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76jtob | Why do my limbs sometimes try to automatically copy what I'm watching in an action scene? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Humans are a social species. Empathy is an important part of our lifes. When you observe babies or children interact with their parents or someone they feel empathy for, you can notice they will copy their movements and behaviour. That instinct doesn't really fade away when you grow up, you just learn to control it. When you're watching a movie or a game, you're not really focusing on controling those minor movements, thus, you begin copying what you see on the screen.",
"You have neurons called mirror neurons. They get excited when you see someone's movement. This allows you to understand their action. Admittedly, there's still controversy over the subject matter in regards to humans but eh.",
"Not the same thing, but similar: if I lose track of what I’m doing, my hands will make a motion to remind me. It doesn’t happen often but it strikes me as odd. It’s nearly automatic. Example: I’m about to go to bed, but I know I’m forgetting something. To jumpstart my thinking, my hands will make a brushing motion. I then remember I need to brush my teeth. This happens with a lot with menial tasks. I’m on an ssri and migraine medicine that destroys my short term memory. Years of weed use probably hasn’t helped. For whatever reason, my body reminds my mind of what I was supposed to be doing. It’s quite strange to me."
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76jv3z | Why is de-clawing considered to be animal cruelty, but neutering and spaying is considered not only okay, but often encouraged? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because we as a society barely (if at all) have the capacity to deal with the number of unclaimed cats and dogs in the world. The number of animals killed because shelters just don't have the capacity is huge. Spaying/neutering your pets is you contributing to solving the problem of overpopulation, while declawing is actively disadvantaging your own pet in a pretty drastic way, just because you don't want to get scratched. Cats and dogs need claws to do half their natural behaviors, spaying and neutering just affects their capacity to have children. If you want to volunteer to take care of the 3-10 kittens/puppies that happen then by all means, but if you would have to give them to a shelter its more humane to just avoid letting your pets have them",
"De-clawing is thought to leave lasting discomfort for cats when they walk around, because a significant part of their toes is removed. Neutering and spaying is done under anesthesia, so there is minimal pain and suffering. It is encouraged because there is a staggering excess of cats and dogs. [Millions]( URL_0 ) of them are euthanized because pet shelters simply do not have the room or the resources to care for them, and nobody wants them. Lots of pets do get adopted, but it isn't nearly enough. Feral cats and dogs can also be a problem, depending on where you are. Because of this, the best solution is seen as spaying and neutering.",
"What would you rather have, a vasectomy, or the first knuckle of all your fingers and toes amputated?",
"Animals need to be able to walk, which means having their feet intact, and the behaviors we don't like (ex: clawing furniture) can be trained out or mitigated in other ways (ex: giving the cat a scratching post). Animals don't *need* to have babies and you can't train an animal to be celibate.",
"Declawing is actually like removing your fingertips at the first knuckle, and leaves your cat defenseless. Terrible thing to do to a cat, IMO.",
"Declawing is the equivalent to having all of your fingers cut off below the nail. If you can't be bothered to teach your cat not to scratch at the wrong thing, don't have a cat. Neutering on the other hand is practical and does not usually negatively impact the animals quality of life (I'm sure there are exceptions). If your animal is able to have babies, then it probably will. Ideally the only baby cats and dogs being brought into the world would have loving homes lined up but that is not the case so neutering is responsible.",
"Cats are an invasive species and their population has to be controlled, in a civilized manner. De-clawing is animal cruelty as it essentially removes the very last bone of each finger.",
"De-clawing benefits you (the pet's owner) exclusively. Neutering benefits everyone (everything?). Society, in general, considers actions to be more morally sound than another if they better achieve \"the greatest good for the greatest number of people\"- Kohlberg, Lawrence (1976). \"Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach\"",
"Reading this thread has made me realize a lot of people don't understand spaying/neutering. No, the animal does not get its dick chopped off. Yes, the animal can still engage in sex, there us just no chance of procreating. It is viewed as irresponsible for the most part to not neuter your animals, especially outdoor male cats that can have a territory of over a square mile and create lots of litters of kittens that will likely end up on the streets or without homes. But obviously it is possible to responsibly own an un-neutered animal. On the other hand, declawing is on the same level as cosmetic ear/tail cropping, and probably even more unnecessary. It is the equivalent of having your fingers chopped off at your first knuckle, and can cause life long pain/discomfort and cause paw deformities. If you aren't prepared to have your furniture scratched and don't have to time to train your cat, get a different pet.",
"Well N/S is a simple surgery (especially neutering) that causes minimal pain and discomfort for a few days, but they are generally given pain medication. Then for the rest of their days, they have a decrease in the chances of getting certain cancers and no chance of contributing to the pet overpopulation. “But what if we S/N them all? Where will we get dogs/cats from?” When 100’s-1000’s of animals stop being euthanized in shelters every DAY, not month or year, we can talk. Declawing? Can effect them for life. It’s painful. It greatly increases the chances of arthritis and they are more likely to stop using a littler box. Even if your cat is inside full time, you’re making them defenseless if they ever get out (oh that will never happen! - do you know how many Home are broken into a year and the pets escape? House fires, natural distances, etc). They can’t climb a tree or anything. It is becoming highly discouraged in the vet world and many vets refuse to do it now. Just like many cosmetic surgeries."
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76jws5 | What's the difference between a carbohydrate and a hydrocarbon? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"\"-ate\" means oxygen. Carbohydrate = carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Hydrocarbon = hydrogen, carbon"
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76jx2i | Why is it that heavier people generally can initially lift more weight than people of same overall health but less body weight? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They have more muscle. This is not super hard to understand, they carry around more weight constantly so they will build a certain amount of muscle just from doing every day things like getting out of bed, getting on and off the toilet, walking. Also, a high calorie diet is great for building muscle even if it is poorly balanced.",
"For two people of the same height, assuming similar health, the heavier person will generally have greater muscle mass. More muscle means more strength.",
"1. Leverages. No doubt, it's impressive to be extremely strong at a certain weight (i.e. Pound for pound strength or wilks score) But the strongest people in powerlifting tend to be extremely fat. It's easier to squat half a ton of weight when you have basically have a mini monster truck tire around your waist for support and to push off from. 1a. I didn't know how to describe this, so I'll describe it as a subpoint of leverages. When you're fat, your lifts also tend to have less distance to travel. For example, if your chest is extremely fat, how far does the bar have to travel up, vs if your chest is extremely lean? Doing partial reps of powerlifting exercises is a frequently used method, used partially (no pun intended) because they teach you to work through sticking points while not taking a huge toll on your body (vs compared to if you did the entire range of motion). So if you're fatter, you're probably limiting your range of motion inherently. 2. Body composition. While it's possible, it's unlikely two untrained people will have the same lean body mass at different weights. The fatter guy will probably have a higher overall lean body mass because he has to lift more weight overall on a daily basis. Also, it's unlikely you will have two people of the same overall health at different body weights. Overall health encompasses many factors. But let's isolate two: cardiovascular health and overall strength. I'm currently 200 lb @ ~15% body fat, or 170 lb lean body mass. I can run a 6 min mile, but at a heart rate of 170 bpm. That's pretty good for someone my weight, but I would no doubt be faster or have a lower bpm at the same running rate if I was lighter. But I would also lose strength. Someone of identical height who is 170 lb @ 10% body fat would be able to run a faster mile if they trained for it. Because he'd be carrying less weight. But no doubt, he would also not be as strong as me. As just a small example, based on my Fitbit data in the past, going from 200 lb to 185 lb, maintaining the same LBM, my resting HR would decrease by about 10-15% (which is good). But looking at my work out logs, my strength took a hit of about the same %. Ultimately, based on changing weight alone (while using similar lean body mass), overall health is dramatically affected. If you changed overall lean body mass, the effects would be even more drastic. Then there are many other factors to consider.",
"Another factor to consider is the larger person has a more stable base in most cases. This translates better to real world applications vs bodybuilding. Examples. My 150lb co-worker pics up a 50lb box and has to use his whole body to get the load up and at a carry-able position. He normally has to lean way back to keep his center of gravity correct. I (350lbs) have a very stable base/center of gravity. It's much easier for me to pick up and carry that load without having to use my entire body to maintain stability. I always notice this with those really stiff business doors as well. I just need to use my arm to open it because my tractive weight holds me in position. My co-worker has to brace his body differently on stiff doors in ways I've never had to.",
"While it is true that they generally have a greater amount of the non-impressive muscles and postural muscles that can't really be worked in the gym, they *also* generally eat more, have more energy stored in cells (called glycogen), and have more cellular creatine available. Creatine helps the muscle cell make use of the energy it produces. However, people with less body fat typically produce more testosterone and growth hormone (which helps them build/retain muscle) and are more sensitive to insulin (which helps sugar/energy sources get into their muscle cells). This phenomenon can be observed in bodybuilders. They \"bulk\" (eat more & gain weight purposefully to fuel muscle growth) in their offseason then \"cut\" (eat less to slowly lose fat) to prepare for a show. As they eat less and lose weight, their testosterone and growth hormone production increases. This helps them to build and retain muscle. Think of it as a built-in way of preventing our bodies from losing muscle when food is scarce. They also have more insulin sensitivity, meaning sugar can get into their muscle cells more effectively. For this reason, bodybuilders may actually get *stronger* as they begin to lose weight. However, after significant weight loss, their energy stores and creatine (which we get from food and/or supplements) become depleted. This means that after bodybuilders lose a lot of weight, they actually begin to lose some energy, become weaker, and even lose some muscle mass. However, their fat loss generally \"outweighs\" the muscle loss, and they end up looking... like a bodybuilder. Hope this helps! Edit: more fit for ELI5.",
"Their bodies are larger, so they literally have more muscle and more strength potential. You don't need to work to carry muscle around, do you? Other than that, they have bones and fat like everyone else. A person can lose fat and be predominantly muscle, and a larger/taller person will have much more of it, so they will be stronger. Pretty simple.",
"Fitness is extremely misunderstood by the general population. For example, the common person believes that if they want to lose belly fat, they should do ab exercises. However the truth is that you cannot target specific areas for fat loss, and all you’re doing is strengthening the abdominal muscles underneath the fat. That is a very simplified version, but I mention it because it relates to your question in one way. The human body doesn’t operate the way most people think it does (speaking in the health/fitness capacity) To directly answer your question, basically the more mass you have on you, the more likely you are to have muscle mass. Every time you take in more calories than your body burns, your body stores it in some capacity. Most of the time when it’s bad food or you aren’t working out it is going to be stored as fat. However, even if you didn’t eat great and didn’t work out a small percentage of the calories will still be used to build muscle fiber. When you workout you burn calories and break down your muscle fibers, which the body then repairs through the food you eat. Carbohydrates will help your body replenish its energy storage, and the protein will be used to rebuild the muscle you broke down. (Again this is overly simplified, but you get the idea.) However an interesting study, I’ll try to find the link, found that males who were given testosterone and did not work out compared to males that weren’t given the testosterone but did work out actually put on more muscle mass than males who weren’t given any. Think about that: if you have good genetics, with high testosterone, you can put on more muscle mass sitting on your butt than someone who is actively lifting with bad genetics. Basically TL;DR The more you eat, the more likely you are to put on muscle mass, even if you aren’t working out. Hope this helped. Source: Former personal trainer",
"A few reasons : Extra body fat (up to about 25% for males) is actually not bad for you, and doesn't even increase the risk of death. In order to optimally build muscle the body has to be in a anabolic state which is best achieved by excess calories. (Short of steroids that is). So people who have eaten more, generally have gained more muscle (ceteris paribus). Also from carrying around excess weight support muscles will generally be stronger - legs, lower back, calf, core.",
"Because a larger persons muscles are literally larger. Including length. Muscle volume is a large factor in how much can be lifted.",
"I’m a student of Medicine and I hold a degree in Nursing. From a physiologic point of view: The strength of a muscle is determined by it’s size, with a maximal contractile force between 3 and 4kg/cm^2 of muscle cross-sectional area. To make it as vague to a 5 year old as possible: To contract, muscles need actin and myosin filaments in each muscle fiber. These are contractile proteins that generate muscle force or work. When you have a lot of these, they split up and form more fibers. This results to more muscle mass or ‘bigger/stronger’ muscles. There are mainly 3 factors that affect this: training, diet, and genetics. Now, when you have more muscle mass (mass does not necessarily mean size but the density of muscle fibers) you are heavier. This is why heavier people tend to be stronger. This is also why people who have lean muscles tend to be heavier than others who are about the same size and height. Source: Guyton & Hall Physiology From a physics point of view: Force = mass x acceleration By this formula, it is easy to see that mass (in our case, weight) is directly proportional to Force (or in our case, strength). Disregarding factors other than weight, a larger individual will throw a heavier punch compared to a lighter individual if they had the same acceleration. Source: Grade 6 Physics edit: added that bit about lean muscles"
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76jxsv | How does Humble Bundle make money when they have discounts that cost them hundreds of dollars each sale, and only make a percentage of the discounted sale? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It helps a lot that they aren't selling a physical product. Really cuts down on the cost per unit. No materials, no production cost. Just licensing and server costs (bandwidth). So to say that it's 'costing hundreds' isn't accurate, they're almost certainly not dropping the price below cost, even though to us consumers, it seems like a crazy discount.",
"Not sure if it's still true, but when humble bundle first started it was all based around charity. They'd get a developer to buy in by offering massively discounted games as a way to support a charity. Humble then takes what we decide to pay them. On the store side of things, the deals always seem to line up with what steam is doing, so they probably aren't losing any money there.",
"Sometimes companies will take a loss to get their product out, hoping those who use the product tell others... It’s likely the developers of the game are taking the loss, not Humble Bundle, HB is just a means to distribute the product. Why did companies use GroupOn when they’d often lose money on the deal? Get people in the door to buy other products (eg DLC) or to keep coming back because of established brand (eg buy future games full price) or tell friends to go because it’s great (eg tell friends to buy game after the sale has expired).",
"Price segmentation. Let's say you made a game, and you're trying to figure out how much to charge for it. You do market research, and you determine that if you charge $20, you'll sell 50 million copies, if you charge $40 you'll sell 35 million, at $60 you'll sell 20 million, at $80 you'll sell 10 million, and at $100 you'll sell $3 million. How much should you charge? (Let's simplify and assume our marginal costs are already factored in). Well, the first thing we'll do is figure out our revenue at each level. Pretty simple, just multiply: Price | Sales (M) | Revenue ($M) ---|---|---- $20 | 50 | $1,000 $40 | 35| $1,400 $60 | 20| $1,200 $80| 10| $800 $100| 3 | $300 Based on this, if I want to maximize my revenue, I should just charge $40, and make $1.4 Billion in revenue, right? Except: * what about the people who would have paid $60 or more? They are going to go to the store, $60 in hand ready to spend it on your game, and you charge them $40. They were ready to give you that extra $20 but instead they are keeping it. That's called a \"consumer surplus\" and you want that money. * what about the people who were only willing to pay $20? That's still profit. You want that money too. So instead, let's do this: Let's ask everyone how much they are willing to pay, and charge them that. Out of my 50 million people, 15 million aren't willing to go over $20, so we charge them $20; another 15 million won't go over $40, so they pay $40, and so forth. Back to the table: Price | Sales (M) | Revenue ($M) ---|---|---- $20 | 15 | $300 $40 | 15| $600 $60 | 10| $600 $80| 7| $560 $100| 3 | $300 The total is now $2.36 billion, nearly a billion dollars of extra profit! So clearly this is a better strategy, and the only thing I need to figure out now is how to trick the people who are willing to pay $100 to not just pay the $20 instead. Well, there's lots of ways to do this, and this is where my company's marketing department comes in: * Only sell the cheap version as part of a bundle, with a cheap-sounding name; * Only sell the cheap version as an \"Exclusive\" at some undesirable store like Walmart or Gamestop; * Limit the features of the cheap version, unless they pay more for DLC; * Make the expensive versions available before the other versions; * Change up the packaging for the expensive versions, so they are a \"limited edition\"; * Add some low-cost \"Extras\" to the expensive version; And so on."
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76jziu | What happens when we cook with wine/stock-- when we add these ingredients and then reduce the liquid, what vanishes and what remains? | Last night I made a pasta sauce, and the chef on YouTube suggested adding chicken broth to the meat/veg and then reducing it for like 45 minutes. Which I did, and it was delicious! But it made me wonder, what was cooked out? I'm assuming the water in the broth was cooked out, but then what remained? Chicken essence? Ghost of chicken? Can we measure/see what chicken flavor remained in the sauce? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The water evaporated, the resulting broth was concentrated. concentration is what determines how strongly you taste something. For wine the alcohol evaporates before the water. Any additives, for broth its particulates, usually oils and fats, from the chicken (in your case) are dissolved in the water. You can certainly measure it, there are a ton of analytical techniques for it, but I'm not sure that there are any you can do at home besides maybe measure the pH.",
"> I'm assuming the water in the broth was cooked out, but then what remained? Chicken essence? Ghost of chicken? Various oils and chemicals from the chicken which make up much of the flavor of the chicken's meat. Animals are extremely chemically complex so what precisely those chemicals are is bound to be a massive, variable list. Of course you can see and measure what chicken flavor remains because if you had just been doing it with clear water you would see that it was cloudy and a little oily."
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76k17e | How can HDDs and SSDs delete data faster than they can write? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"When you delete something, you're not actually removing it from the drive. Instead, the computer is just telling itself to recognize the space as free and writable. Once you start saving new documents, downloading new music, etc. the \"deleted files\" (which are still sitting on the drive) will begin to be overwritten.",
"When you write data to a hard drive, two things happen: the data is written to some sector of the hard drive, and the location of that sector is stored in a table that tells the computer which sector to look at for each file. When you delete a file, the location data is removed from the table. There's no need to actually delete the data from the sector; the computer will treat that sector as free space as long as the location table says no data is stored there. By the way, this is why lost data can sometimes be restored. As long as the sector where a deleted file was stored hasn't been overwritten with a new file since you deleted it, you can scan a hard drive sector by sector and read off some of the data that was stored there."
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76kbsn | Why are some people content living vicariously through others, while some people just get mad and jealous? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I think you've got it wrong. People aren't \"living vicariously\" through others. They're either jealous (like you) or they feel happy that their friends experienced something interesting or fun. It's the fun and interesting things my friends have experienced which is why I want them as friends. If you feel mad and jealous at the positive things that happen to others, particularly your supposed friends, you might want to talk to a mental health specialist. It's not uncommon but it's certainly not good.",
"This is actually probably worth talking to a psychiatrist about. We live in an information age, and the degree to which we see curated views of other peoples lives is only going to increase. Its important, and going to be increasingly so, to not judge your own well being as relative to other people. It is entirely possible (and healthy really) to have your own internal set of criteria for happiness, that are entirely specific to you. I don't really care about other peoples accomplishments because I'm pretty happy with my own. I've made my own decisions and have never really regretted them. I'm happy with my own life and I'm glad they are enjoying themselves too. At the end of the day we are strangers on the internet, and this does seem like something that a psychiatrist would be good at dealing with. Just a thought.",
"As far as I'm concerned, when someone tells me about their project or adventure, I listen, I nod, I laugh if it's genuinely funny or if I care about that person. I may even take a genuine interest. Most of the time though, I couldn't give less of a crap about it if I tried. I just don't really care about their project or adventure. I'm happy that they had fun, on a basis polite level, but I genuinely don't care. I don't think most people 'live vicariously through others' with regards to their stories and posts, people are either just being polite or happy that their friends are happy. The only time when I take genuine pleasure in someone else's story is if I actually love them (friends, family, SO) or if they're really good/funny at telling the stories. If I care enough to be happy for them, I'm not jealous. If I don't care enough to be happy for them, then I don't give any shits at all, so nothing to be angry or jealous about.",
"I think you have to look deeply at why you might want what they have, or think they don't deserve what they have.",
"Happens to me all the time given I don't have many accomplishments,and have more problems than accomplishments. In my mind tho,I go against the negativity and wish well for the person and more good to come to them. There Will always be people that have more than you.",
"Being mad or jealous is stupid and waste of energy even though we are all guilty of doing at point or another. However if it becomes a habit then you need to reassess and start checking that shit at the door. And if you find others doing it to you all the time point it out the first few times to see how they respond and if they keep doing it you can move on or try having a rather open discussion about all depending on the relationship status with the person"
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76kbyo | Why do human have stomachache, when they are sad or frustrated? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"**Abdominal Tension** Stress tends to cause a great deal of tension in the abdomen. That tension can tire out abdominal muscles and squeeze organs in a way that creates a feeling of ache or pain. **Digestion** Stress affects hormone levels, and hormones are used to aid digestion. When you're stressed, your body's hormones start to cause your digestion to suffer, which may lead to bloating, intestinal pain, and more. **Irritable Bowel Syndrome** Anxiety has been linked as one of the most likely causes of irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS. IBS occurs when your body's gastrointestinal system is no longer processing foods correctly, and it can cause stomach discomfort even without anxiety present."
