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759eww | What are poverty traps? With real life comparisons? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"A poverty trap is a situation where people who are poor do not have access to the resources they need in order to escape poverty simply because they are poor. As an example, it is pretty clear that increased education is an established way to escape poverty - the more educated you are, the better a job you can get and the greater income potential you have. However, in many parts of this world, education costs money to obtain. If you are poor, you may not be able to pay for schooling, obtain credit to take out loans for said schooling, or avoid working for daily living costs (which prevent you from taking the time to get educated). You are unable to access a resource to escape poverty (education) because you are too poor to pay for it or take time off to utilize it."
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759l1s | Why do we salivate profusely right before throwing up? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because the gums, teeth and other tissue on your mouth may suffer damage caused by stomach acid, so your mouth secretes saliva to protect iteslf.",
"Vomiting is caused by a brief period of hyperstimulation of your parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). One of the other effects of PSNS stimulation is salivation. This is because the PSNS is the \"rest and digest\" part of our nervous system, working in opposition to the \"fight or flight\" responses of the sympathetic nervous system. Incidentally, lacrimation (producing tears) is also an effect of PSNS stimulation, and is why your eyes also tend to water when you throw up. And it lowers your heart rate and breathing rate, too, which is why you often feel tired after vomiting or eating a big meal.",
"I always knew it as \"sour cheeks\" every single time I got sour cheeks I throw up, now I just thank my body for the sweet warning and get myself to a more appropriate area to release my insides ."
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759ohg | Why deploy all 10 Iridium-3 Satellites in the same location? | I'm referring to the launch this morning: URL_0 I've played KSP a bit, so that may be getting in the way of me understanding this. I would think, the satellites are going the exact same speed as the delivery vehicle they're attached to. During separation, they aren't being propelled away more than the separation force (which doesn't appear to be sustained). This would mean (in my head) that all 10 of the satellites would be clustered extremely close to the delivery vehicle. I would think that you would want the satellites as far apart and on different trajectories to ensure maximum coverage. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The satellites presumably have a small amount of fuel on board. It doesn't take much fuel to tweak your orbit a bit to get the satellites all following the same orbit but spaced out around the orbit. Just dumping a satellite out into space is a great way to quickly lose the satellite. The real world isn't as clean as KSP. Orbits drift for lots of reasons–solar wind, solar radiation pressure, nonuniformities in Earth's gravitational field, the remnants of the upper atmosphere, etc. If you want a satellite to stay in the orbit it's meant for then it needs the ability to use a little fuel to tweak its orbit.",
"In the article I read they will be spaced 30 degrees apart on the same orbital plane. One degree is 107 km, so 30 degrees is 3210 km between satellites Edit: the circumference of the Earth is 40,075 km. 10 satellites spaced 3210 km will cover 32,100 km or 80 % of the Earth on that orbital plane",
"As already mentioned, once you have a bunch of satellites in an orbit, with engines attached, it really doesn't take much effort or fuel usage to get them to occupy different positions in the same orbit. If the satellite fires its engines in the direction of its travel (prograde), it speeds up*, but the height of it's orbit on the opposite side to where it currently is goes up, making the orbit longer. It turns out that these two effects don't completely cancel out, meaning making your orbit higher makes it slower. The satellite just needs to complete its orbit to end up behind the rest of the satellites. Once it completes the orbit it will also be at the same height it started at, so it can fire its engines retrograde to slow down and return it's orbit's shape to the original orbit. To make larger changes in position, it doesn't need to make larger and larger orbits burning lots of fuel, it just needs to make a slightly larger orbit and wait for as many orbits as needed to get into the right position before returning to the original orbit. The same can be done the other way: firing retrograde slows you down*, but makes a smaller, quicker orbit that can be used to get ahead of the rest of the satellite cluster. *In eccentric orbits, your speed varies. Firing your engines prograde makes you faster at the point where you are, but when you reach the opposite side of your orbit, you will be going at the same speed as if you hadn't fired your engines, but you will be higher.",
"Yes, you want the satellites spread out in different orbits, but even a couple of m/s (the spacecraft move several spacecraft lengths in the second before the view cuts away) makes a big difference. There will be some fine-tuning with thrusters, but the parking orbit is the right speed to orbit the Earth at that altitude. The cost savings from sharing the launch vehicle more than makes up for the extra fuel and time to spread out the orbits before the satellites go live."
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759w0y | As a kid I was told the vowels were a, e, i, o, u and sometimes y, why does y only count sometimes? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Letters aren't inherently vowels. Sounds are. As it happens, the sounds that a, e, i, o, and u generally make are all vowels sounds. The letter y is kind of weird in it can make a yuh sound (as in yam), or an eee sound (as airy). In the former case it is not serving as a vowel, while in the latter it is.",
"A vowel is a sound you make without blocking the air flow with your mouth in any way, whereas a consonant you do. Sometimes y is a vowel sound (sky, the i sound), sometimes a consonant (yes or you). Try saying letters/sounds and feeling if you block or not, all vowels you don't, consonants you do.",
"Because the letter 'y' represents different sounds. You know how the letter 'c' can sometimes sound like a 'k', and sometimes like an 's'? The letter 'y' is similar. The sound the 'y' makes in the word 'yes' is a consonant. The sound the 'y' makes in the word 'many' is a vowel."
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759w7s | If Christianity didn't originate in Europe, why is the capital the Vatican? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The Vatican represents the Roman Catholic Church, not Christianity. “The Vatican” is the 108 acre plot of land in Rome, West of the Tiber River. “The Papacy” is the office traced back to St. Peter who traditionally is considered to have been buried at “The Vatican,” so could we say he was the first Pope to “live” there? The Lateran Treaty of 1929 created Vatican City as a political city state. Constantine gave Pope Militades the land in 313 AD. In 326, the Constantinian Basilica was built on what is thought by many to be the tomb of St. Peter. Pope Symmachus (498-514 A.D.) constructed a palace on Vatican land. Popes have lived at the Vatican since the return from Avignon in 1377.",
"The Vatican is the capital of the Roman Catholic branch of Christianity, which was founded in Rome. Similar to the Church of England being in England, but both branches of a religion that originated in the Middle East.",
"The event that started Christianity, the crucifixion of Christ, happened in Jerusalem at about 33AD. However there was a Jewish revolt in Jerusalem in 70AD and as a result the temple was destroyed by the Roman empire. By around the same time, Saint Paul had already begun converting people around the Roman Empire (in parts of what are now called Turkey and Greece) and eventually set up a church in Rome itself. Peter (who was called Simon, but was renamed by Jesus) also helped Paul setting up this church. Peter is considered by some Christians to be what we now call the first Pope, because he was the first apostle to realize that Jesus was the Messiah (or \"Christ\", which means\"the Chosen One\"). Beyond the fact that Peter and Paul were eventually martyred by the Romans, the exact details of how and why Rome remained an important church-center for Christians is debated today by Orthodox and Catholics."
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759ykx | When an insect gets trapped in a car and transported miles away, is the insect able to find its way back? If not, will insects who live in groups be able to join a new hive/colony in the new location or will they get rejected? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Generally speaking such an insect would not be able to find its way home unless it was still within the normal range of its community (going several miles might not do that for a bee). Communal insects do not accept members from other groups except under unusual circumstances (adopted bee queens) so they would likely just die in short order."
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75ab6p | Why can't we pronounce words and sentences backwards? | If you hear a reversed playback of someone speaking, it sounds like an odd, almost alien language. My logic tells me that the sounds we make should be able to be replicated in reverse, but it seems almost impossible. | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Take a very simple word, like \"pa\". How do you pronounce it? 1. First press your lips together so that no air can escape, and pull your tongue down. Build up pressure with your lungs. 2. Open your lips to release the pressure. Allow the first bit of air to escape in a little puff. 3. Start your vocal cords vibrating. Okay, do the same in reverse: 1. Have your vocal cords vibrating. Then stop. 2. Suck in a little bit of air, then abruptly press your lips together. It's the \"suck in a little bit of air\" bit that's important. It has to sound like a tiny explosion going in reverse. That's very different from saying a word like \"app\" normally: for that, you pronounce the \"p\" simply by clamping your mouth shut; if you then immediately pronounce a vowel sound, you can then make another little explosion, but it's an explosion *forwards*, and it comes *after* you've closed your lips and then opened them again."
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75ah4w | Why is it that during the day, deer and similar animals in the same family avoid roads but at night they gather on the roadside by the dozens? Why don’t they just stay where they are during the day? | I searched and found a couple posts about why animals only cross the road when you are driving by, but all the answers were “they are always crossing, this is just the only time you see it.” However, this doesn’t explain the obvious difference in the number of animals that gather by the roadside at night as compared to the day even when the roads are just as populated. | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They aren't on the move during the day generally. Deer for example are crepuscular. Meaning they typically (always exceptions) bed down during the day and middle of the night. They are up and moving at sun up and sun down. Thus why you see them crossing the roads so much at those times.",
"> However, this doesn’t explain the obvious difference in the number of animals that gather by the roadside at night as compared to the day even when the roads are just as populated. The distance at which you can see is much shorter at night compared to daytime. This means animals are more willing to come out into the open to get to relatively untouched grazing area as predators will presumably have a harder time spotting them.",
"To add to the other answers, road surfaces collect and retain heat more effectively than almost any type of soil. Some species like to congregate near roads at night to keep warm when the temperature drops.",
"Same reason you don't really see many Humans milling about at night, but during the day they're friggin everywhere. Humans are diurnal. We're active at day, and pretty much sleep at night. Deer are nocturnal or crepuscular. That means they are active at night, or during dusk/dawn. That's why you see more of them during that time. During the day, they're hiding somewhere and sleeping.",
"I've heard that during the night, the woods get cold faster than the roads, so they go for warmth."
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75ai55 | Why does the moon maintain the same shape during the day as night | I have tried to research this on other sites as well as look through the previous posts on the moon here and while some answer the question I am just not getting it. If the moon phase/shape is the shadow of the earth on the moon why then during the day does the moon keep the same shape it had at night? If the sun is in the same sky as the moon during the day why is the moon not a full moon during the day? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"> If the moon phase/shape is the shadow of the earth on the moon **It isn’t.** That would be a lunar eclipse. The shadow on the moon is the shadow of the moon, because it is a sphere lit from one direction.",
"> If the moon phase/shape is the shadow of the earth on the moon This is incorrect. The light and dark portions of the moon are much more akin to day and night on Earth. At any give time, half the moon is illuminated by the sun while the other half is not. We on Earth merely act as an observer, seeing the illuminated side completely dependent on our position relative to the moon and the sun. The only time Earth's shadow plays any role is during a lunar eclipse, at which time an otherwise full moon will appear reddish for a few minutes as Earth's shadow passes over it.",
"Imagine you have a ball and you're looking at it from one side. off to your left is a light source. Since only half of the ball you're looking at is getting light, the other side is dark, and the light/dark like would be right in the middle from your perspective. That's what the moon phases do. /u/Phage0070 is right though, the shadow part is only during a lunar eclipse and is not associated with the phases.",
"The phase isn't the shadow of the earth on the moon (that is a lunar eclipse). The phase is how much of the lit surface of the moon (always ~50%) is visible from the earth. Think of a ball lit by a flashlight in a dark room. If you're standing behind the ball (flashlight - > ball - > you) the back of the ball is dark (new moon). If you're standing to the side of the ball, you see 50% of it illuminated."
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75aitu | How does half-life work?(chemistry) | Hello, I've always had a passing interest in the sciences and how the world works in general but basically stopped my education on it when in 10th grade I focused on economy(not from the US). Damned education system that makes you focus on what you're good at instead of what you enjoy. One of the things I have come across both when talking about heavy elements in terms of radiation and nuclear reactions as well as dating is how basically something can change elements. Say Uranium bombed by neutrons make at least in part, radium.(finding this out was the key to this post) And one can date things using their half life. Elements sort of decay. We measure knowing when it was all X(say, "as long as it's alive this is X), now it's only half X, it has been dead for "half-life". Now basically what I want to know about is whether my view on it is at all accurate because I don't believe it is. It seems way to simplistic. If I'm correct then this means that X material after half-life^10 becomes for a huge part another material.(this is ignoring the part that whatever appears also has a half-life on it's own) Basically given the right amount of time a chest not containing gold can make gold appear from what I assume are heavier materials. I assume half-life basically means you slide towards He in a sense, no material, stays that material. That in my understanding is the basis of dating. Again, seems simplistic by me. I'm saying what I conclude. I'm here hoping to find out how wrong I'm. My question is basically what is actually the result of half-life and are my above assumptions correct? If not where did I miss stuff? Or is what I ask to understand simply to complicated to be explained in laymen terms? edit:Well, didn't know about the flairs, gj Orisara. Now that title looks silly. | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"*Hisss!* Half-Life is physics, not chemistry! > If I'm correct then this means that X material after half-life10 becomes for a huge part another material.(this is ignoring the part that whatever appears also has a half-life on it's own) This is correct! > Basically given the right amount of time a chest not containing gold can make gold appear from what I assume are heavier materials. This is correct... in theory. However, that doesn't mean we can just go about making chests of gold easily through decay. There are things that decay to gold. They do it relatively quickly, which means if it was created at the same place most of the stuff on earth was created: the death of stars billions of years ago, it will basically all already be gold waiting for us to mine out of the ground. There are things that decay to things that decay to gold, and those do so pretty quickly too. You can get gold from from Murcury 197, which is a decay product of Thallium 197, which is a decay product of Lead 197! But Where do you get that from? You can get it from Bismuth 197 but that doesn't JUST produce lead, nor is it easy to get either. The thing about all these half-lifes is they're short so you don't have much time to separate the elements from whatever they come from. Being so radioactive, the things you would require to make gold would probably vapourize themselves with decay heat if you tried to put them into pure blocks, but you're never going to be able to get your hands on enough of the stuff to do that anyway. Transmuting things (like Murcury or Platinum, which is more expensive than gold) to gold via bombarding them with neutrons can be done, but it's always more expensive than the results of your labours. **Long story short:** If a half-life is short enough to bother waiting around for things to transform then unless the thing is currently being produced (either by cosmic rays hitting the atmosphere, or in nuclear reactors, or by the decay of long-lived elements), the thing has probably all already transformed into what you want anyway. If it hasn't then the half-life is probably millions of times longer than your human half-life, so you aren't going to see massive amounts transform, though you might get a steady production of small amounts of things (like radium from uranium and thorium, with half-lives in the order of billions of years).",
"It sounds like you basically got it, but I want to toss this in here: Radioactive materials are unstable, but only a little unstable. at any given moment, there is a small chance that a radioactive element will spontaneously break itself apart. Half-life represents the amount of time that must pass for the chance that any given atom of that material will have torn itself apart. Given a large sample of a material, and a 50% chance that each atom of that material has torn itself apart, you should have, on average, half of that material in its original form, and half of it will have torn itself apart (to create its decay products) after one half-life passes. The instability is because of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom- without the right number of neutrons to buffer them, the protons will rip themselves apart from each other due to their positive charge, and the more protons you have, the harder it is to have the right number of neutrons to buffer them, so the higher the atomic number, the more likely a substance will be radioactively unstable. The more unstable, the more likely to break up, the less time it will take for half the sample to decay, the shorter the half-life."
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75aiy4 | How does the Earth (and everything else) just float, suspended in space? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The short answer is: it doesn't. We are constantly falling towards the sun. It's just that we're also moving sideways at the same time so that we never actually hit the sun, but keep going around it. The sun (and all the planets around it) are also falling, towards the middle of the Milky Way. But again, because the sun and planets are moving sideways relative to the center of the Milky Way, we keep going in circles around the center. In the end everything is rotating around other stuff. There is no real up and down to fall to. We just keep falling towards other massive objects."
