan walls around him were stained with dirt and some places had smears as if the paint from something else had rubbed off. The floor was littered with assorted machinery parts, papers, clothes, and trash. A heavy smell of smoke still clung to the room like thick sap. Domino picked his way through carefully until he reached the hallway leading to their front door. He caught sight of his mother, Dotti, a slender Acrobat zetraloid with pink dotted helmet fins surrounded by black and a leather cow-hide print ruffle as well as common jeans. She held the door open with one hand, her black hair flopped over one shoulder as she said goodbye to the zetraloid outside. Domino shivered when he heard his father’s voice from so close. His father, Splotch, was an average Acrobat zetraloid, with armor splotches like a dairy cow’s hide. His blue eyes were always piercingly icy. He wore a red bandanna and brown vest. Domino flinched at the harshness of his father. He shouldn’t have hidden. He waited until he heard the door click shut and his mother sigh. Venturing out into the open, he frowned as he tried swallowing the nasty smell away that made his throat ache. Dotti’s attention was to her son in a heart beat. She kneeled down and embraced him as a lone tear trickled down her cheek. “There’s no need for that.” She answered; her voice soothing and quiet. Domino smiled, grateful for her understanding as he pulled Snakey from his bandanna once more and hugged it. “I don’t want to.” The young zetraloid frowned and crossed his arms. Domino scowled while Speckle tip toed around him. “I’m not a girl!” He cried. Domino blinked before hugging his plushy snake with tight urgency. Speckle climbed across their couch and tore out a handful of stuffing. “Oops.” She tossed it behind and stretched to reach the radio. Her arm waved wildly back and forth as she tried to balance. Finally her hand grazed it, switching it on as she tumbled to the floor. “Oof!” Her legs and arms flopped out in every direction. Smudge and Domino chuckled and began bouncing in a circle. Speckle hopped up and joined her siblings. They joined hands and spun in a wider circle, Domino having completely forgotten his displeasure of being dressed like a girl. Soon enough, the three were bouncing on the couch, laughing. They catapulted double their height into the air before reaching the worn out cushion again. Domino plopped down on the arm rest and rolled onto the ground with a thud. He gazed up at the looming couch and shrugged. Picking up Snakey, he began to hum the tune of their song. His head swayed back and forth contently as he used the toy as a microphone, mumbling the few words he knew. Their mother came in from the kitchen, wiping her hands on a dish rag. A quick glimpse of the room was all she needed to make an educated guess on how the radio had been turned on. Domino pointed to his sisters with a sudden scowl. Turning towards her, he stuck his tongue out. “That’s no way to be a gentleman.” She reprimanded while helping him out of the clothing his sisters had tossed on him. Domino hugged his mother as she spoke to his sisters. “I know, mama, but its fun.” Speckle squeaked happily. “Race ya there!” Speckle called, leading the way. Domino and Smudge charged after her and chased each other around the table. “Dad’s coming home?” Domino took a couple steps back but his mother guided him to join his sisters. Domino sighed and climbed up on the box his sisters had used to reach the sink, washing his hands as instructed. He lept off the box and rolled across the floor; he always had enjoyed rolling more than balancing. “Speckle, be nice.” Dotti whisked by to set a warm pot on the table and clear the clutter off it. “Do I have to eat?” Domino fidgeted as he kept glancing to their hall. “No.” Her tone was harsher than normal but it didn’t bother him. “Yes, mama.” He shoved a stack of magazines off his chair. Moments later the door slammed against the wall and Splotch walked by the kitchen, not bothering to say hello to anyone. Giggling in delight, Domino’s sisters charged down the hall after him despite their mother’s command not to. They soon returned with their father, still joyful as ever. Bouncing to their chairs, Speckle and Smudge clambered into their places amidst telling their father about the day. Domino climbed into his chair in silence. The fresh scent of warm bread and honey-spread detoured him into a blissful happiness for just a moment. He blinked in surprise, realizing it was his father who had spoken. All had gone silent as Speckle and Smudge were busily chewing their dinner. His mother delicately sliced her food and his father had stopped eating all together. Domino gazed up to meet Splotch’s gaze, not daring to speak so soon. “Yeah.” Domino answered softly as he reached for the bread. Domino flinched. His father’s tone had gone from casual to harsh in an instant. Domino’s helmet fins drooped down as he spread some of the honey over the warm bread. With any luck his father would decide to talk to someone else or continue eating. The clatter of dinnerware had resumed but he still felt his father’s cold gaze resting on him. “You just better shut y’er mouth!” Splotch pounded the table with his fist, making the plates rattle. Domino frowned and gazed down to avoid eye contact. “Sorry.” Domino apologized, his voice barely audible. He pounded the table again. Domino flinched, still not gazing up. Neither of his sisters ever had to address their father as sir. Why he had to made no sense to him. But there would be trouble if he didn’t. Splotch tossed his napkin down and shook his head as he turned to leave, beckoning his daughters to follow. His tone was totally different. Domino took a bite of the now cold bread and let it scratch down his throat. He didn’t want to go to work with his father, but he had no choice. Don't worry XDD it shall be in there XP I promise. Domino awoke with a jolt as the frigid air tore him from his blissful rest. Rubbing his eyes, he yawned and stood, surprised to find the room still dark. That was right. He had forgotten all about going to work with his father today. Stretching quickly, he retrieved his plush snake and a jacket, pulling it on as he ran along. Breakfast would most certainly not be ready and that left him to wonder what he would eat. His question was quickly answered by his impatient father. Splotch held the door open for Domino. He scurried out and gazed at the early morning, still blanketed in darkness. The chatter of the stream down the hill could be heard. Domino's helmet fins perked up as he followed after Splotch. This early in the morning it was easy to catch all the interesting sounds. As they neared the old wooden bridge Domino slowed down to peer below where a bramble of blackberry bushes grew in unseperatable thickness. A small stream trickled beneath it while moss covered rocks were visible sporadically from the tangle, still damp from the mist. He breathed in deeply, enjoying the fresh, cool, scent of pine. Scrambling after his father once more, he hopped off the last board of the narrow bridge. Crunchy, dried, pine needles now covered the ground while massive pine trees towered above. Domino shivered as a cold breeze whirled by, carrying with it a few shriveled oak leaves. With one well timed leap, he snatched the leaf out of the sky and carried it on proudly. “Come 'ere.” Splotch pointed directly in front of himself. Domino's helmet fins fell to the sides as he ambled over, dragging his pace at a slow rate. The moment seemed to drag on. He braced himself and pulled his head close against his chest and shoulders, fully knowing what was to come. A sharp smack to the side of his head. He didn’t dare move; it was rare to be hit only a single time. What did come, however, he hadn’t been far from prepared for. His feet and arms flailed helplessly as he soared through the air and landed ineptly on the hard ground. Before he could get up, he felt his father's foot against his middle and tumbled over again. Gasping for air, he tried gathering all his limbs to work simultaneously, but wasn't quick enough as another kick rolled him against a tree. This time, he stayed down, shutting his eyes as tight as he could while listening to the crunch of pine needles informing him of his father's approach. Domino's mind was scrambled. He hardly had any time to think it out before Splotch yanked him to his feet by one arm. Splotch's grip tightened as his glare intensified like a blazing fire, but before he had a chance to act on his anger, another zetraloid came along the same bridge. Splotch set Domino down in order to shake hands with the other zetraloid. His mood had changed in a moment. Now he and the other were discussing if they thought the weather would hold out. Domino shivered. Suddenly the forest seemed a cold and lonely place. A place cut off from everywhere else—from all safety. He brushed a crumpled leaf out of his bandanna and wiped at the smears of mud on his armor with scarcely a light graze. A tedious throb pulsed through his body and a sharp sting told him he had received some scrapes from rocks on the rough ground. Near mechanically, Domino looked to his father. His eyes still seemed just as cold and distant. Domino nodded his head and followed after in silence. Small insects scurried out of the way as they trampled along the dirt path hardened by the repetitive routine. At last they reached their destination. A handful of other zetraloids were already gathered around on stumps in a small clearing. Judging by the faint scent lingering in the air, they had doughnuts. At once, Domino recalled the lack of breakfast with the tempting aroma of maple and chocolate-- yes, chocolate especially. Splotch joined the others, sitting on an old log along with a few others. Unsure of what else to do, Domino pulled himself onto the log beside his father. The group rambled on with what Domino assumed must be jokes as they laughed and occasionally snatched up another doughnut. He watched the remainder on the plate, imagining how the moist treat would flake apart. Its chocolaty frosting, coat his mouth and bring with it the rich flavor to gush out. His tongue swirled against the walls of his mouth. Such delicious food, just beyond reach. At last his father and the others rose to set about their job. They 'fell' trees—that's what they said anyway. Loggers of such. Domino blinked and turned to face his father. The zetraloid was pulling his gloves on. Domino sighed and watched as his father fell in pace behind the others. All trod down another well worn pathway that lead deeper into the forest—beyond what he could see. Soon the whir of machinery roared to life. Smog billowed high above the tallest trees. The ground vibrated from the heavy equipment and every so often he would hear someone shout to another. After what seemed forever, a deafening snap would echo back--the kind of thick, wet, snap that made one know a broken bone was in bad shape. He assumed the same could be said for the state of the tree. Domino leaned back on the log and gazed at the sky above. By now, the sun had come out although it was hidden behind a thick blanket of clouds. “Hmm...” Reaching into a fold of his bandanna closest to his neck, he pulled out the green toy snake. “What'da ya think, Snakey? Wanna see the clouds?” He held his toy up towards the sky, clasped with care between his black tipped fingers. After a few moments, he scooted off the log and knelt beside it, pulling his toy across in a slithering motion. He set a pile of pine needles, brown and crisp, in front of the snake. Snatching up the snake again, he spun in a circle, making swooping noises for his toy snake that could now, apparently fly. “There's no room to land!” He called out then covered his mouth to muffle sound, “Snakey to airplane place, I'll be fine, over, kch. Coming in for landing. Kch Kch.” He let go of the snake, sending it swirling through the sky. It landed upside down on a rock. Domino didn't hesitate to pounce on it. He pushed the snake off and eyed up the rock before planting his hands spread firm on it and then kicked out, pulling his legs up until he was in proper handstand position. Letting his feet fall down once more, he hopped up and brushed his hands against each other. He grabbed Snakey from the ground and laughed as he tossed the toy into the sky once more, but this time it flew over the small ledge where he had been playing. Domino hurried to the edge of the clearing, sloping down was thick brush. It's slender but bountiful branches stuck out every direction, and far within it lay his snake. He walked around the giant clump but found no easier entrance. He flung the stick at the fortress holding his snake hostage only to have it rattle against the mass and pelt him with sharp twigs. He blinked and shook them off before stepping forward to challenge the enemy. Of course the 'twig' had no change of heart, forcing him to confront it even further. He pulled one of the branches back and reached for the toy but it was still beyond his grasp. Giving up on reaching Snakey, he attempted to disassemble the mass. He grabbed the rough branch with both hands and tugged, promptly falling back as the branch dislodged. “Take that, branch!” He jumped up and down on the thin little branch before going after the next. After about three more, he grew tired of freeing his snake and skittered around the patch. Hopping the remainder of the way atop crunchy leaves, he found himself at another divide of the creek by the bridge. It chattered industriously as the water tumbled over and around smooth stones. Small fish wiggled below the surface of the clear water as well as a few small plants. Domino stretched his arm out and plunged it beneath the water after a fish. Instead of a fish though, he caught a pile of pebbles. Releasing his catch, he pounced into the cold water and splashed about in its shallow depths. It was hardly to his waist if he stood and only three hop lengths to the small island in the center. It was even shorter from the other side where a small, mossy, log formed a bridge. The sun had drifted behind the towering pines by now and the water was basked in rippling shadows. With darkness creeping in, the water's temperature had dropped drastically. Domino crept out and sat huddled up on the bank as droplets of water ran to the tip of his nose and dripped off. Remembering his snake, he hurried back to its location and tried squeezing beneath a few of the branches. To his alarm, he got stuck halfway. Squirming, he tried to free himself but did nothing more than scratch his armor—his father would be furious. In the distance, Snakey lay beneath a tangle of branches. He stretched his arm out once more, finally reaching his snake. “Snakey!” He tucked the toy in his bandanna and attempted crawling through the way Snakey had gone but to no success. After a few more attempts, he sighed and pulled out the snake again. His mouth stretched wide in a yawn as he clumped the snake up like a pillow and rested his head on it. He meant only to wait, but tiredness took over and he was soon fast asleep. Aw...I looked through my dance book and they don't have the Flipside dance. D= Maybe if I call and complain I can get a refund and a few coupons. ANYWAY on to chapter...four? You mean the greatness I've been reading all along has been condensed into but three chapters?! How is this possible? =O That much awesome could never fit into such a small space. Ah..rant. Why does't thou keepeth me from reading the devine beauty above? xDD Okay on to reading. Aw geez..the dreaded walk of shame. ._. Yep, a smack. How nice. STOP BEATING DOMINO YOU JERK!!! D= Geez. He doesn't deserve to be kicked and stuff..especially from his own father. ._. Yeah now be all nice. >_> This is a sad story. =( Lying mean father...I guess he does go to work to support his family so he must care somewhat...and he's probably mad at Domino because he was worried about him but still..it's not fair and this saddened feeling will not go away. Maybe if I take the Splotch approach I can beat it and it'll leave. HA HA HA!! They do have donuts!!! Rockin'. xD Wow I never use that term. Poor guy. Hungry, no donut. =\ Innocent playing with Snakey. Wow that is SO easy to imagine. @_@ Snakey can fllly. =D xDD Amazin' Domino! xDD He is so innocent now something bad is bound to happen. xD Small attention span eh? xDD MUST SAVE SNAKEY. No...no...NOT SLEEP. No...he's going to be in serious trouble. >_< Oh geez. Very well written, I think this is mah favorite story of the ones you've written so far. xD I'm not exactly sure why, but it is very entertaining. =P Thanks ya much for posting. A smack how nice XDD then Brad gets more frantic. And no he does not ._. Something bad bound to happen XDD yes he did get easily side tracked. FYI this chapter I’m trying another ol technique I’ve been learning. The importance of short sentences to move action. To make interesting. Short. To the point. Action. Like in action ya know? Nevermind lol, you’ll see. Domino followed his father in solemn silence, with head down and helmet fins drooping. The entire walk home had consisted of Splotch yelling about how he hadn’t stayed where told to and made them waste precious daylight in searching for him. Now they were heading to the rabbits. He cast a wishful glance at their house in the distance as they reached the barn, but knew they wouldn’t be going there until finished. He probably didn’t deserve dinner anyway. Today hadn’t been his best display of obedience. He stumbled as his father shoved a bucket into his arms. After tottering back and forth for a few moments, he steadied out and followed. Rabbit feed. It undeniably smelled strange, like an assortment of grass and crushed leaves. The pellets were dusty, yet they looked somewhat edible. He blinked as he gazed up at the hutches containing the furry creatures. They wouldn’t miss a few of these strange pellets. He shoved a handful into his mouth and tried crunching them up. He turned to his father. Splotch snatched the bucket of feed from him and took it upon himself to feed the rabbits. Domino grimaced as the scratchy pellets caught in his throat. How could the rabbits eat such things? Did they constantly choke as well? He took another strained gulp, only to feel the trapped food stop up his throat like a plug. He tried calling for help but no sound was made and instead resorted to hopping from foot to foot and pushing on his neck. After feeding the last rabbit on the row, Splotch turned and noticed him. Abandoning the bucket, he rushed to his son, flipped him upside down and shook him. Domino coughed the pellets up and gasped as his father set him down. Maybe rabbit feed wasn’t such a good choice for a replacement meal. Splotch scrutinized him, but was just as soon distracted by a voice outside of the rabbit barn. He headed for the door but stopped short, gaze drifting to Domino. The little zetraloid fidgeted. “Like you did earlier today?” He reached for his son and plucked him from his place before looking for a suitable location to leave him. The barn was bare of anything of real use for such a purpose. A lone rake leaned against the back wall while a hoard of cobwebs entangled the ceiling. Aside from a few other tools, the only things there were the rabbit hutches. The rabbit hutches, of course. He cast a glance at the little zetraloid and unlatched one of the doors. His father had already gone. Domino hunched himself over so he wouldn’t get caught in the wiring. He’d hate to be the rabbits that had to stay in these tiny box-like homes all their lives. Wrapping his arms around his knees, he gazed at the rabbit munching the pellets it had been given. Its red and pink eyes were eerie in contrast to its white fur. Maybe it was a monster rabbit. He shook his head. That was a ridiculous idea…wasn’t it? He tried focusing on his father’s voice beyond the doors. He could hear both of them—his father and his visitor that was. His helmet fins drooped once more. If he hadn’t run off earlier maybe his father wouldn’t be angry—or if he hadn’t hid the other night by the apple tree. Would his father ever forgive him now? Why couldn’t they get along like his sisters did? He couldn’t remember doing anything to start this. He’d always wanted to have the same relationship, but his father only ever accused him of his downfalls. He was useless—that’s what his father said—and spent too much time worrying about having fun when he could be working or making himself useful. Was it so wrong to have fun though? He couldn’t understand why it would be. The light streaks that once slit through the wall boards had dimmed black. His father’s definition of being right back had dragged on to far more than that. Straining his transmitters, he tried to pick up his father’s voice again, but heard only the chirp of crickets. Had he been forgotten? Domino smacked his head on the top as he tried getting to the latch, causing the monster rabbit to rattle the hutch as it hopped from its spot. He flopped down, catching the beast with his foot. It squealed in terror and darted all the more frantic. His efforts were in vain as the creature ran over the top of him in its circular pattern. He scrambled to the door and shoved himself against it. No response. He tried reaching the latch through the wiring but found the space too small to fit his hand through. The rabbit hopped towards him. He pushed himself against the door even harder, until his shoulders were bunched up by his neck. With a sudden lurch, the door burst open. He tumbled out, landing square on his back. The rabbit was peering over its hutch opening, nose twitching, as Domino propped himself up and blinked. That had been unexpected. He sneezed and glanced up. The rabbit’s furry body dared edge closer and closer. He leaped to his feet and reached for the door, but the rabbit scurried in a blizzard of white fur and plopped to the ground. It fled with ease to a hole in the wood and squeezed its body through. “No, wait!” Domino called after it. He dashed to the door and bounced up to hit its latch before hanging on as it drifted open with a creak. His feet kicked with spry urgency before he let go and landed just outside. The sky dazzled with stars and a full moon bathed the ground in blue light. His father had forgotten about him! The rabbit hopped by in front of him and nibbled at a stalk of grass. Attention refocused, he crept forward with slow and steady steps as not to alarm the creature. Its ears perked up as its head swiveled towards him. He stopped. Its eyes looked straight to him, causing him to sigh. He knew what was to follow. The white creature fled. He had to catch the rabbit. His father would be even angrier at him if he found out. It might diminish his hopes of making amends all together. Ice churned in his belly as he slid to a stop and panted. Before him, low shrubs and bushes lay in the shadows of pines. The rabbit was gone. He crept towards the bushes and did his best to search around them. No rabbit. His helmet fins drooped at the reconfirming fact. It was gone. But he couldn’t go back empty handed, could he? Maybe he could find a wild rabbit. No, that wouldn’t work; they looked nothing like the white rabbits his father raised. He fumbled over to a rock and sat down. It had to be somewhere around here. Rabbits didn’t vanish after all—not unless they were the ones on magic shows. So that meant it had to be around. Maybe he could wait for it—it was evident no one at the house was missing him. The night was silent. No owls, the chirp of crickets had died away leaving only the whispers of gentle breeze. He rubbed his hand over the domino attached to his arm and peered out at the darkened shadows lapping at the ground. Surely the rabbit would turn up soon. Wasn’t it cold? He was. What started as minutes stretched on. Domino yawned and huddled himself up tighter on the small rock. It was as cold and lonely as the relationship he had with his father. Maybe that could be his motivation—the motivation for changing it. That was what would compel him to keep trying. To catch that rabbit…to stay awake. He blinked his eyes and sat up straighter, only to slump back down. Before long his eyes closed and breathing slowed to a dull, rhythmatic beat. A high-pitched squeal broke the sleep of night. Domino tumbled backwards off the rock as a series of longer, pained squeals erupted. Scrambling back, he fled up the hillside into the open space, eyes wide as his head lashed from side to side, checking that nothing had followed. The squeals died away with a final, weary cry. Breeze tugged at his bandanna as he shivered. The rabbit. Those squeals. No doubt the white furred creature had become another’s dinner. He felt his face heat up, despite the icy chill, as a few tears streaked his face. He had ruined it. Any chance he had of capturing it. Any chance of fixing his mistake. Any chance of pleasing his father. Everything. Eyes now streaming with tears, he charged off towards their house, stumbling over his own feet. Oh yeah. >_> I started this chapter happy ya know? Well now you do. So anyway I just remembered how mean his father was in that one chapter and I am mad at him now. Eh por Domino. >_> He thinks it's his fault. xD You know, so many odd coincidental things happen that parents don't seem to believe the youngin's until they are much older. >_> Poor Domino. Heeeeey. =. Splotch does seem to care. He rushed over to save his poor curious son. Hmmm he may not be so bad after all. I'm guessing you can't do the heimlich (sp?) on a zetra? xDD Instead you gotta flip em' and shake em'. I bet humans don't save many of them from choking. ._. Humans don't save many zetras. xD Sorry I wasn't clear. Because it seems like zetras are kind heavy and stuff and, believe it or not, as a human I can see how we would be not to helpful in such a situation. xD Well you are doing a fantastic job whatever you're doing...the story is great. After a bazillion years I managed to get over my emo self enough ti post something. I don't garuntee its as good cuz well I'm out of practice for way too long. Domino had crawled into his bed by early morning, sobbing on his pillow until he’d fallen asleep. Now he’d awoke, still sleepy from the night before and glanced around before recalling the rabbit. Had it all been a dream? He shook his head. No, it hadn’t. Today was Sunday—his father didn’t work Sundays, which meant he got up later. He was bound to discover the missing rabbit soon. Maybe he’d just be glad he had escaped? No. He shook his head again. How would he explain? What would happen? He felt tears forming in his eyes once more as dread tore at his core. His door opened as his two sisters burst into the room. They stopped abruptly. “Did’ja get hurt?” Speckle was already by his side, gazing at him up close. Before he could answer, he heard the front door slammed against the wall. “Domino!!” His father’s words rang through the house and Domino cringed, not meeting his sisters’ confused gazes as he pulled his blanket and pillow over his head. His father stomped down the hall, stopping only to push the door open all the way. He knocked over a stack of books in the process and moved briskly to Domino’s bed. His sisters fled as their father tore back the blanket and jerked Domino out by an arm. Domino didn’t dare make a noise though as his father marched silently out of the room, dragging him along. He could barely keep up with the brisk pace as his father held his arm captive. Tripping over a towel that had been left on the floor, he twisted his arm painfully. His father took no regard and proceeded to pass his mother whom had emerged from her room with a worried frown. Domino’s core raced as they neared the barn. He knew exactly what they would find—or wouldn’t, more like it. His father hadn’t mentioned anything about having left him here last night and he had a feeling it was intentional. He glanced up to see the empty hutch, and then to his father. The zetraloid’s glare told him all he needed to know. Domino fell silent as he watched his own feet, unwilling to look into his father’s icy eyes. It wasn’t like he would listen anyway. The best he could hope for was minimum trouble now. He had no real way to defend himself against any claim his father made. Even if he did, what good would it really do? “You know better than this!” His father repeated and slammed his hand down on the little empty hutch. What was he to answer? If he admitted the creature had frightened him, his father would be even more furious. If he chose to say because he had simply wanted to, it would save him from additional anger, but also be a lie. Was there any other option though? It wasn’t like his father didn’t know the real reason to begin with. He twiddled his thumbs together, mind reeling for an answer when his father lashed out with one hand. Domino shook his head and frowned as he reached to rub his face. It stung, but that was to be expected. What he hadn’t expected was the boiling frustration he felt flushing his face. Still, he managed to hold back a retort and flattened his helmet fins instead. Domino blinked and rubbed his jaw as he gazed up at his father. Didn’t he love him at all? Was he really only a liability? His father was in a blind fury it seemed as he grabbed the handle of a broken shovel and swung it at him. He took a few steps back to avoid being hit. His father didn’t let him finish as he grabbed the little zetraloid by one helmet fin and yanked him up. “Ow!” Domino squeaked as he tried pushing his father’s hand away to no avail. With disregard to Domino’s complaint, Splotch smacked him with the handle multiple times before it splintered and broke. With a grumble, he tossed it aside and searched for a new tool to use, at last settling for a small, garden spade. “I’m sorry!” Domino exclaimed, but Splotch took no note of it as he lifted the little zetraloid off the ground once more and began striking him with his new tool. Domino reached out helplessly, in no position to succeed in getting free. He didn’t dare cry out though. To do so would provoke a response from his father far more fearsome than this. Domino cringed, but didn’t answer his father’s question. His mind was far too sidetracked to attempt such a feat. His helmet fins braced against his head as he tried blocking out the pain. It wasn’t that bad after awhile. He knew if his father continued on long enough it’d become dull—an almost distant feeling. He didn’t mind the numbness so much. At last his father stopped. Domino’s helmet fins slowly rose as he cast an uncertain glance to his father. The zetraloid hardly looked back at him as he set him down. Domino didn’t move, rather gazing to the side as he waited for some kind of signal that he was allowed to go. Splotch sighed as he set the spade down; one corner of it had a bright blue substance staining the hardened soil stuck on it. Domino frowned, and ran his hand over his own shoulder. Much as he had expected, he felt the cooling trail of plasma trickling from a small gash. His attention returned to his father though. Splotch paid no attention to him. Rather stepping around him and leaving without a single word. It never ended that way for kids on t.v. When they apologized, their parents loved them again. Why didn’t that work for his own father? Domino watched as his father headed down the path leading to their neighbors. Why? He wasn’t entirely sure. Probably to argue over something. Guilt jerked at his throat as he left the rabbit barn and headed back down the path to their house. He hoped his father wouldn’t be angry still when he returned—it was just a stupid rabbit. As he neared their house, he spotted his sisters heading down towards the creek with baskets. They both stopped upon seeing him and waited for him to catch up. Despite all that had happened, Domino couldn’t help but grin as Speckle hugged him. He followed after his two sisters as they dashed along the path. They tromped down the side of the hill, and across prickly sticks and twigs until they came to a stop beside the little creek that trickled through their property. The sun had risen by now and glistened off the water crisscrossed by the shade of skeleton-like branches. The gentle churn of the little waterfall downstream was masked by the buzz of dragonflies and the croak of frogs. Blackberry bushes trailed from the rocky ground, tendrils dipping into the water at places. “It smells so good down here!” Speckle announced, taking in a deep whiff. “You think anything with food is heaven!” Smudge giggled. Domino shrugged and stepped in the shallow water, glancing around. Birds chirped above and ruffled their feathers out while a frog launched itself into the water with a plunk. He made his way to the other side, taking care not to slip on the slimy rocks hidden beneath the water’s surface. Blackberry bush branches stretched out in front in tangled masses. Up until now, he had forgotten all about being hungry. He reached for one of the plump blackberries and plucked it free before plopping it onto his tongue and munching contently. Swiping his tongue around his mouth, he reached for another and gobbled it up. He spied another flourishing branch above and stretched, snagging five more berries and munching once more. His sisters were busy on the other side, giggling and tossing their berries into the baskets. Domino smiled. It was peaceful without his father around and he could have fun with his sisters without a care in the world. After collecting more of the scrumptious berries, he sat on a rock surrounded by the shallow waters and watched leaves swirl down its pathway. “What?” Domino asked, licking at the purple stains on his hands. Domino grinned, holding out a berry and licking it slowly before plopping it into his mouth. Speckle smirked and launched herself into the water, splashing Domino. He splashed her back and before long, the two were rolling in its shallow depths. Smudge watched from a distance, not at all wanting to get wet and muddy like her crazy siblings. She put her hands on her hips, “You’ve done gone and lost your minds!” The comment went unnoticed. Domino slipped from his sister’s grasp and pulled her over. The two tumbled head over heels off of a small drop in the creek. The pool of water below was much deeper. Speckle gasped in surprise as she used Domino’s head as a platform to escape with. Domino laughed before his head was shoved underwater. He resurfaced quickly, shaking his head as he followed. He hopped atop a rock and shook his head again, sprinkling water droplets on the vibrant leaves around him. If only it could be like this all the time. “Hey, come and help us!” Speckle called to him again, she had returned to picking berries. He nodded and scurried over to her before helping. They were tasty little things. Blackberry pie. Blackberry jam. Blackberries and ice cream—they had tons of uses. All of which, he approved of. Once the baskets were full, they skipped back up the trail, pausing a time or two to point out a colorful flower or fluttering butterfly. Although he didn’t see the appeal of the specified creatures, he followed along with enthusiastic responses. When they reached the top, they paused before taking a different path home—across the old log by the broken down fence. The one with weeds that reached to his nose. Why they chose this path was agreed upon by all. It was simply more fun. “Bet’cha can’t hop this far!” Speckle called out. Smudge tried, but fell short. Speckle giggled and pointed at her while she tried to recover with grace. Domino was next, running to the end of the log and leaping. His feet met the earth and with satisfaction, he noted that he had made it further. “Lucky!” Speckle tossed an acorn at him. “Oh yeah?” She set her basket down and lept at him. He dashed to the side. She tripped over a rock and caught his leg, pulling him with her. Domino’s nose wrinkled as one of the weeds’ fluffy, seeded, tips tickled his nose. Speckle hopped up and laughed. Domino shook his head, sprinkling dandelion fluff every direction as he got up. He was just about to pounce on his sister when their mother’s voice echoed from far downhill. Speckle rolled her eyes and sighed. Domino nodded, brushing the dried grass from his bandanna as he followed along. A cold breeze swooped down on him as he rushed down the hillside—more frigid than the typical autumn air. Winter would be on its way soon. He loved winter, but neither he nor anyone else knew just what this winter had in store for them. First of all, I cannot wait to get reading. Flipside is thus far my favorite story of yours AND I haven't had any new Ten story reading material in so long. So I am quite excited. Sorry for not commenting last night, I was busy and super tired. ._. Chapter 6! Yay! Ah yes, the rabbit got out. How could I have forgotten? Uh-oh, impending doom. 0.0 That's never fun to look forward to! xD yay caring sisters. =P Uh oh....Splotch is mad. Blankets might keep monsters away, but not fathers Dom. =\ Aw poor Domino. =( Too bad his Mom can't intervene. A trip. =. Annnnd a hurt arm, of course. At least he can have some comfort in the fact his sisters are nice. Go Domino, go pick berries. =D ENJOY LIFE YOUNG ONE. >_> Very descriptive heading to the berry spot. =. Smells like water. xDD Nice response. Berries. =. Nutrition for the wounded is good. xD Taunting his sister. xDD Smudge is much more sophisticated I see. xD “You’ve done gone and lost your minds!” Eh...maybe not. Yessss poor Brad has had no Ten reading material. Lol c: Yes Domino did feel rebellious XPPP Yes his father is an insane person =U .....zetra. Zetra person. Olol XDD Silly Brad and Domino do not share the same mind c: Yes, TV LIED to poor Dom. Evil thing. XDD Enjoy life XPP Olololol slight change in story there Brad XDD She only is sometimes apparently. And to think she's usually the one correcting everyone's grammar. "Splotch slammed his own hand down on it in a fit of very adult like anger=P" indeed. xD She's usually the one correcting others' grammar? xDD Wow. You're welcome for the reply but I should b e thanking not you. Another day at work. Domino yawned and stretched his stubby fingers before curling them around Snakey’s plush body. Eyes glazed in sleep, his head bobbed forward. A deafening growl came from the machine down the hill. He leapt from his spot, before hurrying to regain his composure as his father walked by. His father had chosen to bring him all the way this time—to prevent him from getting in trouble. He’d already been warned about the consequences he would face if he disobeyed. His father was in an especially cheerless mood today, granted he wasn’t cheerful any day. It was a shame not to be cheery with Christmas so near. Everything was right. A dazzling sheet of powdery snow, frozen creeks, pines peaking beneath the white dust. It definitely shown of Christmas. They would decorate their own Christmas tree soon. He was confident. It had sat outside for two days already in order for the bugs to crawl out and find new homes and a winter storm was scheduled to blow in soon so their father would want it situated before then. A frigid breeze spattered him with snow. He shook his head and shook out his bandanna as well. It was cold today; maybe he should’ve brought a jacket. Glancing down the slope, he noticed his father and the others struggling to secure their footing by a tall pine. The snow had turned to a sloshing mud. It wasn’t ideal logging weather at all, but it wasn’t against safety regulations for a zetraloid to try anyway—at least he didn’t think it was. An echoing holler pierced all the noise as the zetraloids tried to roll the log to its side. It was almost pointless. They couldn’t send them down any waterway here. The creek was too small—and frozen. Frozen. Ice skating. Ice skating was fun, or so it looked on T.V. He betted he could do it, but no, he’d be in trouble if he left his spot. He tossed Snakey into the air and caught his green companion before pressing it into the snow to make an imprint. Domino had big plans for today. He would build snowmen. They could battle against the snow blobs. Then he’d have a snowball fight. Speckle would never see it coming! Domino blinked and shook himself back to reality. His father was calling him from down the hill. He hopped through the mounds of snow until he was close enough to see and hear his father distinctly. Splotch was covered in mud from helmet fins to feet, which must have been buried in the muck, and was grumbling at the tree as well by the looks of it. “What chain?” Domino struggled to make his voice loud enough to be heard. “Oh.” It was more to himself than anything. Just as his father had said, there was a chain wrapped around the stump they had set their other supplies on. Around and around he hopped until the chain was free. He walked back to the slope and eyed up a bare strip of mud. A grin spread across his face as he charged forward and let himself slip down it. Of course this made the chain mud laden as well. He smiled as he offered it to his father. Splotch held out his hand without bothering to look at its condition. It was unlikely to matter anyway, everything was covered in mud. Domino made faces at the mud sticking to his feet as he stomped down on it. “Stay out of the way!” Splotch growled as he shoved Domino back before the log crushed him. “Sorry.” He muttered, but couldn’t even hear his own words over the buzz of chainsaws and clank, clank, clank of their lever machine. He shook a plop of mud that had found its way onto his armor off and headed to the creek side. His father said nothing on the matter although he was sure he could see. That made it okay, right? He was out of the way after all, and if they needed his help then he would hear them better from here. He sat on a rock by the frozen water’s edge. It had been covered in a thin layer of fluffy snow. Beneath the ice, bubbles of oxygen collected. He tapped on the ice. Nothing happened. A loud shout drew his attention away. His father was flailing his arms in gestures unseen by Domino before. The focal point of his odd behavior was none other than a zetraloid he’d heard called Crag. It seemed as though the gestures offended him as he pointed and argued back. Boring. Domino returned to inspecting the creek. Was it hard enough to walk on? He tapped it with his foot. It felt solid and it didn’t show any sign of being insufficient. Holding the rock with his fingertips, he stretched himself out to test it with both feet. Near instantly he slipped and hit his knees on it with all his weight, but nothing happened. He felt it with an outstretched hand. It was almost like a rock. A very cold rock. Making his way back to solid ground, he cast another glance at his father before taking a running leap at the iced creek. Everything turned to a whitish whir as he swung in circles, further and further out onto the ice, stopping in the center. Laughing, he tried to stand, only to have his legs sprawl out once more. Snaky slipped from its place and plopped onto the ice. “You don’t skate very gooder.” Domino informed it as he tied the toy to his bandanna. He began pulling himself off the ice so that he could take another run at it. It wasn’t easy, but eventually he wormed his way back to the snow laden ground. That was Snakebite. Domino’s sisters often spoke of rumors about how the zetraloid had gotten his name. They liked to claim he tore a snake in two with his teeth, but Domino suspected it had something to do with his two curved fangs. In fact, he was almost frightening if one didn’t know him. One eye was yellow while the other was red and he had armor that resembled overlapping scales. Not to mention it was striped in shades of brown, tan and black much like a rattlesnake and even had a long, snake-like tail. Despite appearance, Snakebite was one of the nicest zetraloids Domino knew. Granted that number was small, but nevertheless he ranked high on the list. “Lot’s a fun!” Domino chimed in reply as he leapt up on a rock. Snakebite’s attention shifted at the vreer of another chainsaw. The zetraloid, Crag had ventured further along the creek and was tackling a different tree alone. He returned to Splotch and the others. Domino shrugged before glancing at Crag. Why was he working alone? Maybe it had something to do with his father’s previous conversation. He scurried along the snow covered slope, tumbling back down a time or two before successfully clinging to a rock and clambering up. Crag took no notice of him so he came closer to wait for an opening. The chainsaw kicked back with a high pitched vreer before Crag shut it off and kicked the tree. It did little good of course and instead only caused him to grumble some kind of inaudible line of words and rub his foot. “I just wanted to say hi!” Domino followed him to the other side. It seemed Crag needed some cheering up. “How come y’er up here?” Domino followed once more as he circled around the large tree, inspecting it. Still no answer. Crag returned to the place his chainsaw had sliced into and ran his hand over it. He flashed a quick glance at Domino, eyes slanted in anger and a persistent frown tugging at the corners of his mouth. “’Y’er wastin’ time ‘n daylight!” A familiar voice echoed from below, loud and clear. Crag’s eyes were aflame like hot coal as he reached for his chainsaw, clenching his mouth shut and turning back towards the tree. “Dad knows lots about making trees fall over in the snow!” Domino offered cheerfully. Domino noticed Crag’s hand now had a death grip on the chainsaw’s handle, almost to the point of shaking. At last he turned away from Splotch with a snort of disgust as he tugged the starter for the chainsaw a few times, however, in the cold, the device wasn’t working as well. Crag smacked his hand away from the chain’s teeth. Domino blinked in surprise and scrambled back. He clasped his hands together and took a few more steps back as Crag approached. Helmet fins down, he began edging towards the direction farthest from Crag. That happened to lead to a dead end of the ledge which overlooked the creek below. Crag’s helmet fins perked up as he watched. A smirk coiled at the edge of his mouth, eyes glimmering with satisfaction. “Domino, Domino, my little buddy.” He took a few steps towards him. Confused, Domino stepped back half a step and felt his foot begin to slip. Crag’s arm shot out though, catching him by his wrist before he could fall. Domino gazed up at him. His smirk had faded into a welcoming smile, so he decided to smile back. Domino followed where Crag pointed. The frozen creek. Close to where he was working. It was at least thirty feet across or so. “Nonsense! I’ll be able to keep an eye on you for him, don’t worry! Just go have some fun.” he pushed Domino along towards the downward slope leading to the frozen bank of the creek. “Uh…well okay.” Domino agreed as he was ushered to its side. Before he’d gotten a chance to even test the edge, Crag had shoved him onto it. “Ah!” Domino yelped in surprise as he slammed down face first on the ice. He shook his head and looked up to see Crag smile and wave, before leaving and returning to the tree. Domino grimaced as he tried pulling his legs beneath himself for balance. They barely stayed put long enough for him to spin in a circle. He crossed his arms and glared before scrambling once more. It pushed him a foot or so, but he still couldn’t get up. The chainsaw had roared to life again. That was good. Succeeding was bound to cheer Crag up—whatever his issue was. Domino returned to his ice skating. Or sliding. Since he couldn’t stand, he settled for pushing himself around on his belly. Even that required serious leg work though and he scarcely covered any distance. By now he’d propelled himself out into the center again. He paused, looking at the ice, then shivered. Black water was lapping hungrily just below. Down here the creek was deeper than where it streamed down the mountainside. It was a sort of pocket, a twelve foot deep pocket. It made him wonder. In cold weather like this…could anything survive in it? A loud creak peeled his attention from the ice. A tree. Its groaning, wood splitting, roar tore through the forest around it. Crag’s tree of course—seemed he had finally cut it free. It was headed over the ledge he’d nearly fallen off of. Hmm, that was strange. Why did he want it to fall that way? Crag would never be able to pull it off of the ice. He couldn’t even stand! The massive tree came crashing down, limbs lashing wildly as the beast of a tree reached the ice. At the same moment, he noticed the tree hadn’t stayed on top of it—it had crashed through! He glanced down as the shifting creaks of ice sounded all around him. Hairline fractures unfolded before him like spider web. His helmet fins pulled back in a flash as he looked to the ledge for Crag. Nothing. The ice beneath him had begun to sink, letting the water seep above the surface. The front lurched forward and shattered. He tried leaning back only for that to split as well. Helplessly, he plunged into the frigid water. He cried out for help as its razor cold current whipped him around. Near instantly his body was tense and he desperately reached out with one hand towards the remaining ice. It crumbled in his hand. His cry tapered off as the water forced him down into its depths. Struggling, he bobbed above the surface again. Eyes shut tight; he flailed an arm with slow jerking motions. “He—ngh!” He cringed as he smashed against the tree. His frozen hand caught in one of the branches and he desperately tried to wrap his fingers around it. Eyes now open, his head swished to one side. He could only hear the crashing of creek water as it slapped against his face, needles every time. The brown zetraloid didn’t move though and remained in his spot, watching with a smirk as the water battered him and filled his throat with ice cold waves. Water splashed into his eyes then his head dipped back under. Domino’s cold limbs were unresponsive, rendering him unable to fight back. The black water pulled him and the branch down deeper. The light of the surface disappeared as the tree rolled, pinning him against rocks. His chest was painfully constricted and at last, he could no longer hold his breath. Ice water washed into his mouth as his limbs thrashed in slow ripples as his life was choked away. He crushed one transmitter against a jagged rock, tearing it open. Its hurt did not register. His numb body jerked once more as water flooded his system. On the bank, the others were taking a short break to assess their overall progress. Splotch was taking a few measurements and generally sizing up the tree and their next plan of attack. No one else seemed to be taking any notice of much more than simple conversation. No one aside from Snakebite that was. He’d known Domino had been playing by the creek and his sudden absence was troublesome. Not to mention the little zetraloid could have easily gotten in the way of Crag. The others muttered some similar reply of not having seen the spotted little kid in awhile. Snakebite frowned. If he knew Splotch’s kid, and he was pretty sure he did, then the little zetraloid had certainly gotten himself in some form of trouble. Without waiting around to ask more, Snakebite leaped over the log and charged up the hillside. The zetraloid simply shrugged as he leaned back against another tree. Checking back and forth, he saw no sign of the small zetraloid. The others had split off to search down the slopes by now. Everyone aside from Crag anyway. If the situation hadn’t been so urgent, Snakebite would’ve asked why Crag saw no need to help, but that was the least of his worries for now. By now even Splotch, who had previously refused to help search, had decided to come along. Despite the others’ urgency, Splotch hardly seemed concerned. Crag gave him a three fingered wave before returning to his watching. “He must be in the creek!” Snakebite exclaimed as he followed the slope Crag had lead Domino down. Splotch walked to the cliff tip and gazed over the side—nothing but black water torpedoing down and over its banks. Crag merely shrugged and followed. “The tree.” Snakebite murmured to himself. No regard to the dangerous conditions, he rushed down the bank until he came to the closest place of access. He splashed through the shallow depths up until it was waist high. The cold seared through him like a jagged knife as he grasped the end of the log at last and clung to it. He pulled himself on top of it and balanced against the swaying current. From the shore, Splotch and the others watched. Snakebite could hardly hear Splotch anyway above the roar of water. “Idiot.” Splotch grumbled as he returned to the log. Chances the small zetraloid was still alive were slim, but there was no way Snakebite would leave without trying. He was convinced Domino hadn’t run off to play. He had to be stuck out here somewhere. He took a deep breath and plunged over the side hanging on with one hand. At once he made out the shape of the pinned zetraloid, but there was no way to reach him. Reluctantly he returned to the surface. “Get that chain over here!” He called, voice quivering. Bracken and Fallow, the other two working, cast a quizzical glance at each other. “No! Stay here!” Splotch demanded. Bracken and Fallow had dislodged the chain and ditched Splotch and Crag by now, having opted to help Snakebite as the two, once again found their way into another disagreement. The two wrapped the chain around their arms and began their struggle. The fierce water made it especially difficult and more than once, their progress dwindled back. The branch Domino was caught in started to surface. Fallow dug his foot into the mud as best he could while Bracken continued trying to walk the opposite way. Snakebite took his chances, pulling himself across the log again; he grabbed the spotted zetraloid by his bandanna and began dislodging him with stiff hands. The log creaked as it began to turn once more, rolling the opposite way. The chain snapped with a jerk, throwing Snakebite off. He held onto the small zetraloid the best he could as he struggled to pull him free, working beneath water once more. At last, he was free. He thrashed around in the water for a few moments before he was able to get upright and head in the right direction. Fallow and Bracken helped him to the bank where he collapsed to his knees, holding the limp little zetraloid close. Chappeetar Sehvin! Yaaaaaaowdy!! 13 MS word pages of greatness I am sure. Allow me to get straight to readin'. Stubby fingers. xD Snakey is still his only fwiend. =. Geez the pity and guilt for Domino appear almost as soon as I start reading. o.0 *blames this on your skill* Ah, nothing quite like a non cheery father to start the day. Aye, Christmas be near me lad. A time of joy and giving be it. Cheer up Splotch, or ye be pardoned yer gifts. >=. "DOMINO." Someone bellowed who didn't care no doubt. "Fathah." Domino started, a little ashamed. "I fear I've gone a little wee-wee in me britches!" Splotch would have been angry had little british Domino not sounded so adorable. =3 "Aw son, how could Brad stray so far from the story like this? Surely he is not BORED reading Ten's tale is he?" Domino paused and thought for a moment. "Why, no fathah. He just gets carried away easily that is all. And likes to make me british it would seem." Dang Crag. You spoiled some of this part for me so I know what's coming, yet I keep hoping it won't. xD DOMINO DOESN'T DESEEEERVE THIIIIS. *crai* Domino cares about Crag getting cheered up, and here he plans to murder Domino. >=. =O Very descriptive with the ice cracking and stuff now. 0.0 Panic alert Domino. D= Poor Domino. =( Everyone is so mean to him. >=. He's just a kid gosh. Cut him some slack guys. Wow. ._. That's a little scary when he's um...drowning there. And very sad. X_x Way to care Splotch. >=. Your son is drowning you big jerk. Way to give up super fast too. Just have Snakebite adopt him or something, it's pretty obvious you don't care. xDD Y'all got me mad at your characters. Very VERY well written chapter. 0.0 Talk about emotions, here I think Splotch cares, then I get mad, now I'm hopeful he kicks the crap out of Crag and therefore I'll like him again. xD Domino I always feel guilty for, you had me genuinely mad at your characters there for a while and even though I know Domino survives, while Snakebite was getting him out of the water I was wondering if he'd be okay! xDD You certainly know how to make the reader feel things. Also, you described the snow and ice and everything very effectively. I could imagine everything perfectly and the characters, as usual, are extremely believable and consistent. One of my favorite chapters so far. Thank you SO much for posting. XDDDD He plans violence yes. Thanks for the ice thing, it took me awhile to get the pacing I wanted and wording that seemed to fit the action. Lol it was scarier for me D: I had to pretend I was in said situation XDD and I didn’t like it >3> XD Splotch’s find son motivation is at an all time low XDDD Splotch< I DUN SEE. I GIVES UP. Ah yes, putting yourself in that situation...didn't think of that. I was selfish and felt bad only for Domino. xD Sorry Ten. "………………no c: XD I will not make you like him, most likely. XD" Okee, thanks for the heads up. Splotches find son motivation. xDD YES EXACTLY. Seems like something you'd pull. xD Now I wonder about Snakebite's future. ._. It seems....bleak. this was hard to write seeing as my main character was unconscious and it was sort of a transitional chapter. Speckle and Smudge sat silently near the stationary lump on the couch. Their brother. He hadn’t moved since Snakebite had first brought him here. Their mother had asked why Splotch hadn’t returned, neither of the two had heard his response though. Domino was wrapped in many blankets, only part of his pale face visible. He looked dead to them; Snakebite had insisted he was just unconscious though. Day was fading into night. Dark shadows were swallowing the glistening snow outside the window and the faint jingle of bells told them the wind had kicked up slightly. Speckle sighed as she left her seat by the window and walked over to Domino. His current spot was right in front of a small kerosene heater. “Domino…” She shook his shoulders, but he didn’t respond. “Domino!!” She called again louder. Nothing. The front door slammed against the wall. Splotch was home. Dotti was there in an instant. Speckle returned her attention to her brother and shook his arm again. Speckle made a face at her sister before poking at her brother again. He still had no response. Their mother and father were now in the room, no doubt with great argument. The two glared at each other for some time, an unspoken anger sparking between the two. Splotch would never willingly admit to any fault. Dotti was the first to give in as she sat down on the chair beside the couch, casting a weary glance to Domino. Splotch shook his head and kicked a stack of magazines from his path before leaving to get washed up. He left a trail of mud after him all the way to the laundry room which only added to its messy appearance. There was hardly a moment to spare as a knock sounded on the front door. Reluctantly, Dotti left their unconscious son and went to open it. The sky was dark by now. She hadn’t realized how much time had flown by. She turned the handle and gave the door a hard nudge to open it. In her doorway stood Snakebite, his lithe form was rather easily distinguished next to most. Dotti frowned and put her hand to her mouth. He stopped. Splotch had appeared around the corner, wiping his hands on an old rag. Dotti stepped aside as he pushed by. Splotch had slammed the door in his face. “Shut. Up.” He gave her an ice cold glare, before turning back without a word. She didn’t bother to try and reason with him any further, rather making a detour back to the room they’d left Domino in to watch over the little limp zetraloid. Surely life wouldn’t be so cruel to a zetra so young. She shook her head. The water would have been cold. Did he really stand a chance against its risks? Speckle and Smudge returned to their brother’s side. All they could do was wait and see. Every now and then his helmet fins would twitch, but that was it. This would be a long night.