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76kg5l | Why is it that when you drink fizzy drinks, even if they don't touch your teeth, are harmful to your teeth | I assume most people don't swish fizzy drinks around in their mouth so how can it still hurt your teeth? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Even if you're not swishing it around in your mouth, it's still going to touch your teeth at some point. If you don't drink soda or any carbonated drinks very often, then this boasts no problem to your dental hygiene. However, if you're drinking carbonated beverages every day, then you could see a problem start to develop. The way this works is through a chemical reaction between carbon dioxide and saliva. When these two reactants meet, they form carbonic acid, which brings the pH level in your mouth down. This means your mouth is now more acidic than it is basic. The extra acidity begins erosion of enamel, which is the part of your tooth that protects the dentin from bacteria & what not. Edit: So obviously any kind of soda is going to be worse for your teeth than just straight up carbonated water. OP had just asked about \"fizzy drinks\", so I assumed he/she was concerned about the fizz aspect and not the sugar or anything of that nature.",
"Fizzy drinks are not harmful because they are fizzy. They have stronger acid than carbonic acid in them and they have sugar. There was a scientist that uses IV to inject sugar into animals therefore bypassing the mouth completely and the animals still has tooth problems. Sugar does damage to gums and teeth from the inside out even if it does not touch the outside of your teeth.",
"This calls to mind a tidbit I read about phosphoric acid, an additive in dark colored soft drinks. I got the impression then that the above actually leeched calcium from your bones and teeth, but I just googled it and learned that an excess of phosphorus can instead lead to a decrease of calcium and the diseases associated with it. Also that the carbonation itself isn't the cause. Here is an article on too much phosphoric acid and its effects on bone health; more on Google if you're interested: URL_0"
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76kkc8 | Why is the recommended volume in in-ear headphones so low that we cant barely hear anything? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The unfortunate answer is that you would be able to hear it fine if your eardrums weren't so damaged from listening to it above that level. Listening to music, especially from in ear headphones can damage your eardrums and make you go deaf, and it begins slowly. So I'm sorry the recommended volume is so low for you, you may want to get that checked out...",
"Different headphones have different sensitivities, so your phone does not *know* how loud the sound is at your ears. The \"recommended level\" is just a guess. In the case of Android phones, where the hardware and the operating system are from different companies, the actual output level at the headphone socket is another variable that might differ between phones. Getting your hearing checked is a good idea in general, but don't be alarmed by this - it's a rough guide only.",
"It's not low per se. It's just that you've gotten used to louder volumes. You've probably actually damaged your hearing a little by listening at higher volumes. So it will appear low to you. Also, probably something about companies not wanting to be sued for not having a built in warning. Setting it extra low saves them being sued. They're playing on the safe side of things"
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76kmh0 | Why do we find rain so relaxing? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"“every living thing runs from the rain” I've heard once that it's from our primal days when we weren't top of the food chain. Predators will wait for better weather to hunt, and instead focus on being sheltered and warm. Which literally means our ancestors could relax more in downpours.",
"Some people find \"white noise\" helps them relax or sleep. The sound of constant rain is nature's version of white noise.",
"I don’t think it’s the rain we find relaxing. But we find the peace of being inside a house relaxing.",
"You can make all these scientific hypotheses. The truth is it is just a reason to put what we \"have\" to do aside and get a pass to just be lazy and relaxed"
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76kn6r | Can people have smaller than average organs and what does it mean? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"If you made it this long with little to no problems, I wouldn't worry about it. Best thing to do is talk to your doctor about it. She would probably feel bad if she knew what she said made you uncomfortable and she didn't know/therefore couldn't explain things for you so you could feel better. I'm almost 36 and was 7 weeks early at 4lb 5oz. I have a medically documented legit thick skull. Lol. A host of other problems too, but family genetics are to blame."
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76kpmx | how did humans even create computers ? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Computers weren't created all at once. It took baby steps and new technologies, like microtransitors, to be invented to progress them to where they are today.",
"The history of computers is a whole topic in itself, and the first \"computers\" were more like calculators e.g. Babbage's [Difference Engine] ( URL_2 ) or the various [Tabulating Machines] ( URL_1 ). The idea of a program that can be changed goes back to the punched cards used in the [Jacquard loom] ( URL_0 ). Fully electronic computers go back to the 1940s, with a lot of pioneering work in the UK, driven by the war effort.",
"We started with the abacus, which is an extremely manual computer. Then we moved on to analog computers -- slide rules being a simple example. We also had Babbage's machine as a model (or at least inspiration) of how to implement mathematical operations in gears. Perhaps inspired by that, there came a series of tabulating machines and [mechanical calculators]( URL_1 ). Punchcards came about as a means to enter data into these tabulating machines efficiently and accurately. We eventually figured out how to use a transistor to implement certain logical operations, then how to use logical operations to implement math. Then we came up with ways of storing data that we could read electronically. One technique involved a phosphor and a light sensor in a tube. You'd light up the phosphor, which would stay lit for a while. Then the light sensor would detect if the phosphor was on and emit a current back to the phosphor, to keep it on. To set that bit of memory to 0, you'd either block current to the phosphor, or you'd move something to block the light. There was a similar type of memory involving tubes of mercury. [Core memory]( URL_0 ) was a later advancement and a lot more reliable. This all let us make electronic, digital equipment that would do a specific thing. You'd have a computer, but it would be wired for one task. You'd have a row of switches to change its input, and a bunch of lights to read its output, but that's it. The von Neumann architecture brought us from that world into something like modern computing: the computer was wired for a specific thing, and that thing was reading a program from memory and executing it. This produced a distinction between programming and electrical engineering. It also meant that one very expensive machine could do the work of many slightly less expensive machines. The next giant advancement was printing transistors in silicon, and that's where we are today."
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76kr62 | Why does putting receipt paper over a debit card make it work when it wouldn't scan otherwise? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Oh boy, I can try to explain it to an adult but even that is somewhat difficult, a five year old is a lot harder. Magnetic strips contain information that is stored in small magnetized particles which the card reader detects. These particles are put into specific sections of the strip where the card reader looks for them. Over time as cards are rubbed on the inside of wallets and other things, some of those magnetic particles move into sections of the strip they don’t belong. This can cause the card to misread however these tiny particles aren’t very strong cause there’s only a few rogue particles. So when the card reader is in direct contact with the magnetic strip it can read these rogue particles but by putting receipt paper it moves the card further from the card reader and those rogue particles that got smeared around are no longer read by the card reader cause their signal is no longer close enough to be read . This is probably a terrible explanation Imagine you have 5 groups of people. Each group had 50 people. Each group wears a specific color T-shirt. Now clearly segregate these groups. One group of blue shirt, one of red shirts, yellow shirts, green shirts, and brown shirts. If you stand within 10 feet of these people you can clearly see each individual in the group wearing their color. Now take one person from the blue shirts and put them in the yellow shirt section. From 10 feet away you can clearly see the blue shirt guy in the yellow section. the blue shirt section even though now only has 49 blue shirts you can still see that it’s a blue group. Now back up 100 feet and you can’t see the one blue shirt in the yellow section very well but you can clearly still see that the shirt group is yellow. That’s kind of how it works when a “blue shirt” magnetic particle gets rubbed into a “yellow shirt” section of the credit card. Up close the reader can detect it and causes an error, but move the card away from the reader using a layer of paper or plastic, and the reader can’t detect that one wrong blue particle cause to the readers eyes it can only see the yellow at that distance"
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76kxja | International price increase | Hey reddit. I'm quite new to this whole posting thing so please be kind. I've got a question that has bothered me for ages. When I'm buying a digital game through the Xbox store it generally costs about $110 - $120 NZD. How ever in America they advertise the game as $60USD (If you do the conversion it's roughly $80 - $90 NZD) How do they justify that extra $30 to $40 dollar increase when selling online cuts out the middle man (sort of) and the retail mark up? Do they just pocket the money cause why not or are there other steps involved when selling over seas? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"it's because of all the import restrictions and taxes and shit in Australia. URL_0",
"It's probably to do with certain taxes where you live. I know Australia regularly gets screwed because of those kinds of taxes.",
"First off, US prices don't include sales tax while most prices elsewhere include VAT. So that's another 5-10% typically, on top of the listed price for goods in the U.S. Then there are things like tariffs, import taxes, duties that may be applied. And prices may be set a little higher to account for currency fluctuations, to better ensure the company doesn't get hurt if exchange rates shift more quickly than anticipated."
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76l4lq | the cleaning process of a surgery room | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There's some ok answers in here and a few assumptions. SO! Here's a run down of an OR room on the infection control side in regards to getting it fully cleaned: *End of Day Deep Clean* * No one is allowed entry without full bunny suit (body suit, hair mask/net, shoe booties, gloves) * All trash & biohazard waste is removed & disposed of * All mobile equipment that does not live in the OR 24hrs is wiped down with disinfectants & removed from the room. * All permanent mobile equipment units are rearranged into zones/as needed to allow the housekeeper (EVS) to attack the ceilings & walls * Full mopping procedure begins with damp mopping the ceilings fully & wiping down any fixtures/equipment that are mounted to the ceiling (these mops typically have an extending rod to reach the ceiling) * After the ceiling part is complete the walls will be fully mopped top to bottom & wiping down any equipment/fixtures still in the room * Final procedure is to mop the floors from the furthest corner making your way back to the entry door *Cleaning Inbetween Daily Procedures* * Same rules for clothing applies as before = body suit * EVS has very limited time for cleaning between procedures so areas are prioritized * OR crew tends to their own equipment, EVS can ignore most of it (normally) * EVS will prioritize trash/waste, wiping down the procedure table, spot mopping the walls, full mop of floor *Additional Policies & Environment* * Air circulation is separate from rest of the hospital as well as the quality & volume of air moved in & out per hour * Many delicate & fine tools are disposable, they arrive clean in sealed packages, everything is tossed or recycled after one use * Many metal & hardier tools are reused; tools arrive clean & after the procedure are removed from the room, rinsed, soaked, and mechanically sanitized & disinfected in an autoclave or similar machine. After sanitation is complete they are very specifically wrapped & packaged & kept in a clean storage zone until needed in another procedure * OR rooms were not designed well back in the day as far as walls/floors/casegoods were concerned, but they were designed with good intentions. Nowadays, modern rules & designs create the OR like a bathtub so to speak. Everything is designed to be smooth and water impervious, seams & ledges are minimized or eliminated wherever possible. You should literally be able to take buckets of water & douse the room if you wanted, but then you'd probably destroy expensive equipment so don't do that. Note: I worked EVS at a hospital for a number of years - I now design medical environments, woo! TLDR: it's super complicated, housekeeping ninjas attack all surfaces every day",
"It's probably less clean than you think except for maybe a neurosurgey OR. Floors are mopped with an antimicrobal soap, most things are wiped down, barriers are switched out. The main point for most ORs is to stop the spread of patient to patient infections. Those are the ones we worry about the most. Nothing is ever 100% perfect, but it gets pretty clean. I definitely wouldn't eat off the floor though",
"As spotless as they can. They actually don't really change all that much any differently than cleaning other rooms of the hospital: everything should be wiped down. There's no vacuums, at least not that I've seen in so far, but they do mop the floors and often times only have about 15 minutes between surgeries to clean the OR. One thing that can assist germs is the air systems that can be adjusted. The biggest thing is going to be the tool cleaning, which is a huge process in and of itself and has multiple stages. Unfortunately, hospital infections are more common than people think. No one likes to talk about them, but they do happen because sometimes the best isn't good enough when germs are everywhere. Not to say you should expect to get an infection if you go to the hospital, just that it does happen.",
"Operating rooms are specifically designed to be as clean as possible by default. For example the air system would have decent filtration to limit outside contaminants and most of the surfaces will be non porous. Prior to surgery the OR would be cleaned to sub-sterile with damp mops or wet vacs and then essentially flooded with disinfectants to kill anything still remaining. During the procedure, traffic is minimized in and out of the room in addition to all the body substance isolation measures (gloves, hair nets, face masks, etc). And that's really it to my knowledge. The \"final clean\" wouldn't be any different than the regular cleaning."
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76l527 | Does the Doppler effect apply to light, if yes, how? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Yes. Light exists as particle and wave, so the waves compress exactly like a sound wave would. If the object is moving away from us, the light coming from it is redshifted, and if it's coming towards us, it's blueshifted."
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76lewi | Why does breaking a magnet in half make it repel? | I remember being like 5-7 and there was this trend going around where you throw these two magnets in the air and the stick together and makes this buzzing sound. I remember throwing them up and one of them broke in half and when I tried to put them together it just repelled. | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Imagine the magnet was a human centipede. The people with heads not stuck to someone's butt constantly seek a butt to stick to and vice Versace. Let's say u now broke the human centipede half way through. Then in that case you will have two magnets that attract each other back in the same place they were broken. Unfortunately not all magnets are single line centipedes. Sometimes there are more than one line... imagine two rows of human centipede now. They are stuck together cuz they got sewn sideways. If somehow you break them down the middle. The heads want to find a butt instead of standing next to another head. So they repel each other and try to flip around... thereby making a human circle centipede."
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76luw2 | if proteins and enzymes denature at high temperatures, how do animals such as tardigrades survive under these conditions. | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"They have proteins that are designed to retain their shape at high temperatures. In fact, it's possible that those proteins won't function under more normal temperatures.",
"I can't speak about tardigrades specifically, but in many animals and humans, we have what are called heat shock proteins. These proteins are chaperone proteins and helps to properly fold other proteins when other there is stress on the cell like heat and UV radiation."
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76mh54 | What is an Amber Alert and why are they only used in America? | I recently heard an American friend of mine (I live in Ireland) talk about an Amber Alert appearing on their phone and when I googled it there were no results on any Irish sites so I’m curious to know what it is, who is it shown to and why it is shown? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"AMBER officially stands for **A**merica's **M**issing: **B**roadcast **E**mergency **R**esponse, though it was named following the abduction and subsequent murder of Amber Hagerman. It is a nationwide communications platform used to inform the public of recently abducted children. When a child has been determined to have been kidnapped, the local AMBER Alert system sends out a text message to phones in that area to let people know what to look out for and who to contact if they see anything suspicious. It also interrupts television and radio programs with a brief message. In order to be eligible to use the AMBER Alert system, some criteria must be met: * Law enforcement must confirm an abduction has occurred * The child must be at risk of serious bodily injury or death * Law enforcement must have sufficient descriptive information about the kidnapper and his/her vehicle * The child may be no older than 17 * AMBER Alert data should be entered into the National Crime Information Center The AMBER Alert system is used throughout the United States and its territories, as well as in 22 other countries. TL;DR: AMBER Alerts use TV, radio, and cell phones to send out an alert about a child kidnapping. It is used internationally, [including in Ireland]( URL_0 )",
"[Ireland do have the equivalent]( URL_1 ) system, and they are part of the EU-level [Amber Alert]( URL_0 ). When the police believed a child is under imminent threat, any channel available, including electronic road sign, social media, tv & radio broadcasts, text to anyone (law enforcement and civilians) in the area will be utilized. The alert will be [canceled]( URL_0 cat/alertnews/) when the kid is rescued, confirmed to be deceased, or for other reasons.",
"We actually use this in the Netherlands under the exact same name, function and alert criteria.",
"FIY: it's an Amber alert because they developed the system because of a girl who went missing named Amber (not because of the colour).",
"An amber alert is issued when a child goes missing. It gives basic information about where the child was last seen. I live in Texas and we tend to all get them sent to our phones at roughly the same time."
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76n5mx | Why women don't get beer bellies. | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"If estrogen is the predominant hormone then fat will settle differently than if testosterone is dominant. This tends to mean that guys get beer bellies and women get that fat in their thighs or chests. Edit to add: beer bellies aren't really caused by beer exactly, it's to do with the calories (and the often sedentary lifestyle of older folks who drink a lot of beer.)"
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76nfe1 | How do tape recorders adjust for the differences in spool sizes? | I just started watching Mindhunter on Netflix today (really good show btw). The opening title sequence shows an old tape recorder being nicely setup and turned on. Once the recorder turns on I immediately noticed that the winding spool is spinning faster than the unwinding one. Pretty obvious actually (the smaller spool has a smaller circumference so it has to spin faster) but I never really thought about it! Taking it further though you realize that as the tape continues to be wound the circumferences is constantly changing on each spool. So since the recorder needs to maintain a constant speed of the tape across the record head, how does it adjust for these changes? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The speed of the tape isn't controlled by the speed that the reels turn, it's the other way around. Part of the tape path, usually just after the heads, is a cylindrical drive called the [capstan]( URL_0 ), and a pinch roller to hold the tape against the capstan. The capstan turns at a constant speed and *that* is what determines how fast the tape moves. The feed reel and the take-up reel turn at whatever speed it takes to feed/take up the tape at the speed determined by the capstan.",
"The spools don't actually pull the tape past the record head! That job is done by a third rotating element called the [capstan]( URL_0 ) which, with the help of the pinch roller, grips the tape itself, and pulls it through at a constant speed. The motor drives the take-up spool with a friction clutch, so it provides enough tension to take up the tape smoothly no matter what diameter the tape spool is. This is why cassette tapes have those extra holes near the bottom: the capstan pokes through them to get behind the tape."
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76nxc9 | The Circle of Fifths | Mathematics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The keys that we use in Western music are based around the major scale, a fixed pattern of whole steps and half steps (WWHWWWH). If you play this pattern starting on the note C, you get all of the natural notes -- no sharps, no flats. Thus our key of C major also has no sharps or flats. Now you move up a fifth from C to G. Play that same pattern of whole steps and half steps starting on G, and you get all natural notes except for F#. That's our key of G, with just F# in the key signature. Move up another fifth to D, play the same pattern and it now has F# and C#. Two sharps in the key signature. This continues on: every time you move up a fifth, it adds one sharp into the key signature. It also works going down: a fifth down from C is F -- play the pattern and this time you get one flat: Bb. Down a fifth from F to Bb, you get two flats, and so on. What this all is to say is that we have a predictable pattern of the notes in a major key simply based on this pattern of moving a fifth, adding a sharp or flat. We call it a circle because visually it loops around: you eventually get to F# (key signature with six sharps) which is the same pitch as Gb (key signature with six flats), allowing you to simply flip which side you're on and circle back around to C.",
"Finally something I can answer, Basically there are 12 possible starting point before they repeat in a higher or lower octave. Scales are just patterns (previously mentioned WWHWWWH is Major scales, although the circle doesn’t care if major or minor or any other western mode) and the circle is a way to categorize those patterns relative to each other. Moving clockwise the next scale begins from the fifth scale degree (fifth note in the scale) counter clock wise starts from the fourth. It’s entirely possible for a scale to have 11 sharps even though there are only seven notes but because it sounds the same as another scale it’s easier to just use the same key signature as something within the 12... unless you jazz.",
"Take a chainsaw. With variable speed control. As you cut into your music teacher's desk, 200 teeth chew at the wood per second emitting a pitch - your \"base\" note. Now pick up speed so 300 teeth per second chew into that desk. The pitch rises higher and higher till you get to a second note. The first note to second note interval is called a \"perfect 5th\", and sounds like the interval between the first and second \"twinkle\" in \"twinkle, twinkle little star\". (A perfect fifth is the musical interval corresponding to a pair of pitches with a frequency ratio of 2:3.) Now take this top note of 300 and make that the new bottom note. Pick up speed to 450 teeth per second. That's another perfect 5th. Do it again, and again, cutting up all the chairs and tables in the school music room, going up by 2:3 ratio each time. The chainsaw is revving really high now and dogs in the neighbourhood are howling in pain. If it goes beyond your hearing range - or simply whenever you like - you can always normalise a pitch by halving it's frequency bringing it down an octave (a 200 is good as a 400 or 800). So you keep doing this...halving occasionally to lower a high note into the same octave interval...and eventually - *you arrive back at the note you started!* (Thus \"completing the circle\"). Assuming a well tempered chainsaw, you get all the 12 notes/division within the octave you see on the piano or the frets of a guitar!"
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76o00i | Why is it that (sometimes) when I’m urinating and near completion does a shake/chill go thru my entire body? I’m a male, in case that matters, because I don’t know if females experience something similar. | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I don't have an answer for you but just wanted to throw in that females also experience this.",
"Piss shivers! There was an answer to this question over on Reddit's more formal cousin [Quora]( URL_0 )",
"Hmmm...maybe something evolutionary? Thanks for clearing up the fact that females do experience this. Now I have to figure out why.",
"The truth is no one knows for sure. It's commonly called the 'pee shivers' You'll only really find theories on it",
"You won't like the answer because of the homoerotic implications. It's a tiny glimpse at what it's like to have your prostate (the male g spot) stimulated."
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76o5sc | What exactly is M-Theory, and do scientists believe it is plausible? | My understanding is that alternate timelines exist, but we cannot interact with them because we are not on in the same dimension? I'm confused on what is even considered a dimension. | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"M-Theory is a particular type of string theory, which tries to explain the fundamental physics of the universe using the mathematics that describes tiny strings of energy that vibrate. In particular, M-Theory posits that, along with the three spatial dimensions, one time dimension, and a bundle of other dimensions specific to string theory, all of those dimensions of the entire universe sit within a thing they call a \"membrane\" or \"brane\", and that there could be multiple membranes each representing different universes."
