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What is Sales Management: Key Principles
Check out why sales management is important, its objectives, functions, and effective strategies
Sales management is the process that entails developing new selling strategies, gathering and training sales teams, and coordinating the practices aimed at pursuing a company’s sales goals. It helps businesses create excellent sales teams, develop good relationships with their consumers, reduce costs, and reach sales targets.
In the video below, Brian Tracy unveils three essential skills you need for your successful and effective sales management.
Why is sales management important?
Sales Management Objectives
Functions of Sales Management
Key Principles of Sales Management
5 Sales Management Strategies
In this article, we’ll explain why sales management is essential and talk about its objectives, functions, and key principles. In addition, we’ll walk you through five sales management strategies.
An effective sales management process is a must-have for any company. It helps reach your sales objectives, control sales processes, close deals faster, boost your sales performance, and thrive in a highly competitive environment. It also plays a significant role in the optimization of lead qualification. With planning, coordination, and control, a salesperson can ensure the quality of their selling process and make a company scale.
With sales management, companies reduce costs on the distribution of their products and receive great profits. The process enables business owners to improve communication among their team members, build relationships with prospects and customers, effectively introduce new products, and increase the production of goods that are in great demand among consumers.
Now that you know why sales management is important, let’s proceed to the next section with sales management objectives.
Each company sets business aims it wants to achieve within a certain time. Although all businesses develop in their own way and, in theory, set different goals, most of them are often very similar.
The objectives can be divided into short and long-term. In the group of short-term goals, we can single out retaining and capturing the market share and defining sales volume to make a business profitable. Objectives that need to be implemented over a long time include retaining a certain percentage of customers, assisting in training sales representatives, supporting sales teams with technical advice, and tracking, collecting, and analyzing any sales information.
As you see, the sales objectives of all businesses are pretty similar. Now that you are acquainted with them, let’s walk you through their functions.
Sales management isn’t only about managing sales and ensuring that customers are satisfied with the process. In general, it implies making sure that sales reps do a great job, planning and setting targets, and monitoring the efficiency of the sales process. Let’s take a look at its functions in more detail.
Setting targets. Establishing unrealistic goals can have a negative influence on your company. That’s why to reap benefits from your business, you need to select the right and realistic targets to reach. Use the reports of your sales team to identify the target it’s possible to achieve. However, remember that the previous performance doesn’t necessarily predict the future actions of your customers.
Identifying quality leads. At any time, there might be many potential customers who need information about your product. Your task is to make sure that salespeople can find a unique approach to each of them and act quickly. Make sure that your sales team can identify quality leads and make them convert.
Improving the efficiency of your sales process. Identifying good leads is one of the ways to optimize your sales process. However, you should also be ready to improve the efficiency and speed of your sales process. You can use a software solution to be able to assign tasks to people who understand a particular process better. Say, if users land on your site and show interest in your product, it’s better to assign them to a sales representative who has a profound knowledge of your product, starting from the most basic information. By sending email campaigns to your leads and clients, you can build trusting relationships with them. You can consider using SendPulse to automate your email send-out.
Monitoring the performance of your salespeople. To see the progress in your team’s work, you need to track your salespeople’s performance and the value they bring. It’s a good idea to encourage your team members with rewards for a well-done job. For underperformers, you can prepare some additional training to master their skills.
Analyzing the reports. Reports are necessary to collect information and make decisions. Consider the received data when assigning tasks and defining short-term objectives for sales teams. Moreover, look for things that hinder attaining your company’s goals.
Now that you are aware of the functions, we need to explore the fundamentals of sales management.
Sales managers act according to the targets entrepreneurs set. To achieve these goals, your sales team should comply with the following principles.
Consistency. The success of the sales process relies on several factors, and one of the most important of them is consistency. Although it’s difficult to achieve, it’s worth your time and effort. Consistency allows you to close deals faster, build better relationships with customers, and improve sales. Make sure to provide your salespeople with clear instructions about each stage of the sales funnel, teach them how to behave with consumers, and ask for reports to monitor the progress.
A degree of independence. For sure, a sales manager can’t do everything alone. You can give your team a chance to do some tasks independently and track the results. As an option, consider giving some extra tasks to your top performers and rewarding them for closing the deals. This way, you will show trust in their work and encourage your team to bring good results.
Equality among the members of your team. Remember to treat every member of your team equally and show respect. There is no need to put some salespeople above others or give preferential treatment. You should adjust your sales targets and expected standards instead.
Conviction. Being a sales representative isn’t easy. It implies understanding customers from the way they communicate and finding arguments to make them buy your products. Salespeople often face criticism, counterarguments, and some negative feedback. If you aim to handle clients’ objections better and improve customer retention, your sales team needs to enhance their communication skills, be more confident, and have good product knowledge.
The principles are clear, so let’s jump into sales management strategies.
Set realistic targets
Find the right people for your team
Educate your salespeople and give feedback
Reward your top performers
Measure the progress of your team
An effective strategy that involves modern techniques and a professional sales team can work wonders for your company’s ROI. Read on if you are interested in making your business grow and prosper.
Set realistic targets. Sometimes sales managers focus on the numbers a company strives to achieve without considering the capabilities of its salespeople. After trying to reach the goal, sales teams often fail because of unrealistic objectives. As a result, you run the risk of demotivating your salespeople and missing your projections. Use your average sales reps’ performance to set achievable goals.