2019-04-18T20:54:36Z

http://zetras.forumotion.com/t15-flipside

Note Peripheral neuroblastic tumours; are derived from developing neuronal cells of the sympathetic nervous system and are found mostly (but not exclusively) in infants and young children. In the text below, we will stick to the well known term neuroblastoma instead of using the more precise but less common term peripheral neuroblastic tumours. Localisation: Adrenal medulla (50%) and para- and prae-vertebral sympathetic ganglia and paraganglia: cervical (5%), thoracic (15%), retroperitoneal (25%) and pelvic (5%). Metastatic disease: In 60% of patients metastatic tumour spread is found at diagnosis. Common sites of metastases are: bone marrow, bones, lymph nodes, liver and skin. A unique pattern of metastatic spread in infants with favourable prognosis is mentioned below (under stage 4s). Clinical Symptoms: The presenting clinical symptoms depend on the tumour location, the regional and metastatic dissemination. An abdominal localisation can be associated with discomfort, pain, digestive problems and/or a palpable mass. Thoracic tumours are either found coincidentally or may cause respiratory distress, dysphagia and circulatory problems. Cervical neuroblastomas may lead to Horner's syndrome. Dumbbell tumours can cause radicular pain, paraplegia and dysfunction of bladder or bowel. In a low percentage of patients the opsomyoclonus syndrome is found. Metastatic disease can cause jaundice, circulatory and respiratory problems, bone pain, proptosis (Hutchinson syndrome) and periorbital ecchymoses. Also fever and hypertension may occur. - stage 4s: localised primary tumour (stages 1 , 2A or 2B) with dissemination limited to skin, liver and/or bone marrow (limited to infants having less than 1 year). The currently used staging system will be replaced by a new staging system which is based on the extent of disease at diagnosis, prior to any treatment and midline, lymph node status and age are not included anymore. - Stage Ms: Metastatic disease confined to skin and/or liver and/or bone marrow. This new staging system has the advantage that all patients are staged in a uniform manner. This system is more robust, reproducible and less liable to subjective interpretations than surgeons' findings and assessment of resectability. Diagnosis: Measurement of urinary catecholamine metabolites and histologic examination of a tumour biopsy are used diagnostically. For tumour staging, meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy (or a technetium-99 bone scan in case of negative MIBG), computed tomography or nuclear magnetic resonance, and bilateral bone marrow aspirates and trephine biopsies are valuable methods. Differential diagnosis: Clinically, dumbbell tumours and opsomyoclonus syndrome may resemble primary neurological diseases. Arterial hypertension and pulmonary metastases may lead to the suspicion of a pheochromocytoma. Histopathologically, undifferentiated neuroblastoma (especially in the absence of increased urinary catecholamine secretion) may cause diagnostic difficulties: peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour (pPNET), Ewing tumour, lymphoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma and extrarenal nephroblastoma have to be excluded. Embryonic origin Neural crest cells of the sympathetic lineage (sympathetic neuronal precursor cells). Etiology Most of the neuroblastomas occur sporadically. Family histories are reported only rarely. The possible impact of environmental exposure is still unknown, although the role of maternal exposure to e.g. phenyl hydantoin is under discussion. A possibly increased incidence of neuroblastomas occurs in patients with neurofibromatosis type I and Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome. Epidemiology Neuroblastomas are the most frequently diagnosed tumours in infancy and the most common extracranial solid tumours in childhood. These tumours account for 7-10% of all childhood cancers including leukemias. The incidence, which is almost uniform in industrialized countries, is 5-10 per million children per year. The median age at diagnosis is approx. 18 months. 50% of patients are diagnosed by the age of 2 and 90% before 6 years of age. Two of these categories are further divided into subgroups according to cellular differentiation signs, i.e. Neuroblastoma into: undifferentiated, poorly differentiated and differentiating; and Ganglioneuroblastoma into maturing and mature. For prognostic assessment, the age of the patient at diagnosis (below 1.5, between 1.5 and 5 years or over 5 years) has to be included as well as the number of mitotic and karyorrhectic (apoptotic) cells in the category of Neuroblastoma and the nodular part of Ganglioneuroma nodular. Risk assessment: In European countries (SIOPEN studies), the treatment of neuroblastoma patients depends on the age at diagnosis (below or over 1 year of age), on the extent of the disease (stage) and on a genetic parameter, i.e. the amplification of the MYCN oncogene (see below). In the United States and Australia, DNA Index of the tumour cells and histopathology (INPC) are also included in therapy stratification in some stages or age groups, respectively. In future studies also other genetic features of the tumour will be taken into consideration. Currently, there are worldwide efforts to construct a robust risk stratification system. Prior to any treatment patients will be put into a risk category, according to age (less than or more than 18 months), stage, pathology, MYCN status, other genetic aberration as 11q loss and ploidy (International Neuroblastoma Risk Grouping, INRG). Thus, a more precise treatment planning will be possible. Furthermore, use of the International Neuroblastoma Risk Groups will allow international comparisons of different risk-based therapeutic approaches in the same patient population and greatly facilitate joint international collaborative studies in neuroblastoma. Figure 1 Biologic pathways and genetic features in neuroblastic tumors. Neuroblastoma tumors can be subdivided into two biological/clinical groups: "benignly" behaving neuroblastomas are indicated by a green background, aggressive neuroblastomas are marked by a dark red or red background. The 'beningly' behaving neuroblastomas virtually always show a near-triploid, near-pentaploid or near-hexaploid DNA Index, without any structural aberrations: in a) nuclei with a typical I-FISH picture with 3 spots each for D1Z2 at 1p36 and D1Z1 for the paracentromeric region of chromosome 1 shown. Spontaneously maturing tumours show two types of cells, but only a small fraction of the cells are tumour cells. In b) one aneuploid ganglionic (tumor) cell with reddish cytoplasm is shown beside a majority of cells showing 2 signals with all used FISH probes representing non neoplastic Schwann cells. Neuroblastomas with aggressive clinical behavior can further be subdivided in those without MYCN amplification but with segmental aberrations like del1p, del11q, add17q (shown in c): tumor cells with only 1 sub-telomeric I-FISH signal in red and 2 paracentromeric I-FISH spots in green) and those with MYCN amplification (an example is given in d): tumour cells displaying both types of amplification, dmin and hsr in green, while the reference probe is given in red). Treatment According to risk group assignment, there are the following treatment modalities: surgery, standard chemotherapy, intensive multiagent chemotherapy, myeloablative chemotherapy, followed by autologous stem cell transplantation, external radiation therapy, 13-cis retinoic acid, anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody adjuvant therapy, MIBG-therapy. A wait and see strategy is performed in a subgroup of patients with stage 4s disease and some types of localized diseases, but only if no MYCN amplification is found in the tumour cells, no neurologic deficit and no life-threatening symptoms are present according to the Philadelphia scoring system. Neuroblastoma mass screening: The search for neuroblastomas in a preclinical stage with the intention to decrease mortality led to the introduction of the neuroblastoma mass screening which was started in Japan and Canada more than 30 years ago and later in European countries. The results obtained by the mass screening have been discussed very controversially because screening between several weeks up to 6 months of age led to a substantial over-diagnosis of neuroblastomas which almost exclusively showed favourable genetic markers but did not decrease aggressive stage 4 tumours and overall mortality. This indicates that a substantial proportion of genetically and biologically favourable tumours especially in the first half year of life do not become clinically manifest but regress spontaneously. A Consensus conference recommended the discontinuation of the screening under 7 months of age. This led to the worldwide termination of mass screening programs, although screening at a later time point, such as 9 to 12 months of age, as was carried out in e.g. Japan and Austria, were able to detect genetically unfavourable neuroblastomas or genetically heterogeneous tumours. Evolution Special features: Besides the fact that neuroblastomas can be very rapidly growing and aggressively behaving tumours, there are some peculiarities which are unique for these tumours. Spontaneous regression (without cytotoxic treatment) of even 'metastasised' disease (stage 4s disease) is observed in the first year of life. These tumour cells are characterised by a distinct genotype (see below). After the first year of life, spontaneous maturation of neuroblastomas into ganglioneuroblastomas and ganglioneuromas can be observed. These neuroblastic/ganglionic cells share genetic characteristics with spontaneously regressing neuroblastomas. Moreover, such tumour cells are capable of recruiting non-neoplastic Schwann cells from the tumour adjacent tissue. The tumour cell - Schwann cell interactions are supposed to be crucial for neuroblastoma maturation. Prognosis The outcome of patients with neuroblastoma depends largely on the age of the patient at diagnosis, the tumour spread and the tumour biology/genetics. Stage 1 and 2 patients usually have a very good prognosis with surgery alone. However, genetic features like MYCN amplification or other aberrations can change the prognosis drastically. While surgery alone is more the exception than the rule in Stage 3 this strategy can be chosen under certain circumstances depending on clinical and genetic parameters. Recently, different articles argue that any genetic aberration found by pan- or multigenomic techniques like cCGH, aCGH or MLPA change the tentatively benign course of the disease into an aggressive one (see Fig. 1). In stage 4 patients genetic markers do not yet play a decisive role. However, even in this disease group certain patients (e.g. under 18 months) may benefit from a biology/genetic based risk assessment. The near-triploid (-penta, hexaploid) (occurring in approximately 55%) and the near-diploid (-tetraploid) (45%) tumour subgroups. The majority of near-triploid tumours exhibit only numerical gains and losses (a rather specific pattern including over-representation of 7 and 17 and under-representation of chromosomes 3, 4, 11 and 14, amongst others). Patients showing this genomic pattern in their tumours frequently have an excellent survival expectation (near 100%). In infants spontaneous regression either without surgical intervention (stage MS) or after surgical intervention but even with tumour residuum is frequently observed. In older children with this genomic profile of the tumour cells, spontaneous maturation can be found in a substantial number of patients. However, this group of patients was frequently assigned to the diploid group as the DNA Index (D.I.) displays a diploid peak while less frequently a minor triploid peak was observed. This diploid peak usually represents a population of normal cells, mainly Schwann cells, which 'invade' the tumour from the outside and most likely trigger the maturation process. Only the ganglionic cell population, which can be as low as 1% or even less, displays a near-triploid genotype whereas the majority of cells are diploid. Interestingly, also structural chromosome aberrations like MYCN amplifications, deletions at the chromosomal regions 1p36.3, or 11q, gains of long arms of chromosome 17, can be found in near-triploid tumours. However, the frequency of these aberrations is much lower than in the di-/tetraploid tumours. Although the majority of near-triploid tumours are clinically favourable, it is important to know that the discussed structural chromosome aberrations can turn the biological behaviour of near-triploid tumours into an unfavourable one. The question which structural aberrations can render the biological behaviour into an aggressive one has not been completely understood so far. Therefore, data on a large cohort of patients generated with pan- or multigenomic techniques like array CGH or MLPA are needed to clarify the biological impact of certain genetic aberrations. Diploid/tetraploid tumours usually have a dismal prognosis. The majority of these tumours have unbalanced structural chromosome rearrangements. Of these genomic imbalances, MYCN oncogene amplification has been known for a long time to infer poor prognosis and has been implemented in clinical decision making processes. This amplification is predominantly found in the form of double minute chromosomes (dmin) and rarely appears as homogenously staining regions (hsr). In addition, as already indicated, MYCN amplification can be found independent of the ploidy of the tumour. Other neighbouring genes such as NAG and DDX1 can be co-amplified but their impact on prognosis is controversial. Other amplicons can be implicated in addition to MYCN such as regions including ALK, CCND1 and MDM2. MYCN amplification is often accompanied by 1p deletion and 17q gain. A second genomic subgroup of 2n/4n NB shows no MYCN amplification but presents with 11q deletion and 17q gain and often in association with 3p deletion. Thus, MYCN amplification and loss of 11q, define two major different genetic subtypes of the disease with vastly different global gene expression profiles. Therefore, the INRG will recommend, besides MYCN amplification, deletions of 11q and diploidy as decision making features in certain clinical subgroups. Heredity: Linkage analysis using 10 families with neuroblastoma mapped the hereditary neuroblastoma locus at 16p12-p13. Furthermore, heterozygote germline alterations in PHOX2B have recently been identified in patients with familiar neuroblastoma. However, these germ line aberrations are only rarely associated with the onset of neuroblastomas. Protein Nuclear protein; helix-loop-helix and a leucine zipper domain; transcription factor. Amplification of the MYCN oncogene is found in 20-25% of neuroblastomas. The term amplification was defined by the ENQUA (European Neuroblastoma Quality Assessment) Group i.e. Greater than four-fold increase of the signal number as compared with the reference probe located on the same chromosome. The oncogene is either amplified in form of acentric double minute chromosomes (dmin) or chromosomally integrated as homogeneously staining regions (hsr). Wilms' tumor: status report, 1990. By the National Wilms' Tumor Study Committee. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1991 ; 9 (5) : 877-887. Quality assessment of genetic markers used for therapy stratification. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 ; 21 (11) : 2077-2084. Role of ploidy, chromosome 1p, and Schwann cells in the maturation of neuroblastoma. The New England journal of medicine. 1996 ; 334 (23) : 1505-1511. Chromosome 1p and 11q deletions and outcome in neuroblastoma. The New England journal of medicine. 2005 ; 353 (21) : 2243-2253. Genes, chromosomes & cancer. 1995 ; 14 (4) : 285-294. The New England journal of medicine. 1999 ; 340 (25) : 1954-1961. Epidemiological features of Wilms' tumor: results of the National Wilms' Tumor Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1982 ; 68 (3) : 429-436. Revisions of the international criteria for neuroblastoma diagnosis, staging, and response to treatment. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1993 ; 11 (8) : 1466-1477. Allelic loss of chromosome 1p36 in neuroblastoma is of preferential maternal origin and correlates with N-myc amplification. Nature genetics. 1993 ; 4 (2) : 187-190. cDNA array-CGH profiling identifies genomic alterations specific to stage and MYCN-amplification in neuroblastoma. BMC genomics. 2004 ; 5 (1) : page 70. Cancer. 1989 ; 64 (2) : 349-360. Genome-wide analysis of neuroblastomas using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. PLoS ONE. 2007 ; 2 (2) : page e255. Hyperdiploidy plus nonamplified MYCN confers a favorable prognosis in children 12 to 18 months old with disseminated neuroblastoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2005 ; 23 (27) : 6466-6473. Cytogenetic and histologic findings in Wilms' tumor. Journal of pediatric surgery. 2002 ; 37 (6) : 823-827. Treatment with nephrectomy only for small, stage I/favorable histology Wilms' tumor: a report from the National Wilms' Tumor Study Group. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2001 ; 19 (17) : 3719-3724. Software and database for the analysis of mutations in the human WT1 gene. Nucleic acids research. 1998 ; 26 (1) : 271-274. Neuroblastoma mass screening in late infancy: insights into the biology of neuroblastic tumors. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 ; 21 (22) : 4228-4234. Medical and pediatric oncology. 2001 ; 36 (1) : 83-92. Clinical relevance of tumor cell ploidy and N-myc gene amplification in childhood neuroblastoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1991 ; 9 (4) : 581-591. Treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma with intensive chemotherapy, radiotherapy, autologous bone marrow transplantation, and 13-cis-retinoic acid. Children's Cancer Group. The New England journal of medicine. 1999 ; 341 (16) : 1165-1173. Cancer research. 1998 ; 58 (7) : 1387-1390. ArrayCGH-based classification of neuroblastoma into genomic subgroups. Genes, chromosomes & cancer. 2007 ; 46 (12) : 1098-1108. Neuroblastomas have distinct genomic DNA profiles that predict clinical phenotype and regional gene expression. Genes, chromosomes & cancer. 2007 ; 46 (10) : 936-949. American journal of human genetics. 2004 ; 75 (4) : 727-730. The American journal of pathology. 1997 ; 150 (1) : 81-89. Evidence for a familial Wilms' tumour gene (FWT1) on chromosome 17q12-q21. Nature genetics. 1996 ; 13 (4) : 461-463. The management of synchronous bilateral Wilms tumor. Hematology/oncology clinics of North America. 1995 ; 9 (6) : 1303-1315. Wilms' tumour: connecting tumorigenesis and organ development in the kidney. Nature reviews. Cancer. 2005 ; 5 (9) : 699-712. Chromosomal CGH identifies patients with a higher risk of relapse in neuroblastoma without MYCN amplification. British journal of cancer. 2007 ; 97 (2) : 238-246. Biologic factors determine prognosis in infants with stage IV neuroblastoma: A prospective Children's Cancer Group study. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2000 ; 18 (6) : 1260-1268. The International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification (the Shimada system). Cancer. 1999 ; 86 (2) : 364-372. Wilms tumor: summary of 54 cytogenetic analyses. Cancer genetics and cytogenetics. 1997 ; 97 (2) : 169-171. Wilms' tumor: past, present and (possibly) future. Expert review of anticancer therapy. 2006 ; 6 (2) : 249-258. Cancer research. 2006 ; 66 (7) : 3673-3680. Germline mutations of the paired-like homeobox 2B (PHOX2B) gene in neuroblastoma. American journal of human genetics. 2004 ; 74 (4) : 761-764. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2005 ; 23 (10) : 2280-2299. Localization of a hereditary neuroblastoma predisposition gene to 16p12-p13. Medical and pediatric oncology. 2000 ; 35 (6) : 526-530. Identical genetic changes in different histologic components of Wilms' tumors. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1997 ; 89 (15) : 1148-1152. Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2009;13(1):84-89. Couturier, J ; Satg, D. Nervous system: Peripheral neuroblastic tumours (Neuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroma). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 1998;2(2):63-64. Kaneko, Y. Nervous system: Peripheral neuroblastic tumours (Neuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroma). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2002;6(1):40-42.

2019-04-23T07:56:35Z

http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Tumors/neurobID5002.html

That being understood, it is the principles on which we should concentrate now, since what these should mean in practice is not always understood coherently or consistently. I realize of course that my definitions may not be universally acceptable, but the point is the qualities that will be indicated, not the suitability of the definitions. Transparency, I would then assert, is about making clear what we are doing and how we work, at the widest possible levels. The key principle should be that all the business of government should be known to the governed, unless there are compelling reasons to maintain confidentiality. Responsibility is towards the people and the areas we govern, which means we need to be aware of their needs and maintain lines of communication to ensure these are understood. Accountability is to those people as well as those we report to, and should involve narrative accounts as well as financial details. Again, maintaining regular communication is essential for this. Coherence is of the policies we are carrying out, as well as the different instruments fulfilling them. This again entails communication, so that, whatever our different spheres of action, we are all working with similar aims, even though particular objectives may differ. In addition, we must make sure that the different instruments of government do not waste resources by doing the same work, and more importantly we must make sure they do not impede each other by not appreciating and supporting each othe’s priorities. Finally, Knowledge is of the resources available for action as well as the aims and objectives of the policies being carried out. It cannot be stressed enough how all this requires constant communication, not only to ensure Transparency, but also to obtain and develop understanding of our aims and objectives. Unfortunately the structures through which we now work seem to have been expressly created to make good governance impossible. Several factors contribute to this, but worst of all I believe, and the root of much if not all evil, is our current electoral system. When combined with the proliferation of different levels of government with overlapping functions, we have a recipe for disaster. The current system destroys the concept of responsibility by making the political masters at all levels responsible for far larger areas than they can handle. It destroys coherence by introducing different priorities through those different masters. It limits accountability because political decision makers are accountable to diverse groups at diverse levels, while administrators have to report to a range of authorities, many of whom have different perspectives. The proliferation of authorities makes transparency difficult while there is no clarity about the resources available for particular functions. The first point is obvious to all, which is why everyone agrees that we need electoral reform. Despite this agreement in principle, we have failed over fifteen years to achieve this, beginning with the efforts of G L Pieris in the mid-nineties to introduce what he then described as the German system of election. I remember when the Liberal Party commented on this at the consultations he had instituted, we pointed out that his proposal twisted the system to make it unrecognizable, and he modestly admitted, as he characteristically does, that there had been some slight adjustments – the adjustments being designed to ensure advantages to the ruling party that took away from the essential proportionality of the German model, though that of course was not admitted. Seven years later I remember telling Karu Jayasuriya that the then UNP government should hurry up with the electoral reforms that were planned. He agreed that this was urgent, but there was no progress and soon enough that government fell. I should note that they too wanted to create advantages for themselves by tinkering with the system, but by then I felt that any reform that restored individual responsibility in the form of separate constituencies was better than what we had. Most recently there has been another effort at electoral reform, beginning this time with elections to local bodies, but inconsistencies in the proposed legislation and other inefficiencies, led to delay, and the matter seems now to have been forgotten. Though governments may feel that the present system gives them electoral advantages, that the country is damaged by it is obvious. The massive expenses demanded of all candidates, as they compete against others on the same list as well as other parties, obviously leads to a perversion of the selection process, and necessarily entails efforts to recoup such expenses subsequently, with corresponding problems for governance. What is not so obvious is the necessity for all those elected to function all over the voter catchment area, with confusion of responsibilities and corresponding headaches for the government officials concerned. And, if governments were not so concerned about immediate electoral advantage, they would realize that the system also impedes coherence, for it leads to the emergence of petty Caesars whose principle purpose is to repeat their electoral success, not contribute to the programmes of government, which may have other priorities. As can be seen, these can be divided into formal duties (the last 6, marked with a single asterisk), and those requiring discretion. With regard to the latter, there are generally other government departments which formulate regulations to guide action, but procedures for consultation and consistent responses have not been laid down clearly. Recently UNDP has issued a Handbook which gives further advice on how functions should be fulfilled, but this has not been distributed islandwide as yet. It seemed very helpful, but I found that, while Amparai and Trincomalee knew about it, Batticaloa and the Districts in the Northern Province I inquired from had no idea of its publication. I was worried that this was because there was not as yet a Tamil translation, but I am assured by UNDP and those who knew about the book that the Tamil version had also been published last year. But, helpful as such a book might be, it is no substitute for coherent reformulation of Grama Niladhari duties in accordance with contemporary needs. In particular there should be incorporation of the role of the other government institutions involved, with clear understanding of where policy is formulated and how it should be implemented. Livelihood and Development: This should involve Rural Development Societies and Women’s Rural Development Societies as well as youth groups. Rural Development Officers should attend and representatives from the Ministry of Economic Development should be invited, along with Agriculture Extension Officers and others working in relevant areas. Aid organizations contributing to livelihood development should be invited, in particular representatives of the UN Development Agencies and IOM. Issues discussed should include infrastructural development, technical support, training needs and micro-credit provision. Government officials should make clear what has been provided and future plans whilst encouraging prioritization of requests. The focus should be on ensuring that support is directed towards ensuring the economic empowerment of the population rather than perpetuating dependency. Protection: This should involve Women’s Societies and the police, with the particular involvement of Women’s and Children’s Desks (which should be established in at least every DS Division). Officials involved in social services should be invited, and the DS should assign at least one such official (from Health, Probation, Women and Children’s Ministry and Organizations, Social Services, Counselling) to each GN Division. Schools should be represented and should provide schedules of drop outs and possible problem cases. Religious personnel should be asked to participate and contribute to support groups actively. Aid organizations contributing to protection should be invited and should share the impact of their work with government so as to fine tune and develop it. UNICEF and UNFPA should be invited on occasion. Issues discussed should include the provision of adequate awareness raising programmes, at schools and elsewhere, with particular attention to alcohol, drugs and sexual issues. The creation of support groups, for counseling as well as protection, should be considered, with the meeting taking cognizance of those in vulnerable situations. The meetings should lead to closer cooperation with the police, ensuring swift redress in cases of criminal activity, but also advice and warning when dangers are anticipated. Particular attention should be paid to former combatants to promote their active integration into community life. with just one item in each category each week, on the basis of community discussions. In my meetings in the North for instance there were many requests for irrigation or road or power works, or better health or educational facilities, but discussion and clear proposals would help officials and the people to understand priorities, and also why all facilities cannot be provided to every area immediately. In addition to these basic responsibilities, I believe there should be opportunities for local initiatives to promote social and cultural activities. A regular meeting for this purpose could involve Education as well as Cultural officials. Youth and Sports Groups and the police and Civil Affairs officers from the army may also be invited. Issues discussed should include the provision of extra-curricular activities in schools and ensuring that education is comprehensive and not confined just to academic learning. Sports and cultural activities should be provided in all schools along with societies contributing to socialization such as Boy Scouts and Girl Guides, Cadeting, St John’s Ambulance Brigades and Interact and other similar clubs, including one that deals with Disaster Prevention and Management. The GN Division should also promote voluntary language development classes, with the police and the forces contributing to Sinhala conversation classes whilst also learning conversational Tamil themselves. It should also promote entertainment including regular performances at Divisional Cultural Centres (using school buildings where separate Centres are not available), the development of Public Libraries, and regular film shows, with organizational input from students. In short, the GN Division should provide a focal point for the people to put forward proposals, receive responses, and also engage in socially productive initiatives themselves. For this purpose we will need much more active Grama Niladharis, but selecting them more carefully and providing good training will benefit the country enormously. I should note that we also have a ready resource available to assist them in the form of the Graduates who have recently been recruited and sent in massive numbers to Divisional Secretariats. Instead of allowing them to be used in diverse ways – including by politicians, who have requested that they be allowed to allocate their duties – they should be given specific responsibilities in geographical or functional areas. They should also be required to prepare performance reports based on action plans they formulate in consultation with the Divisional Secretaries and the other officials with whom they work. In order to promote better planning there should however be clear guidelines as to who is responsible for policy and for administration. At present we have a whole heap of both politicians and officials functioning in all areas. To take the issue of social service, which we have been looking into in the Divisions, several Ministries are involved, and twice over, since there are Central Ministries as well as Provincial ones. I believe Probation belongs in its entirety to the Province, but this may be too simplistic an assumption, and in any case policy is or should be made centrally, insofar as the protection of children is concerned. With regard to women and children the Provinces as well as the Centre appoint officials, and this applies to Social Services too. Of course neither can appoint enough officials to cover properly the geographical area for which they have responsibility. In addition, we have signally failed to produce enough Counsellors to deal with the problems caused by modern social trends, let alone the war. Though I should note that the Ministry of Health copes valiantly with a range of problems, a constant complaint I hear is about a paucity of personnel, and doctors have to deal with everything because there are shortages of trained support staff. But if we could have the responsibility for social services clearly allocated, I am sure that the type of satisfactory situation we have developed with regard to maternity care, where midwives and clinics function effectively islandwide, can be replicated in less obvious but equally crucial areas of concern. Concerted training for Counsellors is essential in the modern world, where the old family support systems no longer obtain, but this has been woefully neglected. At the same time the Counsellors we produce should be familiar with community support systems, for these could provide the best support for the difficulties individuals face in a world in which they might feel themselves isolated. I was told by one Governor that coordination with regard to social services of all sorts is intended to take place at Divisional Secretariat level, and I believe this makes sense, for that is the basic unit of governance where decisions can be made and resources allocated in terms of local needs. While the Grama Niladharis should be a sounding board to find out and report what is needed, they cannot obviously decide on competing claims and needs. The institutionalization of coordination at DS Division has not however taken place as yet, and I found in many areas that the Women and Children’s Desks at Police Stations had no contact with the Child Protection or Social Service officers. Regular meetings for discussing and arranging work plans for the whole DS Division must be made mandatory, with minutes that should be submitted to the DS as well as to the NCPA and the supervisory officials at Police Headquarters. Regular meetings of personnel with responsibilities in each area do not take place as a matter of course. I was told that what are termed Civil Defence Committees meet, but these meetings are not structured and do not include many of those who could contribute. We should insist then on weekly meetings at GN Division level, in which representatives of the Women and Children’s Desks at police stations should be present, along with at least one representative of the Divisional Secretariat social service officials. I have been told that now the police have allocated one or two officers to each GN Division, and these should not only attend all meetings, but should be in regular contact with the Grama Niladhari as well as officials at the Divisional Secretariat who are responsible for protection issues. I should note that the Women and Children’s Desks, at least in the North, seem much more active than previously, but regular consultation is a must. And while the police, along with others, do conduct regular awareness programmes, the need to develop professional and readily available counseling must be seen as a priority. In other areas too coordination is weak. In Mahaoya I had a long disquisition about problems that could readily have been looked at by Agriculture Ministry officials – either central or provincial – but it turned out that they were not active in the area, even though I had been told that graduates had been appointed as consultants, who should have been able to provide readily the expertise needed. And there has been little consultation about training needs, as I found from the Women’s Rural Development Society in Musali, which asked for training in marketing. I would have thought it obvious, given the excellent harvests even despite drought that the infrastructure government put in place facilitated, that training in marketing and also value addition would have been desirable, but the compartmentalization which we live with seems to have precluded this. Similarly, though there is a burst of construction in the area, which will continue in the near future, there has been insufficient training at the higher levels of the industry, for plumbing and wiring and utility repair. Consultation of needs and aspirations would have helped with this, given the knowledge of local conditions evinced by RDS members and others with local influence such as school principals and religious leaders. But I should note that elected representatives should also be included in such meetings, and they should also be trained in formulating plans for the area they cover, with understanding of national trends as well as resources available. Incidentally, in the North I found that, while some members of Pradeshiya Sabhas were more interested in scoring political points than development, the leaders I met from the TNA seemed responsible and thoughtful, chosen for their social standing rather than political commitment. It is a pity that government did not, as soon as elections were concluded, provide initial training to them, with brainstorming about the areas in which local government could, and should, make a difference. The same, I need hardly add, goes for all elected representatives, and I found it sad that the introduction provided to newly elected Members of Parliament was perfunctory, concerned more with the perks and privileges they had, rather than their duties as legislators. Of course this may well have been because in fact they have no duties. Over the last few decades parliamentary practice has collapsed completely, with the perversion of the Committee systems that are the essence of Parliament. My colleagues in the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats used to ask me what Committees I was on, and I had to answer that allocations were made by the Whip’s Office on what seemed an entirely arbitrary basis, and that in any case it did not matter because the Committees rarely met. When they did meet, they were taken up largely by Members asking about particular problems or projects in the Districts they covered, and it was rarely that policy matters were taken up. The Speaker has tried to change this, but his efforts have not been successful, I suspect because almost everyone has lost sight of what a Parliament should be. The idea that we should discuss policy issues and suggest legislation to take things forward is unknown, in a context in which decisions are made outside Parliament. But this means there is no opportunity to fine tune measures that are desirable but that may be unpopular if not tactfully handled. And so we have the situation where some of the best ideas in the Government manifesto, pensions for all workers, alternative methods of delivering education, electoral reform, have sunk after some vocal opposition, whereas serious consultation would have avoided this. The virtual abolishment of the Committee stage of legislation is symptomatic of this. When people complain that Parliament is indisciplined and noisy, I note in mitigation that that is the case in most Parliaments (though I grant that we are sometimes particularly bad, which is why the Speaker has set up a Committee on discipline). Debates in Parliament sitting as Parliament are political in nature. But those who shout at each other meet quietly, in other Parliaments, to iron out problems about legislation. The legislative work of Parliament, once government has made known its policy decisions, is done largely in committee, where compromises can be reached, and drafting and other errors that everyone realizes should be changed are overcome. All this is very sad, because the 2010 election brought into Parliament a number of bright youngsters who would have benefited from training, to enable them to understand how a legislature should work, and how the representatives of the people should contribute to this. Now however they are left to their own devices so, as we saw in the recent petition sent to the President, they crave executive office. Since no efforts are made to provide them with a constructive role as Parliamentarians, they see nothing else to do, and so will doubtless soon have to be accommodated in office, thus adding to the confusion as to actual responsibilities that has developed apace over the last 35 years, with the proliferation of Ministries. Incidentally, while there are many complaints about an excess of Ministries, the obvious consequence of this, that functions that should be carried out together are divided up, is not sufficiently highlighted. The inefficiency that this has led to, given the general lack of coordination, contributes to failures of governance. And, sadly, what seemed the original conception of Senior Ministers, to introduce regular consultation, and coordination on the basis of consistent policy, has fallen by the wayside. Provincial Councils I suppose are better in this regard, since the limit on the number of Ministries means that the few Ministers there are can do their work without confusion, while the majority of members know that they cannot aspire to office. But that does not mean they concentrate therefore on their role as legislators, or regulators, since the 13th amendment does not enable them to work with confidence in areas in which decisions are much more practical at provincial level. This of course applies also to the Ministers, which is doubtless why we have not heard, since the days of Jayawickrama Perera and his innovative work in the Wayamba Province, of Provincial Ministries that have significantly contributed to the welbeing of the people in their charge. Because of the absurd manner in which concurrence is defined, and the number of areas allocated to the concurrent list, we have not seen the innovations that a dedicated provincial administration could introduce. I would argue therefore that we need to actually rethink the whole business of provincial administration if we are to fulfil the purpose for which it was introduced, namely to enable decisions to be made by those best acquainted with the problem to be solved. This means, I should add, that much more should be decided at an even lower level, which was what Pradeshiya Sabhas were intended to do. However it must be stressed that such decisions should be administrative, and policy decisions should be the preserve of the centre or the province. What the province should concentrate on is contained I believe in the areas I referred to above, where local consultation is essential. Within the large scale infrastructural development that central government provides, provinces should ensure maximum benefit to their populations, through better training and education, through encouraging commercial activity (including ensuring connectivity by enhancing transport facilities), through regulations that protect the environment. For this purpose, it makes no sense to have a large Provincial Council. It would be preferable to have instead a directly elected Governor who would be the Executive Head of the Province, with Secretaries chosen from amongst experts to supervise the Provincial administration. They would work in clearly defined areas, which would be limited, but within which they would make decisions. The ambiguities inherent in the concurrent list, and the exceptions created by concepts such as National Schools, would be abolished. Legislation and regulations that are required would be passed by a body made up of the chairs of the Pradeshiya Sabhas. This would both reduce expense and facilitate legislation on the basis of accountability as well as clearcut responsibilities. Monitoring performance would be in terms of the wards and areas they represent, but regular meetings would develop understanding of the general needs of the Province. I should note, not simply in passing, that a similar system of separating the executive from the legislature would make sense for central government too. With parliamentarians now seeing no distinction, and therefore hankering after what seem the more important executive positions, with concomitant neglect of legislative responsibility, it is much more difficult to make objective decisions. It is also much more difficult to exercise the oversight functions for which Parliament must take responsibility. The difference that has been made in recent years by an active Committee on Public Enterprises, because of a Chairman who understands the real responsibilities of the legislature, has been remarkable, but I fear that little will come ultimately of the COPE recommendations because Parliament is simply unwilling to exercise the powers it has in this regard. The suggestion that AR and FR be amended to promote results based management has been ignored, and we are muddling along as before, with the Auditor General’s Department, excellent so far as its traditional interpretation of its duties goes, bogged down in red tape without devoting its expertise to helping us identify and correct abuses. Many blame the current failure or governance on the Executive Presidential system, without acknowledging that it was a top heavy executive even when we had the Parliamentary system that began the rot. While it is possible that returning to a Parliamentary system may help, I think it unlikely given that Parliament will, on the Westminster model, still be obsessed with executive functions, and its leading lights will concentrate on achieving and holding on to executive office. We should rather think seriously therefore of what obtains elsewhere in Executive Presidential systems, whereby those holding executive office are outside Parliament, but can be held strictly accountable, by legislators who are not more concerned with their own executive functions. At present the executive is accountable to a body that shares its executive functions. Of course things would be better if we had a strict cap on ministerial portfolios, but that is less likely a reform than full separation – sadly the JVP ruined its one opportunity of radical reform when, in 2001, they simply recommended a ceiling on cabinet numbers, and insisted only on the 17th amendment, another example of confusing Westminster and the Presidential system. I should note, incidentally, that the 18th amendment does to some extent fulfil the essential function of limiting executive discretion as to high level appointments, but sadly the opposition does not take it seriously. One of our best Parliamentarians declined accepting appointment to the monitoring body, and those on it do not discuss suitability publicly, which is how proper checks are maintained. It is true that giving such a body a veto power would be better than simply advisory responsibilities, but it is the secrecy that now surrounds the process that prevents the public awareness as to the rationale for high level appointments that is the best check on a powerful executive. I am aware that many of the suggestions made above are radical, and introduce political theories that have been ignored in this country. But I see no other way than such measures to resolve the problems we have brought upon ourselves by creating layer upon layer of government, at great cost, with those who exercise power rarely understanding the scope or purpose of their responsibilities. In rationalizing the system however, it will be necessary to engage in careful consultation with all stakeholders, and define very clear lines of both communication and accountability. The basis should be the principle of subsidiarity, whereby decisions are made by the smallest possible unit that is affected by such decisions, though taking into account the interests and even requirements of other connected units. Politicians will therefore need to understand that power should belong to the people, and disputes about the power that will accrue to the different tiers of government are meaningless in a context of proper responsibility and accountability.

2019-04-21T04:13:59Z

https://rajivawijesinha.wordpress.com/2012/09/08/emerging-challenges-of-governance-in-south-asia/

The Sforno explains that when Pinchas avenged G-d’s Honor to bring about this Kiddush Hashem, the Jewish people remained silent and allowed this Kiddush Hashem to take place, thus not interfering. This silence was an atonement for their initial non-intervention when they stood silent and allowed the name of Hashem to be desecrated. Prior to taking action, Pinchas consulted with Moshe saying, “You had taught us that one who cohabits a non-Jew in a public setting, if one is zealous he is permitted to kill those who are involved in the desecrating G-d’s name.” The Midrash tells us that prior to Pinchas’ statement Moshe had forgotten this law that was transmitted to him at Sinai. Moshe responded to Pinchas by saying, “The one who reads the proclamation should be the agent to carry out the order!” As a result of Pinchas’ selfless act, he merited that the entire Jewish people should be saved from plague. The question is why was Pinchas worthy to have such an opportunity presented to him to reap such unlimited reward? The Gemara in Tractate Sanhedrin tells us that during the time of the evil king Achov, he ordered that all of the prophets be killed. Ovadia, who was a courtier in the court of Achov, secretly concealed the existence of one hundred prophets by placing one group of fifty in one cave and another group of fifty in another cave. For a year’s time, Ovadia provided for these prophets. Because of Ovadia’s initiative, prophecy continued to the beginning of the Second Temple period. The Gemara tells us that Ovadia is esteemed to a greater degree than Avraham Aveinu. The Torah states that Avraham, “Feared G-d” but regarding Ovadia the verse in Prophets states that he “Feared G-d very much.” Ovadia understood that if he acted at that moment then prophecy would continue and if not it would have come to an end. The question is- How does one merit to have the opportunity and clarity to do as Ovadia had done in the face of great danger? Pinchas and Ovadia both merited an opportunity of Kiddush Hashem, Sanctification of G-d’s Name. The Gemara in Tractate Makkos states a principle in life, “Whatever path that one chooses to walk in life he will be lead along that path (by Hashem).” For example, if a person chooses (G-d Forbid) to lead a life of crime, Hashem will present situations that he can act upon that choice. If a person chooses to lead a life of righteousness then Hashem will give opportunities to act upon that choice. Zealotry is only an expression of one’s internalization of spirituality to such a degree that he is willing to sacrifice his life for Kiddush Hashem. Since Pinchas and Ovadia lived their lives in pursuit of Kiddush Hashem to the highest degree, they merited the opportunities where they were able actualize that yearning through Kiddush Hashem – by saving the entire Jewish people or guaranteeing the perpetuation of prophecy. When a person’s life is devoted completely to Torah the classification of such a person is “Tohroso umnaso (His profession is Torah)” (as per the Talmud). This is a person who invests every waking moment to Torah study. Since this type of person only yearns for spiritual growth, Hashem will provide for him every opportunity to bring this to fruition. Pinchas and Ovadia were people who lived their lives only to sanctify Hashem’s name; therefore, the opportunities in each of their contexts presented themselves. The Torah tells us that as a result of the zealous act of Pinchas, Hashem did not destroy the Jewish people because, “B’kino es kinosee when he (Pinchas) zealously avenged My Vengeance…” Rashi explains that since Pinchas was angered to the same degree that Hashem should have been angered, the Klal Yisroel was not destroyed. Because Pinchas experienced Hashem’s pain as a result of the Chilul Hashem that was perpetrated by Zimri, Hashem did not need to express His Wrath. If Pinchas had not responded to the Chilul Hashem, then the Jewish people would have been destroyed (G-d Forbid). We see from the incident of Pinchas, that if there is a public Chilul Hashem and no one is pained sufficiently to respond, then Hashem will respond to the desecration of His name. When Hashem intervenes to awaken us He brings about compelling situations, which force us to address the cause of our problem. If a person regards these difficulties as mere happenstance, then Hashem will force the person to recognize the problem by increasing the severity of these misfortunes. However, if we preemptively recognize our shortcomings, and are pained by them to the point of repenting, then Hashem will not need to intervene. The Gemara in Tractate Avodah Zarah tells us that Yitzchok, our Patriarch, enacted the afternoon prayer service (Mincha). The Gemara explains that the verse, “Yitzchak went out into the field l’suach (to speak)” which means to he prayed. The Ritva (an earlier Talmudic Commentator) explains that it is known that tzaddikim (devoutly righteous) pray on behalf of their generation and not themselves. They pray for the forgiveness and enlightenment of their generation. The tzaddik prays that his generation should recognize their spiritual shortcomings and thus take the proper initiative to correct them. Why does the Torah sage pray for his generation while the average person prays only for himself or those with whom he is associated? The answer is – the average person is consumed with his own needs and concerns and therefore is only sensitive to what he does or does not have. However, if one would feel the pain of others, he definitely would pray for them. The tzaddik and Torah sage, who live their lives for the sake of G-d and the Jewish people, are focused on the needs of the Jewish people and therefore pray on behalf of their well being. If we look beyond ourselves we will recognize the spiritual failings of the community and Klal Yisroel and thus address them. If we do this then Hashem will not need to react because the problems are already being attended to. Just as Hashem refrained from punishing the Jewish people because of Pinchas’ intervention, so too will Hashem refrain from punishing the Jewish people because of our own intervention whether it is through tefilla (Prayer), increased Torah study, or teshuvah (repentance). We pray every day that Hashem should give us understanding to comprehend His Will and to serve Him. If during prayer we were truly in touch with what we say and are able to internalize these realities, we could easily recognize and address our own spiritual shortcomings and the shortcomings of our community. There would be no need for Hashem to intervene with a “wake up call” (G-d Forbid). There would be no reason any longer to pray for what we do not have (such as livelihood, health, success, etc.) because if we address and correct our shortcomings then all of our other needs will be provided. After Baal Peor, which caused 24,000 Jews to perish by plague the Torah states, “You should harass the Midianites.” The Ohr HaChaim HaKadosh asks if the Jewish people were first commanded to destroy the Midianite people in the Portion of Mattos (a later portion) as it states, “Harass the Midianites and destroy them”, what is the purpose of Hashem commanding Moshe at this point tell the Jewish people, “You should harass the Midianites”? The Ohr HaChaim HaKadosh answers that the Jews, who remained alive after the plague, needed to be atoned for the lust that they had in their hearts after witnessing the Baal Peor. The Jews who were exposed to the Baal Peor and the seductive behavior of the non-Jewish women were affected to a great degree. Although the event had passed they still had the lust in their hearts. A person is not able to do teshuvah and be fully forgiven unless he is fully purged from that desire. Therefore Hashem commanded the Jewish people, “You should Harass the Midianite and see them in the most detestable light.” The Jew should despise them for what they represent. As a result of this mindset, there will no longer be any trace of that previous experience and thus allow the Jew to be fully atoned through teshuvah. As Dovid HaMelech (King David) states, “I shall hate those who hate You (Hashem).” Meaning, if we do not despise those who are contrary to G-d then we are susceptible to the influences of those people. There is no “middle of the road” or neutral position regarding not being influenced by something which is not in accordance with the Will of Hashem. The Gemara in Tractate Avodah Zarah states that there is a Negative Commandment “Lo seichaneim” which it explains to mean “Do not speak graciously about a non-Jew (for the sake of admiration)”. The Rambam explains that the reason why one is not permitted to esteem a non-Jew for the sake of admiration is because a human being is made up of many facets, which range from his abilities, values and beliefs. Although he may be the “best doctor” or the most “brilliant lawyer” he also possesses an ethical, moral and belief system. Therefore if one esteems the non-Jew for the sake of admiration, he becomes susceptible to the subtle influences of that person. The only way we can prevent ourselves from being negatively influenced and affected by things that are contrary to Hashem’s Will is to consciously have a disdain for anything that is contrary to the Will of Hashem. At the end of the Book of Devorim, Moshe refers to the idols of the nations as “their dung and their putrid rodents.” Rashi in his commentary cites the Midrash which explains that the idolatry is as detestable and despicable as “dung and putrid rodents”. The Torah nevertheless follows by saying, “if you were affected by this idolatrous exposure.” The question is if idolatry is perceived as “dung and putrid rodents” how could one be affected by it? The answer is – if one did not in truth experience the revolution for idolatry as if it were “dung and putrid rodents” then there is a possibility that one can be affected by it. The wrong is something that needs to be seen in the most extreme negative light not simply because Hashem said that we should not engage in it, but rather since Hashem commanded us not to engage in it that it is intrinsically detestable. It is only if our internalization is at this level that we can have relevance to holiness. 4. The Importance of Appreciating who You are. The Torah tells us that after the plague Hashem told Moshe that he and Elazer (the son of Aaron) should conduct a census of the Jews. When enumerating the paternal family names of the Jewish people, the Torah adds to each name the letters “hay” and “yud”. Rashi cites the Midrash, which explains that the nations of the world came to disgrace the Jewish people by claiming, “why are the Jews tracing their pedigree to prove their purity? One would think that when the Jews were slaves in Egypt the men’s lives were dominated by the Egyptians – is there a question that the Jewish women’s bodies were not in the possession of the Egyptians?” Meaning, that the Jewish women were surely defiled by the Egyptian men. Therefore the nations of the world claimed that the Jews’ priding themselves in their pedigree was absurd. In order to counter this false claim, Hashem added His holy Name of “yud” and “hay” to the names of each of the families to personally attest to the purity of the Jewish people. Rashi continues by quoting the words of Dovid HaMelech (King David) who states in Tehilim (Psalms), “Shivtay K’AH aidus l’yisroel (the tribes of G-d, who attests to Israel.)” Meaning that the Hashem personally attests that the Jewish people the tribes of Israel. The question to ask is – why should we be concerned about what the nations of the world claim regarding about our pedigree? Another question to ask is- how do we know ourselves that we are descendents of the Patriarchs and Matriarchs? Many difficulties stem from the fact that a person does not know how special he truly is. If we would understand and appreciate our own specialness then would treat our prayers differently. We would understand, because of who we are, that Hashem is attentive to our prayers. For example, when the Jews approached the territory of Edom in the fortieth year in the desert, Moshe sent a message to Edom sating that when the Jews were in Egypt they cried out to Hashem and He heard their plea. Rashi cites the Midrash which explains that Moshe was communicating to the Edomites that the reason why Hashem listened to the outcry of the Jewish people was because of the blessing of our Patriarch Yitzchak which he gave to his son Yaakov. The blessing that was given to Yaakov was-, “The voice is the voice of Yaakov.” Meaning the power of the Jew lies in his mouth – which is through prayer. Therefore when we pray we must believe that Hashem will listen because of the blessing of Yitzchak. If we would truly internalize and believed in the power of our prayers we would all pray differently. Hashem associated His name with the names of the families of the Jewish people so that the Jew should understand and appreciate that he possesses great spiritual potential that we inherited from our holy Patriarchs. The only reason why the entire world is continuously focused on the Jew, despite our inconsequential number, is because we descend from Avraham, Yitzchak, and Yaakov. If we were to channel the energy that emanates from our spirituality in a proper manner we would affect the world in a profoundly positive way and ultimately bring about redemption. The Torah states, “The sons of Korach did not die.” Rashi cites the Chazal which explains that the reason they did not perish along with Korach and his community was because, “They had contemplations of atonement (teshuvah) in their heart.” The Yalkut (Midrash) in the Portion of Korach asks, “Why did the sons of Korach merit to be saved?” The Midrash answers – when Moshe entered into Korach’s tent, Korach’s sons were sitting along side their father. When Korach’s sons saw Moshe Rabbeinu enter the tent of their father, they were in a quandary. Should they stand for Moshe to acknowledge his presence and disgrace their father or should they remain seated and violate the law of acknowledging a Torah sage? They decided to stand for Moshe despite their father’s disgrace. The Midrash states,” Because they stood for Moshe they immediately had stirrings of teshuvah in their hearts.” We learn from this that for one to have the ability to do teshuvah, understanding the wrong in one’s behavior, only comes about if one has special merit. The sons of Korach were only able to have that level of clarity and inner strength only in the merit of their acknowledgment of Moshe’s presence. The Chofetz Chaim z’tl in the Mishnah Berurah (the Laws of Tesha B’Av) explains that the reason why the four fasts of the year were enacted (17th of Tammuz, the 9th of Av, Fast of Gedalya, and the 10th of Teves), was to commemorate the tragedies, which came upon the Jewish people on those days. The reason we put ourselves in a deprived state is to introspect and arouse ourselves to do teshuvah. By remembering the days of tragedy in this manner, we become sensitized to be able to recognize the wrongs of our ancestors and ourselves. The Chofetz Chaim continues to explain, “The most important aspect of these fast days is not the fast itself, but rather the introspection which leads to teshuvah.” He cites a verse from the book of Yonah, which says that when the community of Ninvey fasted and did teshvah, “Hashem saw their ways.” Meaning, Hashem did not see (it was not primary) their sackcloth and fasting but rather their change in behavior as a result of doing teshuvah. Fasting is only the context in which introspection and teshuvah take place. If one is occupied with activities other than introspection and self-analysis, he is taking hold of what is secondary (regarding the fasting) and is missing what is primary. We see from Chazal that one does not come to teshuvah easily. One needs special merit. The Rambam writes in the Laws of teshuvah that in order for one to do proper teshuvah one needs to have deep remorse for doing the wrong and a commitment to never repeat that wrong ever again. If so -how does one merit to be able to do a proper teshuvah? Pirkei Avos (Ethics of our Fathers 2:2) teaches us that if a person is engaged with the needs of the community he should be involved for the sake of Hashem. Because if one does this for the sake of Hashem, not only will his own merit contribute to the success of his endeavor but the merit of the entire community will contribute to his success. Chazal established communal fast days, during which we all Jews must fast together to commemorate the tragedy of that particular day. We fast as a Jewish people, we do Veedoiy (confession) as a Jewish people. It may be that these days of communal praying and fasting, for the sake of the Klal Yisroel, that give each of us the merit of the entire community to do teshuvah. If one wants to do teshuvah as an individual it is very difficult; however, if one has the merit of the community then it becomes much more attainable. The Torah tells us that the Jews complained to Moshe about the Mann (Manna) saying, “…our soul is disgusted with this insubstantial food.” In response to their complaints, Hashem sent venomous serpents to bite them and there were many casualties. The Gemara in Tractate Avodah Zarah tells us that when the Jews complained about the Mann, Hashem said, “You are ingrates who descend from an ingrate.” The Gemara explains that this is referring to the fact that the Jews are decedents of Adam, who transgressed Hashem’s Will and ate from the tree of knowledge. When Hashem confronted Adam and asked him, “Why did you eat from the tree of knowledge?” Adam responded by saying,” I ate because of the wife you have given me.” Implying that Hashem is the cause of his failing. The reason why Hashem provided Adam with a wife was so that she should be his helpmate to assist him in achieving purpose. In his response to Hashem, Adam turned an act of kindness, which Hashem had done for him, and portrayed it as a curse. Because of this, Hashem called Adam an “ingrate”. The same is true regarding the Jews in the desert who complained about the Mann. The way one normally understands an “ingrate” is a person who had great benefit from a benefactor and when that benefactor asks for some degree of reciprocation, he behaves as if he was never a beneficiary. We may say that this is because the one who benefited has a “short memory” and he does not want to recall all the good that was done for him. However, in the case of Adam and the Jews in the desert (regarding the Mann) the level of “ingrate” is much more serious. Hashem performed a great act of kindness to the Jewish people by providing them the Mann. The failing of the Jews (regarding the Mann) was not that they did not appreciate the value and the blessing, but rather, they characterized it as a detriment and something of a destructive nature. This situation is the equivalent of a patient who is in need of a life-saving blood transfusion and accuses the doctor when piercing his skin with the transfusion needle that he is there to kill him. Adam and the Jewish people in the desert both were the recipients of the greatest gifts of Hashem and they nevertheless both perceived the blessing as a curse. This is a more serious offense of a normal “ingrate” who forgets the past, because this is turning the blessing into a curse – good into evil. Hashem has given us invaluable gifts in the form of Mitzvos. Hashem knows our every need from a physical and spiritual perspective. He has provided us with parameters that are in our best interest. Nevertheless people view Mitzvos as a burden that infringes on their lives. Shabbos, which is “a semblance of the World to Come”, is perceived as an inconvenience. A Jew is a Prince who requires special and delicate treatment in every respect to ensure his proper spiritual development. Hashem provides the Jew with every aspect of their needs, yet people behave as if they were ordinary and not Princes. The Mishna in Tractate Berachos states, “Just as person blesses Hashem for the good, he must bless Hashem for the bad.” Meaning that when a person experiences good fortune he must say the blessing of “Shehechiyano” and if he experiences misfortune or tragedy he must say the blessing of “Dayan HaEmes” (Hashem is the true Judge).” Why did Chazal legislate the blessing of “Dayan HaEmes”? The answer is- if G-d forbid, a person experiences misfortune and does not identify and recognize that this misfortune is truly in is best interest, then his reaction and response would be classified as one being an “ingrate”. One would be saying that Hashem’s blessing is in fact a curse. It is analogous to a person who has a gangrenous limb that must be removed to save the person’s life. In fact the removal of the limb is the greatest kindness that one could do for this individual. It is a life -giving procedure. However, if the patient would see the removal as causing him tremendous pain and loss then this is the statement of a true “ingrate”. He is calling the ultimate blessing the ultimate curse. Therefore, this promulgation of the blessing “Dayan HaEmes” was of the utmost importance to us as a Jewish people- so that we should not be classified as “ingrates”.