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76o747 | How is Greenland considered the largest island? | Using an islands definition, "a piece of land surrounded by water" isn't Australia the largest island, or North America, or Eurasia-Africa? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because continents aren't counted as islands for this purpose, obviously. In this context, an island is a piece of land surrounded by water that isn't a continent.",
"The continent/island boundary between Australia and Greenland seems arbitrary but I got interested and produced the following table of the top 16 sorted by area. It shows all the areas as well as the factor by which each continent/island is smaller than the next larger one. The 3.91 ratio between Australia and Greenland is the largest one on the list and so a very logical place to place the change in definition between continent and island. Rank Name Area Factor 1 Eurasia 54.7 2 Africa 30.4 1.80 3 North America 24.7 1.23 4 South America 17.8 1.39 5 Antarctica 14.0 1.27 6 Australia 8.6 1.63 7 Greenland 2.2 3.91 8 New Guinea 0.79 2.78 9 Borneo 0.75 1.05 10 Madagascar 0.59 1.27 11 Baffin 0.50 1.18 12 Sumatra 0.44 1.14 13 Honshu 0.23 1.91 14 Great Britain 0.23 1.00 15 Victoria 0.22 1.05 16 Ellesmere 0.18 1.22 Note there are probably minor errors here. I suspect my area for Europe includes Great Britain (and many other islands); the area for Australia includes Tasmania, etc.; and similar issues. I doubt it makes a significant difference. Also, there's the issue of grouping continents: I like the to join Eurasia but split the Americas. Again, I doubt it makes a significant difference here.",
"If you were to include continents in your definition of islands, Australia still wouldn't be the largest Island, because then you would also have to include 'Islands' like the Americas or Afro-Eurasia."
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76o831 | what is the difference in p2p and dedicated servers | Is there a simple way ti explain this? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Let's use the Monopoly board game as an example where people are playing the game at a person's house. In peer-to-peer (p2p), the person who owns the house is a player who also acts as the banker in charge of taking in and distributing monopoly money for purchases as well as giving out change if necessary (host). Since the banker player is also participating in the game, he/she can quickly exchange their own money to the bank when needed. However, if the banker player is distracted with his/her own strategies/a phone call/dog vomiting, he/she may end up slow to process other player's transactions with the bank. Also, if the host needs to leave, there is no reason for the game to go on in his or her house! In a dedicated server, you have a set of players but a the owner of the house acting as the bank but not as a player. If the banker is slow, everyone has a slow experience so it is a more even playing field (though certain players could naturally interact slower than others). The nice thing about this setup is there is no chance of the game ending if a certain player drops out. The game also continues until the banker is tired of his/her role even if there are no players.",
"Suppose you and a group of friends want to hang out on the weekend: P2P servers- Whoever is able and convenient offers up their house for the night. If you get kicked out of one house then someone else might have a house you can hop over to. Once everybody leaves the party is over. Dedicated server- You go to a restaurant and have a good time. The restaurant was there before you decided to go, and it still exists after everybody leaves. Some third person (outside of you or any of your friends) maintains the restaurant so people can come enjoy it."
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76okwv | How can sites like Green Man Gaming and Humble sell steam keys at significantly reduced prices than whats available on steam? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Depends on the site and how legit they are. For example Green Man Gaming is an Valve authorized seller, that sources its keys in legit ways and they are themselves directly involved in the sourcing of keys. Straight up getting keys from devs themselves is a common way of getting a batch of \"discount\" keys. Humble sources its keys usually from developers themselves. Usually it is the developers who send these keys to Humble and get a piece of the bundle price, depending on the percentage set by buyers (you can choose the percentages of which go to humble and to devs and to charities) and how big a part of the overall bundle their game(s) were. Humble store sells games usually at normal retail prices with sales from time to time. Humble monthly works simiarly to the Humble Bundles Then there is the Clusterfuck McShitface the third, aka. G2A aka. Kinguin aka. countless other shell names/companies they are known as. They are a platform that anyone and everyone can register as a key reseller. They also have extremely lax rules about sourcing their keys. These sites are favoured by shady key resellers, scammers and straight up thieves. One way G2A resellers may source their keys is by buying them in bulk with stolen credit cards. Or using credit cards to buy keys and then Chargeback them and leaving the developers to pay up for the chargeback fees and that actually incur costs to developers. From developers perspective, its actually better you to pirate a game than buy it from these shady sellers, since usually Devs don't see a dime, or even incur costs from you buying here. Also there is a risk that the keys you buy may be revoked for them being sourced illegaly. This is where G2A and its ilk starts to make a killing with protection money racket bussiness: selling insurances against revoked keys. If you don't buy in to the racket and your key gets revoked for any reason, you are screwed; you lose the money, you lose the game. And this on top of the commission they skim off the sales made on their platform. Most of the shady sellers here may get their game just as physical copies from cheaper countries, like Russia for example, and when you buy a game, all you get is a picture of the game code from the physical box. There is a reason the cesspool of G2A is despised by many. Me included. TL;DR: The games are usually sourced wholesale straight from developer or publishers if the site is legit. If Shady, from anything from hacking to credit card fraud to russian store games. EDIT: BTW the way I mean it Developer can be substituted by Publisher, since if a developer has a publisher for its game, Publisher handles all the sales and distribution of keys. EDIT2: Also, While steam has its own prices. It is the publishers that decide the price, not Valve. Thus if publisher wants to have a sale only on GMG it can do so. They just request a list of Keys from Valve for game X and set that List of keys for sale on GMG. Valve usually does get a small cut from each key they provide, since it does incur costs for Valve as all the network traffic is directed at Valve in the Steam client. Edit3, Disclaimer edition: Some seem to think I'm a developer. Nope I ain't. I drive trucks for a living. Those noodles you ate? I may have had my hand on getting it to you, altough probably not though being a european and all. However, I've been screwed over by these companies in the past before I knew better of them. Also, thanks for the gold, I guess?",
"I've been part of some of these conversations on the Developer side. It's all boring, but here is the gist of it. So, Developers on Steam can create a large number of keys to sell on other retail sites. Valve doesn't care about this, and they will happily provide a developer with thousands of keys through a really easy to use web interface in their partner back end. Steam does **NOT** take a cut from these sales. They are fine with that. If a developer abuses it, they'll cut 'em off or remove them from their platform entirely (see [Silicon Echos]( URL_0 ), who as part of their asset flipping scheme abused this system). Sites like Humble and Green Man Gaming will buy large keyfiles from developers for an agreed upon price. Lets say GMG wants to sell a game for $50, they'll buy the keys for $35 a copy (or whatever 30% is usually, same as Valve's cut). Humble store is similar. You'll provide them with a keyfile with something like 10,000 keys, and they'll cut you a check for 10k * bulk key price. If they get low, they'll do another big buy. Humble Bundle is a bit different. Humble Bundle does tiers, and the games at different tiers fetch different prices per copy. This is usually at a sale price per-key, something like $2-3 a copy for games well past their prime, up to $15 a copy for games that are newer and on Humble Bundle. The higher the price for the tier, the more minimum purchase level they user has to buy at to get the game. Humble Bundle usually takes a loss at really low dollar amount sales, but enough people buy at or above the combined cost of the bundled games to make it profitable. Also, since Humble donates some money to charities, they are able to write off chunks of each sale and not pay taxes on that revenue. It ends up working out for them. G2A is a piece of shit website and you should never buy from them. Really, any \"marketplace\" where you don't buy from the devs themselves is pretty shitty. You don't know where those keys come from, and it's very likely they were purchased with a stolen credit card off of Steam (or humble or whatever). Usually the owner of said stolen credit card will issue a chargeback, causing the key to become disabled (it's all automated on steam's back end, the developer doesn't even see it happening) and you lose access to your game. You have no warning, and in some cases can even get your steam account banned. Avoid it.",
"Humble is sent batches of keys from developers. In order to be listed in the Humble Store or in a bundle you are required to apply and go through a vetting process. See [here]( URL_1 ) and [here]( URL_0 ) for where I got this info. Profits on their bundles are made through the \"Humble Tip\" system, which is a slider that configures how much they are paid compared to the developers and charities. By default, (I used the current bundles to check this) the developers are paid 65%, charities 15%, and Humble 20%. On Store sales, Humble says: > After deductions for payment processor fees (typically around 5%) the net revenue is split 3 ways: 75% to developers, 10% to charity and 15% to Humble Bundle to cover costs associated with hosting the content. Humble Widgets are slightly different, as they are solely managed by the developer to distribute content using Humble's infrastructure. The revenue is split [95% to devs and 5% to Humble]( URL_4 ) as a fee for using their infrastructure. [Here's]( URL_3 ) Humble's guide to devs for how to manage their widget sales. [Game sales on the Store are managed by the developer.]( URL_2 )",
"Humble does NOT get their key from cheaper regions. They most likely get them from the developpers themselves, as part of their bundles, or on the humble store. Steam takes a pretty hefty tax on games, so if Humble or other websites can just take a lower tax, it's good for the devs, since they get more people to see their game, and more people to buy it since the price can be cheaper elsewhere. Websites that get their games in Russia or other cheaper places are websites like G2A or Kinguin.",
"Developer here. Not sure about Green Man Gaming, but Humble Bundle (and some other bundle sites) directly contact developers of games they wish to feature in their bundle. They request x number of steam keys (or other keys) and give an estimate of how much the developer would earn. Additional information like games already locked into the bundle, release dates, bundle duration, how previous bundles sold and average game cuts are shared as well. Steam doesn't get any cut; they only get their cut when a game is purchased through their site. Developers can request x number of keys from Steam, and it takes a day or two to get approval (or disapproval). Developers hand a massive list of keys over to Humble Bundle and receive payments from the result of the bundle not too long after it's all done. With Humble Bundle, there's a default amount that goes to charity and to each game developer. However, customers can pretty much change how much of their money goes where if they wish. Humble basically get the keys for free, part of the proceeds go to charity the other to the developers and Humble Bundle. EDIT: Additionally, unsold keys are sent back to the developers for deactivation.",
"I believe humble bundle gets their keys from the developers (who gets them directly from steam), so they can sell at a cheaper rate than everyone else.",
"Lots of wrong answers here at least for Humble. Basically, Humble just contacts the publisher of the game, and asks if they are interested in being in a humble bundle. This is the way it works for most \"Pay what you want\" bundles. (Though it has happened that the publisher agreed to be in a bundle without informing the developer of the game)",
"Lots of good answers but I don't see much addressing the why. Selling a steam game through steam directly means Valve gets a cut of the sale. I believe it is ~30%. When your game is on steam you can request steam keys for your game. These keys activate the game on steam but developers don't have to pay anything for generating them and Valve doesn't get a cut. These keys still require payment processing and customer support though - humble and gmg will handle that for a smaller fee than Valve so you get a larger cut of the sale. Selling at a lower price off the main market can lead to more sales from people who might not have paid the asking price on steam. It can also add free exposure on those other sites and can lead to further sales on steam due to more friend recommendations or now playing statuses driving sales.",
"No one seems to have mentioned that GMG have been banned from /r/gamedeals due to a bit of a shitshow regarding where they actually source SOME of their keys - whether it be regional tomfoolery (as described elsewhere in the thread) or code stripping (removing digital codes from physical boxes/products usually bought wholesale from a cheaper underdeveloped gaming market) or something else. These above underhanded techniques (along with credit card fraud and similar) are often significant sources of gray market reselling platforms such as G2A and Kinguin and come with risks. Legitimate storefronts like Humble and supposedly GMG directly engage with Devs and get sent batches of keys to sell, usually at a lower price due to cutting out the middlemen. GMG's drama started when they were hitting some very low pricepoints (35% off Witcher 3 on a PREORDER) and it was revealed keys for Witcher 3 from GMG were not coming directly from the devs CDProjektRED. GMG state themselves in an official statement that they went ahead and engaged with third parties to obtain those keys (along with a lot of their justifications) which is a very bad look for a supposedly legitimate site. Then there were some inconsistencies with some Black Ops 3 keys and support emails from Ubisoft and Activision saying they were not authorised resellers (though with the WB reply saying the same and then later withdrawing that statement, who really knows). That said, there were some replies from developers such as EA and Bethesda (alongside WB eventually) who confirmed they are authorised sellers for their products. Subsequently, on the whole they seem legit but there's maybe a little gray in there somewhere.",
"Developers of games that require Steam can ask for bulk orders of keys to be generated by Valve. Think tens or hundreds of thousands of keys generated at once.* Once the developer gets those keys delivered to them from Valve, they then turn around and sell those keys to other retailers. These keys cost nothing for the developers, and Valve is footing the digital distribution costs. So if a game company wanted to have a sale or pack listed on Humble for a certain price. They will negotiate that with Humble. Request all the keys from Valve. And then provide those keys to Humble to sell. -------------- There was recently an issue where Valve has said developers asking for a significant number of keys that don't \"match\" with how well the game is selling for on Steam will have their requests reviewed. This is due to some shovel-ware developers making low effort games, requesting a high number of copies and selling them to retailers in enormous inexpensive packs. With sales like \"$1 for 50 Steam games.\"",
"It's probably the Amazon principle: sell without making money on a few products (take off the 20% that you would usually get to sell lower) so that consumers are aware of you as a store and will buy more products from you (that they will make money on).",
"I can only speak confidently from my experience with Humble, so here we go: Every game you see on Humble is a deal between the publisher/developer and the site. Steam would typically take a cut of the sale price anyways, so that reduces the cost slightly. Charity gets a cut of those game sales, which incentivizes lower prices so more people can buy it, therefore more money for both the devs and charity Green Man Gaming does the same thing, but minus charity. You'll see more games there available more often since no cut goes to charity. Gray markets like G2A and Kinguin is like eBay. They have people who buy/receive keys from developers (sometimes in illegal means) and resell them independently. The majority of those games are not sold from developers and, worst case scenario, the developer got charged-back for the game, leaving that purchase of the game costing them money. Hope this helps!",
"From my understanding the developers provide the keys (for Humble Bundle at least) For people to buy, but the money instead goes to charity. You can select how much you want to go to developers or the humble bundle staff too. I'm not familiar with Green Man, so I can't speak for it.",
"It depends on which key seller you are talking about. Some key sellers are getting their keys in large quantities for bulk discounts, or getting a large stock during sales to resale later, or from countries where the game is sold for cheaper (as explained by other comments), or from people who got the game for free or at a low price and don't actually want the game (like game bundles, or free with GPU purchases, etc.), or even from illegal sources. Because of the unclear origin of the keys in many websites, I just avoid them and buy directly on the digital store-fronts (Steam, GoG, Origin, etc.). Humble Bundle in particular works differently. The game publishers have access to key generators on Steam (and the others but it's more rare) which allow them to put a key to activate on Steam in CD boxes, to give away some keys to reviewers, friends, or as prizes, and so on. So when Humble Bundle is organizing bundles, or for the single purchases on the store, they are getting the keys directly from the publishers, who generated them for free on Steam. No for the question \"how do they make money ?\". * The key sellers are relying on small margins, they are purchasing something at a lower price somewhere/somehow, to sell it a bit cheaper than the \"official price\". They don't do much in between, just hunt down the lower prices, put the acquired keys in their system and then the automated process can deal with the rest, so they can operate at low cost. * Humble Bundle, in single purchases through the store, they are getting some percentage on the sale. Steam would typically something like 30% (exact number is secret and is contract-based), so Humble Bundle would say 25% to the publisher : the publisher will be okay with it, since it's more money for them, and Humble will manage to get some money from whatever is left to them after they give their part to charities. * Humble Bundle, with their famous bundles : go to the bottom of the page, find the \"Choose where your money goes\" and you'll see exactly how much they make on the default purchases. In that case, the publishers agree for a much lower than usual price for 2 reasons : charities, and huge exposure meaning a lot of new sales that probably wouldn't have happened otherwise.",
"They work with the publishers and developers. For example, steam recently had a Deep Silver weekend. This would be Steam working with Deep Silver on a promotion. Deep Silver gives them keys. I used to work at a publisher doing exactly this.",
"Don't forget that a cheaper price that is less accessible is a way to match more people's reservation prices. Alice might be lazy and buy a $20 game directly on Steam, whereas Bob might not have ever bought the game at $20, but is willing to search around the internet to purchase a $10 code on Humble. This helps both the developer and the consumer.",
"Reddit: Credit card fraud of course! ...oh wait, you said Green Man Gaming and Humble... so, they contact developers and studios of older titles and / or indies and negotiate a better deal than Steam has. You got to understand that Valve gets 30% of the price for all games that are sold directly through Steam even though the publisher is free to sell Steam keys via alternative stores w/o giving Valve a cent. On top of that Steam respects basically all local VAT taxes so that another ~20% go to the local governments here in Europe for example. Sites like Humble only respect the sales tax in the country / state they are located if at all. So its often actually a good deal for publishers to sell even newer and bigger titles at a reduced price via alternative stores. But only Humble, GoG and Green Man; all other stores are definitively only have keys because of CC fraud... /s"
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76oxyk | when we drink water in space, is there gravity inside our body, as in, does the water go down? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The peristalsis (squeezing movement) along the digestive tract will work regardless of gravity/ direction of the body",
"It goes down. But not because of gravity, but because of the way how your esophagus (the pipe that connects your mouth and your stomach) works, it's basically a muscle that moves food/drinks into your stomach. It's also the reason why you can drink water when you are upside down (like in handstand, for example)."
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76p019 | Why do businesses get to offset their costs against their tax liability but not individuals? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"If a business has 1 million in revenue, but 1.2 million in costs where are they going to take the money from to pay taxes on the 1 million?",
"Their costs are the cost of doing business. It is the expenses they incur to make a profit. You do get to deduct certain things if you go to the trouble, things specifically bought to do your trade. It gets too complicated for this thread. But ordinary living expenses cannot be deducted. Business expenses do.",
"I don’t know where you’re from but in Portugal there are several expenses you can use to offset your taxes as an individual. Medical, education, donation to charity, rent/mortgage, hair saloon, mechanic (cars) and even generic expenses (via VAT). Of course it’s not a 1:1 reduction though. That is because you pay taxes on your income but companies pay taxes on their profits.",
"People aren’t profit making entities whereas that is all businesses are. Business pays tax on retained profit. To calculate profit you need to account for the costs of doing business. People have incomes derived from labor alone and thus are taxed on just that income. Self employed persons can and do deduct business expenses from business derived income on the taxes in most places."
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76pash | The Iran Nuclear Deal | What is it about, what are the pros and cons of it and why is it so controversial among many American conservatives? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The Iran deal (properly known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) is a comprehensive deal to limit Iran's ability to develop a nuclear weapon in exchange for the lifting of sanctions. The pros and cons are subjective depending on if the person you ask is in favor of or opposed to the deal, so instead I'll list the major points. * Iran will decommission a large number of enrichment centrifuges and not build any more for a period of 15 years. (centrifuges are required to enrich uranium to weapons-grade) * Iran will limit it's enriched uranium to 3.7% (nuclear weapons need 90% or higher) and to cap its stockpile of low-enriched uranium at 300 kilograms for 15 years. This is not enough to make a bomb. * Iran will modify its current reactor to be incapable of producing weapons-grade plutonium, and will not build any more for 15 years. * All spent nuclear fuel will be shipped out of the country * Iran agrees to sweeping inspections to ensure compliance. Opposition to the deal is controversial among some but not all conservatives. Their view (at least publicly) is that Iran will cheat, the deal will be unenforceable, that the lifting of sanctions as part of the deal will embolden Iran. Reading between the lines, many oppose it simply because Obama was the president who engineered it, and they oppose anything he did."
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76pdcd | What does gargling do anyway? Rinsing your mouth makes sense, but what purpose does gargling bubbles into your open mouth even serve? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's simply a method of rinsing your throat, typically with a substance that treats inflammation and/or kills some viruses or bacteria. Without gargling you would likely end up swallowing much of the rinse liquid."
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76pds6 | why do bugs (cockroaches and ants mostly) not die in the microwave while it's on? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"1. They feel the heating effect and try to seek a spot in the microwave that isn't getting as much of it. (Microwaves are not very even.) 2. Their very small bodies, like any very small object, are not very good receivers of microwave energy. It will tend to get absorbed more by any larger objects in there.",
"In addition to what already has been said, The exoskeletons of insects actually do a great job of absorbing radiation to keep it off the organs."
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76peik | ; Why is it said that it is very difficult to change your IQ to a higher score? | Surely by training our brains it becomes more effective at seeing patterns and working faster? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Whomever is saying that is blatantly incorrect. It is in fact almost *inevitable* that your IQ score will change as time goes by, since the IQ test is meant to measure a person's (very specific) academic potential *compared to other people of the same age/background*. That is **not** something that remains static!",
"I studied brain science in university. Yes, it some cases it is possible to raise your IQ score by 10-15 points through focused study and practice -- especially if that represents a reversal (you used to never study or practice many thinking techniques). The IQ test, then, is not a perfect test of what you might be capable of.",
"The test is designed in such a way that the average humans ability to score on it does not vary too much. It is like having a test for running, no matter how much you train, the average human is unlikely to improve their running speed by more than 30% within a fixed amount of time. The IQ test may not be a perfect test, it may not measure what is claims to measure (intelligence) in any complete way. But whatever it does measure (maybe a particular kind of brain ability), it seems that particular parameter does not vary much over a person's lifetime."