Find the right people for your team. To continue to scale, you need to attract the right talents to join your sales team. With suitable candidates, you can build a successful sales team that will support your company’s growth. First of all, before creating a job description and interviewing your candidates, define your company’s specific needs. Different categories of salespeople are needed for different purposes. Explore the reasons why you need a new employee. Secondly, create a step-by-step interview process to select suitable applicants. Thirdly, consider involving your colleagues in the process to identify the kind of person they need.
Educate your salespeople and give feedback. As a sales manager, you need to always be in touch with your sales team. Your new hires should work under your guidance to absorb the sales process, learn how to handle objections, and understand where to find prospective customers. With time, your new employees will be able to handle the necessary tools and obtain experience and knowledge in sales, sales tricks, and strategies. Ensure to provide an effective training process to turn people with potential into top performers. Remember to give feedback after your salespeople complete certain tasks.
Reward your top performers. Salespeople who do their job perfectly want to receive cash incentives from the company and get praise. That’s why it’s worth creating a plan that involves specific targets and monetary compensations for them. As a sales manager, you need to ensure that you do everything possible to retain customers and lure new ones.
Measure the progress of your team. It’s critical to monitor and evaluate the progress of your team. You need to determine whether your company succeeds in growing or if there is something that slows down this process. Identify the reasons and try to eliminate them by reviewing the work of your sales team and improving your strategies. Besides, you should ask your sales representatives to create manual lists and reports, so consider designing a reporting process in your CRM to simplify your work. With SendPulse, you can guide your sales process in one CRM.
Congrats, now you’ve acquired knowledge of the objectives, functions, and principles of sales management. With all this comprehensive information, you can develop an effective strategy for your business.
This article defines the term, uncovers its three main aspects, and the process in general.
In this article, you’ll find the definition, primary objectives, and functions of sales management.
This article uncovers the facts about creating a sales management strategy.
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Profil für asdfaas476
Homepage http://www.xzylathe.com/
Benutzer-Titel Neuling und Noob
Biographie Advantages and Disadvantages of a Lathe Machine
A lathe machine is a commonly used machine that works through removing the undesired material from a rotating workpiece with a cutting tool that is fed against the work either crosswise or longitudinally to give its desired shape and size. This is also known as the “mother of all machines” and due to its versatility, it can be used in a large variety of operations such as turning, tapered turning, shoulder turning, facing, thread cutting, parting, chamfering, knurling, drilling, boring, counter boring, countersinking, and reaming operation. Probably the oldest machine tool known to mankind, the first lathe invented worked with one person turning the wood workpiece using rope and the other person shaping the workpiece through a sharp tool, now called as a two-person lathe. The ancient Romans improved this design by adding the turning bow, and the development went on to the industrial revolution when steam engines and water wheels were attached to the lathe to make the turning easier and faster. This paved way for metalworking and heavier machines with thicker and more rigid parts. Then in the 1950s, the servo mechanism was added to be able to control the lathe machine and it became the easiest lathe machine to operate until a British engineer named Henry Maudslay invented the Computer Numerical Control (CNC) lathe which is the most advanced form of lathe machine.
Some of the advantages in using a lathe machine are:
1:High Productivity – The industries that are using lathe machines can be sure that these produce high quality products with top-notch accuracy, especially the CNC lathe machines. As a result, the productivity will increase.
2:High Speed – The machining in the lathe can produce many products in a lesser time, especially with the use of CNC lathe and automatic lathe, because of its high-speed production.
3:Saves Time and Money – Due to the advantages mentioned above, using a lathe machine saves a lot of time. Aside from this, it also saves money because there is no need to have many operators or turners which will result to lesser machining and labor cost.
Some of the disadvantages in using a lathe machine are:
1:Highly-skilled Operators/Turners – Although it only requires a few turners to operate the lathe machine, there is a need for them to be highly-skilled because they have to control the machine precisely and make sure it is given constant supervision. The preciseness of the job depends highly on the skills of the turners/operators.
2:Cost and Weight of the Machine – The initial cost of a lathe machine is high. It actually depends on the purpose and how big the production is but most lathe machines used in big companies cost up to $50,000. It also takes up a lot of space because it is a huge machine and sometimes, it requires extra fittings and attachments which makes it bigger and more expensive. The use of CNC lathe machine is also not advisable for small production.
3:Constant Maintenance – A lathe machine needs a proper and constant maintenance, in each of its important parts. Otherwise, this may damage some parts or the whole machine.
Lawnmowers Advantages And Disadvantages All Types Included
Every gardener needs one, but nobody really knows which one is the right one: we are talking about the lawn mower. Therefore the 4”basic" models and their advantages and disadvantages are presented here.
Lawnmowers advantages and disadvantages
Previously we had to choose between an electric and petrol lawn mower. With the advancement of modern technology, various lawn mower manufacturers are now offering a numerous types of mower makes it difficult to decide which type of lawnmower to use. In principle, when buying a lawnmower, you should differentiate between these variants:
1:Electric lawnmower
2:Petrol lawn mower
3:Battery Powered lawnmower
4:Tractor Lawn Mower
Electric lawn mower:
Advantages: The electric lawn mower is mostly traded at a very reasonable purchase price in specialist shops and in numerous hardware stores. This type of lawnmower is also considered to be environmentally friendly and, due to its consistently light weight, easy to maneuver.