2019-04-22T08:44:42Z

https://torah.org/torah-portion/beyond-pshat-5762-pinchas/

Post-structuralism is associated with the works of a series of mid-20th-century French, continental philosophers and critical theorists who came to be known internationally in the 1960s and 1970s. The term is defined by its relationship to the system before it—Structuralism, an intellectual movement developed in Europe from the early to mid-20th century which argues that human culture may be understood by means of a structure—modeled on language (i.e., structural linguistics)—that differs from concrete reality and from abstract ideas—a “third order” that mediates between the two. Post-structuralist authors all present different critiques of structuralism, but common themes include the rejection of the self-sufficiency of Structuralism and an interrogation of the binary oppositions that constitute those structures. Writers whose work are often characterised as post-structuralist include: Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Judith Butler, Jean Baudrillard and Julia Kristeva, although many theorists who have been called “post-structuralist” have rejected the label. Existential phenomenology is a significant influence; Colin Davis has argued that Post-structuralists might just as accurately be called “post-phenomenologists”. Post-structuralist philosophers like Derrida and Foucault did not form a self-conscious group, but each responded to the traditions of phenomenology and Structuralism. The idea that knowledge could be centred on the beholder is rejected by Structuralism, which claims to be a more secure foundation for knowledge. In phenomenology, this foundation is experiential in itself. In Structuralism, knowledge is founded on the “structures” that make experience possible: concepts, and language or signs. By contrast, Post-structuralism argues that founding knowledge either on pure experience (phenomenology) or systematic structures (Structuralism) is impossible. This impossibility was not meant as a failure or loss, but rather as a cause for “celebration and liberation”. Structuralism was an intellectual movement in France in the 1950s and 1960s that studied the underlying structures in cultural products (such as texts) and used analytical concepts from linguistics, psychology, anthropology, and other fields to interpret those structures. It emphasized the logical and scientific nature of its results. Post-structuralism offers a way of studying how knowledge is produced and critiques Structuralist premises. It argues that because history and culture condition the study of underlying structures, both are subject to biases and misinterpretations. A Post-structuralist approach argues that to understand an object (e.g., a text), it is necessary to study both the object itself and the systems of knowledge that produced the object. Post-structuralists generally assert that Post-structuralism is the historical context surrounding the arts, while Structuralism is considered descriptive of the present. This terminology is derived from Ferdinand de Saussure’s distinction between the views of historical (diachronic) and descriptive (synchronic) reading. From this basic distinction, Post-structuralist studies often emphasize history to analyze descriptive concepts. By studying how cultural concepts have changed over time, Post-structuralists seek to understand how the same concepts are understood by readers in the present. For example, Michel Foucault’s Madness and Civilization is both an observation of history and an inspection of cultural attitudes about madness. The theme of history in modern Continental thought can be linked to such influences as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morals and Martin Heidegger’s Being and Time. The uncertain distance between Structuralism and Post-structuralism is further blurred by the fact that scholars rarely label themselves as Post-structuralists. Some scholars associated with Structuralism, such as Roland Barthes and Foucault, also became noteworthy in Post-structuralism. “The deconstructionists (“deconstructionist” and “poststructuralist” mean the same thing, by the way: “poststructuralist” is what you call a deconstructionist who doesn’t want to be called a deconstructionist)… see the debate over the ownership of meaning as a skirmish in a larger war in Western philosophy over the idea that presence and unity are ontologically prior to expression. There’s been this longstanding deluded presumption, they think, that if there is an utterance then there must exist a unified, efficacious presence that causes and owns that utterance. The poststructuralists attack what they see as a post-Platonic prejudice in favor of presence over absence and speech over writing. We tend to trust speech over writing because of the immediacy of the speaker: he’s right there, and we can grab him by the lapels and look into his face and figure out just exactly what one single thing he means. But the reason why poststructuralists are in the literary theory business at all is that they see writing, not speech, as more faithful to the metaphysics of true expression. For Barthes, Derrida, and Foucault, writing is a better animal than speech because it is iterable; it is iterable because it is abstract; and it is abstract because it is a function not of presence but of absence: the reader’s absent when the writer’s writing, and the writer’s absent when the reader’s reading. Post-structuralism emerged in France during the 1960s as a movement critiquing Structuralism. According to J.G. Merquior a love–hate relationship with Structuralism developed among many leading French thinkers in the 1960s. The period was marked by the rebellion of students and workers against the state in May 1968. Barthes in his work, Elements of Semiology (1967), advanced the concept of the “metalanguage”. A metalanguage is a systematized way of talking about concepts like meaning and grammar beyond the constraints of a traditional (first-order) language; in a metalanguage, symbols replace words and phrases. Insofar as one metalanguage is required for one explanation of first-order language, another may be required, so metalanguages may actually replace first-order languages. Barthes exposes how this structuralist system is regressive; orders of language rely upon a metalanguage by which it is explained, and therefore deconstruction itself is in danger of becoming a metalanguage, thus exposing all languages and discourse to scrutiny. Barthes’ other works contributed deconstructive theories about texts. The occasional designation of Post-structuralism as a movement can be tied to the fact that mounting criticism of Structuralism became evident at approximately the same time that Structuralism became a topic of interest in universities in the United States. This interest led to a colloquium at Johns Hopkins University in 1966 titled “The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man”, to which such French philosophers as Derrida, Barthes, and Lacan were invited to speak. Derrida’s lecture at that conference, “Structure, Sign, and Play in the Human Sciences,” was one of the earliest to propose some theoretical limitations to Structuralism, and to attempt to theorize on terms that were clearly no longer Structuralist. The element of “play” in the title of Derrida’s essay is often erroneously interpreted in a linguistic sense, based on a general tendency towards puns and humour, while social constructionism as developed in the later work of Michel Foucault is said to create play in the sense of strategic agency by laying bare the levers of historical change. Many see the importance of Foucault’s work to be in its synthesis of this social/historical account of the operation of power (see governmentality). acques Derrida is a particularly influential author. He calls his method (he himself prefers the term “practice”) deconstruction. His early main work Grammatology tries to show that it is a baseless assumption to be able to grasp the singular meaning intuition of the other person in direct conversation. In fact, these remain as withdrawn as in the “dead letter” written form. The subject of the study are primarily classical theories of language. His equally early and fundamental work The Voice and Phenomenon seeks to show that individual (singular intuition) and general (meaning intention) are necessarily immediate. The reason for this is, inter alia, the time-shifted nature of the formulation and evaluation act. Such differences are also intended to explain why a linguistic discrimination principle can not exist before the subject acquaintances and can serve for theoretical follow-up speculations (as in idealistic system experiments). The early Derrida tries to show this in Descartes ‘s Cogito scene, for example. His early essays also deal with Sigmund Freud, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Ferdinand de Saussure and Emmanuel Levinas. The latter has partly made known to Derrida’s criticism (especially in his text Violence and Metaphysics ). Derrida’s later work is dedicated to almost all areas of philosophy. After a more experimental phase, his late writings put more emphasis on practical and political issues. Derrida’s interlocutors included Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Michel Foucault, Luce Irigaray, Julia Kristeva, Jacques Lacan, Ernesto Laclau and Jean-François Lyotard. The French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, who played a central role in the development of psychoanalysis in France, devoted himself to revisiting the writings of Sigmund Freud in the light of the structuralist method, but also incorporated influences from fundamental ontology and the late work of mathematical topology, whose graph models he used for the representation of unconscious processes. Lacan emphasizes, also against the background of Freud’s theory of dysfunction and wit, that the unconscious is structured “like a language “. The work of the subconscious follows linguistic laws such as metaphor and metonymy, replacement and displacement. He calls the corresponding elements of psychic events signifiers, but besides the language-like structured field of the symbolic, the imaginary and the real also playa central role in the psychic apparatus. The actual structuring performance, and also the psychoanalytic cure, takes place in the field of speech. Lacan also situates phenomena of social norm, of law, of authority and of ideology in the field of linguistic or symbolic, and in this context coined the term ” great other ” (see also name of father ) as a symbolic figure of Authority in contrast to the “little other” or ” object small a “, which plays a decisive role in the context of the drive. Lacan’s conception of the symbolic was particularly fruitful for Marxist approaches by Louis Althusser in the context of the analysis of ideology and ideological “invocation”. His remarks on the view as an instinctual object as well as the important role of the phantasmatic for the psychic, but also social events are of central importance for newer theories in the field of cultural and pictorial science. The most important representative of Lacan’s thinking today is the Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek. The partly in the wake of the structuralists, v. a. but discourse analysis developed by Michel Foucault is fundamental to poststructuralist instruments. Following Foucault, the discourse analysis in the 1990s was further developed into a relatively regulated method. It was initially developed in the methodological main work Foucault, Archeology of Knowledge. This follows his concrete studies on the birth of a ” human scientific ” order of knowledge in The Order of Things and the mechanisms of exclusion and the simultaneous definition of the sick and insane – an act of exclusion, which at the same time only the self-assurance of a society about their own identity, health and reasonableness stabilized. The implicitly already used method became, partly in response to critics, then by Foucault as a discourse analysisexplicated. It involves the analysis of the structure and conditions of the establishment of orders of knowledge, each of which is accompanied by its own conventions on the admissibility and value of knowledge elements, with certain “rules of discourse “. Their epoch-specific total thinking is taken in the term of the ” episteme “. Factors of the context such as rules and norms are understood as fundamental to the fact that meaning is communicable, that is, that communicates can be generated. In particular, pre-discursive framework conditions are taken into consideration, such as the organization of powerRelationships about strategies of establishing stance and tactics of positioning in power relations, a level that Foucault describes as ” micropolitics “. In the second half of the 1970s, this method was u. a. introduced to the cultural, historical and literary sciences. In doing so, she sets herself apart from a subject- and author-centered concept of cognition of classical hermeneutic approaches. In the center is not an author subject and its intention. The use of an author instance is only for the purpose of marking medium-sized discursive units. The establishment of a subject itself is a discourse bound to historical and cultural changes. In particular, the author term meshes with the concept of property. In the place of the author Foucault enters the fabric of a knowledge order that provides him with his means of expression in the first place. The relevant concept of discourse integrates precisely the aforementioned pre-discursive constitutional conditions of cultural knowledge, especially systems of control and regulation. “Discourse” is an entire field of cultural knowledge, which, as it is in the form of statements and texts as tips of an iceberg manifested. Thinking and perception are, according to Foucault’s assumption, already shaped by the rules of discourse. Truth and reality are constituted by cultural meansUtterances and practices of truth-setting and a struggle to “make audible” of “voices” (opinions). Basically, knowledge is accessible only in documents, but these are to be analyzed in the context of an entire discourse formation (episteme). The self-understanding and the regulatory mechanisms of a society are therefore at least indirectly tangible. Even society is formed over texts and cultural artefacts. The methodical inclusion of the author instance can be explained as a special case of Foucault’s subject criticism. According to Foucault, a subject basically designs in the field of available self-positioning discursive strategies, in which it can make various use of creative tactical features of self-positioning. Foucault’s approach to this mobility is narrowed down by a classical, substantialist subject concept. Foucault’s late works focus particularly on the theme of self-design, which he calls “self-care” based on stoic theories. Poststructuralism has been criticized from all sides, both as a whole and in individual representatives. Well known are, for example, the objections of Jürgen Habermas and Manfred Frank and an experiment undertaken by Alan Sokal. In a journal devoted to poststructuralist theories, he published a text based on the style of some poststructuralists was, but contained only nonsense, which according to Sokal the lack of intellectual integrity of the entire movement prove. See also the criticism sections in the main articles Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Jacques Lacan and Jean Baudrillard. Structuralism tried to find a level of self-sufficient and generalizable metalanguage capable of describing the configurations of anthropological, social literary, linguistic, historical or psychoanalytic variable elements to analyze their relationships without getting bogged down by the identity of these elements in themselves. On the other hand, poststructuralism shares a general concern to identify and question the hierarchies implicit in the identification of binary oppositions that characterize not only structuralism but Western metaphysics in general. If there is a point in common between poststructuralist criticism, it is the revaluation of the structuralist interpretation of Ferdinand de Saussureabout the distinction between the study of language through time versus the study of language at a given moment (diachronic vs. synchronic). The structuralists affirm that the structural analysis is generally synchronic (at a certain moment) and therefore suppresses the diachronic or historical analysis. It is also said that poststructuralism is concerned to reaffirm the importance of history and to develop at the same time a new theoretical understanding of the subject. Hence it is also stated that the emphasis of poststructuralism consists in a reinterpretation of Sigmund Freud, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger. For example, Nietzsche’s genealogy serves as a theoretical reference point in Michel Foucault’s historical work of the 1970s, including his critiques of structuralism. It is grandiloquently said that this reductionism is violent, and that poststructuralism identifies it with Western civilization and objectionable excesses of colonialism, racism, misogyny, androcentrism, homophobia and the like. The element of “play” in the title of Derrida’s essay is often misunderstood as a linguistic game, based on a tendency to play on words and humor, while social constructionism, as it was developed in the later work of Michel Foucault, is considered as the creation of a kind of strategic organ when exposing the levers of historical change. The importance of Foucault’s work is for many its synthesis of this historical social account of the mechanisms of power. It is also commonly said that poststructuralists are more or less consciously postmodern, but not a few of them have shown concern for these terms or even have defined themselves as modernists.

2019-04-18T22:42:44Z

https://www.hisour.com/post-structuralism-34514/

一种通过使用半导体基片(1)制造半导体器件的方法,硼离子(4)被从沟槽(3)植入半导体基片,沟槽由多个侧面及在侧面间延伸的底面来限定,硼离子通过所有侧面及底面来植入。 A method (1) for manufacturing a semiconductor device by using the semiconductor substrate, boron ions (4) are implanted in the semiconductor substrate from the trench (3), the groove is defined by a plurality of side surfaces extending between the bottom surface and side surfaces, implanting boron ions through all sides and the bottom. 最好用隔离材料填充沟槽从而产生在P阱(7)及n阱(8)上延伸的沟槽隔离。 Filling the trench with isolating material is preferably produced thereby extending the trench (8) P-well (7) and an n-well isolation. 本发明涉及一种提供有沟槽隔离的半导体器件的制造方法，且尤其是涉及这样一种半导体器件的生产方法，其能降低反窄沟道效应，在该效应中金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)中的晶体管的沟道宽度减小时阈值电压会降低。 The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device provided with a trench isolation, and in particular relates to a method for producing a semiconductor device, which can reduce the reverse narrow channel effect, the effect of a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor threshold voltage decreases when the channel width (MOSFET) of the transistor is reduced. 参考图1A，将对传统的生产半导体器件的方法进行描述，首先在单晶硅基片101上形成沟槽103，然后通过化学气相沉积(CVD)方法对沟槽103的整个内表面进行氧化，并如图1A所示来堆积氧化硅105。 1A, the conventional method will be described for producing a semiconductor device, trench 103 is first formed on a monocrystalline silicon substrate 101, and then oxidized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method on the entire inner surface of the trench 103, and as deposited silicon oxide 105 1A to FIG. 然后，如图1B所示，通过化学机械抛光(CMP)方法来对表面上的氧化硅105进行抛光及磨平，从而沟槽103充满氧化硅105，此后氧化硅105的表面及单晶硅基片101的主表面被覆盖上栅绝缘膜111，该栅绝缘膜111形成在氧化硅105与栅电极110之间。 Then, as shown in FIG 1B is performed by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method on the silicon oxide polishing and polished surface 105, 103 so that the trench 105 filled with silicon oxide, after which the silicon oxide surface and a single crystal silicon substrate 105 the main surface of the sheet 101 is covered with the gate insulating film 111, the gate insulating film 111 is formed between the silicon oxide 105 and the gate electrode 110. 在此情况下，当如图1B中所示，填充沟槽103底部的氧化硅105低于单晶硅基片101的主表面时，就会产生一个问题，即正如图1C中的特性曲线所示的，如果MOSFET的沟道宽度减小0.2um到10um，则MOSFET的阈值电压下降大约0.15V。 In this case, as shown in FIG. 1B, a silicon oxide filled trench bottom main surface of the silicon single crystal is less than 103,105 of the substrate 101, the question arises, i.e., as the characteristic curve in FIG. 1C shown, if the channel width of the MOSFET is reduced 0.2um to 10um, the MOSFET threshold voltage drop of about 0.15V. 这是因为，正如在1981年的IEDM(国际电子装置会议)的技术文摘(PP.380-383)中所描述的，来自栅电极110的单晶硅基片101的在向内方向上的电场V和在与表面平行方向上的电场H集中在沟槽肩112附近，由此沟槽肩112的阈值电压下降。 This is because, as in the 1981 IEDM (International Conference of the electronic device) Technical Digest (PP.380-383) as described, a single crystal silicon substrate from the gate electrode 110 of the field 101 in the inward direction V H and the electric field in a direction parallel to the surface of the shoulder 112 is concentrated near the groove, whereby the threshold voltage of the trench shoulder 112 decreases. 也即，当MOSFET的沟道宽度减小时，阈值电压下降部分与整个的沟道的比值上升，则整个MOSFET的阈值电压也会下降。 That is, when the channel width of the MOSFET decreases, the threshold voltage drop across the channel section ratio is increased, the threshold voltage of the entire MOSFET also decreased. 为解决上述问题，存在这样一种方法，即通过从沟槽侧面来植入杂质离子来升高半导体器件的边缘部分的阈值电压。 To solve the above problems, there is a method, i.e., to raise the threshold voltage of an edge portion of the semiconductor device from the side of the trench by implanting impurity ions. 然而，由于杂质浓度变得比处于单晶硅基片101与填充沟槽103的氧化膜之间界面处附近的单晶硅基片101中的高，则结电容和结漏电流都升高。 However, since the impurity concentration becomes higher than that in the monocrystal silicon substrate 101 at the vicinity of the interface between the oxide film and the single crystal silicon substrate 101 filling the trench 103, the junction leakage and junction capacitance are increased. 为解决上述问题，正如在日本未审定的专利No.6-177239(177239/1998)公报中所描述的，有这样一种方法，即通过蚀刻半导体器件的分离区域来形成一锥形的沟槽，也即，通过防止在半导体器件的边缘部分形成的肩形或斜切肩形来控制电场的集中。 To solve the above problems, as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent No.6-177239 (177239/1998) described in publication, there is a method, i.e., to form a tapered trench by etching a semiconductor device isolation region , i.e., by controlling the electric field concentration preventing shoulder is formed at an edge portion of the semiconductor device or chamfered shoulder. 在上述传统的制造半导体器件的情况下，存在一个问题，即由于反窄沟道效应的发生所产生的现象，即使通过防止在半导体器件的边缘部分产生肩型或斜切肩形来控制电场的集中，那么当晶体管的沟道宽度非常小时，阈值电压也会降低。 In the case of manufacturing the above-described conventional semiconductor device, there is a problem that since the reverse narrow channel effect phenomenon generated even if the electric field is controlled by preventing the generation shoulder or chamfered shoulder at the edge portion of the semiconductor device concentrated, then when the channel width of the transistor is very small, the threshold voltage also decreases. 这是因为由于热扩散，含在沟道中的硼被堆积到位于基片的硅与氧化硅间的界面处的填充沟槽的氧化硅侧面上，因此，硼向外扩散，并在沟槽与基片间的界面附近形成硼浓度降低的区域。 This is because thermal diffusion on the channel containing boron is deposited to fill the trench at the interface between silicon and silicon oxide at the base sheet side of the silicon oxide, thus, out-diffusion of boron, and trench a reduced boron concentration region is formed near the interface between the substrates. 甚至在大约800℃也会发生硼扩散，这是因为由于离子植入等原因所造成的埋葬-网格硅的存在所导致的。 Even boron diffusion also occurs at about 800 ℃, because due to the ion implantation buried caused by other reasons - the presence of the grid caused by silicon. 因此，由于作为形成n阱杂质的磷或砷被堆积在基片的硅侧面上，其不会从沟槽向外扩散，因此不会产生上述现象。 Thus, since the n-well forming impurity as phosphorus or arsenic is deposited on the silicon substrate side, it does not spread out from the trench, the above phenomenon is not generated. 本发明的一个目的是提供一种生产半导体器件的方法，其中即使晶体管的沟道宽度减小，阈值电压出不会降低。 An object of the present invention is to provide a process for producing a semiconductor device in which even if the channel width of the transistor is reduced, the threshold voltage does not decrease. 随着进一步的描述本发明的其它目的也会变得清楚明了。 As described further object of the present invention will further become apparent. 本发明所使用的一种方法是生产一种包括p阱、n阱及延伸到整个p阱和所述n阱的沟槽隔离的半导体器件。 A method used in the present invention is to produce a p-well, n-well and the semiconductor device extend over the entire p-well and n-well of the trench isolation comprises. 该方法包含如下步骤，制备一个半导体基片和形成一个用于与半导体基片沟槽隔离的沟槽。 The method comprises the steps of preparing a semiconductor substrate and forming a trench for isolating trench and the semiconductor substrate. 用多个侧面及一个在所述侧面间延伸的底面来限定出此沟槽。 A plurality of side surfaces and a bottom surface extending between said side grooves to define this. 该方法还包含将硼离子通过侧面及底面植入半导体基片的步骤。 The method further comprises the step of implanting boron ions through the side of the semiconductor substrate and the bottom surface. 图1A及1B为传统实例的截面示意图；图1C为描述沟道宽度与阈值电压间依赖关系的特性曲线实例；图2A到2C为用于解释本发明实施例的截面示意图；图3为图2中的沟道宽度与阈值电压的依赖关系的特性曲线图；图4为本发明第二个实施例的截面示意图；图5为本发明第三实施例中的沟道宽度与阈值电压的依赖关系的特性曲线图；图6为描述本发明的中间步骤的一个方面的截面示意图；图7A为本发明第四实施例的截面示意图；及图7B为本发明第五实施例的截面示意图；下面参考相应附图对本发明的实施例进行描述。 1A and 1B is a schematic sectional view of a conventional example; FIG. 1C is a characteristic example of interdependencies between the channel width and the threshold voltage; FIGS. 2A to 2C is a schematic sectional view for explaining an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a diagram 2 characteristic graph showing the dependency of the width of the channel with a threshold voltage; channel width dependency of a third embodiment of the threshold voltage of the present invention. FIG. 5; FIG. 4 a cross-sectional schematic view of a second embodiment of the present invention. FIG characteristic curve; FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional schematic view of one aspect of the present invention is described in the intermediate step; FIG. 7A a cross-sectional schematic view of a fourth embodiment of the present embodiment of the present invention; and Fig. 7B a cross-sectional schematic view of a fifth embodiment of the present embodiment of the invention; below with reference to the respective drawings, embodiments of the present invention will be described. 图2A到2C为本发明实施例的截面示意图。 2A to 2C of the present invention, a cross-sectional schematic of an embodiment. 在图1A到2C中所示的半导体的生产方法中，如图2A中所示，在第一导电型单晶硅基片1的主表面形成氧化硅2的步骤后来形成沟槽3。 In the method for producing a semiconductor 1A to 2C shown in, as shown in FIG. 2A, the step of forming a silicon oxide on the main surface of a first conductivity type monocrystalline silicon substrate 2 of the groove 3 formed later. 沟槽3具有多个侧面和在侧面间延伸的一个底面。 Groove 3 having a plurality of sides and a bottom surface extending between the side. 在下一步骤，如图2B中所示，通过使用氧化硅2做掩膜将硼离子4植到沟槽3的全部表面上，包括沟槽3在斜线方向上的壁面。 In the next step, as shown in FIG. 2B, by using the silicon oxide 2 as the mask to implant the boron ions on the entire surface 4 of the trenches 3, 3 comprises a groove wall surface in the oblique direction. 例如，硼离子4被以5E12cm-2的剂量植入沟槽3的侧壁。 For example, boron ions are implanted in sidewalls of the trench 4 in a dose of 3 to 5E12cm-2. 通过离子植入，来形成植入硼的层5。 By ion implantation, a boron implanted layer 5 is formed of. 对于植入深度，必须在距离表面大约50nm的位置处存在一个杂质分布的峰值。 To the implantation depth, there must be a peak impurity distribution from the surface at a position of approximately 50nm. 例如，当将植入角从竖直方向倾斜30℃时，大约可以使用30KeV。 For example, when the implant angle is inclined from the vertical direction 30 deg.] C, may be used about 30KeV. 本发明并不限于以上条件，可以根据具体情况进行改变，其中可以使用不同的植入角或在沟槽表面上形成氧化硅掩膜。 The present invention is not limited to the above conditions, can be varied depending on the circumstances, may be used where different implantation angle or a silicon oxide mask is formed on the surface of the trench. 然后，如图2C中所示，沟槽3被填充氧化硅6的隔离材料，来产生如前所述的沟槽隔离。 Then, as shown in FIG. 2C, the trench 3 is filled with isolating material of silicon oxide 6 to produce the trench isolation as described above. 通过表面抛光的步骤将基片1的除氧化硅6的范围内的主表面暴露出来，并植入用于分别形成p阱7及n阱8的杂质离子来通过热处理形成源极-漏极11。 Step is performed by polishing the surface of the other main surface of the silicon oxide in the range of 1 to 6, the substrate is exposed, and implanting impurity ions to the p-well and n-well 8 7 are formed by a heat treatment to form source - drain 11 . 在离子植入步骤中，主要通过在上述步骤中产生的埋葬-网格硅来加速硼的扩散，且硼的浓度降低。 Mesh silicon to accelerate the diffusion of boron, and reducing the concentration of boron - ion implantation step, mainly through the buried generated in the step. 然而，因为仅是与首先植入整个外表面的量对应的硼扩散进入填充沟槽3的氧化硅6中，所以p阱7的硼浓度不会降低到预定的浓度，或比单硅基片1与沟槽3间界面附近的低。 However, since only the amount of boron is implanted with a first outer surface corresponding to the entire diffuse into the silicon oxide filled trenches 3 6, the boron concentration of the p-well 7 does not decrease to a predetermined concentration, than single silicon substrate, or 1 and the lower groove 3 near the interface. 因此，不会发生反窄沟道效应。 Therefore, the reverse narrow channel effect does not occur. 图2C为完成制作栅绝缘膜9和栅电极10的步骤的状态情况。 2C is a complete step of forming the gate insulating film 9 and the gate electrode 10 of a status. 另外，图3为根据图2A到2C所述的步骤表示出的沟道宽度与MOSFET阈值电压间依赖关系的特性曲线图。 Further, FIG. 3 is a channel width between the threshold voltage of the MOSFET is shown according to the procedure of FIG. 2A to 2C according to a characteristic dependence graph. 如图3中所示，即使沟道宽度改变，阈值电压也几乎不变。 As shown in FIG. 3, even if the channel width changes, the threshold voltage is almost constant. 下面参考图4来描述与图2A到2C中所示实施例不同的第二个实施例。 4 will be described below with reference to FIGS. 2A to 2C and in a second embodiment according to the different embodiment. 在图2C中，最好是在沟槽内的氧化硅6的方向上在n阱8的区域内向外扩散硼。 In FIG 2C, the diffusion of boron is preferably in the direction of the silicon oxide within the trench 6 outwardly in the region of n-well 8. 因此，如图4中所示，当将离子植入n阱8时，有必要通过使用光刻胶作为掩膜来增加埋葬-网格硅量，并由此另外植入硅13。 Thus, as shown in FIG. 4, 8 when the n-well ion implantation, is necessary by using the photoresist as a mask to increase the burial - grid amount of silicon, and thereby additionally implanting silicon 13. 在此情况下最好采用1E14cm-2或更多的剂量率。 In this case, preferably used 1E14cm-2 or more dose rate. 接着，来描述具有图5中所示特性的第三实施例。 Next, to describe a characteristic shown in FIG. 5 in the third embodiment. 图5为一特性曲线图，其中当如图2B中所示当硼离子植入整个表面时，还另外的植入磷离子。 5 is a characteristic graph shown in Figure 2B wherein when when the boron ion implantation in the whole surface, phosphorus ions are additionally implanted. 用能实现几乎等于硼离子植入深度的能量来植入磷离子，并用大于或等于2倍硼离子剂量率来进行植入磷离子。 Can be achieved using boron ion implantation energy is almost equal to the depth of implantation of phosphorus ions, and implanting phosphorous ions is greater than or equal to twice the dose of boron ions is performed with. 在本方法的情况下，反窄沟道效应还存在。 In the present method, the reverse narrow channel effect there. 然而，即使沟道宽度从10um下降到0.2um，阈值电压仅下降大约0.08V，与图1C中所示的常规的特性相比可确信有很大的提高。 However, even if the channel width decreases from 0.2um to 10um, the threshold voltage decreases only about 0.08V, compared with conventional characteristics shown in FIG. 1C can be assured greatly improved. 用砷代替磷也会获得该优点。 This advantage is also obtained with arsenic instead of phosphorus. 因此，通过将磷与砷结合也同样如此。 Thus, by combining phosphorus with arsenic are the same. 且其与这些元素的植入步骤在硼植入步骤之前或之后无关。 And which is independent of the implantation procedure these elements before or after the boron implantation step. 都会获得同样的改善结果。 You will get the same improved results. 因此，如图6中所示，有选择的将硼离子仅植入P阱7也同样是有效的。 Thus, as shown in Figure 6, to selectively implant boron ions only a P-well 7 are equally effective. 在此情况下，如图6中所示，有必要仅用光刻胶14盖住n阱8，并在形成沟槽3的步骤后植入硼离子。 In this case, as shown in Figure 6, photoresist 14 is necessary to cover only the n-well 8, and the step of forming the trench 3 implanted boron ions. 然而，如果在此步骤中隔离宽度太小，由于硼被光刻胶14挡住，因此无法斜向植入。 However, if the isolation width is too small in this step, since the photoresist block 14 B, it can not be tilted implantation. 图7A及7B为第四和第五实施例的示意图，其示出了用于避免图6中产生的问题的光刻胶15和16的形状。 Figures 7A and 7B is a schematic view of the fourth embodiment and the fifth embodiment, which shows the shape of the photoresist in FIG. 6 for avoiding the problems generated 15 and 16. 在图7A中，其肩为圆形的光刻胶15通过形成图6的光刻胶14而制成的，此后在使其产生流动的温度下对其热处理，其结果，减少了离子植入的被遮挡面积。 In FIG. 7A, which is a circular shoulder 1514 photoresist made by forming a resist pattern 6, so that thereafter a heat treatment at a temperature of its flow is generated, as a result, reduced ion implantation It is blocked area. 因此，在图7B中，通过形成图6中的光刻胶14获得与上述相同的优点，然后对其进行各向异性的蚀刻从而在沟槽的侧壁面上形成由光刻胶16构成的侧壁。 Thus, in FIG. 7B, obtained through the resist 14 in FIG 6 is formed in the same advantages as described above, and then subjected to anisotropic etching to form a side made of a photoresist 16 on the side wall surface of the trench wall. 其中的一个问题在于，半导体基片有一个边缘部分。 One problem is that the semiconductor substrate has an edge portion. 为避免此问题，该方法包括在上述的步骤前来修切边缘部分的步骤。 To avoid this problem, the method comprising the step of trimming the edge portion to come in the above step. 上述步骤也可以与其它步骤结合进行，只要能满足上述的需求即可，前后的步骤可以彼此互换或者也可同时进行。 The above steps can also be combined with other steps, as long as it can satisfy the above requirements, may be interchanged with one another before and after the step or may be performed simultaneously. 因此，本发明并不仅限于上面的描述。 Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the above description. 如上所述，本发明可以实现这样一个优点，即可以降低使用沟槽隔离的半导体器件的反窄沟道效应。 As described above, the present invention can be achieved an advantage that the reverse narrow channel effect can be reduced in the semiconductor device using a trench isolation. 这是因为，在沟槽形成后，硼离子被植入沟槽的整个表面，因此，可以通过向用于填充沟槽的氧化硅热扩散来补偿其被降低的浓度值。 This is because, after the trench is formed, boron ions are implanted in the entire surface of the trench, and therefore, can be compensated by the density value which is reduced to the thermal diffusion of silicon oxide for filling the trench. 本发明尤其对于n-MOSFET的窄沟槽效应有效。 The present invention is particularly effective for narrow trench effect the n-MOSFET. 根据各实施例，可将半导体集成电路的等待电流降低30％。 According to various embodiments, the standby current can be reduced by 30% of the semiconductor integrated circuit. 1.一种制造半导体器件的方法，该半导体器件包括一P阱、一个n阱及一个延伸通过所述P阱及所述n阱的沟槽隔离，其特征在于所述方法包含如下步骤：制备一半导体基片；形成一用于所述半导体基片进行沟槽隔离的沟槽，所述沟槽由多个侧面及在所述侧面间延伸的底面所限定；及通过所述侧面及所述底面将硼离子植入所述半导体基片。 A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the semiconductor device comprises a P-well, n-well, and a trench isolation extending through the P-well and the n-well, wherein said method comprises the steps of: preparing a semiconductor substrate; forming a trench for the trench isolation for semiconductor substrate, said trench defined by a plurality of side surfaces and a bottom surface extending between said side surfaces; and said side and through the the bottom surface of the boron ions implanted in said semiconductor substrate. 2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于在上面提到的植入步骤中还包含将硅植入所述n阱的一区域中的步骤。 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the step of implanting further comprises the above-mentioned step of implanting a region of the silicon in the n-well. 3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于植入步骤包含如下步骤：将所述硼离子和磷离子中的一种植入所述半导体基片；然后将所述硼离子和磷离子中的另一种植入所述半导体基片。 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of implanting comprises the steps of: implanting one kind of said boron ions and phosphorus ions into said semiconductor substrate; and then the phosphorous ions and boron ions another planting into said semiconductor substrate. 4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于植入步骤包含如下步骤：将所述硼离子及砷离子中的一种离子植入所述半导体基片；及将所述的硼离子及砷离子中的另一种植入所述半导体基片中。 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of implanting comprises the steps of: adding one of the boron ions and arsenic ions in the ion implanting the semiconductor substrate; and said boron ions and another planting arsenic ions into said semiconductor substrate. 5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于植入步骤如下：将所述硼离子、磷离子、及砷离子中的任一种植入所述半导体基片中；然后将所述硼离子、磷离子及砷离子中的另两种的其中一种离子植入所述半导体基片中；然后将所述硼离子，磷离子及砷离子中的另一种离子植入。 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the implantation steps as follows: the boron ions, phosphorus ions, and arsenic ions according to any one of implanting the semiconductor substrate; and then the boron ions , phosphorus ions and arsenic ions into the other one of two ion implanting the semiconductor substrate; then another ion of the boron ions, phosphorus ions and arsenic ions implanted. 6.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于在植入步骤前，还包括用光刻胶盖住n阱的区域的步骤。 6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that before the implantation step, further comprising the step of covering with photoresist of the n-well region. 7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于还包括在植入步骤前软熔光刻胶来产生回流的光刻胶的步骤。 7. The method according to claim 6, characterized by further comprising the step of prior to implantation step to reflow the photoresist to produce reflowed photoresist. 8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于还包括如下步骤，即选择地蚀刻所述回流光刻胶的一部分，而将其另一部分留在沟槽的所述侧面上。 8. The method according to claim 7, characterized by further comprising the step of selectively etching the portion of the photoresist to reflux, and another portion which is left on the sides of the trench. 9.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于所述半导体基片具有一边缘部分，所述方法还包含在植入步骤前修切所述边缘部分的步骤。 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said semiconductor substrate has an edge portion, the method further comprises the step of trimming step prior to implantation of the edge portion. 10.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于所述半导体基片具有一个主表面，在其上所述沟槽是开口的，所述半导体基片包括一个沟槽肩部分，其由所述主表面及沟槽的每个所述侧面来限定，所述方法还包含在植入步骤前弄圆所述沟槽肩部分的步骤。 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein said semiconductor substrate having a main surface on which said trench is opened, said semiconductor substrate including a trench shoulder portion which consists of the each of said side surface of said main surface and a groove is defined, the method further comprises the step of rounding said trench shoulder portion before the implanting step. 11.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于所述半导体基片具有一个主表面，在其上沟槽是开口的，所述方法还包含在植入步骤后在所述沟槽中填充隔离材料以凸出所述主表面的步骤，填充步骤的结果会产生所述沟槽隔离。 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein said semiconductor substrate having a main surface, on which the groove is open, the method further comprises filling the trench after implantation step said step of isolating material protruding main surface, the result of the step of filling the trench isolation will produce. 12.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于所述半导体基片是由第一导电型单晶硅晶片制成。 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein said semiconductor substrate is made of a first conductivity type monocrystalline silicon wafer.

2019-04-22T23:07:35Z

https://patents.google.com/patent/CN1199926A/en

A council was held in the Fort with the French commander Sieur de Contrecoeur. He had three captains under him, Beaujeu, Dumas and Ligneris. The commandant came up with a plan. Beaujeu would have command of the force that was to repel the British with Dumas second in command. They would meet them on the road ambushing them at the ford where the road crossed the Monongahela. Langlade and the war chiefs objected. The spot was not to their liking. The terrain was two wide and open to conduct the type of warfare they were best at. They were ignored, the plan was set and the council concluded. Returning to their camps across the Alleghany the Ojibwa and their native allies prepared for war in their usual way. War dances were danced and war songs were sung. These were interspersed with long harangues by war chiefs and seasoned warriors containing previous great deeds done in battle. These speeches always ended with a tremendous strike a the war post with a war club or tomahawk and loud shouts of war whoops. This spectacle never ceased to send a chill through their European allies. On this occasion it was the French who watched from Fort Duquesne’s ramparts along with a young English colonial who had been captured three days before. Three days before the young Pennsylvanian James Smith was captured by three warriors, two Delaware and one Mohawk from Caughnawaga. His companion was killed and scalped but he was brought back to the fort a prisoner. He was only 18 years of age. When they neared the fort they gave the victory cry, a long halloo for each scalp or prisoner taken. Hundreds of warriors responded by pouring out of their wigwams shouting and screeching and firing their guns in the air. The French responded to the celebration likewise by firing off their guns including cannon from inside the fort. Smith was awed by the din and thought they must number in the thousands. What was about to come surprised him even more. A great number of warriors began to form two columns. They were all whooping and yelling and carrying sticks. All were prepared for war with faces and bodies painted in various pigments of red, black, yellow and blue wearing nothing but breechcloths. It was a fearsome sight for the young man to behold. One of the Delaware warriors who captured him spoke a little English and told him he must run between the two columns from one end to the other. He said to run fast, the faster the better as they were going to beat him. A shove from his advisor started him racing receiving blows all the way. As he neared the end one blow knocked him down. He tried to get up but someone threw sand in his eyes so he could not see where he was going. Beaten down again he took the warriors blows until he was rendered unconscious. Young James regained consciousness inside the fort being attended to by the post physician. Smith was interrogated by the war chiefs after receiving medical attention. Then the Delaware warrior who spoke English came to see him. He asked his captor why the warriors treated him so badly thinking he had offended them in some way. But he was told that he did not offend but it was just an old custom they had…like saying, how do you do? Smith then asked if he would be permitted to stay with the French and was told he would not but after he recovered he must live with the Delaware and become one of them. When he could get out of bed he made his way around with the aid of a crutch. Meanwhile, General Braddock and his army had left Williamsburg following the road cut by the Virginians the year before. They were an impressive sight to behold. A long column of British regulars, 1,750 in all, dressed in bright red tunics, white helmets and sashes with steel bayonets flashing in the sun. They were followed by 450 Virgina Militia dressed in blue. Interspersed in the column were cannon and howitzers, 600 pack horses and 175 wagons carrying supplies and tools. All of this to supply the newly conquered fort and more. The colonies were hemmed in by mountain ranges which made expansion impossible. But the British had ambitions to do just that and they had a plan. Braddock was to take Fort Duquesne and quickly move on to Fort Niagara. Sir William Johnson was to take Crown Point. William Shirley Sr., Governor of Massachusetts, was made a Major General and was to take Fort Beausejour. This all on the pretense that the French had invaded British territory. It seemed impossible that the plan should fail. The colonies had yet to see an army the size of Braddock’s and the English had population figures on their side. The total white population of New France, from Quebec to Louisiana, was just under 80,000. The British on the other hand had a population of 1.6 million including 200,000 slaves. So Braddock headed for Fort Duquesne with his superior army and his arrogance intact. He had little respect for the colonial militia and even less for First Nation warriors. Benjamin Franklin, who was the postmaster of Pennsylvania at the time, came to see him at Williamsburg. He spent five days with Braddock and warned him of the forest warfare practiced by the First Nations suggesting that he should consider new battle tactics. Braddock replied “These savages may, indeed, be a formidable enemy to your raw American militia, but upon the King’s regular and disciplined troops, sir, it is impossible that they should make an impression.” Braddock was about to get the shock of his life! By the mid 18th century the Ohio valley was a hotbed of activity. The population was made up of many First Nations villages and towns. They included many Delaware, Shawnee, Miami and Wyandotte communities with a few roaming Ottawa and Iroquois bands. The English called the Iroquois in the area Mingoes. British traders had set up trading houses at the larger First Nations’ towns. But the English had more in mind than just trade with the First Nations. They wanted their land for settlement. They had signed the Treaty of Albany with the Iroquois in 1722 that marked out a line dividing their territory with the colony of Virgina. That line basically followed the Blue Ridge mountains. However, Virginian settlers soon began crossing the Blue Ridge and squatting on First Nations’ territory. Many paid with their lives and by the 1740’s the Iroquois were so frustrated with their allies, the British, that they were ready to declare all out war on Virgina. In 1743 the British paid the Iroquois 100 pounds stirling for any territory claimed by them in the Shenandoah Valley. The following year under the treaty of Lancaster the Iroquois sold the British all of the Shenandoah Valley for 200 pounds of gold. At the Treaty of Logstown in 1752 the Iroquois recognized English trading rights in all of their territory southeast of the Ohio River. The French saw the Ohio River Valley as French territory by way of discovery by La Salle and by way of French presence in the territory for a hundred years previous. They saw all this British activity as a violation of the treaty of Utrecht, which at best gave the British only the right to trade with First Nations in their own territory. The British crown complained to the French court in Paris, but this was a long process. Lieutenant-Governor Dinwiddie of Virgina believed the Ohio Territory belonged to the Colonies under Virgina’s original charter. The boundaries in the charter were more than vague so he extended the northern border to at least include the Ohio River and its tributaries. On top of all the activity around trade the English wanted this territory for settlement. In order to facilitate this settlement the Ohio Company was formed. It was an association given a grant of 500,000 acres in the Ohio Valley by the British crown providing they could establish 100 families, build a fort and maintain a garrison there within seven years. The French were not about to sit idly by and let the British take over the territory. Officially the British Crown complained to the French Court at Paris. Unofficially the French were about to take action to reassert their ownership of the territory that gave them unfettered access from Quebec to Louisiana. Duquesne, governor of New France, ordered a French presence in the territory backed by a series of French forts. The French landed an expedition at P’resqu Isle, today’s Erie, Pennsylvania, on the south shore of Lake Erie. It had a fine natural harbor so they build a fort here then cleared a roadway of only a few leagues to Riviere Aux Boeufs today called French Creek. They built another fort here calling it Fort Le Boeuf. The First Nations of the territory saw an opportunity to play one European nation against the other. Although they had a trading alliance with the British they had always been more fully allied with the French. They all went out of their way to help the French move the large amount of heavy supplies to garrison two forts. The only ally the British had in the area that was fully committed to them were the Mingoes. Shortly after Fort Le Boeuf was built a Mingo chief named the Half King arrived and ordered the French to leave the territory. But the French were arrogant and haughty laughing the Half King out of the fort. He was mortified and full of rage against the French. They had made an enemy that were sure to hear from again. In the fall of 1753 Legardeur de St. Pierre arrived to command Fort Le Boeuf. He had just settled in expecting a long and monotonous winter when a stranger arrived on horseback along with the fall rains mixed with wet snow. He was tall, young and brash a mere youth of 21 years. He was accompanied by a much older man, several others with the pack horses backed by the Half King and several warriors. He carried a letter from Dinwiddie introducing him and containing orders for the French to leave British territory immediately. His name was George Washington. St. Pierre afforded the young Virginian Major every courtesy and after studying the document he had presented he replied by letter to Dinwiddie that he would forward his correspondence to Duquesne for consideration. In the meantime he could only remain at his post and follow the orders of his general. Washington struggled through extreme winter conditions to return to Virgina. He finally arrived at Williamsburg by mid January and gave his report to Dinwiddie. It not only included St. Pierre’s letter of response but the information given him by some French soldiers at a French outpost at the mouth of French Creek that the French had every intention of taking the country by force and nothing would deter them. By 1750 the Saulteax Ojibway living in the St. Clair region had expanded. The Ojibwa from Swan Creek expanded across Lake St. Clair and up the Thames River. They had established a village near present day London and one at the mouth of Kettle Creek on Lake Erie. The Ojibway living at the mouth of the Black River, at the foot of Lake Huron, had expanded both east and west. They had established villages on Bear Creek as well as the mouth of the Au Sable River in Ontario. They also expanded west establishing villages at Nepessing Lake and along the Flint River in Michigan. Animikeence or Little Thunder was their leading war chief at this time. Under the Treaty of Utrecht the English claimed they had gained the right to trade with the First Nation allies of the French from the upper lakes. Although the French contested this point if was a certain fact that it did not give them the right to set up trading posts in Ohio country. However, they did just that. British traders moved into the Ohio Valley setting up posts along it as well as its tributaries. They did this under the pretense that it was Iroquois land and as sovereign over the Iroquois they had the right to expand into this new territory. The French claimed it as part of New France, discovered by La Salle and there had been a French presence there for decades. None of this was really true. Ohio country was First Nations lands belonging to the Miami, Delaware and Shawnee nations. The French didn’t really discover the territory as it was never lost nor were the British ever the Iroquois’ sovereigns. Be this as it may the French forged ahead with a plan to oust the English. Monsieur Celoron, major commandant at Detroit was to take a detachment of French soldiers supported by a large force of First Nation allies and clear the region of English traders. The idea was to arrest the traders, confiscate their goods and make the Miami understand that although they could go to Albany to trade with the English under no certain terms could they allow the English to establish themselves in French territory. The plan failed miserably. The Saulteax refused to endorse it saying that because of the close proximity of the Miami many had intermarried and they would have no part in a war against their relatives. Little Thunder also refused to allow French allies from further north to pass through their territory to support Celoron. Celoron pushed ahead entering Miami territory with a few French regulars and a few First Nation warriors. They had a little success in removing a few English traders and their goods but in the process killed two Miami people. These murders only served to stir up the First Nations who were trading with the English and setting them against the French. Meanwhile, Monsieur de Lajonquiere, Governor of Canada, had instructions from France to encourage the Five Nations to destroy the English post at Oswego. He was to convince them that an English post on their territory was an affront to their sovereignty. To accomplish this he went too far by giving the impression that France accepted the Onondaga’s contention that Ohio belonged to the Iroquois and that the French should not establish themselves there without their permission. He did this at solemn council which also included the Christian Iroquois from Quebec as well as the Abenaki of St. Francis and the Ottawa of Michilimackinac. In 1752 de Lajonquiere was replaced by Ange du Quesne as Governor. The French minister wrote to du Quesne with orders from the king. He was to make sure the territory was cleared of English traders and their goods confiscated without causing a war with any of the First Nations, no easy feat with Little Thunder and the Saulteax standing in the way. He was also ordered to do all in his power to destroy the impression of First Nations sovereignty over land and to prevent any consequences that might arise due to de Lajonquiere’s error in judgement. The Fox came under attack from various enemies over the next three years. In 1729 the Mascoutins and the Kickapoo made several raids on their villages. They were seeking revenge for the killing of their two hunters. The next year they were attacked by a force of 150 Frenchmen, from both Canada and Louisiana, and 900 First Nation warriors. The Fox had constructed a fort on a plain situated between the Wabash and Illinois rivers about 180 miles south of Chicago and southeast of present day Peoria, Illinois. They blockaded them in their fort finally forcing them out by starvation. They chased them down killing 200 warriors and 200 women and children. Another four or five hundred women and children were taken captive and distributed among the various First Nations. The year after their defeat in Illinois the nation of the same name attacked the Fox once again at a Fox village somewhere between le Rocher on the Illinois River and Miami country. When the Kickapoo, Mascoutins and Potawatomi heard this they went there immediately. When they arrived the Illinois withdrew and six Potawatomi were wounded and a seventh one was killed. Two Mascoutin were also killed as well as a few of the Fox warriors. They traded insults with the Fox calling out that they would make their supper off the Potawatomi, Mascoutin and Kickapoo. The great Pottawatomie war chief, Madouche replied it was the Fox that would make food for all the nations. Then the Illinois returned to join the fight and some time later the Fox withdrew. In the summer of 1732 the Wyandotte, Ottawa and Potawatomi from Detroit made a sortie into Fox country. They split into two groups. The first group contained all the Wyandotte and about ten Ottawa warriors. They were the first to arrive on the shores of Lake Marameek where the Fox had constructed a fort on a tongue of land between the shore and an impassable wetland. Lake Marameek is undetermined but there is a Maramee River about 20 miles south of St. Louis, Missouri. They held back until the next day when, at daybreak, they sent a party of five or six to scout near the palisade. A woman came out and they killed her. When the Fox saw this they sortied out of their fort but were ambushed by the larger force. They had four warriors killed and a few more wounded so they retreated back into their fort. The next day the rest of the Ottawa and Potawatomi arrived and they brought the le Rocher Illinois with them. The Fox came out to meet them again and three Wyandotte were killed and a few of their allies were wounded. The Fox retreated again into their fort. The Wyandotte called a council and it was decided to parlay with the Fox. They determined that a Potawatomi chief should go into the fort and propose that the Fox surrender and they would spare their lives. When he delivered this proposal the Fox told him they did not trust them to keep their word. Instead they proposed that the war party from Detroit should withdraw and the Fox would stay quiet in their fort until the following spring at which time they would come to Detroit or the St. Joseph River to settle up for the lives lost. This is how the whole affair ended. However, the Wyandotte sent their greatest chief La Forest to Montreal to ask the Wyandotte of Lorette and the Iroquois of the Lake of Two Mountains to join them in a war on the Fox to settle the matter. The Fox had lost their allies and were being refused asylum by their once friendly neighbors the Sioux and the Winnebago. The French were attacking them as well as all the nations around them. By 1732 they were in poor shape indeed.