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75atfm | [[Physics]] Can someone explain baseball pitches to me? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The pitcher's job is to try to either force the batter to swing and miss, to not swing at all at accurate pitches, or else to hit into an easy play, right? That job is made easier when the batter doesn't know what to expect. So pitchers have developed a lot of different pitches to vary the speed and movement of their pitches, to make the batter's job harder. Most of the differences in these pitches come from the way in which the ball is held when thrown to add some spin (or impede it), and the arm motion used when throwing it (a standard delivery, a \"snap\" of the wrist, a different angle, etc). So let's start with the basics: the fastball is a ball thrown fast, and usually as straight as possible. Basically, the goal is that it's too fast for the batter to judge its position and react before it's past them. Some pitchers throw variants of the fastball called \"sinkers\" or \"split-fingers,\" which are thrown with different techniques, but both have the goal of being a fast pitch that drops downward faster than expected - a good split-finger can look like a fastball until the last moment when it suddenly drops. The next major category is \"breaking balls,\" which are pitches thrown with a spin that causes them to \"break\" and start moving in a different direction during their flight. The most famous breaking balls are the curveball - which is a pitch thrown more slowly and that drops sharply downward, and the slider, which is typically faster (though not as fast as a fastball) and \"slides\" to one side. The curveball is the most famous because it's very effective and nearly every pitcher has one in his arsenal - the nature of the curveball also changes from pitcher to pitcher, based on their personal style. Some drop straight down, some drop off to one side. Some are faster, some slower. Some pitchers throw a \"slurve,\" that acts like something between a curve and a slider. The last major type of pitch is off-speed pitches like the changeup, which are designed to mess with a batter's timing. The delivery of a changeup looks much like a fastballs, but it travels much slower - up to maybe 15 mph. So the idea is to trick a batter into swinging early and missing or making poor contact - the pitcher has \"changed up\" the expected pitch. So each pitcher has a handful of effective pitches in their arsenal, because it takes a lot of practice and work to perfect these throws. Remember that these pitches have to reliably make it 60 feet with great accuracy. So each pitcher generally has an arsenal of their most reliable pitches that you can count on seeing, based on their own abilities and preferences."
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75auun | Is the Periodic Table of Elements complete? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"An element 119 is certainly possible; in fact, it may be possible to create elements (artificially in a lab) with extremely high atomic numbers. More likely, however, is that there is a practical limit after which larger atoms are too unstable to exist for any amount of time. This happens for two reasons: electron orbital velocity and the inherent radioactivity of larger nuclei. Let's imagine that we are attempting to create a VERY large element - perhaps with an atomic number of 140. This element would have a large nucleus filled with 140 protons and however many neutrons are required to keep the nucleus stable for a measurable amount of time. The larger our atom gets (higher atomic number), the faster the electrons around it must travel in the higher energy levels - the bigger the nucleus, the larger amount of space the electron must cover in a similar amount of time. The speed of light is the upper limit for these electrons' velocities. The best models we have predict that this we would reach this limit around atomic number 173. Beyond that, the electrons would be moving faster than the speed of light - this is a rule that has no known exceptions, so 173 is the limit for us. All of this is provided our understanding of electrons and how they interact with the nucleus is correct! Finally, large nuclei are inherently radioactive - they want to split and decay into smaller pieces on their own. The speed at which these natural splits happen is indicated by an element's half life - the average amount of time it takes for half of a sample of the element to decay into other elements. In our imaginary super-large element, the half-life may be so short that the nucleus doesn't exist long enough to allow electrons to gather around it. No electrons = no stability = no element. All of this is to say that theoretically atoms heavier than Oganesson *could* exist, but the rules are actively working against us.",
"Well, theoretically you could go higher, but the higher you go the less stable it is and the faster it'll decay into elements with fewer protons. Protons are positively charged, right? And things with the same charge repel. Yet protons form incredibly dense, crowded nuclei. This is because of the strong nuclear force, which holds them together and overcomes that repulsion. The strong nuclear force is very very strong (much more powerful than gravity) but it's not limitless. The more protons you add, the less stable the element. Go high enough, and the strong nuclear force can't effectively hold the atom together. This is why the heavier elements tend to be radioactive, because they're throwing out these particles as they decay. So, a theoretical heavier element would be really unstable and would easily fall apart. Therefore it would probably not exist in nature and would be very hard to make, and even harder to hold on to for more than a tiny amount of time."
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75axeq | If you don't eat anything, will you die in a month or two even if you weigh enough that you don't become significantly underweight in that time frame? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The world record for fasting was a little less than a year. It was a Scottish guy, which lost a lot of weight, and he was completely fine. For reliable information, check out /r/fasting or Read \"The Obesity Code\" by Dr Jason Fung. Dr Fung also has some excellent videos on YouTube.",
"Yes. The body can burn fat and muscle to offset caloric deficit, but not at a rate that allows you to simply stop eating until the fat stores are gone. You'll run into organ failure before you run out of fat. This question was asked a few weeks ago, and there was a fantastic response that included chemical processes and things. I'll link to it if I can find it.",
"Hey little guy, you are still going to have to eat your dinner no matter what. But, yeah even if you were a really big guy you would still die if you stopped eating. You see, even in really big people their bodies can't use the fat they have stored up as \"food\" fast enough to keep their bodies going. The things in their bodies called organs are like little machines, the food they eat is like the gas, and each of those machines take lots of gas to run. Some of the gas can come from the saved up fat, but it's not enough gas for all of it. It's kind of like a gas line thats not big enough and if even one of of those little machines in the body run out of gas and turn off the person can't live!",
"You will need potassium and magnesium before you run out of fat and muscle. Heart failure...cause is lack of electrolytes."
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75azbb | If the earth is spinning 1000 mph on its axis, why is no dizziness felt when standing at the North and South Poles? | Mathematics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The equator is moving at that speed, but is 24,000 miles around. At the poles you are experiencing one revolution per 24 hours which is fifteen degrees per hour, or 0.25 degrees per minute. Better hang on.",
"What might be confusing here is the misleading use of velocity. While it is true that at some points on earth you're travelling at 1000 mph around it's axis, this doesn't mean the earth itself is spinning at that speed (this would be terrible, in fact). A better indicator of speed in this particular case is angular velocity. Sounds complicated, but really isn't. The basic idea is that since earth needs one day for one entire rotation, the angular velocity works out to be 360°/day. Now imagine an office chair, that's adjusting it's orientation by roughly 45° every 3 hours. It is spinning with the exact same velocity as earth, but it doesn't at all seem that fast anymore, does it?"
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75b07x | When you own a piece of land, how high up in the sky does your property technically go? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"According to supreme court rulings resulting from cases having to do with air space for airplanes, etc. [about 500 feet]( URL_0 ) in normal circumstances."
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75b0i5 | How do they get the liquid medicine to completely fill liquicaps, like Dayquil? | I am battling a cold today and have been taking Vicks DayQuil. As I ponder taking my second dose of the day, I wondered, how the heck do they get the liquid into the capsules? There doesn't appear to be any air at all inside plus I can's see a hole that might have been used to fill it, then seal. The only obvious thing I see is that each capsule looks like they are 2 halves because there is a seam. Anyway, just wondering if anyone knows. The Dayquil FAQ doesn't have the information I'm looking for so I thought this would be a good place to ask. This probably/should apply to all liquicaps so hopefully it helps others too that are curious. So, ELI5, how do they completely fill LiquiCaps? Thanks! URL_0 | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"This is about the only purpose Youboob serves anymore. URL_0",
"As shown in this [marketing animation for a machine manufacturer]( URL_0 ), the medication is in a trough between two rollers. The animation shows cute little drops, but the process is to keep enough filling to avoid underweight liquicaps. The dies mold the two sides together and then cuts out the individual pills. These are weighed, to make sure they are full, and only the full ones are sold.",
"It's a pretty cool process. Here's a video that should answer your question better than I could. URL_0"
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75b0im | How does salt make other foods more tasty ? | I see salt in almost every recipe, and in literally every manufactured food. Why do we put it everywhere ? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"According to Alton Brown, it activates receptors of your taste buds that accentuate what we consider to be the \"good\" flavors of foods (sweet, savory, umami) while suppressing the bad (like bitterness)",
"My limited understanding is salt absorbs what it's in. So if you add a little salt to something, it absorbs the flavor and amplifies it. That's why processed food have a lot of salt. The process destroys the flavor, so salt is used to bring the flavor back, but it uses a lot of salt to do this."
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75b9iy | Why do some cops in big cities like New York use horses? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Horses offer a number of benefits in city environments that make them an ideal partner in many situations. They allow a rider to sit up high for a better view of what's going on. They can turn around or maneuver in tighter spaces than a car could. Horses are great for dealing with crowds as well, because they're big animals and if they push you, you're going to move. There's also a bit of natural fear that humans have of a big animal that may trample them, so people tend to respect a horse much more than they respect a police car. Adding to that, some people won't think twice about smashing a cop car window, but it's a whole different story if you're attacking an animal. Especially if that animal can fight back. It's also only my personal opinion, but I think a cop on a horse is seen as a bit more friendly and personable than a cop in a car.",
"They're usually used for crowd control purposes. Being on a horse allows the officer more visibility while also being easier to spot for those who may need them. They're also used where a car just wouldn't be practical, like a wilderness areas or a very large grassy park, ex: Central Park in New York",
"Multiple reasons, some have already been mentioned in to comments, others haven't. Keep in mind that this is based on my experience working with this in Sweden. Mileage in other countries may vary. 1. Horses are less noisy and more approachable. People can come up and talk to the officer in a different way. 2. The horse still offers mobility and speed. 3. Tradition and culture. In a lot of places, like Sweden (where I live) horses are fairly integrated in culture. People enjoy seeing horses out and about. Not everyone want to approach one, but that's fine. 4. Crowd control. You absolutely do not fuck with one of those horses. They're huge, and on their back you have a trained police officer. It's a force multiplier. I've seen sports events riot like situations where three mounted officers replaced 20-25 officers in riot gear. The fights stopped immediately and people scattered. 5. Accessibility. A mounted officer can move in areas where a car can technically move, but is advised not to because it could cause blockage or congestion. Such as walking streets or shop streets. 6. Visibility. A police forces primary task is to maintain law and order. This is preferably done by preemptive measure, with things as simple as visible presence being at the top of efficiency. A mounted officer can both see and be seen easier. This has a calming effect on the public as well as encourages approaching the officer. We were often approached about very minor things, which didn't warrant any kind of report or anything, but that keeps the public happy and calm to be able to let the authorities know about.",
"I used to wonder about this too. Then I was caught in a football riot, and saw a mass of hundreds controlled by just a few cops on horses. The sight of those beasts coming towards you in a row, slowly and inexorably, is awe-inspiring. I can't even imagine what having them galloping at you would do to you.",
"In nEw Orleans we use them for crowd contol. You get the fuck out of the way when one of those huge horses start moving. I've also seen them form a wall. Pretty cool.",
"They've been a tried and tested way to control crowds for thousands of years. Ever tried fucking with someone on a horse who knows what he's doing?",
"[This is why]( URL_0 ) Notice the guy at the beginning and the guy at the end that are too slow to move. Turns out horses are pretty heavy and strong",
"They are used for crowd control purposes for the most part. They are very common in Britain as well. Especially during big football games and protests. I live in a town outside Edinburgh, and one time the crime got so bad they had police on horses patrolling certain estates all day. Was quite weird but I guess it does deter people from committing crimes",
"What about when the horse poops? Is it the officers job to clean it up or is it someone's job?",
"The real reason, and most effective reason, is public relations. Watch to see, a troubled area, or an area that just had a shooting, a lot of times mounted units are sent to the area, because people love animals, kids especially, and will often times go out and talk to the officers, meet the animals, have a positive social interaction with police, fostering better community relations. People will even sometimes give information on crime or problems in the community through this interaction, like where the crack houses are, or where some troubled people might be living. They are good for riot/crowd control, and a good visible patrol, but PR and community relations is what they are best at.",
"Went to Times Square in NYC one night. It was very crowded. There were police on horses. Police cars or motorcycles just wouldn't work in those dense crowds. Bikes could maybe work. Horses definitely work well.",
"One of the best advantages of it is that the police officer does not have to watch where he's going. The horse can navigate, leaving the officer free to pay attention to the crowd.",
"My initial thought was that the horses have been around long before modern metropolitan police or even cars. After a quick look into it there is a pretty rich history. History of NYPD’s Mounted Unit A Stately Presence: The NYPDs Mounted Unit New York City police have used horse-mounted officers since at least 1858, with the opening of Central Park. Since its formal organization in 1871, the Mounted Unit has evolved into one of the NYPD's most visible andelite police units. This exciting exhibit will explore their fascinating history and continuing day-to-day operations. Through artifacts that include saddles, harnesses and uniforms, paintings, video, and historic photographs, the exhibit will delve into the lives and work of the officers known by their nickname,\"10-foot cops.\" One area of the exhibit will even provide a lifelike recreation of a stable for the Unit's horses. Overall, the exhibit explores the history of their patrol in parks, city streets, parades, and city-wide demonstrations, and examines the training and dedication required of both police officer and horse alike. URL_0",
"Community policing is a big part of why they're used too. All part of a greater effort for better police-civilian relations. They might not be in the best tactical situation while riding a horse through the park but they'll get a lot of attention from people and kids admiring the horse.",
"Side note: in San Francisco and San Jose, they have trading cards for both the horse & officer. You just have to ask for it. They are super cool. (I used to collect them and always got excited when I saw a mounted officer. Don't know if the still make cards.)",
"Because horses can shit on the street giving a nice slippery trap to stop pesky criminals. In all seriousness it's the same reason motorcycle cops exist. More maneuverable. Except horses can more easily go off road.",
"I know diddly about horses. The couple of times I've been around them their owners warned me to back off or I'd risk getting kicked. They particularly seem nervous of people getting behind them. I always kind of wondered how well trained police horses are to be in the middle of crowds and not be nervy about the people around them.",
"Horses are great for crowd control because they're intimidating (most people will instinctively get out of the way) but not threatening (very few people perceive a horse as a weapon)."
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75bdse | How is reading posts/surfing on my cellphone different/better/worse than r adding a book? | Is there a distinct advantage to reading text in a book on a single subject versus reading text on a digital device with multiple subjects? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Yes. Short articles - and let's be honest, you're mostly talking about reading memes and Facebook junk - do not stimulate the brain in the same way that reading a lengthy article or book on a single subject does. Scattering your attention is much less beneficial. Consider the studies done on young children who watched Spongebob. Whether you use a digital or paper source is less important.",
"There isn't necessarily a direct advantage to reading print vs. reading on a screen. Its all pretty much the same. With that said, the quality of what you are reading might vary greatly. A well written book can, even a fictional novel, can follow a single idea through a lot of different ways to think about the topic, all while building up more info on the subject. If you're just reading random, unrelated stuff online, then you aren't getting that over arching idea delivered to your brain. Of course there can be great and detailed works online, and trash put to print, so it really is about the content, not the format."