Disadvantages: However, it is considered a disadvantage that you always have to carry an electric cable with you when mowing, which of course involves dangers. Especially when the garden has many obstacles, such as trees and shrubs, sculptures, etc. And even tall grass can hardly be mowed satisfactorily with an electric grass mower that is often under performing.
Top 15 Best Wood Lathes To Buy in 2022
Benefits Of Wood Lathe
The wood lathe machine is an essential tool for professional carpenters and can be a creative and engaging activity for people who love crafting. Here are the reasons why you should invest in a wood lathe.
Work Efficient
Wood carving is one of the most laborious tasks to perform, and sometimes it may take many attempts for the perfection of work. The wood lathe is designed to provide efficiency of work with high-end production.
Most of the professionals prefer having a wood lathe as it is very easy to use and can be operated by anyone who knows even very few about wood carving. Some wood lathe is also automatic. The operator has to provide it with some instructions, and they work on their own.
The wood lathes are made up of cast-iron material. Unlike conventional wood carving tools, the wood lathe is much more durable to use. It provides work efficiency and accessibility to its operator. The wood lathe is a one-time investment for its consumer, and you do not have to worry too much about its maintenance.
4.3.2 – Types of Brush Cutter Engines
2 Stroke or 4 Stroke Engines and future Electric Motors
First I will look at the two petrol powered motors and then get onto the electric motor. Electric power was the first power plant used in the very first weed eaters and will become the main power source for heavy duty weed wacker’s in the future as battery technology gets better.
The genuine Honda engine comes with a three year domestic and commercial warranty, (at least here in Australia) so if Honda is confident enough to give it a three year commercial warranty, you can be sure you will get a long trouble free life from it in a domestic situation. Of cause no engine is totally trouble free and on the occasion there can be some parts that fail prematurely. I personally have never experience any problems with my genuine Honda engine brush cutters and if Husqvarna & Maruyama can use a Honda engine in their 4 stroke models then you have to know that these engines are good for the long hall.
Personally, I think that this is the best small engine that you could fit to a Brush Cutter Engine. You have to give credit to Honda for designing such a beautiful engine, I is a shame Honda are so unless at marketing it. I have had feedback from customers, who have gone to buy a Honda brush cutter after reading through these pages and have been talked out of not only buying a Honda brush cutter, but have also been talked into buying a bicycle handle brush cutter, by dealers with little practicable experience. And this is from dealer who’s main brand is Honda, but also carry other brands.
Difference Between 2 Stroke And 4 Stroke Brush Cutter Engine
A 2 Stroke Brush Cutter Engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle with two strokes of the piston during only one crankshaft revolution.The two main functions of a two-stroke engine are compression and combustion, 2 stroke engines tend to be more powerful than 4 stroke engines. And since they have less moving parts, 2 stroke engines tend to be more reliable.
In choosing between a two-stroke or a four-stroke, four-stroke engines tend to be better on fuel, quieter, and less emissions. At the time of this writing, four stroke engines are more expensive. Two-stroke engines are generally more powerful than four-stroke engines, thus two-stroke engines are worse on fuel economy, have worse emissions. What they lose in fuel economy and emissions, they make up for in price and more reliability because they have less moving parts.
And speaking of less moving parts, the 4 stroke has a separate oil pan to lubricate the engine. Many lawnmowers are 2 stroke engines and generally cut grass flat on the ground. A brush cutter or a string trimmer often has to be tilted and held at odd angles in order to do its job. That tilt can result in oil moving out of where it needs to be, exposing the engine to greater wear or even damage. |
Electric car into a new fire hazard in Shanghai
28 reporters learned from the fire department in Shanghai, from last year and data analysis in recent years showed that electric bicycle charging cause fire hazards, is becoming one of the salient features of Shanghai fire.
According to official data show that in 2016, Shanghai City, the fire situation is generally stable, there were 4464 fires, killed 44 people, injured 38 people, the direct economic loss of 78 million 851 thousand yuan (RMB, same below), down 3.1%, 15.4%, 5%, 47%, no major fire accidents and above.
Electric bicycles have gradually become a new fire hazard in Shanghai. Shanghai Fire Department said, only one year, because the electric car fire occurred 92, resulting in 5 deaths, accounting for 11.4% of the total number of deaths. Therefore, the Shanghai Fire Department in particular will be "electric bicycle charging fire caused great harm", listed as one of the eight characteristics of fire safety in Shanghai last year.
October 28, 2016, Pudong New Area Boshan District residential buildings due to 1 floor corridor electric bicycle charging fire, but fortunately timely disposal, evacuation of 47 people, otherwise the consequences will be unimaginable. In November 7th of the same year, Songjiang District Hui Bridge Village Chedun town residential floor for electric bicycle charging caused a fire, killing 1 people.
Think Shanghai Fire Department, due to the lack of electric bicycle safety standards, product quality and safety when using uneven in quality; the public awareness is weak, often illegal parking, overload, long time charging, resulting in fire hazard rate and death toll rising. |
Home Uncategorized Santos’ Strongman In The Chief Prosecutor’s Office
Santos’ Strongman In The Chief Prosecutor’s Office
Chief Prosecutor Eduardo Montealegre.