2019-04-25T02:55:34Z

https://theplainsofaamjiwnaang.wordpress.com/tag/french-colony/

36 weeks and baby girl is the size of a head of romaine lettuce! We had our “big” ultrasound appointment on Thursday. Just to review, I have a bicornate uterus which basically means my uterus is heart shaped with a big dip in the middle. Because of that dip in the middle, I’ve been classified as semi-high risk due to the higher risk of having a smaller baby due to growth restriction, delivering early because of baby girl running out of room, and a c-section because there’s not enough room for her to turn in the proper direction. I think the statistic is 50-70% of babies from bicornate uteruses are either breech or transverse at full term. This is all information I’ve known since the very beginning (or, really, since my miscarriage over a year ago), so I’ve had plenty of time to process and accept it all. Thankfully baby girl has been growing right on schedule and has remained pretty steady at the 45th percentile range for size. We’ve made it to 36 weeks (woo hoo!) and currently have no signs of going into labor anytime soon. She’s extremely active (in fact, she’s currently having a party in my belly as I type this) and I can’t even begin to tell you how thankful I am to have nothing but good reports at each doctor visit (*knock on wood*). However, as awesome as my little girl has been, she’s also a little stubborn. Since the beginning she has been pretty comfortable in the transverse position. She did move into breech during our last ultrasound at 32 weeks, but even then she was still at a slanted angle hugging the left side of my uterus. I think she’s really struggled trying to make it past the dip in my uterus, and the bigger she gets, the more of a challenge it becomes. Still, my doctors have been optimistic since the beginning, letting me know we won’t make any tough decisions until 36 weeks. My office is very pro-vaginal birth and won’t even consider a c-section unless they absolutely have to. So my 36 weeks appointment was a big one. I went straight back to the ultrasound room where the extra cheery ultrasound tech squirted warmed goo on my belly and crossed her fingers that we’d find baby’s head down below. No luck. In fact, it took her a minute or so to find baby girl’s head because it wasn’t up top either. She found it far on my left side, stating baby girl had a clear view of my kidneys. Not only had baby girl moved back into transverse position, but she had stretched herself completely across my belly. She’s so stretched out that she impressed the ultrasound tech with how she was positioned. Apparently it was a first for her and made it extra challenging to collect measurements. As soon as I heard the word “transverse” I knew what was coming… Because of her current position, my funky uterus, and the risks that come with going into labor with a baby who is transverse, my doctor recommended we schedule a c-section for 39 weeks. As I mentioned above, I knew this was a possibility since day 1 so I wasn’t shocked. I’ve had time to process this possibility and learn to accept it. I remained hopeful that something would change, but at this time it doesn’t seem likely. My doctor would still like to monitor baby girl and see if she flips (she even mentioned they would do an ultrasound as I’m being wheeled to surgery to check position and if she flips they would cancel everything), but for now they want to get me on the schedule and to prepare myself mentally for surgery. A scheduled c-section is never something I saw myself having before I became pregnant. I watched my mom fight hard for her right to deliver my baby brother naturally in the late eighties. After delivering my twin brother and I via c-section, she lost the battle with the doctor for a vbac with my sister two years later. She ended up switching doctors (and going to a new hospital) to finally have her vbac with him. After that she became very pro-natural delivery and she passed those same views down to me. However, my mom knows as well as I that a healthy baby is the number one priority. I feel confident with my doctors and trust them to make the necessary calls. They’re even confident that a vbac wouldn’t be out of the question for future deliveries. It’s amazing how your priorities change when you’re preparing for labor and you learn to instantly go with the flow. As much as it kills me to admit it, there are some perks to scheduling a c-section, like coordinating schedules with our friends and family, letting my office know my exact last day of work before maternity leave, getting to sleep and shower the night before, and going over a new “birth plan” with my doctor. We’ll still be able to do immediate skin-to-skin, delayed cord clamping, and all of the other birth details that are important to us. At this point I am sad that I will not have a chance to experience true labor, but if it means getting my baby girl her safely then I am okay with that. Plus, a c-section is not the “easy road.” I expect recovery to still be painful and difficult, it’s still a major surgery that should be taken very seriously. So as of right now October 1st is officially baby day (unless she flips in the next three weeks or something happens that causes her to come sooner). Let the countdown begin! You have a great attitude! A healthy baby girl is what matters most. I’ve had friends in the same situation try the exercises founding on SpinningBabies.com as well as acupuncture and chiropractic manipulations with a pretty good success rate. Now who knows if those things really worked or it was coincidence, but they may be worth looking into if you want to avoid a c-section. Regardless, your outlook on getting your baby girl here safely is great! Your head and heart seem to be in the right place. A lot of people would be very disgruntled if their birth plan didn’t go as planned, but you have a positive attitude and are acting very unselfishly. You are right – the important thing is to deliver a healthy little girl. October 1 will be here before you know it! Very excited for you. ? There are definite advantages to a planned c-section! I had an emergency one after 30 hours of labor and my husband barely got his scrubs on before our son was out. From what I’ve heard recovery from planned ones is much easier, and being able to sleep the night before (and eat!) is huge! I’m not dead set on a VBAC the second time around. I definitely understand being disappointed on not experiencing labor, but having experienced it, it’s something I’d like to skip. You’ll do great! Put a pillow over your stomach to cough or laugh afterwards :). I found out at 36 weeks that my baby was breech too. We go in this Thursday for our planned c section. I went through all the same emotions as you but ultimately as you stated I just want a healthy, happy baby and nothing else matters! I’m not playing devils advocate, but just wanted to chime in that my C-section was not a bad experience. The first 24 hours were difficult, but after that, I healed very quickly and in 10 days pretty much felt like my normal self. I think with as active as you have been during your pregnancy, you’ll bounce back pretty quickly as well. I’m currently pregnant and am going to try for a VBAC, but I’m not scared if another c/s is necessary. Our little guy (born in May) was frank breach for the last 2 months and didn’t have the room to flip, so we had a scheduled c-section, too. not my first choice BUT he is here and healthy, and that’s all the matters!! and if i had to have one, i’m happy it was scheduled and i knew it was coming! definitely easier to prepare for it. Pregnancy has really taught me how to let go of things I cannot control, I’m glad it’s the same for you! Good to see you’re staying positive. Sending healthy, happy vibes your way! I had an emergency c section after 11 hrs in labour and baby’s heart rate began to drop. I was disappointed but so happy baby was safe. With recovery i started walking short distances the next day. Nothing too strenuous. 5 weeks later I’m baack to prepregnancy size and working out for 30 mins twice a week. goldie recently posted..Oh my days! Good for you- but Meghann… Take it easy! I’ve had two c-sections. The first one I didn’t exercise at all for 6-7 months (motherhood, cross country move, husband worked ALOT) and the second one I started running 20 days later. Neither were the best choices. I felt much better the second time around which is why I ran too early, but my incision did not heal as well. Enjoy the newborn/postpartum phase and don’t stress about getting back to exercising right away. Being a mother (parent) is definitely about making the best decisions for your child. I’m glad to hear that everyone is, otherwise, healthy! Also, as a fellow Disney-lover, I’m happy to report that my family will be on our Disney trip the weekend right after your baby’s birthday (and my 10/2 birthday!) 🙂 I’ll be sure to remember you while we’re walking through the Kingdom! My daughter was a scheduled c-section because she was breech, and I had a wonderful experience. I was able to mentally prepare, and recovery was not bad. I was able to have a VBAC with my son, and it was an incredible experience. You have such a great attitude! Our bodies are incredible. Look what your has done up to this point, and it will continue to amaze you! You have a great attitude! Be ready for whatever even with a scheduled c-section, one of my best friends went into labor the sunday night before her friday schedule! So she got to experience labor after all. Try not to feel bad about any of this. When it comes to C-sections planned (for legitimate reasons) > unplanned > emergency. A C-section is a perfectly acceptable way to deliver a baby. It annoys me to no end when people talk about it like it’s the end of the world, “not what I hoped for,” “not the kind of birth experience I wanted,” etc. And especially comments like this one above – “When it comes to C-sections planned (for legitimate reasons)…” Why would it only be acceptable if it was for a legitimate reason? And who decides what is a legitimate reason? I had a scheduled, planned, ELECTIVE C-section because that is the way I chose to give birth. I do not go around making people who have vaginal births feel badly about their choice to do so. My C-section experience was wonderful for all of the reasons Meghann mentioned (being able to have some control over the process, having family and friends present, knowing exactly what to expect before hand), but also because C-sections are a SAFE way for babies to be delivered. The trauma of a natural birth on babies causes all kinds of problems, including oxygen deprivation leading to neurological defects, stroke, Cerebral Palsy, etc. Faced with dealing a few days of pain from surgery (which you would have with a natural birth as well) versus ensuring a smooth entry into this world for my baby, I definitely would choose a C-section every time. Good luck Meghann! You’ll be absolutely fine. A vaginal delivery is still the safest way to deliver a baby, barring extenuating circumstances. Elective cesareans have many more risks attached for both mom and babe than vaginal births. This is coming from someone who had two c-sections (unplanned). Didn’t intend to bash C-sections in my comment. My son and I are alive and healthy because I had one, and I don’t regret it at all. This was after my water broke early and I made absolutely no progress after a day and numerous drugs. So you could say our decision to have one was not legitimate, but it was either that or wait it out, risk infection or something suddenly turning south and needing an emergency procedure. Regardless, I don’t think hospitals should push C-sections on patients just because they want things to move quickly or for money or whatnot. It should be something carefully considered since it does with its own risks. For example, my baby kept coughing up fluid that otherwise would have been pushed out of his lungs during delivery. I couldn’t lift my baby out of the bassinette for the first couple of days, and the C-section meds delayed my milk. C-sections are statistically far less safe than vaginal deliveries for mother and baby. You are absolutely entitled to your choices, but don’t gice out false information like it is fact. My section almost killed me and left me with brain damage. And for the record, Meghann, I think your reasoning to have a c-section is 100% the right decision. ? It’s great you’re in the mindset that healthy baby and mother > natural or vaginal birth. I had a 3rd degree tear 8 years ago when my son was delivered with forceps vaginally, and a tough recovery. Last fall I had a scheduled C section with my daughter (for several reasons) and it was a very straightforward surgery and recovery. I think the best part was that because it was scheduled, my body was prepared for surgery and hadn’t gone through the stress of labor first, which can make the recovery all that much harder. Your body will recover much easier without laboring first. Good luck with it all! It’s good to see you’re so upbeat about this. I really don’t understand a lot of the stigma that comes with scheduled (or emergency) C-sections. As you said, I really think the focus needs to be on having a healthy delivery for baby and mommy, whether that means un-medicated vaginal, epidural, induction, scheduled c-section, or emergency c-section. And I think it says a lot about your soon-to-be-parenting skills knowing that this isn’t throwing you into a tailspin! There is SO much about parenting that doesn’t go as we originally plan, and you really do need to be able to roll with the punches and react to whatever circumstances you find yourself in. And I must say, I had a scheduled induction at 39 weeks 3 days for various reasons, and knowing exactly when the baby was going to arrive was really nice for planning! Just chiming in with some mom love! I had an emergency C-section with my daughter, and while it wasn’t what I pictured, I got to take home this pretty awesome human when I was done, and she was perfect 🙂 Recovery wasn’t awful – I was a little beat up, but I figured I would’ve been either way, right? So kudos to you for being so philosophical about everything in the name of responsible decision making. You’re going to have this “mom” thing down! Please don’t say you sad to have a C-section. I had an emergency C-Section with my son four months ago. I had the perfect pregnancy. I only gained 25 pounds. I ran almost the entire time. His head was down. But the cord was around his neck. Till this day people tell me how much of a bummer it was that I had a C-section. I have had 3 c-sections and the recovery was smooth for all of them!!! I think that yours will be similar because you have remained active during your pregnancy!!! Good luck!!!! Hi, I just wanted to say that I was in the exact same boat as you 16 months ago with a stubborn little girl that refused to flip. I too had my heart set on a natural delivery and it was tough to come to terms with a c-section. In the end, everything went well and my beautiful little girl was born safe and sound! Recovery was actually not as scary as I expected and in some ways better than I’ve heard about vaginal delivery. I’m still hopeful for a vbac for baby #2 in a year or two. We shall see! Good luck with everything! I’ve followed your blog for a long time and I’m so excited for you guys!!! I too wanted a vaginal birth to avoid major surgery…but after an induction and 30+ hours of labor I ended up with a c section. Perhaps I could have fought my doctor against it, but I’m happy with the end result: my baby! I understand your feelings about it, but just try to relax and focus on things you can control. Great attitude! I’m 39 weeks with a baby girl this week and I must admit I’m a little jealous that you know how your birth with probably go this far in advance.. the “not knowing” for me is the hardest part! I think they’d just pass the baby over the sheet directly onto Moms chest. I had to have a c-section with twins and they were born prematurely so they were rushed to NICU (no skin-to-skin because they were worried about getting the babies to breathe, which obviously took precedence), but it’s not like the screen is some steel wall or something. They could easily just reach over and hand Mom the baby. The screen is really just to keep her from being squeamish seeing all the blood. Trust me, it’s weird enough because even though you don’t feel any pain, you DO feel tugging/pulling as you’re being cut into and opened up. A very strange sensation! I am the mom of amazing 2 year old twin boys, and my baby A was breech so I had a scheduled C-section. My feelings were so similar to what you are expressing here – I had always wanted a natural birth and was prepared to go through a lot to get it, but I trusted in my doctor that this was medically necessary (and all the doctors in my area – there was not an OB in NYC who would deliver a breech presenting twin!). Two things I will say, having been there: 1) If you can, familiarize yourself with the full cesarean protocol – it was nothing too crazy or shocking, but it was good to know ahead of time what the procedure/restrictions would be post-op, because it was nothing I would have guessed! 2) It is okay if you go through some post-partum sadness that it didn’t go the way you wanted. Two years after the fact I am just thankful that c-sections exist and that I had a successful one! But when my babies were first born and hormones were going bonkers, I definitely grieved what I thought was the ‘right’ (ha!) way to birth, it got me teary-eyed to read/watch birthing stories, etc. All went completely and totally well and I am so thankful for my healthy, happy boys. I think it is a good lesson for parenting in general, you can plan and plan and think you know what’s best but sometimes our kids have their own agenda. 🙂 Feel good and wishing you a beautiful rest of pregnancy and birth! Ultimately, it’s definitely about getting baby girl delivered safely! And at least it’s the scheduled back up and you never know what will happen in the next few weeks! Thinking of you, Meghann! You had such a great attitude! I’m the mom of a 10-month-old, and it’s all about the baby’s healh, not what mom wants 😉 I had a frank-breach baby and ended up scheduling a c-section wk 38, but my baby girl made an early appearance at wk 37! Good luck, you will do great no matter what! I want to send virtual hugs your way! I had spontaneous twins and was high risk. I developed HELLP at 32 weeks and had to have an emergency c-section for my own safety. Because I was having twins and considered high risk I knew the odds of c-section were high, but it was still tough when it all went down. I know it sounds stupid, but my biggest internal issue was that I never got to even experience labor. No stories about my water breaking or the pain involved to pass onto my children when they grow up and become moms. To me it feels like I’ve missed out on this right of passage that comes with bearing children. Again – all of this is self-imposed and its something I’ve come to accept and work through. Be thankful that you’ve got some time to wrap your mind around it all, but be aware that it’s still OK to be a little sad, bummed out, or disappointed that things didn’t go as you might have hoped. But at the end of the day, you’re absolutely right that a healthy mom and baby are the only things that matter! Keep that perspective in mind and you’ll be fine. Can’t wait to hear more updates – my fingers are crossed for you that she’ll flip! (Paraphrasing) “I don’t know why people put so much expectation on the ‘birth experience’; it’s such a tiny part of being a mother.” As it sounds like you are already learning. All the best for the remainder of your pregnancy & all that is to come. You may want to look into chiropractic care to try to flip her. There are many great chiropractors in the Tampa area. Either way, you have a great attitude and you’re right, a healthy baby is the top priority! I’ve had 2 c-sections, one “emergency” and one scheduled, and I honestly think that if we go for a third kid (unlikely now) that I would probably do it again. I really enjoyed having my second one scheduled for the same reasons you listed and o did not feel like my recovery was much different than my friends who went natural. The only draw back is the longer hospital stay, but I did like having the extra help from the nurses (and lactation consultants!) those first few tough days! My advice: utilize the nursery the first night or two. You won’t be able to get up and move on your own, and you’ll be exhausted. It was nice to have the nurses come in and bring the baby to me and help me get her latched. And pain medicine will be your friend. Post uterine contractions are no joke, and are incredibly painful with an incision. I wa stubborn and didn’t take them until my last night, and wish I would’ve used them earlier! Thanks for sharing this. I am in a similar boat with a baby boy due in October who is still breech. Like you, I would love to be able to try a natural delivery but I had two previous miscarriages and as you can relate, c-section vs. vaginal is just one of the small details in the main goal of getting a healthy baby here. I had 2 c-sections (with good reason for both) and the second was supposed to be a vbac. Really no big deal that I didn’t get to have a vaginal delivery with either one. I did labor with my second though. I think mothers sometimes forget it’s a time to celebrate the arrival of their baby rather than “mourn” their failure to deliver vaginally. It’s not shameful at all to have a c-section. I get it’s not what you had planned, but no need to be so dramatic. Good luck on the 1st! Hello! Long time reader and never commented! I had a big boy (over 9 pounds) and scheduled a c section. Please remember that everyone has an opinion and I was surprised how many people made me feel bad about the c section or scared me about recovery. Do what is right with you and your baby. And BTW – recovery is not that bad at all! 2nd day is worse and I took maybe 3 pain pills and 4 motrin over the course of everything. Its mind over matter! You will do great! I had an emergency c-section after 24 hours of labor with basically no progress. As I get father away from my baby’s birthday (she’s 6 months now) it hits me more and more how small a part of the entire experience of motherhood that birth really is. That is not to say it is insignificant, it certainly is life-changing and momentous! But, I find myself surprised at how quickly and how much my daughter’s birth has been totally eclipsed by the experience of watching her grow and develop. It’s got to be very emotionally challenging preparing for a birth experience that is not necessarily what you would have hoped for in a perfect world, but it sounds like you have a great attitude about it, and I can assure you that a few short months from now you will be too busy loving on your little girl and just being amazed by her to even think about it much 😉 Another upside is that you will get to skip over a little bit of that annoying last bit of pregnancy! My baby came at 41 weeks just before I was scheduled to be induced, and the last 2 weeks of waiting were just torturous! So excited for you and your family! Won’t be long now!! Good luck with everything! You’re almost at the end! With that being said, I heard that rubbing peppermint oil on the top of your stomach and on your lower back is supposed to help baby move into the correct position. Always worth a shot! I pray you give birth safely and have a healthy baby, whether it’s done through c-section or a normal delivering. I knew very early that my chances of a vaginal delivery were slim because I had GD and the baby was measuring 2 weeks a head. But at 38 weeks and my BP raising, they induced me. They gave me the option and of course I wanted to try for a vaginal delivery. I got to experience my water breaking and contractions and pushing ( for four hours!) and finally my c section. I have to say I was up out of bed the next day greeting visitors and feeling good ( with some pain meds!) but if I am blessed with any future children they will be scheduled sections due to a heart condition and that’s ok with me. It’s still the most amazing moment of your life no matter how it happens. Previous post: Happy Birthday, Meals and Miles!

2019-04-22T02:03:25Z

http://mealsandmiles.com/2015/09/14/pregnancy-36-weeks/

Below you will find answers to some of the most common questions you have asked about Contact – Personal Lines. If you have a question which has not been covered on this page, please contact your Intact Insurance underwriter. 1. How do I access Contact PL? 2. Will users have to change login information? Log in information will not change with Contact PL. 3. Who can I call for support? 4. What web browsers and operating systems are required for Contact PL? 5. Is it possible to run multiple sessions of Contact PL? 6. What do I do if I have display issues in Contact, such as missing icons? In most cases using Shift-F5 will correct this issue. If the issue is not corrected, ask your brokerage’s IT department to check your settings. 7. How can I get set up in Contact? For set-up and training, please contact your Electronic Business Specialist. 8. What if something happens during the transaction (e.g. my screen freezes? Would the transaction be saved in Contact, or do I have to start all over again)? When you use connectivity to upload your new business, Contact will automatically create a quote number and save the information uploaded. When policies are keyed directly into Contact, there is a “Save Quote” icon located in the top menu that will allow saving at any point. For policy changes, use “Save What If” on the Results stop to save your quote. 9. What is the session timeout for Contact PL? To ensure the security of Intact systems, users will be prompted to enter their login information after two hours of inactivity in Contact PL. 10. Can we view the billing screen when a policy status is Cancellation for Non-Pay? Yes, the Billing screen can be viewed when the policy status is Cancelled Non-Pay. 1. Who is a Client? Do I have to add each named insured separately? A client is the named insured, a driver, an occasional driver. A Client profile must be created for each of these. 2. Who can be listed as the authorized contact? Who is typically listed? The authorized contact is someone the insured grants permission to, should they be asked about policy details pertaining to this client, e.g. Executor of Estate, Power of Attorney. 3. After I enter my client details on the Client Profile screen, the options are “Cancel”, “Create Automobile Quote” or “Submit”. What do I do? 4. What is the purpose of the No Solicitation field when setting up a customer? The field will not be used. Intact Insurance and Jevco do not solicit to clients directly. 5. Whose/what name will be used for pulling credit for policies that are set up in a company name? Credit cannot be called for a policy in a company name. Please refer to the Credit Consent job aid under Resources for more information. 6. How would we handle a situation where a customer has multiple policies with us and would like their documents mailed to different addresses, for example when an insured owns multiple vehicles and a child is away at university with one of the vehicles and wants the documents and/or the billing to be sent to the child. The current practice is to set up a separate policy for the vehicle that is away. This ensures the policy documents are mailed to the correct address. You would need to continue to create a different policy in Contact PL, and add the named insured as a new client so the client versioning would not apply. 7. When a broker uses connectivity, an automobile and property quote are brought over separately and then combined as a my home & auto. Once in Contact PL, will this create duplicate clients? No, Contact PL will recognize it is the same client and there will be one client sheet. 1. How do I add a note? Click the Notes icon (located throughout the policy). This will open up a note, where you will choose the title of the note from the drop-down and then enter your comments in the comments box. A note can be added any time after the General Information section is completed. A note can also be added while in view only mode. 2. What information do I need to include in the Notes when issuing a new business? 3. Will notes on quotes be combined upon merging? Notes will be combined. However, once combined, they cannot be deleted. Note: "Broker notes" (title) can be deleted only prior to combining. 1. How long does a new business quote remain in Contact PL when either uploaded or keyed directly? Currently new business quotes will be stored in Contact PL indefinitely. However, the rate guarantee is 30 days from the process date. 2. How long do “What if” quotes remain in Contact PL? “What if” quotes can be viewed and activated up to 30 days from the process date. “What if” quotes can be viewed BUT not updated if they have expired or if another quote was issued after a broker’s quote was processed. 3. How do I know if I can no longer activate a “What if” quote? If a quote is over 30 days old OR another quote with a later date was issued, the icon to activate a particular quote will not appear. 4. Can I delete a quote? 5. How many “What if” quotes can I create? There is no limit to the number of “What if” quotes that can be created in Contact PL. 6. Will Applied Rating quotes be honoured? Applied Rating is not an Intact system; only quotes in the Intact Insurance Contact system will be honoured. Please contact your Intact Insurance underwriter with quoting discrepancies. 7. What is the difference between the “Save What if” and “Save Transaction” icons on the Results section? “Save What if” saves the transaction scenarios in a policy (example: client has requested quotes on a number of vehicles). “Save Transaction”: Exits and saves the information entered (example: missing information to complete the change). Note: Once the missing information is entered, the saved transaction will have to be submitted. 8. How long can a saved transaction stay saved? Will a renewal be stopped due to a saved transaction? There is no time limit on a saved transaction; however, it should be processed as soon as possible. A renewal will not be issued until the saved transaction is completed. 9. How do I activate a “What if” quote? Click on the “What if” icon. Click on the icon to view details of the what if. Once the desired “What if” is identified, click on the icon to activate the “What if” transaction. Re-enter the effective date of the transaction and re-select the change description. 10. Is Contact an underwriting tool? If the information entered disqualifies the risk, will a quote still be generated? Yes, Contact will indicate if a risk does not qualify for Intact. An underwriting message will appear on the Results section, under the Underwriting Messages tab indicating the eligibility of the risk. 11. Will a quote number be provided once you click Save Quote if you to have exit? When using connectivity, a quote number will generate as soon as you enter Contact. When keying a policy directly into Contact, a quote number will be generated once you click the Save Quote button. 12. What is the “Copy Quote” functionality in Contact PL? It copies an existing quote/policy into a quote. The original quote/policy remains as is. For example: If there is an existing quote that has expired in Contact PL, this function will allow the user to copy the details into a new quote. 13. How many years of transactions will the Policy History display? Will they ever be purged? Currently all transactions remain in the Policy History. 14. Do we order MVR and Autoplus externally? There is no change to the process. Please continue to order MVR and Autoplus reports through CGI. 15. Are we able to save a transaction, go back later to save it as a What If, proceed with another change and then submit the transaction? If you save a transaction and then return to it, the Save as What If button does not appear. You would have to delete your saved transaction, begin your transaction again and Save as What If, then continue to proceed with another change and then submit the transaction. 16. Will Contact PL allow quoting for UBI without a driver's licence? Driver's licence information is necessary to quote UBI in Contact PL. 17. Will the copy quote function work on policies that have already been cancelled? Yes, the copy quote function also works for cancelled policies. 1. Can I quote without a VIN? Yes complete the VIN field with 17 1s and then proceed with year, make and model. Note: a valid VIN is required in order to create a policy or submit a transaction. 2. How do I enter an older vehicle with a VIN Code less than 17 digits? 1. How do you add a lienholder/ lessor/mortgagee in Contact? 2. Does Contact allow me to proceed without adding lienholder/lessor/mortgagee details? Interested party details are not mandatory. If you have indicated there is an interested party, once you select “Convert to Policy” Contact will return you to the risk screen to complete the mandatory fields. 1. What information is required to retrieve a policy or quote? Users can search by entering either the policy number or quote number, or a combination of criteria such as telephone number, policy number, quote number, last name, first name, date of birth and/or postal code. 2. How do I start a Policy Change or Rewrite? 3. How can I add an additional named insured(s) to a policy? 4. If a change needs to be made to a policy with an effective date prior to October 1, 2017, does it have to be processed in Savers? Yes, any change to an existing policy prior to your Contact PL go live date will be processed through Savers Plus. Upon your go live date, New Business and Policy changes will be processed in Contact PL. Subsequent policy changes to these New Business policies will be processed in Contact PL. Hint: Contact PL policies begin with the letter K to make them easily identifiable. 5. I would like to add a 2nd vehicle with a 2nd driver. How do I proceed? 6. How can I make minor policy corrections (changes to phone number, client code, etc.) without printing the documents? There is an option to suppress documents on the Complementary Info screen under Document Processing and select “Suppress Documents” from the drop-down. 7. What do I input for “Insured without interruption since”? This field is used to record how long the insured has had insurance without any interruptions (e.g., no non-pays, suspensions). of weeks the vehicle will be used outside of province? Vehicle rating is based on the garaged address. The out of province indicator would only apply if the insured leaves the province for extended period of time, for example, snowbirds. 9. Why is there a Disregard Conviction button for convictions? We may need to disregard a conviction for rating purposes. This decision would be at the discretion of your Intact Insurance underwriter. 10. What are the Underwriting Messages located on the Results stop for, and who reviews them? Underwriting messages are used by both brokers and underwriters. These should be reviewed and if applicable take the appropriate action to address them. Click on the “+” to see the required actions needed to address the messages. Messages should be reviewed prior to submitting a transaction (new business or policy change). 11. Are there any changes that I cannot process in Contact PL? Can I cancel/lapse a policy? You will not be able to process cancellations, lapses, reinstatements or update banking information. 12. How do I add "No prior insurance?" In the "Previous Insurer" drop-down select "No prior insurance" 13. Are brokers able to see the UBI driver details screen, especially the assessment period of 180 days? Are the Field names and minimum assessment period and adjusted minimum assessment period fields viewable? Brokers can access the UBI Driver Details screen; however, the fields for minimum assessment are not visible. 14. Currently Savers generates an error when UBI is applied. On renewal the broker is not able to access the policy in the current term. Will brokers be able to see the Proposed Usage Discount and Proposed Usage Discount Rate? Yes, brokers will be able to see those fields. 15. What is the description character length when adding a scheduled article? 16. Is there a job aid for Previous Address and Credit Consent? Yes, you can find the Credit Consent job aid under Resources. 17. Will Contact PL pull credit on a renewal rewrite where the policy has been amended to "Estate of"? Credit can only be called on individual clients, not for a company or estate. When a policy is "In the Estate of", and there is a successor (another named insured at policy level) credit can be called on the successor by simply making the "successor" the First Named Insured. 18. For the Shuttle tanker discount, does Contact PL validate if the shuttle tanker qualifies? There is currently no system validation for shuttle tanker service in Contact PL. This follows our current business practice. 19. Currently in Savers, a broker is able to add a motor boat without adding a motor. Once they submit that transaction they are no longer able to access that policy. Will this behaviour will continue in Contact PL? There is no system limitation in Contact PL. Brokers can add up to four watercraft items (i.e. boat, motor, trailer, equipment). All users are able to view and/or modify any of these items at a later date, regardless of the number of items on the watercraft risk. 20. How can I add an owner-occupied triplex risk in Contact PL? It should be written as a homeowners risk with rental use, Triplex building type, and number of units. As it is owner occupied, a Tenants package would also be required for the owner. 1. What effective dates are acceptable? New Business: Contact will accept a policy with an effective date of October 1, 2017 or up to 60 days in the future. For dates that fall outside of these timeframes, refer to your underwriter. 2. Once you access your quote in Contact, can you make changes to the details and or the effective date? Yes, changes can be made. The “Edit Quote” functionality will allow you to make changes to your original quote. 3. Can I do two different policy changes with the same effective date? In Contact, multiple policy change transactions can be processed with the same effective date. 4. Can dates be entered as yyyy/mm/dd? Contact uses a dd-mm-yyyy format. A message will appear if you enter the date in a different format. Tip: use the Calendar icon to select the date. 5. Do we still have to manipulate dates for drivers who fast track their G1 to G? Contact accepts actual licence dates for fast tracking and rate accordingly. Underwriting rules would still apply. 1. What Broker Management Systems and Quoting tools will allow company integration? Connectivity options are available for Applied Rating Services, PowerQuote, IntelliQuote/TBW, TAM, Epic, Power Broker, Sig and CimData. Please refer to the Connectivity Guides for more details. 2. How do I upload policies in a Company Name? Refer to the Connectivity Guides for instructions on how to upload a policy in a Company Name from your Broker Management System. 3. How do I upload from my Broker Management System? Refer to the Connectivity Guides for instructions on how to upload a policy from your Broker Management System. Contact will provide an Error Message notification if the error is a result of something invalid in your BMS or quoting tool. It will advise you to correct the error and resubmit your quote. 5. When will New Business, Policy Changes and Renewals be downloaded? The EDI download capability is available for Intact Insurance, Jevco and Novex. Please contact your Electronic Business Specialist for set-up. 6. Will scheduled article descriptions come over via connectivity? If the details are captured in the Broker Management System, connectivity can bring them over to Contact PL. 1. What is the customer EDI field? The Electronic Data Interface (EDI) number is the client code assigned by your Broker Management System. It is used for download purposes. 2. Where do I input the Client EDI number in Contact? The Client EDI Number field is located in the General Information screen. 3. What happens if I miss the Client EDI field and I have released the new business without it? 1. Where can I find the endorsements (e.g., Loss of Use, etc.)? Endorsements can be found on the Coverages screen under the Additional Coverages section. 2. Why is OPCF 44 not automatically defaulted? OPCF 44 is not automatically defaulted as it is an optional coverage. 3. Currently an automated message is generated when releasing a policy with only a G1 driver. Will the same thing occur in Contact PL? Users can release a policy with only a G1 driver. An Underwriting message will not be generated. 1. How can I access and print policy documents if the policy was issued in Contact PL? Documents can be retrieved from Savers Client Documents via the Broker Portal. Insured and Broker copies can be accessed. 2. Can I print the application in Contact PL? To print the application or the confirmation of insurance letter, click the "Print Documents" button at the bottom of the screen in the results section. 3. Can the application be printed in Contact before or after the policy is issued? The application can be printed from Contact before or after the policy is created. To bind the policy, the insured’s consent/signature is required. 4. Will Contact generate a temporary insurance slip once the policy is issued? This function is not currently available. 1. How do I navigate to the next screen? When creating a quote, it is best to use the "Next" icon located at the bottom of the page to navigate from screen to screen. Once you have successfully set up your new business policy, then you can safely navigate between the screens by selecting the appropriate screens. 2. How do I move from the Complementary Information or Billing Information back to the Results screen? 1. When making a credit card payment, do the user security verification symbols need to be copied exactly as displayed? Yes, the symbols need to be entered exactly as shown. 2. If the effective date is past the 14 days and the client is paying by credit card, can we still pay by credit card right away? Or do we have to change the payment type to cheque and then get billing to correct it? The policy must be released by underwriting before a credit payment can be applied. If the policy is past the 14 day requirement, please contact your Intact Insurance underwriting team to continue with the payment process. 3. When making an endorsement, are we still able to access a payment schedule simulation? The payment schedule from the Billing screen will reflect any premium changes from an endorsement.

2019-04-20T04:17:00Z

http://ontario.intactinsurance.com/contactpl/intact/faq.html

3D-ICONS Ireland – fulfilling the potential of a rich 3D resource. Corns et al. Internet Archaeol. 43. There is a growing awareness that many important heritage and archaeological sites are vulnerable and exposed to potential threats. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes and violent storms, have led to the destruction of countless important sites (IPOL-CULT_EU 2007), and this has been exacerbated in recent times by deliberate acts of aggression – ideologically driven or mindless acts of vandalism (Curry 2015). Once destroyed these important parts of our past are lost forever. Over the past decade, however, there has been a growing recognition that 3D surveying methods can play an important role in the preservation of cultural heritage structures and objects through a process of 3D digital documentation. High-resolution 3D surveying techniques – such as terrestrial laser scanning – are ideal for recording heritage sites where vernacular construction methods have made straight lines and regular geometries a rarity. Projects such as Cyark and the ScottishTen have championed the cause of this approach and have played a major role in raising the profile of 3D digital documentation. In light of such projects a three-year collaborative EU co-funded pilot project called 3D-ICONS began in February 2012 with the objective to create a range of 3D models of the iconic archaeological monuments and architectural buildings of Europe that would be available online to the general public. Core to the project was the development of a pipeline for the production of such models including: capture methodologies, 3D modelling and presentation processes, metadata, licensing and 3D data IPR, and finally the potential application of the data in sectors such as education, tourism and conservation. The Discovery Programme was invited to represent Ireland, bringing our experience in 3D data capture to the project. The first task was to collate a list of sites and monuments in Ireland suitable for digitisation, representative of both the range of cultural monuments found in Ireland, and the complexity of the documentation challenges. Working from the UNESCO world heritage sites list and those proposed on the tentative list for Ireland (World Heritage Ireland 2016), 21 cultural heritage sites were selected, ranging from complete ancient landscapes such as Brú na Bóinne, the location of spectacular megalithic tombs to detailed carved high crosses, such as those preserved at the medieval monastery of Clonmacnoise. The survey methodology depended on the scale of the site, and could be divided into three categories. Cultural sites defined by landscapes were documented using existing airborne laser scanning (ALS) resources, both from fixed wing and helicopter-based systems (FLI-MAP 400). Upstanding monuments and architectural buildings were surveyed using a Faro Focus 120 terrestrial laser scanner with georeferencing provided via a Trimble 5800 GPS using VRSnow NRTK corrections. Detailed objects such as carved stones and architectural details were recorded using an Artec EVA handheld optical scanner. Although three very diverse techniques, the result of this digitisation was high-volume, high-resolution 3D data. These are scientific datasets of exceptional value to engineers and architects and they can play a major role in monitoring and conservation of cultural heritage sites. Point clouds are an increasingly common survey output and most geomatics professionals are now comfortable viewing and manipulating such data in specialist software. However, to the general public such data can be very difficult to access and understand. Interaction normally requires installing third-party viewers, and navigating through the point cloud; an unusual environment for the inexperienced and can be disconcerting, as solid walls can appear transparent as the space between points increases on closer inspection. In addition, 3D models have relatively large file sizes, commonly 10-20 GB, which can be difficult to distribute via the web and a challenge to display on a standard PC. Rather than viewing point clouds, inexperienced users generally find it easier to interpret and interact with surface mesh models, particularly when photo realistic or enhanced surface textures are added. However, if the model retains an appropriate resolution then the file size is likely to be excessive and not appropriate for accessing via the web. The solution came from looking at techniques and software more commonly associated with the gaming industry. By utilising UV maps, a high-resolution surface model of an object is stored as a normal map, which would be subsequently applied to a retopologised low polygon model re-creating the appearance of the higher resolution 3D model. A relatively simple concept, but one requiring access to and experience with a diverse range of software. The detailed stages of this solution are outlined in the example of St Kevin's Church, a small structure in the monastic settlement at Glendalough, Co. Wicklow. This small 11th- or 12th-century church with a stone roof presented a typical challenge encountered in the project. The primary data was captured using a Faro Focus 120 laser scanner, resulting in a final segmented and geo-referenced point cloud containing 212 million points. The data file in Faro format was 1.48GB, and when exported as an ASCII xyz file was 7.5GB. The first processing step resampled the point data to a uniform spacing of 1cm, removing unnecessary points where data overlap was excessive while retaining all the relevant detail. This process also reduced noise from the data and created a uniform cloud, which would be beneficial to the creation of mesh surfaces. The xyz ASCII file was now 330MB, down from 7.5GB and less than 5% of the original. This ASCII file was imported into Geomagic Wrap, a powerful point-to-mesh modelling software. Here, a high-resolution mesh was generated and a number of functions applied to the mesh model, including the removal of spikes and outliers and the filling of holes within the data. This cleaned, high-resolution mesh model (17.6 million polygons, file size 1.34GB) was exported as an .obj file, the industry standard for a mesh. The resulting high-polygon mesh was simplified and resampled (approx. 1% of original size) to form a uniform low-resolution TIN model. The high and low resolution models are then imported into Autodesk Mudbox where they appear in the same model coordinate space. The low-resolution mesh was then re-topologised in order to create a mesh suitable for texturing. The result of this process was a low-resolution mesh containing only 200,000 polygons, with a file size of 10.4MB. The next step was to generate a series of UV maps of the low-resolution mesh utilising the Unwrella plugin within Autodesk 3DS max. UV mapping is the process of projecting 2D textures onto a 3D model, with U and V denoting the coordinate axes of the 2D texture. This UV map was the key component as it acts as a projection framework on to which all surface textures conform. A UV normal map was then extracted from the high-resolution mesh model in Autodesk Mudbox. Normal maps store the direction of the normal of the high-resolution 3D model, and when applied back onto a low-resolution model, the texture pixels dynamically control how the light interacts with the model surface, creating the illusion of a detailed 3D surface. The second map applied to the low-polygon model was an ambient occlusion map, generated from a programme called xNormal. This process produced a global ambient shading map that enhanced the 3D geometry of the object, such as shading recessed areas on carved stones or the area between stone blocks in built structures. The Faro Focus scanner does not capture suitably high-resolution data for a final model so spherical HDR images were captured using a Canon EOS 5D mkII and a Gigapan Epic Pro. Utilising MARI 3D texture painting software, these spherical images were projected onto the model and the photo texture extracted without the evidence of parallax errors. The results – textured or enhanced shaded models – achieved the objective of the project and could be repeated for models at the other scales, landscapes and detailed stones, using the same processing principles. The final phase of the project was to find a suitable web platform that provided online access to the models. Sketchfab was chosen, a website that enables users to display and share 3D content online. It provides a 3D model viewer based on WebGL technology that can be embedded on any mobile or desktop webpage. A Discovery Programme Sketchfab page was established to host the 3D-ICONS project models (see Figure 2), and the wider range of 3D content being created. The EU funding of the 3D-ICONS project ended in January 2015, and as such the project and its activities came to a close. The outcomes and legacy of the project was its website, largely focused on accessing the metadata of the models created, and a publication of guidelines (MDR Partners 2016a) and case studies (MDR Partners 2016b). However, the response in Ireland to the project was overwhelmingly positive so the Discovery Programme decided that the 3D content created for the European project should be given its own dedicated website, with the potential to add 3D models of new monuments, maintaining the momentum in 3D modelling established by 3D-ICONS. Launched on 15 April 2015 by Heather Humphries TD, Minister of Arts Heritage and Gaeltacht, with coverage on the national television news (RTE 2015) and online media (Irish Times 2016) this website has proved to be the catalyst for a number of exciting and diverse applications utilising the rich 3D content generated for the European project. The Irish website, called 3D-ICONS Ireland, Figure 3, was designed and built utilising Joomla CMS in house at The Discovery Programme over the following months, with narratives, images, videos and models created for each site accessible by search, list or map interface. It is a relatively simple website with a clean design, chosen to appeal to as wide an audience as possible. Traffic has fluctuated, with spikes reflecting promotion or publicity, but generally at the level of 50 engagements per day through the 3dicons.ie website and varying levels of use of the 3D models directly through Sketchfab, with the most viewed models having an audience of 41,000 users (as of 3 Feb 2017). Although we instinctively felt that 3D-ICONS Ireland had the potential to become an educational resource it was somewhat by chance that the opportunity arose to pursue this agenda. Through word of mouth, we became aware that the 3D-Icons website was being used as a classroom resource by secondary teachers in a local school, so we arranged a meeting in the school to discuss their experiences. The Junior Certificate history curriculum and the History of Art Leaving Certificate curriculum both included the vast majority of the site types included on the website (Delap and McCormack 2011; Fahey and Geoghan-Treacy 2011). Like their colleagues in Britain and elsewhere, the people who teach archaeology in Irish schools do not have degrees in archaeology (Planel 1990). Instead they are teachers of history and art history with degrees in those subjects. We need to provide resources that allow these teachers to show their students that archaeology and material culture are an important source of information in their own right rather than just an addition or illustration for the historical record (Moreland 2001). This is essential if we are to ensure that future generations of Irish students are archaeological literate and concerned with the preservation and research of archaeological sites. We discussed with the teachers both how they used the website and what we could do to improve its usability. In the first year history class the teacher used the website to illustrate her instruction; she navigated the website and showed the students the images on a large projection screen. In this case, the students' use of the website was passive but they were encouraged to access the website at home. As a follow-up to this exercise, the students were asked to compile drawings of the site types they had seen on screen, and in the case of an Early Medieval monastery they were tasked with labelling the different structures and areas within the monastery. The Art History teacher adopted a more participative approach, where he not only projected the images onto a central screen but also encouraged the students to look the images and navigate their way through them using their smart phones. The spaces between monuments in an archaeological complex are considered by the students as well as the monument itself. The students are asked to consider the difference between seeing a site as a 3D model onscreen and seeing it in reality. Before the class visited Bru na Boinne, they researched the site on 3D-ICONS Ireland as well as a number of additional sources. Finally, the class made clay models of some of the features at Newgrange, including the entrance stone (Figure 4), using the online 3D models as their primary source material. The older students were allowed to have greater autonomy in their learning, and were encouraged to search for information themselves. The younger students were strictly guided through the resource, and teachers of this cohort indicated that a dedicated schools section on the 3D-ICONS Ireland website should be developed that would encourage independent learning and inspire students to find answers to their questions. All the teachers we spoke to suggested that the inclusion of more interaction with the online models through the use of information/hot spots in the models is desirable, and that the information provided should include historical as well as technical information. They also stressed that these descriptions should be written in an accessible style, with language that is appropriate to the students and reflects the language used in their text books. They also agreed that videos showing the process of data capture as well as interviews with the staff carrying out the survey were desirable. Contact was made with the History Teachers Association of Ireland and a presentation on the site was made to their committee, highlighting the site's potential uses in the classroom environment. Following on from this meeting, details of the website were circulated to all their members by email and posted on their Facebook page. They also indicated that they planned to include the 3D-ICONS Ireland website in a session on interactive teaching methods for the Junior Certificate. Additional activities within education included first-year students at Southeast Missouri State University, USA, using 3D printers to create models of St Kevin's Church and the Market Cross at Glendalough as part of a course on pre-modern European History (Figure 5). The students were set the assignment during a module on early medieval European monasticism. Split into groups of four or five, they selected one of the sites to print and research. Students worked in the multimedia centre to create explanatory material to accompany their 3D print, with one group choosing to make a podcast. Their assignment specified that the explanatory material should include the historical context of the artefact as well as the how 3D printing could be used in a public history context. The vast majority of the students at Southeast Missouri State University have never left the USA, and many have never left the region. Consequently, they can sometimes find it difficult to visualise and thus truly understand the places they are learning about. Medieval Europe seems very distant and alien to them and they struggle to comprehend that they are learning about the lives of real people, just like them. By being able to handle a tangible object that directly connects them to a distant place and time it was felt that they had helped to close this gap. Several of them remarked that it was 'cool' to be able to touch something that came from medieval Ireland. The enthusiasm of the students for the project was also illustrated by the fact that many of them conducted additional research in their own time and that they consulted the library's print materials during this research (something their lecturer was keen for them to do but which they had previously been reluctant to attempt). Due to the high quality of the work produced, the 3D prints and their accompanying explanatory material were displayed in exhibition space in the University Library. This exhibition was so successful that the library requested that it be left on display for longer than had been originally planned. Looking ahead we would like to encourage more students to use 3dicons.ie by increased promotion of the site, developing the website to make it more user-friendly and implementing some of the suggestions we received from teachers. The inclusion of links to the website from the Heritage Council Map Viewer should also increase its visibility. The example from Southeast Missouri State University indicates the potential uses for the background data that was used to create the models. At the moment these data are available on request to those using it for educational and non-commercial reasons; facilitating access to the data for greater numbers of researchers as its potential become apparent will present its own challenges. The public appetite for 3D models of archaeological sites is indicated by the high levels of engagement on social media (specifically Facebook and Twitter) whenever a video or model is posted online. Tourism in Ireland is strongly associated with the wealth of heritage sites that attract visitors from around the world. The experience offered to the visitor ranges from free unguided access to controlled tours with restricted access, such as in the Brú na Bóinne. The Office of Public Works (OPW), who manage many sites, were interested in how the 3D data gathered through the 3D-ICONS project might be used to develop more interactive experiences, and particularly give visitors glimpses, albeit in a digital environment, of areas where access is restricted. As a pilot study, the East and West passages in the great chambered tomb at Knowth, normally closed to visitors, were chosen to see how the 3D data could be developed into an immersive, virtual model. The production process was an extension of the pipeline developed for the 3D-ICONS project (see section 3), using gamification methods to produce visualisations of Irish Heritage sites. The original survey data gathered for Knowth as part of 3D-ICONS was high-density point cloud data, and this was brought into Realworks to be cleaned and segmented into smaller manageable segments. These pieces were separated in such a way to effectively hide seam lines from the viewer, as well as breaking them into roof, floor and wall sections. Again, as in the 3D-ICONS processing path, we took the segmented point clouds, created meshes, which were then decimated and retopologised and high-detail UV maps were extracted from the detailed model to apply to the low-polygon mesh. An additional process was to add fringes of edge loops extending from the boundary of each passage segment to allow for overlapping of the retopologised passage segments. Given the low lighting and confined space of the passage, as well as time constraints/lack of ease of access to the passages it wasn't viable to capture imagery to use in completely photorealistic texturing. Instead, sample photography was captured at several points throughout the passages and used to build a swatch for the stone surfaces. This swatch was then used as a palette to paint custom diffuse textures for each passage segment. The resulting diffuse maps were combined with the previously extracted ambient occlusion and normal maps on each passage segment to re-create the detail on the faces of the standing stones. A massively high-polygon model of the Knowth passages was brought in to 3DSmax to align each segment properly. The aligned models were then brought into Unity. In Unity the texture maps were applied, along with lighting. The decision was made to bake the lighting into the scene to save on real-time rendering, as well as enable the use of another level of ambient occlusion, this time built into the model as a whole rather than separated by segment. This allowed for more even texturing and a more balanced finish. After the scene was built and all physical assets of the levels were created and textured, the next phase was adding a controllable character and then building the User Interface (UI). Our plan is to develop both a standard screen-based experience as well as an immersive Virtual Reality (VR), utilising Oculus Rift viewing device. Using some standard UI assets provided by Unity as well as some customisation, we managed to build a first-person experience for the Knowth passages. With the technical challenges resolved the virtual environment is now ready to be made public, with discussions on how it may be installed to enhance the visitor experience to Knowth in the near future. Figure 6 gives an impression of the final model, taken from a video navigating the passage. Licensing 3D models of monuments can assist film companies in the production process. 3D models can enhance the pre-production process by enabling the visualisation of potential filming locations and enhance the planning and efficiency of shot creation during the filmmaking process (Zwerman and Okun 2014). The ability to provide detailed 3D models of historic sites to this industry could be used as an incentive to attract new productions to Ireland who may virtual 'scout' potential filming locations. During the production phase 3D content can be used to construct real-world surrogates and replicas, which would negate the potential conservation concerns of film production at protected sites. Finally, 3D content could be used directly within post-production, enabling the creation of realistic and historically accurate digital environments. Meetings have taken place between the Discovery Programme and the Irish Film Commission (IFC) to explore this approach, and to gauge to what extent the film industry values historical accuracy. Several enquiries have been made by individuals about the availability of 3D printed models of heritage structures and carved stones. As we do not possess a 3D printer within the Discovery Programme we have been unable to answer these requests. In addition, if a 3D printer was available it would be an inefficient use of our resources to offer kiosk 3D printing service. To explore the potential further we are establishing partnerships with commercial 3D printing companies who offer such services. 3D models will be licensed for printing and commercial sales, with the Discovery Programme receiving a royalty payment for each sale. Fáilte Ireland's 'Ireland's Ancient East (IAE)' tourism initiative has brought much attention to the 3D assets and content generated during the 3D-ICONS project. Several commercial companies have now licensed several models for the creation of promotion videos (see Irelands Ancient East 2016a; Figure 7). In addition, the ability to embed reuse of the Sketchfab models in the form of iFrames in HTML has also been employed (Irelands Ancient East 2016b). It is envisaged that as this new initiative gathers momentum the ability to commercially exploit 3D and additional digital content will increase. One aspect of commercialisation that requires greater inspection by the cultural heritage community is the development of several business models, with accompanying 'boiler plate' licensing agreements that would aid small institutions exploit the full commercial value of their digital assets. Although the objective of 3D-ICONS was to create low-polygon accessible models of the heritage sites and objects for dissemination and public engagement, the Discovery Programme from the outset defined a scientific approach to the data collection, regardless of scale. Given the privilege of being granted access to these sites, in return they deserved high-quality 3D documentation to recognised standards (Andrews et al. 2015). Data of this quality have the potential to be an extremely valuable resource in the maintenance, care and conservation of sites and monuments. The point clouds generated are a time-stamped record of the condition of a site at the time of survey, and if re-surveyed in the future to a similar resolution then they become a valuable bench mark not only to detect but also quantify even subtle change through cloud comparison. A number of the monuments included in the 3D-ICONS project present conservation challenges to state agencies who maintain them – Gallarus Oratory, Cahergal Stone Fort and particularly the monastic settlement on Skellig Michael. Here a pilot monitoring project was established in 2015, looking at both cloud comparison and geodetic marker observations to establish a best practice monitoring regime. Data gathered primarily for 3D-ICONS have already fed into academic research, a good example being the Digital Replica Project, a collaboration between The Discovery Programme, UCD School of Archaeology and CRDS Ltd. A module of this project is investigating the 19th-century moulds and casts of the High Crosses of Ireland. A selection of these crosses were scanned for 3D-ICONS, and subsequently the Digital Replica Project has looked to locate and then scan – using identical equipment and documentation methodology – the corresponding plaster cast replicas or moulds. Given the level of detail being recording by scanning the originals, could a framework of research questions be established that could be answered by scanning the replicas through this digital documentation and modelling? Quality and geometry – how well do the replicas appear to have been made? Do the overall geometry and metrics match the original? Is there any distortion or twisting? How are the complex elements with depth represented? Erosion and decay – if the original has been left exposed to the elements could a scan of both replica and original detect and quantify change? Do the replicas and/or moulds preserve details that are now lost on the original? Authenticity – in finishing the replicas has smoothing or embellishment taken place? At this stage only preliminary work has been done, working with some moulds and plaster casts of the Kells crosses, but even so interesting results are being achieved. A mould of the centre of the Cross of St Patrick and St Columba was located in the OPW storage facility in Daingean, Co Offaly, and was scanned and modelled using the Artec EVA scanner (Figure 8). The subsequent surface model was compared with the surface model from the scan of the original cross, and a deviation analysis applied in Geomagic Studio software. The results, shown in Figure 9, provide evidence that might provide answers to the research questions. The overall fit is remarkably good, RMS 0.0011m, with the largest deviations being in the deeper cut sections of the stone. This could be an artefact of the moulding process, but other possible explanations such as weathering and erosion may be identifiable as the research and analysis continues. The complexity of this analysis was highlighted when a plaster cast was scanned, this time of a single panel of the Kells Market Cross, the 'Hound Lord'. The deviation analysis quantified the variations but a visual inspection easily identified differences between the model and introduced the concept of deliberate artistic smoothing or embellishment taking place in the replication process (Figure 10). In this case, the feet of the beasts appear exaggerated and enhanced in the replica, as does the beard and moustache. The 3D-ICONS project provided The Discovery Programme with an excellent opportunity to work with leading partner institutions in Europe to further our understanding of the processes involved in bringing 3D models of iconic heritage sites to the public. It also created an exceptional resource, 3D models of Ireland's outstanding cultural monuments, which have been served to the public through the development of the 3D-ICONS Ireland website. This resource has been pivotal to the exciting applications and developments that followed and have been highlighted in this article. Nearly all are in their infancy, and will hopefully fulfil their potential in the coming months and years. 3D-Icons was co-funded by the European Commission's ICT Policy Support Programme. The authors would like to acknowledge the help and support of the following, without whom the 3D-ICONS project would not have been such a success. Surveyors: Hugo Martin (DIT), Lorcan Scully (UCD), Philip Behan (DIT), Lukasz Banaszek (Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznan), Charlie Yuill (West Virginia University), Paul Bryan (English Heritage), David Andrews (English Heritage). Office of Public Works: Frank Shalvey, John Cahill, Grellan Rourke, Ana Dolan, John O'Brien, Ken Curley, Breda McWalter, George McClafferty, Peter Boyle, Sharon Downie, Padraig O'Tuairisc, Marian O'Brien, Brónagh McGuinness, Niall Bergin and all additional staff at OPW manned sites. National Monuments Service (DAHG: Ann Lynch, Tom Condit, Con Manning, Edward Bourke. Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA): Claire Foley, John O'Keefe. UCD School of Archaeology: Graeme Warren. National Parks & Wildlife Service: Damian Clarke. Meath County Council: Loreto Guinan, Fiona Beers, Jill Chadwick. Hollywell Trust: Mark Lusby, Shawn Whoriskey. FabLab, Derry: John Peto, Paul McCay, Eamon Durey. KOREC: Mark Poveda. Southeast Missouri State University: Dr. Vicky McAlister, Assistant Professor of History. Andrews, D., Bedford, J., and Bryan P. 2015 Metric Survey Specifications for Cultural Heritage, 3rd edn. Swindon: Historic England. Curry, A. 2015 Here Are the Ancient Sites ISIS Has Damaged and Destroyed. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150901-isis-destruction-looting-ancient-sites-iraq-syria-archaeology/ [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. Delap, S. and McCormack, P. 2011 Uncovering History, 2nd edn, Dublin: Folens. Fahey, T. and Geoghan-Treacy, S. 2011 History and Appreciation of Art, Dublin: Folens. IPOL-CULT_EU 2007 Protecting the Cultural Heritage from Natural Disasters http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2007/369029/IPOL-CULT_ET(2007)369029_EN.pdf [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. Irelands Ancient East 2016a Ireland's Ancient East – Ancient Ireland | Visit the East of Ireland. http://www.irelandsancienteast.com/stories/themes/ancient-ireland [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. Irelands Ancient East 2016b Ireland's Ancient East – Sacred Ireland | Visit the East of Ireland. http://www.irelandsancienteast.com/stories/themes/sacred-ireland [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. Irish Times 2016 VIDEO: Capturing Ireland's most iconic monuments in 3D. http://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/capturing-ireland-s-most-iconic-monuments-in-3d-1.2178100 [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. MDR Partners 2016a Guidelines/Guidelines & Case Studies/Home – 3D-ICONS http://3dicons-project.eu. http://3dicons-project.eu/eng/Guidelines-Case-Studies/Guidelines2 [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. MDR Partners 2016b Case Studies/Guidelines & Case Studies/Home – 3D-ICONS http://3dicons-project.eu/eng/Guidelines-Case-Studies/Case-Studies [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. Moreland, J. 2001 Archaeology and Text, London: Duckworth. Planel, P. 1990 'New archaeology, new history – when will they meet? Archaeology in English secondary schools' in P. Stone and R. MacKenzie (eds) Excluded Past – Archaeology and Education, 1st edn. London. 271-81. RTE 2015 Website Offers 3D Models of Heritage Sites. http://www.rte.ie/news/2015/0416/694526-heritage-sites-ancient-monuments/ [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. World Heritage Ireland 2016 Tentative List. http://www.worldheritageireland.ie/tentative-list/ [Last accessed: 15 June 2016]. Zwerman, S. and Okun, J. 2014 The VES Handbook of Visual Effects: Industry Standard VFX Practices and Procedures, CRC Press.