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75bfac | How do you safely get rid of nuclear waste? | Please don't use words with over 7 letters, those are too hard. | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Put it in strong barrels, put barrels in a cave that isn't near a water source. Hope the barrels don't leak for many many many many many many years.",
"Use it up. Most nuclear waste can be re-processed into usable fuel, which can then be put back into the reactor...The parts that aren't worth putting back into the reactor, are the parts that are easiest to store. The reason this isn't done is political, rather than technical. Uranium is mostly what goes into the reactors, and plutonium is mostly what comes out, and refined plutonium is GREAT for making bombs, so we intentionally don't reprocess the fuel. At this point though, it seems pointless. If North Korea has nukes, then anyone can have them and we might as well deal with the waste properly.",
"There are different kinds of nuclear waste. - High-level nuclear waste (the kind you're probably thinking of, waste fuel rods, etc.). They mix it into liquid glass, pour it into steel barrels, put it in underground salt caverns, and wait for 200,000 years, hoping the under-water cave never floods. The danger of this is not the radioactivity. It is the toxicity of the waste. ~~It takes a few grains of spent fuel to poison an entire lake.~~ *The toxicity is estimated to be between 114 and 136 mg U/kg.* - Medium and low level nuclear waste (the metal from the reactor, the water that was cycled through the reactor, etc.) Let it sit for 20 years or so and you're good to go. - Mining trailings (the dirt that you got the radioactive materials from). Throw it in a pile somewhere and hope it isn't rained on too much. But the safest way? Use it up. Current reactors in the US use about 0.5% of the usable fuel in them. Breeder reactors use closer to 50%, and produce waste that is only dangerous for 20,000 years instead. We don't use this, though, because it is the same process you use to make nuclear weapons. A safer way still? Thorium-cycle reactors. Safer still? Fusion reactors. Edit: my numbers may be off. Correct me if I'm wrong. Edit 2: you asked what is the safe way to dispose. The current way to dispose is to place the waste into a cooling pool for several years, then dump it in a steel barrel and store it on the nuclear power plant parking lot. Pretty much anything else is safer. There is no place anywhere in the world that permanently stores nuclear waste long-term. A facility was built in Nevada, but after Nevada took the money for construction, they changed their minds about storing nuclear waste. Edit 3: Thank you /u/FoxFluffFur for giving me better information on the toxicity!",
"Safest cost effective way?put it in barrels (lead lined preferably), and put it deep underground far away from any fresh water source. Its not too different from how we deal with our regular waste, except its deeper underground. It works pretty well honestly. More expensive option is to shoot it into space, but we dont, cause its way too expensive. Also the quantities of waste produced per power generated are tiny, very very tiny, so its not as big of an issue as it sounds like.",
"As others have said burying the most toxic stuff. Anything not too toxic can be remade into fuel. The rest decays pretty quickly and can be dumped safely in the not too distant future. Ideally shooting it into space would be great but imagine if the rocket blows up a few km up. Radioactive material everywhere. And considering that you're trying to get rid of the worst stuff that's not a good idea. In the future ideally neutron bombardment is looking like it could be a good way to break it down faster than normal. Problem is we don't really have a reliable, large scale way to do this and it's currently hugely energy intensive.",
"The problem with radioactive waste is that you have to let it run it's course. It's radioactive because it's breaking apart into different elements and the radiation is the energy breaking away when it does. This process can take miliseconds in the case if a nuclear bomb, years in the case of a power plant, or thousands and millions of years if we just let it go on it's own. When it leaves the power plant, it's mostly done being useful as power for that power plant. There are some fancy new designs that can use certain spent fuel and extract more energy, but that's a few billion dollars no one seems to want to spend. The next cheapest and safest way is as everyone else suggests, put it somewhere where it can't hurt anyone and let it run it's course. That's best done by putting it underground somewhere. We could send it into space one day but today a lot of rockets still exlode on the launch pad or in the sky, which would make big clouds of radiation for everyone to enjoy. Plus it's tens of thousands of dollars per kilogram, and we have many millions of kilograms we need to get rid of.",
"I heard that one way is to mix it with sand, melt it, and turn it into glass. Then, you store the glass deep underground. It's \"safe\" in that ground water won't erode glass and leach nuclear waste into the area.",
"The one thing we haven't tried yet: Deep-inject them into a [tectonic subduction zone]( URL_0 ). Specifically into the lithosphere \"upwind\" of the zone. Follow the link.",
"Most of the top answers are reasonable, but not good enough. Nuclear waste is often stored using process called vitrification. The nuclear waste is turned into glass. Glass is physically stable, does not interact easily with water, etc. The goal here is to avoid leeching nuclear waste into ground water. Then, you put the waste into very, very strong steel containers. These containers provide an additional layer of protection. These containers are works of art - drop them from planes, smash them - they do not break or bend. Now, we have a stable glass in a very strong container. Then, you try to send it Yucca Mountain in Nevada. You want to store these away from people, away from water, deep inside a mountain for 10,000's of years. Getting it to Yucca Mountain is a political quagmire. Nobody wants nuclear waste rolling across their town. Source: My dad was a nuclear waste engineer for the past 30 years.",
"The WIPP (waste isolation pilot plant) east of Carlsbad NM is 2,100 feet deep. I think the huge tunnels were potash mines. It opened in the 90's and has cost about $19 billion. Despite claims of great safety, mistakes have been made that exposed workers and the thankfully unpopulated area around it to radiation. Transporting waste long distances is also dangerous. We have HC traffic signs all over NM, indication Hazardous Cargo route. I dont know what I'm supposed to do with that information! The answer is likely that so far we do not know how to get rid of nuclear waste, a clear indication we should stop making it",
"John Oliver did an episode about this a couple of weeks ago. URL_0",
"Recycle it. We only use (~1-5%) of the energy in a fuel rod. Just by recycling our current waste we can produce 1000's of years of clean energy. *Edit - Recycling is the same thing as Reprocessing."
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75bg2y | How practical would a society of vegans have been before agriculture became widespread? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"In addition to the other comments, veganism is a more modern philosophy rooted in being against the way food animals are raised and slaughtered etc. They see much of it as inhumane and cruel as well as having a significant environmental impact (livestock methane is a major factor in climate change). In the past that was not the case. If your only protein source today is meat, you eat it, and while the chase and slaughter might still seem cruel to you, you understand it is a necessary part of life and survival. It is natural. But what we do *today* in the livestock industry is not nearly as natural! Here's a way to look at it: Vegans don't believe that a wolf in the forest shouldn't eat meat. That's nature. What vegans have issue with is that we aren't hunting and eating to survive, we're wantonly slaughtering millions of animals per day so that we can eat far more food than we actually need, about 40% of which in the US goes to waste anyway, and that is slowly causing the climate to change, not to mention the perceived suffering the animals go through as they are being fattened up for the blade. So in reality, there wouldn't have been a society of vegans \"before agriculture became widespread\" Also worth noting that the word agriculture refers also to livestock, but the \"plant version\" goes back as far as 100,000 years",
"Before agriculture and the rise of agrarian civilizations, you're basically talking about a hunter-gatherer model, and in this case without the \"hunter\" part. It would be nearly impossible to sustain more than a handful of individuals on just what vegetation could be gathered from the wild, and even then I wouldn't expect them to last more than a year anywhere other than where the weather and temperatures stayed relatively stable year-round. Without bones for sewing needles, or hides/skins, they would not have much in the way of clothing.",
"I think in asking this question, you also have to consider the other side. How feasible would it have been for a society heavily dependent on meat to survive preagriculture? Factory farming relies so heavily on agriculture to feed the livestock, without it, the society would have to hunt truly wild animals or breed their own livestock, in which they would need farming to feed it. If the society could produce enough plants source enough water to raise enough livestock to feed the people, then they could have produced more than enough plants and sourced more than enough water for the survival of their society. I would link statistics and articles but they are extremely easy to find depending on what exactly you are looking for. But in general, it takes far more resources to raise livestock to feed people than it would to just feed people crops.",
"Thank you for all the replies. I learned quite a bit and was even exposed to quite a few things I never even considered.",
"Not very,but then again agriculture isn't exactly a new concept. They would probably survive better than any modern person placed into the same conditions (pre-agriculture). If we were hunter gathers then being vegan would be hard, but I don't know about you, I would probably find it pretty hard as an omnivore as well."
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75bn6t | What makes it difficult to make flavors that taste exactly like pie, roast chicken, spaghetti and other food of the like? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"That's a very broad question since you're talking about a wide variety of foods that all have different flavours for different reasons... But I think a good example of why it can be difficult is stuff like the Maillard reaction. [The Maillard reaction]( URL_1 ) is a reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that results in browning and produces the chemicals that make many foods taste pleasing when cooked. The thing is that there is not just one kind of amino acid and reducing sugar. There are many different kinds, and when the maillard reaction occurs in cooking, it doesn't just produce one chemical, it produces a whole range of chemicals, and some of those chemicals break down to make other chemicals. Each food can have its own unique maillard reaction with it's own unique profile of flavouring chemicals as a result (leading to wildly different tastes), so to make exactly the same flavour profile you need exactly the right starting chemicals, reacted in exactly the right conditions. That's a lot harder to produce than say, the characteristic flavour of pears, which is mostly down to mixing together one specific carboxylic acid with one specific alcohol to get [one specific ester]( URL_0 ). The Malliard reaction is just one case of a thing that creates complex flavours. Any taste that involves the interaction of many different chemicals is probably going to be hard to recreate synthetically."
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75bn7o | If the human brain is such an incredible computer, why is a humble calculator quicker and more accurate? | *at math... | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The human brain is *not* an incredible computer at certain tasks, such as math calculations. I mean, it's incredible compared to many other brains, and even some of the earliest electronic computers. But it isn't good at specifically doing math computations compared to a digital computer. However, human brains are much better at things like pattern recognition than all of our current engineered computers.",
"That's like saying if our hands are so great why can't we pull out staplers as efficiently as a staple remover? Because it's a fucking staple remover designed to do one thing.",
"Because it's not a discrete input output machine but rather a fuzzy logic probability machine",
"A calculator is good at basic math, and *only* at basic math, because we specifically created it as a tool for doing basic math. Contrary-wise, the human brain is a product of billions of years of evolution selecting for survivability. It has to be good at interpreting a variety of input signals, coordinating body movement, building a mental model of its surrounding environment, distinguishing friend from foe, and navigating a tribal social structure. For the vast majority of the history of brains in general, they have never been asked to do math, and never needed to be good at it. The brain-as-a-computer concept is a metaphor, and one that only stretches so far.",
"A calculator works off a predefined set of rules and arithmetic, and thats all it has to do. Your brain is juggling dozens of subconscious functions on top of the conscious ones and can extrapolate information from incomplete data, a calculator specfically can not do this unless it has been programmed to do so."
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75bxk4 | Why is it that you never get an infection in your anus after wiping? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"> when I wipe there is blood on the toilet paper towards the end of cleaning my filthy self. yeah, you should go to the doctor.",
"If you're wiping and coming up with blood, you should probably see a doctor and not ask ELI5 about this; that isn't normal and could indicate a host of things from a simple hemorrhoid to some forms of colon cancer (note: not a doctor). Unless you're posting this from the waiting room. In which case, carry on...",
"About that blood.... You are wiping too hard and too often. Wet wipes can help cut down on chafing. Use one or two, then finish with paper wipes. Showers are even better. Just hop in, wash below the waist and hop out. Be sure to clean that area thoroughly, but gently. You also might be hairy down there, which can make things messy. Get in the habit of trimming it short."
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75by5b | - how does castration (removal of testicals) increase the pitch of your voice? | Ive heard of musicians who do this to increase the pitch of their voice, but i have no idea if it is true. | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It doesn't increase the pitch - what it does is prevent a boy's voice from dropping in puberty. So you start with a young boy with a naturally high voice. You castrate him, and without testosterone messing with things, he doesn't lose that high voice when he hits his teenage years.",
"The testicles produce testosterone. If you dont have balls, you have less testosterone, one of the things that testosterone does in men is lower their voice. If you clip a boy as hes still growing, he'll be sexually stunted development wise, and one of the side effects of that is a much more feminine voice.",
"castrato. Its about keeping your voice from dropping during puberty, not increasing the pitch. It just keeps it as high as it was when you were a child, which is higher than adults can normally speak/sing. But yes it was absolutely a thing",
"Old church would snip young boys in choir to keep angelic highpitch sounds. The reason is testicles release testosterone which is a horomone in development through puberty that will give males their sex characteristics, hair, deep voice, etc. But snip snip the voice will never drop."
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75c1pu | Why do spicy foods make you sweat? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"The chemical that makes spicy food spicy basically triggers receptors in your mouth that are only supposed to go off when they touch something really, really hot. Basically, you're brain is getting the \"holy shit it's hot in there\" signal and causes a range of responses designed to deal with excess heat including sweating."
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75cgjg | Why do we sometimes forget to do things that we remember to do every single day of our lives i.e. lock a door or turn a powerpoint off? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do53sbv"
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"text": [
"It's the same reason you can forget words while typing, or ignore duplicate words. Your brain strives for efficiency via generalizations and habit. If you've got a complex routine that you've done a million times, your subconscious brain allocates fewer resources towards making sure it's perfect. When you're tired in the morning, your brain might generalize your hygiene routine into something as simple as \"walking into the bathroom and turning on the sink.\" From there, it's risky to rely solely on your unconscious brain to get every detail correct, because it's operating very broadly. The first time you learn a complex task, you're dedicating a lot of effort to get it right. After you've done it a hundred times, you start to rely on things like habit and muscle memory, which often come up short if you're not actively paying attention."
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75czt2 | What is the difference between a college and a university in the USA? | Hello fellow redditors, so I'm starting university right now in Germany (Japanology, Political Science and German as a foreign language) and for me there had always been only one kind of a real "advanced school" (Hochschule), which is university. There are Universities of Applied Science (Fachhochschule) which are more specialized ind practical education and are like a "diet university" but a university nonetheless. As for the US, I know that there is the structure of Community College - College/University and Grad School, that Community Colleges are like the "real deal" but not quite; you get your Bachelor's degree in College/University and your Masters or Ph.D. or whatever in Grad School. However I was never able to really grasp what makes a college a college and a university a university. Is one better than the other, is the difference only nominally, do they have a different curriculum? Therefore I figured I'd ask you guys here on reddit, since I have only found out about the general educational structure of the US on this sub, not the particular difference between a college and a university. Thank you in advance for your answers and I wish you a wonderful day! | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"A college is an institution that offers classes and can grant you a degree. A university can be thought of as a set of colleges (college of Engineering, college of Arts and Sciences, etc) strongly affiliated together, and usually doing some sort of advanced research or offering advanced degrees (Masters, PhD). Some institutions that are actually universities, call themselves colleges for historical reasons. One is not necessarily better than the other.",
"How does one make sense of the [University of Maryland University College]( URL_0 )?!",
"Generally, an institution that's called a college offers two and four year degrees and focuses only on education. A university offers four year and graduate degrees and also does research. A university also calls its divisions \"colleges\", but this is a significantly different usage.",
"The words College and University are pretty interchangeable. Many big schools have University or an Institute in their name but there are many large prestigious schools that have College in their name. Most large schools have their programs segregated into subcolleges, a college of engineering, a college of business, a college of science, etc. But many schools labeled College still have that separation. Boston College has a College of Arts and Sciences inside of it so that's a college in a college College/University are interchangeable in the US We're bad at unique names..."
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75da7j | How do people come to power? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Took AP World (lol). Depends on the government. For example, Hitler was an excellent speaker and was able to convince his party to give their power all to him. On the hand, Trump won the presidency through the money he spent campaigning. Now that I think about it, you can come to power just by being a good speaker or having more resources. In slavery, whites were more powerful than the blacks because if the blacks fought back they would be killed. I don't really know. Take this answer with a grain of salt."