Columnist Adriaan Alsema points out that Attorney General Eduardo Montealegre is going after Uribe and his loyalists while turning a blind eye to the wrongdoing of the president and his allies
Colombia’s chief prosecutor, the most important judicial official in the country, is applying justice arbitrarily and is effectively coercing political critics of President Juan Manuel Santos while intimidating opposition.
According to former president Alvaro Uribe, Prosecutor General Eduardo Montealegre and his predecessor Viviane Morales have been “waging a war” against the ex-head-of-state’s political followers.
Admittedly, the two latest chief prosecutors have been relatively successful in seeking justice in cases involving Uribe loyalists, while the former president himself is also under increasing judicial pressure over his alleged ties to right-wing paramilitary groups.
Consequently, Uribe’s original support among politically powerful individuals, families and corporations has shrunk due to the abundance of criminal investigations against him and his political allies.
Former intelligence chief Maria del Pilar Hurtado is wanted over illegal spying on political opponents, while former Peace Commissioner Luis Carlos Restrepo is wanted for a fake FARC demobilization in an apparent attempt to influence the 2006 elections.
Former Interior Minister Sabas Pretelt and former Health Minister Diego Palacios are under investigation for the bribing of congressmen that proved key for Uribe’s 2006 re-election.
Uribe himself is or has been investigated for a list of criminal charges longer than the Dead Sea scrolls. More than 40 Uribe-loyal ex-lawmakers and ex-governors are behind bars, or in at least one case, convicted in absentia. They include: former intelligence chief Jorge Noguera, former Agricultural Minister Andres Felipe Arias, and Uribe’s cousin and former Senator Mario Uribe. The ex-president’s former personal security chief, Mauricio Santoyo, is currently serving time in the Unites States.
However, none of these convictions were really thanks to the work of the current prosecutor general. Noguera was convicted years before Montealegre took office. Santoyo wasn’t even under investigation in Colombia when the US requested his extradition over drug trafficking charges.
Montealegre only had a role in the conviction of Arias for embezzling money from funds for poor farmers. The chief prosecutor also opened a criminal investigation against former Comptroller General Sandra Morelli. However, he only did this after she began investigating Montealegre’s prominent and suspicious role in the scandal surrounding health care provider SaludCoop that – with Montealegre on the payroll as legal adviser – was illegally embezzling millions of dollars.
Meanwhile, only a handful of people have been arrested for election tampering following the March congressional elections which observers have called the most corrupt in recent history. According to NGO Paz y Reconciliacion, 69 of the 266 current members of Congress are suspiciously close to known criminal organizations. Nevertheless, in spite of the serious violation of Colombians’ democratic rights, no major investigations are under way.
More importantly even, the practice of “false positives” – which has the armed forces accused of more than 4,000 extrajudicial executions to cook the war books – is hardly investigated accurately.
While dodgy former Army commander General Mario Montoya has been an informal suspect since the scandal broke in 2008, he was not even investigated until last week.
The prosecutor also fails to take seriously the fact that our current president “of peace” was defense minister between 2006 and 2009 when on average killed civilians made up more than 30 percent of reported combat kills.
The problem is not that the prosecutor general is going after Uribe allies, he should. The problem also isn’t about him going after the comptroller who revealed his shady background. A court will be able to release her of suspicion if, as she has claimed, the charges are trumped up.
The problem is that the prosecutor general is only investigating away from Santos, and his political and economic allies, virtually guaranteeing impunity as long as you stay loyal to the man in the Palace.
Adriaan Alsema is the founder and editor-in-chief of Colombia Reports, South America’s largest news website in English. Born and raised a Dutchman, Alsema has been living in Colombia since 2008.
The Opinion section is a space for your views and opinions. We’ve featured articles on all aspects of life in Colombia – from the free trade agreement to bull fighting.
Whether you agree or disagree with anything we’ve written, we’d love to hear your thoughts – leave a comment below, tweet us at @bogotapost, post on our Facebook page /BogotaPost or email us at theteam@thebogotapost.com.
The articles in ‘Opinion’ are commentary, not news reporting. The views expressed in this section are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of The Bogota Post or its publishers. The publishers take no responsibility for the accuracy of any information published in this section.
Alvaro Uribe |
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Ahhh... :o), originally uploaded by flettemette. |
Are you a meat lover looking for an answer to the question, “How many ounces in a pound of beef?” If such is the case,…
Posted by Lupe Abshire Posted on October 12, 2022 5 min to read
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We use scissors as the only option to cut things, to tear clothes and papers. It is seen as an important household appliance even though…
Posted by Bestie Food Posted on October 3, 2022 6 min to read |
Friday, Mar 17, 2023 08:37
Outside of the State Bank of Vietnam in downtown Ha Noi. — Photo SBV
The State Bank of Viet Nam must step up efforts in the management of the country's banking sector and prepare for all possible scenarios for timely and effective interventions, according to the World Bank.
Carolyn Turk, WB country director in Viet Nam, said the global economy will likely enter a period of turbulence while it's struggling with slow growth, decreased demand, high inflation and central banks around the world tightening credit.
Turk's comment was made in the aftermath of an event in which three US banks: Silicon Valley Bank (US' 16th largest bank), Silvergate Bank and Signature Bank, one after another, collapsed in a week. She said the ramifications of such an event will likely follow within a short time and consequences be felt across the global financial market, which commands policymakers to pay attention and plan for necessary interventions.