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A&R Mack Foundation Scholarship—awarded to an Atlantic or Cape May County resident majoring in business who has a GPA of 2.75 or higher. Presented to Chloe Myrick of Northfield. AAUW Marion MacEwan Second Chance Scholarship—awarded to a returning Cape May County female student who has completed at least 15 credits with a minimum 2.0 GPA. Presented to Allison Aaron of North Wildwood and Kimberly Geiger of Del Haven. ACCCEA Union Scholarship—awarded to an Atlantic or Cape May County student who is a member or has an immediate family member in the NJEA with a GPA of 2.5 or higher. Presented to Yunuen Sabatino of Absecon. Albert Jones Award—awarded to a student aspiring toward a career in the human services field. Must have a GPA of 2.5 or better. Presented to Flor Cruz of Egg Harbor Township. Alyce Van Sant Eshbach Scholarship—awarded to a returning female student who resides in Atlantic or Cape May County majoring in allied health and in good academic standing. Presented to Stephanie Adair of Mays Landing. American Association of University Women Atlantic County Branch Scholarship—awarded to a full-time female student pursuing an associate degree at Atlantic Cape Community College. Presented to Mary Addo of Egg Harbor Township and Jessa Adiletto of Clermont. American Association of University Women Atlantic County Branch Scholarship—awarded to a full-time female student pursuing a STEM degree at Stockton University. Presented to Brenda Aguilar-Guzman of Hammonton and Brittany Beals of Galloway. American Association of University Women Atlantic County Branch Scholarship—awarded to a second-year female student who plans to attend a New Jersey state college or university in a baccalaureate program. Must be an Atlantic County resident with high scholastic ability and good moral character. Presented to Ayah Elsayed of Galloway. Andy Family Scholarship—awarded to students majoring in business. Presented to Amanda Miner of Egg Harbor Township; Hillary Paldini and Roberto Tanenbaum both of Mays Landing and Long Vu of Atlantic City. Andy J. Scholarship—awarded to a full-time student majoring in culinary arts or business. Presented to Safiyyah Johnson of Mays Landing. Anonymous Scholarship—awarded to a culinary student with a minimum of 12 credits, in good academic standing. Student must have a GPA of 2.5 or better. Presented to Ivette Garcia Mones of Manahawkin. Atlantic Cape Community College Restaurant Gala Scholarship—awarded to second-year culinary arts majors who are outstanding in attendance and ethics with three letters of recommendation from chef educators and in good academic standing. Presented to Taylor Borz of Collings Lakes; Ashley DeMarco of Clementon; Rebecca Desmond of Leeds Point; Alice Drummond of Egg Harbor City; Emily Dunn of Berlin; Aimee Fischer of Toms River; Jaime Holak of Pleasantville; Lenna Hur of Hammonton; Chris Phillips of Sicklerville; Rosemary Plantarich of Williamstown; Alicia Pugliese of Newfield and Kyle Timpson of Cape May Court House. Atlantic Cape Faculty and Staff Scholarship Fund—awarded to a student entering their second year who has demonstrated excellence. Must be recognized as outstanding in attendance and ethics. Presented to Farzana Siddiquei of Atlantic City. Atlantic City and County Board of Realtors Scholarship—awarded to a graduating student who is continuing his/her education at a four-year institution. Presented to Stacey-Ann Watson of Galloway. Baucus & Co. Scholarship—awarded to Atlantic or Cape May County students majoring in business administration. Presented to Jehan Attiyeh, Sevil Nimetullaieva, Senna Syed and Rejoana Yesmin all of Atlantic City; Tudor Bejinari of Wildwood; Christina Falzani and Safiyyah Johnson both of Mays Landing; Richard Fognano of Hammonton, Jessalyn Nguyen of Egg Harbor Township and Manpreet Singh of Vineland. Services or who is interested in pursuing a career working with the disabled. Presented to Julia Belmonte of Absecon. Borgata Hotel Casino & Spa Restaurant Gala Scholarship—awarded to a second-year culinary arts major with a GPA of 2.5 or higher. Must be recognized as outstanding in attendance and ethics and have two letters of recommendation from chef educators. Presented to Erinn Hendricks of Millville. Box Office Bucks Scholarship—awarded to a performing arts major who is interested in pursuing a career in live stage theater. Presented to Adrianna Hill of Galloway. Caesars Foundation Restaurant Gala Scholarship—awarded to a second-year culinary arts major with a GPA of 2.5 or better. Students must be recognized as outstanding in attendance and ethics as evidenced by two letters of recommendation from chef educators. Presented to Emily Dunn of Berlin; Erinn Hendricks of Millville; David Smith of Waretown; Maya Williams of Chesilhurst and Brianna Wright of Point Pleasant. Cape May County Chamber of Commerce “School Counts” Scholarship—awarded to a Cape May County full-time student majoring in business or communication. Presented to Taylor Henry of Wildwood and Jessica Mounce of Marmora. Careme’s Scholarship—awarded to second-year culinary arts majors in good academic standing. Presented to Taylor Borz of Collings Lakes. Catherine F. McGowan Memorial Scholarship—awarded to students in good academic standing. Presented to Daniel Roberts of Williamstown and Michael Roche of Galloway. Clare Barone and Vincent Sabatini Endowment Scholarship—awarded to a mother who is a resident of Atlantic or Cape May County who is seeking to further her career. 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Crescenzo, D.D.S. Scholarship—awarded to a full-time Atlantic or Cape May County resident majoring in health science. Presented to Rebeka Sultana of Atlantic City. Dr. Oliver Henderson Memorial Scholarship—awarded to an Atlantic or Cape May County resident majoring in science or math with an interest in pursuing a career in the environmental, marine or public health field. Presented to Kailey Nguyen of Galloway. Edward James Yoa Memorial Award—awarded to a full-time Atlantic or Cape May County student with a GPA of 3.4 or better and plans to transfer. Presented to Diane Coffman of Brigantine. Filomena P. Caruso Memorial Scholarship—awarded to a culinary arts student with a GPA of 2.5 or better who is outstanding in attendance and ethics as evidenced by two letters of recommendation from chef educators. Presented to Amanda Giamporcaro of Blue Anchor. Frances Zaberer Memorial Scholarship—awarded to a culinary arts students entering his/her second year with a GPA of 3.0 or better. Presented to Alicia Pugliese of Newfield; Dylan Schaeffer of Egg Harbor Township; Veronica Townsend of Mays Landing and Brianna Wright of Point Pleasant. Future Teacher Community Service Scholarship—awarded to a full- or part-time Atlantic or Cape May County student majoring in education who has demonstrated service in the community with a 3.25 GPA or higher. Presented to Heizel Bastidas of Egg Harbor City. Galloway Township American Legion Post 430 Scholarship—awarded to veteran students who have obtained an eligible discharge. Presented to Michelle Bonano of Vineland; Amber Kent of Villas and Laura Six of Wildwood. Gerri Black Creative Writing Scholarship—awarded to an Atlantic or Cape May County student majoring in English or communication with an interest in writing. Presented to Maria Morales of Pleasantville. Grace M. Caruso Memorial Culinary Scholarship—awarded to a full-time culinary arts student from Atlantic or Cape May County who is outstanding in attendance and ethics. Presented to Ethel Leith of Clermont. Grace M. Caruso Memorial Nursing Scholarship—awarded to full-time Atlantic or Cape May County student pursuing a career in nursing. Presented to Stephanie Boyce of Cape May Court House. Helen Dilks Eshbach Scholarship—awarded to a full- or part-time student majoring in business in good academic standing who is a resident of Atlantic or Cape May County. Presented to Celia Morrison of Galloway. Jack and Audrey Burg Business Scholarship—awarded to a full-time Atlantic County business major who plans to continue their education at an accredited university for business. Presented to Rejoana Yesmin of Atlantic City. Jack and Audrey Burg Scholarship—awarded to a full-time education major residing in Atlantic County. Presented to Barry Edwards of Absecon. James H. Boyd Memorial Scholarship—awarded to a full-time Atlantic or Cape May County student pursuing a career in government or politics. Must have a GPA of 3.0 or higher. Presented to Joan Santana of Pleasantville. Jamie Crescenzo Memorial Scholarship—awarded to a full-time Atlantic or Cape May County resident majoring in criminal justice. Presented to Odalis Robles of Atlantic City. Jane Scharfetter Memorial Scholarship—awarded to a full- or part-time student from Atlantic or Cape May County majoring in education. Presented to MD Amin of Atlantic City. Janice Leach Memorial Scholarship—awarded to nursing students with a GPA of 3.0 or better. Students must be involved in the Student Nurses Club at Atlantic Cape. Presented to Meghan Dawson of Brigantine; Desmon DeVery of Northfield; Andrea Mendoza of Atlantic City and Annemarie Steelman of Egg Harbor City. Joan Fineran Nursing Scholarship—awarded to nursing students from either Atlantic or Cape May County with a GPA of 2.5 or higher. Presented to Katelyn Donovan of Mays Landing and Rebecca Krauss of Galloway. Joseph A. Romano Sr. Scholarship—awarded to a Cape May County resident majoring in business with a GPA of 3.0 or better. Presented to Michael Leinenbach of Cape May. Joseph and Arleen Dougherty Scholarship—awarded to Atlantic or Cape May County students who have demonstrated a strong work ethic. Presented to Christina Fazlani of Mays Landing and Chloe Myrick of Northfield. Joseph O’Connor “Pay It Forward” Scholarship—awarded to a Cape May County resident with a GPA of 2.5 or higher who is hard working and volunteers. Presented to Sean O’Brien of North Wildwood. Joy Eshbach Roehnert Scholarship—awarded to a female student majoring in nursing and enrolled at Atlantic Cape, in good academic standing, who resides in Atlantic or Cape May County. Presented to Alena Maroz of Egg Harbor Township. Karen M. Brown Memorial Scholarship—awarded to a student pursuing a baccalaureate degree in mathematics. Recipient must demonstrate qualities of strong character and motivation. Presented to Galena Lyubenova of Mays Landing. Ken Drake Scholarship—awarded to a student with a GPA of 3.4 or better pursuing a career in the arts. Presented to Ivonne Perez of Pleasantville. Kevin Cooper Memorial Scholarship—awarded to a returning full- or part-time liberal arts student with a 3.0 GPA or higher. Presented to Lexus Holden of Pleasantville. Kilgerman Family Scholarship—awarded to student based on faculty recommendation of demonstrated creativity. Presented to Rabeya Bashri of Ventnor; Michael Heilman of Newtonville; Taileaha Hinton of Egg Harbor Township; Roxanne LaPlant of Villas; Joushlyn Loya of Mays Landing; Natacha Maxime and Suzane Ricketts both of Pleasantville. Libby Demp Forrest Moore Memorial Writing Scholarship—awarded to a full- or part-time student interested in pursuing a career in journalism or writing with a GPA of at least 2.5. Presented to Kevin Del Cid of Egg Harbor Township. Lorraine Cooper Memorial Scholarship—awarded to full- or part-time student with a GPA of 2.5 or higher who is an Atlantic County resident. Presented to MD Amin of Atlantic City. Margaret Wright Nursing Award—awarded to a Cape May County second-year nursing student. Presented to Yulia Schaffer of Erma. Marie Romano Nursing Scholarship—awarded to nursing students who graduated in the top 10 percent of the class, and are pursuing a BSN program after graduation. Presented to Kristina Kostova of Ventnor and Jennifer Orlando of Hammonton. Marilyn Rhoads Miller Scholarship—awarded to a Cape May County nursing student with a GPA of 3.4 or better. Presented to Kristina Carpino of Seaville. Mary Trombetta-Pessagno Memorial Scholarship—awarded to a full- or part-time student in good academic standing who is a resident of Atlantic or Cape May County. Presented to Alexandra Ricart of Wildwood. Mayor Don Guardian’s “A New Beginning” Scholarship—awarded to full- or part-time students who reside in Atlantic City. Presented to Andrea Mendoza, Mihaela Panciuc, Gaetano Puglisi and Odalis Robles all of Atlantic City. Mays Landing Merchants Association-Culinary—awarded to a full- or part-time culinary arts major who is a resident of Atlantic or Cape May County. Presented to Shauntae Smith of Mays Landing. Mays Landing Merchants Association–Hospitality—awarded to a full- or part-time hospitality major who is a resident of Atlantic or Cape May County. Presented to Ruth Parraga of Galloway. Mays Landing Merchants Association Scholarship—awarded to a full- or part-time culinary major who is a resident of Atlantic County. Present to Shauntae Smith and Veronica Townsend both of Mays Landing. Michael F. Gardner Scholarship—awarded to a business administration major who resides in Cape May County. Must have a minimum 2.5 GPA or higher. Presented to Thomas McDermond of Wildwood. Mid Jersey Cape Rotary Scholarship—awarded to an Atlantic or Cape May County resident who is returning to college or beginning his/her secondary education after being in the workforce. Presented to Leon Hart of Ocean City. Morey’s Piers Scholarship—awarded to full- or part-time Atlantic or Cape May County student. Presented to Carolyn Carpino of Seaville; Ron Forte of Wildwood Crest; Alissa Robertson and Sydney Wheaton both of Cape May Court House. Mr. and Mrs. Matthew D. Moeller Endowment Scholarship—awarded to a full-time nursing student entering his/her second-year, who resides in Atlantic or Cape May County. Presented to Katelyn Donovan of Mays Landing. Mullock Family Scholarship—awarded to a full- or part-time student residing in Cape May County with good academic standing. Presented to Irma Ruiz Gamez of Cape May Court House. Nancy Eyring Clarkson Memorial Scholarship—awarded to a nursing major in good academic standing, who resides in Atlantic or Cape May County. Presented to Katelyn Donovan of Mays Landing. Nate Allen Memorial Scholarship—awarded to a full-time culinary arts major who resides in Cape May County. Presented to Kyle Timpson of Cape May Court House. Neide Robinson Memorial Scholarship—awarded to a full-time culinary student in good academic standing, who is a resident of Atlantic or Cape May County. Presented to Xiaochuan Wu of Galloway. Nurse Sandy Scholarship—awarded to a full- or part-time returning single parent who is pursuing a nursing degree. Presented to Xiomara Martinez of Egg Harbor Township. Paul Rigby Scholarship—awarded to a part-time student with a GPA of 3.0 or higher. Presented to Jessica Houston of Mays Landing. PR Council of Greater Atlantic City “Shore” Scholarship—awarded to full-time communication major who plans to transfer to a baccalaureate communication or public relations program. Must be a resident of Atlantic or Cape May County with a GPA of 2.5 or higher. Presented to Perla Castro of Ocean City. Previti Family Scholarship—awarded to a student in good academic standing. Presented to Katie Tran of Pleasantville. Private Louis Caruso II Memorial Scholarship—awarded to a veteran who has received an eligible discharge and resides in Atlantic or Cape May County with a minimum GPA of 2.5. Presented to Michelle Bonano of Vineland. Rachel Sandson Scholarship—awarded to a full- or part-time student in good academic standing, who is a resident of Atlantic or Cape May County. Presented to Raina Santiago of Brigantine. Ralph Russell Memorial Scholarship—awarded to a full-time student majoring in math or science who is a resident of Atlantic or Cape May County with a 3.5 GPA. Presented to Kyle McGurk of Ocean City. Rio Auto Body Scholarship—awarded to a student who demonstrates a strong desire to succeed academically. Must be a Cape May county resident with a GPA of 3.0 or better. Presented to Alexandra Ricart of Wildwood. Samuel A. Donio Memorial Scholarship—awarded to a full-time, second-year student majoring in history or education who has demonstrated service in the community and school with a GPA of 3.0 or higher. Presented to Cooper Rossner of Cape May Court House. Samuel and Gladys Levinson Scholarship—awarded to an Atlantic or Cape May County high school graduate showing scholastic ability who will attend Atlantic Cape in the fall. Presented to Tawhidul Siddique of Egg Harbor Township. Scramble “Fore” Scholarship Golf Tournament Scholarship—awarded to Atlantic or Cape May County students in good academic standing. Presented to Joelmer Acevedo of Wildwood; Wade Breslin, Roxanne LaPlant and Danielle Whitten all of Villas; Natalia Cabarcas of Marmora; Theresa Hart and Kiersten Workman both of Ocean City; Jade Miller of Cape May; Kaitlyn Ormston of Cape May Court House; Kaitlin Seliger of Swainton and Molly Thompson of North Cape May. Soroptimist Scholarship—awarded to a full-time, second-year female student in the health care field with good academic background and involved in community service. Presented to Kristina Carpino of Seaville. SouthShore Foundation Scholarship—awarded to allied health or nursing students who are enrolled in the clinical portion of the program with two faculty recommendations. Presented to Stephanie Adair and Amy Moss both of Mays Landing; Lauren Dalzell of Linwood; Antonio Fiorentino, Rebecca Krauss, Jessica Larwa and Jamie Scheer all of Galloway and Stephen Weber of Absecon. Sturdy Savings Bank Scholarship—awarded to a Cape May County student majoring in business or finance. Presented to Michael Leinenbach of Cape May; Tutusaashito Magalogo and Thomas McDermond both of Wildwood and Kaitlyn Ormston of Cape May Court House. Tanya Smith Memorial Child Care Scholarship—awarded to a returning child development/child care major who is in good academic standing. Presented to Barry Edwards of Absecon. Terence Hutchison Memorial Award—awarded to a student aspiring toward a career in teaching. Presented to Charity Hartwell of Absecon. Terence Hutchison Memorial Endowment Scholarship—awarded to a returning student who demonstrates interest in computer science or technology. Presented to Robert Magomero of Pleasantville. The WIBCA/GEMS Memorial Scholarship Fund—awarded to a student who resides in Cape May County. Presented to Leon Hart of Ocean City. Thomas C. Conover Memorial Scholarship—awarded to science major transferring to a baccalaureate program in science in good academic standing. Presented to Caroline Espinal-Bueno of Pleasantville. Tommy Kraemer Memorial Scholarship—awarded to culinary arts students who are actively practicing, preserving and protecting the oceans by choosing to conserve natural resources through organic gardening and sustainable seafood practices. Presented to Lauren Petrovski of Brigantine and Dylan Schaeffer of Egg Harbor Township. V. Lawrence Brice Endowment Scholarship—awarded to culinary arts majors with three letters of recommendation from chef educators in good academic standing. Presented to Debra Buckson of Millville and Itka Drinkard of Galloway. Walter and Louise Sutcliffe Foundation Scholarship—awarded to a second-year nursing student who is involved in the college community. Presented to Wade Breslin of Villas; Meghan Dawson of Brigantine; Desmon DeVery of Northfield and Tara Ramirez of Galloway. Walter Russell Eshbach Scholarship—awarded to an Atlantic or Cape May County resident majoring in allied health. Presented to Katherine Melo of Mays Landing. William R. Conn Memorial Scholarship—awarded to a full‑time accounting major entering the second year of study in good academic standing. Presented to Jessalyn Nguyen of Egg Harbor Township. This entry was posted in News You Need to Know and tagged scholarships. 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https://atlanticcapecommunicator.com/2015/06/23/atlantic-cape-community-college-students-receive-170000-in-scholarships/

Purpose: Mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) can be used to predict the tumor response of patients receiving gefitinib for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated the association between mutations in EGFR tyrosine kinase domain and tumor response and survival in gefitinib-treated NSCLC patients. Experimental Design: EGFR mutations in exons 18 to 21 were analyzed by DNA sequencing of paraffin-embedded tumor tissues from gefitinib-treated NSCLC patients. The results were correlated with clinical variables. Results: EGFR mutations were found in 61.1% (33 of 54) of cases; response rate and disease control rate were 56.8% and 68.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference in mutation rates between adenocarcinoma (29 of 43) and nonadenocarcinoma (4 of 11; P = 0.085). However, all four nonadenocarcinomas with EGFR mutations had no response to gefitinib. Presence of EGFR mutations was the only independent predictor for disease control (P = 0.003) and tumor response (P = 0.017) in multivariate analysis; positive predictive values were 87.9% and 70.8% and negative predictive values were 61.9% and 69.2%, respectively. In comparison with patients whose tumor was negative for EGFR mutations, patients with EGFR mutations had better progression-free survival (median, 7.6 versus 1.7 months; P = 0.011) and overall survival (median, 14.7 versus 4.7 months; P = 0.046). Conclusions: Mutations in EGFR tyrosine kinase correlate with treatment response and survival in gefitinib-treated NSCLC patients and can be used as a predictive and prognostic factor. Thus, analysis of EGFR tyrosine kinase mutations in lung adenocarcinoma is of clinical significance, as it can permit the customization of treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in many countries, including Taiwan (1–4). Only a small proportion of lung cancer patients present with localized disease that can be effectively treated with conventional therapy. The overall 5-year survival rate of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is <15%, indicating the highly malignant nature of this disease. Protein tyrosine kinases play important roles in the pathogenesis of many malignant tumors (5). Among them, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, the first receptor protein tyrosine kinase described, has been implicated in the initiation and progression of NSCLC (6–8). Monoclonal antibodies and small molecular weight compounds that inhibit the EGFR signaling pathway have been developed and shown to have antitumor effects (9). Gefitinib, a selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is an orally active agent for advanced NSCLC. In two phase II trials, IDEAL 1 and IDEAL 2 (10, 11), gefitinib was shown to have substantial effect when used alone as salvage treatment for patients treated previously with chemotherapy. In Taiwan, where Chinese descendants represent a major proportion of the population, we have shown previously a tumor response rate of 33% (12). This outcome was higher than that observed in Caucasian patients but similar to that of Japanese patients (10, 11). These observations suggest ethnic or geographic differences in the response of NSCLC patients to gefitinib treatment. Recently, Lynch et al. (13) and Paez et al. (14) reported that mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR play a critical role in determining tumor response in NSCLC patients receiving gefitinib. Interestingly, one of these studies also showed a significant difference in the prevalence of EGFR mutations between Caucasian (2-8%) and Japanese (26%) NSCLC patients (14). Although EGFR mutations have been shown to be strongly associated with the response of NSCLC patients to gefitinib treatment, their role in response duration and patient survival is still unclear, especially in a population that has a higher rate of gefitinib response. Using pretreatment tumor samples, we have conducted a retrospective study to detect mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the EGFR gene and investigated the relationship between EGFR tyrosine kinase mutations and clinical outcome in 54 Taiwanese NSCLC patients. Patient selection and clinical data collection. Advanced NSCLC patients (n = 146) were treated with gefitinib in a clinical study at Taipei Veterans General Hospital (Taipei, Taiwan) from March 2002 to February 2004. Patient eligibility for study participation was histologically or cytologically confirmed, inoperable NSCLC, irrespective of the presence of measurable lesions or good performance status. Selected patients had failed prior platinum-based chemotherapy or had a poor performance status at diagnosis and were considered at high risk for conventional chemotherapy. Patients with a life expectancy of <1 week were excluded. Patients were treated with a 250 mg fixed daily dose of gefitinib [Iressa (ZD1839), AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE] as monotherapy. Treatment continued until there was intolerable toxicity, disease progression, or death. All patients gave written informed consent. The treatment protocol was approved by the Taipei Veterans General Hospital Institutional Review Board. Histopathology review and DNA preparation. Histopathology slides of specimens from bronchoscopic, computed tomography–guided, or sonography-guided biopsy, wedge resection, or lobectomy were reviewed. Tumors were classified according to the 1999 WHO Histological Typing (15) and staged according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer Cancer Staging Manual (16). Genomic DNA was prepared from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of tumor specimens using xylene deparaffinization, proteinase K digestion, and phenol/chloroform extraction followed by ethanol precipitation. An alternative DNA extraction method using QIAamp DNA Mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) was used for larger size specimens. Extracted DNA was evaluated by UV spectrophotometry and PCR of β-globin gene. PCR and sequencing of EGFR gene from genomic DNA. Eight pairs of oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify exons 18 to 21 of EGFR gene by nested PCR according to the previously described procedures (13). PCR products were sequenced using the ABI PRISM BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit and the ABI PRISM 3700 Genetic Analyzer (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Sequences of PCR amplicons were compared with the cDNA sequence of EGFR obtained from Genbank (accession no. NM 005228.3) by Mutation Surveyor 2.03 (SoftGenetics, State College, PA), Sequencer 4.14 (Gene Codes, Ann Arbor, MI), and manual review. Evaluation for tumor response and patient survival. Pretreatment staging, treatment response, and adverse events were evaluated as described previously (12). Clinical results of the first 76 patients from this study have been published. Objective tumor response was assessed by unidimensional method in accordance with Response Evaluation in Solid Tumors criteria (17). Responses of patients with measurable lesions were classified as complete response, partial response, stable disease, or progressive disease; in patients with nonmeasurable lesions, they were classified as nonprogressive disease or progressive disease. Response evaluation was done at the eighth week and every 8 weeks thereafter. In addition, chest X-rays were done on days 8, 15, and 29 and then every 4 weeks. Toxicities were assessed on days 8, 15, and 29 and then every 4 weeks using the WHO toxicity criteria (18), except nail change, which was graded by the modified National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria version 2.0. Objective response rate was calculated from patients with measurable lesions and disease control rate was calculated from all patients who had no disease progression at the first response evaluation. Duration of response was calculated from the date of documentation of complete response or partial response to the first instance of disease progression or death. Progression-free survival was calculated from the date of initiation of gefitinib to the date of disease progression or death. Overall survival was defined as the period from the start of gefitinib treatment to the date of death. Statistical analyses of clinical data and epidermal growth factor receptor mutations. Univariate analysis of patient characteristics and tumor response was done by the χ2 test and the Fisher's exact test. The considered variables were age (≤65 or >65 years), gender, performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0/1 or ≥2), smoking (ex-smoker/current smoker or nonsmoker), histology (adenocarcinoma or nonadenocarcinoma), number of prior chemotherapy regimens (0, 1, or ≥2), number of metastatic organs (0/1 or ≥2), and EGFR mutation (mutant or nonmutant). Logistic regression model with a backward stepwise procedure was used for multivariate analysis. Survival curves were plotted by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank test. For ordinal variables, a log-rank test of trend was applied. Cox regression model with a backward stepwise procedure was done for multivariate survival analysis. The association between the response and toxicity profile was analyzed using the maximal grade of toxicity experienced during the first month of treatment (early toxicity profile). Analyses and figures were carried out with SPSS for Windows version 12.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). Patient characteristics. Of the 146 patients enrolled for gefitinib treatment, 62 had no available tumor tissue samples, 21 had only limited samples that precluded research analysis, and 9 provided specimens that yielded inadequate DNA for analysis. Consequently, tumor tissue samples that were adequate for DNA analysis were available in 54 patients. In this study, there were similar numbers of male and female patients. Most patients were nonsmokers (66.7%) and had adenocarcinoma (79.6%). Patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The median follow-up was 16.1 months (range, 5.1-24.5 months); 42 patients had progressive disease and 33 patients died. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations. Thirty-three of the 54 patients (61.1%) had mutations in exons 18 to 21 of EGFR gene. As summarized in Table 2, 12 patients had deletion mutations, 19 had substitution mutations, 1 had combined deletion and substitution mutations, and 1 had double substitution mutations. All but one deletion mutation were found in exon 19 and all substitution mutations were found in exons other than 19. The frequency of mutations in exons 18 to 21 was 9%, 22%, 9%, and 24%, respectively. Deletions in exon 19 (n = 11) and substitution mutation of L858R (n = 9) in exon 21 were the two most common types of mutations, representing 61% of total cases. Other types of mutations were found in one patient each and, with the exception of L861Q and G719S (13, 14), were unreported previously. We identified one deletion mutation and four substitution mutations but no duplication/insertion mutations in exon 20. Association between epidermal growth factor receptor mutation and patient characteristics. In the univariate analysis, there was no statistically significant association between EGFR mutations and age (≤65 versus >65 years, 60.0% versus 62.5%; P = 1.000), gender (male versus female, 51.7% versus 72.0%; P = 0.213), smoking status (nonsmoker versus ex-smoker/current smoker, 69.4% versus 44.4%; P = 0.139), and histologic subtype (adenocarcinoma versus nonadenocarcinoma, 67.4% versus 36.4%; P = 0.085). None of the patients fulfilled the criteria of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) by the 1999 WHO Histological Typing. We estimated the proportion of bronchioloalveolar growth pattern in each adenocarcinoma specimen with a 10% increment scale. Accordingly, we did a subgroup analysis and found that neither the presence nor the proportion of BAC pattern of adenocarcinoma correlated with EGFR mutations (data not shown). There was no statistically significant difference in demographic characteristics between patients with EGFR deletion mutations and patients with EGFR substitution mutations (data not shown). Association between epidermal growth factor receptor mutation and tumor response. A total of 37 patients had measurable lesions and 17 had nonmeasurable lesions. Of the 37 patients with measurable lesions, 21 had partial response, 7 had stable disease, and 9 had progressive disease. The objective response rate was 56.8% (95% confidence interval, 40.0-73.5%). In univariate analysis, histologic subtype (adenocarcinoma versus nonadenocarcinoma, 70.0% versus 0%; P = 0.001) and EGFR mutations (mutant versus nonmutant, 70.8% versus 30.8%; P = 0.045) were significantly associated with tumor response. In multivariate analysis, presence of EGFR mutations was the only independent variable in predicting tumor response (P = 0.017; Table 3). In further analysis of the tumor response in patients with different patterns of EGFR mutations, patients with mutations in exon 18 (4 of 4, 100%) and exon 19 (6 of 7, 85.7%) seemed to have better tumor response rates in comparison with patients with mutations in exon 20 (2 of 4, 50%) and exon 21 (5 of 8, 62.5%; Table 4). Of the 17 patients with nonmeasurable lesions, 9 had nonprogressive disease and 8 had progressive disease. Therefore, 37 of the total 54 patients had their disease controlled at the first response evaluation and the disease control rate was 68.5% (95% confidence interval, 55.7-81.3%). Gender (female versus male, 88.0% versus 51.7%; P = 0.010), histologic subtype (adenocarcinoma versus nonadenocarcinoma, 79.1% versus 27.3%; P = 0.002), and EGFR mutations (mutant versus nonmutant, 87.9% versus 38.1%; P < 0.001) were all correlated with disease control. In multivariate analysis, presence of EGFR mutations (P = 0.003) was the only independent predictor again (Table 3). Of the 33 patients with tumors positive for mutant EGFR, 4 patients had disease progression within 2 months of gefitinib treatment. All these tumors were squamous cell carcinoma and the patterns of mutation were delA767_V769 (exon 20), A763V mutation (exon 20), L858R mutation (exon 21), and a double substitution mutation, G719S and L861Q, in exons 18 and 21. Table 4 shows the tumor responses of patients with or without EGFR mutations. With respect to EGFR mutations in exons 18 to 21, the positive predictive values were 88% (29 of 33) and 71% (17 of 24) and the negative predictive values were 62% (13 of 21) and 69% (9 of 13) for disease control and tumor response, respectively. Association between epidermal growth factor receptor mutation and patient survival and response duration. Using Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test, patients with EGFR mutation had a significantly longer progression-free survival (median, 7.6 versus 1.7 months; P = 0.001; Fig. 1A). Additionally, female gender (P = 0.035), old age (P = 0.035), and adenocarcinoma (P < 0.001) all favored a longer progression-free survival. In Cox regression model with a backward stepwise procedure, histologic subtype (P < 0.001), EGFR status (P = 0.013), age (P = 0.007), and performance status (P = 0.008) were all independent predictors for a longer progression-free survival. In univariate analysis of overall survival, patients with good performance status (P = 0.002), adenocarcinoma (P = 0.012), or mutated EGFR (P = 0.046) had a longer survival (Fig. 1B). In multivariate analysis, only performance status (P = 0.001) and histologic subtype (P = 0.002) were independent predictors (Table 3). Kaplan-Meier plots of progression-free survival (A), overall survival (B), and duration of response (C) in patients with mutant versus nonmutant EGFR. Kaplan-Meier plots of duration of response in patients with EGFR mutation in exons 18, 19, and 21 versus exon 20 versus nonmutant (D). In 21 patients with objective tumor responses, the median duration of response was 5.8 months. Although there was no statistically significant difference between patients with and without EGFR mutations, there was a trend favoring a longer duration of response in patients with mutations (Fig. 1C). However, duration of response of patients with mutations in exon 20 was relatively worse and very similar to that of patients without EGFR mutation (Fig. 1D). No other variables had a correlation with response duration. In this study, we showed a high EGFR mutation rate in our NSCLC patient population, with mutation patterns very similar to those reported previously (13, 14). We documented that EGFR mutations played a crucial role in determining gefitinib response in NSCLC patients, confirming findings from two previous landmark studies of <20 gefitinib-treated patients (13, 14). For the first time, we have also shown that mutations in EGFR could confer longer survival in gefitinib-treated NSCLC patients. Furthermore, of those patients achieving partial response, patients with mutations in EGFR had a trend of longer response durations in comparison with patients lacking EGFR mutations. Gefitinib has shown antitumor activity in pretreated NSCLC patients with response rates of 10% to 20% (10, 11). From these two phase II clinical studies (10, 11), gefitinib seemed to be more effective in females and patients with adenocarcinoma and a good performance status. In a subsequent Expanded Access Program study, nonsmokers and BAC subtype were also considered as promising predictors of gefitinib response (19). The issue, such as Japanese or non-Japanese patients, was initially considered to be irrelevant by the multivariate regression model (10). However, accumulated clinical evidence strongly suggests that ethnic/geographic factors play an important role in the response of patients to gefitinib treatment. This is based on the high response rates reported exclusively from countries in the Asia Pacific region, including Taiwan (12, 20, 21). Although the similarity of high response rates (∼30%) among each independent group in this region was quite convincing, most of these data came from observational studies with no supporting molecular analyses. However, two studies recently showed a strong association between EGFR mutations and gefitinib response (13, 14). Additionally, the prevalence of EGFR mutations in NSCLC was strikingly higher in Japanese patients than in Caucasian patients, and the figures were close to the previously reported gefitinib response rates in these two patient populations (10). This was the first genetic evidence supporting the theory of ethnic/geographic differences in the response of NSCLC patients to treatment with gefitinib. All patients in our study were Taiwanese and the majority (83%) had been heavily pretreated with chemotherapy. The mutation rate (61.1%) in our study was not only higher than that observed in Caucasian NSCLC patients (∼2%) but also higher than that usually noted in Japanese and Taiwanese (∼40%) treatment-naive NSCLC patients (13, 14, 22, 23) and was most likely due to the skewed population. In comparison to the lung cancer patient population demographics of Taiwan, there was a high proportion of female (46% versus 30%) patients and patients with no previous history of smoking (67% versus 40%) in this study—both of these factors could be associated with a higher EGFR mutation rate (14, 19, 24). The most likely reason for the skewed demographics was the “selection effect” of prior chemotherapy. It was well documented that females and nonsmokers have better prognosis translating to improved survival when treated by systemic chemotherapy (25, 26). This would thus result in a tendency to include more females and nonsmokers in studies evaluating the second-line and post-second-line treatment. A retrospective study has shown better response rates in patients with BAC (19) and some groups have implied that BAC might have a different biology (27). In this study, none of the patients fulfilled the criteria of BAC by the 1999 WHO Histological Typing. Nevertheless, we calculated the BAC proportion in each adenocarcinoma specimen and did a subgroup analysis in these patients. We did not find any statistical difference of BAC proportion in the frequency of EGFR mutations, objective tumor response rate, or disease control rate. Accordingly, at least in our Taiwanese patient population, we did not observe evidence supporting a difference in gefitinib response among tumors with varied BAC components (data not shown). In our 33 patients with EGFR mutations, 11 had deletions in exon 19, 9 had a substitution mutation at L858R in exon 21, 10 had variable types of single-nucleotide substitution mutations in exon 18, 20, or 21, 1 had deletion in exon 20, 1 had double substitution mutations in exons 18 and 21, and 1 had combined deletion in exon 19 and substitution mutation in exon 20. The patterns of EGFR mutations were quite complex and this finding was similar to a previous report from this area (23). To the best of our knowledge, in a total of 212 published cases with EGFR mutation (13, 14, 22–24), only 3 cases were nonadenocarcinoma: 2 were adenosquamous cell carcinomas and 1 was large cell carcinoma. None of these three cases had received gefitinib treatment; therefore, the clinical significance was unknown. In this study, we found four nonadenocarcinomas with EGFR mutations and all were squamous cell carcinomas. The mutation patterns were A763V, L858R, N826S, and delL747_P753insS in one each. Patients with the former two mutations had progressive disease after gefitinib treatment; the latter two had stable disease with a relatively shorter progression-free survival (6.7 and 2.4 months, respectively). In 29 patients with adenocarcinoma bearing EGFR mutation, 17 had partial response, 9 had nonprogressive disease, 1 had stable disease, and only 2 had progressive disease. In contrast, none of our seven patients with nonadenocarcinoma had gefitinib response, irrespective of their tumor EGFR mutation status. This finding of the lack of predictive value of EGFR mutation in lung squamous cell carcinoma needs to be confirmed. Among 212 published cases with EGFR mutation, 33 patients who had EGFR mutations in exons 18, 19, and 21 had been treated with gefitinib or erlotinib and only 1 case showed no tumor response. The mutation in that case resulted in a stop codon and therefore truncated EGFR protein (23), thus explaining the failure of gefitinib treatment. In our study, 4 of 33 patients with mutated EGFR had progressive disease after gefitinib treatment. The patterns of EGFR mutation included delA767_V769, double substitution mutation (G719S and L861Q), A763V, and L858R in one each. Both delA767_V769 and A763V were in exon 20 and these two patterns are unreported previously. Substitution mutations at L858R and L861Q have both been associated with gefitinib response in previous reports (13, 23). Substitution mutation of G719S has been reported but not in gefitinib-treated patient (14, 22). Although Lynch et al. (13) had reported one gefitinib responder with G719C mutation, the association between G719S and gefitinib response is unknown. Further study is required to clarify the association between the sites and patterns of mutation and the treatment response, especially in exon 20. In the present study, we used formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue for mutational analysis of EGFR gene. The fragmentation of DNA may lower the yield of the PCR reactions but does not compromise the accuracy of sequencing. In a recent study from Taiwan (23), the authors analyzed 16 paraffin-embedded tumor tissues and 50% of the specimens had EGFR mutations. They also did mutation analyses on freshly frozen specimens of 69 adenocarcinoma cases and found a similar mutation rate (55.1%). We consider DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissues to be as adequate and suitable for mutational analysis as that extracted from freshly frozen tissues. In this study, there were two findings that were somewhat contradictory to previous reports. First, a high mutation rate (40%) was found in squamous cell carcinomas. Although the histologic typing of these tumors had been blindly reviewed and confirmed by two other pathologists, this result should be carefully interpreted due to the limited number of cases. Second, there was no difference in EGFR mutation rates between patients who were current smokers or ex-smokers and those who had no previous history of smoking. However, this finding concurred with a recent report of EGFR mutational analysis in 101 unselected, non-gefitinib-treated NSCLC in Taiwan (23). Ongoing investigations will determine if factors other than a history of smoking, for example, exposure to viruses or fumes from cooking oils (28, 29), play a role in EGFR mutations and are involved in the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinomas. Gene amplification plays an important role in the pathogenesis in several types of cancer and frequently precedes and may favor the occurrence of mutations (30). However, the association between EGFR gene amplification and gefitinib response is unknown. EGFR gene amplification was observed in 34% of glioblastoma; however, no objective tumor response was noted in a phase II trial of gefitinib (31). Similarly, increased EGFR gene copy number was evident in 60% of NSCLC, but the response rate to gefitinib was only 10% to 20% in the corresponding group of patients (32). EGFR gene amplification may create a predisposition to EGFR mutations but, as a single factor, it seems to be unrelated to the gefitinib tumor response. Although the frequency of EGFR mutations in our selected group of patients was relatively higher at 61.1%, we have confirmed that EGFR mutations correlated with a better response to gefitinib treatment as illustrated by response rate (56.8%) and patient survival. Cell type, mutation status of EGFR, and performance status but not the number of prior chemotherapy regimen was associated with gefitinib response of NCSLC patients (12). When compared with currently available front-line chemotherapy, gefitinib showed much higher treatment efficacy in adenocarcinomas with EGFR mutations (85%) and comparable efficacy in adenocarcinomas with no EGFR mutations (∼40%). EGFR mutations had no predictive value in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma. Based on the above findings, we suggest that sequencing of EGFR tyrosine kinase domain in lung adenocarcinoma patients, at least those of East Asian origin, would be of clinical significance and permit the customization of treatment using EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors as front-line treatment in neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or metastatic settings. We thank David Weng and Dr. Jeo-Yuan Chen for helpful suggestions, Drs. Wing-Yin Li and Winby York-Kwan Chen for pathologic review, Jia-Ling Liou for data collection, Hsiang-Ju Chen and Yuan-Liang Liu for technical support, and Dr. Justina Orleans-Lindsay for careful proofreading in English. Grant support: Taipei Veterans General Hospital grants 92-120 and 93-275, National Health Research Institute, and National Science Council grants NHRI93A1-NSCCO-23-5 and NHRI92A1-NSCCA-16-5. Some of the investigation drug, gefitinib, used in this study was supported by the Expanded Access Program of AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals. Note: T-Y. Chou and C-H. Chiu contributed equally to the article. Revision received February 1, 2005. Minna JD, Roth JA, Gazdar AF. Focus on lung cancer. Cancer Cell 2002;1:49–52. Bilello KS, Murin S, Matthay RA. Epidemiology, etiology, and prevention of lung cancer. Clin Chest Med 2002;23:1–25. Tyczynski JE, Bray F, Parkin DM. Lung cancer in Europe in 2000: epidemiology, prevention, and early detection. Lancet Oncol 2003;4:45–55. Department of Health, Taiwan. Health statistics. Taipei (Taiwan): Department of Health, Taiwan; 2002. Roskoski R Jr. The ErbB/HER receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;319:1–11. Herbst RS. Review of epidermal growth factor receptor biology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;59:21–6. El-Rayes BF, LoRusso PM. Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor. Br J Cancer 2004;91:418–24. Scagliotti GV, Selvaggi G, Novello S, Hirsch FR. The biology of epidermal growth factor receptor in lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:4227–32s. Chiu CH, Tsai CM, Chen YM, Chiang SC, Liou JL, Perng RP. Gefitinib is active in patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer and response is related to skin toxicity. Lung Cancer 2005;47:129–38. Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B, et al. Histological typing of lung and pleural tumors. WHO. Berlin: Springer; 1999. American Joint Committee on Cancer. Cancer staging manual. 6th ed. New York: Springer; 2002. Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, et al. New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:205–16. Miller AB, Hoogstraten B, Staquet M, Winkler A. Reporting results of cancer treatment. Cancer 1981;47:207–14. Park J, Park BB, Kim JY, et al. Gefitinib (ZD1839) monotherapy as a salvage regimen for previously treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:4383–8. Mu XL, Li LY, Zhang XT, Wang SL, Wang MZ. Evaluation of safety and efficacy of gefitinib (“Iressa”, ZD1839) as monotherapy in a series of Chinese patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: experience from a compassionate-use programme. BMC Cancer 2004;4:51. Kosaka T, Yatabe Y, Endoh H, Kuwano H, Takahashi T, Mitsudomi T. Mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in lung cancer: biological and clinical implications. Cancer Res 2004;64:8919–23. Huang SF, Liu HP, Li LH, et al. High frequency of EGFR mutations with complex patterns in non-small cell lung cancers related to gefitinib responsiveness in Taiwan. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:8195–203. Visbal AL, Williams BA, Nichols FC III, et al. Gender differences in non-small-cell lung cancer survival: an analysis of 4,618 patients diagnosed between 1997 and 2002. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;78:209–15. Tammemagi CM, Neslund-Dudas C, Simoff M, Kvale P. Smoking and lung cancer survival: the role of comorbidity and treatment. Chest 2004;125:27–37. Gandara DR, West H, Chansky K, et al. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma: a model for investigating the biology of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:4205–9S. Cheng YW, Chiou HL, Sheu GT, et al. The association of human papillomavirus 16/18 infection with lung cancer among nonsmoking Taiwanese women. Cancer Res 2001;61:2799–803. Ko YC, Cheng LS, Lee CH, et al. Chinese food cooking and lung cancer in women nonsmokers. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:140–7. Gazdar AF, Shigematsu H, Herz J, Minna JD. Mutations and addiction to EGFR: the Achilles “heal” of lung cancers? Trends Mol Med 2004;10:481–6. Ohgaki H, Dessen P, Jourde B. Genetic pathways to glioblastoma: a population-based study. Cancer Res 2004;64:6892–9. Hirsch FR, Varella-Garcia M, Bunn PA, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor in non-small-cell lung carcinomas: correlation between gene copy number and protein expression and impact on prognosis. J Clin Oncol 2003;12:3798–807.