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75dbx0 | Is it theoretically possible for two people to have identical DNA, despite not being twins? What are the odds? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"There may already be, but even with the same DNA, they could look completely different because of different gene expressions. Only twins with share DNA and their phenotype.",
"Technically, there's nothing preventing it, but the odds are astronomical. A lot of *our own* cells don't even 100% match the cell that we started as."
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75dgdq | Does hunger work on a lack of calories, or a lack of food in the stomach? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Both are contributors to what we perceive as \"hunger.\" Your stomach can only sense pain and \"stretch.\" When you eat, your stomach is stretched and that's communicated to your brain. Normally this is what makes you feel full, and you're very aware of a full stomach. If you haven't eaten, the brain slowly notices that the stomach hasn't been stretched in a while. The other major contributor is blood sugar. Your body monitors this very closely. When your blood sugar gets low, your body starts to burn fat and use ketones. This also signals hunger in the brain, but can be more easily adapted to. People who start strict ketone diets may experience \"unnecessary\" hunger at first, but eventually don't feel the same degree of hunger as long as their stomach isn't empty.",
"Both. The level of blood sugar you have and how physically full your stomach is are both involved in the release of signalling molecules that make you feel hunger."
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75dmmt | - Why are human voices so vastly different when the sounds other animals make are all so easily identifiable/differentiated | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"For starters, the anatomy of our neck and tongues allow for a wide range of sounds. One of humanity's earlier ancestors is believed to have been out-competed by another purely because the shape of their neck/throat didn't allow for complex communication. Birds have solid pitch control via their throats, but don't have the fine motor control in their tongues necessary for additional sounds. When you have the ability to construct complex sounds, everyone is going to sound different. Part of that is our individual anatomy, but it's also muscle memory and how we learn to talk. With so much potential variety, the exact linguistic style that you solidify as permanent is going to vary from someone else.",
"You're a human who has spent years learning to distinguish nuances in human speech, using a brain that has evolved over millions of years to distinguish nuances in human speech. You are trying to compare with animals that you have spent maybe five or ten minutes listening to. Therefore humans all sound quite different from each other, and birds all sound similar."
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75dn60 | Why does sound sound different in a recording | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"When you talk, you hear your own voice not only through the air, but also through vibrations in your skull. The vibrations that pass from your throat all the way to your cochlea tend to be those of deeper pitches, so you perceive your own voice as deeper than it actually is. Think about how you can hear really deep bass sounds in your chest all the way to your ears, but not high pitches. Most people's reaction (especially males) to their own voice on recording is that it's higher than they expected, because they're hearing it without the added bass vibrations in their skull."
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75douv | What is the difference between a Psychologist, and a psychiatrist? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"A psychiatrist is a board-certified medical doctor. They completed medical school, followed by a residency in psychiatry. They're MDs and simply chose a different path than say, surgeons. Since they are doctors, they can prescribe medications and also see more extreme cases. A psychologist is not a medical doctor. They may be equally equipped to talk to you about your problems, but they cannot prescribe and manage medications for you. Generally speaking there are far more psychologists than psychiatrists, and can act as a \"frontline\" before referring you to a psychiatrist. For example if you see a psychologist and they're sure you need treatment for depression, they have to refer you to a medical doctor."
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75dwmm | What happens to your body as you build endurance? Is there any change to your heart, lungs, etc.? If so, how does it compare to a "normal" person? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There's a bunch of things that happen, but I'll just list a few 1. The heart becomes stronger. The muscles in your heart will grow, meaning they can exert less of their maximum force per stroke, or push more even more blood at their new maximum effort. I once saw an older triathlete patient whose heart was in such \"good shape\" that he was starting to develop heart problems associated with that. 2. The other muscles you're using become stronger. Think about how much work you'd put in to lift a 100lb bag compared to a body builder. You might be exhausted, but that's easy work for the body builder. If you're gaining endurance by biking, your legs are getting stronger such that it takes less effort for each pedal stroke. You're going to tire out much more quickly if you're using 90% of your max muscle strength than 30% of it. 3. The amount of red blood cells in your blood may go up. When you're constantly low on oxygen, the body's response is to make more red cells. As a result you can carry more oxygen in your blood, reducing the work your heart has to do. 4. On a cellular level, your cells become more efficient. The classic meme that \"the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell,\" is absolutely true, and your cells will produce more/bigger mitochondria. Your cells will also start to produce more enzymes associated with metabolism and energy generation. If you're offering the cells more oxygen and expecting more energy, they're going to make more of the needed machinery. There's generally not much adaptation done by the lungs, as they typically deliver more oxygen than you can take into the blood.",
"Yes, your heart can enlarge and become more efficient by pumping the same amount of blood using fewer beats per minute and therefore less energy. You can also change at the cellular level by becoming more efficient at transmitting and using oxygen and removing waste products like CO2 and lactic acid. Your cells can also create more and bigger mitochondria, which can then create more energy (ATP) for your cells to use on demand. Think of \"endurance\" as metabolic efficiency. In the same way an efficient car can drive farther on a gallon of gas, than an inefficient car, so too can your body fun farther on a given amount of food/energy than someone who is out of shape."
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75e2mr | why dont they make a USB connected laptop charger? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"They did, and they have. The primary reason usb wasn't used is because people are prone to killing their usb cables by constantly putting it in the wrong way, that's just the last thing you want from a cable. But, with the advent of USB-C quite a few laptops and monitors have been popping up that have a usb-c port which is just stellar because i can use my charger for my Nexus 6p The laptop I'm currently using that has it is a chromebook acer 14 for work.",
"In the USB 1.0 and 2.0 specs, a standard downstream port is capable of delivering up to 500mA (0.5A); with USB 3.0, it moves up to 900mA (0.9A). The charging downstream and dedicated charging ports provide up to 1,500mA (1.5A). Basically, it would take a long time to charge."
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75ed0a | Why can liquor age in a wooden barrel and not in a glass bottle? | Whiskey for example - how come once it's bottled, thats it's specific age | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Barrels breathe. They expand and contract with temperature changes, drawing the spirits into the wood and then pushing them out again. They also allow in a small amount of air that filters through the wood. The interaction of the spirit with the wood, the char on the barrel, and the air is what ages it. Once it's sealed in a glass bottle it can't age because glass is chemically inert and cannot absorb the spirit or add flavors, and the bottle seal is air tight.",
"2 major reasons. It leeches flavors from the wood, and can’t from the glass. It also gets fresh air flow exposing it to new things, while being sealed in glass cuts that off. A big difference between scotch and bourbon, bourbon can only be aged in virgin (never used) charred oak barrels. This means it sucks up a lot of fresh char, which has the more aggressive flavors. Scotch distillers buy he used barrels, and age scotch in their. The youngest/harshest stuff is gone, so scotch can soak up the more subtle flavors."
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75ed4u | Why do corn seeds pop when cooked, and do any other plant seeds do this? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"As the Industrial Revolution taught us, steam is powerful stuff. Inside the thick hull of a popcorn kernel is a jumble of proteins and starches called the endosperm, which also contains water. As you heat the kernels, that moisture turns to steam and the starch begins to “melt” into a goopy liquid, says Wendy Boersema Rappel of the Popcorn Board. The pressure builds and the steam and starch get hotter until—at around 347 degrees Fahrenheit and 135 pounds per square inch (that’s almost three times the pressure of your car’s tires)—the hulls burst and the liquefied starch explodes and rapidly cools and hardens, becoming what we recognize as popcorn. There are actually two different popcorn shapes, each produced by different varieties of corn. Butterfly kernels are the familiar random pointy shapes you find at the movie theater and in microwaveable brands. Mushroom kernels are nearly round when popped and are more durable and better at holding seasonings. That’s why they’re often used in packaged prepopped corn, like cheese popcorn sold in vending machines. Popcorn is only one of several types of corn. Not all corn can pop. The other three familiar types—sweet, the kind we eat on the cob; dent, the kind used for animal feed and in processed foods; and flint, the decorative kind you see at Halloween and Thanksgiving—don’t have thick enough or strong enough hulls to contain the pressures necessary to liquefy the starch before bursting, Rappel says. There are a few other grains that can pop, however. Amaranth is a poppy-seed-size grain that you can find at health food stores and that made up an important part of the ancient Aztec diet. It pops just like popcorn and is mixed into a sweet syrup in a Mexican candy called alegría. It’s also possible to pop certain kinds of rice: essentially a homemade version of Rice Krispies cereal (although real Rice Krispies are puffed instead of popped, a similar process that involves heating rice or another grain under high pressure in what is essentially a gun barrel, then shooting it out to rapidly release the pressure). -chowhound"
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75eiv2 | Why does it get so windy during a wildfire? | Was talking to some of my friends that are dealing with the Napa wildfires and they keep talking about the wind fueling the fire. My dad told me when you have huge wildfires like that, they create a lot of wind. What causes so much wind force during a wildfire? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Wind is created by heat, basically. The sun warming part of the world up and not others creates warmer spots in the atmosphere. That causes warmer air to rise, which means cooler air has to come in to fill in the pressure in those areas. Because the atmosphere is always trying to be the same everywhere that means wind then goes towards lower pressure areas. This is why traditional weather maps have pressure indications on them. If you're in a low pressure area, everything's coming at you; if you're in a higher pressure area, everything's going away from you, more or less. Fire adds a heck of a lot of extra heat into the equation, so it will pull air into it to keep it fuelled. It's just like a chimney in a house. The whole point of that is to create a big column of warm air, which will rise, and then pull air into the fire to keep it burning. A big enough wildfire will do that on its own."
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75ep1i | How did the human race start? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Humans evolved from other primate species that were similar to humans. It happened in many tiny steps, not suddenly."
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75esyn | The most recent physics noble prize | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"It won for discovering strong evidence of gravitational waves. Usually things that cause fluctuations in gravity move too slowly to tell, but large, violent events cause waves: fluctuations in the gravitational field. These were predicted a century ago but it took these guys and a clever experiment to finally observe one. Classic Newtonian understanding of gravity was that it would propagate infinitely: if you could instantly remove an object, the lack of gravity from it would be immediately felt. This experiment shows that it propagates at the speed of light, and radiates out like light or other forces.",
"You've already gotten some solid explanations about it, so I'll try to add onto those a bit. Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves, but until LIGO, nobody had ever been able to observe them because the warping they cause are *incredibly* small. So how did they detect them? LIGO is a very advanced laser interferometer, which is a device that works (on a very basic level) by splitting a laser beam into two, shifting one half of it so that it will cancel out with the other half, and recombining them. If nothing happens to the unshifted half, then the two \"deconstructively interfere\" (essentially, cancel each other out). However, if something causes the unshifted half to change in some way, the two won't cancel out, and light will be sent to a detector. As the ripple from a gravitational wave passes through, it warps space-time. This has the effect of making the path that the unshifted half of the LIGO interferometer takes have a *very, very slightly* different length, which causes the two to not cancel out completely. The problem is that since the change is so slight, it's extremely difficult to detect that it has happened. LIGO was able to detect that slight difference, and through it, discover strong evidence for the existence of gravitational waves as predicted by Einstein. I was lucky enough to intern with some physicists working on trying to design improvements for LIGO (not the ones who won the Nobel; LIGO is a huge undertaking with lots of people working on it) a couple of years ago, so seeing all of this happen recently has been really cool."
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75euas | What dictates the intensity and length of an individuals sneezing habits? | Hearing different ethnicities, and people from different regions of the world made me wonder...is it genetics or social norms that distinguish our sneezes from others? I sneeze very loud and once. Someone I know does little mouse sneezes, but 7x in a row... What causes that distinction? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Sneeze vocalizations are learned, and vary across cultures. Deaf people do not shout when they are sneezing, they just sneeze. As for the number of sneezes, it's more likely to be innate to the person, but it could also depend on why they are sneezing."
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75ewnh | Why are unskipable advertisements allowed to be on official Blu-ray and DVD releases of movies and TV shows before the menu loads | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"These discs are commercial products of private companies. They are allowed to include just about anything, and consumers are allowed to buy them or not.",
"The unskippability comes from flags on the disc that tell which parts of the video should not be skippable. Now you'd think, why wouldn't someone just sell a player that lets you skip those parts anyways, since that is what consumers want? The reason is, it is illegal thanks to the DMCA law in the US and its \"digital locks\" provision, that has since been replicated in many other countries around the world. The DVD format has encryption that aimed to stop people from ripping the discs, by making it so that only \"authorized players\" would have the decryption keys necessary to read the discs. In order to manufacture an authorized player, you have to obtain a license to the encryption scheme, and with that license is a bunch of other requirements, such as having the player enforce the unskippable regions on the disk. This security, however, was the equivalent of wet tissue paper and soon broken, but that doesn't matter. Because of the DMCA's digital locks provision, any attempt to break a digital security measure would be seen as an attempt to violate copyright. That means it is illegal to sell DVD player that skips unskippable regions, because you would not be able to get a license, and decrypting the DVDs without a license even if just to play them and not copy them is still illegal.",
"Because there's no laws saying they can't do it, and no court decisions that make an argument against it."
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75exva | In baseball, why do managers and coaches meet with pitchers but not batters? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Pitchers have strategy. Batters are always trying to hit the ball, no matter how the pitcher delivers it. What would a manager say to the batter? \"Hey, this time, try to hit the ball.\" Plus, the batter was in the dugout with the coaches just a few moments before they go to bat. Plenty of time to talk to them then.",
"It happens sometimes. The 3rd base coach will come and talk with the batter. Just in general it's easier to relay strategy to a batter through signals than it is to do the same to a pitcher. Pitching is also more of a mental thing then batting so the manager likes to come out to calm the pitcher down or see where his head is at."
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75ezet | What is it about the four particular combinations of molecules that are represented as A, C, G, and T in DNA that makes them able to function as the "basis of life"? | What makes the four particular combinations of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen we know as adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine able to drive the particulars of life and constructing a particular lifeform and all the unbelievably powerful things DNA does and enables? By what mechanism do they "perform" the things they do and "store" the information they do and "instruct" other combinations of molecules to create living tissue and whole animals or a super specific type of liver cell and where to put it? It's just molecules of the same five elements in slightly different arrangements, how can it be so magnificantly and singularly unique among all the other clusters of molecules throughout the universe? EDIT: TFW unsure whether the flag as Biology, Chemistry, or Physics... | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Ahoy, matey! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Explain how genetic information is stored by only four bases in DNA ]( URL_6 ) 1. [ELI5:What is going on in DNA? The \"information\" for how to make a human (or other animal) - what is that? How does it turn from information into a many-celled living creature? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: How DNA is translated into information ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: What is DNA exactly? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: DNA Replication, transcription and translation. ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: How does DNA even do things? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: How does DNA 'know' what to do? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5: Gene expression and the process of DNA to RNA ]( URL_7 )"
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75fck9 | so the universe is expanding, is the matter of planets and stars allready there, or is it created on the spot? | Or something totally different? I've read dark matter is responsible for the ongoing expansion of our universe, but do we know if its expanding and creating or just 'shining' on existing matter? How does it work? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The matter is there, but the *space between* the matter is expanding, so that things are farther apart on average.",
"The fact that the universe is expanding, doesn't mean that there is more matter coming into existence. What's usually meant, is that the distance between currently existing matter is increasing. Galaxies that are already there are getting further and further apart. We know it's expanding due to a funny thing called redshift. Ever noticed if an ambulance or racecar drives past, the sound has a higher pitch when it's coming towards you, and a lower when it's going away again? The same thing happens with light in the universe. We see that almost all other galaxies are more red than they should, and conclude they must be moving away from us. So, the expansion of the universe just means that 'empty' space between things is increasing, and we know this happens thanks to the color of stars.",
"imagine it like you're blowing up a balloon. the universe is the balloon. it gets bigger, but there's no additional mass to it, it just gets stretched."