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76pmv3 | What is the reason behind having a memory of something that is totally useless? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"We've had similar questions to this before. The TL;DR: here is that the brain is *incredibly inefficient* at sorting and indexing memories. Our brain is not a computer or a database; there's no actual system for memories. Memories are simply synaptic connections, and the stronger the connections, the stronger the memory. This is why reading something, writing it down and saying it out loud helps you recall it later (because you've just made it go through three different pathways). Sometimes you experience something that already has strong connections. That reinforces that memory. So getting in the car while listening to a song you like, or while the sun's hitting you just right, or when you smell cookies, can reinforce that memory. Furthermore, you have three kinds of memory. Most people know about long-term and short-term, but there's also sensory memory - this is a very, very short-term (2-5 *seconds*) memory of *everything you are sensing right now*. Again, strong connections affect which of those goes to your working memory (short term) and eventually long term. Also note that while our brain doesn't have an innate sorting mechanism, *you can train yourself to have one*. Anyone can make their memory more efficient."
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76ptaf | What is the Atwood machine good for? | I have seen numerous Atwood machines in many labs, but I don't get what those machines are actually good for? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"When students are learning physics, they tend to use simplifications such as frictionless machines. That makes experiments difficult, as we don't have frictionless machines. The goal of experiments is to give students something real-world to work with, to increase engagement. Atwood's machine can be made relatively frictionless, particularly the multi-bearing version Atwood really built. This machine produces results that match the formulas to 2 significant digits. We don't use them much anymore, because air-glide bearing machines can do these sorts of experiments with 3 significant digits of frictionlessness."
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76q05s | Why does perfume last longer when sprayed on the wrist or neck? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"What do you mean last longer? That you can smell it for longer? I would suppose it doesn't last longer and any perception of that is created by the fact that most other places are covered with clothing or it is caused by proximity to our noses. It's easier to catch whiffs of our own wrists and neck than our stomachs and ankles. As far as other responders referring to \"pulse points\" I'd direct them to [this article]( URL_0 ) in hopes of stopping the further spread of misinformation.",
"People apply perfumes to pulse points because (at least in theory) these areas of the body are warmer, thus allowing volatile oils contained in the perfume to be released."
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76q8nf | How do credit card debt relief companies work? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"(Numbers purely for illustration) If you owe a credit card company $10,000, you might have only spent $6,000 and racked up $4,000 in late fees, interest, charges, etc. A credit card company would prefer to get paid, at least on what they laid out, rather than write off the debt. They'll often waive the fees and interest and allow a payment plan on the principal debt. This negotiation process is the \"debt relief\". In this scenario, lets assume they waived the fees, but kept the full principal. Your $10,000 debt turned into $6,000, which became 12 monthly payments of $500. You can do this on your own. You can call in, get transferred around, complain, offer, negotiate, and eventually get some sort of relief. Debt relief companies take care of this hassle for you, but tack on some money for themselves in the process. Looking at our example above, you might get 12 payments of $550, so they'd make $600 for the hassle and you'd save $3,400 off the total.",
"Credit card companies exist to lend out as much money as you can comfortably pay at high interest rates. They want you to make minimum payments for years, making a lot of money from you. If you're in over your head, they'd rather cut you a deal that you can actually pay back rather than declare bankruptcy. If they can make money on you, they're OK with making less because the alternative is getting nothing out of you."
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76q9rq | Telephone/Transmission/Utility Poles. What are the different components? | Driving to work and the thought crossed my mind. Besides the transformers what are all the other components on it? What all is carried data wise? Whats the ordering of cables? What are all the various boxes on it? Thanks in advance | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Can answer for Transmission towers at least. [I'll use this picture as a reference.]( URL_0 ) The uppermost single wire running across the top of the tower is a grounding wire, meant to keep towers at the same electric potential and to protect the wires below from lightning. There are six sets of \"live\" wires: three on each side of the tower. Each set of 3 is a single \"line\", meaning this tower (and most towers) carry 2 separate lines. Each individual bundle is a single phase, with the 3 bundles together making the single three-phase \"line\". Power is almost always transmitted and distributed in three phase form, but most individual houses will only receive a single phase (as household appliances don't need three phases to operate). I don't know where the tower in the picture is, but for the UK (where I am) the fact that each single-phase bundle of wires has 4 individual wires suggests it is most likely a 400kV line (this is a rule of thumb, though). The ridged arms that hold the wires, dangling below the steel arms of the tower itself, are for insulating purposes: they keep the wires far enough away from the steel tower to prevent the electricity getting onto the steel tower. They're usually made of porcelain and the ridges alternate in diameter so that any water that drips off one ridge misses the next ridge (as its smaller) and lands 2 ridges down. This is to stop electricity jumping (called \"arcing\") up raindrops or \"tracking\" up a solid stream, as the distance becomes too great. The higher the voltage, the larger these porcelain arms are. You can see at the top and bottom of the porcelain arms that there's \"horn\"-type spikes at the top, and \"handle\"-type metal poles at the bottom. These are \"arcing horns\" and act as a sort of pressure relief device: if something were to go badly wrong and the voltage on the wires were to go up enormously (for example if the top grounding wire failed and the lightning hit a live wire) these arcing horns are close enough together that electricity can jump (\"arc\" or \"flash over\") between them, with the top \"horn\"-type spikes grounded to ensure the electric energy is safely dissipated afterwards. This is to protect the porcelain insulating arms, because if they were to explode (as they would if subjected to such a voltage) they can act like fragmentation grenades: they shatter into small, sharp shards that will fly out at very high speeds, potentially harming anyone or anything nearby. You can see, on the wires, just after they connect to the porcelain arms, that each individual wire has a little toggle thing attached to it. These are anti-vibration devices that are designed to counter-vibrate if the wire starts to vibrate, in order to cancel everything out and keep the wire still. The barbed wire at the bottom is to stop people climbing up and the little sign normally denotes the voltage, line ID, and tower ID. I think that covers all of it. Is this what you were asking, or are you asking more generally about how the whole system works?",
"Utility employee here. For utility poles, lines at the top are the electrical, lower down are cable, telephone, etc. The idea here is that those cable workers won't get zapped so we keep their stuff further down. If you imagine a pole you could have the following from highest to lowest on the pole: * Primary electric (4-15 kV) * Secondary electric (115/230 volts) * Traffic signal wiring (if applicable) * CATV cable (broadband for cable network distribution) * Telephone What you'll start seeing soon is 5G. These are small cells that cover just 1,000 feet or so, compared to the cell towers you're used to seeing. These may be at the top of poles like an antenna, or part of a box attached elsewhere.",
"**Note 1:** The specific rules vary regionally, so some things here may be different where you are. **Note 2:** I am not a linesman or a city engineer, my terms may be different than the official / industry terms. Please let me know if there are better words or if I'm saying something wrong! Utility poles typically carry power and/or data - copper telephone wires, fiber optic data lines, coaxial cable TV and internet. Most often power and data can be on the same pole, but in some cases you may have them separate - phone lines on one side of the road, power lines on the other. This is because they were put up at different times or by companies that don't have an agreement to share space on the same pole. On a pole that carries power, the lines go from least-to-most dangerous as you go up the pole. A large, busy pole might look like this: * Branch data (line that goes into your house) * Neighborhood data (combined lines that run locally) * Trunk data (bigger, combined lines that run around the city) * Ground wire * Branch power (power line that goes to your house) * Transformer (takes higher voltage and makes it house-friendly) * Grid-section power (provides power to the transformer, feeds your block) * High-tension power (higher voltage than grid-section power, may feed a factory area or several grid-sections) **Regarding boxes on poles**, there are many different kinds, but the most common ones you see are \"make higher voltages lower\", called transformers, and \"split cables from many to few\", typically called distribution boxes or cable trays. Transformers are the big, normally tube-shaped things you see every few poles in an area with houses. You may also see bigger ones by shops and factories, and *really* big ones by heavy industrial areas. Transformers take higher voltages that come in from the power company and turn them into the power that comes from your outlets in the house. Distribution boxes just let the phone, cable, or internet company split out and organize their lines from the big lines that come in from the central office to the street-sized and individual lines that run to your house."
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76qbk8 | how do breeders ensure diversity among their animals' offspring? Wouldn't they have to constantly buy new breeding pairs? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Sometimes they don't. There are things called line breeding in which breeders intentionally breed related animals (such as ones with the same grandparent). People will also sometimes breed daughters to their fathers.. one mating of such a combination usually isn't a problem but if that offspring was then bred to a close relative that is when problems might show up. You didn't really say what kind of animal you were thinking about.. cats.. dogs.. horses.. cattle.. chickens.. It's quite different for dogs as it would be for horses because people might only own one pair of dogs at a time but with horses they might own 30 mares (females) and 2 stallions (males).. with cattle they might own 300 cows and 0 bulls (they can get frozen semen) so could pick different bulls each year. Additionally most breeders don't keep the offspring - they sell them - and might on occasion keep 1 or 2 animals that they produced but then would breed to a different animal.",
"Not necessarily. You can network with other breeders and have one of their animals impregnate yours (for a fee, of course). Or sperm can be obtained from other breeders and artificially inseminated. Most breeders, especially very serious ones, will still have several breeding pairs, but there are also options without owning every individual animal.",
"Quantitative geneticist here. When breeding animals, a breeder has some goals. It could be increased milk yield, decreased lethality, better yoghurt making properties, *less inbreeding*, better meat, and so on. It depends on the field, the economic market, and what the breeder believes will provide best profit. Sometimes, it is combinations of several factors, a so called selection index. When selecting who to breed, the breeder calculates breeding values of the selection candidates. These are based on the selection candidates' own performance, their parents and families, or even entire national evaluations. The breeder uses breeding values to select which animals to breed. This requires experience to decide *how many* to use to avoid to much inbreeding. If this is ignored in favour of an too high *selection intensity*, inbreeding does happen. Recently with genomic selection, we have obtained a new tool: optimal contribution selection. With this, we calculate how much inbreeding we get from a specific mating, and then balance that against the gain in performance. We can either go with focus on gain in performance, and end with an inbred herd, or focus entirely on maintaining a healthy diversity. The latter is usually the case with zoo animals, endangered species, and maintained populations. For production animals, we have enough animals globally to allow some decrease in inbreeding within the herds in return for improved production. And yes, breeders do often buy \"new breeding\" pairs, often in form of artificial insemination.",
"Rat breeders, for example, have to work hard to ensure animals with known issues don't pass them on. Sometimes that means buying another rat from a rattery, borrowing a male rat, or purchasing a lab quality rat from a lab. Lab rats are the nuclear option, but they are bred to have no issues at all, except issues with temperament.",
"Large scale breeders usually do keep several mating pairs, but a great deal of animal breeders network to bring their animals together. I once lived with a woman who made a living from breeding German Shepherds, but she only kept one or two male dogs at a time. Her work was interesting, but the short version is that she would advertise her dogs and their lineage and accolades online, and basically pimp them out in a wide location radius. Owners of female Shepherds could contact her to \"buy\" their female dogs a night with one of my friend's males. She would drive all over Western Europe to get her boys to their temporary girlfriends."
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76qk9n | Why do typical spray pump bottles of cologne or perfume evaporate quickly when left on their side or "tipped over" but not upright? | I'm a big fragrance junkie...I have a super sensitive nose so I have a large fragrance collection I've amassed over the years. One thing that took me years to realize is that if a bottle gets tipped over or not put back sitting upright I will often come back to an empty or greatly reduced bottle of cologne after some time. This caused me to think my brother was using my favorite fragrance when I really left it sitting on it's side accidentally for a week or two. The process I just described has cost me hundreds over the years and I'm generally not a reckless person but you travel or what not ya know...or move. Why is evaporation possible much much more quickly when left on its side where the liquid can typically hit the spray spout versus upright? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I don't have data to back this up but my hypothesis is that us has to do with the seal on the bottle. These seals aren't perfect which is why you get evaporation in the first place. When the bottle is on its side this allows liquid to contact the opening. Since liquid is 100s to 1000s of times more dense then vapors the rate of removal can be much quicker. Since the air outside the bottle isn't saturated with perfume (you don't smell it so it's not saturated) it evaporates much more quickly than in the bottle and you don't have any liquid pooling on the counter.",
"So there's actually a decent amount of things going on here, and an understanding of equilibrium is somewhat required... First, we will assume a near perfect seal on the lid, but it is impossible to assume a perfect seal entirely around the top of the perfume bottle because there has to be a hole for you to spray the liquid perfume out of. This hole is where you'll lose most of the perfume One thing you'll need to understand here is vapor pressure. This is the pressure exerted from your liquid perfume onto the gas around it. In a closed container, the pressure around the liquid and the vapor pressure from the liquid will eventually be equal, this is called equilibrium (side note, when a vapor pressure is higher than the surrounding gases pressure, you will see any liquid evaporate). Now, there is a tiny tube sticking down into the liquid perfume, which separates our perfume bottle from the outside air. This is very important with things like perfume, because they have a very high vapor pressure, which makes them evaporate and is actually why you can smell them distinctly. The tube that has been developed is actually a very clever way to keep the perfume inside the bottle. When it is in the liquid it creates surface tension that actually creates an effect that prevents the the liquid from evaporating. Pretty cool right? However, this surface tension only works when the area of the surface of the liquid (surface area) making contact with another gas is very low. But since this isn't a perfect solution, the tube also creates a much smaller surface area for the liquid to evaporate from. When the bottle is on its side, the surface area gets turned on its side, which is too much surface area for the surface tension to make a dent in this evaporation, when the liquid is actually in the tube. This isn't always the case though... sometimes the tube sticks up into the gas, and there's no surface tension at all! So with the bottle on its side, the seal created by the tube is no longer effective, and more evaporation happens. TL;DR: The fast way to explain this is the liquid is no longer in equilibrium with the gas inside the bottle, but rather the air you breathe, which is impossible for a 1L bottle to achieve and thus evaporates completely.",
"A contributing factor is the shape of the bottle. As it evaporates upward, the gas is forced into a smaller volume at the neck which causes some to condense back down.",
"The air tight seal is weaker inside the spray tube than the bottle. When the bottle is upright only the liquid in the tube can evaporate but when it's on its side and the tube isn't submerged all of it can evaporate..."
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76qnlb | Why do we feel so dehydrated after sleeping, even for short periods? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Aside from simply not being able to ingest fluids while asleep; 1. Hormonal release/changes that occur predominantly during sleep. 2. Increased sweating due to different temperature regulation when asleep. 3. Increased fluid consumption by your body during sleep. 4. Dryness of mouth. 5. Possible desire for the body to purge refluxed digestive fluids with water."
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76qr41 | Why are cities going crazy over Amazon's new HQ location? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Landing the Amazon HQ would mean up to $5 billion in construction spending to build the HQ, and then potentially 50k jobs paying about $100k on average. That means a lot of new money pumped into the local economy, creating a lot of construction jobs for a time and permanently providing lots programmer, marketing, etc. jobs. And those workers buy homes, eat out at restaurants, take transit, pay taxes, etc. pumping lots of money into the economy and creating even more jobs."
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76qr9v | I'm a child who wants to know stuff (Reproduction related) | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"> I'd appreciate some safety advice as well. Always wear a condom. If you're female, make sure he always wears a condom. Don't take no for an answer. Go out and buy some so you have them. If he tries to say \"oh, I forgot it,\" you're covered."
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76r3jt | What does it take to convert matter into energy, and would it cause an explosion? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"To add to the question - does the number of protons an atom have affect the conversion to pure energy? So what would it take to convert iron to pure energy compared to helium?",
"There are already a lot of well-intentioned but misinformed responses here. The little-known fact is that the famous E = m c^2 is universal, not at all just confined to exotic particles. As a result, any and all conversions of energy convert *some* (usually tiny) amount of mass into energy: > Another example is hydroelectric generation. The electrical energy produced by Grand Coulee Dam's turbines every 3.7 hours represents one gram of mass. This mass passes to electrical devices (such as lights in cities) powered by the generators, where it appears as a gram of heat and light.[35] Turbine designers look at their equations in terms of pressure, torque, and RPM. However, Einstein's equations show that all energy has mass, and thus the electrical energy produced by a dam's generators, and the resulting heat and light, all retain their mass—which is equivalent to the energy. The potential energy—and equivalent mass—represented by the waters of the Columbia River as it descends to the Pacific Ocean would be converted to heat due to viscous friction and the turbulence of white water rapids and waterfalls were it not for the dam and its generators. This heat would remain as mass on site at the water, were it not for the equipment that converted some of this potential and kinetic energy into electrical energy, which can move from place to place (taking mass with it). URL_0 Even burning a candle converts matter into energy. We've all been influenced so strongly by science fiction in movies that we think of exotic phenomenon, but what Einstein discovered is even more remarkable precisely because it also applies to the mundane.",
"Matter is energy. It's just energy that can hang around in one place. Energy is really just a quantity, a value to tell you how much of various kinds of work can be done. Energy in the form of light has a wavelength and it can't stay in one spot. Energy in the form of matter has mass and it works to stay in one spot. Energy also acts as a measure of that work: Matter is energy that has mass and works to stay in one spot, but moving matter is even more energy that both works to stay still and push around anything that isn't moving in the same way as this moving matter. What does it take to convert matter into energy? A chemical reaction will do it. For instance, take table salt and put it in water. The salt is soluble so it will break down from NaCl to Na+ and Cl- ions. The bonds that held the salt together were energy as part of that matter but the bonds between the Na+ and Cl- and the solvent molecules are weaker. This means it takes energy from the water and turns it into matter (the saltwater solution). Let that water evaporate and the salt will crystallize back to salt crystals, and you've created energy from the matter. You seem to imply that matter is protons, neutrons and electrons. But that's only part of the story. Protons, neutrons and electrons are a form of energy, so are the bonds between them, so are their configurations, what shell the electrons are in, etc. There's no trivial way to convert those into \"pure energy\" and even still, what is \"pure energy\"? They are, essentially, pure energy as it is. What else are they made of? They're just somewhat stable. But a neutron, outside of an atom, is going to decay into a proton, electron and antineutrino and release some energy, but that \"pure energy\" might be in the form of kinetic energy, it might be in the form of a high energy photon, it might be used to do something else. Think of matter more like waves on the ocean. Those waves are energy, they move, they push around other waves. If you were to create an opposite wave wave that had a trough exactly where one wave had a peak, that wave would have its own energy, adding energy to the system, but it would annihilate the wave you were looking at. This is kind of how a matter-antimatter reaction could be imagined. But you can't just make an opposite wave with a trough appear without creating another peak, and to do that takes energy and you end up with nothing as you just use energy to make the two waves and if they disappear the energy is returned like splashing water and letting it settle. Energy is lazy. It does nothing. You can picture a hadron kind of like three sticks that are twisted so that they all support eachother. Going to a new metaphor, think of these three sticks creating a little raft that can float on a wave on the ocean. You're asking essentially how to break those apart. But you kind of need other sticks floating on the ocean to break them apart. If you do, they will quickly sink unless the parts bump into something else that turns them into a raft. This is unlikely to happen though. The only reason the rafts were built in the first place is that a giant explosion caused a lot of these sticks to smash into eachother and some of them made stable structures out of two or three sticks. The rest of the sticks just kind of knock things around instead of floating on the surface. When we make a bomb, we are converting matter into energy and it causes an explosion. We are converting part of the matter that makes up, say the bonds in some nitrate into kinetic energy (which is really still part of the resultant matter), heat energy (which you might also say is part of the resultant matter), photons, and other results. When we make a nuclear bomb, we are essentially converting matter that keeps one element together into other forms of energy, which causes a chain reaction breaking apart other atoms and releasing some of that energy. But if you were to straight up convert matter directly into energy, it would be quite boring honestly. Matter is interesting, energy is much less so. What would the energy do? It's not going to kinetically push stuff around, there wouldn't be an explosion because that requires matter. It's not going to heat anything up, that requires matter. You'll release a bunch of very high energy photons, which unless they interact with matter don't actually ... well, matter. And if they do interact with matter, now your system is no longer talking about completely converting matter into energy. Now like many other reactions it's talking about converting some portion of matter in a system to energy. The other thing is that because energy is lazy, if it's in a stable configuration its because it's easy for it to stay that way. You want to change that, you need a lot of energy to start with, and then you need to make sure it doesn't just find another stable configuration to go back to. Unless you have a direct recipe to annihilate something, even if you break it up, it's going to decay into other things that you might not consider \"pure energy\". To blow apart hadrons into photons you would need a ridiculous amount of energy. I'm not sure how much, but very much. Aside from the impracticality of this, this would release a lot of energy. But the other thing to consider is that during the big bang when there was also a ridiculous amount of energy, these hadrons were formed. Could this even be possible without also having some quantity of that energy be used to create new hadrons? But if you are already doing this you're probably not really concerned about the explosion that converting that atom into pure energy will cause, because you're likely in the big bang. So yeah, reacting anti-matter with matter will create it, but that's like the waves on the ocean, either you've made both the anti-matter and matter, in which case the energy returned is the energy that you've used to create them, or you react some anti-matter that you've made with the matter that you didn't, in which case you've also had some matter left over and the energy you get is half from the anti-matter you created and half still in the matter that you created. And we can't really create or store anti-matter reliably or find it and trap it reliably. Any other way of destroying matter to get its energy out would take so much energy that I don't know what would happen, but you would possibly run the risk of using up some of that energy in creating matter and might create a chain reaction that would destroy the observable universe? Probably not. Who knows. Where would you get that much energy to start with though? If you're happy to live with protons, electrons, neutrons, neutrinos, positrons and the rest of the gang surviving the ordeal, we already have a bunch of different ways to convert matter into energy, and they can do everything from create an explosion, to light up, to warm up, to give us wifi on our computers, or let us warm our blood and move around. If you want to change elements into lighter ones, you're looking at fission, if you want to change elements into heavier ones, you're looking at fusion. Not all of these things create energy, breaking up things heavier than lead generally do, as does fusing things lighter than lead. But energy is a lot of things, it's momentum, it's mass, it's temperature, it's light, it's radio waves, it's gamma rays, it's a particular electron configuration, it's molecular bonds, it's quarks, it's hadrons, it's particles. An explosion is caused by matter with kinetic energy creating pressure through electromagnetic interactions (electrons pushing away from other electrons) You need matter for an explosion to make sense. You need matter for time to make sense even.",
"The simplest way is nuclear fission, where you shoot neutrons at a material until it breaks into smaller elements. But this only releases some of the binding energy between nucleons. The alternative is matter-antimatter annihilation, where you shoot an element, like hydrogen, with its antimatter equivalent, like antihydrogen. This, in theory, results in a 100% conversion of mass to energy. The problem is that it's very difficult to make antimatter and even more difficult to store it because it annihilates as soon as it touches matter. And, yes, if you had enough it would explode. Also, it would take an antiiron atom to convert a whole iron atom into energy.",
"Take a piece of wood. Start a fire. Congratulations, you have converted matter into energy.",
"There's an absurd amount of misinformation in this thread. OP: Mass (different than matter, but probably what you meant to use) will never become energy. Energy is a property of the physical configuration of the system. Various systems have various types of energy and \"pure energy\" is a thing from science fiction. All energy is described in the context of a system. CHEMICAL energy. POTENTIAL energy. KINETIC energy. GRAVITATIONAL energy. The mass-energy equivalence is a formula used to calculate the useful property of energy within a particle system. But it is NOT saying the energy is fundamentally identical to the mass or that you can convert back and forth between the two. In fields like QM or QFT, for example, knowing a particle's energy description through things like the Hamiltonian operator will tell you most of what you need to make predictions or do useful calculations. The same is true for the mass-energy equivalence. From particle physicst Matt Strassler: > What is meant by “pure energy”? This is almost always used in reference to photons, commonly in the context of an electron and a positron (or some other massive particle and anti-particle) annihilating to make two photons (recall the antiparticle of a photon is also a photon.) But it’s a terrible thing to do. Energy is something that photons have; it is not what photons are. [I have height and weight; that does not mean I am height and weight.] > The term “pure energy” is a mix of poetry, shorthand and garbage. Since photons have no mass, they have no mass-energy, and that means their energy is “purely motion-energy”. But that does not mean the same thing, either in physics or intuitively to the non-expert, as saying photons are “pure energy”. Photons are particles just as electrons are particles; they both are ripples in a corresponding field, and they both have energy. The electron and positron that annihilated had energy too — the same amount of energy as the photons to which they annihilate, in fact, since energy is conserved (i.e. the total amount does not change during the annihilation process.) (See Figure 3 of the particle/anti-particle annihilation article. [Here is his full article]( URL_0 ) which does a wonderful job debunking this very misleading myth.",
"You may have a slight misconception that converting mass into energy is a special process. Actually, it is constantly ongoing in small amounts. When you turn on your flashlight and it emits light, the flashlight, if you had a very sensitive way to weigh it, would weigh a tiny bit less. When you stretch a string and load it with extra energy, it weighs a tiny bit more, and so forth. If you mean COMPLETELY convert mass into energy or vice versa, this requires conditions not usually found in every day life, such as black holes etc .. The sun, by virtue of radiating light and heat, loses mass each day .. quite a lot of mass in kg but only a small fraction of its total mass.",
"A lot of great answers, but let me add that our current methods involve taking atoms and turning them into other atoms. Thing is, it's not like 4 from 2 + 2 or 2 from 4 - 2, but more like 4 from 2.1 + 2.1 and 2 from 4.1 - 2, that tiny bit of leftover since they aren't equal is too small to make more matter, but matter and energy can't be destroyed, so it turns into energy.",
"An example of non-explosive conversion of matter into energy is a PET scan. The patient drinks a substance that emits positrons (the anti-matter form of the electron). These positrons annihilate with electrons inside the body, which releases energy in the form of photons of light, which are detected by the scanner. There are a number of processes that convert mass into energy and what it takes for each of them to occur differs. An explosion is generally caused by a lot of this happening all at one time, as an explosion is really the release of a lot of energy in a very short period of time.",
"While widespread, the idea you can \"convert\" energy into matter and vice versa is biased. Matter IS energy, or more precisely, mass is a measure of how much energy something contains. As for example, let's take an hydrogen atom. Proton+electron. If you provide enough energy to it you can ionize this atom into one proton with one electron. Since you had to provide energy to reach this state, the mass of the proton+electron system increased, slightly indeed but increased anyway. Energy = mass x c^2 really is mass = energy / c^2, and it's like converting ft into meters. Both are the same thing. Now back to the question, let assume you want to release most of the energy (aka mass) contained into a single proton you first need to find where it is stored. The answer to this question is in the binding energy between the 3 quarks forming this proton, also known as the strong interaction. The problem with this interaction is, the more you try to break the bond, the stronger it gets. And if you provide too much energy, it'll create a quark-antiquark pair instead which instantly disintegrate. Your only option is therefore to destroy quarks and the only way we know to do that today is to add antiquarks to the mix",
"You cannot convert matter into energy. Nor, as some suggest, can you convert mass into energy. Mass is a property of energy. Any energy change associated with any reaction, chemical or nuclear, is simply the conversion of one form of energy to another. When you burn wood, the molecules that make up the wood break apart and reconfigure into other molecules and atoms that contain less energy, and light and heat is released. Nuclear reactions are the same, except that the nuclei -- the protons and neutrons at the center of the atoms -- break apart and reconfigure into other nuclei, bits, and release energy in the process. The nuclei contain much more energy than the bonds that make up molecules, and much more energy is released from nuclear reactions than for chemical reactions. To answer your question, as far as we know it takes a lot of energy to get nuclear reactions going -- much more than it takes to start a chemical reaction. This brilliant video goes into more detail: URL_0",
"I want to ask the inverse question. Can energy be changed to matter and how?",
"can someone explain like I'm 5 what it takes to convert matter to energy and whether there would be explosions?"