2019-04-23T20:33:26Z

http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/11/10/3750?ijkey=f81e1e573a1b417352746db324154a9d9cb32ee0&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Hey, friends! We all are aware of the most popular UPS (United Parcel Service) delivery system which is one of the most trusted parcel services all around the world and its users are satisfied with the different services that have offered by the United Parcel Service. The UPS is a provider of supply chain management solutions that has provided the best services till now and deliver more than 14 million packages every day to its customers. This parcel delivery company is one of the oldest company which is serving its customers from more than 100 years i.e. since 1907 and the founder of the UPS James E. Casey has founded the UPS delivery system in order to provide one of the best delivery services to the people of the USA which is now serving this facility worldwide in more than even200 countries with the different services that it provides like its courier service, freight service, locator, logistics services, provides a map for searching the location and one of the most important things is the UPS Tracking which helps its customers a lot. Once, the package for delivery is processed, it is travelled through various different channels and different stages for the proper processing of the parcel but sometimes it makes the customer nervous until their package will be safely delivered to them and in order to avoid the same, the United Parcel Service has provided the service of the tracking system of their parcel and through this service, the users or the customers can track their packages and get the details of their product step by step and through this they can easily get to know the proper time of delivery of the package and they will make sure that they are available at the time of delivery of the parcel for receiving it. Therefore, there are still many customers of the UPS who are not aware of this tracking service that has been provided by the United Parcel Service and in order to make them aware of this service, every single information regarding this service has been provided in this article and the users have to read this article carefully as this post contains every single information such as the functions and the different methods through which the users can able to track their packages very easily without facing any issue. Thus, here we will provide everything regarding the UPS ground tracking service, its functions, tacking methods, tracking order by email, SMS tracking, how to track with the quantum view, how to track through UPS mobile app, UPS signature tracking, UPS mail innovation tracking and many more. So, let’s have a look at these things which are given below. Now, after reading the above introduction part of what is UPS Tracking, we all know the little bit about this tracking service that has been provided by the United Parcel Service for the convenience of the customers but, this much information is not enough for the users so, let’s have a look at the detailed information regarding the United Parcel Service Tracking System which is given below. The United Parcel Service Tracking system provides its users the full information regarding the status of their package in order to make the users understand about the present status of their parcel and the exact location of their package that where it is exactly at the very moment when the users track. Therefore, the users can avail this tracking service after they send their parcel for the delivery but, there is one thing that the users need to make sure regarding this that every courier service providers will not provide this tracking service through which the users can track their package and get to know the exact location of the package. So, they need to make sure that they should make the delivery of their packages through the United Parcel service otherwise, they will not get the similar benefits that are discussed above as every parcel service provider will not provide this facility of tracking through which the users can able to see the exact location of their packages. Thus, this tracking service is totally free of cost and the customers don’t need to pay any amount for tracking and this facility is available for all type of packages and with different shipment options. Before using this, the users need to understand the different methods for tracking their packages and they had an option of selecting the most convenient method which suits them out of those methods. When the customers have submitted their package in the United Parcel Service then, they will get a tracking number (there are different tracking numbers for different packages). The United Parcel Service will scan that number that tracking number that they have given to the user and the service providers will scan that number at every step when the package will be moved further and keep its record for showing them to the users when they started tracking the package. Through this tracking id, the users can easily track their package and get to know the details of their packages at every stage through which the package passes. Thus, in order to avail this service, the users get to know that how and from where they can get the tracking number of their package and they need to know the process of using this tracking number for their shipment. If they get the proper knowledge of the same then, they can track their packages very easily. We have shared all the relevant methods that are needed by the users for tracking of the packages but before starting that, let’s have a look at the format of UPS Tracking Id Numbers which is given below. Now, we are going to discuss the format of the tracking numbers so that the users will not have any kind of doubts when they will track their packages. A tracking number is a unique which is different for every package through which the users can easily able to track their packages and get to know the exact location of their packages. Now, the users can track the status of their shipment very easily without facing any problem. Therefore, this tracking service is used by various companies around the world but in The United States, there are three parcel delivery companies that are widely known and most famous which are FedEx, UPSP, and UPS. Now, every user might be wondering that would this process works so, let’s discuss the same. When any package arrives at the United Parcel Service then, they have assigned it a number and then they provided the same number to the users and the users have to use this tracking number in order to track their package and the users can track their package till it reaches to them. The users might wondering that how this tracking number seems like as there are many users who get confused with the different numbers that are provided to them so, we decided to provide the details regarding the same in order to clear their confusion. Let’s have a look at the format of the tracking number that is given below. Thus, these are the tracking numbers for the United Parcel Service and the users will get the same number through which they can track their packages. Tracking id of the United Parcel Services always starts with “1Z” and there six numbers after this 1Z which are the shipper number that are followed by the service level indicator which is represented by two numbers just after that comes after the shipping number. The other service level codes will indicate with the parcel which is selected for the different services. Then, there will be number eight that will come just after the service level code that indicates which package is being selected for the service. The number eight will come just after the service level code which is the unique and different number that has been allotted for every parcel. Thus, these are some of the formats through which the users will understand the format of the United Parcel Services of Tracking Packages and through this, the users can easily understands the whole format of the tracking number and the users will track their packages without any confusion as they have already seen this number. Therefore, there are few types of tracking numbers that has to be tracked by the United Parcel Services that may contain digits that are between 7 to 20 digit numbers which will depend on the different formats. Now, let’s have a look at the following tracking numbers that has been tracked by the United Parcel Services itself. Now, let’s have a look at the below given different types of tracking numbers. House Air Way Bill: This House Air Way Bill number has been used by the Air Freight Movement Services in order to track the package of the parcel. House Bill of Landing: This House Bill of Landing number has been used by the Ocean Freight movement Services in order to track the package of the parcel. UPS Service Notice: This UPS Service Notice is the number that has been provided at the first time of delivery of the package that has attempted to anyone. UPS Info Notice: This UPS Info Notice number is also provided at the first time of the delivery to the one who attempted the parcel. There is a brief discussion about the same in this article below. PRO Number: This PRO Number has been used by the surface Freight Movement Service who chooses this number for tracking of the package. Now, let’s have a look at the United Parcel Service Mail Innovations Tracking Numbers. These numbers have different formats of tracking numbers and these are provided here in order to make the users aware about everything regarding this number so the users will not get confused with other numbers. Now, let’s have a look at the below UPS Mail Innovations Tracking Numbers. Here, we are going to discuss the tracking numbers of the United Parcel Innovations which have the different formats as compared with the UPS tracking number. Now, let’s have a look at the different formats of the United Parcel Services Mail innovations which are given below. Sequence numbers (which are also known as MMS/MMI numbers or digits). United States Postal Services Delivery Confirmation Numbers. Mail Innovations Complaint Package ID. Sequence Numbers (MMS/MMI numbers or digits): The United Parcel Service Mail Innovations and the United Parcel Services World ship has assign eighteen digit numbers internally. This is eighteen digits of the number and the users have to be sure that these numbers are for the mail innovations. United States Postal Services Delivery confirmation numbers: The United States Postal Services assigns a twenty-two to thirty-four digit number which identifies the time that when will be the request for the delivery and its confirmation will be made. And the user needs to be sure that number is for UPS mail innovation. Mail Innovations Complaints Package ID: the one who ships the package (shipper) will assign this number to each and every parcel that they deliver. Let’s have a look at the below for the proper information of the numbers that this provides to the customer which is MI, XXXXXX, NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. MI: It is a UPS Mail Innovations Indicator. XXXXXX: It is a six digit unique number that has assigned by the UPS mail Innovations. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN: This is a unique number which is up to 22 characters and this number is assigned by the one who ships the order in order to identify the mail piece. The users can use both alphabetical and numerical characters without having any spaces and numbers or symbols and the user have to be sure that the similar id would not be used for other mail pieces for six months at least. So, these are the tracking numbers and the formats of those numbers which are used by the United Parcel Services through which the users can share each and every information to others which are correct and now, the users have to be sure regarding these numbers and do not get confused these numbers with the other numbers that are for the tracking. Now, we have shared some of the methods through which the users can track their packages as there are many methods of tracking the United Parcel service package. Now, look at the below methods that we have shared for the users of the United Parcel Services. There are many different methods for tracking the packages of United Parcel Services through which the users can track the parcel and get to know the proper location of their packages and get to know the exact time and date at which their parcel will be reached to them. But there are very few people who knew all the methods for tracking the packages and still there are many people who are not aware of the different methods for tracking their packages. Now, let’s have a look at the different methods of tracking the United parcel services and the users can select the best method that suits them out of these methods. Before discussing anything else, let’s discuss the procedure of tracking which is given below. Step 1: First of all, the customers need to go to the official website of UPS which is ups.com. Step 2: Then, the user needs to select the location and then continue for further details. Step 3: Then, after this, the users need to go back to the tracking tab and then, they need to select the “track shipment”. The image is given below and the users can refer this image if they have any doubts. Step 4: Now, the user needs to enter the tracking number of their package or they can either enter their Info notice Number. The users can enter more than one number but they can not enter more than 25 numbers and the users have to make sure that they need to enter only one number in every line in case of inputting more than 1 tracking number. Step 5: Then, after doing this much, the users need to click on the Track option after mentioning their tracking number. Then, the users will be updated with the current status of their package. Note: If the number is incorrect that the user has filled in details then, a message will be shown to them that is displayed in the image that is given below. Step 6: Then, at last, the user needs to recheck their tracking number that they have entered and then, they need to try it again. If the users have entered the right number that they have entered and it will be not accepted then, the users need to ask again and verify it. So, these are some of the simple steps for those users who want to track their packages through the tracking numbers and there are few more simple steps for those who want to track their parcel through reference. Now, let’s have a look at the United Parcel Service tracking package through the reference which is given below. Now, we are going to discuss the tracking process of the United Package Service parcel through Reference. There are few simple steps for tracking the package which is given below. Step 1: First of all, the users need to go to the official website of the United Parcel Services. Step 2: Then, after that the user needs to select the option of “Track Shipment” option from the tracking tab. Step 3: after this, the user needs to click on the “Track by Reference” option which is on the left side of the users screen and then the user will get a form which has already shown to the users in previous images that were shared at the time of discussing first method. Step 4: Then, after doing this much, the users need to select the type of their shipment as package, mail innovation, or freight. Note: The users need to keep in mind that they have to select the only the package option for the parcels individually and the weight of the shipment should not exceed more than 70 kg i.e. 150 lbs. the another very important thing is that the users need to select the option of freight shipment which has no limits or conditions for weight. If the user selects the UPS mail innovation for their parcel then, it has to be weight not more than 1 LB i.e. 0.45 kg. Step 5: After doing this much, the users need to select the reference for their shipment and they need to make sure that it would not exceed more than 35 characters and they need to make sure that the combination of numbers and the combination of letters should also not exceed more than 35 characters. Step 6: Then, when the user have done this much, they need to select the range of their shipment. Step 7: After that, the user needs to select the only one account which is shipping their package. Step 8: If In case, the user have any of the other UPS account then, they should have to mention that in the next field. Step 9: Then, the user needs to select the destination which include the name of their country for their shipment which they need to track. Step 10: After doing this much, the user needs to mention the ZIP code or the postal code of their destination. Step 11: Then, after rechecking the data, the user needs to click on the option of Track in order to get their tracking details and when they have done this much, the tracking details of their package will be displayed on the users screen. So, this was all about the tracking through reference. If the user find this method suitable then, they need to follow the given steps carefully and go through it well. Now, let’s discuss the another method for tracking the package which is through Email. This is one of the most convenient way of tracking the package for the users as nowadays every one operates their email ids and they are always available there so, they can easily track their packages through this method. Now, let’s have a look at the same which is given below in detail. This method of tracking is better than many other methods as through this method, the users can save a lot of their time which they cannot save in the other two methods that we have discussed so far. The United Parcel service provides the facility through which the users can track their shipment by email. To avail this service, the user needs to have an email id through which they can mail their tracking number at the email address that is given here (totaltrack@ups.com). If the user needs to track more than one shipment then, they can send more than one tracking number but it also has its limitations, the user need to make sure that they cannot send more than 25 tracking numbers. However, if the user is tracking the single package then, they need to put the subject line of the tracking number and they need to mention the statement in the body of the email. If the users have multiple tracking numbers then, they can put all the numbers tracking numbers in the body of their message and they can also leave the subject of their mail as in this case, it is not necessary to write anything in the subject of the blank. Therefore, in both of the cases, the tracking response will be sent back to the users in their emails but this method of tracking is not available for the freight tracking of the UPS packages. Whereas, the users will get only the full information of their other tracking details apart of the freight tracking. This is, therefore, one of the best methods for those users who are very busy with their other works and they do not have enough time for tracking through the other methods. Now, after discussing this, let’s come to the another method of tracking the United Parcel services is Import Tracking Numbers. Through this method, the users must have to make their registrations in the official website of the United Parcel Services. Let’s discuss this method in brief. Have a look at the following discussion regarding the same. This Import Tracking Numbers is another easiest way of getting the tracking information of the package. In order to avail the same service, first thing that the user needs to do is to make their registration on the official website of the United Parcel Services and after doing this much, the users can easily able to import their tracking numbers and they will get the description which is related to that tracking number and with that they will also get the detailed tracking status of their packages. Thus, the users only have to make the registration on the official website of the United Parcel Services and just by doing this much, they will get all the tracking details of their package. This is also one of the conventional method for tracking the package as the user do not need to make a lot of efforts in order to get the tracking number of their packages. Now, let’s have a look at the other option of tracking method through which the users can track their UPS package. The another method of tracking the United Parcel Service is UPS SMS Tracking method through which the user can get their tracking status via SMS. Let’s discuss this in details, have a look at below for getting the detailed information of this method of tracking the UPS packages. Now, this SMS Tracking Method is again the convenient method through which the users can track their packages very conveniently without even having any issues or any problems. Therefore, this method is considered as one of the most easiest ways of tracking the packages as nowadays, everyone has the mobile phones which is always present there in their hands and it is very easy for them to operate their mobile phones as they are used to of that. If the users want to track their packages through the SMS then, they need to select this tracking option at the time of the delivery of their package at the United Parcel Services. Now, let’s have a look at how to use this service and have a look at how to avail this SMS service next time while delivering the package through the UPS delivery services. Now, have a look at the steps for tracking through the SMS through which the users can track their packages very easily. Step 1: First of all, the user needs to go to the official website of the UPS and after that they need to enter the tracking number which is given on the option that is on the left side of the users screen and they need to select the track option. Step 2: Then, the user will be redirected to the next page that is called as “Tracking Details”. Step 3: After doing this much, the users need to select the option which says “Notify Me With Updates” in order to get the notification through the SMS. Step 4: Then, after that the user needs to type the notification that they have got and after doing this, the user needs to select the SMS test message type. Step 5: After that, the user needs to choose the option that says “add New Number”. Step 6: Then, the user needs to fill the details of their mobile number in order to move further. Once, the users have done this much, then, it will ask the user to confirm their mobile number. Step 7: after this, the user needs to confirm their mobile numbers then, they will start getting the notifications of SMS that are related to the tracking details of their packages. Step 8: Therefore, if the user have the United Parcel service account then, they will get the option to select the option which says “remember this number”. Once, the user will select this option then, their number will be saved and it will be available at the time of the next tracking of any delivery of the parcel. However, the users need to make sure that they have to make only one time confirmation through their number and it will not ask the users, again and again, to enter their number until the user want to opt this service. Therefore, if the user opt this kind of service then, it will ask the user to enter and verify their mobile number again and again. So, the above are some of the simple steps of tracking the UPS package through the SMS which is most convenient for the user according to me. Now, let’s have a look at the other method which is UPS Express Critical Shipment Tracking. Let’s have a look at the detailed information of the same which is given below. This Critical Shipment Tracking is one of the service of the United Parcel Service Express that provides the delivery of same day of the packages. It is best for those users who want to deliver their packages urgently at the same day. Through this service, the users can easily send their parcels from one place to the another place at the same day very easily through this Critical shipment Tracking Service that has been provided by the United Parcel services. Therefore, it also provides tracking facility of the parcel which updates the users in rare case of late delivery or if there were any changes in the route of their packages. Through this service, the users will get the facility of getting the information regarding their packages time to time through which the users will not get worried about their packages. Thus, this was all about the USP express critical shipment tracking now, let’s have a look at the other method of tracking i.e. track through UPS Info Notice in which the users can track their packages from one or more than one mobile numbers that are provided by UPS which is known as the Info Notice Number. Now , let’s have a look at it in detail which is given below. The other method of tracking the package is tracking through the United Parcel Services InfoNotice through which the user can track their parcel by one or more than one number that are provided by the UPS which is known as the InfoNotice number. Whereas, sometimes the users have to pick up their package from the UPS Access Location which is there in the nearest locations. Therefore, there are many advantages or benefits of using the United parcel service InfoNotice number and if the user want to change the address of their delivery or if they want to reschedule the package of delivery then, this tracking method is very convenient for them as through this method, the delivery address can be changed and the delivery date would be re scheduled and the users will get a other date of delivery according to their convenience and the users can also hold their packages if they want or they can also track their packages pickup by using the United Parcel Service. Even the users can track their packages through this number. Now, let’s have a look at the following steps through which the users will understand everything very clearly. Step 1: First of all, the user needs to go to the official website of the UPS. Step 2: Then, the user needs to select the location before proceeding further and they need to select their location and hit enter on it. Step 3: Then, the user needs to select the option of “Track Shipment” from the drop-down menu of “tracking”. Step 4: Now, the user needs to write the number of their InfoNotice in the window (25 times is the maximum number of time at a time). Step 5: After doing this much, the user needs to click on the “Track” option and then continue with the further proceedings. Step 6: Then, the users will get all the details regarding the InfoNotice number that they want. Note: The users need to make sure that the number they have entered should be the correct one. This was all about the United Parcel Service InfoNotice method of tracking the packages. Therefore, this tracking system is one of the most convenient tracking systems as through this the users can change the date and time of the delivery of their packages according to their convenience. Now, let’s have a look at the other tracking method i.e. Tracking Through The UPS Mobile Apps which is given below in detail. This UPS Mobile App is for those who are a frequent user of the UPS delivery service and avail this service on a regular basis as this UPS service provides the apps which the user can easily able to download in their mobile phones. According to me, the best benefits of using this app is that the user can easily able to use all the services at any time whenever they required. Now, let’s have a look at the different services that are provided by this app. Below are some of the services that are provided by the United Parcel Services. The user can track their package through this mobile app. The user can hold their package through this app. The user can find the shipping rates easily. The users can track the nearest location of the UPS. The UPS provides the app for android as well as Apple users. One of the best thing of this app is that it is for both the users i.e. Android and Apple users, through this app, the users can do everything very easily. There is a link provided by the UPS for both kind of users. The users need to click on the below link in order to get the app through which they can easily track their packages. The other method is UPS Signature Tracking which is very secure service provided by the United Parcel services which provides raised tracking with one of the best data delivery system. Therefore, the users can make their billing payments and the customer service process get smooth with this process which helps the users in tracking their packages. The users who have the authorized signatures can request to give the proof that the package is there and for that they need to give the following things in order to give the proof. The full Package Delivery Address. The users need to make sure that if they want to track by the signature, the United Parcel service ask them to make a signature in the MY UPS in order to save the unauthorized parties for getting the users information. Now, let’s have a look at the another tracking method which is given below. The another method of tracking the package is the UPS Internet Shipping. If the users want their shipment or package to reach to them at their destination in speed then, their search will end now as the United Parcel Services has provided the internet shipping facility to the users through which the users can easily track their shipment very conveniently as they can schedule their package through this internet shipping facility and the users will get their shipping process online and they will get their shipments very fast as this is the fastest service of tracking the shipment. Let’s proceed towards the another tracking method which is Through RSS feed. The user needs to get the data of tracking of the package through the RSS feed. The users have to follow the few simple steps that are given below. Let’s have a look at the steps that are given below. Step 1: firstly, the user needs to get the tracking number of the package. Step 2: Then, the user needs to navigate to the RSS reader. Step 4: After doing this much, the user needs to select their favorite RSS reader and they need to subscribe to it. Step 5: Then, after this, the user needs to select the URL that is mentioned above then, the user needs to copy and paste it to the RSS reader. Step 6: Now, when the user have done this much, they can now able to track the package or any other details of their shipment that they want to search. Therefore, there are some of the methods of tracking through which the users can easily track their package. There are some shipments like ground tracking, reposting and many more. Through these tracking methods, the users can easily able to track their shipment without having any issues and if need any guidance then, they can read this whole article and they will surely get to know the tracking process easily. Thanks for reading this article, hope you like it and get all the relevant information that is required by the user for tracking of their shipment. If the users still have any issue or any problem then, they can ask about it through the comment and they will surely get the solution of their problem through the reply which helps them in tracking their package properly.

2019-04-21T02:27:07Z

https://upstrackingpro.com/

Terrorism or a militant facade of extremism has increasingly become a trans-national and trans-regional phenomenon. The regional dimension of terrorism embodies complex dynamics and complicated networking systems, requiring comprehensive and smart solutions. This necessitates the coupling of national and regional approaches to counter this menace. Despite an unprecedented international effort to militarily subdue terrorism, no lasting solution is in sight. Likewise, scores of flawed studies and half baked de-radicalization programmes have not been able to address the issue of extremism beyond skin-deep solutions. Hence, radicalized societies/groups continue to churn-out militant extremists in scores. International counter terrorism efforts are politically motivated and their pace and tenor is determined by the time span during which interventionist forces want to stay in a particular conflict zone. When such interest recedes, a terror inflicted zone may be abandoned abruptly and left as an open wound. Conversely, if the issue of terrorism is settled through a political process but the interventionist entity wishes to stay on, then a fresh crisis is created under a new brand to justify the prolongation of stay or a revisit. So far, the international community has failed to discreetly define terrorism, but this does not mean that the action needed to combat terrorism has been postponed; rather at times there has been an overreaction, courtesy definitional ambiguity. Nation states need to realize that their stability and prosperity depends upon the stability and prosperity of other states—especially immediate, regional and extended neighbours. And that export of terrorism will always come full circle to hit the initiator. Also from the broader perspective, most of the mammoth military interventions, in the name of countering terrorism, have only led to a messier environment; in an attempt to resolve one set of issues, these have thrown up other sets of problems with equally daunting challenges. Asia in general and South Asia in particular are confronting the challenge of extremism and terrorism for many years. At least four South Asian countries—India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Maldives are prone to terrorist activity of one type or another. Sri Lanka has recently overcome the LTTE issue. Terrorist activities are not restricted to South Asia alone; neighboring counties like Iran, Afghanistan, China and Russia also experience terrorist activities of varying shades and intensity. Moreover, adjoining regions of the Middle East, South East Asia, Central Asia and West Asia are also affected by the phenomenon. South Asia offers trans-regional connectivity between all regions of Asia. Hence any event taking place in any region of Asia is likely to have its impact on South Asia; likewise, anything happening in South Asia radiates aftershocks in its neighbourhood. Therefore, taking Asia as a single integrated entity in the context of terrorism and counter terrorism effort may be more helpful than regional and sub-regional approaches. As most of the terrorist organizations have global appeal that may cut across geographic and ethno-sectarian divides, interstate borders are meaningless in the context of outreach by such influences and, at times, these borders also hamper counter terrorism efforts. Despite concerted efforts by the government forces of a number of countries, including the US led campaigns in various parts of Asia, terrorism has not been reigned in. In fact it is on the rise, it is just changing its form and location. Some of the contemporary facades of terrorism within and around South Asia are: the arc of instability arising out of Islamist militancy in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh; the “Red Corridor” comprising Maoist insurgency in India and Nepal; spill over of Afghan conflict to Pakistan through its Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), political rise of Hindu radicalism in India and ensuing hype in anti-Muslim sentiment and erstwhile LTTE in Sri Lanka etc. Prominent terrorist entities which operate or have links in South Asia are: the Tehrik-i-Taliban (Pakistan & Afghanistan chapters), Al-Qaeda, the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), the Islamic State (IS) and numerous Afghan militant factions. South Asia has the highest concentration of militant groups in the world. India tops the list with more than 50 active or dormant terrorist organizations. Many of these regional outfits have ties with international organizations. The terrorist landscape in South Asia is diverse and dynamic. Not only has the menace of terrorism grown in intensity, it has afflicted new sub-regions and become more advanced technologically. An examination of the South Asian terrorism profile reveals that it is becoming increasingly skewed towards more grisly and indiscriminate actions. Terrorists are displaying increasing sophistication in their strikes, not only in weaponry but also in ways of carrying out attacks; they look for bigger and more dramatic actions to draw regional and world attention to their causes. South Asia, which had experienced very low levels of organized terrorism until the early 1980s, has undergone a dramatic transformation to become the scene of the bloodiest terrorist violence in the world. In terms of casualties, it ranks as the world’s most terrorism- battered region, followed by the Middle East. Combating terrorism has become the biggest political challenge to the national leaderships of South Asia. And if present trends are any indication, terrorism may remain the main political problem in the region at least for quite some time. towards the Kashmir dispute and its mindset to equate the indigenous movement of Kashmiris, for exercising their right of self-determination, with terrorism is not acceptable to Pakistan and the international community. This is so because the Kashmir dispute continues to be on the UN agenda and a permanent UN military observers group is deployed for monitoring the ceasefire violations in Kashmir. In the broader context, India routinely blames Pakistan and its intelligence agencies for all sorts of terrorism in India. Interestingly, there have been very powerful voices from within India suggesting that some of the high profile acts of terrorism, earlier blamed on Pakistan, like the attack on the Indian Parliament, were false flag operations staged by Indian intelligence outfits. Moreover, there is overwhelming evidence that some of the worst anti-Muslim riots in India were facilitated by Indian law enforcement agencies with the connivance of, at least, state (provincial) governments. India also has complaints against Myanmar, Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh for allowing the terrorist organizations of North Eastern India to utilize their territories to run terrorist camps. Terrorism measures and regulations. SAARC can take additional specific measures such as: sharing intelligence/ information; enacting a consolidated strategy to counter the financing of terrorism by adopting regional money laundering laws; evolving a code of conduct to prevent members’ interference in any member’s intra-state conflicts, either directly or indirectly; regional law enforcement coordination; regional capacity building training; political climate management/ crisis management structures; counter new/ emerging threats through proactive and innovative preventive mechanisms; setting up of a Regional Counter Terrorism framework; Joint counter terrorism exercises; coordination among regional law enforcement agencies; regional capacity building training; development of a regional strategic communication plan etc.— all easier said than done. The biggest hurdle is that as most South Asian countries are mired in serious conflicts, perception of what constitutes terrorism is seldom accurate and uniform. Someone perceived as a terrorist by one state may turn out to be the proxy of another state. At national level, there are a number of ways a country can respond to terrorism ranging from: making concessions on the end of the counter terrorism spectrum to ruthless suppression through military action, on the other extreme of the counter terrorism effort. Concessions are only likely to work when there is moral substance to the terrorist cause, and or when such concessions are reasonable. Military intervention may be used when the terrorist threat is too big for the civilian authorities to handle. To link national effort to a broader regional canvas, international law obliges nation states to either extradite terrorists to the country where their crimes were committed or to punish them themselves. Recently, Al Qaeda released a video on September 04, 2014 announcing the establishment of a new branch on the Indian subcontinent, saying it is meant to revive jihadist activity in the region. Mr Zawahri while announcing raising of “Qaedat al-Jihad in the Indian Subcontinent” said that it had taken more than two years “to gather the mujahedeen in the Indian subcontinent into a single entity”. Indian media has reported that the country’s Intelligence Bureau has verified the video’s authenticity and has alerted police officials across the nation to a heightened threat level. In the video statement, the Qaeda leader vowed to “crush the artificial borders established by the English occupiers to divide the Muslims.” This new entity has claimed responsibility for hijacking a Pakistani naval ship PNS Zulfiqar on September 06, 2014, and trying to use it to fire rockets at the US vessels in the Arabian Sea. This was the first major (mis)adventure by this South Asia focused group. From another perspective, after seeing the failure of the Al-Qaeda philosophy to enact socio-political changes through a regime change strategy, an alternative philosophy has come to surface under the concept of Islamic State(IS), this splinter entity of Al-Qaeda aims at physically occupying as much land as possible to proclaim statehood and then continue defending and or expanding it. The IS already controls a wide stretch of land in Iraq and Syria, including 1/3rd of total oil wells of Iraq. As of now, the IS is a defacto State. This is a more challenging form of terrorism; because the original state’s inability to evict such regimes from their proclaimed territories would mean that a trend to setup such principalities would receive encouragement with a hope that they may sooner or later acquire legitimacy. Some jihadist organizations across the Middle East have begun announcing their support for the Islamic State without formally joining the organization; these include Al-Qaeda in Yemen and some groups affiliated with Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. Such developments also entail unleashing of proxy wars at regional level by the neighbouring states in support and against emerging principalities. Alongside the establishment of “Qaedat al-Jihad in the Indian Subcontinent”, the IS has also made its first public appearance in Pakistan with the distribution of pamphlets and other material in the suburbs of Peshawar, capital of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan provinces of Pakistan. The booklet titled Fatah (victory) is published in Pushto and Dari languages. Some copies were also sent to Afghan journalists working in Peshawar. And lately such documents were also found in the Ismaeli community bus that was attacked by terrorists in Karachi on May 12, 2015. However, at the official level, the government of Pakistan denies the presence of IS in the country, claiming that it is only a Middle East specific outfit. The IS, now is considered the largest and richest militant outfits in the world, it has gained strength from anarchy. It’s a combination of split warring factions which is now aided by fighters from many countries. The Islamic State has its recruiters all over the Western world seeking out new members through social media or known supporters in Canada, Britain, the US and other largely non-Muslim nations. The US State Department said it knows of “dozens” of US citizens fighting with the IS, the Canadian government claims there are at least 130 Canadians and the British government’s most recent headcount is over 500 Britons. The Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia has issued an edict to fight against the IS terrorists. Following this, Saudi Arabia has arrested a number of suspected extremists. Recently Iran also arrested Afghan and Pakistani citizen crossing over to join the IS fighters. The IS has 30,000 fighters who control an area the size of Britain and rake in about $3 million a day in black-market oil sales. These developments indicate that at regional level, terrorism may be more close to formulation stages rather than to a culmination point and South Asia may become a playing field for the competing narratives of the IS and Al-Qaeda. Pakistan has always condemned terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. After 9/11, Pakistan aligned itself with the international community in general and the United States in particular to fight against terrorism in its neighbourhood. Pakistan permitted the UN mandated coalition’s access to its military bases, gave permission to use its ground and air supply routes. Logistical support provided by Pakistan played vital role in sustaining the international counter terrorism effort in Afghanistan. Moreover, Pakistan arrested and handed over to the US over 600 suspected al Qaeda members. Pakistan has played an effective role in countering and combating extremism and terrorism at national, regional and global levels. It has voted in affirmative for all UNSC resolutions to combat terrorism and is in compliance with all such resolutions and other instruments on this subject. Pakistan is a member and observer of important regional organizations like SAARC, ARF SCO, etc. which have explicit declarations with respect to countering terrorism. After 9/11 Pakistan military’s primary role would have been to prevent the influx of hardened fighters fleeing from Afghanistan due to their chase by the US led coalition forces; however, it became embroiled in another demanding contingency. In a dramatic false flag operation, the Indian parliament was attacked by five persons allegedly associated with the struggle for the right of self-determination of the Kashmiri people. India used this as a pretext to deploy its forces on its international border with Pakistan in an aggressive posture. This forced Pakistan to divert its military and intelligence resources towards the Indian border, where they remained deployed for nearly one year. Due to paucity of resources, the border with Afghanistan remained insufficiently guarded; whereby there weren’t sufficient arrangements to check and completely stop the inflow of the extremist fighters from Afghanistan. These incoming militants melted down into the tribal people as they had similar physical features and could speak the local dialect in an inconspicuous way. Soon they began to reorganize, reconstitute and regroup. Their activities initially remained trans-border, crossing over to Afghanistan and back and occasional low scale terrorist activities in Pakistan. In the meanwhile, they were able to place their sleeping cells at important urban locations. 2008, Pakistan banned the group, froze its bank accounts and assets, and barred it from media appearances. The government also announced bounties on prominent leaders of the TTP. All these steps were to have only a nominal outcome as a mechanism to effectively implement such declarations in FATA did not exist. Operation Rah-e-Nijat. Rah-e-Nijat or “Path to Salvation” was a strategic military operation by the armed forces of Pakistan (army and air force) against the (TTP) and their extremist allies in South Waziristan. Pakistan was now taking the fight to the then TTP Chief Baitullah Mehsud’s mountainous stronghold that was lodging about 20,000 hardened militants. A major land-air offensive was launched on October 17. By December 12, 2009, the operation was over and the military retook the whole of South Waziristan. However, none of the top Taliban leaders were killed or captured in the operation. At various stages of these operations, Pakistan’s military had requested their ISAF/ NATO counterparts to increase their border posts along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border so that they could stop the exodus of fleeing militants into Afghanistan. However, this request was not accepted, resulting in an exodus of all top tier leadership of Taliban to Afghanistan. During this operation, 11,080 families (80,000 individuals) had registered themselves with the IDP camps. These displaced persons returned to their homes after the operation was over. Likewise, in a well managed campaign of military operations, militants were also flushed out from other administrative units of FATA. These combatants kept pouring into North Waziristan. Soon this area became home to over 10,000 battle hardened militants of local and foreign origin. North Waziristan. Having realized that the armed forces had not been able to completely extricate from any of the earlier operations, the military command thought it appropriate to avoid the mission. This mindset continued till the change of political and military leadership in 2013-14. o Giving Negotiations a chance. Tackling the terrorists was an electoral issue for the 2013 elections. There was a national consensus to eradicate terrorism; however, the major political parties differed on strategy. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s party preferred a negotiated political settlement. Soon after assumption of power in June 2013, the Prime Minister evolved a parliamentary consensus for negotiating with the militants. However, the 4-month long cumbersome process failed because of the inflexible attitude of the militants and their continued committal of acts of terrorism. o Back to the Hard Power Option. After the failure of talks, the government decided to launch a military operation in North Waziristan. A major military campaign “Operation Zarb-e- Azb” was launched, on 15 June 2014, to expel the militants from North Waziristan. It resulted in the displacement of over a million persons. Major objectives were achieved within three months; over 1500 local and foreign militants were killed; the middle command order of militants stood decimated, the remaining militants are on the run; and militants no longer retain the capacity to carry out sustained/ organized violence; however, they still have the capability of carrying out sporadic attacks at the places and timing of their choosing. The on going military operation is dictated by Pakistan’s own national interest, and is backed by a national consensus. Despite mounting international pressures over the previous years, the choosing of the timing and scope of operation Zarb-e-Azb was a well thought out national decision; the operation will continue till militancy is eliminated from the country. The operation has received widespread support from the Pakistani political, defence and civilian sectors. The two largest Islamic clerical groups (the Pakistan Ulema Council and the Council of Islamic Ideology) have declared a fatwa (edict) endorsing the military operation, calling it a jihad against terrorism. Apart from the domestic dimension, peace and stability in North Waziristan is also linked with how the situation evolves in Afghanistan in general and the Afghan provinces adjoining Waziristan in particular, and how the Afghan government cooperates in controlling the violence from its side. Before 9/11, Pakistan had witnessed just one suicide attack. However, since 9/11, the country has recorded over 400 suicide attacks, resulting in a huge number of fatalities and injuries. There are over two dozen countries around the world where terrorists resort to suicide attacks, all such attackers are non-state actors. Everywhere, sympathy is expressed with the victims of such attacks irrespective of their colour creed or occupation; ironically such international empathy and sympathy is missing whenever a suicide bomber attacks the Pakistani people and structures. Pakistan is therefore, justified to expect a fair deal in this context. International effort to eliminate terrorism from Afghanistan has not been fully successful, there are many question marks regarding the future trajectory of transitions in Afghanistan. Militant outfits of Afghanistan retain the capability and capacity to attack all types of targets at the time and place of their choosing. As long as the militants of Afghanistan retain this capability, its effect will continue to impact Pakistan. Afghanistan is the trigger-station for violent activity in the region. Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) have serious capacity and capability issues, with no early solution in sight. The discipline and motivational aspects of ANSF are worrisome. This puts a question mark on the ability of the Afghan government to effectively control the border movement—and as a corollary, acts of terrorism originating from Afghanistan. There are credible assessments that alongside Western foreign entities, Indian and Afghan intelligence entities have made deep inroads in some of the outlawed ethnic sectarian organizations as well as separatist elements in Pakistan. Indian intelligence agencies have invested heavily to make enduring contacts amongst these organizations and local notables in FATA and Balochistan for future activities. At the international level, India has deftly exploited the sensitivities of Western countries to tarnish the image of Pakistan. Simultaneously India has also set out to meddle in the domestic politics of Pakistan by exploiting traditional fault lines. It frequently provides a platform and logistic facilitation to separatist ethnic elements from Balochistan. Now the Indian intelligence agency RAW has been assigned a special project for disrupting implementation of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor, with an initial funding of an equivalent of US$ 300 million. Counter terrorism requires a comprehensive approach encompassing all facets of terrorism, most importantly, rehabilitation of demobilized militants. Pakistan has carried out meaningful reforms in some sectors to create a hedge against proliferation and facilitation of terrorism. Of special mention are: revision of academic curricula for school, college and university levels to weed out controversial material; persistent effort towards mainstreaming religious seminaries and banking sector reforms to choke the flow of cash to terrorist outfits, etc. The Government of Pakistan has issued a comprehensive National Action Plan, with a special focus on countering terrorism with an aim to creating a multi-disciplinary effort towards its elimination. This plan envisages the setting up of a revamped, better organized, trained and equipped counter-terrorism force. Policy stipulates an integrated approach towards intelligence sharing and incorporates an elaborate reintegration strategy. Earlier, a new statutory instrument entitled “Protection of Pakistan Act 2014” was approved by the Parliament of Pakistan. It addresses the problems faced by the prosecutors in getting meaningful punishments awarded to the terrorists. This legislation is likely to ensure the speedy trial of terrorists. Moreover, the constitution has been amended to make a time-bound (two years) provision of military courts for trial of “jet-black” terrorists. Pakistan has all along been making a strenuous effort to combat terrorism at home. The armed forces of Pakistan are spearheading the campaign against militants and have given many sacrifices in this regard. While combating terrorism, Pakistan has suffered nearly 60,000 civilian and over 6,000 military casualties. Moreover, quantifiable economic loss is of the tune of US$ 120 billion. This loss of blood and treasure by Pakistan needs due acknowledgment and compensation by the international community. Rehabilitation and reintegration of militants are important steps in eradicating terrorism. In this context, the Pakistan army has established and successfully run some model skill enhancement rehabilitation programmes in Swat and other areas. The key to the success of such programmes is that once an individual has acquired a skill, a corresponding job should be waiting for him. Enormous international effort, in the form of a marshal plan may be required to create an appropriate socio-economic environment to prevent a relapse of those who renounce militancy as a result of the political process, and again become disgruntled due to the lack of an adequate reintegration plan. Causes leading to extremism and terrorism include but are not limed to: ideological/cultural inclinations, distortions and or inhibitions; perception of political deprivation; lack of even playing ground for socio-economic development; external intervention, etc. In the regional context, common factors leading to extremist inclinations may be: poverty and exploitation; proneness to natural calamities; inter-state tensions and non-resolution of core disputes; hegemonic policies of external state actors leading to intervention; and threat to sovereignty of smaller nation states, etc. Traditional trans-national and trans-regional ethno-sectarian fault lines are the readily available vehicles for outward transmission of extremist sentiment to attract a wider support base, as well as for inward flow of logistical support to the troubled spots to influence the tactical level outcomes. Contemporary terrorist entities identify themselves at micro as well as at macro levels; varying from the isolating world of sub-national minorities—weak, disempowered, disenfranchised and angry— to another kind of minority—networked, globalized, transnational, armed, and dangerous. Highly skilled small groups and trans-national sleeper cells are increasingly gaining prominence. Though expanse of terrorism is global, some of its forms are regional and local, hence requiring regional and local solutions—mostly based on power/resource sharing. Today, no nation or region or community is totally immune from terrorist violence or from its effects. Moreover, there is a close connection between international terrorism and transnational organized crime like: illicit human, drug and arms trafficking, money-laundering, illegal movement of potentially deadly materials, ungovernable swathes of territory and unregulated border economies. Addressing these contributory causes of terrorism requires global, regional and national level efforts—singly as well as in unison. Lack of effective trans-national cooperation towards countering terrorism creates an advantageous and enabling environment for terrorist organizations. Countering terrorism at a regional level requires combining the efforts of society, states and regional structures. Pre-requisites for success of a counter-terrorism effort are: ‘just peace’ based on equitable fair play in the resolution of international conflicts, a concerted effort for ethno-sectarian harmony and improving the quality of life of the deprived stratum of societies. These complexities should be fully comprehended for finding ways and means for systemic disentangling of these knots at various tiers of the thought process through: intra-state socio-economic and political reforms, proactive diplomacy, international dispute management, domestic and international structural reforms, human resource development etc. Pakistan stands committed to contribute its bit towards eradicating terrorism. The ongoing state of socio-political flux in various parts of Asia indicates that our region is poised to endure a terrorism enabling environment for some time. Apart from application of military power against terrorist individuals and entities there is need for a whole range of non-military measures to achieve the objective. There is a national consensus in Pakistan to eradicate terrorism from its territories and not to allow any individual or entity to use its territory for launching terrorist attacks on any other country. Being one of the severest victims of terrorism, Pakistan considers itself as a part of the solution for countering terrorism. Pakistan has always advocated an all-inclusive regional and international approach to address the causes of terrorism in and around Pakistan, and indeed the entire world. The author is a consultant on Policy and Strategic Response at the Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI). He is a retired Air Commodore and a former Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Pakistan Air Force.

2019-04-25T04:52:52Z

http://www.criterion-quarterly.com/countering-regional-extremism-and-terrorism-pakistans-perspective/

Information security is complex, isn’t it? Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Non Repudiation, Compliance, Reliability, Access Control, Authentication, Identification, Authorization, Privacy, Anonymity, Data Quality and Business Continuity are some concepts that are often used. Information systems are very complex, they have structural and dynamic aspects. Unix abstracts these aspects using the file - process dichotomy. Generally speaking, information systems are structured as information repositories and interfaces, connected by channels both physical and logical. Interfaces interconnect information systems, facilitate input/output of information and interact with users. Data repositories in these systems can hold information either temporarily or permanently. The dynamic aspect of information systems are those processes that produce results and exchange messages through channels. Information systems process data, but data is not information. The same information can be rendered as binary data using different formats and conversion rates of data to information. The importance of a single bit of data depends on how much information it represents. Security is not a presence, but an absence. When there weren’t any known incidents, organisations could confidently say that they were safe. If an incident that goes totally undetected is still a incident, is a matter of debate. Security depends on the context. An unprotected computer wasn’t as safe connected directly to the Internet in 1990 as it was connected to a company’s network in 2005, or totally isolated. We can be safe when there are no threats, even if we don’t protect ourselves. So security depends on the context. Security costs money. Any realistic definition must consider the cost of protection, as there is a clear limit on how much we should spend protecting an information system. The expenditures depends both on how much the system is worth to us and the available budget. Finally, Security depends on our expectations about our use of systems. The higher the expectations, the more difficult they will be met. A writer that holds in a computer everything he wrote in his life and someone who just bought a computer will have totally different expectations. The writer expectations will be more difficult to meet, as he might expect his hard drive to last forever, so a crash can mean catastrophe, while the recently bought computer’s hard drive might be replaced with little hassle. The writer expectations are independent of his knowledge of the system. The system is sold as an item that holds data, and the writer expects the data to stay there as long as he wants to. Expectations about use of a system are not technical expectations about the system. We expect a car to take us places in summer or winter, at it doesn’t matter how much you know about cars, they usually do. The same way users expect systems to serve a purpose, and their expectation can’t be qualified as unrealistic or based on ignorance about how reliable computer systems are. 1. Find what threats are relevant to me. 2. Weight the threats and measure the risk. 3. Select security measures we can afford that reduce the risk to an acceptable level for the smaller cost. • Survive every falsification experiment tried. • Explain an ample spectrum of phenomena, becoming widely usable. • Facilitate the advance of knowledge. The demarcation criteria used to distinguish scientific from pseudo-scientific theories are based on Karl Popper’s falsifiability. If a theory is falsifiable, it’s possible to think of an experiment that refutes or confirms the theory. For example the theory that the Koch’s germ causes TB is falsifiable, because it’s possible to design an experiment, exposing one of two different populations of animals to the germ. If the exposed animals get infected, the theory seems confirmed, but what makes the experiment valid is that if both populations get infected, the theory would be shown to be false, because it would be shown that the cause of the illness is something different from the germ. The definitions in use normally don’t state their scope and point of view. From now on I will assume a information technology point of view, within the scope of a company. Let’s have a look at the four main approaches to defining security. 1. the set of security measures. 2. to keep a state. 3. to stay in control. The first approach is easy to debunk. If security was the set of security measures, a bicycle with a lock would be just as safe in the countryside of England as in Mogadishu, but it is not. It is interesting that Bruce Schneier has been so often misquoted. “Security is a process, not a product” doesn’t mean that security is impossible to achieve, a point of view favoured by those who think that being secure is the same as being invulnerable. Reading the quote in context what he means is that security is not something you can buy, it’s not a product. Security is NOT the set of security measures we use to protect something. o Measures taken to protect a system. o The condition of a system that results from the establishment and maintenance of measures to protect the system. o The condition of system resources being free from unauthorised access and from unauthorised or accidental change, destruction, or loss. The approach that states that security is alike to be invulnerable is purely academic and can’t be applied to real systems because it neglects to consider that security costs money. Invulnerability leads to protection from highly unlikely threats, at a high cost. It is related to very uncommon expectations, and it focuses in attacks, neglecting protection from errors and accidents. • Identification is defined as the ability to identify a user of an information system at the moment he is granted credentials to that system. • Authentication is defined as the ability to validate the credentials presented to an information system at the moment the system is used. • Authorisation is defined as the ability to control what services can be used and what information can be accessed by an authenticated user. • Audit is defined as the ability to know what services have been used by an authorised user and what information has been accessed, created, modified or erased including details such when, when, where from, etc. • Non repudiation is defined as the ability to assert the authorship of a message or information authored by a second party, preventing the author to deny his own authorship. • Confidentiality, already defined, sometimes mistaken for secrecy. • Integrity, defined as the ability to guarantee that some information or message hasn’t been manipulated. • Availability is defined as the ability to access information or use services at any moment we demand it, with appropriate performance. o Confidentiality: Ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorised to have access. o Integrity: Safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of information and processing methods. o Availability. Ensuring that authorised users have access to information and associated assets when required.. This popular paradigm classifies incidents and threats by effects, not causes, and therefore is not falsifiable. For example, an illnesses classification of fevergenic, paingenic, swellnessgenic and exhaustiongenic is complete, but not falsifiable, because what illness doesn’t produce fever, pain, exhaustion or swelling?. It is curious that, using this example, a change in the skin coloration doesn’t fit with these categories. A doctor using that paradigm will incorrectly classify it a fevergenic (“It’s a local fever”) or swellgenic (“It’s a micro-swelling). The same way, professionals that don’t question the CIA paradigm classify the loss of synchronization as an integrity problem (“time information has been changed”), while it’s clear that only stateful information, like a file or a database, can have the property of integrity. It is impossible to think of an experiment that shows an incident or a threat not to belong to one of the confidentiality, integrity or availability categories. Therefore the CIA paradigm is unscientific. There are several examples of incidents that are not well treated using CIA, but appear to fit within the paradigm. Uncontrolled permanence of information can lead to Confidentiality Loss. Information Copy in violation of authorship rights can lead to Confidentiality Loss, as someone is getting access who is not authorised for it. Copy in violation of privacy rights can lead to Confidentiality Loss, as someone is getting access who is not authorised for it. Now, what are these CIA classifications good for? It’s very clear that to prevent “confidentiality” incidents our controls will be very different if we want to limit access, if we want to prevent breaching of authorship rights, or if we want to guarantee information erasure. So, why are we classifying at all, if the classification doesn’t help to do something as simple as selecting a security measure?. Some other examples of incidents that don’t fit CIA are operator errors and fraud. To neutralise a threat, a control that regulates the causes of the threat will normally be needed; therefore, for control selection, it would be far more useful to classify by causes than by effects, which is exactly what CIA doesn’t do. CIA doesn’t consider the context at all. This is why small and medium size organisations are intimidated by the exigency of Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability, giving up on devoting enough resources to security. Only big organisations aim for Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. CIA doesn’t consider our expectation about our information systems. You can’t demand confidentiality of public information, like www.cnn.com news; you can’t demand integrity of low durability information, it is too easy to reproduce; and you can’t demand availability of low priority services. Many practitioners who use the CIA definition have a stance of “We want to prevent attacks from succeeding”; in other words, for us to be safe is equivalent to being invulnerable. The definition of an incident under this light is totally independent of the context, and considers attacks only, neglecting accidents and errors as incidents. Disaster Recovery Plans show that the need to protect a company from catastrophes is well known, but many accidents are considered a reliability issue and not a security issue, because accidents are not considered a security problem. So, if no current information security definition or paradigm is satisfactory, what can replace it? An interesting alternative is the use of an operational definition. An operational definition uses the measuring process the definition of the measured quantity. For example, a meter is defined operationally as the distance travelled by a beam of light in a certain span of time. An example for the need of operational definitions is the collapse of the West Gate Bridge in Melbourne, Australia in 1970, killing 35 construction workers. The subsequent enquiry found that the failure arose because engineers had specified the supply of a quantity of flat steel plate. The word “flat” in this context lacked an operational definition, so there was no test for accepting or rejecting a particular shipment or for controlling quality. • As long as systems and the environmental conditions don’t change, the future is similar to the past. • You can apply probability to set of phenomena, not to individual phenomenon. • A sufficiently big set of historic cases must be available for significant probability calculations. Probability is often misunderstood. If you drop a coin nine times and get nine crosses, the probability of getting a cross the tenth time is still ½, not lower as intuition suggests. Quite the opposite, the more crosses we get, the higher should be our confidence that the next drop will be a cross too, unless we have tested the coin previously the coin with several runs of dropping it ten times and we got globally crosses 5 out of ten times, meaning the coin is “mathematically fair”. An operational definition for information security is: “The absence of threats that can affect our expectations about information systems equivalently protected in equivalent environments”. Security is something that you get, not something that you do. In practice threats are always present. This is the reason perfect security is not possible, which is perfectly consistent with the operational definition. This shows how invulnerability and security are different, as the definition put in practice shows invulnerability as unfeasible. Expectations about a system are expectation about the use of the system, not expectations about how would it respond to an attack, and are therefore the same even of some new vulnerabilities are discovered. This operational definition is not only falsifiable, but it is expectations dependent and deals cleanly with the definition difficulties of context. It is helpful to determine what threats are relevant, to weight the threats, measure the risk and to select security measures. • Incident: “Any failure to meet our expectations about an information system”. This definition makes our expectations the pivotal point about what should protected. • Threat “Any historical (CLASS?) cause of at least one incident in an equivalent information system” This implies that the probability is not zero, and brings in the context. This is an operational, a “working definition”. Zero days are considered threats, as they belong to the category of malicious code, which is know to have caused incidents in the past. If a “threat” that never causes an incident is a threat is a matter of debate. The threats relevant to an information system will be the causes of historic incidents in information systems protected equivalently in equivalent environments. Insecurity can be measured by the cost of historic incidents in a span of time for every information system equivalently protected in an equivalent environment. • Comply with existing legal regulations. • Control the access to secrets and information or services protected by law, like private information and copyrights. • Identify the authors of information or messages and record of their use of services. • Make the users responsible for their use of services and acceptance of contracts and agreements. • Control the physical ownership of information and information systems. • Control the existence and destruction of information and services. • Control the availability of information and services. • Control the reliability and performance of services. • Control the precision of information. • Reflect the real time and date in all their records. Every organisation will have a different set of expectations, which leads to different sets of incidents to protect from and different sets of threats to worry about depending on the environment. The more specific are the expectations defined, the easier it becomes to determine the threats to them and the security measures that can protect them. To determine how relevant are the threats it is necessary to gather historical data for incidents in equivalent systems in equivalent environments. Unfortunately, whereas the insurance industry has been doing this for years, information security practitioners lack this statistical information. It is possible to know the likelihood and the cause to have a car accident, but there is not data enough to know how likely is to suffer a information security incident, nor the cause. Quantitative risk measurement without proper historical data is useless. Some practitioners even mix estimates figures with complex formulae, which is equivalent to mixing magic and physics. Even if there is no accurate data about risk, it is possible to follow a risk assessment process similar to OCTAVE to identify the expectations about the information systems and the significant threats that can prevent the expectations to materialise. With the operational definition, every identified threat can be controlled using suitable security measures. If quantitative risk information is available, the most cost efficient security measures could selected. Previously unknown threat can be controlled using impact reduction security measures, which are effective against a wide spectrum of threats, like for example, back-up. The operational definition of an incident helps to focus on whatever is relevant to our context. If there is no expectation for secrecy, no matter what is revealed, there is no incident. The operational definition of a threat helps focus on threats that are both relevant and likely. It doesn’t make much sense consider meteors as a threat if no information system has ever been destroyed by a meteor. Measuring insecurity by the cost of incidents helps to gauge how much invest in information security. If our expenses protecting information systems for the last five years were 10.000 euros a year, and our losses were 500 euros a year, it probably doesn’t make sense to rise the budget to 20.000 euros, but to 10.500 tops. Of course this is a gross estimate, but it gives an idea of what can be achieved if statistics on the cost of incidents and their causes were available. The operational definition is richer than the other paradigms, it addresses expectations, context and cost and it makes far easier to determine what security measures to take to protect the expectations put on an information system. The adoption of a falsifiable definition should enable some progress in information security theory.