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75fdqo | Why is the minimum age for ‘adult’ medicines usually 12? Not 18 or 21? | There are some medicines which are meant for adults right? They usually say “this medicine is supposed to be for 12 years and older” or something like that. Why 12 but not 13? 15? 18? 21? I get with alcohol being 18-21 due to alcohol doing some serious damage to a kids body, but again, why 12 to medicines meant for adults? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because a lot of pharmaceuticals are dosed by patient weight. At 12 years old you are nearly full size.",
"It's just a rule of thumb to avoid overdosing, even if it's exact same active ingredient nobody is going to tell you to cut exact part of the pill to create a proper dose of the medicine for the child's weight."
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75flpf | How are we able to tell which time is right or exact? | we all have different times on clocks, phones, and such but which one is really correct? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There's an organization called the International Bureau of Weights and Measures based in France that oversees this. Pretty much they reference a number of highly accurate atomic time keeping methods and set a universal time, which computers from all across the world set themselves to, including you're phone."
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75fne6 | why do our muscles hurt so much after we work out for the first time in a while? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"When you push your muscles to their limits, you're microscopically tearing them apart. The pain you feel is associated with that damage, as well as the non-visible inflammation that's occurring as they heal."
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75fp00 | my daughter asked; if trees are made of wood, why does the wood not split when it rains/gets wet? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because trees are surrounded by bark, which acts as a protective layer (much like your skin) and keeps water from getting in. Also, when you cut down a tree, the cells inside will die, leaving tons of empty space. If you add water, it fills the empty spaces like a sponge, causing it to expand or be \"waterlogged.\" We actually discovered the concept of cells from cork tree logs, which have massive amounts of empty space when viewed under a microscope. Antonie van Leewenhoek first described the spaces he saw in cork wood as \"cells,\" and figured something must have been there before the tree died.",
"Wood naturally splits, not because it gets wet, but because it gets DRY. About half of the weight of a freshly caught timber is actually water! But it can't dry out while it's still protected inside a huge thick tree with an outer layer of bark. If you take a saw and cut through and look at a tree's trunk or its heavier branches, you'll see a protective outer layer, and then the rings that are laid down, one for each year of that tree part's growth. They're lined up almost perfectly and that makes a nice line under which the wood could crack if you try to split it with an axe. When the tree is alive, the structures are a little moist and have a fair amount of water in them. So your cross-cut opens up that tree part to air and it starts to dry out, so the wood fibres contract against each other as that water leaves. And that shrinking effect causes the wood to stress... and sometimes crack, usually along the line of those rings. It often doesn't split though if it's large enough to hold its structure as the water leaves. But if you take a thin cross-section that cuts across the grain, [like this]( URL_0 ), it will develop cracks as it shrinks due to the water leaving. So why doesn't all wood split when it's cut? Why don't 2x4's at the lumber yard crack too? They're cut to a size and sometimes specially \"kiln dried\" in in a way that usually allows them to shrink a bit without cracking. [Not always though]( URL_1 )."
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75ftgm | why are viruses not considered living organisms? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They have no energy metabolism, they do not grow, they produce no waste products, and they do not respond to stimuli. They also don't reproduce independently but must replicate by invading living cells."
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75g5ze | Once and for all, is The Pirate Bay legal, and if it isn't how does it remain online? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There is no global law covering The Pirate Bay and similar sites. Even if, for example, it's illegal in the USA, it might be legal in Sweden. If there is even a single country where it is legal, it can be hosted in and operated from said country, and then there is no mechanism to take it offline entirely. As for whether it's legal in any *given* country, legal opinions differ. Because it doesn't actually *host* any copyrighted content (.torrent files are effectively links to links (that is, indirect links) to content, not the content itself - and TPB doesn't even host *those* any more, just Magnet links, which are *links* to links to links to content), it's difficult to prove that its operators are breaking copyright law. On the other hand, it is clear that copyright law *is being broken by __someone__*, and torrent-search sites are facilitating this, so the question becomes one of finding a basis for applying legal culpability to the website's owners, operators, and/or Internet service providers.",
"It's illegal in most places. It's been taken down a dozen times, and the creators arrested. But it's built to be able to pop up with a different domain name by basically anybody. It's hosted in foreign countries that don't enforce copyright laws.",
"This June, after a seven-year legal battle, the European Court of Justice rules that because The Pirate Bay does things like screen and organize torrents by content, even though it doesn't host or link to copyrighted material, it is facilitating copyright infringement to a degree that makes them guilty of it. It remains online by being hosted outside of jurisdictions where it is considered illegal. If it took Europe seven years to work out the legality, it will take Tavalu several years as well, assuming they even want to bother."
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75gcyc | How do countries with multiple timezones have different TV channels? | I'm from New Zealand, which has one timezone, so it's just one TV broadcast. However, countries with multiple timezones, like Australia, USA/Canada, Russia etc have multiple timezones. Suppose I live in New York, on the East Coast, and I have a friend in Los Angeles, on the West Coast. How would TV channels and stations make it so our TV adverts are seperated (ie, I wouldn't see an ad from LA saying "limited time car offer for 50% off, 9am to 3pm only!") since I'm in a different time zone and it's totally irrelevant to me. So channel one in LA would have a different programme to channel one in NY, but it's still the same channel? Not sure if this makes sense but someone dumb it down for me thank u | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"First lets talk about network TV. In the US there are 4 major networks. NBC, CBS, ABC and FOX. These networks have affiliates in different markets. NBC has 222 affiliates which show the national feed, and also run their own programming for local news, local specialty shows, syndicated shows, etc. If you are watching NBC you're watching one of these affiliates, usually the one closest to you geographically, even if you are getting your TV delivered via cable or satellite. The US is large, but widely populated. When television was primarily broadcast via VHF radio, it had a relatively short propagation distance, usually well under 100 miles. More likely under 40-60 miles or the signal would be very bad. A state like Ohio has a number of network affiliates, something like 9 NBC affiliates across the state. Columbus, Ohio and Cleveland have their own stations and own local news/programming. When it comes to advertisements, There are national ads and regional/local ads. During, say, the Superbowl, most of the ads you will see are national ads that everyone sees. However, there are some slots which are sold locally. The local affiliate will play their own ads basically on top of the national broadcast. Cable works similarly, with the cable provider selling local ads. Back in the day, you essentially had a person waiting to press the button to insert those ads, now I believe its more automated, with the network sending a background signal which lets the local equipment know where their own programming can be inserted. Large networks like the big 4, but also others like HBO and Showtime have both east and west coast feeds. They want to show the popular shows during prime time. The problem is, 8PM on the east coast is 5PM on the west coast. You don't want to start your late night programming at 8:30 PM on the west coast either. So you have the Eastern and Central watching one feed and Mountain and Pacific watching another. For big live events they show the same programming across both feeds, but for the most part the west coast feed is running 2 hours behind the east coast. So the TL;DR is that the US is large. We have a lot of different TV stations which broadcast some of the same content, but also have their own local programming. Local broadcasters or cable networks/satellite providers have the ability to insert their own ads into nationally broadcast programming where appropriate.",
"> but it's still the same channel? It isn't the same channel. If your name is Pat and another guy you meet is also named Pat, are you the same person? Just because there is a CBS in NYC and a CBS in LA doesn't mean they're the same channel. They're both owned by the same company, but different channels entirely."
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75gf6n | How is the protein content and other nutrients in food calculated? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Various techniques - most of which are carried out in a laboratory. Protein is calculated by analysing total nitrogen content; fat is calculated by either solvent absorption or NMR; inorganic matter by combustion and dry ash analysis; etc etc. There are techniques for each nutrient. There is also a database that is available which contains nutritional information for foods previously tested, which can be used to calculate the overall content of a prepared meal."
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75gh9v | If you were to leave a small amount of money in your bank account, and something happened that you were alive a thousand years later, would you have a fortune in your bank account from interest or is that unrealistic? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"This is heavily dependent on three things: - The amount of money in the account to start with - The rate of compound interest applied to the amount - The bank remaining in business for 1000 years If you assume an interest rate of say 2% annual, and you had $100 in the bank account, and the bank stayed in business - after 1000 years you would have $39,826,465,165. Not bad. *edit* since people keep commenting about inflation, despite my having acknowledged it already... yes, that amount of money in 1000 years' time will likely not be worth a lot, even if we stick with the same currency.",
"If you disappear for an extended amount of time you will probably be declared dead and the account will be closed.",
"Let's figure an interest rate of about 1% and an initial balance of $1000. That will yield $22 million after 1000 years. Sounds good, but we forgot about something: Inflation. If you use a 3% inflation figure, over those same 1000 years, $22 million will be effectively worthless, less than a fraction of a cent in today's dollars.",
"What *really* matters is whether your bank account, and the bank, still exist. The oldest banks in continuous operation are around 500 years old, and the oldest debts still paying interest are around 350 years old. Odds are also good that whatever form of currency you used to set up the account will longer be valid, and you probably missed the deadline to convert it to the new currency by 500 years. URL_1 URL_0",
"Many (US) States have a rule that if you don’t touch an account for ~6 years, the account becomes the property of the State.",
"I just went through the process of reopenning a dormant bank account so no. It will be in your contract somewhere but if you don't touch your account for something like 5 years (may be country/bank dependant) then they close your account and you need to apply to recover the money.",
"Ignoring the fact the bank will probably fail during that time, (as I assume you are asking this hypothetically), you probably wouldn't have more money than what you put in. Banks typically pay a lower rate of interest than inflation. Even though on paper it may be a much larger amount, the real return is probably negative."
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75gjxr | Why do we see moving images and shapes projected onto the darkness when we close our eyes? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They're called phosphenes and they're the result of pressure stimulation or light on closed eyelids."
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75gzoc | what happens to caterpillars who haven't stored the usual amount of calories when they try to turn into butterflies? | Do they make smaller butterflies? Do they not try to turn into butterflies? Do they try but then end up being a half goop thing because they didn't have enough energy to complete the process? Edit: u/PatrickShatner wanted to know: Are caterpillars aware of this transformation? Do they ever have the opportunity to be aware of themselves liquifying and reforming? Also for me: can they turn it on or off or is it strictly a hormonal response triggered by external/internal factors? Edit 2: how did butterflies and caterpillars get their names and why do they have nothing to do with each other? Thanks to all the bug enthusiasts out there! | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There are two hormones governing moulting and metamorphosis in insects. Ecdysone is a fat soluble hormone and increases towards the end of each instar (it accumulates in body fat). Once a threshold is crossed, a moult is triggered. Ecdysone levels drop immediately after the moult, then slowly build up again towards the next peak. Juvenile hormone (JH) shows declining expression with age. It tells the body what the next stage should be at the ecdysone peak when moulting is triggered. In a caterpillar, once JH levels drop below a predefined threshold, the next ecdysone peak initiates the pupal stage. If the caterpillar is underfed, this ecdysone peak (and hence the next moult) is delayed until sufficient energy reserves are available. Tl;dr - Metamorphosis is delayed till the caterpillar has enough stored energy available",
"Edit: This is an incorrect answer to the original question and could be misleading. This is an example of what could happen if the caterpillar cocoons early due to disease or infection NOT say climate or environmental pressure. They generally don't survive once they are out. The body will usually form but wings and legs and such don't come out so well. There are a number of different environmental pressures that would force a caterpillar to try early including food pressure or disease but I'm not aware of a mechanism internal to the pupae to regulate conservation of limited resources when transforming early. I raise Monarchs and had one go into chrysalis fairly early in its life cycle and come out earlier than expected. It made an attempt at being a butterfly but the second wing wasn't formed and not all of its legs worked. Imagine you planned for a $100,000 house and hired your contractor but only gave them $75,000. With no adjustments to the original plan the contractor would build until they ran out of money and then quit leaving you with say a roof and walls but nothing on the inside.",
"There are many good answers so far but I will add that sometimes they do in fact just end up tiny as adults if they do not get enough food or improper nutrition. I import 40,000+ butterflies a year in the chrysalis and can tell you that every year we see a few that are probably 75% smaller than they should be. I have personally raised an Atlas moth, the largest moth in the world, on palm fronds which are basically nutritionally void (it's mom picked the food, not me). It should have been the size of a dinner plate as an adult. Instead it was about 3 inches across.",
"Can there be an additional question added to this. Are caterpillars aware of this transformation? Do they ever have the opportunity to be aware of themselves liquifying and reforming?",
"Depends on just how much they are short... The way full metamorphosis works for things like butterflies.. almost the all of the internals of the caterpillar turns to goop and a butterfly starts forming just like it would as if the cocoon were an egg. So slightly /smaller caterpillars just end up becoming slightly smaller butterflies. However if its a huge deficit, then there just isnt enough material to form a functional adult and they dont make it",
"Caterpillars can and do fail to pupate. Have a look at this site: URL_0 Stress can cause them to pupate early, when they're not ready, and they'll simply die in the middle of pupating.",
"It's not really possible to answer your question about awareness, but the emergent butterfly does have some of the *memories* of the caterpillar. Scientists tested this by making caterpillars averse to a particular smell. As a butterfly, it is also averse to the smell, despite its brain liquefying and re-forming. I'll try and find a cite.",
"Is it possible for a caterpillar to live out until its natural death as a caterpillar and never become a butterfly? Or is the likelihood of death too great in that form?",
"Or this happens.. there is a particular caterpillar found in arctic regions that may spend up to 14 years as a caterpillar due to the short summer season and extreme winters.. URL_0",
"What happens to all the caterpillars I found eating my dam weed plants when I went to harvest yesterday? Do they turn into lazy video game playing butterflies?",
"My dads a high school biology teacher who had a student who gave him a caterpillar. My dad tried to refuse him but ended up with it anyways and told the student he better feed it cause he sure as hell wasnt gonna take care of it. Long story short, the caterpillar didn't eat enough and ended up with only four legs. Only reason I found out about this story was because ironically, that student ended up being MY high school biology teacher.",
"I love how throughout twelve years of school, we were always told that caterpillars turned into butterflies, but I don’t remember them ever saying how.",
"I’ve been raising caterpillars for years. One year, they had eaten all of the host plant and there was none available in town. Due to lack of food, they absolutely skipped their 5th instar (stage of caterpillars in between when they shed their skin). They pupated after their 4th molt, and all of them (probably about 100 or so) came out very deformed and unable to fly I didn’t let them suffer, but I feel a syringe with isopropyl is a much easier and humane to kill them. Just my two cents.",
"Do butterflies still feel like they're caterpillars? Just like how former fat people still fell fat?",
"Can someone please explain how that goop turns into a butterfly and how life is sustained in the chrysalis?",
"I read a study once that actually touched on your edit question. In it they produced negative outside stimulus on the cocoon i.e. electric shocks or high temperature if I remember correctly. And when they brought the stimulus near the adult butterflies they reacted negatively without the researchers actually doing anything to them. Edit. I am on my phone so sorry for any misspelling. Also I could be wrong on the \"stimulus\" but suficit to say the result were conclusive enough to determine that yes indeed they are conscious of they're environment and themselves while in that state."