She said there are many similarities that can be observed between the above-mentioned US banks and the Vietnamese banking system, especially in smaller banks.
It highlighted the importance of a strong grip on the financial sector to ensure the central Government stays up-to-date with current developments and relevant data, and is able to respond in a timely manner, Turk added.
Viet Nam's economic growth is projected to ease to 6.3 per cent in 2023 from a robust 8 per cent last year, as services growth moderates and higher prices and interest rates weigh on households and investors, according to the World Bank's report released on March 13.
Service has become the largest sector of Viet Nam's economy, increasing from 40.7 per cent of GDP in 2010 to 44.6 per cent in 2019. The employment share of the sector also rose from 29.6 per cent in 2010 to 35.3 per cent in 2019. As the largest source of employment, it has absorbed a significant portion of the workforce from the agriculture sector.
However, labour productivity and efficiency in Viet Nam’s service sector remain low compared to other countries, reaching US$5,000 per worker in 2019 in comparison to $20,900 in Malaysia, $9,300 in the Philippines and $7,300 in Indonesia. — VNS
Tags State Bank of Viet Nam WB
Central bank makes first rate cut since 2020 to support economic growth
Central bank inspects banks for compliance with bond regulations
Credit growth slowing down, raising fear of business contraction
VN’s foreign exchange reserves reach US$92.43 billion
Viet Nam’s banks need more women leaders to promote inclusive and high-productivity growth
Central bank grants first credit growth quota for banks in 2023
Banks cautious about profit targets for 2023
Citi completes sale of Viet Nam consumer banking business to UOB group
Big four banks launch preferential interest rate loan packages
SeABank completes capital raising
Vietnam Airlines, Air France to resume codeshare flights
CNY - 3381,57 3497
KRW - 16,94 21,24
KHR - - 5,89
SEK - - 2330,49 |
Last week we read in the paper about a greenhouse in Walthman, MA - about a fifteen-twenty minute drive from Boston. It's part of a larger property called the Lyman Estate, which we had never heard of. It's free to walk around (both the outside and the greenhouse - though you can make a small donation if you'd like). It was the perfect escape from the drab grey winter. There were lots of flowers and interesting plants, and of course an added plus was that it was warm!
Back in Philly, one of the books I picked up was about conservatories. This one wasn't included, but it showed lots of them all over the US. I think it would be a fun goal, over time, to make a trip to each one of them. Conservatory road trip! Anyone?
One of my favorite details was the little bits of moss and grass growing in between the sides of the stairs. I can imagine little Kodama sitting on it. Plus, it's so fuzzy looking! They seem to have a few plant sales through out the year, so if you live near by I'd check it out. Jesse left with two little air plants, which he claims he won't kill because he only has to mist them.
Labels: new england, travel |
I accepted Jesus in my heart when I was two years old.
Some of my earliest memories are my days spent at church. When I hear the lively praise songs that our church would sing, it carries me back in time. Sweet memories. But what truly shaped my heart was the faith that was lived in our home. My parents were sincere believers, and my older brothers were excellent examples of godly young men.
I remember as a youngster, crawling behind the couch to pray, or dancing in the living room to praise music. There was no doubt in my mind that God was God. Jesus was Jesus, my Savior, my King. My mom kept a diary for me when I was too young to write yet, and when I read it I’m amazed at how God truly was my First Love.
That was my childhood.
But then, when I was ten years old, we moved from Florida to Alabama.
Not long after the move, doubt started to attack my faith. It’s hard to pinpoint what exactly allowed this doubt to creep in. Perhaps it was the popular sci-fi TV show I watched that stretched my imagination in new ways, perhaps it was the fact that my older brother was turning his back on God, or perhaps it was the fact that I was eleven years old and could no longer have that “childlike faith.”
I think it was all of those things and more.
I was lonely. I had few friends. And even though I was surrounded by a loving family, my heart was aching for so much more. My diary from those years shows my discouragement and loneliness, even though I hid my spiritual struggles.
People simply thought I was shy and reserved. I was. But that wasn’t the true me.
My mind grappled with God. Who was He? I was pretty certain He was there, but I wasn’t so sure that He was good. And even though I knew all the Bible stories and did the “right things,” I didn’t know Him.
There are some questions that we can’t have answers to on this side of heaven, and I grappled with some of those. Silently I wrestled in my soul, crying at night in my room when no one knew, or sobbing in the bathroom with the air vent on to drown out the noise.
I’ll never forget those days and months that turned into two years. Besides the spiritual struggle, I was also at the age where a girl is adjusting to becoming a young lady. Even though I didn’t know it, hormones were only adding to the confusion within my body and soul.
At one point I remember feeling as if the whole world was spinning and there was nothing holding me down. Another time I felt out of my mind.
I kept my struggles to myself, until I finally couldn’t bear it any longer. That’s when I asked to speak with Mom in private. We sat on the bed in my parents room, and I poured out my heart, “How do I know that He is God? How do I even know who to pray to?”
Mom must have been shocked. I can’t remember the moment clearly; it’s mostly a blur of tears. But after talking, Mom went downstairs to talk with Dad, and I was collapsed on her bed sobbing. Opening up didn’t come naturally, and the walls around my heart had just been smashed. I felt completely vulnerable.