2019-04-22T06:04:39Z

http://www.ism3.com/node/11

A critical look at some of the major changes happening to social housing in the UK—and its likely effects on tenants and those in housing need. The Demolition of Social Housing? Social housing in the UK provides homes for 8 million people - but its prospects appear increasingly grim. With the decline of a manufacturing base and the rise of financial capital in western economies social housing has appeared to the ruling class as an under-capitalised asset; its potential 'real' value remaining unrealised by its protection from full exposure to market valuation. Since the 1970s successive governments have shown a growing hostility to the concept of state-subsidised housing for the lower orders. Earlier Tory regimes had implemented limited 'right-to-buy' schemes for some council tenants, and a 1970s Labour government had considered similar schemes but abandoned it as too controversial and potentially divisive a policy for the Party(1). Coming to power in 1979, Thatcher's Tories had no such qualms or obstacles and tenants snapped up their council homes at knock-down prices in this first wave of mass buy-outs (with the discounts offered at the time for many tenants mortgage payments worked out cheaper than continuing to rent). In tandem with the share options offered in the sell-off of other state assets, eg energy and telecommunications companies, the populist myth of the property-owning, share-owning democracy was formed; the democratisation of speculation for the masses. In the past 25 years Housing Associations (HAs) have been promoted by successive governments as a more tolerable provider of social housing who could be more easily steered towards a market-orientated approach(7). Despite a nominal official charitable status(8), HAs are often large commercial enterprises, paying their Chief Execs six-figure salaries, having large incomes and accumulated 'reserves' (as 'charities', they can't call it profit). Taking both state subsidies and commercial loans, HAs have become the main providers of 'part-buy, part rent' schemes. 70 percent of homes in new build projects are for sale or rent at market prices, with only 30 percent for social housing rental. So HAs often use their social housing stock as assets to guarantee the bank loans that fund their property speculation(9). Many have sister companies/wings that are solely commercial property developers. Despite being the main providers of so-called "affordable housing", the part buy-part rent schemes are far beyond the affordability of those most in housing need and appear to mainly provide a first foot on the property ladder for young single professionals. With 5 million on social housing waiting lists nationwide, one can see that the needs of the property market, as always, take precedent over satisfaction of needs. There are over 700,000 empty homes in the UK(10). An artificially induced housing shortage maintains high prices, with the poorest exploited the most. Restricting access to social housing. At present anyone can apply for social housing and will be assessed, under nationally recognised legal guidelines, for priority according to need. But under the new Bill councils will be able to draw up their own criteria of eligibility for applying to join the housing waiting list; this is apparently intended to be a means testing even of being considered for housing. An end to security of tenure. Councils and HAs will have the option to issue only fixed-term tenancies (minimum two years) to new tenants. This is despite the government claims to want to create 'sustainable communities'. Means testing is also proposed for new tenancies; so if a tenant's income rises above a certain level they must leave social housing. When the last Labour government considered in 2007 a similar attack on tenancies 37 Lib Dem MPs voiced their opposition in Parliament, "opposing both the stigmatisation of council housing as housing of last resort and proposals to means test or time limit secure tenancies". Two of these two-faced MPS are now cabinet ministers and another six are junior ministers in the coalition government now implementing the present 'time limited secure tenancies'. "an Australian model used in New South Wales ... found that fewer than 1% of fixed-term tenancies had actually been terminated by the scheme - a complete reversal of what the government hopes to achieve by freeing up housing stock for the most vulnerable. Fixed-term tenancies could also prove costly, as landlords would be forced to undertake lengthy resident reviews every two years. For a government pushing aggressively for reduced unemployment figures, the scheme could become a disincentive for tenants who do not wish to move every two years as the result of an improved income. The government has also recently suggested that subletting by social housing tenants may be made a criminal offence. Local authorities will be able to discharge their duty to the homeless by providing private sector accommodation. Currently the homeless can refuse council offers of private accommodation and insist on being offered council accommodation. But, under the new changes, rather than providing eventual permanent social housing council Homeless Persons Units can 'allocate' the homeless in the direction of a private landlord and in so doing all their obligations are fulfilled. This could mean the end of access to social housing for many of those most in need, for example, with various health problems - instead some of the most vulnerable will be permanently dumped into the insecurity of the private rental sector, often at the mercy of unscrupulous and unsympathetic landlords. The costs for social landlords of revising their allocations and tenure procedures are estimated at a whopping £123 million (Inside Housing, 4 June 2011). The option for councils and HAs to charge 80% of market rent levels on new tenancies. Again, this suggests the end of access to social housing for many. The main effect of this policy would be in London and the south-east. In the north, where there is often a surplus of available housing in both the public and private sector, the government was surprised to find that if this policy was applied northern HAs would in many cases have to reduce their rents! But in other areas this policy, combined with new benefit caps, will make housing access harder for the poor. This policy seems designed to encourage HAs to evict more tenants; in doing so, they immediately increase rental income and also qualify for government development grants otherwise denied. The most vulnerable tenants, without the know how to legally defend themselves, would probably suffer most. Massive cuts in legal advice services only increase this effect. "A key element of the coalition's housing policy - that of charging new tenants 80 percent of the market rate - could be stymied by the Charity Commission. The commission has told the 1,236 charitable housing Associations (HAs) in England and Wales they risk losing charitable status if they implement the new rent regime, reminding them that to preserve their status they must act in a manner that furthers their charitable objectives for the public benefit. Charging 80 percent of the market rate is not seen as particularly "charitable" - not least as many families will find themselves in severe difficulty when they are hit by the £500 benefit cap that is being introduced (Eye 1287). The dilemma facing HAs is that if they lose charitable status, they will lose benefits such as relief on business rates and tax breaks. But though not all local councils intend to immediately enforce these measures - nearly half have stated they won't introduce fixed-term tenancies - what politicians say now and what policies their councils actually enforce later may well differ. Family Mosaic have the dishonour of being the first Housing Association to introduce Assured Shorthold Tenancies for new lets; these are the same tenancies as used by private landlords, giving no security and making it possible to terminate the tenancy with only a few weeks notice. This is a move towards the likely 'social housing' tenancy of the future - ie, not social housing as we know it. Future tenancies may be time-limited, insecure, means tested and at or close to market prices. The government claims to want to encourage greater mobility in tenants so they will be willing to move to where the jobs are (what jobs?) and to move to smaller properties when they find themselves with spare rooms after their children leave home. But who will want to move if their new tenancy is insecure/fixed term, means tested and at up to 80% of market rent? Tenants claiming Housing Benefit (HB) who have spare rooms will be penalised; they are likely to lose around 14% of HB for one spare room, 25% for two unused bedrooms. There are also proposals to means test the income of social housing tenants and for the state to give HAs legal powers to snoop into the financial details of tenants' income. This will likely be a cap not on income of the individual whose name is on the tenancy, but on overall household income. Hammersmith & Fulham council have recently (Oct 2012) announced an earnings cap of £40,200 on households. Their new tenancies will be for a fixed term of 5 years and those exceeding the earnings cap after that time will have to move out. Other suggestions are for a general earnings cap of £60,000; so if a husband earns £20,000, his wife earns £25,000 and their son earns £16,000 they may have to pay up to 80% of market rent. Hardly an incentive for anyone to increase earnings if it means the result is to lose your home and be forced into the poorly regulated, insecure and more expensive private sector. Therefore an 'increase' in income could lead a household to have to move into a more expensive property where the higher rent actually decreases their overall income. Further suggestions are that on reaching a certain income level tenants will be given the 'options' of moving out, staying and paying up to 80% of market rent or getting a mortgage via a part buy/part rent scheme run by HAs. These part-ownership schemes can be a poor deal - purchasers can be subjected to high costs and massive overcharging for maintenance works they are contractually obliged to pay for. These policies are being justified as 'freeing up properties for those more in need'. But one can imagine the moral outcry if the same 'logic' was applied to the homeowner and their sacred private property; e.g., that those with spare rooms should be forced to scale down to make way for larger households or that those who can afford to move into more expensive homes should be forced to do so - so that poorer first time buyers can 'get on the property ladder'. A cap on the total amount of benefit received will be imposed; expected to be around £350 a week for a single person and £500 for families with children. This will probably be administered via Housing Benefit until the new Universal Credit benefit regime begins in 2013. This cap will only apply to people of working age. Again, the effects of high rents - as a proportion of total benefits received - will be likely to influence where benefit claimants can live. There will also be cuts in Council Tax Benefit(CTB). Until now central government has funded CTB by giving money to local authorities to pay to claimants. From 2013 the government will only give town halls 90% of this money; local councils will have to decide how they will deal with the 10% shortfall. This is likely to mean claimants will have to pay a few pounds each week out of their benefits to cover the shortfall. And the general prospects for those in the private sector on benefits? The housing charity Shelter predicts that "most inner-London boroughs are likely to become almost entirely unaffordable to low income tenants on housing benefit by 2016" (Evening Standard, 24 Jun 2011). Apart from redrawing the map of the city's class divide even more sharply, this will have its knock-on economic effects - eg, the service economy that the wealthy property owning elite depend on will face labour shortages and/or wage demands to compensate for increased travel costs for workers (high fares, parking fees and congestion charges make London's transport system one of the world's most expensive). Many housing benefit claimants are low paid workers. London may eventually become to resemble Paris; the city centre a playground for the rich and tourism, encircled by banlieue-type suburbs housing concentrations of the poor. "A third of England will become unaffordable for low-income households within a decade, according to a study by two leading housing organisations. A report by the housing charity Shelter and the Chartered Institute of Housing (CIH) claims that government plans to overhaul housing benefit would price low-income households out of a third of local authorities in England, pushing them into areas of high unemployment. The changes, to be introduced in 2013, were outlined in last month's welfare reform bill, which established that future increases to local housing allowance for private tenants will be linked to the consumer price index of inflation rather than the cost of local rents. "Labour-controlled Southwark decreed last week that the rich need no longer suffer from poor neighbours in new housing developments in the north of the borough. But the decision to take £9 million in cash from the builders of 197 flats behind the Tate Modern, rather than force them to sell 34 of the units to social housing providers, is simply the latest brick taken from the wall of a London-wide policy designed to encourage mixed communities. Another example of the degradation of a plan to ensure that between 35% and 50% of the homes on large sites were sold to government-aided housing associations for rent or part-buy is Chelsea Barracks. Half the 638 flats in the long-abandoned Richard Rogers scheme were to be subsidised, but not because the developer was feeling benevolent. It was a rule insisted upon by Ken Livingstone. Boris Johnson has softened the conditions, dropped the 50% target, and now lets the boroughs decide. Here is how it's working. This week Kensington & Chelsea Council passed plans by Qatari Diar to build 448 homes on the 13-acre site. Poorer folk will not be living in 224 of the homes; instead there will be 123 "affordable" units. The price the Qataris are paying not to have an extra 101 subsidised homes on the site is £78 million. A huge amount, but it gives some indication of the lengths developers will now go to avoid mixing rich and poor. Why do they pay so much? The £772,000 per unit offset price at Chelsea is an extreme exception. The £264,000 per unit being paid by the Duke of Westminster's property company, Grosvenor, at Bankside is high. So, in the geography of a class society, not having social housing tenants as neighbours adds value to property. This city geography is potentially set to shift toward both more "gated communities" of the security-conscious rich hiding behind CCTV and concierges - and also more socially-cleansed street areas gentrified, cleared of social housing and of private sector housing benefit claimants priced out by benefit caps. “So One Housing Group is slashing the pay of its workers (Staff face sack and a wage cut - Tribune, 10 Aug) - with some losing 30% of their income, and this after a 4-year pay freeze! (Note that this freeze was not applied to OHG executives' pay.) OHG workers report that management are also increasing their workload, leading to increased workplace stress, economic insecurity and a decline in services for tenants. It's sadly ironic that a 30% pay cut is likely to make some OHG workers homeless. Yet OHG claims to be in good financial health with millions in the bank as reserves. Meanwhile the six-figure salaries of those OHG executives at the top remain in place; no "austerity" there. OHG try to justify these cuts by claiming 'savings' will help improve their care services - but cutting staff wages by up to 30% is unlikely have such an effect. It will, though, aid OHG in their bidding wars for care contracts as wages, working conditions and quality of care are driven down in a race to the bottom. Housing Associations(HAs) are often seen as charitable bodies, some even having a legal charitable status. But OHG, like many HAs, focus much of their activity on building for sale and rent at market prices. But even the minority of so-called "affordable" housing they include in new-build projects is out of reach of those most in need; eg, it was recently reported that OHG was selling an "affordable" Islington property for £705,000! With HAs happily lobbying for and implementing the government's new insecure time-limited tenancies and new lets rented at up to 80% of market value (all of which are arguably part of a process of effective privatisation of social housing), OHG and other HA management are showing clearly their real attitude towards both their workers and their tenants - and where their business practices are heading. It's time for tenants and workers to resist - and for a more general movement against the appalling housing policies of this government and their collaborators. With the rental market having failed to behave as some politicians claimed it should and 'adapt itself ' to Housing Benefit caps by lowering rents, some London councils are already talking of having to house local homeless people hundreds of miles away in more affordable areas. Politicians of all colours claim to want to promote "sustainable communities" (but for who?). Yet, with homelessness growing, the effects of the Localism Bill will actually mean less connection to any locality for those in most housing need; the weakening of secure tenancies and decreased access to permanent housing contained in this Bill (alongside housing benefits caps) will ensure that. 1) See 'When the Lights Went Out: Britain in the Seventies' - by Andy Beckett; Faber & Faber, UK 2009, p. 422. 3) But the effect of numerous complaints to the European Commission by the European Property Federation and by private landlords since 2000 has resulted in the rolling back of rent control and security of tenure in the rented sector. In Holland since 1 Jan 2011 the state can no longer supply social housing to anyone earning more than €45,000 pa and even this compromise with the EC is under review. 7) The 1988 Housing Act encouraged social housing landlords to seek private funding and the 2008 Housing & Regeneration Act encouraged private commercial investment and ownership in social housing. 9) But most HA property development is, for the moment, still subsidised by government via Housing Corporation, Homes & Community Agency Social Housing Grant and grant-in-kind (gifts of cheap urban land). Typically this grant has been around 50%, but under the new Localism Bill it will be as low as 15% - and only available if HAs contract to deliver 80% market rents in return. 15) http://www.standard.co.uk/business/markets/a-poor-way-to-integrate-as-housing-rules-are-relaxed-6415040.html Note in the “Shameless” picture and caption accompanying the article the snobby use of stereotypes of social housing tenants as thieving neighbours. 17) Ironically, the recent proposal to restore paying housing benefits directly to all tenants may make rent strikes easier - though this would depend on what kind of tenancy one holds. Good, interesting text; I presume you had a hand in it. Have you sent links to it to tenants association and squatting sites? What do you feel are the strengths and weaknesses of tenants associations in your experience? I know it's pretty much a guess, but do you think they'll fight, and if not, what might prevent them from doing so? And why, apart from a less atomised working class generally, do you think past tenants movements succeeded, or when they didn't, why do you think they failed? Big questions, not likely to have a ready answer, I know, but they're worth looking into. This is a really good summary of the situation. Also worth mentioning are the changes to housing benefit being implemented or proposed. Some of these changes will directly affect people in social housing e.g. from April 2013 the government want to cut 15% of housing benefit for social housing tenants with a spare room (25% cut for tenants with 2 or more spare rooms). And some will affect the demand for social housing e.g. i'm sure a lot of large families in private housing who have had a massive cut to their housing benefit (when the 5 bedroom rate for local housing allowance was cut in April) will apply for social housing. In my experiance in Newcastle, tenants associations are pretty hopeless - the Newcastle Tenants Federation seems to encourage local council tenants associations to invite officials (e.g. housing managers, police) to all their meetings resulting in groups which have no fight to them whatsoever (and putting plenty of people off attending / speaking at their meetings). There's plenty of anecdotal (but unfortunately not much concrete) evidence about systemic knobbling of tenants associations by the city council / labour party too. The situation for tenants of housing associations is even worse because their houses are less concentrated on estates so its harder to organise against a common landlord. That's not to write off all tenant association members or even all local associations, but any organised resistance is often very localised and isolated often late in the day (and often involves new groups rather than established tenants associations). Have you sent links to it to tenants association and squatting sites? What do you feel are the strengths and weaknesses of tenants associations in your experience? I have, but with little expectation - as my experience is similar to Rosa's above. TAs seem to be now mainly made up of older tenants still hanging in there from the heyday of TAs when they had some militant clout. Or a few younger ones - some who have political/career ambitions (it looks good on their CV) and/or are flattered by some patronising attention from bigwigs in their HA landlords who put them on some irrelevant cosmetic 'tenant consumer panel' or whatever. TAs tend to be pretty conservative these days - while googling for TA sites to send a link to, the first was proudly announcing their Chair's OBE award, the second emphasised 'we are non-political' etc... They can also be controlled by tight cliques and uptight busybodies, those types who want to play at political self-importance. They function as mediator between tenant and landlord - and, even when TA activists don't encourage it, other tenants often impose that role by assuming that's what the TA's for, another official body to do things for them rather than something to involve themselves in. These are my impressions anyway, reinforced by what others have told me of their experiences. More widely among tenants, though there's much dissatisfaction about poor services/repairs, arrogant and snotty-nosed HA officials, rising rents etc - in my experience there's a general apathy about being able to do much about it. Tenants and TAs are also worn down by the fact that, even if you use complaints procedures - the final stage being the Housing Ombudsman - the Ombudsman is notorious for being blatantly biased in the landlord's favour. I know it's pretty much a guess, but do you think they'll fight, and if not, what might prevent them from doing so? I think they are usually so isolated from the majority of apathetic/resigned tenants that there's not much fight in them. That may change as the screw is tightened, who knows? And why, apart from a less atomised working class generally, do you think past tenants movements succeeded, or when they didn't, why do you think they failed? I would have to do some reading/thinking to give a proper answer; but I think housing struggles tend to occur as a component of wider working class confidence and assertiveness in struggle, which tends to make the link between wages and housing costs, relative class distribution of resources etc more visible and explicit, so more contested. But changes in the property market have changed the possibilities of struggle; eg, in the 70s there was so much empty property around squatting was really easy for years. Now, with its centrality to the financial markets, every square inch of urban space is capitalised to the max, so there is far less long-term squattable empties with a good life on them. £100,000 income needed to buy a home in most of the south-east, 5 million on the waiting lists, most of whom will never get social housing, kids staying at home till they're 30 to save on rent costs, rural holiday homes turning places into ghost villages and pricing out locals etc. Yet as more mortgage defaulters are repossessed, overcrowding increases and families fall apart the image of property-owning domestic bliss is intensified - as the property boom grew, UK TV has become saturated with property and cookery programmes - and remains so. TAs are very much officially controlled and slickly managed, we need to avoid officialised ones made by the HAs/government/local council chairs. Independent action/organisations are needed and unofficial meetings (which are probably illegal by some technicality) where tenants can decide on collective action. This is a good in depth piece and I'll come back to it in more detail, but I think some councils (Lewisham?) are already restricting access to the Housing Register to those who earn less than £16000 a year ( *) or have savings less than that. To my mind, while painted as a strategy driven by high demand for a scarce resource, the net effect is to further allow the demonisation of social housing and those who live in it as people who rely on benefits. * For comparison someone on minimum wage working a 40 hour week would earn £12334.40 a year. £16k pa equates to £7.69 an hour. Bump - this article has been updated and expanded.

2019-04-24T18:34:57Z

https://libcom.org/news/demolition-social-housing-29062011

The summary report of the first ever PNG New Voices conference highlights the enthusiasm of Papua New Guinea’s young people to participate in debate about PNG’s economy and international outlook in the Asian century. Conference participants called for higher-quality leadership and the creation of opportunities for Papua New Guineans to prosper through investment in human resources, agriculture and the entrepreneurial skills of young people. The Lowy Institute for International Policy convened its annual New Voices conference in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea on 22 October 2012. It was the first time this conference has been convened outside Australia. The conference assembled approximately 120 emerging leaders from the private sector, government and civil society. Speakers addressed issues such as the direction of the national economy, the impact of the Asian Century on Papua New Guinea’s international choices, and the growing popularity and influence of social media. Participants were overwhelmingly positive about the future of their country and enthusiastic about international engagement, particularly with the fast-growing economies of Asia. The following provides a summary of the discussion around the key themes of the conference. The report is written on a non-attributable basis. More information about the conference is available on the Lowy Institute’s website, www.lowyinstitute.org. It was important for young people to have leaders who inspired them. Politicians, as a rule, did not offer the kind of leadership which inspired Papua New Guinea’s youth. They were perceived too often as working for themselves rather than serving the country. Young people wanted to see their politicians behave ethically and they felt leaders had failed to meet their expectations. Papua New Guinea’s leadership did not have a strong record of demonstrating strategic vision in their decision-making. Governments tended to focus on what they needed to do to stay in power rather than make transformative decisions for the future. It was essential that Papua New Guinea achieved economic growth that benefits all of its citizens in a meaningful way. Despite past inadequacies in government, there was now capacity to tackle development challenges. National strategic planning documents had provided a blueprint for the way forward but implementing the right policies was another matter. The government knew what it had to do. More investments were required in health, education, infrastructure and support for private sector development. Papua New Guinea had a high cost structure. One way of overcoming this was to invest in public-private partnerships which would allow for delivery of goods and services, energy supply and national land development. Corruption was a major problem for Papua New Guinea and was growing. Governance had to be improved. The public sector needed to be protected from unnecessary political pressure. Boards of state-owned enterprises needed to be quarantined from undue political influence. Quality institutions were important not only at the national but also at the sub-national level. The medium-term fiscal strategy was guided by sound spending and management of risks, helped by good revenue. The strategy sought to increase expenditure in real terms per capita. But more effective expenditure in service delivery was required. Very little planning had been done that envisaged the future of the nation without resources wealth. Improving financial inclusiveness was an important way to grow the economy. The Bank of South Pacific, for example, was partnering with mobile phone company Digicel to expand their rural bank network. Applications like Mobile Money were giving the unbanked access to bank services. Rural Papua New Guineans made up the vast majority of the population but many felt sidelined by the government. The government, focused on the country’s wealth in minerals, partnered with foreign investors but did not appear to be partnering with its own citizens to promote the occupation of the majority – agriculture. Farmers needed access to markets to generate income. Rather than be dependent on royalties from mines which did not make use of the skills of most communities, people in rural areas wanted to earn a cash income from their farming or fishing skills. Participants challenged the Papua New Guinea government to form a partnership with its own people. The creation of an independent body which could assist Papua New Guinean farmers find markets for their produce would be useful. Greater investment in local processing of major commodities like coffee and cocoa was also important. Agriculture and fisheries could be the driving forces behind a comprehensive economic transformation that delivered more equitable and sustainable growth. There appeared to be a much greater focus in Papua New Guinea on national or government-driven development than on human development. Papua New Guinea had vast minerals resources, and sustainable exploitation of these resources would contribute to growth for years to come. But the country would not truly progress unless it invested in its human resources and considered replacing our reliance on our natural resources with knowledge resources. Heavily reliant on mineral resources, Papua New Guinea had limited local expertise and has not considered alternatives to natural resource exploitation. If Papua New Guinea was to embrace relationships with other countries and entities, it had to look beyond the mining industry and overhaul its workforce. Papua New Guinea’s education system was inequitable. More needed to be done for high-school graduates who did not qualify for tertiary studies. Life expectancy for Papua New Guineans was low, at 62 years of age for men and 65 years for women. This reality meant it was important that young people were encouraged and given responsibilities in the life of the nation. Despite frustrations with political inaction and corruption, conference participants were determined to act to bring about positive change for their communities and their country. A range of initiatives by entrepreneurial young people were discussed. The new glossy publication, Stella Magazine, was created to provide an outlet for creativity. The magazine countered the stereotypical image of Pacific Islanders as either noble savages or victims by showing complexity and positivity in their portrayals of women. Publishing positive stories of the women of the Pacific would help to bring about attitude change. The Voice Inc was a vibrant youth development organisation which believed that young people were leaders creating the future today. The organisation provided educational programs to assist young people discover their purpose and gain confidence to contribute to their communities. The Voice Inc runs courses at university and high-school levels called “DREAM”: Drive, Relationships, Experiences including education, Attitude and Mission statements for our lives. The program aimed to help young people stand up and take leadership roles. The thinking behind the program was that no-one benefited from young people staying silent. Radio was a powerful tool for the dissemination of information. Tribe FM, the proposed radio station for young people at the National Broadcasting Corporation, is designed to serve the growing youth population of Papua New Guinea. Tribe FM was a weekly radio program but there were plans for it to become a fully-fledged station. Young people saw leaders ignoring major issues. The Tribe’s rule was to create a forum for young people to discuss problems and find ways to solve them. Key issues affecting young people included unemployment, poor education, social problems like criminality, drug and alcohol abuse, and prostitution. Tribe FM was seeking to use both traditional and new (social) media to connect with young people. The expansion of the mobile phone network and take-up of mobile phones enabled people to connect much more easily with family and friends throughout the country. Tribe FM could connect with young people via SMS, Facebook and Twitter. Papua New Guinea’s young people had expressed concerns about the social injustice that accompanied some development projects. The forced evictions, destruction of homes, and relocations that accompanied the marina and hotel development at Paga Hill were an example of the lack of respect for human rights and for people in the development process. There were various ways to protest these injustices and other serious societal problems such as domestic violence and HIV. One way was to use art to resist peacefully and force people to listen. The rising influence of social media was a new phenomenon in Papua New Guinea that has coincided with and been enabled by the dramatic take-up of mobile phones. Much of the social media activity was generated in the urban centres of Papua New Guinea. Sharp Talk, an influential Facebook group, has generated significant debate on important issues including gender inequality, domestic violence, Chinese investment and the national elections. Membership of the group was about 8,900. The success of Facebook groups in Papua New Guinea was explained in part by the inability of the mainstream media to elucidate some complex, technical issues impacting on the country. In an environment where accurate information was difficult to locate, the information generated by social media debates such as occurs on Sharp Talk was picked up quickly by policy-makers and political advisers. One paragraph that appeared on a Sharp Talk discussion thread had even been converted into a government policy statement. Social media tools like Facebook were useful for enabling greater understanding of complex subjects. Steering or guiding the debate in a constructive direction was important but difficult. Traditional media remained important, despite its limitations. The traditional media, including radio and print newspapers, could put frameworks around the debates which then expanded on social media. Government also needed to be involved to correct any misinformation. While the majority of users of social media resided in urban centres, many urban Papua New Guineans maintained their traditional links with rural villages and culture, so issues affecting the rural areas and agriculture were also debated on social media. The usefulness of Facebook in interacting in the political arena was illustrated during the nation’s constitutional crisis in December 2011. Facebook messaging was used to organise demonstrations calling for an end to the political crisis. But the use of Facebook to seek to influence the political environment could also have negative results, as the very transparency which made debates on Facebook so popular also allowed opponents of an individual campaign to neuter its effectiveness. Papua New Guinea was heavily reliant on mineral resources and had not given serious consideration to alternatives to natural resource exploitation. In order to embrace relationships with foreign countries and entities, Papua New Guinea had to look beyond the mining industry and beyond its existing workforce. Papua New Guinea did not have a history of learning from other countries or of fostering its entrepreneurs. Papua New Guinea could benefit from learning from the development and management experiences of countries like China and Singapore. Innovative people needed to link with others who can convert innovation into new businesses. Strategic partnerships were important for Papua New Guinea. Participants considered that Papua New Guinea’s geostrategic focus was shifting away from the Pacific Islands at the same time as its leadership was sought after within the Pacific Islands region. Other Pacific Islanders looked to Papua New Guinea for leadership of the region in international forums because of its weight and its willingness to pursue interests with more aggressive diplomacy than was the norm in most Pacific Islands. But Papua New Guinea needed to go beyond the region to embrace new ideas and interact with the knowledge economies that could benefit its own development trajectory. Papua New Guinea was a regional powerhouse but this had come about mostly due to historical reasons. The Pacific Islands region was not of critical importance to Papua New Guinea’s future development. The nation’s future lay in better links with Asia. Papua New Guinea had to imagine itself as a nation before it could take proper advantage of its place in the Asian century. Refocusing engagement with countries that have had success in lifting themselves out of poverty would also benefit Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea’s development experience was more akin to Asia. Like many Asian countries, Papua New Guinea was colonised and gained independence at around the same time as Asian countries. Papua New Guinea has much to learn from Asia in terms of developing an effective public sector and management expertise. Papua New Guinea needed to look at strategic partnerships with Asian countries, including with China. Asia was becoming a much more attractive market and destination than Australia. But developing a strategic relationship with Asian countries may come at the cost of some of Papua New Guinea’s core values. Australia’s relationship with Papua New Guinea has been largely collegiate and friendly. It was not clear, however, that Papua New Guinea’s future relationship with Australia would provide as many interesting opportunities as relationships with Asian economies offered. The proposed PGK6 billion loan from China for infrastructure was perceived as a very significant development, both for Papua New Guinea’s relationship with China and for progress. Participants acknowledged that it was important not to generalise knowledge of Asia. The diversity and population of the Asian continent was massive. If Papua New Guinea wanted to work with Asia, it had to develop a more sophisticated understanding of the region. Compatibility between Asian and Papua New Guinean management would become an important element of Papua New Guinea’s future. Sport offered another useful mechanism for Papua New Guinea to interact with the world and helped the country’s quest for significance. The Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup were the most viewed events in the world. The reach and following of sport were very powerful. Sport could take Papua New Guinea to a position of positive recognition in the world. A key aspect of sport was goal setting and achievement. Sport could improve Papua New Guinea’s standing abroad while also contributing to development. Sport could help play a role in meeting achievements in education and health; for example, promoting inclusiveness, addressing law and crime, alcohol abuse, raising school standards, and reducing obesity. It could help stimulate economies and offer positive role models for young people. The final message of the conference was directed at Papua New Guinea’s government. Participants called on the government in this extraordinary period of economic growth to create opportunities for ordinary people to improve their lives and prosper. Papua New Guinea had to start doing business differently. A better way of distributing or opening up wealth opportunities more broadly needed to be found. Better access to technology like the internet should be prioritised because of the transformative power of technology. Improved role models were identified as crucial. Young people had much to contribute and were very hopeful about their future. They wanted the government to hear their voices and were very keen for opportunities for dialogue with their national leaders. While the observations of participants at this conference should not be taken as representative of the entire youth population of Papua New Guinea, they nevertheless offered valuable insights into what the future of Papua New Guinea could look like if the country made better use of the talents of its young people. The Lowy Institute extends sincere appreciation to The Trust Company, the Australian Government through AusAID and the Swire Group for their financial support for this conference. The Institute also thanks our conference partners in Papua New Guinea, the Institute of National Affairs, Leadership PNG and the National Broadcasting Corporation. The Lowy Institute acknowledges The Myer Foundation which sponsors the Institute’s Melanesia Program.

2019-04-20T07:42:37Z

https://archive.lowyinstitute.org/publications/png-new-voices-2012

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For other people named Robert Altman, see Robert Altman (disambiguation). Robert Bernard Altman (/ˈɔːltmən/; February 20, 1925 – November 20, 2006) was an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. A five-time nominee of the Academy Award for Best Director and an enduring figure from the New Hollywood era, Altman was considered a "maverick" in making films with a highly naturalistic but stylized and satirical aesthetic, unlike most Hollywood films. He is consistently ranked as one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers in American cinema. He preferred large ensemble casts for his films, and developed a multitrack recording technique which produced overlapping dialogue from multiple actors. This produced a more natural, more dynamic, and more complex experience for the viewer. He also used highly mobile camera work and zoom lenses to enhance the activity taking place on the screen. Critic Pauline Kael, writing about his directing style, said that Altman could "make film fireworks out of next to nothing." In 2006, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized Altman's body of work with an Academy Honorary Award. He never won a competitive Oscar despite seven nominations. His films MASH (1970), McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971), and Nashville (1975) have been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Altman is one of the few filmmakers whose films have won the Golden Bear at Berlin, the Golden Lion at Venice, and the Golden Palm at Cannes. Altman was born on February 20, 1925, in Kansas City, Missouri, the son of Helen (née Matthews), a Mayflower descendant from Nebraska, and Bernard Clement Altman, a wealthy insurance salesman and amateur gambler, who came from an upper-class family. Altman's ancestry was German, English and Irish; his paternal grandfather, Frank Altman, Sr., anglicized the spelling of the family name from "Altmann" to "Altman". Altman had a Catholic upbringing, but he did not continue to follow or practise the religion as an adult, although he has been referred to as "a sort of Catholic" and a Catholic director. He was educated at Jesuit schools, including Rockhurst High School, in Kansas City. He graduated from Wentworth Military Academy in Lexington, Missouri in 1943. In 1943 Altman joined the United States Army Air Forces at the age of 18. During World War II, Altman flew more than 50 bombing missions as a crewman on a B-24 Liberator with the 307th Bomb Group in Borneo and the Dutch East Indies. Upon his discharge in 1946, Altman moved to California. He worked in publicity for a company that had invented a tattooing machine to identify dogs. He entered filmmaking on a whim, selling a script to RKO for the 1948 picture Bodyguard, which he co-wrote with George W. George. Altman's immediate success encouraged him to move to New York City, where he attempted to forge a career as a writer. Having enjoyed little success, in 1949 he returned to Kansas City, where he accepted a job as a director and writer of industrial films for the Calvin Company. In February 2012, an early Calvin film directed by Altman, Modern Football (1951), was found by filmmaker Gary Huggins. Altman directed some 65 industrial films and documentaries before being hired by a local businessman in 1956 to write and direct a feature film in Kansas City on juvenile delinquency. The film, titled The Delinquents, made for $60,000, was purchased by United Artists for $150,000, and released in 1957. While primitive, this teen exploitation film contained the foundations of Altman's later work in its use of casual, naturalistic dialogue. With its success, Altman moved from Kansas City to California for the last time. He co-directed The James Dean Story (1957), a documentary rushed into theaters to capitalize on the actor's recent death and marketed to his emerging cult following. Altman's first forays into TV directing were on the DuMont drama series Pulse of the City (1953–1954), and an episode of the 1956 western series The Sheriff of Cochise. After Alfred Hitchcock saw Altman's early features The Delinquents and The James Dean Story, he hired him as a director for his CBS anthology series Alfred Hitchcock Presents. After just two episodes, Altman resigned due to differences with a producer, but this exposure enabled him to forge a successful TV career. Over the next decade Altman worked prolifically in television (and almost exclusively in series dramas) directing multiple episodes of Whirlybirds, The Millionaire, U.S. Marshal, The Troubleshooters, The Roaring 20s, Bonanza, Bus Stop, Kraft Mystery Theater, Combat!, as well as single episodes of several other notable series including Hawaiian Eye, Maverick (the fourth season episode "Bolt From the Blue" also written by Altman and starring Roger Moore), Lawman, Surfside 6, Peter Gunn, and Route 66. Through this early work on industrial films and TV series, Altman experimented with narrative technique and developed his characteristic use of overlapping dialogue. He also learned to work quickly and efficiently on a limited budget. During his TV period, though frequently fired for refusing to conform to network mandates, as well as insisting on expressing political subtexts and antiwar sentiments during the Vietnam years, Altman always was able to gain assignments. In 1964, the producers decided to expand "Once Upon a Savage Night", one of his episodes of Kraft Suspense Theatre, for theatrical release under the name, Nightmare in Chicago. Two years later, Altman was hired to direct the low-budget space travel feature Countdown, but was fired within days of the project's conclusion because he had refused to edit the film to a manageable length. He did not direct another film until That Cold Day in the Park (1969), which was a critical and box-office disaster. In 1969, Altman was offered the script for MASH, an adaptation of a little-known Korean War-era novel satirizing life in the armed services; more than a dozen other filmmakers had passed on it. Altman had been hesitant to take the production, and the shoot was so tumultuous that Elliott Gould and Donald Sutherland tried to have Altman fired over his unorthodox filming methods. Nevertheless, MASH was widely hailed as an immediate classic upon its 1970 release. It won the Palme d'Or at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival and netted five Academy Award nominations. It was Altman's highest-grossing film, released during a time of increasing anti-war sentiment in the United States. The Academy Film Archive preserved MASH in 2000. Now recognized as a major talent, Altman notched critical successes with McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971), a Revisionist Western in which the mordant songs of Leonard Cohen underscore a gritty vision of the American frontier; The Long Goodbye (1973), a controversial adaptation of the Raymond Chandler novel (scripted by Leigh Brackett) now ranked as a seminal influence on the neo-noir subgenre; Thieves Like Us (1974), an adaptation of the Edward Anderson novel previously filmed by Nicholas Ray as They Live by Night (1949); California Split (1974), a gambling comedy-drama; and Nashville (1975), which had a strong political theme set against the world of country music. The stars of the film wrote their own songs; Keith Carradine won an Academy Award for the song "I'm Easy". Although his films were often met with divisive notices, many of the prominent film critics of the era (including Pauline Kael, Vincent Canby and Roger Ebert) remained steadfastly loyal to his oeuvre throughout the decade. Audiences took some time to appreciate his films, and he did not want to have to satisfy studio officials. In 1970, following the release of MASH, he founded Lion's Gate Films to have independent production freedom. Altman's company is not to be confused with the current Lionsgate, a Canada/U.S. entertainment company. The films he made through his company included Brewster McCloud, A Wedding, 3 Women, and Quintet. In 1980, he directed the musical film Popeye. Produced by Robert Evans and written by Jules Feiffer, the film was based on the comic strip/cartoon of the same name and starred the comedian Robin Williams in his film debut. Designed as a vehicle to increase Altman's commercial clout following a series of critically acclaimed but commercially unsuccessful low-budget films in the late 1970s (including 3 Women, A Wedding and Quintet), the production was filmed on location in Malta. It was soon beleaguered by heavy drug and alcohol use among most of the cast and crew, including the director; Altman reportedly clashed with Evans, Williams (who threatened to leave the film) and songwriter Harry Nilsson (who departed midway through the shoot, leaving Van Dyke Parks to finish the orchestrations). Although the film grossed $60 million worldwide on a $20 million budget and was the second highest-grossing film Altman had directed to that point, it failed to meet studio expectations and was considered a box office disappointment. In 1981, the director sold Lion's Gate to producer Jonathan Taplin after his political satire Health (shot in early 1979 for a Christmas release) was shelved by longtime distributor 20th Century Fox following tepid test and festival screenings throughout 1980. The departure of longtime Altman partisan Alan Ladd, Jr. from Fox also played a decisive role in forestalling the release of the film. In 1982, Altman staged a production of Igor Stravinsky's The Rake’s Progress at the University of Michigan, where he concurrently taught a course on his films. Shortly thereafter, he returned to film Secret Honor with students. In 2008, the University of Michigan Library acquired Altman's archive. He also co-wrote John Anderson's 1983 hit single "Black Sheep". The teen comedy O.C. and Stiggs (1985), an abortive return to Hollywood filmmaking retrospectively characterized by the British Film Institute as "probably Altman's least successful film", received a belated limited commercial release in 1987 after being shelved by MGM. Adapted by Altman and Sam Shepard from the latter's Pulitzer Prize-nominated 1983 play for The Cannon Group, Fool for Love (1985) featured the playwright-actor alongside Kim Basinger, Harry Dean Stanton and Randy Quaid; it fared better than most of his films from the era, earning $900,000 domestically on a $2 million budget and positive reviews from Roger Ebert and Vincent Canby. Still, widespread popularity with audiences continued to elude him. He regained a modicum of critical favor for his television mockumentary Tanner '88 (1988), a collaboration with Garry Trudeau set in the milieu of a United States presidential campaign, for which he earned a Primetime Emmy Award. In 1990, Altman directed Vincent & Theo, a biopic about Vincent van Gogh that was intended as a television miniseries for broadcast in the United Kingdom. A theatrical version of the film was a modest success in the United States, marking a significant turning point in the director's critical resurgence. He revitalized his career in earnest with The Player (1992), a satire of Hollywood. Co-produced by the influential David Brown (The Sting, Jaws, Cocoon), the film was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Director. While he did not win the Oscar, he was awarded Best Director by the Cannes Film Festival, BAFTA, and the New York Film Critics Circle. Altman then directed Short Cuts (1993), an ambitious adaptation of several short stories by Raymond Carver, which portrayed the lives of various citizens of Los Angeles over the course of several days. The film's large cast and intertwining of many different storylines were similar to his large-cast films of the 1970s; he won the Golden Lion at the 1993 Venice International Film Festival and another Oscar nomination for Best Director. In 1996, Altman directed Kansas City, expressing his love of 1930s jazz through a complicated kidnapping story. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1999. Gosford Park (2001), a large-cast, British country house murder mystery, was included on many critics' lists of the ten best films of that year. It won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay (Julian Fellowes) plus six more nominations, including two for Altman, as Best Director and Best Picture. Working with independent studios such as the now-shuttered Fine Line, Artisan (which was absorbed into today's Lionsgate), and USA Films (now Focus Features), gave Altman the edge in making the kinds of films he always wanted to make without studio interference. A film version of Garrison Keillor's public radio series A Prairie Home Companion was released in June 2006. Altman was still developing new projects up until his death, including a film based on Hands on a Hard Body: The Documentary (1997). In 2006, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences awarded Altman an Academy Honorary Award for Lifetime Achievement. During his acceptance speech, he revealed that he had received a heart transplant approximately ten or eleven years earlier. The director then quipped that perhaps the Academy had acted prematurely in recognizing the body of his work, as he felt like he might have four more decades of life ahead of him. Altman was married three times. His first wife was LaVonne Elmer. They were married from 1947 to 1949, and had a daughter, Christine. His second wife was Lotus Corelli. They were married from 1950 to 1955, and had two sons, Michael and Stephen. At fourteen Michael wrote the lyrics to "Suicide Is Painless", the theme song to Altman's movie, MASH. His son Steven is a production designer who often worked with his father. His third wife was Kathryn Reed. They were married from 1957 until his death in 2006. They had two sons, Robert and Matthew. Altman became the stepfather to Konni Reed when he married Kathryn. In the 1960s, Altman lived for years in Mandeville Canyon in Brentwood, California. He resided in Malibu throughout the 1970s, but sold that home and the Lion's Gate production company in 1981. "I had no choice", he told the New York Times. "Nobody was answering the phone" after the flop of Popeye. He moved his family and business headquarters to New York City, but eventually moved back to Malibu, where he lived until his death. Altman despised the phenomenally popular television series MASH which followed his popular 1970 film, citing it as being the antithesis of what his movie was about, and citing its anti-war messages as being "racist." In the 2001 DVD commentary for MASH, he stated clearly the reasons for which he disapproved of the series. Altman died on November 20, 2006, at age 81 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. According to his production company in New York, Sandcastle 5 Productions, he died of complications from leukemia. The film director Paul Thomas Anderson dedicated his 2007 film There Will Be Blood to Altman. Anderson had worked as a standby director on A Prairie Home Companion for insurance purposes, in the event the ailing 80-year-old Altman was unable to finish shooting. During a celebration tribute to Altman a few months after his death, he was described as a "passionate filmmaker" and auteur who rejected convention, creating what director Alan Rudolph called an "Altmanesque" style of films. He preferred large casts of actors, natural overlapping conversations, and encouraged his actors to improvise and express their innate creativity, but without fear of failing. Lily Tomlin compared him to "a great benign patriarch who was always looking out for you as an actor," adding that "you're not afraid to take chances with him." Altman's personal archives are located at the University of Michigan, which include about 900 boxes of personal papers, scripts, legal, business and financial records, photographs, props and related material. Altman had filmed Secret Honor at the university, as well as directed several operas there. Since 2009, the Robert Altman Award is awarded to the director, casting director, and ensemble cast of films at the yearly Independent Spirit Awards. "Altman was a genuine movie maverick," states author Ian Freer, because he went against the commercial conformity of the movie industry: "He was the scourge of the film establishment, and his work generally cast an astute, scathing eye over the breadth of American culture, often exploding genres and character archetypes; Altman was fascinated by people with imperfections, people as they really are, not as the movies would have you believe." Director Alan Rudolph, during a special tribute to Altman, refers to his moviemaking style as "Altmanesque." I had just finished filming Last of the Red Hot Lovers when Bob called me one day at home. "Sally, do you want to be in my picture after next?" he asked. "Only if it's a good part," I said. He hung up on me. Similarly, Altman also blames the failure of O.C. & Stiggs on its being marketed as a typical "teenage movie," rather than what he filmed it as, a "satire of a teenage movie," he said. Altman favored stories expressing the interrelationships among several characters, being more interested in character motivation than in intricate plots. He therefore tended to sketch out only a basic plot for the film, referring to the screenplay as a "blueprint" for action. By encouraging his actors to improvise dialogue, Altman thus became known as an "actor's director," a reputation that attracted many notable actors to work as part of his large casts. Performers enjoy working with Altman in part because "he provides them with the freedom to develop their characters and often alter the script through improvisation and collaboration," notes Derry. Richard Baskin says that "Bob was rather extraordinary in his way of letting people do what they did. He trusted you to do what you did and therefore you would kill for him." Patricia Resnick often wrote his screenplays. Altman first used overlapping soundtracks in MASH (1970), a sound technique which movie author Michael Barson describes as "a breathtaking innovation at the time." He developed it, Altman said, to force viewers to pay attention and become engaged in the film as if they were an active participant. According to some critics, one of the more extreme uses of the technique is in McCabe and Mrs. Miller (1971), also considered among his finest films. Thomson later recognized those aspects as being part of Altman's style, beginning with MASH (1970): "MASH began to develop the crucial Altman style of overlapping, blurred sound and images so slippery with zoom that there was no sense of composition. That is what makes Nashville so absorbing." Altman explained that to him such overlapping dialogue in his films was closer to reality, especially with large groups: "If you've got fourteen people at a dinner table, it seems to me it's pretty unlikely that only two of them are going to be talking." Pauline Kael writes that Altman, "the master of large ensembles, loose action, and overlapping voices, demonstrates that . . . he can make film fireworks out of next to nothing." Altman's distinctive style of directing carried over into his preferences for camerawork. Among them was his use of widescreen compositions, intended to capture the many people or activities taking place on screen at the same time. For some films, such as McCabe and Mrs. Miller, he created a powerful visual atmosphere with cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond, such as scenes using fluid camerawork, zoom lenses, and a smoky effect using special fog filters. Director Stanley Kubrick told Altman that "the camerawork was wonderful," and asked, "How did you do it?" In Nashville, Altman used sets with noticeable colors of reds, whites and blues. For The Long Goodbye, he insisted that Zsigmond keep the camera mobile by mounting it to moving objects. Zsigmond states that Altman "wanted to do something different" in this film, and told him he "wanted the camera to move—all the time. Up. down. In and out. Side to side." Cinematographer Roger Deakins, discussing his use of zoom lenses, commented, "I would find it quite exciting to shoot a film with a zoom lens if it was that observational, roving kind of look that Robert Altman was known for. He'd put the camera on a jib arm and float across the scene and pick out these shots as he went along – quite a nice way of working." Vilmos Zsigmond's cinematography in McCabe and Mrs. Miller received a nomination by the British Academy Film Awards. When using music in his films, Altman was known to be highly selective, often choosing music that he personally liked. Director Paul Thomas Anderson, who worked with him, notes that "Altman's use of music is always important," adding, "Bob loved his music, didn't he? My God, he loved his music". Since he was a "great fan" of Leonard Cohen's music, for example, saying he would "just get stoned and play that stuff" all the time he used three of his songs in McCabe and Mrs. Miller (1971), and another for the final scene in A Wedding (1978). For Nashville (1975), Altman had numerous new country music songs written by his cast to create a realistic atmosphere. He incorporated a "hauntingly repeated melody" in The Long Goodbye (1973), and employed Harry Nilsson and Van Dyke Parks to score Popeye (1980). A number of music experts have written about Altman's use of music, including Richard R. Ness, who wrote about the scores for many of Altman's films in an article, considered to be a valuable resource for understanding Altman's filmmaking technique. Similarly, cinema studies professor Krin Gabbard wrote an analysis of Altman's use of Jazz music in Short Cuts (1993), noting that few critics have considered the "importance of the music" in the film. Jazz was also significant in Kansas City (1996). In that film, the music is considered to be the basis of the story. Altman states that "the whole idea was not to be too specific about the story," but to have the film itself be "rather a sort of jazz." Altman's technique of making the theme of a film a form of music, was considered "an experiment nobody has tried before," with Altman admitting it was risky. "I didn't know if it would work. . . . If people 'get it,' then they really tend to like it." Vincent & Theo (1990) – British miniseries in 4 parts, later released in edited form worldwide as feature film. Black and Blue (1993) – a Primetime Emmy Award-nominated filmed play which aired on PBS' "Great Performances" ^ Lemons, Stephen. "Robert Altman". Salon.com. p. 2. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved November 22, 2006. ^ a b The Daily Telegraph (November 22, 2006). "Robert Altman, 81, Mercurial Director of Masterworks and Flops". The New York Sun. Retrieved November 22, 2006. ^ a b "The Religious Affiliation of Robert Altman". Adherents.com. July 28, 2005. Retrieved November 22, 2006. ^ "Spotlight: Catholics at the Movies". Catholichistory.net. Retrieved August 24, 2014. ^ Butler, Robert W. (March 5, 2006). "Finally, An Attitude Adjustment: Hollywood's Establishment Now Embraces Rebel Director Altman". The Kansas City Star. p. 5. ^ "Famous B-24/PB4Y Crew Members". B-24 Best Web. 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011. ^ "Fan uncovers Robert Altman's first film". Content.usatoday.com. March 14, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2014. ^ "Robert Altman's Lost Classic: 'Modern Football'". Forbes. March 13, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2014. ^ "Nashville Director Robert Altman Dies". Country Music Television. November 21, 2006. Retrieved November 5, 2014. ^ Murray, Noel (March 30, 2015). "Vincent & Theo". The Dissolve. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. When The Player came out in 1992, it was greeted as a welcome comeback for director Robert Altman, who spent much of the previous decade working small—making filmed plays instead of the ambitious, character-heavy genre reinventions he’d been known for in the 1970s. But Altman actually reclaimed his critics’ darling status two years earlier with Vincent & Theo, a luminous biopic about painter Vincent Van Gogh (played by Tim Roth) and his art-dealer brother (Paul Rhys). ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 15, 2011. ^ "Robert Altman Has A Hard Body". Empire. ^ "Robert Altman". Find A Grave. Retrieved September 29, 2012. ^ Lyman, Rick (November 21, 2006). "Robert Altman, Iconoclastic Director, Dies at 81". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2018. ^ "Director Robert Altman dies at 81 – More news and other features – MSNBC.com". MSNBC. November 22, 2006. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ Altman, Kathryn Reed; Vallan, Giulia d'Agnolo (2014). Altman. Martin Scorsese (introduction). Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 978-1419707773. ^ Weber, Bruce (March 18, 2016). "Kathryn Reed Altman, Film Director's Widow and Archivist, Dies at 91". The New York Times. ^ Suzie Mackenzie (May 1, 2004). "Still up to mischief (Suzie Mackenzie interviewing Altman)". The Guardian. Retrieved May 1, 2013. Still, it's worth noting that by the age of 20 this whistle- blower had resisted two of the most powerful institutions – church and army, both. He is an atheist, "And I have been against all of these wars ever since." ^ "NORML Advisory Board – NORML". Norml.org. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ "Krin Gabbard: Stony Brook University". Stonybrook.edu. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014. ^ "Berlinale 1976: Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Retrieved July 16, 2010. ^ "Berlinale: 1999 Programme". berlinale.de. Retrieved January 29, 2012. Judith M. Kass. Robert Altman: American Innovator early (1978) assessment of the director's work and his interest in gambling. Part of Leonard Maltin's Popular Library filmmaker series. The English band Maxïmo Park have a song named "Robert Altman", a b-side to their single "Our Velocity" Description and details on the Short Cuts Soundtrack for more in-depth information about this title. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Altman. Listen to Robert Altman discussing his career – a British Library recording. Robert Altman receiving the Academy Honorary Award in 2006 on YouTube, 11 min. Documentary: Robert Altman in England on YouTube, 60 min.