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75h3hj | if basic income means giving the entire population a sum of money. Wouldn’t that just depreciate the dollar and result in overall loss? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's a redistribution of money rather than a creation of money. People are taxed a rate x of their income and then are given a sum y.",
"It's not really creating more money in the economy, just changing how it's distributed. And a lot of the money is already distributed to the same people, just in different ways... Currently, somebody with little or no income might get Section 8 housing vouchers, and food stamps, and medicaid, and school lunch program for their kids. Under UBI, they'd just get a check each month and pay for rent, food, health insurance, etc through that check. It lets them more efficiently spend their money, rather than being tied to specific programs -- maybe their job is handyman for an apartment building that provides housing, so a section 8 voucher means little, but would prefer to buy more fresh produce. Or maybe they wash dishes in a restaurant and can take leftover food home, but need a bigger place to live for their 5 kids. UBI would allow for re-allocation to their personal bet use. Of course there are the downfalls of people mis-using their money and blowing their food budget at Red Lobster when it's no longer tied to specific items that food stamps are allowable on, or they could throw away the rent money on a TV when it's not paid via section 8. As for inflation, the types of items and quantities demanded wouldn't really increase the prices of those items because mass produced food and goods, basic services are in plentiful supply.",
"The idea is that it would actually save money because most of the government programs that distribute money would no longer be needed. The system wouldn't create new dollars, it would just distribute it differently.",
"The answer depends on how the ubi is funded. If taxes are raised to pay for it, then it will largely constitute a redistribution of income. This will change the composition of aggregate demand but not its level. The overall inflation implications would be small. If the program is paid for by newly issued currency, then there would be inflation implications. From there the question becomes whether the central bank would take contractionary policy to stem the rise in prices.",
"Let's say basic income is $20K. The tax structure will be designed such $20K of the taxes an average person directly or indirectly pays goes into the basic income fund. Poorer people pay less, richer people more. The net result is the extra taxes the rich pay balance out what the poor don't pay, and the net amount of money stays the same."
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75h5y5 | Why do we get an awesome/relaxed feeling when we stretch real big? Like when we wake up. | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"When you sleep, your body releases chemicals that partially \"paralyze\" the body. This is so you don't wildly flail your arms and legs while dreaming, rapidly roll around, or otherwise hurt yourself. As you wake up, all of your muscles are still pretty stiff, and have been locked mostly in place for a while. Stretching a bunch of them at once feels good because you're releasing lots of tension all over your body."
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75hakt | Why do we call 3D functions "vector functions" and call its output "a set of vectors"? | Why not just call them parametric functions and call the output a set of points? Is there really a difference? | Mathematics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Not really. However you think about it, you've got a function of 3 variables that returns a 3-variable output: [u,v,w] = F(x,y,z) In some applications (for example, mapping), interpreting the output as a set of new points in space is appropriate. But for many applications, it's not. For instance, [u,v,w] could be the components of wind velocity at every [x,y,z] point in the atmosphere, or the components of the gravitational acceleration at every point near the Earth. In these cases, the output is best thought of as a little vector \"arrow\" at each point in space."
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75hfvg | The meaning of "Cold Turkey" | What does it mean when people say "I quit cold turkey"? I've even used it but don't get it's context | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"If you mean the origin of the term, it's due to the effect that withdrawal has on the body - it makes your body temperature drop, and you frequently end up with goosebumps. Hence, cold turkey."
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75hip7 | Oil is mostly bought and sold in USD. How does this help the American economy? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"It increases demand for USD, which increases the value of USD. That means that imports are (relatively) cheaper and exports are (relatively) more expensive, so it hurts farmers, forces manufacturers to expand internationally, and benefits purchasers of imports."
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75hq5c | What is diabetes and how does eating unhealthy lead to it? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Diabetes is caused by insulin, a chemical produced by the pancreas, not working properly. Insulin controls blood sugar levels. The ineffectiveness of insulin can be caused by two possible things: - The body isn't producing enough insulin (Type 1) or - The body's cells are not responding to insulin (Type 2 - insulin resistance) In the case of the former, the cause is unknown, but it is \"built in\" to the person's body. It's not something that is acquired through eating habits, health, etc. People with Type 1 diabetes have to inject insulin to keep their blood sugar levels under control. Type 2 diabetes is most commonly caused by obesity and lack of exercise. The exact cause of this is not yet fully understood, but it is believed to be related to adipose fat deposits producing excessive levels of a chemical called cytokines - these can activate a chemical pathway that leads to insulin resistance. Various in-depth studies have proven the link, but we are still only at the beginning of fully understanding it."
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75hvej | Why is it so comforting when you pet animals? Is there some sort of chemical thing or is it just physical contact? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Indeed it is. Every conforting physical contact with other beings, be it hugging, peting releases serotonin. The hormone linked with well being and hapiness. In fact aodpting a pet is a good sugestion for depression treatment."
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75id1l | Shouldn't high blood pressure be a good workout for your heart? | If you eat salt, it makes your blood thicker, which puts more pressure on the heart to pump blood. Shouldn't things like this be a good exercise for your heart, as long as they are temporary? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The warning you see about high blood pressure aren't about the danger of raising it for a few hours. They are about the danger of *chronic* or *long-term* high blood pressure.",
"Technically yes, but this can be problematic in isolation. When you're actually exercising, your body also makes substantial changes with regards to cellular contents, blood composition, and muscular strength. The heart *does* become stronger, but it's accompanied by all these other things. Strictly making the heart stronger (left ventricular hypertrophy) causes problems at high blood pressure, because the added muscle density makes the heart less elastic. It can't fill properly due to the increased muscle mass, which isn't necessarily an issue in an athlete with an equally \"strong\" heart but healthy blood pressure."
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75idsk | Are Rechargeable Batteries Better Fiscally/Environmentally vs. Disposable Ones? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Fiscally no question they are better. Environmentally I am unsure. But the energy required to charge a AA battery costs pennies so assuming you use them regularly they will make their money back quickly.",
"Because you only buy them once, and you don't throw them away. One $10 battery costs less than 100 $2 batteries, and throwing away 100 batteries is more trash than throwing away one battery.",
"Rechargeable batteries are absolutely better than disposable ones environmentally, including all aspects of their life, ie. including production, use, and disposal. It's difficult to condense a life-cycle assessment into an ELI5 but across the board for factors like acidification, heavy metal pollution, and climate change contribution rechargeable batteries (assuming an optimistic recharge number) range between 50 and 140~ish times less of an impact. The biggest impact comes from the production of the battery itself. [Source]( URL_0 )"
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75ie7i | Why does well-done bacon taste saltier than less well-done bacon? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"The more you cook your bacon, the more water is lost as a result. Any salt will be left behind, so crispy bacon will still have the same amount of salt, but won't be diluted by any remaining water.",
"As you cook the bacon, some of the fat melts away. This results in a smaller piece of bacon, yet most of the salt is still in there. So it's more concentrated."
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75ij7w | Why do elements with positive charges have metallic properties such as ductility, hardness, reflectivity, and heat conductivity? | Edit: positive oxidation numbers I phrased that wrong at first. | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"All elements in their normal states are neutral with equal numbers of protons and electrons so I think you meant elements that tend to form positive ions when they react. All the metallic properties you mentioned are properties of metallic bonds. When atoms join together they form one of three types of bonds: covalent, ionic, or metallic. The kind they form depends on a the relative value of a property of a property called electronegativity (among other things more complicated) which describes how much an atom \"wants\" another electron or wants to give one up. Very differing values tend to form ionic bonds where electrons are transferred from atom to another, and closer/similar electronegativity values tend to share through covalent or metallic bonds. Describing the difference in why metallic vs covalent is beyond ELI5 but the results are easier. In a metallic material all electrons are shared among all atoms in the material and they're free to move around making the material electrically and thermally conductive. The bonds are relatively strong, giving the material strength but because the atoms are \"floating\" in a cloud of mobile electrons, the atoms can be moved, deforming the overall shape without fracturing making the material ductile. Reflectivity is harder property to explain simply but for a first pass explanation the color of a material depends on what colors of light it reflects vs absorbs (or re-emits) and the absorptions depend on the energy levels of the electrons of an atom. The metallic bonds result in a wide array of possible energy levels to emit so many colors of light can be reflected. There's much more going on with this property but it's far to complex for ELI5."
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75iqaq | What causes that “pureness” feeling after orgasm? | When you’re in the middle of a sexual act, you can be thinking of the most kinkiest and perverted stuff, but when you bust, all that stuff goes out the window. What causes this to happen? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I think you'll find your answer in \"prolactin,\" which is released after ejaculation. It suppresses dopamine, one of the arousal neurotransmitters that turns your brain all kink. URL_0 There is also more extreme versions of guilt and sadness that have been documented as lasting for a week. Imagine feeling sad and depressed, or guilty, for a week after having sex.",
"I've never felt particularly \"pure\" after an orgasm. Usually some combination of calm/satisfied/euphoric-- pure is something I associate with yoga or taking a shower. Maybe I'm just arguing semantics, because I get the point you're making. Neurologically, the arousal stage is all dopamine/norepinepherine and the post-coital stage is serotonin/oxytocin. After sex you're supposed to relax and bond with your mate so yanking their hair suddenly seems less appealing."
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75j739 | Why does it matter if certain species (like rhinos for example) go extinct? Is every species really that important to the ecology? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Right now, we lack the data to accurately predict the effects of all endangered species going extinct. It's better to err on the side of caution and try to prevent extinction, because once it's gone, it'll take *tons* more effort and money to bring back the species. And at that point, the ecosystem could have changed so much that it is too late. The more diverse an ecosystem is, the more stable and resilient it is. Functional ecosystems are not only nice to visit (camping, hiking, tourism), they can provide economic benefits such as absorbing and filtering water (one reason the flooding in Houston, Texas is so bad is that a lot of wetland areas were paved over), stop land erosion, and help preserve soil quality. Think of it this way. Anything not saved could be lost, so we might end up with a world populated by us and all the creatures that thrive in our presence whether we want them to or not. Pigeons, raccoons, mosquitoes, rats, mice, feral dogs and cats, and things like that that people generally don't like to have around.",
"Beyond the ecological standpoint, there's an ethical standpoint to consider. Just because we CAN kill a thing, should we? If we don't have any real benefit in killing off a species (for food, hide for clothing, etc), should we? If humans have, in past (and to a lesser extent, present) transgressions, driven species to the point of near-extinction, is it the correct thing to do to just say \"oh well\" and let the species die off, or attempt to repair the damage and preserve the species?",
"There are a lot of problems caused by a species going extinct. The first is it lowers overall genetic diversity, which can cause more problems later. If an ecosystem has 10 species of predator and one is wiped out by disease or climate change, well that sucks but the others can probably fill in the game. However, if an ecosystem has only 1 or 2 predator species and one is wiped out, then the prey population will balloon out of control and start devouring everything else. Each species that goes extinct makes the ecosystem more vulnerable to further extinctions. The other problem is we never know what we're losing when a species goes extinct. Everything we eat comes from plants, animals, or fungi. Many medicines come from plants or animals, and I don't just mean herbal remedy woo stuff, but major pharmaceuticals. Lots of other products as well, such as cotton, wool, leather, rubber, and some plastics, among other things. Imagine if some of those species had gone extinct before we discovered their uses. A lot of these are difficult or impossible to synthesize. When a species goes extinct we never know if we're losing some future delicacy or a miraculous medicine or a source of some useful industrial product."
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75j8c9 | Why does the military use phrases such as Oscar Mike, or other lingo like Tangos? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They're generally using those words to refer to letters. Especially over radio (i.e. relatively low audio quality and no visual cues) the difference between letters like V and B, T and D, M and N, etc. are difficult to distinguish. So the military came up with a system where every letter had a corresponding word that was easy to discern. They use this for abbreviations and whatnot",
"It's not lingo, rather its part of a [phonetic or spelling alphabet]( URL_0 ). This is for clarity, to avoid confusion where letters may sound alike. Like M and N.",
"It's a clarity thing. Tango Foxtrot Alpha translate a lot easier over a crackly radio than TFA.",
"Those are all letters of the [phonetic alphabet]( URL_0 ) (a set of words used in place of letters that are each distinct even over poor communications equipment). Have you ever had someone ask you (especially over a telephone call, whether you said D as in David or B as in Bill or Boy? To save time the military standardized on a single alphabet of replacements for all letters (not just the confusing ones), and uses it in place of letters.",
"People who use radios to communicate (military, police, rescue, aviation, etc.) use a phonetic alphabet so they're easier to understand, especially when you're getting poor reception. Saying \"T\" could sound like tee, or zee, or eee, dee, or gee, but \"Tango\" is easy to discern from other letters. After a while the phonetic versions of common abbreviations become commonly used slang. \"Oscar Mike\", for example is phonetic for O-M which is the abbreviated version of \"On the Move\" or \"On Mission\".",
"To spell things out. Lots of letters sound similar so would get lots of repeats like \"Did you say Em or En?\" etc. particularly if there was poor reception conditions or background noise like gunfire. So they use a standard set of words, one for each letter, that are easy to recognise and can't be confused. URL_0",
"It's a phonetic alphabet. Over the radio if you are spelling something, it can be hard to understand. To make sure there is not understanding, each letter have an assigned word. Oscar = O, Mike = M, Tango = T. The military also have a lot of acronym or code, so spelling with those words can help a lot to make communication clear and minimise miscommunication.",
"As everyone else has pointed out, the NATO phonetic alphabet is widely used for clarity in voice communications. There is more than one system that has been used in the world, however. There is a \"deprecated\" phonetic alphabet that the Army/Navy used to use too. Sometimes, you'll hear it in older movies or in old declassified military documents. URL_2 The LAPD has their own. URL_0 Remember the band [Seven Mary Three]( URL_1 )? Well, they got that name from the TV show, 'CHIPs'. 7M3 was Officer Jon Baker's callsign on the show."
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75jom0 | How is IQ calculated? Is it something you can improve with practice, or general knowledge increase? Does it improve or deteriorate as we get older? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"IQ, or intelligence quotient, is a rough estimate of how well your brain functions relative to your age, at least in children. This is different with adults, and I'll address it later. The average IQ is 100, and I'll give a mathematical example with regards to child IQ tests. If you're 10 years old and perform as well on an IQ test as a 12 year old, your IQ is (12/10) = 1.2, times 100, which is 120. If you're 10 and perform the same as the average 10 year old, your IQ is (10/10) = 1 x 100 = 100. One problem with this original form of IQ test/calculation is that it doesn't scale well with age, and requires additional approximation/standardization. You might be 30 and out-perform most 30 year-olds, but you're also equally better than most 40, 50, 60 year olds. Once you reach adulthood, you're not continuing to become more and more intelligent. In this case your IQ has to be determined by how well you perform relative to all fully grown adults, independent of age."
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75jtru | Why do we typically only raise one type of animal per field? | As I was driving along today I noticed a field containing both cows and sheep grazing together. It made me curious as to why we don't see this more often. Are there any particular reasons behind us not grazing different types of animal together? Is it more farmer choice, or would the animals simply not coexist well together? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Some animals do not get along, burros with anything, horses with cattle (unless there is a lot of acreage), goats with cattle. Horses will crowd the cattle away from the feed, you need to feed them in separate areas. Sheep will eat the pasture down to dirt, it is hard to maintain a pasture with sheep unless you keep them moving. To break the cycle of parasites, it is actually recommended to graze cattle and sheep together, letting the cattle eat first, then allowing the sheep in. Most parasites that infect sheep do not afflict bovines.",
"people used to do it more when people ran their own farms. Now, with industrailized farming, it's more efficient for one facility to focus on one type of animal. You only need one type of ideal feed, only need cow-sized gates, pens, milkers, etc, only need veternarians and animal experts who know cow and not a whole host of critters."