And that’s when a new work began.
I continued to read the Bible. I wanted to believe in the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. But how could I overcome this crippling, numbing doubt?
The day came when I declared to God that He was my God, even if I didn’t have all the answers. His grace carried me, even when I didn’t feel Him. In the middle of my struggle, I cried out to God and told Him that if He revealed Himself to me, I would spend the rest of my life declaring to the world that He is God.
Since then, He has been revealing Himself in countless ways. He’s brought friends that have been His outstretched arms, showing me His love. He’s allowed me to visit Israel, and to walk where Jesus walked. He’s led me to conferences that have ignited the passion in my soul. And He’s spoken to my heart in the solitude of my room, in the calm of the evening air, or in the spray of sunshine that warms my skin.
If I had never sunk so low, I wouldn’t appreciate the joy that overflows my soul today. Sometimes you have to lose something before you realize how much you need it. If I hadn’t gone through that spiritual breakdown, and almost emotional breakdown, I wouldn’t realize how deeply I need my Savior.
So when you see my smile, don’t let it fool you into thinking that it’s always been there. It’s a testimony. Every time that someone tells me that my name suits my personality, it’s a praise to God.
I’m nothing without Him.
And I won’t settle for less than Him. Oh, I’ll fail. I have, and I know I will again. But the overarching hope of my heart and the vision of my soul is Him upon the cross, bringing redemption. And it’s there that I’m crucified with Him. And I’ve risen with Him. And now He has filled me with His spirit and I am born again.
Like a child.
I still don’t have all the answers. I still struggle at times. But I’ve been set free, to the point where I’m breaking down my walls once again to share this story that I haven’t shared in the past.
He’s my Father. Yahweh. The One who loves the world so much that He gave His only Son, that whoever believes in Him will not perish, but have eternal life.
That’s the God I live for. That’s the God I’d die for.
“We love Him because He first loved us”
{1 John 4:19}
Feel free to share my testimony with anyone that it will bless.
8 thoughts on “My Story”
Len says:
Many, many of us have a story similar to yours. We all had doubts and misgivings, and turned our back on Him. All the more astounding when we finally turn and bump right into Him! My unbelief lasted way longer than yours, but God can still use my past to work his will. Keep up your good work of writing, sister. He is definitely working through you!
Thank you, Mr. Len! It’s encouraging to read this comment from you! Thank you for sharing some of your testimony as well. May you have a very blessed week, and thanks for stopping by!
Chelsea Neuerburg says:
Your story is so similar to mine and it touched my heart to read it!
Dear Chelsea,
I’m so glad that this could touch your heart! May God bless you!
Melissa Holliday says:
Your testimony touched me. You write so well also. I have struggled with the same thing.
I’m so glad that the testimony could be a blessing to you…Love you, sister! ~ Joy
Florence says:
Thank you for your commitment! I don’t even need to read your story to know we are sisters in Christ. Your stand for Israel, for I-am-N, and your pro-life stance show who you are.
Thank you for your thoughtful comment, Florence. It’s always wonderful to meet another sister in Christ!
Keep standing for Him. :) God bless! ~ Joy |
Wonder Woman Blogs Story
"Do you know the three basic necessities of people today," asked an insurance company's CEO I met immediately after the Finance Minister P. Chidambaram presented the budget for 2013/14, which was highly skewed towards the middle class. I responded by saying: “It’s roti , kapda aur makaan."
March 11, 2013 Posted by Anand Adhikari
Tags: Wealth, Insurance, healthcare, Happiness, Budget, Basic needs |
What is an Initiative?
An initiative is a proposal to amend state law that the people of this state invoke by petition. The initiative process is detailed in section 9 of article 2 of the state constitution of 1963, which provides, in part:
Any law proposed by initiative petition shall be either enacted or rejected by the legislature without change or amendment within 40 session days from the time such petition is received by the legislature.
If any law proposed by such petition shall be enacted by the legislature it shall be subject to referendum, as hereinafter provided. If the law so proposed is not enacted by the legislature within the 40 days, the state officer authorized by law shall submit such proposed law to the people for approval or rejection at the next general election. The legislature may reject any measure so proposed by initiative petition and propose a different measure upon the same subject by a yea and nay vote upon separate roll calls, and in such event both measures shall be submitted by such state officer to the electors for approval or rejection at the next general election.
What is an Alternative Measure? (Not available for all Initiatives)
If the Legislature rejects a law proposed by initiative petition, the Legislature may propose a different ("alternative") measure upon the same subject as provided in Article 2, Section 9, of the Michigan Constitution of 1963. An alternative measure shall be labeled "Alternative Measure No. ___ to a law proposed by Initiative Petition". An alternative measure shall not be considered for a second reading in either house unless a law proposed by initiative petition has been rejected by a house. An alternative measure shall require a majority vote of the members elected and serving in each house for adoption, and the vote shall be by record roll call.
Measures proposed under Article 2, Section 9 of the Constitution of 1963:
An initiative of legislation to ...