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Probably some Harvard PhD somewhere. Einstein said, “Ending a sentence with a preposition is something up with which I will not put.” He had a very unique way of saying things differently. (My English teacher in high school told me that “There is no such thing as very unique. Either it’s unique or it isn’t and unique doesn’t need to be qualified.” I never liked that woman. It’s been a while since I bugged you with something. I was wondering if you could send my sister Ann an email. Cutting to the chase, she has been diagnosed with breast cancer. She and her doctors are confident that everything will be okay. However, a mastectomy and reconstructive surgery are in order. One of the first things she said to me after her diagnosis was that she won’t be able to search for your treasure this summer. She’s afraid that she will be in no shape to do any serious hiking and is bummed out about the whole situation. A short, “Hang in there” type note would lift her spirits and make her very happy if you have a minute to send one. Chris gave me your address and said you were going out of the chase for a few weeks. Bummer. You may not know that I had cancer, lost a kidney, and was given a 20 percent chance to live. That was 26 years ago and medicines are so much better today. I should have waited. Mr. Fenn, Oh My Goodness!! Thank you SO much for your kind words of encouragement!! I feel honored you emailed me! I think you and my brother, Chris, would be best friends if you lived near each other. From reading your books, I can tell he is a lot like you. I got the book Thrill of the Chase for his son Daniel’s birthday last year….. and I told Daniel “if anyone can figure this out it will be your Dad….. and if you two go treasure hunting, you have to take me along.” Well Daniel didn’t come with us but Chris, my husband Tom and I went and we had a BLAST! It was a little disappointing when the treasure wasn’t where it was supposed to be, &#9786 , but we had a great time and I have to say, Chris and I are closer and talk more than we used to. I am very disappointed this breast cancer junk is getting in my way of treasure hunting this summer. Maybe I will be able to go along, out West, but a am not very confident that I will be back to “my healthy self” enough to be able participate in “the hiking” part this summer. We will just have to see. I did find an arrowhead on May 2nd, my biggest and best one yet. I attached a picture. It measures 5 and 1/4 inches long. I found it down in the creek behind our house. We had 2 big “Gully Washers” in the week prior, so I knew the creek would be “turned over” from all that rain. Thanks again for the email, it made me smile and giggle. My name is Margaret and I am writing to thank you. Because of you and your poem my sons and I have been spending more time together in the wild. I grew up in a family of 7 and we barely had enough money to make ends meet. But my father always took us out camping, hiking and exploring. I love that he instilled a love of the outdoors in his children. Over the years, I made it outside less and less. About a year and half ago I stumbled across your poem and my son asked what I was reading, so I read it to him. He was intrigued. We talked about it a bit and although we didn’t have the resources to search for the treasure, he has since taken to treasure hunting everywhere. I would love to introduce you to my oldest son, Charles. He turned 5 on May 15th. For his birthday party I gave him the choice of a party at Chuck E Cheese like all his friends or a camping trip with family. He picked the latter with no hesitation! He spent hours in the woods looking for treasures with his cousins! He actually carried 2 bags around. One for special things he found and another to pick up trash left by others. Earlier this spring we took a trip to a local hot spring here in Utah. Shortly after we began to research other springs close by that we might be able to visit someday. I was reading some excerpts from online to him and we came across a blog where the author said something about coming to a gate across the road that was locked so he had to turn around. And that it turned out to be (search area removed by editor) in Colorado. Charles turned to me and laughed, he said ‘where warm waters halt.’ I could not believe he remembered that since it had been quite a while since we discussed your poem. We started researching the area a bit and are falling in love with the area around there. Charles wants to visit the Anasazi Heritage Center down by the reservoir and see all the ruins of the old pueblos. I don’t know when we will be able to make it there, but we will keep reading and planning while we explore the wilderness here in our backyard. This boy amazes me. The way his mind works at such a young age seems so unique to me. Although, through all my reading, I have yet to find anyone who interprets the clue that way. I can’t help but be intrigued by the thoughts of a child. And I truly wanted to let you know how grateful I am for you. Because we found your poem, I was reminded about all the adventures of my youth and have been able to begin to expose my boys to the same. I’m pretty sure that we will never come close to finding your treasure, but how amazing it is to be able to share the excitement of the chase with my son. If we ever do make it to the area he thinks it may be we will follow his path and look. Even if someone has found it elsewhere before then. Maybe by that time my other son Arlo, who is one and a half, will be old enough to share the thrill with us. Next step is to get a copy of your books to read together. We are saving up and hope to have them soon! Thank you for taking the time to read this. And thank you again for the wonderful gift you have given my family and countless others! You are a special person and the world needs more like you! I wrote this poem in 5 minutes to counter Dal’s malicious Garmin malplacement of the treasure. There are as many hints in this poem as there are dents in Esmeralda, who still glides the tartop after 294,000 miles. Dal must be on something and I don’t think its Sarsaparilla. Or shattered dreams lost in the rush. to the story. I always get permission before forwarding it to Dal to post. out there all night with those grizzess. What’s in the sack? What’s in the sack? Is it some mushrooms or is it the moon? Is it love letters or downy goosefeathers? Or maybe the world’s most enormous balloon? What’s in the sack? That’s all they ask me. Could it be popcorn or marbles or books? Or the biggest ol’ meatball that’s ever been cooked? No, what’s in the sack? That’s all they care about. Is it a rock or a rolled-up giraffe? Is it pickles or nickels or busted bicycles? And if we guess it, will you give us half? Oh no. Not you, too! I do believe that you wanted to add some mystery and sense of adventure in the actual World that is ever growing too focused on electronics and immediate gratification. So I would like to ask that should you respond to my email, it be with a memory or joke or riddle or anything that you would like to share other than answering a question about the trove. My fiancé and I live in Colorado and though I work in the technology field, I love nothing more than to ramble the mountains with him and explore . The treasure has sometimes added a little new color to these trips, but wandering and seeing new sites and places has always brought our most memorable times. For us, you have added another part to the many treasures we already find out in the mountains, but for those who did not already have that appreciation, you have awakened it! They’d have it for their very own. Tons of gold for which they’d kill. “Mount your horses! Draw your sword! On the mountain, dark and red. “Peace on Earth” was all it said. Go ahead and cheat a friend. You can justify it in the end. On the bloody morning after…. One tin soldier rides away. It is mostly the thought of treasure and the mountains and the “Go in peace” that makes this song pop into my head every time and again, in the case that you are unfamiliar with the song, I thought I would share. Finally, I will share the zygote of the thought that I am on with your treasure poem but not to seek confirmation or hints–just to share. If you do respond, I really do not want you to think that I am clue-seeking and I am having fun even if I am possibly way off in left field 🙂 so while I am sharing, if I am completely wrong then you can have a good chuckle, but do not steer me please…I would like to make the trips and if I do not know I am wrong, then there will still be the fun of possibility! My family is from the far southern part of this State (Colorado) and while I never have been to my tiny family town of Antonito, I have always intended to see my Gammu’s (grandma) origins and have read much about the whole South/Southwest portion of the State. I am familiar with the history of the Ute Indians and Chief Ouray including his lone entombment in a secret cave. While not born of the tribe that he later led, he did become one of the Uncompahgre Utes–loosely translated to “warm waters”. “Not far but too far to walk” could be a train which led through the whole area. There are many canyons, rivers and streams in area, that I would like to visit a few times first to see which leads where. “Put in below the house of Brown” has meant several things to me at different times, everything from the giant bat cave at Valley View to a Bear cave or trout pond or Beaver dam, but I would like to look a little more at the area and especially the small brown adobe home built up the canyon by Ouray. The last large event that to the Utes being forced off their Colorado lands and onto the reservations in Utah, was the Meeker “Massacre” a little ways further up from Ouray, CO. And now some of the rivers have been damned “no paddle” though I thought perhaps a play on words too (i.e. paddle = oar = ore?) Along the top of the reservoir is an old mining area including bridge that is collapsing. As the boom fizzled down, these “tired” (as in weary) tracks then had train cars build from cars! “tired” (as in wheels)–even if wrong, I liked the possible double-entendre. There are several references in the area to wise, but I thought this too might be a play on the Weisbaden Hot Springs spa that were built over the small hut built by Ouray. This blaze, I thought could be another double, both blaze as in marker/trail and as fire/light in a point right up the road that is called “Look Out Point” marked by a huge sign (featuring both a bear and a trout by the way) and looks out on Red Mountain so-called because it looks like it is on fire with the sun at certain angles. The “..tarry scant with marvel gaze” could both refer to hurrying up (if the sun is setting) and also the large tar pit in the area. I thought that this might all be leading to the secret cave where Ouray’s body lay hidden for 45 years until he was ceremoniously buried next to his wife in Ignacio, CO and he was then and now known as the peacemaker. I was introduced to your poem last year by my fiancé and while we did a little wandering and research (Wise Mountain, Mount Meeker, looking for forest fens, etc.) and it was not until I was floating dozing at a hot spring that the thought of the brown bats caves occurred to me and I began to wonder again. I need to further develop my idea but I feel like I could be on a very strong goose-chase! So, again I would like to thank you for allowing others to be a kid again and say that we will remember you. Greetings! I Hope you are well these days. I have enjoyed reading many of your little anecdotes throughout this adventure, so I thought that I would share one with you. I hope that you have some time to read it, and that you find it amusing. A few weeks ago, I returned from a wonderful trip to the Caribbean. We took the RC cruise ship “Jewel of the Seas” up the Eastern passageway, through St. Johns (VI), Antigua, Martinique, and St. Croix, among other ports-of-call. It was breathtaking, and I feel fortunate to have been able to take a trip like that. On the way there, a funny thing happened every time I went through security at the airports, and when boarding the ship. Each time I sent my black Colorado Rockies backpack through the xray “tunnel”, the security agents would pull me aside and carefully go through the contents of my bag. Aside from the tangle of headphones, kids books and snacks, I couldn’t think of what could be in the bag that would be causing such a commotion. Eventually, the TSA agents would look at me, then back into the bag, back at me again, and finally they would hand me the bag and send me on my way. Of course I would rummage through the pack each time, trying to find what had caught their attention and could find nothing! I was perplexed at what could be causing such a commotion, but got busy with everything else and forgot about it for the whole week, while we enjoyed our cruise. A week later, while sadly packing up to head home, I discovered the culprit! In the very bottom of the backpack, hidden in the darkness, was a little memento I had kept from my first trip looking for your treasure chest. It was an old rusty railroad spike, about 6 ” in length. I’m sure you know the kind. I felt a little bad taking it at the time, but there had been many more lying around, so I didn’t think this one would be missed. It had followed me on all 3 trips to the same exact spot I was shooting for, where I believed that the chest was hidden. I had to smile as I held the heavy little piece of iron in my hand, rolling it around. I really had thought I was right, on that last trip to my “spot”. Could’ve bet my life on it! But I had to have been wrong, because I know you would have never hidden the chest on private property, right under the nose of a nice rancher who was unwittingly keeping guard over it. So I decided the moment that I drove away that I must have been wrong after all – as amazing as a solution I had to your puzzle, I had failed. And so I had given up on the chase and decided to move on. That reminds me – I always wondered why you called it the thrill of the “chase” and not the “race”. A race implies an actual end point, and chase.. well not so much. Anyway, back to the railroad spike. So I’m standing there holding this spike, wondering what to do with it. My chase was over, and I didn’t feel like being stopped by security every time on the way back, so the solution was clear. I stepped out on the balcony as the ship passed quietly through the waters, and took a deep breath of the warm, salty air. Then, doing my best Peyton Manning impression, I threw the spike as far as I could into the sea. It slipped beneath the waves without a sound, and that was it. And that, Mr. Fenn is where my quest ended- not on some dusty railroad track in New Mexico, but in the Eastern Caribbean. The rusty spike is now sitting at the bottom of the ocean, thousands of miles away. I can’t help but wonder if maybe thousands of years from now, some diver will discover it. Can you imagine his (or her) surprise? What the hell is this doing here, he would surely ask! But more than likely, no one will ever find it. It will sit there at the bottom of the ocean for eternity. And the only ones that knew it was there at all will be long gone. So that’s my little story, and I hope I didn’t take up to much of your time. I really loved the chase – it was truly a high point of my life. I do feel that what you did was a good thing, getting people out there and spending time with their families. Thank you again for that. And if someone does find the chest – where I thought it was – then at least I will have the satisfaction of knowing I was right. That is such a great story, and somewhat unusual. It was for people like you that I wrote the book and hid the treasure. Fellow searcher and friend of this blog, Renelle Jacobsen is the subject of a story about her fight against cancer in “A Woman’s Health” magazine. You might remember that last winter the searchers on this blog contributed over $23,000 for fellow searcher and cancer victim, Renelle Jacobsen. The fund raising took place in the form of a raffle for one of Forrest’s handmade bronze jars. In the jar, Forrest placed goodies he collected like arrowheads and beads and bones and also a beautiful handmade necklace he crafted from objects in his collection. In the end Forrest not only donated the prize but also wrote a check for $5,000 to Renelle upping the total sent to $28,000 and some change. Money to help her through her expensive and prolonged battle against cancer. Renelle is one of a growing number of people who are living longer-term with metastatic cancer—cancer that has spread from the original site to one or more distant sites in the body. Metastatic cancer is generally considered incurable; but, as cancer treatment continues to evolve, more and more patients are living longer with metastatic disease. Renelle’s hunt for Fenn’s treasure has been one way she has continued to live a full life—sifting through clues and trying to deduce where to look next for the bounty. The thrill of the hunt keeps her going, especially on hard days. My name is Joseph Archuleta and I am in the fourth grade at Chamisa elementary school in Los Alamos New Mexico. My assignment was to research someone who is famous that lived in or did something special in the state of New Mexico. I chose Forrest Fenn my dad and I got his book The Thrill of the Chase a couple of years ago and got very excited about the buried treasure. We read the book in just a couple of nights because it was such an easy read and so fascinating. I chose Mr. Fenn and I studied about him and his life. I had to be a wax figure today at school and when people would put a ticket in my bowl I would come to life and give a speech about Mr. Fenn. I made a poster and used pictures from the web and also one he sent me by email. I got lots of compliments on my speech and poster and my cowboy hat and jean jacket that I wore. Thank you Mr. Finn for writing such an exciting book and sharing your life story with us I really had fun learning about your life I especially liked the stories of you and your brother Skippy.

2019-04-25T03:49:19Z

https://dalneitzel.com/tag/clue/

The priest was a champion of retualism. He “vigorously claimed that the welfare and indeed the very existence of the world, including even the gods, depended upon the maintenance of their systems of sacrifice, which grew to immense size and complexity.” The cults popularized by him were polytheistic; the deities were very often forces of nature; and man was put at their utter mercy, the priest along being capable of saving him by seeking the favour of the deities through sacrificial rites. This is the line of thought of the Vedic religion and its custodians. It came into India from outside, from the North-West. And, thanks to the mesmeric power exerted by elaborate ritual, it gradually spread towards the East the and the South, catching handfuls of followers here and there. With the political freedom of our land, there is great enthusiasm all over the country, particularly patent and eloquent among the educated classes who have started revaluing the ancient Indian heritage in a new perspective. It is in the fitness of things that great personalities like Mahavira and Buddha are remembered with reverence in this context. I have often wondered how these great teachers, whose preachings have such an abiding human appeal, could have been somewhat neglected for some time in the very land which they enriched and elevated in its moral stature. It is, however, a happy augury that their greatness is being appreciated to-day all the more. As usual, it is an irony with us, that Western scholarship has to make us aware of the greatness of our men and matters. Very valuable work in the fields of Jaina and Buddhist literatures as done by Western savants; and to-day, we are in a position to appreciate the greatness of Mahavira and Buddha, better than we could do in earlier days. As a sign of the new spirit, the 2500th Parinirvana Day of Buddha is being celebrated this year; besides, the Jayanti days of Mahavira and Buddha are celebrated all over the country every year now. Today happens to be the Mahavira Jayanti day. And it is but natural that I should address you in detail on the personality of and principles preached by Mahavira. Mahavira was a contemporary of Buddha, and he stands as the 24th Tirthankara whose preachings fully breathe the spirit of what I have called Eastern stream of thought in India. All that Mahavira and his predecessors have preached goes under the name of Jainism to-day, but that should not come in the way of our appreciating and putting into practice the great principles preached by Mahavira which stand to-day embedded and elaborately interpreted in Jaina literature in different languages. Those of you who have visited Bihar can testify to the fertility of that part of India; but more than that, in the history of Indian thought and culture Bihar has played an important role. The great champions of Atma philosophy like Buddha, Janaka and Mahavira hail from this part. It is Mithila in Bihar that has made substantial contributions to Mimamsa, Nyaya and Vaisesika systems. Some 2500 years ago, Vaishali (modern Basarh, some 30 miles to the north of Patna) was a prosperous capital. A suburb of it was called Kundapura or Kshatriyakunda; and here in the palace of King Sidhartha of his queen Trishala or Priyakarini Mahavira was born to emphasize his various outstanding traits, he was also known as Jnata-putra, Vaisaliya, Vardhamana, Sanmati, etc. His mother belonged to the family of Chetaka, the mighty Licchavi ruler of Videha at whose call Licchavis and Mallas co-operated both for defense and offence. Tradition is not unanimous about his marriage: according to the one, he was a celibate throughout; while according to another, he married Yashoda and had a daughter called Priyadarshana. As a prince, having excellent connections with ruling dynasties of his times, it was expected of him to rule with authority and enjoy the pleasures of a prosperous carrier after his father. But that was no to be. Just at the age of 30, Mahavira decided like a hero to relinquish the comforts of a princely life and undertook the life of an ascetic with a view to attaining spiritual happiness, and thus place before the world the correct values of life and an example of his having solved its problems in a successful manner. Attachment and possessive instincts have been the greatest obstacles in the attainment of spiritual peace and purification; and he gave them up in an ideal manner. Physical comforts are not an end in themselves; and mahavira became Nirgrantha, and went about practicing severe penances, even without any clothes on his body. We have graphic description of his hardships given in detail in the Acharanga, etc.: people abused him, boys pelted him with stones, and thus he was subjected to many calamities in the Eastern part of Bengal. After twelve years of rigorous penances, Mahavira had a triumph over physical weaknesses and limitations; and he attained pure and perfect knowledge which transcended the limits of space and time: he became a Kevalin, a Sarvajna. Shrenika Bimbisara was his contemporary and was ruling at Rajagrha: Mahavira delivered his first sermon on the hill Vipulakala in the vicinity of Rajagrha. For full thirty years he visited different parts of the country; and it was his Vihara, or religious tour, as well as that of Buddha, that gave Magadhan territory the name of Bihar. Mahavira’s parents belonged to the school of Parshva; during his Vihara, Mahavira explained toe his society various problems of life and their solutions. He laid maximum stress on the sanctity and dignity of the spirit, and his preachings were meant for one and all who conformed to the religious discipline outlined by him. The organization of his followers, including princes as well as poor peasants, conformed to the fourfold pattern consisting of Monks, Nuns, Householders and House-ladies: this nomenclature continues in Jainism even to this day. The influence of the great principles preached by Mahavira is seen in India even outside Jainism. He was a Tirthankara, who prepared a ford for the suffering humanity to achieve peace here and bliss elsewhere. In view of the all-embracing character of Mahavir’s principles, Samantabhadra, as early as 2nd century A.D., called the Tirtha of Mahavira by the name Sarvodaya, which term is so commonly used now-a days after Gandhiji. At the age of 72, Mahavira attained Nirvana at Pava in 527 B. C.; and this day is celebrated with lights all over India as the Divali Day. A large amount of literature, both ancient and modern, is available on the life and activities of Mahavira; and many myths, miracles and legends have grown about his personality, as usual with all religius dignitaries. Scientific and historical scrutiny unaffected by sectarian prejudice and religious bias is made difficult by the very nature of the sources from which the information has to be gleaned. What I have attempted above is a bare outline of Mahavira’s biography. If it is difficult, of beyond the means of historical study, to know all about Mahavira, in my humble opinion, it is more important to understand and put into practice the principles preached by Mahavira that to discuss this detail or that about his personal life. In this connection, you will excuse me, if I make a little digression introducing to you some aspects of Vaisali (spelt as Vaishali), the birthplace of Mahavira. The town was at its height of prosperity, and by its association with Mahavira It became far-famed in the religious world of India. Teachers from Vaishali preached great principles for the uplift of humanity and lived an austere life of fasts and penances; and Mahavira stood out as the most prominent of hi contemporaries. According to the Mahavastu, Buddha sought his first teachers in Alara and Uddaka at Vaishali and “even started his life as a Jain under their teachings.” After discovering his Middle Path, the became more and more honored at Vaishali, receiving even royal reception; the city built for him a Kutagara-shala, a pinnacled rest house, in its suburban park known as the Mahavana. It is at Vaishali that the Second Buddhist Council was held; and it came to be looked upon as a holy spot where differences in the Sangha could be ironed out. His celebrated disciple Amrapali was a resident of Vaishali at which place she bequeathed her park to Buddha and the community. Vaishali has its political significance too. It had a Republican Government, and King Chetaka, the Licchavi Republican President, ‘organized a Federation of Republics comprising Mallakis, and 18 Gana-rajas of Kashikoshala, besides the 9 Licchavi Republics.’ The working of the Vajjian Confederation, so vividly described in the Dighanikaya, is an unique example of its kind and essentially contributed to the efficiency and solidarity of the Republic. Further Vaishali was a commercial capital where seals were issued by three classes of guilds, namely, Bankers, Traders and Artisans. When Fa-Hien visited India (A.D. 399-414), it was an important religious, political and commercial centre; but its fall began in the next three centuries, and but its fall began in the next three centuries, and what Hiuen-Tsang (A.D. 635) saw there was more or less in ruins. And to-day it is a neglected village. The Indian Republic of to-day has inherited a great deal from the spirit of Vaishali, and the Vajjian concord is the pedestal of our democracy, apart from the fact that Ahimsa with its corollaries, viz., Panchasilas, is the bed-rock on which our policies are built. By adopting Hindi as the State Language, our Central Government is only carrying on the policy of Magadhan Governments which gave more importance to the language of the massed than to the of the classes. The inscriptions of Ashoka are all in Prakrit. Our Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, who said the other day that he can find time to meet the humblest in the country even in preference to his big officials easily reminds me of Ashoka, the Priyadarshin, who had a similar dictum. Thus it is but natural that Vaishali can no more be neglected. Thanks to the vigilant eye of the Central Government, patronage of the Bihar Government, princely gifts enlightened industrialists like Shri Shantiprasadji and the active efforts of the Vaishali Sangha with its able workers like Shri J. C. Mathur, Vaishali is rising up again. The Bihar Government have started a Post-graduate Institute there for Prakrit and Jaina studies, and Dr. Hiralal Jain is the first worthy Director of this growing Institute. We have no doubt that the place will be a great centre of learning. The preachings of Mahavira are embedded in the canonical texts, and they are interpreted by series of commentaries known as Niryuktis, Curnis, Bhashyas and Tikas. Individual topic are discussed in manuals and further illustrated by extensive narrative literatures. The doctrines are logically defended by a number of authors in comparison with and contrast to other Indian systems. Jaina contributions to Indian literature embrace various subjects; and they are spread in different languages like Prakrits (including Apabhramsha), Sanskrit, Tamil, kannada, Old Hindi, Old Gujarati, etc. Jaina authors have considered language only as means to an end; they never invested any one language with religious sanctity. Thanks to their broad outlook, they could make salient contributions to Sanskrit and Prakrit; and how they have enriched Tamil and Kannada, at least the learned audience here needs no further elaboration from me. Buhler wrote many years back about Jaina literature in this manner: “In grammar, in astronomy as well as in all branches of belles-letters the achievements of Jainas have been so great that even their opponents have taken notice of them and that some of their works are of importance for European Science even to-day. In the South where they have worked among the Dravidian peoples, they have also promoted the development of these languages. The Kanarese, Tamil and Telugu literary languages rest on the foundations erected by the Jaina monks. Thought his activity has led them far away from their own particular aims, yet it has secured for them an important place in the history of Indian literature and civilization.” This prophetic observation of that great German scholar is not only fully borne out, but latter finds and researches have also shown that if Buhler had lived to-day, he would have been more eloquent on the Jaina contributions to Indian Literature. With such meticulous care and perseverance the Jainas have preserved MS. collections in places like Jaisalmer, Jaipur, Pattan and Moodbidri that these are a part of our national wealth. They built these collections with such an academic and catholic outlook, that there was hardly any place for religious bias. It must be said to the credit of the builders of the great collections at Jaisalmer and Pattan that it is here that we could trace certain original Buddhist works which otherwise were known to us only from Tibetian translations. Ahimsa is the most important principle that permeates the Jaina outlook on life. In simple language it means the greatest possible kindness towards the animate world. Jainism has prepared a graded series of living beings; and a religious person has to strive his best to minimise harm to them. Every living beings has a sanctity and a dignity of its own; and one has to respect it as one expects one’s own dignity to be respected. A man of kindly temperament sheds around him an atmosphere of kindness. Jainism has firmly held that life is sacred irrespective of species, caste, color, creed or nationality. A resident of Hiroshima or Nagasaki is as sacred as one in New York or London: what his color is, what he eats, and how he dresses-these are external adjuncts. Thus the practice of Ahimsa is both an individual and a collective virtue; and this kindly attitude, which requires that our hearts be free from baser impulses like anger, pride, hypocrisy, greed, envy and contempt, has a positive force and universal appeal. The second virtue which Jaina ethics lays stress on is good neighborliness; one should speak the truth and respect the right of property. It is thus that one becomes trustworthy in society, and at the same time creates an atmosphere of security for others. One’s thoughts, words and acts must be consistent with each other; and they must, further, create an atmosphere of confidence and a reciprocal sense of security must start with the immediate neighbour and then be gradually diffused in society at large, not only in theory but also in practice. These virtues can go to constitute coherent social and political groups of worthy citizens who yearn for peaceful co-existence with the well-being of the entire humanity in view. There are many elements which go to constitute the intellectual make-up of an individual; his inheritance, environment, upbringing, studies and experiences. It is this intellectual make-up that shapes his convictions and opinions: if he lacks in intellectual honesty and integrity of expression, these latter may get perverted. All these, moreover, get a different coloring according to the motives and ambitions of individuals, singly or collectively. This is why one finds that unanimity of opinion or agreement in views is very scarce. For most of us, even presuming that all of us are sincere, it is easier, nay almost natural, to differ rather than agree on any given topic. To meet this situation, Jainism has presented to the world two significant instruments of understanding and expression: one is the Nayavada and the other, Syadvada. The Nayavada enables one to analyse the various points of view and appraises their relative validity: it is a remarkable method for the analytical comprehension of a complex question. Naya is a particular approach. It reveals a partial or a particular approach. It reveals a partial or a particular view of the totality, and it should not be mistaken for the whole. A synthesis of these different viewpoints is an imperative necessity; therein every view point must retain its relative position; and this need is fulfilled by Syadvada. One can say ‘yes,’ of say ‘no’ or even express one’s inability to state anything: these three basic statements, when combined, can give rise to seven predications which are qualified by the term ‘syat’ or ‘may be,’ indicating the limits of understanding and expression. Syadvada, in course of the process of assertion or denial curbs down and harmonizes the absolute viewpoints of individual Nayas. “Syadvada,” says Professor A. B. Dhruva, “is not a doctrine of speculative interest, one intended to solve a mere ontological problem, but has a bearing upon man’s physiological and spiritual life.” It has supplied the philosopher with catholicity of thought, convincing him that Truth is not anybody’s monopoly with tariff walls of denominational religion, while furnishing the religious aspirant with the virtue of intellectual toleration which is a part of that Ahimsa which is one of the fundamental tenets of Jainism. The organized atrocities of man need not make us despair. The doctrine of Karma tells us that we are the architects of our own fortune. It is for us to look into ourselves, analyse our motives, estimate our objectives, both individually and collectively, without slavishly prostrating ourselves before any power for fear or favour; and thus work on with confidence and hope that man must progress for his existence and betterment. Every individually has the potentiality of the divine, and it is for him to realize this by following the path of religion. Physical science and technical skill have given us power, and it is for us now to choose whether we want to make forward progress for the betterment of man and his environment or just reduce ourselves to a heap of radio-active ashes. Good neighborliness and restraint on the acquisitive instinct are a contagious virtue: what is true of an individual is also true of a group, social or political. The man who does not know himself and refuses to know another an as man can never live at peace with himself or, obviously, at peace with others. A clear understanding of onself and of others can alone remove mutual suspicion and counterbalance the constant threat of war, thus leading us to a true condition of peaceful co-existence. To-day, liberty of thought and speech is increasingly getting crippled in a subtle manner. Tendentious propaganda not only conceals but also perverts the apparent facts, and the world is put on a wrong track. This means that the thinking man has to keep himself vigilant, understand the limitations of his knowledge and thus learn to respect the viewpoint of others, as laid down by Nayavada and Syadvada. Let us ot lose faith in man as man, and let us learn to respect each other as man. We must see that man lives under healthy and progressive conditions as a world-citizen. The basic principles of Jainism (such as Ahimsa, Vratas, Nayavada and Syadvada), if correctly understood and earnestly put into practice, can make one a worthy citizen of the world.

2019-04-24T02:34:09Z

http://jainology.blogspot.com/2007/11/mahavira-and-his-philosophy-of-life.html

If only a good idea and a bit of luck were all you needed to launch a successful startup. The reality is that it takes a lot more. Timing, competition, and future market conditions can make or break a business. So if you want yours to still be around in a year–or 10–it’s vital to know which industries are ripe for innovation and new entrants. Here’s Inc.’s annual breakdown of the best industries for starting a business. The list is based on data on the fastest-growing sectors, as well as interviews with industry experts, investors, and entrepreneurs. Read on to learn which industries could give rise to the next billion-dollar companies. Popping open a can of wine might not sound as satisfying as pulling the cork out of a bottle, but the popularity of canned wine has grown rapidly in the past several years. The industry comprises both established brands that have begun packaging their wine in cans and startups that exclusively sell canned varietals. Why it’s hot: While the product inside hasn’t changed, the new packaging is attracting young consumers to the wine scene. The convenience of canned wine particularly appeals to Millennial buyers who want a single-serve beverage they can take on the go. Cans are lighter than bottles and easier to disguise when drinking in public settings. What’s more, outdoor spaces like music festivals tend to prohibit glass bottles for safety reasons. Skills needed: Entrepreneurs entering this business would be wise to fully understand the alcoholic beverage industry, including how to navigate regulations and the intricacies of distribution, says Danny Brager, senior vice president of the beverage alcohol practice at Nielsen, a provider of market-research information based in New York City. Barriers to entry: Getting shelf space at retail outlets could be a large obstacle for startups. Because the industry is new, canned wine companies have a formidable challenge making their products stand out and gaining acceptance from wine enthusiasts who are used to buying bottles. The downside: With so much attention on canned wine, Brager expects an increasing number of legacy brands will begin selling their wine in cans to capitalize on the trend. Competition: Nielsen estimates there are currently more than 60 brands in the U.S. that sell canned wine. About 90 percent are exclusively canned wine companies, with the remaining 10 percent preexisting brands that offer a canned option. Major players: Francis Ford Coppola Winery began selling its Blanc de Blanc in mini cans, dubbed Sofia, in 2004 and added canned Chardonnay, Pinot Grigio, and Sauvignon Blanc to its collection last year. Union Wine Co.’s Underwood wine is another prominent label, with seven varietals ranging from a sparkling rosé to a Pinot Noir. Growth: Total U.S. sales for canned wine jumped to $32.3 million last year from $3.3 million in 2014, according to Nielsen. Startups are finding innovative ways to bring food, shelter, and transportation to victims of the hurricanes, wildfires, and tornados that ravaged parts of the U.S. last year, as well as improve safety for those caught in other types of disasters and emergency situations. From bulletproofing technology that can be applied to backpacks or desks, to connecting survivors and organizing transportation, these startups are trying to solve some of the nation’s most urgent problems. Why it’s hot: Natural disasters have increased the demand for industry services and boosted funding, according to IBISWorld, which provides industry market research reports. What’s more, the rise in manmade emergency situations, like school shootings and terrorist attacks, has also created a need for innovative solutions. Skills needed: Entrepreneurs in this area should have technical skills if they are building mobile-based solutions. Additionally, it is useful to have an understanding of the regulatory systems in place. Barriers to entry: Establishing a reputation in the field is difficult, but crucial for developing partnerships with agencies that handle disaster situations, and for getting funding. Additionally, founders must understand the regulatory environment and obtain any legally mandated licensing. The downside: Every crisis is different, creating a wide range of challenges that startups in the industry will have to face in real time. The stakes are extremely high since these companies are often dealing with people’s lives and property. Competition: Younger startups will be competing against long-established and government-funded agencies that have operated in the sector for decades. These giants will scoop up millions in funding. Major players: The American Red Cross is the largest nonprofit emergency response organization in the U.S. and generated $2.7 billion in revenue in 2015, according to IBISWorld. In the for-profit space, large companies such as Walmart, Home Depot, and Starbucks have pledged sizable monetary donations in the wake of disasters or tragedies, but few are dedicated to developing disaster-relief solutions. Meanwhile, there is no one startup that dominates the industry, as most startups focus on narrower areas within it such as transportation, housing, and communications. Growth: U.S. revenue for the disaster relief industry is expected jump to $11.2 billion in 2022 from $10.1 billion in 2017, according to IBISWorld. The integration of technology and the beauty business is creating an opportunity for startups to innovate both the products consumers buy and how they buy them. The industry is getting a makeover, with new offerings like “camera-ready” cosmetics that look great in photos and items that are highly customized–based on machine learning algorithms–for individual consumers. Why it’s hot: Advancements in technology make it easier for companies to create products specifically tailored to consumers’ preferences, from foundation that perfectly matches a client’s skin to shampoo that will treat her specific hair needs. Additionally, the growth of niche markets within the beauty industry gives startups an edge over mass beauty brands. Skills needed: Strong marketing skills and an expertise in social media are essential in the beauty industry. Most cosmetics companies advertise their products on social media, through beauty tutorials or modeled on brand reps. That knowledge will help rein in advertising costs, which is crucial for entrepreneurs competing with beauty giants. Barriers to entry: Startups that rely on traditional advertising channels will need to pay steep costs to compete with the beauty behemoths in the industry, according to IBISWorld. On a similar note, companies will have to spend big to develop a large amount of inventory. The downside: Many startups are launching in this industry and using the same social media tactics to reach audiences. Capital costs can make staying in the business difficult over the long term. Competition: With beauty giants like Sephora and Ulta capturing a large share of the market, smaller companies that aren’t selling their own products–but offering skin consultancy services or product recommendations–could struggle to attract customers. However, niche markets like organics afford some opportunities for smaller retailers, according to IBISWorld. Major players: L.A.-based Seed Beauty has incubated two wildly popular and trendy cosmetic companies that primarily sell online: Colourpop and Kylie Cosmetics, launched by the youngest member of the Kardashian-Jenner family. Meanwhile, Glossier has made a name for itself selling items that promote a “barely there” makeup look. Growth: While IBIS doesn’t track the tech-specific side of the beauty market, the firm expects the U.S. industry as a whole to jump to $27.8 billion in 2022 from $22.1 billion in 2017. If watching people compete in video-game tournaments sounds a bit odd to you, you’re not the only one. But that’s the premise of eSports, an industry that’s growing rapidly and creating many opportunities for startups, especially those focused on in-game analytics, player data, and scouting. Why it’s hot: The popularity of competitive online gaming has grown astronomically in the last several years. Nearly three years ago, Amazon paid $970 million for Twitch, a network that broadcasts live video-game events. Since then, the NCAA has announced it would formally analyze the collegiate eSports landscape to determine if it should have a supporting role in the space, and major professional sports leagues have planned eSports tie-ins. Skills needed: Entrepreneurs must have a strong understanding of international markets because China and Europe will make up 68 percent of the estimated total revenue for the eSports industry in 2018, according to SuperData Research, a market researcher in New York City. Startups also will need to react and adapt to audiences’ demands for quality content and community engagement. Barriers to entry: New companies will have to find opportunities to partner with the large incumbent eSports leagues and provide ancillary services for players, before other startups do. The downside: eSports startups can’t afford to blink when it comes to the popularity of games. If companies aren’t nimble and don’t react when audience taste changes, it could be game over. Competition: The industry is already crowded with startups that include new platforms, teams, event hosts, and organizers, according to SuperData Research. Additionally, the start of franchised leagues will make it difficult for new organizers and platforms to enter the market. Major players: Riot Games, which was Inc.’s company of the year in 2016, is one of the biggest names in eSports. It released the widely popular game League of Legends nearly a decade ago, but more than 100 million gamers still play it every month. Interactive entertainment company Activation Blizzard, which makes the beloved Overwatch game, is also a heavyweight in the industry. Growth: SuperData Research forecasts the U.S. eSports industry to grow to $1.7 billion in 2020 from $1.1 billion in 2018. The U.S. eSports audience also is expected to increase by 41 million between 2017 and 2018. Think of Jerry Maguire, if, instead of athletes, he represented Instagram stars. Influencer agents negotiate deals for prominent individuals seeking to turn their loyal followings on social media into cash. Why it’s hot: The popularity of social-media platforms continues to be a powerful source of revenue for influencers–and for agents in search of a cut. Skills needed: A powerful network of contacts, the first step toward signing clients and finding endorsement opportunities, is essential. Being able to spot rising stars is also a necessity, along with a penchant for developing a celebrity’s brand identity and reaching new audiences. Barriers to entry: While an agent’s license is required by a state’s labor commissioner, the amount of capital needed to launch a startup in the space is low. The downside: Larger agencies with established reputations can make it difficult for newcomers to nab A-listers. What’s more, the revelation that some companies pay for bots to spread their social media content has heightened the scrutiny around these businesses. Startups in this space also must educate their clients on disclosing ties with brands and adhering to Federal Trade Commission guidelines. Competition: The field is extremely competitive, with larger agencies often poaching clients from smaller companies or each other, according to IBISWorld. Major players: Talent agency WME IMG is one of the big players in the industry, representing actors, musicians, and directors. Creative Artists Agency LLC also works with high-profile entertainers, as well as athletes. Growth: U.S. revenue for this industry is expected to jump to $10.8 billion in 2022, an increase of 2.2 percent from 2017, according to IBISWorld. There are increasingly more opportunities for women’s reproductive health startups, as women are waiting longer to have children and demanding more consumer-facing health solutions, according to First Round Capital. New businesses now offer services such as at-home fertility testing, birth-control tracking, and smart-menstruation tracking devices. Why it’s hot: More and more women are taking their reproductive health care into their own hands by using apps to track fertility and shop from companies that sell organic feminine products. The increased number of reproductive-focused startups, and their acceptance by female users, is boosting the industry’s profile. Skills needed: Founders should have a robust knowledge of the medical industry. They must also have a strong understanding of customers’ needs and empathy for patients. Barriers to entry: As with most medical fields, regulatory issues can be a challenge for young companies. Startups also have to build trust and credibility with users and providers. The downside: New companies will have to answer questions about their efficacy and be able to change consumer behavior, especially if they are introducing new methods of health care that take consumers away from in-person treatment, according to First Round Capital partner Phineas Barnes. Competition: Startups must compete against all the existing reproductive health care options available, such as primary care physicians and alternative telemedicine solutions. Competition in this space ranges, depending on the type of reproductive health women are seeking. For example, telemedicine solutions will have to contend with Maven, which offers quick diagnoses and prescriptions. Meanwhile, Lola and Cora are some of the top organic feminine hygiene producers in the industry. Major players: At-home fertility testing company Modern Fertility and digital clinic Maven Health are the two major players in this industry, according to First Round Capital. Growth: The U.S. fertility market, which includes medications and reproductive technology, was estimated to be between $3 and $4 billion, according to the 2015 Harris Williams study. It is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 4 percent through 2020, according to a 2016 report from market research firm Technavio. As Baby Boomers age into their golden years, there’s a growing need to care for them. Between adult daycare facilities and products and services for at-home providers, the industry is seeing a rise in options. Why it’s hot: The Pew Research Center estimates about 74 million Baby Boomers will require some level of elderly care soon, and companies are trying new–and in many cases high-tech–ways to provide it. For example, a startup called Intuition Robotics is developing a robot that can carry on conversations with elderly patients and play them videos, while E-VONE makes shoes packed with sensors that alert loved ones if the patient falls. Skills needed: An understanding of the medical and at-home care fields is a must for entrepreneurs in this sector. Founders and their employees must be compassionate and able to build trust with patients and families. Barriers to entry: New companies must demonstrate they are doing things differently to separate themselves from the major players in the field. They also need to get approval from regional oversight organizations. The downside: No matter the size of the population, startups will have to contend with family caregivers who may be reluctant to pass off responsibility for their loved ones to a stranger. Additionally, the generation after the Baby Boomers is smaller and could eventually result in a downturn for businesses. Competition: Established nonprofit agencies focused on at-home care have a competitive edge over new companies, as their brands have more name recognition and trust. New solutions like Honor Technology and Hometeam connect seniors and their families with caregivers. Major players: Home Instead Senior Care, which employs about 65,000 staffers and provides nonmedical home care, is one of the biggest businesses in the market. Comfort Keepers, which provides nonmedical care and light housework, also has a large presence. Growth: The industry generated more than $50.7 billion in U.S. revenue in 2017. That figure is expected to increase more than 42 percent by 2022, according to IBISWorld. Does the idea of biting into a juicy hamburger make your mouth water? Of course, for years you have been able to get one without any meat in it. But thanks to improving technology, alternative-protein foods are making an ever-bigger splash in the food world. Whether it’s a vegan milk substitute made from peas, cricket protein, or meat-like products made from plants, customers have more options for their nutritional needs than ever. Why it’s hot: Consumers are looking to introduce more proteins into their meals, thanks to trends like the paleo and ketogenic diets. Additionally, technology has caught up to allow for great-tasting and visually pleasing products that appeal to a wider consumer base. Skills needed: Founders need the technical know-how to develop the foods, or be able to collaborate with others who do. Alternative-protein entrepreneurs also must be able to break through the noise of better-known brands to get a clear message and good product to consumers. Barriers to entry: Consumers need to become more open to trying alternative-protein products for startups in this sector to thrive, says Dries Zender, the principal of brand growth solutions for the consumer insights firm SPINS. Additionally, an availability of supply could be a difficult hurdle for startups in the alternative-protein space. Relatively little U.S. cropland is dedicated to new and emerging protein sources and companies could experience shortages as a result of drought or insect infestation. The downside: Entrepreneurs must be able to break through the market with an innovative product and, just as important, keep up with technology so they’re not surpassed by other companies, says Zender. Competition: There is a large amount of competition in the field, with more brands launching, according to SPINS. The category also is expanding to include more than just milk and meat–for example, California-based startup Ripple Foods, which makes products out of pea protein, recently launched a Greek yogurt and half-and-half. Major players: Impossible Foods, known for its bleeding meatless burger, is one of the popular brands in the industry, according to SPINS. Beyond Meat, which makes plant-based sausages, burgers, and chicken dishes, has also gotten traction with consumers. Growth: Alternative-protein startups have raised hundreds of millions of dollars in funding as entrepreneurs try to find a healthier and more environmentally friendly way to provide protein-rich foods. The global market for alternative proteins was valued at $4.2 billion in 2016, and is expected to grow 6.8 percent between 2017 and 2022, according to Research and Markets.

2019-04-21T18:20:42Z

http://startupsvilla.com/2018/10/09/the-hottest-sectors-for-launching-a-business-in-2018/