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75jxin | Is potential energy a made up concept? | Was potential energy created to make the math convenient? The conservation of energy is a nice thought, but it seems like we fudge numbers when we say "the kenitic energy I spent walking up this ladder was converted into potential energy I can use when I jump off". Can we measure this? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Potential energy is more of an abstract \"idea,\" which helps us predict the way objects might, or have the **potential** to, react. If you stand on a ladder with a bowling ball, the concept of potential energy lets us know exactly how fast that ball will be moving when it hits the ground, and how hard it will hit. This doesn't strictly apply to simple physics with stairs and bowling balls, either. If you're building a rocket, you can calculate how much potential energy is \"stored\" in the fuel, in order to know for certain that the rocket will make it into space.",
"No potential energy isn't a made up concept. Not any more than numbers themselves are a made up concept anyway. It's a measure of stored energy. Think of it like a battery. When you charge a battery, the battery has a certain energy level due to its current state. In a similar fashion a drawn bow has stored energy due to its current state. Potential energy refers to the energy that will be expended by an object as it naturally moves from one position to a natural ending position. To help get past the feeling that this is 'fudging' think of it this way: Potential energy is the energy that would be released by the object if not for some force holding it back. When I draw a bow, I have to continue to apply force to the bowstring in order to avoid the release of the bow's stored potential energy. When I draw back a wrecking ball I have to hold it back in order to avoid the release of the ball's stored potential energy. When you climb a ladder the ladder is preventing the release of the gravitational potential energy that would naturally be released were the ladder not supporting you."
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75k6bo | why do a lot of people tilt their heads when writing? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"If you're right handed (most people) you might be inclined to tip your head to the left, so you can see what you're doing around your hand. Since we write from left to right, your right hand is constantly obstructing your view as you go along. If you're left handed (me) you just drag your whole hand through everything you write and end up covered in ink/graphite."
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75ka4f | Why do we get sleepy on rainy days? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Your brain uses certain colors of ambient light to keep track of daytime/nighttime, and to maintain your normal 24 hour rhythm. Most significantly, intense blue light - similar to that of the sky - stimulates the brain to stay awake. When it's rainy and overcast, you're getting less of that normal daytime light, and your brain interprets this as a sign that it's time to go to bed."
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75kcrw | why does even a light bump to the elbow in the wrong spot make your whole arm go numb? | I always called it hitting your funny bone but it’s never very funny when it happens. What causes the temporary loss of motor function? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The ulnar nerve which carries motor signals to and sensation from the pinky-side of your hand/arm runs right through that sensitive area of the elbow, and isn't very well protected. When you \"hit your funny bone,\" you're actually just hitting the exposed nerve. The stimulation is intense, and is transmitted to your brain as \"literally everything just happened in the part of the arm I monitor.\"",
"If your nerves are like a network of cells all talking to each other, then if they can communicate clearly, everything works fine. Striking your elbow is kind of like trying to hold a conversation when someone is shouting at the table next to you. It doesn't prevent communication, but it disrupts it, like nerve communication disrupted from pressure on a nerve. If you think about your body like a communication network, your brain has to communicate with the different parts of your body, which means running communication lines. But you have a lot of muscle and bone, and the lines need to be flexible, and hard to damage, yet easy to connect up. In the arms, this is accomplished by the ulnar nerve running deep in your arm. However the elbow is a joint and mostly connective tissue like tendons and ligaments and bone, so it's closer to the surface and has less protection. When the elbow is struck, sometimes it stimulates this nerve or it can even interrupt communication which you'd perceive as a numbness or tingling in your finger tips. Injuries can cause swelling which can put pressure on the nerve which can deaden sensation as well."
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75kpse | Why do ants smell like raid when you smash them? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"The pungent odor you smell is most likely formic acid, which is produced naturally by ants (hence its name) but is also used in place of mineral acids in certain household cleaning products. Please don't smash ants on purpose though -- they are our friends!"
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75kqnw | What happens to the chewing gum people spit out everywhere? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Do you ever look at busy sidewalks and see those black dots everywhere? That's gum.",
"Most gum is made with synthetic polymers that will not decompose. It either needs to be removed by human cleaning crews or it makes its way into the food chain, mostly through fish. Here's an [article.]( URL_0 ) & nbsp; **TL;DNR:** Throw your gum in the trash, please.",
"Gum actually doesn't degrade that easily, if at all. There's probably a lot more gum on the roads than your eye can even notice, simply because the gum is covered in so much dust and other types of garbage that it just blends in with the asphalt over time. Least that's my simple take on it."
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75kr2z | Why do "download speeds" and actual update/install speed differ drastically? | I'm sure many people have experienced this - but I'm so fed up with these installs and updates taking hours. When installing that includes a "MB/s" counter, the install begins with something like "5MB/s" and then slowly slips into the "8KB/s" range. This is all while my speeds, according to URL_3 , are somewhat high. Someone, please explain why this difference exists. Screenshots - Overwatch update - URL_1 URL_0 - URL_2 | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There are three major factors that determine the speed of a connection to a given website or server. * Your connection speed to the internet via your ISP * The website/server's connection speed to the internet via *their* ISP * The amount of traffic on the internet between your ISP and theirs. A speed test can only check the pathway between you and the speed test server. So the only useful information a consumer can get from a speed test is whether their connection to the internet via their ISP is as fast as the ISP claims that it is. But your connection speed through your ISP is irrelevant if the server you're trying to get information from has a slower connection or has a high number of other people trying to access it or there is a lot of traffic on the internet pathway between them and you and in most cases it's a combination of all of it.",
"Becuase its based on a lot of variabls like RAM, CPU Speed, Software speed, non client server speed, traffic flow and somtimes the weather can effect it. If it keep happening though, id contact your ISP."
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75kuw5 | Why do people not get electrocuted when touching a charger? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"There are two ways in which chargers prevent electrocution. The first one is that everything that can be covered in plastic or rubber is covered in plastic or rubber. Electricity can't flow through plastic or rubber. If something on the outside of the charger or device is metal, the charger (in Australia as the example) will have a third metal strip which allows electricity to be \"grounded\". Electricity flows on the path with the least resistance to the ground, so if is a choice between flowing through you or flowing through the metal wire to the ground, or will choose the wire and you won't be electrocuted.",
"Do you mean a phone charger? If so - one reason is the voltage is too low. Your skin is not a great conductor of electricity, and it takes a pretty good amount of voltage before you can get any real power flowing through you. Think of voltage like water pressure. If you want it to go through a path that is not a good conductor (the electrical resistance is high) - then the pressure has to be high too if you want to get a reasonable amount of water to go through. A small amount of current may flow through your skin if you touch the connector the right way, but it is such a tiny amount of power it is basically harmless (I still wouldn't do it on purpose but they are designed to be super safe). And as u/_Awkward_Llama mentioned, they make sure everything is covered up - there *are* dangerous voltages inside the charger, but they protect that from the outside world. Does that help to answer your question? Edit: Something to add - if you get a cheap charger with no safety approval, you could get shocked. They could potentially be dangerous (no pun intended)."
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75kx3b | Who controls how much money there is in the world? | Surely as time has gone on there must be more money created from whatever source but who decides how much money is to be printed and how do they keep track of it? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Currencies like the Dollar and the Euro are controlled by *central banks*, which have different ways of putting more money in circulation or taking it out. For example, to add more money they can simply create it (sometimes literally printing it) and use it to buy things (like debt). To decrease the money supply, they can increase the amount of money other banks are required to keep on deposit at the central bank, or sell assets they previously bought. Generally, central banks adjust the money supply to keep a healthy balance between inflation and unemployment. (Edit: clarifications)"
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75l0o2 | Does the universe have a center? Can you go out in any direction and return back at Earth? | [Crashcourse]( URL_0 ) stated, quite clearly, that the universe has no center. At any point in the universe it appears that the rest of the universe is moving away from you. I'm having a really hard time understanding that the universe does not have a center. | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"There's no center of the universe. If you go in one direction you will never circle back around to earth. The universe extends infinitely in all directions, and space itself expands at all points in all directions everywhere at once at the speed of light. Because of the way we observe the univrse however, there is an apparent center (but not a real center): You. Everything in the universe is moving away from everything. So from anyones point of view, they are the center of the universe.",
"Humans function in a finite space where things are clearly defined. We use geometric shapes that have edges and corners and centers and diameters. It's obviously a *big* jump from the finite environment we know and see and touch and can figure out, to a more infinite environment that doesn't behave anything like we're used to. As humans we always gravitate towards the familiar and things we can measure and figure out, so a universe without a center or limit can be difficult for us to comprehend. If you're having a hard time understanding that the universe doesn't have a center, even though there was a Big Bang and it's been expanding ever since, you are not alone in this, friend. Maybe it helps if you can understand that the things we know about the universe are understood through mathematics as well as observation via space telescopes and such. Which means that people without a \"mathematical brain\" may struggle a bit to understand what seems quite obvious to mathematicians and physicists. Our understanding is limited to what we can observe and calculate. The current working theories and hypotheses are based on these observations and calculations. Obviously they may all be disproven at some point as scientific understanding grows and advances. Currently the *best* answer is that the universe has no center, *based upon current scientific understanding*. It may very well actually have a center, or many centers."
],
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5,
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75l10n | Why do humans have wisdom teeth? Do any other species have wisdom teeth that would benefit them to have them removed? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do6zvvo"
],
"text": [
"Primitive Homo Sapiens would loose teeth naturally due to dental hygiene/care not yet existing, thus having more teeth come in later in life was advantageous and a happy trait we evolved to have. As for wisdom teeth in regards to other species, someone smarter than myself would have to comment. I could see other great Apes having later emerging teeth for the same reason but I don't know. I think Sharks grow new teeth their whole lives."
],
"score": [
3
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|
75ld0l | What are the references being used to describe higher dimensions in Maths and Physics? | I'm really hoping there are people out there who can help me to grasp this in a more tangible way. As the title suggests; I'm looking for an accessible (i.e linguistic, not mathematic - if at all possible) explanation of what exactly is being referred to when talking about higher dimensions. Such as, in the article that prompted me to realize I have no idea what's going on: [New Scientist – The brain’s 7D sandcastles]( URL_0 ) I, kind of, understand abstractly that a dimension is defined by its measurement, or ability to be measured in some fashion. But my intuition really only extends this understanding to 4 dimensions (Space: X,Y,Z and Time). What I'm *really* struggling to wrap my head around is: **What** (if that's even applicable) is/are the measurements, or *things* being measured that are defining dimensions beyond the 4th, 5th, 6th and so on? | Mathematics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do7atd1"
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"text": [
"Thinking of time as 4th dimension is kinda wrong. If and when you get to depths of theory of relativity, you kinda have to think of time as a dimension, so it's not a wrong way to think if you're a theoretical physicist... But for the rest of us, you probably are thinking about it in a way that's either wrong or not helpful. So assuming you're not physicist that's extremely familiar with theory of relativity, let's just talk of the world as 3-dimensional, and ditch time. Dimensions basically determine how much junk you can store. And this depends on the type of junk you are storing. So let's start simple. From 1d world. Something quite a bit like a string. Imagine you were 1d being confined to this string. So all directions you know of are either forwards or backwards. That's also limiting how much junk you can store. If you have a thing that you want to store, and it takes, say, one meter of space, then on 10 meter long spread you can only store 10 of these items. Seems simple right? For 2d being, they could live on a, say, a surface of some very large sheet. They would only know forward and backward, left and right. So if they have their junk they want to store, how many squares, 1meter by 1meter, could they store on a safekeeping house which is 10m by 10m? And surprisingly, you can store 100 of these 2d items. For 3d beings, like humans, we have 3 directions available to us. up/down, left/right, forward/backward. So we can stack items and 10m x 10m x 10m space would hold 1,000 boxes with dimensions of 1m x 1m x 1m. 4d being would likewise have space for 10,000 boxes on their 10m hypercube. This would be because they had a new direction they could stack these boxes at. 5d would go up to 100,000, and 6d up to 1,000,000. So one way of thinking about dimensions is that, in higher dimensions, there's more space near any given object. So things like, checking what's right next to you are easier when you're in lower dimensions. Like our 1d string being could just check what's immediately behind them, and what's immediately in front of them to know all that is close to them. 2d being would have to be checking a lot more ground. And us, well, there's already 3 dimensions in which stuff can be near us. This also affects things like radiation. If you're radiating something evenly to all of your surroundings, in 1d this radiation would never get any fainter. In 2d, the further it got from you, the more ground it would have to cover, so if it got 10x further from you, it would only be 1/10 as bright. In our 3d space, things like the sun becomes much fainter as distance grows, because there's more space into which the radiation has to spread. So the sun at 10x closer is actually 100x brighter. The article you linked doesn't actually refer to any physical dimensions either. They simply argue that there is benefit in thinking of the brain as 7d mathematical thing, because intuitions such as the ones I provided here can help one better understand the brain, but that's helpful to people who are not me. Basically, their target audience is mathematicians that have spent years studying dimensions and other branches of maths, to them this is a helpful way to think about the brain. Not to me :p"
],
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5
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75lh03 | Is light directly affected by gravitation, like objects with mass, or is it indirectly affected through the bent space? | As far as I know photons have no mass, and only objects with mass are affected by gravity, right? So is light only affected indirectly, by gravity through space which has been bent by a large mass, or is it somehow directly affected? | Physics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do7306b"
],
"text": [
"Technically, gravity *is* the bending of space. Light doesn't have mass, but it does have momentum, which is still affected by gravity."
],
"score": [
8
],
"text_urls": [
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75lixx | how is more wealth created? | Richard Branson stated the need for basic income once more wealth is created by AI. How can more wealth be created instead of just exchanged between parties? | Economics | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do78o8d"
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"text": [
"Whenever you engage in a consensual trade of goods and services you are giving something you value less for something you value more - and so is the other party. Once the trade is complete, both parties have more 'wealth' than they had previously because they both have something they value more. Wealth can't be created by AI (at least any AI we know) because value is a subjective human concept. What Branson is probably getting at is that human capabilities exist along a bell curve. While almost anyone can mow lawns for a living, relatively few people can perform brain surgery. As you create better and better tools, you start reducing the need for low end jobs. For example, in ancient China, Emperors used to keep their lawns tidy by having peasants with miniature scythes cut the lawn. This was enormously labor-intensive. In modern-day China, the political elite instead hire a much smaller number of laborers who use lawn mowers. In future China, they'll probably just buy an automated lawn mower and perhaps a single technician to supervise dozens of those devices. If you're a person whose capabilities are limited to 'mow a lawn with a hand scythe', then you're out of a job and unlikely to find another. Likewise, if all you're capable of doing is operating a simple lawnmower, the elimination of your labor category is a big problem. This is also why people get upset about 'outsourcing' - the jobs outsourced are the sort of low-skill jobs that are at the limit of many people's capabilities. Basic income is intended as a way to deal with this problem. People whose jobs are displaced by technology (or outsourcing) are instead simply given money by the government so they can live. Unfortunately, the value of labor is not only in the money received but also the social and psychology value of earning that money. When you take away earning the money and replace it with a check, you tend to end up with a disruptive underclass that is inimical to a free, democratic society. Perhaps the best example of this process at work would be a place that has had basic income for years: Saudi Arabia. It is a hotbed of terrorism not because the elites want terrorism but because they have a vast underclass of bored, unemployed people who are deprived of the social and psychological rewards of work."