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76r86o | Today in Britain, the sky went really orange for a few hours - why? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I've found out what it was - orange-ish dust has been picked up by Hurricane Ophelia and spread across the atmosphere.",
"I understand it was something to do with dust picked up by the hurricane in the Sahara desert, carried into the air and the sun shining through this dust cloud that caused the yellow hue.",
"Not sure if related, but Portugal and northwest Spain are having a huge number of forest fires going on causing a lot of ashes and smoke, turning the sky orange in most places nearby. are you south of Britain? edit: URL_0 edit2: this was Spain, not Britain, just in case",
"I noticed this in scotland. I wondered what was causing this but the hurricanes seem plausible.",
"So you're really going to post this question and not post a picture of the orange sky?"
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76rk8b | Is there any way to block solar flares from affecting the whole planet? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Short answer: No. Long answer: No, because the power levels involved would be, for lack of a better term, astronomic. A good solar storm will inject at least thousands of gigawatts of power into the earth's magnetic field. There is no way we can counter that level of power. The best thing that we can do is try to mitigate the effects. We can shield sensitive electronics. We can isolate power systems so a surge can't travel through whole power grids. We can command satellites to go into safe mode to protect themselves.",
"[We're already doing that by accident, with radio waves.]( URL_0 ) > Very Low Frequency (VLF) broadcasts have created a planetary cocoon, shielding the planet from high energy particle radiation, according to a NASA press release. > ... > VLF radio requires a massive antenna for detection—so they're only used for special purposes. One common use is for submarine communication. > ... > \"The bubble forms a protective barrier around Earth, shielding the planet from potentially dangerous space weather, like solar flares and other ejections from the sun.\""
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76rq17 | Why has Yellowstone erupted multiple times? | I imagine volcanoes to be basically Earth’s zits. Stuff builds up below, and eventually it pops and stuff runs out. But why does a volcano(caldera) like Yellowstone erupt multiple times? Why is the case not that it just erupts once? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Same reason. the magma chamber below the volcano fills up with magma to the point where it can no longer handle the pressure. Boom, it erupts. The eruption does not destroy the magma chamber. It's all powered by a \"hotspot\" underneath the North American tectonic plate.",
"The source of the pressure is a long-lasting stream of magma, much larger than what comes out in a single eruption.",
"There is a cause that led to the creation of the volcano - in this case, Yellowstone, in the first place. The interior of the earth is incredibly hot because of the pressure of all the rock and other materials above it, as well as radioactive decay. This heat makes its way to the surface. In some areas, the mantle is thin or, from the earth's crust very slowly moving and stretching, there is an area where liquid rock - magma - can get very close to the surface. When it does this, it does it for a long time. Sometimes hundreds of thousands of years. Sometimes even for a few million. The eruption has a specific cause - maybe too much build up of pressure, maybe some 'seal' on the magma chamber gets breached, sometimes it involves water making its way into a rock and causing a steam explosion that opens a hole that leads to a further explosion. But once it does, as long as that heat is still coming up close to the surface, the process begins again. Some volcanoes don't have any seal on top of them. They might just constantly erupt (like in Hawaii, which has been erupting for over 10,000 days, or some others that have been erupting constantly for over 100 years). They don't have the catastrophic explosion from the breaching of a seal or cap."
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76rrmm | how does capillary action work? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Water is attracted to itself--\"hydrophilic\". This means the individual water droplets will join each other easily. You can see water droplets join other water droplets on a rainy windshield, for example. Now try dipping the corner of a paper towel in a glass of water. Watch how the water travels up the paper towel. This is capillary action. The water on the bottom is attracted to the water droplets above it, and come to join them. This repeats and repeats. This is also how trees and plants draw water from the ground, up the stem or trunk, and into the leaves!"
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76rv8k | How is being trans NOT a mental illness? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Gender dysphoria is listed in DSM-5. It is considered a mental disorder if it causes emotional distress, depression, social isolation, etc. Note that one can be trans and not have proper gender dysphoria, as we regard it now, if their disagreement with their biological sex and chosen gender doesn't cause that kind of distress to them individually.",
"It's because \"what constitutes a mental illness\" is not well defined. Generally we call something a mental illness if it significantly interferes with your ability to live your life. Since many trans people are able to go about their life just fine (at least after adopting the chosen gender), professionals have decided this should not be treated as a mental illness.",
"Because it isn't. > The American Psychiatric Association, publisher of the DSM-5, states that \"gender nonconformity is not in itself a mental disorder. The critical element of gender dysphoria is the presence of clinically significant distress associated with the condition.\" There is nothing innately \"wrong\" about having a different gender identity than the gender a person was assigned at birth due to physical sex characteristics (or even not due to that - some people are intersex or their genitals are misidentified at birth). Trans people can lead happy full lives without incident if they are allowed to be the gender they identify with, instead of being stigmatized and worse because of it.",
"You first need to understand the definition of a mental disorder. DSM IV > A mental disorder is a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress or disability or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.” DSM V > \"A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress in social, occupational, or other important activities.\" Gender dysphoria qualifies under both definitions because it causes distress to the patient and prevents them from living their lives. Transitioning helps trans patients to alleviate that stress, often completely. So, by definition, the fact that someone has gender dysphoria is a mental disorder. However, through treatment they no longer have the mental disorder. Hence a transgender patient that had gender dysphoria remains trans after a successful treatment. The trans patient that transitions and is no longer in distress is no longer suffering from a mental disorder. Trans people can love normal happy lives and function in society, maintain good jobs and social connections. The hardest problem for trans people is society's lack of acceptance and aggression towards trans people. We essentially swap a huge internal stress and anxiety (our deepest secret) and swap it for external stress and anxiety whilst we worry whether the next person that walks past us is going to punch us in the face or spit on us because of who and what you are. It really gets on my nerves how society seems to think that this is some kind of perverse choice. How do you fancy dealing with this kind of abuse, alienation and loss of family and friends because of a \"choice\"? Does it sound much like a choice to you? Nobody would purposely want to be trans. I wouldn't wish it on my worst enemy.",
"Go to /r/changemyview and search for trans. There's a lot of good info on why it's not a mental illness, beginning with the fact that for the most part, it's not detrimental to a person's life. Here's a good link to get started URL_0",
"I think the answer to this question has more to do with our definition of gender identity in a societal/cultural context rather than a medical one. In traditional Western cultures, there are only 2 genders, but there are plenty of cultures with more than 2 gender identities including what we call, \"Trans.\" Hence, having a different gender identity than what is traditional for a culture isn't a psychopathology, but rather reflection of how a society interprets genders and gender identities. Of course, many who associate as LGBTQ,etc also suffer from mental illness like depression, which is a medical condition, but just identifying as another gender isn't a medical condition in and of itself.",
"There is a National Geographic periodical that was published in January of 2017 and it explains that there are genetic components to gender dysphoria. And, this new research is changing how we think about gender. Here's an excerpt from the article \"Many of us learned in high school biology that sex chromosomes determine a baby’s sex, full stop: XX means it’s a girl; XY means it’s a boy. But on occasion, XX and XY don’t tell the whole story. Today we know that the various elements of what we consider “male” and “female” don’t always line up neatly, with all the XXs—complete with ovaries, vagina, estrogen, female gender identity, and feminine behavior—on one side and all the XYs—testes, penis, testosterone, male gender identity, and masculine behavior—on the other. It’s possible to be XX and mostly male in terms of anatomy, physiology, and psychology, just as it’s possible to be XY and mostly female. Each embryo starts out with a pair of primitive organs, the proto-gonads, that develop into male or female gonads at about six to eight weeks. Sex differentiation is usually set in motion by a gene on the Y chromosome, the SRY gene, that makes the proto-gonads turn into testes. The testes then secrete testosterone and other male hormones (collectively called androgens), and the fetus develops a prostate, scrotum, and penis. Without the SRY gene, the proto-gonads become ovaries that secrete estrogen, and the fetus develops female anatomy (uterus, vagina, and clitoris). But the SRY gene’s function isn’t always straightforward. The gene might be missing or dysfunctional, leading to an XY embryo that fails to develop male anatomy and is identified at birth as a girl. Or it might show up on the X chromosome, leading to an XX embryo that does develop male anatomy and is identified at birth as a boy. A recent survey of a thousand millennials found that half of them think gender is a spectrum. \"",
"To put it simply: Being trans is not a bad thing, or an indication of something wrong. The only time there is a problem is if the trans person does not want to be trans, and it's causing them distress, depression or other psychological stresses.",
"I think the issue is that it's very limited in scope, and not otherwise harmful. Generally a mental illness has a more lasting negative impact on your life and psyche, but once they transition, they're pretty much fine, so what's the harm? People do all kinds of weird shit to themselves, this is certainly no worse than most.",
"Because being transgender does not itself inflict mental distress. The social rejection and violence towards transgenderism is far more harmful than anyone coming to terms with their personal identity ever could be. The ELI5 is because it's not hurting or hindering themselves or anyone else."
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76s7h4 | Why do we have seas within other seas? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Labeling bodies of water isn't for a technical classification, it's for convenience. If I'm in the Mediterranean, in between Italy and the Balkans, it's convenient to give it a label to refer to, like \"Adriatic Sea\". I'm still in the Mediterranean as well, but a particular part of it that warrants its own name.",
"If you take it to an extreme, we have seas within oceans within other oceans. Why don’t we just call it all “the ocean”? Same about the continents. Why are Africa, Asia and Europe different continents? Hell, if the UK is an Island and is still part of Europe why aren’t Australia, Antartica and the Americas all part of “the continent”? Because they all have their specific characteristics (e.g. are big enough) that set the apart enough to have their own names.",
"Culture and regional usage is a big key, but there is another element that is in play in some designations. Areas of contiguous bodies of water that are nonetheless marked by ongoing differences in temperature, clarity, current, salinity/Ph/etc, and ecology will often be given different names. The terrestrial equivalent would be \"shortgrass prairie\" and \"tall grass prairie\" or \"rocky canyon desert\" and \"sandy flat desert\". In all these cases the bits of land may be adjacent, but are very different in terms of their features and species. Similar designations may happen with (some) marine and aquatic zones as well."
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76skd7 | what causes chromosome abnormalities? | Besides smoking, drinking, drugs. What are other reasons of errors in cell division, and what causes it to happen? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There are lots, but one *major* issue that contributes to many cancers is recombination. Normally recombination isn't really a bad thing, and gives us genetic diversity. When your cells are dividing to make sperm or eggs, the chromosome you have from both mom and dad line up. Because they are structurally similar, it is possible for them to \"swap\" segments, [like this]( URL_0 ). This means you could pass on one of your dad's chromosomes, but with your mom's \"blue eyes\" gene inside of it. The problem comes in when the swap doesn't work very neatly. Instead of having Chromosome 9 swap with another Chromosome 9, it might swap with Chromosome 22. Sometimes this is fine because the DNA is *still there*, but in different places. However, it often turns out that DNA is lost, or gets coupled to another segment of DNA that makes it inappropriately active."
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76snlh | Why was the sky yellow in the UK today? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The storm that hit Ireland today formed out in the Atlantic close to the Azores. As it tracked north it \"sucked in\" (technical term, ask anybody) winds from across North Africa, these winds bought dust from the Sahara desert with them. This dust is now high up in the atmosphere and has spread over southern(ish) England as the storm made land over Ireland. The dust is what has tinted the sky orange."
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76soxd | How companies track your browsing history. | For some background info, I'm at Uni and I was browsing through some products on my phone in my room. I went to the Computer lab and logged in. I found the same products i was looking at. Nothing NSFW i was just wondering how exactly they do that. I was on two different accounts. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The more relevant an ad is, the more likely you are to click on it. Relevance and high quality clicks are encouraged and prioritized by ad networks like Google and Facebook, and result in cheaper costs to the advertiser and a higher likelihood of the user completing a specified action on the website (called a conversion) like a purchase or a form completion. Advertising networks and e-commerce platforms provide tracking codes to advertisers to install on our clients' websites. This allows me to track actions like a website session, pages visited, actions completed on the website (like an item added to a cart, or an abandoned cart), etc. When you visit the website, tracking data is added to your web browser or associated with your account if you're logged in. Based on your activity on the website, which is anonymously shared with my advertising account, I can then show you, an interested user, ads relevant to what you were looking at. In terms of cross-device tracking, all that data is gathered based on the accounts you're using. If you're logged into Google Chrome on your phone and look at an item on Amazon, that data is logged and associated with you (again, totally anonymously to me). Based on that, I can then set my ads up to show you similar items on other devices where you're logged in with that account. I wouldn't be able to say specifically how that happened to you in your example, but essentially it's you and your actions on both devices being associated with each other through whatever service, so the advertiser can hit you with ads."
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76sxu8 | Why do boobs lose their volume after nursing? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Milk producing glands grow due to hormones released during a woman's pregnancy. Nursing by babies stimulates milk production and a woman will keep producing milk as long as she is feeding her baby. Once babies start weening off of the mother's milk the hormones reduce, causing the milk to stop producing. The milk gland will then reduce as well causing the breasts to shrink."
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76t8d2 | How long does someone elses DNA last inside an individual who received donated blood? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Generally speaking, you're not getting any DNA in donor blood. Red blood cells don't contain DNA (overly-simplified, they technically have some), and the donation process filters out proteins and other stuff dissolved in the blood. Plus, you don't really have free DNA floating around in your serum, either. When you receive packed red cells, you're just getting mature red cells, which lost their nuclei before leaving your bone marrow."
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76u7io | Why this neutron star collision is such a huge event? Why is it important that we even detect these things? What can we gain from learning about such events? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"We can learn all kinds of things! In your bedroom, you can use a ramp and some wooden cyclinders to recreate Gallileo's experiments with the Laws of Motion and gravity. If you cut a slit in a piece of paper, and pair that paper with a prism, you can replicate Newton's experiments with light. But it's hard to test Relativity in your bedroom, and it's hard to test the predictions of Nuclear Physics or QM, too. The reasons are: Timescale, Energy, Size and Precision. Some things happen so quickly, or on a such a small/large scale, that it's impractical to measure without sophisticated equipment, or require more energy than we have at our disposal, or would be too dangerous. This wasn't thought to be an issue in the long, long ago. The rules that we observe in our daily lives can be extrapolated anywhere, using mathematics! We said. But unfortunately, at scales, precisions, timescales and energies that we encounter on a regular basis, many subtleties of the universe are obscured. If you asked Newton, he would be pretty sure that his laws of motion were almost perfectly correct, and in (as Richard Dawkins calls it) \"The Middle World\" they are. For cars, trains, footballs and bullets, they work just fine. But in reality they aren't even close to the \"true\" Laws. To figure that out, we needed to look outside our boundary conditions. And it turned out that if you look at objects at different \"depths\" of the sun's Gravitational Well than us, (like Mercury) the numbers are wrong. Mercury experiences time at a different rate than we do. The Theory of Relativity nicely rounded up such errors in prediction and supplanted the \"close enough\" equations of Newton with a complicated theory which worked over a much broader range of boundary conditions. Two Neutron Stars colliding is a pretty extreme set of experimental conditions to set up. With enormous quantities of energy being released, in a situation experiencing massive gravitational effects. It's a complicated scenario, but the calculations are possible. So we take what our current theories about gravity and light and neutron stars and cosmology, and try and predict (as closely as possible) what happened during this event. By modelling the interaction with our current models, we can compare what the theory predicts we should observe, with what we actually observe. There are then two options: 1. The predictions match the observations to within the margin of error. In which case, we have tested our theory in a brand-new experiment, and it correctly predicted the result. This is useful because it reduces the possibility that the theory was wrong, although it still could be. 2. The predictions are not consistent with the observations. In which case, our model was wrong. Perhaps this means that there are more subtleties in our universe than we thought, and we left something out. Or maybe (the more exciting option) the previous ideas were erroneous in a more fundamental way. Now we need new ideas! The additional (but oft unspoken) benefit of having a brand-new event be observed, which has never been observed before, is that current models and theories *cannot have been falsified or \"fudged\" to match this data*. If previous theories match up with observation here, then it is on their own merits. Since no one has seen this type of event before, any theory already in use, which correctly predicts the observations made, stands on it's own merits. And that's *exceptionally* valuable as a test of a model. On the question of what we can gain: Who knows? (Besides the knowledge, obviously). But people probably asked what use it would be for someone to explain why the precesion of Mercury didn't match with predictions, but nowadays we have a global telecommunications network, GPS, nuclear power and we know the age of the Universe. So we could gain nothing from this, or it could be a small piece of the giant puzzle which may eventually bring all kinds of change and advancement. Edit: It's also cool as fuck."