2021 ... repeal 1945 PA 302, entitled "An act authorizing the governor to proclaim a state of emergency, and to prescribe the powers and duties of the governor with respect thereto; and to prescribe penalties," (MCL 10.31 to 10.33).(PA 77; 2021)
2018 ... enact the Improved Workforce Opportunity Wage Act (PA 337; 2018)
2018 ... providers workers with the right to earn sick time for personal or family health needs... (PA 338; 2018)
2018 ... allow under state law the personal possession and use of marihuana by persons 21 years of age or older; (IL 1; 2018)
2018 ... repeal 1965 PA 166, entitled "An act to require prevailing wages and fringe benefits... (PA 171; 2018)
2014 ... enact the Scientific Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act. (PA 281; 2014)
2013 ... to enact the Abortion Insurance Opt-Out Act. (PA 182; 2013)
2008 ... allow under State Law the medical use of marihuana. (IL 1; 2008)
2006 ... to amend 1979 PA 94, entitled "An act to make appropriations to aid in the support of the public schools...
2006 ... repeal 1975 PA 228 (PA 325; 2006) |
Due to the enacting of Marlboro Township Ordinance #2006-13, the Marlboro Township Recreation & Parks Commission is hereby requesting compliance from all Coaches, Assistant Coaches and Board Members participating in Marlboro Township Recreation Sports and/or Other Recreational Programs.
In compliance with Marlboro Township Ordinance #2006-13 amending and supplementing the code of The Township of Marlboro to create a new chapter entitled “Chapter 56”, Criminal Background Checks for Certain Volunteers and Employees of the Marlboro Township Recreation & Parks Commission the following has hereby been adopted:
In order for the Township of Marlboro to ensure that it is providing the safest possible recreational programs for its youth and,
Whereas pursuant to N.J.S.A. 53:1-20.6 and its implementing regulations located at N.J.A.C. 13:59-1.1, et seq., all government entities of this State, including municipalities, may obtain criminal history record information for any official government purpose, including, but not limited to employment; and
Whereas, the Marlboro Township Recreation & Parks Commission recommends that all coaches, assistant coaches, board members, and seasonal employees with direct unsupervised access to minors be required to submit to a criminal history background check as it applies to Marlboro Township Youth Programs. This means any program offering services for persons younger than eighteen (18) years of age, including but not limited to sports leagues that are funded and/or administered, in whole or in part, by the Marlboro Township Recreation & Parks Commission.
In order to further ensure that we have the safest recreation program as possible in protecting our youth participants, these Criminal Background Checks are a mandated necessity. Failure of an individual to submit to a required Criminal Background Check will result in the prohibiting of recreation program participation by that individual.
In advance, we thank you for your understanding, cooperation and compliance
All employees and volunteers over the age of 18 who are working with Marlboro Township youth programming are required to obtain a background check processed through the Recreation Department. See Marlboro Township Code HERE.
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Dowd Memorial Chapel of the
Boystown, Nebraska 68010
http://www.boystown.org/AboutUs/VisitorInfomation/Pages/Attractions2.aspx#chambers
Visitors are welcome to attend Mass at Dowd Chapel.
Rising from the landscape in the tradition of a 15th-century Gothic church, Dowd Chapel shines as a beacon of hope for thousands of children seeking comfort and consolation.
Adjacent to the nave on the west side is the Father Flanagan Shrine. Boys Town's famous founder is entombed in a bronze vault that briefly tells his life story to thousands of visitors every year. Father Flanagan often said, "All boys need to learn how to pray, how they pray is up to them."
Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Also know as St. Mary's Cathedral
207 South Elm Street
Grand Island, Nebraska 68801
Work was begun on the present cathedral church in 1926 and finished in 1928. Cardinal Patrick Hayes of New York City presided at the dedication ceremonies on July 5 in the same year.
When the new cathedral was finished the parishoners that it was too big. In a few years, the numbers of families attending St. Mary's had grown to more than 800, while the capacity of the cathedral was 900 persons. In the spring of 1949, it was decided to form a new parish, Blessed Sacrament, on the north side of the city.
Cathedral of the Risen Lord
Lincoln NE 68506
http://www.crchrist-parish.org/
The Cathedral of the Risen Christ Church, the mother church of the Diocese of Lincoln. "A cathedral is always known as the spiritual home of its diocese. The title of our Cathedral of the Risen Christ exemplifies the resurrection of Jesus in its art and furnishings, and in this cathedral the Presence of Christ in the Blessed Sacrament in the tabernacle is the focus of silent, perpetual adoration."
Cathedral of St. Cecilia
Begun in 1905 services were first held in 1916. The Cathedral was consecrated in 1959, historic Saint Cecilia Cathedral is the master work of renowned architect, Thomas Rogers Kimball.
The building reflects Spanish Renaissance architecture in El Escorial, a monastery and palace complex some 50 miles north of Madrid.
Ranked among the ten largest cathedrals in the United at the time of its completion, the structure is two hundred fifty-five feet in length, one hundred fifty-eight feet in width and two hundred twenty-two feet in height.