],
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7
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75lsp8 | If humans have domesticated animals like wolves, why haven't we done the same for other large predators like bears? | I mean, who wouldn't want to curl up next to a friendly non-life-threatinging bear descendent? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do765l8",
"do7assj"
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"text": [
"Humans have been domesticating dogs for a *long* time and it is arguably easier to do this because they started out as a communal pack animal. Bears tend to be much more of a loner species so taming them is even more difficult considering the lack of instincts to hijack with domestication. It also isn't obvious why a human would really want to tame a bear for use as a survival companion. Bears need significantly more food than dogs which would take resources away from the humans. Also the hunting style of humans doesn't tend to favor the use of bears: Humans are extremely good at running down prey through persistence and cooperation which complement the hunting style of wolves from which dogs descend, while bears don't hunt that way at all. A bear likely couldn't keep up with a human's running pace (although in a sprint they would beat a human) and once they arrived their superior physical power isn't needed because the human with the spear is going to be able to kill anything they encounter anyway. The role of the dog or bear would only be to corner and hold the prey for the human to kill, so a dog holding on to the back leg of a boar is good enough. Finally dogs breed a lot faster than bears which is of great importance when many people need domesticated animals. If you go a year hunting with twelve dogs and you lose one because it got gored by a boar then you are still OK, but if you have two bears and one gets killed then you are in real trouble.",
"The ability to be comes to rated relies on 4 key attributes. Friendly - An animal needs to at least be open to not attacking people on sight Feedability - They can't require special diets. They either need to eat what we eat, or eat something we cannot eat but is ABUNDANTLY available. Fecund - They need to reproduce easily and/or in great numbers. Family-oriented - They need to be open to working as a group. Let's look at wolves/dogs. They have a pack-based community which humans can fit into, they don't immediately attack humans, they reproduce easily (3 months for 5 puppies, about 6 months to maturity), and they eat everything while specializing in fat and marrow which humans don't digest as well while only requiring about 4 cups of food per day maximum. Now let's look at bears. They are largely solitary with adult males being so aggressive as to attack and sometimes consume their own young, they like to attack people, and they take a long time to reproduce (5 cubs every 2 years, about 5 years to maturity), while they do eat everything they eat a lot (90lbs/day). They just aren't cost effective. For the cost of raising war bears you can have horses as well as a pack of warhounds."
],
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75lw8h | Why does there seem to be more forest fires in the State of California every year than in other States? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do76i82"
],
"text": [
"> ELI5: Why does there seem to be more forest fires in the State of California every year than in other States? It's big. It's hot. It's dry. And it has a lot of trees."
],
"score": [
4
],
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|
75m2ab | Why do some people become really prone to "motion sickness" when travelling on a boat, ship or plane, while others seem they haven't had those problems even in their younger years? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do7bkvi",
"do7pg6x",
"do7egob",
"do7q8c6",
"do7oi7d"
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"text": [
"The reason for motion sickness summed up in a few words is we simply haven't evolved fast enough to get over it. Your eyes and ears have to agree with each other. It's only become a problem recently because before the last few hundred years you weren't capable of flying or trains or cars or rockets where you moved extraordinarily fast. So your eyes see you moving but your vestibular system, which is in your ear, keeps a fluid in it to sense balance. If you're in a car maintaining speed, your eyes say \"dear God almighty this is fast so much is moving Jesus!!!\" Meanwhile your ears are saying, \"dude idk what you're smoking but we are standing still right now chill out\". Your brain doesn't like the miscommunication and thus you feel sick trying to process it.",
"Former flight instructor here. I find the tendency to get sick can be cured by repeated *short* exposures to motion. The sick feeling almost always takes some amount of time to get started: if you end the exposure *before* it sets in, the student now has a sickness-free flight under his belt. Lather, rinse, repeat. TL;DR: Your subconscious mind learns from *success*, not from *failure*.",
"I'd like to farther this! How come I can't handle riding amusement rides that spin me? I used to be able to ride the teacups. As an adolescent, I didn't have this problem until I was left on the egg scrabbler too long. [Something like this.]( URL_0 ) What happened that made me more sensitive to being spun?",
"I love how not a single person has answered the question. Everyone is just giving advice on how to get over it. I wonder if it has something to do with inner ear sensitivity? Or maybe the viscosity of the ear fluid?",
"I used to have bad motion sickness. at 33, its gotten way worse. I cant even get into my basement level carpark because I hvae to do a few turns."
],
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27,
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbStkyz3_qI"
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75m5l2 | Why have newspaper comics gotten so abysmal these days? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do79vdv",
"do7a7de"
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"text": [
"Several factors are at play. First, you're older, so you've developed a taste. You might recall loving Garfield as a kid, but now you read recent strips and it's dull and bland. But if you went back and read strips that were published when you were a child, you would find them equally dull. Second, the authors change over time. They might come to view their comics as a metaphorical prison for their imagination. They might develop some sort of mental deterioration, as with Terry Pratchett. Finally, external conditions might change that reduce their ability to do their work, as with Tom Lehrer (who, when he produced music, wanted to satirize politicians, but he stopped because today he instead wants to punch them).",
"Mostly because print is now the least efficient medium for artists to display their work. Back in the day getting picked up by a local paper for your comic was a big deal, and getting syndication across regional or national networks was huge. Think rock stars of the comic world. They had to try harder and the best artists rose to the top. Nowadays anybody can create a comic and put it online with a minimum of funding and reach a large audience. Also allows you to segregate your audience reach based on what you are trying to do. Comics in general haven't gotten abysmal they've just taken root in a new distribution platform."
],
"score": [
9,
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75mfex | You lose energy in cold weather because heat leaves your body, but why do you not gain energy in hot weather? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do7bgg3",
"do7b6ja"
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"text": [
"Humans are warm-blooded[citation needed] This means we generate put own heat via our metabolic processes which requires energy (from food) and water, we know all this. Now, when exposed to cold temperatures the body starts doing a whole bunch of stuff to keep us alive and warm, including using up more energy to keep this process going. The equation for this is long with many variables and can be found in [this article]( URL_0 ) I found after like 10 seconds on google. We don’t “gain energy” from hot temperatures like cold-blooded animals do, but if it’s hot we *dont* have to put the extra energy towards keeping ourselves warm. We’ve got other stuff going on, like sweating to keep ourselves cooler, but it isn’t at resource intensive as keeping warm. So we might not “gain” energy when it’s hot, but we’ll use up less just trying to stay alive **disclaimer: do not have a relevant degree so correct me if needs be, but this is my understanding",
"Our bodies are making heat as we make energy. We are always trying to expel this heat through our skin. This works best when the temperature is cooler than our body temperature. When the temperature is higher than the heat we're trying to give off, it actually takes more energy to get rid of it"
],
"score": [
5,
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"text_urls": [
[
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232852/"
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} | [
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|
75mfmh | Why do almost all world maps have North America on the left and Asia on the right? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do7b7lm",
"do7cx1u",
"do7corb"
],
"text": [
"Convention. The maps we use were drawn by Europeans, which puts them square on the center. Similarly GMT is the time zone line that runs right through Greenwich in the U.K. It's important to note that there are plenty of maps that have a different perspective but I assume thats not your question.",
"Having lived in North America, Europe, and Asia, I can assure you that's not true. Each continent tends to have a different map style, typically placing itself near the center of the map.",
"It is mostly because the Pacific Ocean is big and empty, and makes for the best meridian to start and end your map on. In addition, the first world maps came from Europe, for use by Europeans, and evolved as more and more of the world was discovered. This would naturally leave Europe in the center."
],
"score": [
12,
6,
4
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|
75mgyp | how do gravel roads form “washboard”. | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do7chxx"
],
"text": [
"Cars have both shock absorbers and air-filled tires that smooth out the ride by absorbing forces which would jolt the car upward and releasing them later. If you hit a rock poking up out of the road surface they both compress, then as they come back down afterwards they exert a little more force on the roadway than the normal weight of the car. Normally this is a good thing, the jolt is cushioned and everything is fine. The trouble starts when the road surface is soft and subject to deforming under pressure such as with sand or clay. In that case the increased pressure on the road surface will tend to start to push a slight divot into the road. When the wheel rolls into this the car starts to fall and as the wheel rolls out it catches this falling momentum by compressing the tire and shocks again. They again release this compression afterwards by increasing pressure on the next stretch of roadway which causes the start of another little pit. Over time this leads to the development of a rippled road surface at about the harmonic of the car suspensions which created it, a structure that is called \"washboard\" due to its similarity to the traditional ribbed washing tool."
],
"score": [
3
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|
75mhv9 | How come we can sometimes "draw a blank" when trying to remember something, even when the answer is "on the tip of our tongue?" | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do7cy2i",
"do7bljl"
],
"text": [
"What I'm typing now -only- relates to drawing a blank and the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon in regards to words and phrases. Edit: But it's not entirely silly to think that ideas and memories are connected. The database where we store our language is shaped like a network: A big, chaotic cobweb of connections between nodes. The nodes are words, concepts, images and a bunch of other things. When you think of a concept, for example the concept \"a pen\", your brain starts searching for the right word to express it. It sends a signal, which travels along the different connections that lead from the concept to the word (or from node A to node B). There are toooons of connections (strings between the \"nodes), such as how the word looks, what it sounds like, the emotional state you were in when you learned to spell it, things it look like or sound like, things that are opposed and many other connections (pretty much anything you can think of). To save time your brain sends a signal down as many strings as possible. Usually, this works perfectly! It's the reason we manage to process and articulate ~3 words a second when speaking*. But some times things go wrong: A lot of the connections are shared with other words. Maybe one signal doesn't lead to the right word, but a word that looks like, or sounds like the one you're looking for. Another one might lead to a close relative in meaning; you know it's not the right one, but you know that it's close. This happens because of the chaotic nature of our word database (called mental lexicon, if you want to read more about it). *Have you ever considered how impressive this is? Not only do we find the right words to express the right concepts: We also apply the proper grammar and structure them into a sentence, at an insane speed. Edit: As a disclaimer, I'm writing about this in my masters thesis, and I'm not going to be so arrogant as to say that I've understood it completely.",
"Guess, a follow up question is, what prevents our brains from coming up with the answer when we know we know the information already? And how come the answers just \"come to us\" when we move on to something else?"
],
"score": [
4,
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|
75mly6 | if someone was bleeding out why couldn’t they have a constant flow of new IVs to keep them “stabilized “? | Or even just use the same blood from where the wound was hemorrhaging? | Biology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do7ctf6"
],
"text": [
"You sort of can, however IVs wouldn't work well because IVs aren't blood. You need blood in order to perform the function of blood. To my knowledge, we do not have any kind of artificial substitute for blood. IVs are only useful for certain things, like maintaining the pH, hydrating, administering drugs, etc. It would be *possible* but *inadvisable* to use the blood from the wound. To begin with, you'd need some way to collect it, which would be difficult. I suppose some sort of vacuum might work. But the main problem is that once that blood is outside the body, it's probably contaminated with.. whatever happens to be outside the body. If your skin was perfectly sterile (it isn't) and you were inside a perfectly sterile room (you never will be) it might be okay. But putting blood that has left the body *back* into the body is a pretty terrible idea. A better question might be, \"Why can't we keep someone who is bleeding alive by transfusing lots of blood?\" And in fact that's what surgeons do: bag after bag after bag to keep the body -- for lack of a better word -- inflated long enough to close the holes. I recall reading one article about a surgeon who would, in fact, use IVs as a stop gap, realizing that as long as there is fluid in the veins, the patient would stand a chance until they could close the wound and begin filling them back up with actual blood."
],
"score": [
16
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"text_urls": [
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} | [
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75muje | How are those who use card skimmers and other means of fraud not immediately traced and prosecuted? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do7ewda"
],
"text": [
"It can be extremely difficult to determine who placed a skimmer, especially if the placement was done stealthily. The skimmer itself should contain little to no personal details about who placed it. Some skimmers can communicate wirelessly and may never be physically retrieved by that person, making it difficult to trap the person. Once that person has credit card information, that person is likely to sell off the data to others, making it difficult to trace who originally captured the numbers."
],
"score": [
3
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} | [
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|
75nggy | KA, pKA and pH. How do they all relate to each other and what does each mean? | I understand that weak acids dissociate and ionise and also lose a Hydrogen. What is KA and pKA? What do they mean? And how do they relate to pH? | Chemistry | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do7iq95"
],
"text": [
"The p in pH and pKA means something like 'do the calculation -log(x). In pH, this means the -log of the concentration of H+ ions, for pKA the -log of KA. That explains the relation between KA and pKA. But what are they? They are a measure of how easy the corresponding acid can rid itself of it's H+ ions. The bigger the KA, the easier, and therefore, the smaller the pKA, the easier. Next to this, the pKA happens to be the pH at which the acid (still including it's proton) and its conjugate base (the acid without the proton) are in equilibrium (the concentration of both is equal). Hope this helps!"
],
"score": [
4
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"text_urls": [
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75o2yn | What is the difference between Red Ocean Strategy and Blue Ocean Strategy? | Other | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"do7w9na",
"do7ptqe"
],
"text": [
"Took some adderall, so bear with me: #Read Ocean Strategy **Basics** * You are competing in an established market. * The market's saturated with competition, little potential for \"a new guy\" * A very fine line of cost vs quality is walked in order to maximize profits * i.e. Switching sugars in soda to cheaper high fructose corn syrup (govt. subsidized) * Exploit the current demand * i.e: 3 different plans you can purchase * 1. $5, Practically nothing * 2. $15, What you need minus a few things * 3. $20, What you need and a ton of cool new things! * What sane person would get #2 when for $5 more you can get a lot more features **Examples** 1. Movie Rental places like BlockBuster, Family Rentals, and Your Local Video Store are all 99% identical. All competing for the same demand. 2. A new grocery store chain opening in your town (you're not suddenly going to need double the food, someone will lose your business). 3. Verizon vs AT & T or Sprint vs T-Mobile 4. Ford's lineup of SUV's vs Chevy's lineup of SUV's Basically anywhere a static demand market already exists. #Blue Ocean Strategy **Basics** * You create your market * You create your demand * Competition is irrelevant Rather than join an already saturated market, you innovate and create an entirely new subset of the industry. **Examples** 1. Apple created the market for online music and pay per song (iTunes), and the tablet computer (iPad) 2. Netflix is what Blockbuster could have become if they took a blue ocean approach 3. The Nintendo WII and it's wireless motion control 4. Twitter * Facebook was profile based. About you, interests, education, work, photos, thoughts, friends, blah blah. * Instagram was for Sharing pictures * Twitter was \"You have 140 characters to say something, make it fast\" #**TL-DR:** **Red Ocean:** Blockbuster **Blue Ocean:** Uber, the world’s largest taxi company, owns no vehicles. Facebook, the world’s most popular media owner, creates no content. Airbnb, the world’s largest accommodation provider, owns no real estate. [*src*]( URL_0 )",
"Due to the dearth of responses I'll take a shot. My understanding is Blue Ocean is where you are looking for opportunities where competition is low so you can maximize your profit margins, market share etc. Red ocean is high competition, price wars, etc. The metaphor being the ocean is red because of all the blood in the water. Blue Ocean is preferred of course. All that said, I haven't read the book, but one of the companies I worked for started on a blue ocean initiative so I got some chatter about it. Hope that helps. Edit fixed spelling....twice"
],
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"https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/03/in-the-age-of-disintermediation-the-battle-is-all-for-the-customer-interface/"
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} | [
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