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76ui5i | Why does chlorine (Cl) change so drastically from a gas to table salt (NaCl) when sodium is added? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"When Cl is alone, it is missing only one electron so it desperately wants to find one to complete its orbital. That is why chlorine gas is so corrosive - it’s trying as hard as it can to yank electrons off anything it can find. Sodium on the other hand has one electron it desperately wants to get rid of. It donates it to the chlorine, which gives the Na a positive charge and the Cl a negative charge. The opposing charges make them stick together and they fall into a very stable, very regular pattern — the salt crystal! When all the Na and Cl ions are lined up in the crystalline structure, their charges are balanced on all sides. Basically they have everything they need, and so they are essentially non-reactive in that state."
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76uk8g | why does diabetes cause people to lose their feet? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Diabetics have higher than normal levels of sugar circulating in the blood. This results in several changes in how the body functions. One important change is that it causes plaque to build up faster and blood vessels to close up faster around the body. Common areas include: - Neck and heart - increased risk of heart attack/stroke - Eyes - damage to retinas which can lead to blindness - Stomach - feeling of fullness and difficulty digesting food - Penis - difficulty getting erection - Kidney - decreased ability to filter urine, which can lead to needing dialysis - Hands and feet - decreased blood flow leading to nerve damage (numbness), poor wound healing, easier chances of infection. Much more common in feet than hands. Often diabetics do not feel a sore forming because their feet are numb, the sore doesn't heal due to poor blood flow, it gets infected, and then once the infection spreads to the bone it rots the bone out and the only treatment is to amputate back to the good bone. This can be toes, partial foot, or even back to the leg depending on how bad it is.",
"Diabetes causes damage to peripheral blood supply. Less blood going to the feet, over a very long period of time, leads to an inability to heal wounds, heal infections, etc. So people can develop chronic ulcers, chronic infections, that never heal even with antibiotics and wound treatment, your body needs good blood supply to the affected area to heal. If you get an ulcer that doesn't heal and it rots your foot to the bone, you need to amputate the foot before they get sepsis and die. Diabetics need to take extra care of their feet, always wear socks, not do anything to decrease blood supply (such as crossing your legs for long periods), and inspect their feet for any sign of wounds that do not heal.",
"One of the side effects of diabetes is poor circulation, especially in the lower extremities. The longer this goes unchecked, the worse it will become. Gangrene can set in quickly, and since it is usually not painful, goes unnoticed until it is too late. That's why frequent checks are so important, and exercise is also important. The better the circulation, the longer it helps keep the diabetic mobile and healthier. Another side effect of diabetes is cronic low energy, so exercising can become a chore that seems too much hassle. Source: professional diabetic (on the needle)."
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76uztt | How do our brains shut out familiar sounds from waking us up such as a spouse getting ready for work or their alarm? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"In neurobiology and psychology, this is called habituation, which is caused by desensitization of neurons to a stimuli. It is an evolutionary adaptation where our bodies realize that some stimuli aren't dangerous. We would simply be overwhelmed if our bodies reacted to everything. So our bodies block out unimportant stimuli so that we can better pick out signals that indicate something worth paying attention to. Dishabituation is the process when the original stimulus is noticed again, and can be caused when the stimulus is stronger, unexpected, etc. Habituation applies to all senses, not just for what we hear."
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76v2q2 | is the computer ram's lifespan affected by the load | I run virtual machine, and the ram load is always at around 90%. Will this shorten the ram lifespan? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"No. First even if your computer shows 90% usage your OS will really be attempting to use 100% of your ram all the time, the other 10% is being silently used for things like caching files and file system data. Second the way that DRAM works means that every bit of ram is being exercised many times a second regardless of whether your OS considers it \"allocated\" - unlike static ram (SRAM or the cache inside the processor) DRAM is based around tiny capacitors that either contain a charge (1) or don't (0). These capacitors will naturally loose their charge in only a fraction of second if left on their own so they need to constantly be refreshed. During a refresh every bit in ram is read internally (the CPU isn't involved, it's all done inside the RAM chip) and if it's a 1 meaning there was charge in that cell then it is fully recharged."
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76vimi | How is the Wizard of Oz an allegory for 1890s America? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It isn't. That was a theory that a guy came up with in 1964, well after the book had been published, with little historical basis and thin reasoning."
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76w8n5 | The simulation argument. | Why is it a trilemma and is it possible it's a false trichotomy? Also, what are the possible objections to it? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Keeping it simple, the simulation hypothesis says that 1) Most civilizations never become advanced enough to simulate the kinds of experiences we have. OR 2) Most extremely advanced civilizations are not interested in running simulations that resemble the kinds of experiences we have. OR 3) The majority of experiences like the ones we have are occurring within simulations. In other words, if computing power keeps growing, eventually people will want to run simulations of themselves. If those simulations are good enough, the people within the simulations will eventually create their own simulations, and so on. If this seems reasonable, then what are the odds that we're at the \"top level\" of reality? It's a pretty good argument, but it does make some additional assumptions. For example, if conscious experience cannot be simulated, then it falls flat. Nick Bostrom's original paper can be found here: URL_0 . On the first page, he goes into detail about some of the extra assumptions, including a weak form of \"substrate-independence\" which is necessary for conscious experience to occur in a computer simulation. Since we haven't yet produced consciousness in a simulation of our own, the jury is still out on that point."
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76w97o | Were any US soldiers in WWI (active) veterans of previous wars? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Yes, of course, in fact for a great example, General Pershing, the commander of the US forces in Europe during WWI was a veteran of the Spanish-American war in 1898, he fought in Cuba. Arguably, the Spanish American war was the last traditional war for the US before WWI, although there was plenty of other fighting happening in the time between, such as the insurrection in the Philippines, the Boxer Rebellion in China, and skirmishes involving Mexican forces (including the Pancho Villa Expedition into Mexico, actually led by our boy above, Pershing)."
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76wf0e | Why does the pizza hot pocket have a different cardboard cooling sleeve than the ham and cheese hotpocket? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I got this. One I think you are mistaken it is actually a crisping sleeve. The ones that are different are between the croissant crust and the deli crust or what ever other crust there is. The croissant crust is taller (because croissants rise differently) so requires a different size crisping sleeve. Source- I may or may not have worked on this business. Edit- fixed typo",
"I think you mean cooking sleeve, not cooling sleeve. Microwave ovens cook by causing the water in food to vibrate rapidly, warming it up. Different items require the microwaves to reflect in, while others do not need the same reflective material to cook properly.",
"I didn't know anyone even used the sleeves to eat the hot pocket. Just bite off a top corner and a little bite near the bottom and blow in it to cool it down. I'm assuming each hot pocket has its own automated 'assembly' line including packaging. No use reprogramming or modifying one of their pizza packing machines until it breaks down or is due for servicing. LPT: Do not bite two holes in the top and blow to cool the hotpocket, unless you enjoy the sensation of your face melting.",
"My guess would be that they’re made in different factories and the sleeves are sourced from different companies."
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76whxy | why c^2 is involved in E=mc^2, from what I understand there is no reason the speed of light is what it is? | sorry if that doesn't make sense, I will try an elaborate. from previous wonderings, it appears that the speed of light is, I don't want to say arbitrary, but its the closed word I have. scientists don't know why, or even if there is a why, it is the speed it is. now if such a "random" number is so closely tied to energy converting to matter and vice verse, that suggests, to my mind, a deeper connection. am I wrong? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"**Disclaimer: The following explanation will involve some math, so please don't get all up on the barricades about that. OP asked about the nature of a mathematical constant, so some math will need to be done.** You can try to get some understanding through the following: In relativity, we work in four dimensional spacetime. One of the most important ways to describe space-time are four-vectors. Those are vectors with some special properties, that have one temporal coordinate, and three spatial coordinates. For example, the position four-vector is x^(μ)=(ct, x^(1), x^(2), x^(3)). The c in this equation comes from the scaling in [Minkowski diagrams]( URL_0 ) (look at the y-axis, you will see that is given in ct units.) The momentum four-vector is p^( & mu;)=(E/c, p^(1), p^(2), p^(3)). The c in this equation is due to dimensional analysis. That means, all entries in the vector must have the same units, and energy divided by speed is momentum. The magnitude of a vector is given by the square root of the inner product of the vector. For a normal vector that is ||x||= sqrt(x^(2)+y^(2)+z^(2)). In relativity, we get a minus sign in front of the first entry due to some mathematical features of spacetime. The inner product can be thought of the square of the magnitude for this purpose. We will denote the inner product of two four-vectors as x*_ & mu;_*x^( & mu;). Thus, we get: p*_ & mu;_*p^( & mu;)= –E^(2)/c^(2)+p*_1_*^(2)+p*_2_*^(2)+p*_3_*^(2) Since p*_1_*^(2)+p*_2_*^(2)+p*_3_*^(2) is just p^(2), we can write the above equation as p*_ & mu;_*p^( & mu;)= -E^(2)/c^(2)+p*_1_*^(2)+p*_2_*^(2)+p*_3_*^(2) = -E^(2)/c^(2)+p^(2). Finally, we will take a look at the four-velocity. You can imagine the length of the four-velocity as the speed at which we move through spacetime. If your velocity through space increases relative to some observer, this observer will measure your time as going slower due to time dilation. That means, the faster you move through space, the slower you move through time. As it turns out, the speed at which you move though spacetime is constant and equal to c. Thus, we know, that the magnitude of the velocity four-vector is c. Since p^( & mu;)=m⋅v^( & mu;), we know that the magnitude of the four-momentum is m⋅c. It follows that the value of the inner product p*_ & mu;_*p^( & mu;) = -m^(2)c^(2). (Again, the minus sign is due to the mathematical description of spacetime) Now we can equate the two expressions we have found for p*_ & mu;_*p^( & mu;): * p*_ & mu;_*p^( & mu;) = -E^(2)/c^(2)+p^(2) * p*_ & mu;_*p^( & mu;) =-m^(2)c^(2) -E^(2)/c^(2)+p^(2) = -m^(2)c^(2) multiplying by c^(2) and rearranging gives us E^(2) = p^(2) c^(2) + m^(2) c^(4) Now, if we choose to use the rest-frame of the object we are describing, the classical momentum of that object will be zero (since p=m⋅v, and v=0) This yields E^(2) = m^(2) c^(4) Taking the square root of this recovers the familiar equation E=m⋅c^(2). Edit: found a mistake and corrected it.",
"*C* is not a fundamental constant because it is the speed of light. It is the speed of light because it is a fundamental constant of nature. More specifically, it is the speed of *causality*--ie, it sets the maximum distance at which one event can influence another within a given time period. It turns out that light travels at *c* because it has no choice: *c* is a fundamental property of the universe, and all massless particles *must* travel at that speed. When James Clerk Maxwell derived the equations describing electromagnetic fields from his experimental data, the term *299,792,458 meters/second* popped up in the equations, and would not go away. That term showed up in other places, as well. It was named *c* because it was a constant. Albert Einstein was very curious about how the universe worked, and wanted to understand it. He was also not afraid to ask, \"What if...?\" Even if the question seemed absurd. In 1887, Albert Michelson and Edward Morely conducted an experiment that measured the speed of light at different times of day, and repeated it at different points during the year, to determine whether the Earth's rotation and motion around the sun changed the apparent speed of light. Oddly enough, no matter how many times they measured it, they always got the same answer: 299,792,458 meters per second. Einstein saw the data when they published it, and went, \"Huh...that's funny...\" (well, something along those lines, anyway, and most likely in German). He started thinking about what that meant, and decided that, if the speed of light didn't change regardless of how you were moving, then *something* else had to--either distance, or time, or both. When he started crunching the numbers, out popped E=mc^2, where *E* is energy, *m* is mass, and *c* is the speed of light. I don't pretend to even begin to understand the math, but there are explanations all over the internet. Called *matter-energy equivalence,* E=mc^2* is the only equation you could safely bet large sums of money that every high school graduate will recognize on sight, regardless of what classes they actually took in school--and it all hinges on *c*. *C* pops up in a lot of weird places: it's all over Relativity, (the relationship between time, space, energy, matter, and gravity), dealing with nuclear reactions, the speed of light, and probably several others that I'm not aware of. It's not just the speed of light--it's a fundamental property of the universe."
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76wiz5 | why people with the least education on a topic often feel the most qualified to explain it or criticize it. | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I’ll explain it here the same way I did to my daughter when she was 5: Ignorant people are always very sure of themselves. Their world is small, simple, and doesn’t grow. Intelligent people are always looking for more so their world gets bigger all the time. It’s easy to be certain when you think you know everything and hard to be certain when you know you don’t. Edit: Thank you for the gold!",
"It's called the Dunning-Krueger Effect. It basically comes from the fact that the less you know, the worse you are at assessing how much you know, and many will vastly over-estimate their knowledge. URL_0",
"If you know very little about a subject, you probably don't know how deep the subject goes. Basically, you're standing on top of the iceberg of knowledge. The experts have taken the plunge and seen how much more is hidden from the surface. Someone else linked to the wiki page for the Dunning-Kruger effect; if you want more detail check that out.",
"They don't know the extent of their ignorance. They have no inkling how much there could be to know and therefore they assume what little understanding they have is enough to make correct statements/explanations/recommendations.",
"Note that the Dunning-Krueger Effect states: > As described by social psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger, the cognitive bias of illusory superiority results from an internal illusion in people of low ability and from an external misperception in people of high ability; that is, \"the miscalibration of the incompetent stems from an error about the self, whereas the miscalibration of the highly competent stems from an error about others.\"[1] Hence, the corollary to the Dunning–Kruger effect indicates that persons of high ability tend to underestimate their relative competence and erroneously presume that tasks that are easy for them to perform also are easy for other people to perform. According to the Free Online Dictionary miscalibration is: > A bias in risk assessment in which patients are overly confident in the extent and accuracy of their knowledge about their condition, both overestimating the benefits of treatment and underestimating the potential adverse outcomes. So the effect also has implications for the most educated. One can be highly educated and have poor judgment. We have lots of them in Washington, even CEOs on the president's cabinet who are very smart and successful people with very poor judgement. One of these miscalibrations of highly educated people is the [Law of Unintended Consequences]( URL_0 ) of well-intended pragmatic thinking that resulted in various degrees or combinations of unexpected beneficial, drawbacks and perverse results.",
"Had a teacher (incidentally teaching the Arab-israeli conflict) say that for practically any complex issues \"people with the most opinions usually have the fewest facts, and vice versa\"",
"I thought of this quote, in relation to your question. \"The problem with the world is that the intelligent people are full of doubts, while the stupid ones are full of confidence.\" Charles Bukowski",
"When you have little information it’s very easy to cherry pick facts/positions that you align with personally and ignore/disregard other angles or positions. If there is only one chair it’s very easy to choose where to sit regardless of how comfortable the chair is. When there are multiple chairs available that offer similar comfort, the selection becomes more difficult and you may find yourself moving from chair to chair trying to figure out which one feels the best.",
"Do you see the irony of posting your question on Reddit?",
"This basically sums up my thoughts on politics. we rightly have a vote on who leads our countries government both national and local BUT running a country is a massively complicated affair that very few people have any idea of outside of the election campaigning. so we basically vote with either our gut feeling, who our parents or peers vote for or who we dislike personally less than the others which just makes government a complete inside joke...",
"Because they have the spark notes version. It's easy to feel you've mastered a subject when you only have 10 broad data points to worry about... unfortunately there could be thousands upon thousands for any specific subject.",
"One of my favorite phrases comes from Neil DeGrasse Tyson, it was a reference to conspiracy theorists who believe the moon landing was faked. it goes something like this: People tend to know enough that they think they’re right, but not enough to know why they’re wrong. (Joe organ podcast for anyone wondering)",
"So I bought a.m stock for .25, and it went to .50! I doubled the amount o had. Now imagine the same stock is at 25.00 and it goes up that same amount of 0.25 to 25.25! Hardly an increase in comparison. When someone knows very little and learn something small, they greatly increase the knowledge percentage wise, but hardly by a real volume. That's why what you learn in a 101 class is nothing compared to a PhD level.",
"The ability to do a thing is the exact same skill used to assess your ability to do that thing. So if you are really bad at something, you're both really bad at it, and really bad at knowing your ability with it. Combine this with the human tendency to overinflate our own abilities, and you get a U-shaped graph with skill on the x-axis and self-assessment on the y-axis. This applies to a lot of areas. For instance, people with no sense of humor tend to think they are funny, or at least much funnier than they are. As others have pointed out, this is called the [Dunning-Krueger Effect]( URL_0 )."
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76wm3t | How does advertisements actually profit? I find it hard to believe that they actually cover the cost that it took to run. | For example, a holiday inn running a commercial. Surely that commercial is not convincing anyone to go stay at a holiday inn. Or a ford commercial, how many people out there are actually convinced to buy a ford truck by watching a commercial? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Yeah they do. There are metrics they run. Some ads work and some don't. That is where an agency comes in. They do all the market research on what should bring new customers in your door. So lets take Holiday Inn for example. Not every ad is big budget. Some are small low cost and some are high dollar budget. Each one serves it purpose. Large expensive campaigns are about brand awareness. So when you think hotel the first name to pop into your head is Holiday Inn. These will be run at regular intervals during high rated prime time shows. They will be shocking usually with humor and will probably avoid the color red and have a lot of bright colors that complement blue but will many be greens and yellow tones. If watching TV in a dark room the commercials usually light up the room with its tones. Each camera angle change creates a dynamic tone change to mimic the effect of a police light. Attention, attention. The blue complimentary tones in such a manner are exciting but somewhat calming. Trusting tones. If its a lawyer ad for a accident lawyer. They will often do the opposite. Complimentary tones to red. Showing power, and dominance. So Holiday Inn is planting a seed in your brain that they are exciting, trustworthy, flashy but safe. Than they have the upkeep ads. Shorter less flashy, hardly any humor. They might be just their logo on billboards, 30 secs calm ads at less watched times on tv where they pay a channel X amount of dollars to show X amount of times in a specific date range of their choosing. That isn't about brand recognition but to just remind you over and over. Holiday Inn express. Holiday Inn Express. The hardest part of a business is getting new customers. New customers are the life blood of any business. And they are worth a lot. You are looking at each potential customer as being only worth their visit. But its considered so much more than that. Im going to give a hypothetical situation of their value. Lets say a company got a large group of people and divided them up in groups. They took the largest group lets just say its 20 total people as the example for ease in that group and tailored an ad that is specific to them. They hit all the marks in the commercial based on predetermined likes and needs of that group. The group wanted a value, but it to look like a nice hotel. The group also travels for work, and breakfast included is a perk. They are ages 35-50 and the humor they like is somewhat goofy not edgy. All 20 watch the commercials and over 90% of them are impressed by Holiday Inn Express's promises. 2 had previously bad experiences with the hotel, but are now reconsidering staying at another sometime to give them a chance. One in the group travels with a team in a company for promotions and is in charge of booking all the stays for everyone. Only one person doesn't think they would choose holiday inn express in the future. Most plan to use in the future if traveling. More than 10 plan to use it with in a year. Most importantly most will think of it now when the topic of getting a hotel room. Also people use company names as examples when suggesting things. Someones mother in law has to head in for a funeral. People part of the ad focus will now say stuff along the lines. Hey are you going to stay in town that weekend? Do you need to stay at the house or are you going to need a reservation at a holiday inn or something. The commercial plants that word to be less proper noun and just be a common noun for something. Like some people refer to soda as Coke even when it is not. Holiday Inn wants their name to be to the word hotel as Coke is to the word soda. Back at those 20 people though. Even only 20 people the possibility of those people being a driving force is endless. Not only does holiday Inn possibly gain their business the first time, but they have a chance for repeat business with those and all the referrals that come after that. Now multiply that by the number of people who watch any given prime time show live on tv, its in the millions. That commercial was designed for the largest group of potentially customers they could faction a commercial for. Of that group of hundreds of thousands of potential first time customers. They have to convince those thousands of customers to come in or come back so they can continue to form a larger and larger loyal customer base. And since their loyal customers die off eventually they have to continue this game until they are no longer profitable and viable as a company. If an ad doesn't bring new customers in the door, the ad company is replaced."
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76wrjy | In university, why dentistry is seperate major from medicine? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Medical student here. You're thinking about this backwards. Dentistry can be separate **because** you don't need to understand the intricate workings of the entire body. You can dedicate all of your time to every aspect of the mouth, because you don't need most of the knowledge gained in medical school. If it was feasible to produce every specialty of doctor without the general phase of \"medical school,\" we would do that. The amount of time they'd have to spend learning the basics means it's easier to put all future doctors together and teach them all at once. A surgeon needs to know every nuance about a patient and how it will affect their surgery. A dentist only needs to know a few extraneous things that influence what they're doing. They don't need to know how all of your medications interact, and for example the way they treat diabetic vs non-diabetic patients is mostly the same. Dentistry can be successful with pure specialization, where any field of medicine requires a broad foundation of knowledge."
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76ws3i | Why do whiteheads swell when popped, but blackheads don't? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Whiteheads result from a closed skin pore, while blackheads result from an open one. Whiteheads swell and pop, because they're stretching out the pore from the inside and accumulating pressure. The stuff that comes out is white because it's been closed off from the outside world and doesn't have exposure to oxygen. It becomes swollen afterwards because blood rushes to the \"violently\" ruptured pore. On the flip side, blackheads open and expand the pore, leaving it exposed to the outside. The junk inside rots from the air, turning it hard and dark. It doesn't pop because there's no build-up of pressure -- it's simply filling up a space until it falls out on its own or you pull it out."
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76wss9 | what's the simplest way to explain higher special dimensions to someone? | Mathematics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"A spatial dimension is literally just a direction. As far as we know, the universe has three such dimensions: you could call them forward/backward, left/right, and up/down; or north/south, east/west, and up/down; or whatever else you wanted. The important thing is that no matter which labels you use for the directions, there are always three of them. But there's no reason you couldn't imagine a universe with only two directions to move in, or four, or twenty-seven. You can describe them all equally well with mathematics, so we can reason about them logically even though we can only ever experience three-dimensional space."
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76wxin | Why do android phones get slower over time even after a factory reset? | Often the common complaint would be of cache, data or new updated apps, but I've seen them get slower than a brand new phone even without any updated apps. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"This is just speculation tbh. Over time, the same applications on your phone consume more resources. This is because the rate technology improves is swift, and application devs are constantly keeping up. So say an app is currently built to run well on a phone with 1GB RAM. When phones with 2GB RAM become the norm, app devs feel comfortable giving their app a larger footprint on available resources. But your phone still has 1GB. And the app and the OS both have progressed to being comfortable using more resources than before. Hence the difference in performance. Edit: Apparently this has been asked before and the answer is flash memory degradation"
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76xntl | Do larger camera sensor pixels capture more light, making the image brighter? | Actually, while thinking of this question, I suddenly thought of rain gauges, where the size of the gauge doesn't matter when measuring rainfall... does this apply to pixels as well? Or does larger pixels mean brighter images? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Larger pixels mean more light. Smaller pixels mean more amplification is required to achieve the same brightness and the result is noisier images. Both the sensor and the amplification electronics generate random noise and having a strong signal due to more light minimise the impact of the noise. That's one of the reasons pros still use big cameras with large sensors, often 24 & times;36 & #8239;mm. (The other big reason is that large sensors mean a shallow depth of field, so you can have everything except the subject out of focus.) This is an argument for having lower resolution sensors, though to an extent it's possible to average neighbouring pixels as another way to reduce noise, albeit at the cost of resolution. Larger pixels also tend to make better use of right reaching the sensor since there are fewer boundaries between the pixels so less light is wasted."
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76xoaq | What’s so hard about solving a rubik’s cube if there’s a certain way/formula to solve it? | Mathematics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Solving a Rubik's Cube isn't hard once you've memorized the formulas. If you don't know the formulas at all, the difficulty comes from your brain trying to figure them out, despite not realizing that you're figuring them out, if that makes sense. For Rubik's Cube experts, the difficulty is associated with doing it *quickly*. You know all the formulas, but have to analyze every side of the cube in seconds, and decide which formulas you'll need in which order, without stopping to check your progress, while not making mistakes due to your speed.",
"Am currently learning to solve the cube and I can confirm that once you start learning the moves it’s actually pretty straightforward. The main difficulty of just basic solving is memorizing the move patterns. However now that I have those down I’m finding the difficulty is looking at the cube in a holistic way and making judgements about how to move several blocks efficiently rather than just individual blocks one by one.",
"When it came out on the toy market in the '80s, most people were not aware there was a formula at all, and that's where it cemented its reputation.",
"As others have stated, it’s easy if you know the formula. If I asked you to make a telephone, or router or tv just of supplies with no instructions, how would you fare? Another basic way to think of it is making a fire or tying a knot. Some people learned how to do it by learning the “formula” others don’t. If I gave a survivalist a stick and branches. He could make a fire. If I gave it to the average joe, he would know he wants to make a fire, knows he has the tools, but doesn’t know how to make it happen. Just like the cube Edit: used the wrong fair. Thanks for the corrections. :)",
"I think there's alot of good comments here but I feel like there's some gaps that I'm going to attempt to fill in. OP, you are mostly right in saying that solving a rubik's cube isn't \"hard\" once you've memorized the formulas (called algorithms). Algorithms themselves shouldn't be thought of as \"Do this set of moves until the cube is solved\" but more of a \"if you see these patterns, do these moves to make these patterns instead.\" The basic idea behind solving a rubik's cube is to progress from one state of a cube to another using some set of algorithms. After some number of these progressive steps, the cube is solved. However, there are many different sets of algorithms. There are Beginner's algorithms which were designed to be simple and allow a beginner to solve the cube over several minutes. These algorithms often involve hundreds of sequential moves/steps despite the fact that a cube is only ever 23 moves or less from solved. And so there are also more advanced algorithms that rely on more complex analysis of the cube so to solve it in fewer moves. The cubing community itself is continuously developing newer and better methods for solving the cube, some of which are radically different from the others. And in general the community likes to focus on solving it in the least amount of time, so of course being able to mentally and physically execute cube solving quickly is another challenging aspect of cubing. TL;DR - Just solving a rubik's cube on its own is fairly straightforward with today's availability of information but learning to solve it quickly and efficiently is still a challenge.",
"The cube is also a matter of public opinion and effort. So many people have the preconceived notion that the being able to solve the Rubik's cube is the epitome of intelligence, but have also never really put in the effort to learn how to solve it themselves. For the most beginner method, all it takes is some theory and 3 memorized algorithms. Like /u/Ohh_Yeah says, the difficult part isn't solving it, it's doing it fast (and/or in the least number of moves). More advanced methods cut down on solve time and move count tremendously, but you'd need to put in the effort to learn and practice, not something most people care enough about to do. shout out to /r/cubers",
"My method was different from the norm and only required memorising 2 sequences. Everyone else I knew who did it had learned it from a book. I have yet to find someone else who figured out their own system. My way doesn't win any speed races, but I like that I can understand and explain all of the steps from start to finish. To answer the original question, it took me weeks of trial & error to figure out the process. It was hard at the time because there was no formula available.",
"It isn't hard. That's why the competitions are all about how fast it can be done, not if it can be done.",
"It isn't hard, it just takes time ... i set a goal to learn the algorithms and attempt at dolving it, took me about 7 weeks until i was able to fully understand how to solve the Rubik's cube. All you need is persistence.",
"The true difficulty is solving it without using any formulas that you've looked up. The trick is, it's all about patterns. It took me months to solve it the first time, but now I could do it in my sleep because I know the patterns. I'm sure my method is not as fast as the things you could look up online, but I also feel more accomplished about it because I did it myself. The greater the struggle, the greater the victory."
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76xrne | Why have we not created an easy way to clear Carbon from rifles? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Its called piston driven. My AR15 is piston driven and it fires clean and the bolt is cold still after firing 100 rounds",
"I think it's less about the product to clean the rifle. More the discipline. Like cleaning the toilet with a toothbrush or something similar. They just want to drill it into you.",
"I'm not sure how the military advises you to clean your rifle, but there are products that can make cleaning easier. One I use is called Frog Lube. It gets into pores in the metal and actually conditions it to resist rust and carbon build up. After a few cleanings, the rifle is impregnated with the Frog Lube, and it becomes very easy to clean. Bonus: it's not petroleum based so it will work on Muzzleloaders (I even use it to clean frets on my guitar)."
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76yawn | How does Active Recovery assist in muscle recovery? | What exactly is happening to the muscles and how does it do this? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Light use of the affected muscles (active recovery) will increase blood flow to them, providing them with more of the nutrients and oxygen that they need to heal. The idea is to stimulate the muscles enough to get blood flow going, but not enough to exacerbate the existing damage/strain."
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76ycwu | UV light in public conveniences. | Hello everyone. I have a question. My local council have recently installed ultraviolet lights in all their public toilets. Why do they do this? My mum (who was a nurse) told me it prevented drug addicts from injecting in the cubicles, but I know ultraviolet light is used in water treatment. Why do they do that? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Your mum is correct. Under UV light you can't see your veins to inject. It also works with blue bulbs I think but is more effective with UV. EDIT: Missed a word"
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76yej5 | Why does coffee suppress your appetite? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It doesn't, at least not to a significant extent. Caffeine is a stimulant, it allows you to focus easier. When your brain is engaged with an activity you notice hunger less. Like any drug you will need stronger doses to maintain the effect as your body becomes adjusted. If you drink several cups a day it no longer does anything different to you than water would do to someone who avoids caffeine. You will have withdrawal symptoms if you stop though, as the stimulant still works even if you don't feel it."
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76yhsq | What determines if a plant is a fruit or a vegetable? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It depends on the context since different words mean different things in different contexts. In botany, fruit refers the part of a flowering plant that has seeds. Things like apples and pears are botanical fruits, but so are tomatoes, cucumbers, legumes, and eggplant. The thing that makes them all fruit is they come from flowering plants and contain the seeds from that plant. Vegetable is not a botanical term. In cooking, fruit usually refers to any part of a plant that tastes sweet and is often eaten uncooked. A vegetable is usually any part of a plant that is savory and is often eaten cooked. There are some legal classifications for foods too that may be different than the above definitions. For example, imported vegetables might be taxed differently from imported fruits and the law would just have to have a list of what counts as a fruit and what counts as a vegetable. Or it might matter for meeting nutritional guidelines (this is where \"Congress said pizza sauce is a vegetable\" comes from). So a tomato is a fruit botanically speaking, but a vegetable in terms of cooking. On the other hand, jicama is not a botanical fruit, but it is a culinary fruit.",
"\"Vegetable\" is culinary term, not a botanical one. The distinction between fruits and vegetables is usually based on how you use them - fruits are usually sweeter and are eaten for desert, while vegetables are eaten as part of the main meal. Tomatoes are fruit in the botanical sense, but vegetables in the culinary sense.",
"Fruit bears the seed from a plant while veggies are other plant parts like: roots, leaves and stems."
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76zaqq | What an investment banker does and how they can make so much money | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They do a great number of things. They help companies with Mergers/Acquisitions, Divestitures, Initial Public Offerings, Large-scale investing in all markets (stocks, bonds, Forex), etc. Really, if it has to do with _large_ amounts of money moving back and forth, investment bankers are involved. They make so much money because it is a very complex field and the difference between doing it _well_ and doing it _extremely well_ can be the difference of tens or hundreds of millions of dollars - set an IPO price too low and you could lose out on hundreds of millions in cash, find an arbitrage opportunity in the bond market and you could make millions with no risk to capital. When you have that kind of money on the line, people are willing to pay top dollar to get the very best.",
"The other responder is giving you the recruiting brochure explanation. Investment banker provide the financial (ie accounting and value determining) analysis of pro forma (ie after they are done) deals. In general, this analysis is not particularly insightful or accurate. It is merely \"analysis\" that is made such that it can either 1). make the best argument for doing the largest possible deal the investment bankers think they can get a company's managers to agree to do or 2). make the best possible argument to shareholders to allow a deal to be executed. These deals fall into broad'ish categories 1). Mergers, acquisitions and restructurings...so, combining companies, buying companies or divesting/closing/changing companies 2). Selling or repurchasing of debt or equity Q. Why do ibankers want the biggest possible deal? A. They get paid...usually...on some negotiated percentage of some measure of the value of the deal. Caveat...of course, they try to find \"good\" deals and there are good and bad individuals and groups at good and bad forms, but the job is predominately salesmanship and guesswork-content creation.",
"Investment bankers are professionals in the same sort of sphere as lawyers or even lobbyists. If, for example your business needs legal services you hire a lawyer. Lawyers are extremely knowledgeable about the legal system and the courts, and are absolutely necessary to interact with and utilize the full extent of the law. If your company is trying to gain political leverage or influence in its favor, whether that be favorable tax situations or consideration in new legislation you hire a lobbyist. Lobbyists are professionals who interact with government branches at most levels on behalf of their client. If you are in need of financial services outside of regular savings and loans you hire an investment banker. An investment banker is sort of the face of large financial institutions and has an entire team of analysts, lawyers, accountants, and sales people to help your company navigate the financial world. Typical investment banking projects include Mergers & Acquisitions (M & A), Public Offerings and Initial Public offerings (IPO’s), large scale investing, and a myriad of other functions. Successful Investment Bankers earn millions because they earn potentially billions for the bank itself. Banking is not a free service, and large fees must be paid to the bank for offering this service, and investment bankers earn a portion of these fees. Why don’t companies do this themselves? Why can’t a large company like Wal Mart merge with Amazon for instance without going through and investment bank? First and foremost is the principle of trade. It would cost billions for Amazon and Wal-Mart to hire lawyers and accountants and analysts to execute a merger, and as soon as the merger is settled, those employees would have to be fired. This is very wasteful and expensive, and the chance for them to get it wrong is huge. An investment bank does this everyday and is legally established to make an entire business out of this activity. If Wal Mart-Amazon merged and wanted to then repurpose their excess lawyers and accountants and analyst into the M & A business they couldn’t without first being reclassified as a bank, which is also very expensive and unlikely to happen. It’s like trying to build your own iPhone from scratch. The degree in computer engineering alone costs more than going down to the store and buying one off the shelf."
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76ze3u | What’s the difference between an embassy and a consulate? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Embassy is for ambassadors of the two countries to talk and discuss for official gov purposes. Consulates are for common folk of the host country to do paperwork business with the foreign country aka getting visas and such.",
"An embassy is the main diplomatic HQ for one country in a different country. It's where the ambassador is based and is generally located in the different country's capital city. Embassy employees work with the different country's government to represent their own country. A consulate is like a mini-embassy in other major cities in the different country. Its employees handle minor diplomatic issues like visa requests, passport updates, local business relationships (Company A has business in the country), etc.",
"Most of these answers get pretty close, but I'm going to try and clarify a bit further. - As others have said, embassies are the main point of diplomatic contact between the governments of respective nation-states. - In some cases it is not feasible to have an embassy (US in Iran, North Korea, etc.) where the embassies of other countries can be used as diplomatic channels. ~~(The Swiss, in both the above cases)~~ - Embassies provide consular services (immigration, visas, business services, support for a country's citizens overseas, G2B and B2B support). Embassies will regularly host programs and events meant to strengthen business, cultural, and governmental ties between countries. Embassies are NOT strictly government-to-government. - Consulates provide outposts for foreign governments inside countries, but are not the primary focus of diplomacy between countries. - That said, consulates DO provide some government-to-government services, especially between larger countries. Japan may use its San Francisco consulate to interact directly with the California governor's office, the Federal Treasury, or the state Department of Transportation. - Consulates provide consular services just like embassies, stamping passports, providing visas, and offering support for that country's national in case of trouble or disaster. - Consulates also provide some B2B services, and may interact with local businesses in order to promote that country's businesses/products or to learn about new products from the local market. Larger countries typically have trade promotion agencies that will either piggyback on a consulate's office or establish its own (Like US Department of Commerce or JETRO). tl;dr - Embassies are the *primary* (but not sole) diplomatic point of contact, but both offices offer business, governmental, and cultural services to varying degrees. Source: Worked at a Japanese consulate in the US for 2 years. edit: struck out some incorrect info",
"I'm going to use my situation as an example here: Canada has their embassy in Washington DC, which handles all of the official gov't-to-gov't business. They also have a Visa Office that handles all of the minor citizen level stuff: Visas, Passports, etc. There are also Consulates in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York City, San Fransisco, and Seattle. All of which handle the same Visa office stuff, as well as more US company-to-Canadian Gov't business. They also get involved in Canadian Province Gov't-to-US State Gov't business. Mostly trade related stuff. The head honcho of a Consulate is called a Consul General, all of which answer to the Ambassador of Canada in Washington DC. There are also Ambassadors of Canada to the [OAS]( URL_1 ) and to the [UN]( URL_0 ) both of which are the head of the Permanent Mission of Canada to their respective organization. I mention the OAS and UN because they're both located in the USA.",
"Traditionally, embassies were set up to conduct formal diplomatic engagements between nations, while consulates did a lot more work helping the nation's business people abroad. This dichotomy arose as part of the expansion of the merchant republics of the Mediterranean (ie Venice and Genoa). Over time, consulates have become less about business and more about providing embassy services (paperwork, visas, etc) in areas outside of capitals where there are a lot of that particular country's nationals.",
"Embassy is the seat of diplomacy -- relations between the two countries, ie. government to government, like negotiating trade deals or military cooperation/coordination. A consulate is where the citizen/visitor services take place, government to individuals. So things like a citizen of a country living in a foreign country needing to renew a passport, or somebody wanting to travel somewhere that requires a visa.",
"People are over complicating this. A state can only have 1 embassy in another state, usually in said state capital city. A consulate is also a diplomatic mission in another part of the country, usually to assist with consular issues. It is called a consulate, because you can only have 1 embassy. The embassy is where the ambassador and most diplomatic staff are based obviously. For example an EU state will have its embassy in Washington DD, but perhaps also consulates in San Fran, Seattle, Austin and New York. So if people in those areas have consular issues, there will be staff nearby able to assist. As well as consular assistance, they also usually promote economic, political and cultural issues. Embassies and consulates are diplomatic missions. All states also have diplomatic missions to UN in New York and in Geneva. EU states also have diplomatic missions to the EU in Brussels, know as Permenant Representative (Perm Rep). Source - I've work in and with embassies/diplomatic missions.",
"Embassies deal with the major diplomatic missions in the host country and as has been aptly stated previously are typically located in the Capital, while Consulates serve the Embassies, and are located in other major cites, not the capital. At the risk of being irrelevant, but for those who want to delve a little deeper... in the case of the United States, Embassies and Consulates are not actually guarded by US Marines. Marines can and do provide security, but their main function is guarding, and if necessary, destroying any classified material on site. Perimeter protection is usually provided by the host country, but if breeched, Marines (and private security if such is present) will be there to “greet” any interlopers. Edit: punctuation.",
"Embassy is in the capital of another country. Consultate is localized in smaller towns and cities. Embassy is the main hub",
"U.S. immigration lawyer here. An Embassy is the official seat of the foreign government where the ambassador generally resides. A consulate is an ancillary post within the same country. Some other posts here incorrectly state that embassies do not issue visas. That is not correct. Both embassies and consulates may issue visas. In the case of U.S. embassies, they usually, but not always, are responsible for issuing immigrant visas (for permanent residency), while consulates issue nonimmigrant visas (for temporary visits). This rule is not without exceptions. E.g., in Canada the US Consulate in Montréal issues immigrant visas.",
"Dang it. I was gonna say \"Ohh, Ohh, I KNOW THIS ONE!\" (Served 3 years as an embassy guard)",
"Embassies also function as the 'capital' of consulates in a country. For instance, in Israel, the US has the main embassy in Tel Aviv and several consulates scattered across the country. This allows Americans in other parts of the country to receive the same services they would at the embassy without having to go to Te Aviv if they don't want to. Conversely, very few nations have additional consulates in the US outside of their embassies in the Washington DC area. The countries that do have consulate systems in the US either a) conduct a lot of business with citizens of the US, b) have a substantial amount of expatriates or citizens who conduct business in the US, or both.",
"Embassy is the headquarter of a country in another country for bilateral dialogue. As a headquarter in a foreign country, the consulate is under the embassy. Consulates handle the affairs and services of citizens abroad, and of foreign citizens wanting to interact with the country of the consulate. An embassy usually offers Consular services in its Consular section. A consulate does not perform duties that an embassy does. Country A can have several consulates of country B, but will only have one embassy of country B. There are few exceptions to this rule, namely Switzerland and the United States. Foreign countries have embassies with both countries in their respective capitals, Bern and Washington DC that deal with bilateral relations. They also have embassies to the United Nations, in Geneva and New York, respectively, handling multilateral diplomacy with the UN. Rome, Italy is another exception where there are sometimes two embassies for a given country. One which will handle bilateral relations with Italy, and another which will handle bilateral relations with the Vatican. The reason for this is because: 1) The Vatican is its own country, 2) the Vatican will not accept embassies to Italy to double up as embassies to The Vatican, 3) not enough space in the Vatican city for embassies, so they have to be in Rome instead. Just a little more on point two: Often time an embassy in a particular country will also be an embassy to another country as well, especially when the other country is too small, or diplomatic relations between two countries is not important enough to warrant an embassy of its own. A good example is embassies in Bern, Switzerland often double up as embassies to Liechtenstein."
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76zfcd | Why nearsighted people need glasses to see objects "far away" in virtual reality, even though the screen is very close. | I've wondered this ever since I got my vive. I'd think I wouldn't need to wear my glasses since the screen is right up to my face. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because the headset uses lenses to place the screen at an optical distance that is much further away. You'll notice that you don't have to focus your eyes in the same way as if you put your phone screen right in front of your face."
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76zfi3 | Why is forged metal lighter than cast? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Assuming you're using the same type of metal for each process, the actual density of the metal should remain more or less constant. The reason why cast metal goods are generally heavier than forged metal goods is because the casting process often traps air or other small imperfections into the good, resulting in a weaker part. In order to overcome those weaknesses, the part has to add more metal to get the same strength as a forged piece."
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76zoh9 | Why is closing a crashed game on PC so difficult? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because you're telling the OS \"send this game a message telling it to shut down.\" If the game is responsive that's not a problem, the game hears the message and turns itself off. If the game crashed or in any other way is unresponsive you're talking to deaf ears. The game can't hear the message and can't turn itself off, it cannot respond to anything the OS is telling it to do. At this point the OS must kill the process (usually via the task manager) by depriving it of its resources and forcefully killing off the game.",
"Former game developer here, u/Mr-Magnus has the gist of it. Key commands are sent through a hierarchy, so the active window gets the first chance to react to it, then on down to the OS. If the game is hung, it's going to get a queue of messages it's just not processing, and it's going to take a bit for other mechanisms to take action, because Windows is going to try to play nice and let the program finish what it's doing before assuming something's gone wrong. Further, when your game runs in full-screen mode, the video subsystem gets to make certain assumptions and take advantage of the video hardware in ways it can't do when the game is windowed, for better performance. Your game running in a maximized window is not the same thing as running full-screen. Switching out of that context is a huge pain in the ass, and it goes easier when the program is responsive and can voluntarily leave full screen mode to minimize."
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76zq31 | ; Why is nautical speed measured in knots and not kph or mph? | Wouldn't it be simpler if everyone used either kph or mph? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Knots are based on the size of the earth, so that one nautical is equal to one minute of latitude (and 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour). When you're talking about things like planes and seafaring boats, it makes sense to measure speed/distance based on a fixed property of the globe/maps.",
"They are called \"knots\" because back in the days of the High-Sea exploration they had a wooden board called a chip-board with a length of rope that was knotted at regular intervals. Then thrown into the water and the rope was allowed to run free. After a period of time, the rope was stopped and pulled in and the number of knots that had passed was recorded as the ship's speed."
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76zsns | What is local realism? (Quantum Physics) | I watched an interesting [MinutePhysics video]( URL_0 ) on Bell's Theorem and how local realism may not exist. I'm not a mathematician, so some of it went over my head. But as far as I can tell, they never explain what local realism is. So what is it and what implications would its non-existence have for us? EDIT: sprlling | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"**Locality** This is a principle that says that things can only be affected by nearby causes. That is, there are no instantaneous causes and effects. In order for me, here, to affect some cause somewhere else, it will take time for that to happen. Specifically, the transition from here to there can't happen faster than the speed of light. **Realism** This is a principle that says that physical phenomenon have properties and attributes whether or not we have observed those properties. Some subatomic particle has a charge, mass, spin, etc. even if we have yet to measure what those values are. **Local Realism** says that both of these principles are true. Quantum mechanics says that at least one of those has to be false. It does this through quantum entanglement. Basically, through a variety of methods, you generate two particles that are entangled. You then move then far apart and measure their spin. If they're entangled, then the values you measure will be connected. So either locality is false there is some form of communication that allows the measurement of one particle to instantly affect the measurement of the other) or realism is false (neither particle has any value until measured). If local realism were true, then our observed measurements of these types of particles would follow certain patterns. They don't. What does this mean? Well, that's a big debate. The idea that either locality or realism may be false is a bit hard to conceptualize.",
"Here's the version I give high school students who have no idea about literally anything: In quantum physics we can prove experimentally that particles vast distances apart seem to communicate with each other instantaneously. This seems to violate at least one conventional metaphysical \"truth\" about the universe. The solutions to this problem that Bell came up with are: 1. Distant objects are actually not distant. Our sense of locality is flawed somehow. Perhaps at higher dimensions, spatial distance doesn't exist in the same way? And these supposedly distant particles can communicate instantly because, at some level, they're not distant. 2. Everything is absolutely determined. No free will exists. The universe knows exactly what will happen at every moment, so \"faster than light communication\" appears to be possible simply because everything is accounted for in advance. 3. The universe is a simulation, like a video game that doesn't bother loading information you're not currently interacting with. Particles appear to communicate at impossible speeds because they don't even really exist at all outside of our perception. This is the zen approach :) if a tree falls in the forest, and no one is around to hear, does it make a sound? No. It doesn't. Again this is at a typical 9th grade American level so I'm aware it's a bit simplistic, but hopefully helps you understand."
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7700xe | How do muscular knots form and how do we prevent them | I had suspected that this may be a blood circulation issue too? Are knots just lumps of blood? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The best bet is actually the opposite of what you describe: it's not a lump of blood, it's a very tense muscle, so tense that there's a lack of circulation in the area (i.e. less blood). But it's unclear if muscle knots even exist in the first place or what exactly causes them. URL_0",
"I took a massage class in college. The instructor said a knot is really scar tissue making muscle, skin and/or bone stick together. Hence when you have them worked on it sounds a bit like Velcro because you are tearing old scar tissue. To clear it up, you need to regularly work that same area and make sure you get some physical therapy to ensure you strengthen that muscle group so as not to get a new injury.",
"[This video]( URL_0 ) has a really good explanation. Basically, no one really knows, but they do exist and can be seen on special imaging."
],
"score": [
26,
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"text_urls": [
[
"https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/07/13/experts-divided-on-makeup-and-treatment-of-muscle-knots/"
],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sorp0TUChIY"
]
]
} | [
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7703wq | What is the difference between roasting and baking? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"In essence none, it's a distinction of the food being cooked. A solid form such as meat or a carrot is roasted; A non solid form cooked until it becomes solid, like a cake or a mixed dish is baked. It's the same oven, the same temperatures, the cook's goals are just different.",
"According to my oven's manual: Roasting turns on the upper elements as well as the lower ones so that there is more heat from above. Baking only uses the lower elements.",
"The two terms overlap so much that there is no single agreed-up difference. Formally, you *roast* a solid object, while you *bake* a liquid that is going to form up into a solid when heated. But most people don't know or use this distinction.",
"\"Roasting\" is generally used when the item being cooked has very hot fat *on its surface,* and is being cooked at relatively high temperatures (such that the fatty surface can sizzle, or caramelize). \"Baking\" is used when a roastable item isn't coated with or dripping sizzling fat, or when referring to \"baked goods\" (e.g.: pastries, breads, cookies, cakes) **Roasting** * A solid cut of pork or beef that is sizzling in the oven to form a nice, brown, crusty surface * A chicken exposed to the heating coils or flames in an oven * Small or chopped potatoes, tossed in oil, sitting in a pan set to a high temperature, and forming a crispy exterior **Baking** * Any baked good (pastries, breads, cookies, cakes, etc) * A chicken in a covered pan that is cooked at lower temperatures * Whole potatoes, possibly covered in foil, where steaming can occur, and no fat is used English is imprecise when it comes to these words, but you will find that practical usage generally follows the rules I mentioned (you'll never hear of someone roasting cookies, or baking a primal rib, but chicken/turkey is a wildcard)."
],
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|
770462 | Why do flu shots hurt so much more than other shots? | Got a Tdap and a flu shot today. Barely felt the Tdap, but the flu shot really hurt..why? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"doi0qt2"
],
"text": [
"Part of this depends on what kind of injection it is. Subcutaneous (under the skin) injections tend to hurt less than intramuscular (inside the muscle) injections. It also depends on what's in the vaccine. The Tdap vaccine has relatively low concentrations of antigen in it, if I remember correctly. Antigens are molecules that your immune system reacts to. The Tdap vaccine is a \"booster\" of an earlier vaccine called the Dtap, which has higher concentrations. Since your immune system's already been exposed to those particular antigens, it only needs a little bit to refresh its memory. Some antigens are harmless on their own, but others are the actual parts of the bacteria that cause disease, so injecting them without the bacteria still causes symptoms. This is why some vaccines have side effects like aches and pains, mild fever, etc. without having any whole bacteria or other germs inside."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
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} | [
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7708e4 | What happens to someone who is a victim of human trafficking; why is this crime on the rise? | So I've been hearing a lot of talk of human trafficking lately. Especially that the rates are crazy high, here in my home town of Michigan. I've always wondered what exactly human trafficking is. What happens to women who are abducted at the grocery store, or kids picked up at playgrounds ? Where do they end up? How is it possible for these crimes to be increasing this day in age ? ? Lastly, is there anything I can do to keep myself and my kids safe? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Part of the rise is a greater awareness and expansion of the definition of human trafficking. Most of the time it is someone in a developing country who is promised and voluntarily takes a job abroad, and winds trapped in a situation they can't escape. Sometimes it is literal slavery, that modeling job turns into prostitution and you are under lock and key 24/7. Other times it is economic bondage. You are stuck at a particular job because you are an illegal immigrant trying to pay off what you owe to the coyotes, while they keep tacking on new expenses to keep you from moving on. > Lastly, is there anything I can do to keep myself and my kids safe? If you live in a developed country, you don't have to worry about it any more than you would worry about being a victim of any other crime. Human trafficking rarely starts with being kidnapped off the streets of Des Moines. Teach your children about how things are often too good to be true, especially when it involves traveling across the country for a vague modeling or acting job they have no previous experience with.",
"The playbook is pretty simple, you lure or kidnap someone vulnerable, you isolate them and threaten them so that they're afraid to get help and don't know where to go anyway, then you use them to make money, typically through sex work. Vulnerable people are often teenage runaways or other young women living on the margins of society, or immigrants willing to overlook a sketchy deal, to get to this country.",
"Mostly it's because we've thrown a lot of new things into the 'human trafficking' bucket, some of which don't make sense. Similar to the way rape crimes have tripled in 50 years - but if you use the same definition of rape from 50 years ago it's gone down enormously. Previously slavery meant anyone but the government + physical control of movement without consent + forced labor + nonpayment of wage. Some things that have been added to the human trafficking label - transporting illegal immigrants with children across the border - restraining anyone underage for any reason (i.e. grabbing their arm) - allowing a runaway to stay with you - being involved in any way with an underage prostitute - employing foreigners in any job and paying them less than they pay you (thus sending them into a debt spiral) - any country but America employing forced prison labor - arranging transport for a foreigner to work in another country with a mandatory minimum time contract and enforcing it - sending debt-prisoners overseas on contract to work (yes, some places still have debtor's prisons). This is often done to bring awareness and punishment to a new behavior because 'sex slavery' sounds an awful lot worse than 'runaway prostitute with a drug dealer'. If you can control the language you can control the culture and thereby justify new laws and research studies. It also keeps you employed - if a slave freedom fighter runs out of slaves to free they either need to find a new purpose in life or find new things to call slavery.",
"A lot of times its a boyfriend or a good friend that trafficks the victims. I think females traffickingother females is very common but we seem to focus its a male",
"A note: the vast majority of human trafficking is work other than sex work. That is, a person from Country A is hired to do work in Country B, and upon arrival in Country B, has their passport confiscated or is otherwise coerced into remaining, while being paid little for their work. This is what is alleged to be happening in countries like Saudi Arabia or Dubai with construction workers and house staff. When people say \"human trafficking is on the rise in America,\" it's far more likely that they are talking about something other than forced prostitution. A common one in America: an immigrant from Latin American Country is promised a job as a day laborer in Texas (or some other state). His employer does not actually fill out the paperwork required to hire him on a visa, or lets that paperwork expire. Now the immigrant has either arrived illegally or is unlawfully present, and that fact is used as blackmail if the immigrant complains about unfair hours or low wages. It's unlikely that your kids will ever be trafficked. Children don't make good workers and are monitored more heavily than adults (especially kids with loving families in middle-class towns). The majority of trafficked people are vulnerable and lack support systems, making it easier to manipulate them and prevent them from escaping."
],
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7708v8 | How is this new forged carbon stuff stronger than traditional carbon fiber? | To me, it seems like the consistent, alternating layers of traditional carbon fiber would be stronger than the much more randomly oriented and spaced fibers of forged carbon. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"doi6ax3"
],
"text": [
"Without going and reading about this 'stronger' typically means a specfic type of strength - how hard you have to pull on both ends to tear it. In which case an obvious example is plastic. Plastic polymers look like a heap of tangled worms at an atomic level, and this gives them much more of a specific type of strength than could be obtained by lining them all up. It's also responsible for the ability to bend back into the original strength, and I would suspect this forged carbon also has shape memory. In contrast -edit- graphite is composed of parallel sheets of perfectly aligned carbon atoms and it's very easy to sheer off a chip or cut it in half because the sheets of carbon don't attract each other as much as they attract atoms in the same sheet."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
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} | [
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] | [
"url"
] |
770ab6 | Why does JSON seem to be replacing XML? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"doi1ks3",
"dohzm64",
"doi3jmh"
],
"text": [
"Xml is very verbose and requires more data to be transmitted. Specifically the ending tags. Xml: < Person > < handle > krystar78 < /name > < redditID > 12345 < /redditID > < /person > Json: { handle: 'krystar78', redditID:12345 }",
"XML introduces a lot more complexity than most people need. JSON more closely resembles how API programmers think, and the very light complexity of the data they usually care about.",
"XML is a great thing if you want to represent data with a complex structure and have a schema associated. You can validate the syntax as well as the structure, and the elements. It is suited to represent documents in a wider ecosystem. The cost is complexity of the document itself and the associated parsers. JSON focuses in representing a few predefined types of values, omitting much of the complexity of XML. JSON alone is less portable outside the original ecosystem, due the lack of document semantics, and lacks proper validation and description (ignoring JSON LD). And frequently, this is just enough for many applications."
],
"score": [
9,
6,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
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} | [
"url"
] | [
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|
770d93 | Why is it that I[M 26] don't feel emotions towards family and friends but an emotional movie takes me to the verge of crying out loud? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"doi0zjp"
],
"text": [
"This probably isn't the best community for this question. But who knows if Reddit has a good community for it. So... Yes, you are probably protecting yourself from being hurt by those who have hurt you in the past, emotionally. So you put up a sort of wall between them and you. You do still have reactions to what they are doing, but your brain lowers the level of importance to them, in some way. Take a look at the concept of avoidant personalities, as well as borderline personalities. URL_0"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attachment_in_adults"
]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
|
770toq | Why do we yawn? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"doi889p"
],
"text": [
"The common theory was that it had to do with supplying the brain with more oxygen, however more recent theories suggest that it actually helps cool the brain down. The stretching of the jaw helps push blood and spinal fluids through the neck and the large influx of air cools these fluids."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
[]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
|
770ua7 | What are the little black dots you see when you close your eyes lids with light in the background? | They move around too which makes no sense to me. | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"doi7wxx"
],
"text": [
"Those are called [phosphenes.]( URL_0 ) They're caused by the cells in your eyes being stimulated as if you were looking at something, even when they're not looking at anything."
],
"score": [
6
],
"text_urls": [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphene"
]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
77118t | Why aren't panda's able to survive on their own in the wild? | I consistently see panda's in zoo's and other "daycare" like places. Why is this? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"doi72yt",
"doj3ffw"
],
"text": [
"They certainly can. But expansion of human population means ever more intrusion into once densely bamboo forested areas. Not all animals can coexist in humanized areas like rabbits and racoons. Some animals require many hundreds of square miles of pristine uninhabited areas. Pandas also have a slow reproductive cycle and low fertility rates which don't help their population chances. Most of reason they're still around is because the giant panda is China's mascot. So their artificially propped up.",
"This [comment]( URL_1 ) by [u/99trumpets]( URL_0 ) in a related thread may be helpful: \"The panda is in trouble entirely because of humans.\" The post is well worth reading."
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text_urls": [
[],
[
"https://np.reddit.com/user/99trumpets",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/2rmf6h/til_that_part_of_the_reason_it_is_so_hard_to_get/"
]
]
} | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
7715qp | Are angry and belligerent drunks just people who are angry inside, and their inhibitions are removed? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"doi7skg",
"doigzqk",
"doi73xr",
"doiitc9",
"doi8plw"
],
"text": [
"Alcohol is a depressant. This means that it's inhibiting other systems in your body that keep various things in check. How this works out for an individual depends on the current homeostasis their body has, and what parts of that are based on active suppression. So someone who depends on continual supreme mental control to keep themselves from becoming outwardly angry will fly off the handle when drunk, whereas someone who makes healthy life choices and avoids putting themselves in situations where they would become frustrated/angry will likely just get sleepy when drunk. Everyone else falls somewhere in between.",
"Most people don’t have an actual understanding of what anger is, what function it serves, or even why they are angry. They simply feel and “know” when they are angry. In humans, the emotion of “anger” is a byproduct of unmet expectations and is typically fueled by a poor ability to predict undesired outcomes and/or accept responsibility for them. Evolutionarily speaking, we tend to express this emotion and frustration as a feedback mechanism in hopes that we can affect future outcomes or potentially keep them from repeating. I will present two extremes: Some people go through life angry at everything. Nothing ever seems to go according to plan. Everything that goes wrong is someone else’s fault. Life just isn’t going the way it should. There is a general mismatch between how reality and cause and effect work compared to the person’s expectations. When drinking, this person’s ability to think things through calmly and logically becomes even less capable. Additionally, their overall ability to suppress their emotions is inhibited by the depressive effects of the alcohol. A person in this scenario is likely to be an angry drunk, lashing out at imaginary demons and even their loved ones who they may be blaming for their current position in life. The last thing an angry drunk does is accept responsibility for why things are wrong. Even when they do accept responsibility, they fail to accept their own flawed nature (and are then angry at themselves). On the other side of the spectrum, there are people who are well centered and take life in stride. They understand that sometimes life is predictable, and sometimes it isn’t. They understand that cause and effect is a thing. They understand that the reason they might be having a hard time and in a predicament is because they made a series of choices along the way. If they poke a bear, they don’t get angry at the bear when it bites them. When their toddler touches a hot stove, they don’t get angry at the toddler, because they understand that toddlers do stupid things because they are toddlers. This type of person is typically slow to anger across the board, because of their overall mindset and worldview. When they drink, the depressive affects of the alcohol tend to make them sleepy, or might heighten their other emotional states (such as crying and laughing). P.S. Full disclaimer: This is just my current understanding of how it all works, based on my own personal observations and years of introspection. I might be completely wrong?",
"Yes and no. Alcohol does different things to different people depending on different factors like their mood, how much sleep they’ve had, how much they’ve eaten. Generally, if you’re a belligerent drunk then alcohol just isn’t for you",
"Alcohol lowers inhibitions and impulse control. Some people, when their inhibitions are down, will just want to dance, or be more of a bon vivant. But others have a lot of inner anger and resentment. Alcohol reduces your ability to process multiple sources of outside information (like the information needed to properly drive). But to a person that already has trouble dealing with the world - such as having an inflated ego so that they see themselves as a colossus, but the outside world sees them as average - there becomes an even bigger breakdown in the information they receive, the processing of that information, and actual reality. So a minor accident - bumping into someone - becomes a major assault in their eyes. Their inhibitions are down, so instead of thinking about the consequences of starting a fight, they just do it.",
"To some degree yes. But since the *average* person has at least a little anger inside, it's not quite that simple. Some people still won't act out even when drunk, while others lose all perspective."
],
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28,
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|
771a2a | Why does it take 3-5 days for an email service to unsubscribe me from their list? | It just seems like this should be able to process within a few minutes and not a few days. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"doi8235"
],
"text": [
"It doesn't, they're just covering their asses in case there was an email being sent to you by some server somewhere in the pipeline. Unsubscribe requests filter into lists gradually."
],
"score": [
3
],
"text_urls": [
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} | [
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7728i2 | Why do different animal meats taste different? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dojc1h2"
],
"text": [
"The composition of their muscle tissues is a big one. This is where you get the difference between white meat, red meat, etc. However, many things can play a factor; the age of the animal (veal vs beef) the lifestyle of the animal (wild game vs domesticated livestock) the fat content (lean vs fatty) and what the animal eats (grass fed vs corn fed, or even herbivore vs carnivore). In fact, it can take very little to change the flavour of meat. I hunt moose, and in the hunting season you hope to shoot a male moose BEFORE it begins to mate. This is because when male moose are ready to mate, they drink the female moose's urine to determine if she is also ready to mate. This can actually flavour the meat, even if the moose has only met up with a couple females in that mating season. You also hope to get the moose AFTER it begins looking for a mate, because it will stop eating the bitter vegetation while it focuses on mating and this period of fasting helps to \"purify\" the meat of it's bitter flavours."
],
"score": [
3
],
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]
} | [
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