It was designated Omaha Landmark: May 22, 1979
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While the Martingale system is a negative progression system that is sure to add broke inside the long term, you might give it a try for a medium-long period of playing baccarat. Simply put, when
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NameSir Edward North BUXTON 2nd Bt, 5524
FatherSir Thomas Fowell BUXTON 1st Bt , 1870 (1786-1845)
MotherHannah GURNEY , 5526 (1783-1872)
1Catherine GURNEY, 5530
FatherSamuel GURNEY , 5714 (1786-1856)
MotherElizabeth SHEPPARD , 5715 (1784-1855)
Marriage1836, Trinity Church, Marylebone
ChildrenCharles Louis , 5569 (1846-1906)
Thomas Fowell , 5531 (1837-1915)
Francis William , 5570 (1847-1911)
Henry Edmund , 5568 (1844-1905)
Samuel Gurney , 5567 (1838-1909)
Edward North , 5564 (1840-1924)
Sarah Evelyn “Eva” , 8660 (-1926)
Laura Priscilla , 12107 (-1918)
Notes for Sir Edward North BUXTON 2nd Bt
2nd Bt
Sir Edward North Buxton, 2nd Baronet (16 September 1812 – 11 June 1858) was a British Liberal Party politician.
He was the son of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton and his wife, Hannah Gurney. He married Catherine Gurney, daughter of Samuel Gurney, on 12 April 1836.
He became of 2nd Baronet Buxton of Bellfield and Runton on 19 February 1845, on the death of his father.
He served as Member of Parliament for Essex South from 1847 to 1852 and for East Norfolk from 1857 until his death in 1858.
He was succeeded as Third Baronet by his son, Thomas Fowell Buxton, (January 26, 1837 – October 28, 1951). Another of his sons, with the same name as himself, lived September 1, 1840 – January 9, 1924 and was elected MP for Walthamstow in 1885.
He died on 11 June 1858. |
Maria's Story
My family have come from Mexico to the United States. From my mother's side, my great-grandfather was born here. But my grandfather was born in Mexico. My parents came to the United States, but after they got married, they both came here legally.
My father first obtained his residence and my mother first had a visa. Eleven years ago, she got her residency. When my mother got pregnant with me, and I am their first child, they decided to have the rest of their kids here in the U.S.
So, my family ended up here. I actually have a lot of family in Mexico.
Maria, California |
An Unforgettable Day
A few months ago, my husband and I celebrated our tenth wedding anniversary. During this special time, I thought about our beautiful wedding day. We were married in the church I’ve attended since I was a young child. In fact, my father has pastored this small, country church for the past twenty-nine years. On my wedding day, my dad had two jobs. He walked me down the aisle and officiated my wedding ceremony. I will never the look on my husband’s face when he saw me wearing my off-the-shoulder, satin wedding gown with a royal train for the first time. His smile was priceless. Even though I’ve had ten years to think about my wedding day, I still don’t think it could have been any more perfect than it was. On this blog, I hope you will learn some tips to make your upcoming wedding unforgettable.
Unique And Creative Ways To Display Flowers At Your Wedding
If you want to create the perfect look and feel for your wedding, consider your floral decorations. You can use them to add a unique splash of color, create a romantic atmosphere, and even subtly hint at the theme of your special day. But with so many types of wedding flower arrangements out there, how do you choose which one to go with? To help you decide, here are some unique and creative ways to display flowers at your wedding. Read More …
©2023 An Unforgettable Day |
Uncommon Infant and Newborn Problems—Cytomegalovirus Infections
Also called: CMV
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus found around the world. It is related to the viruses that cause chickenpox and infectious mononucleosis (mono). Between 50 percent and 80 percent of adults in the United States have had a CMV infection by age 40. Once CMV is in a person’s body, it stays there for life.
CMV is spread through close contact with body fluids. Most people with CMV don’t get sick and don’t know that they’ve been infected. But infection with the virus can be serious in babies and people with weak immune systems. If a woman gets CMV when she is pregnant, she can pass it on to her baby. Usually the babies do not have health problems. But some babies can develop lifelong disabilities.
A blood test can tell whether a person has ever been infected with CMV. Most people with CMV don’t need treatment. If you have a weakened immune system, your doctor may prescribe antiviral medicine. Good hygiene, including proper hand washing, may help prevent infections.
Acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (Medical Encyclopedia)
CMV – gastroenteritis/colitis (Medical Encyclopedia)
CMV – pneumonia (Medical Encyclopedia)
CMV serology test (Medical Encyclopedia)
Cytomegalovirus retinitis (Medical Encyclopedia) |
Across My Desk: 401(k) Cash-Out Calculator
One of the mysteries of life guaranteed to confuse anyone who has been able to amass a small fortune for their retirement years is trying to figure out how much to take from a 401(k) when you reach retirement age. Or, if you need to tap that account ahead of time.
Below are bits and pieces from Money Management Executive and SourceMedia story, published on July 23, 2008, at mmexecutive.com, about a free calculator designed to help investors calculate how much taking money from your 401 (k) really amounts to:
"To show workers the long-term impact of cashing out their 401(k) savings when they change jobs or retire, a firm that provides rollover services for plan sponsors now offers a free "Cash-Out Calculator."
The Charlotte, N.C-based RolloverSystems Inc. makes the calculator available at rolloversystems.com. The calculator is able to demonstrate, for instance, that withdrawing a few thousand dollars today can diminish long-term savings by tens of thousands of dollars, as a result of taxes, penalties, and loss of compounding.
"Our calculator helps 401(k) plan participants see into the future and decide whether it's really worth sacrificing retirement readiness for current cash," said Jim Langenwalter, the company's chief sales and marketing officer.
After a person enters his or her current age, projected retirement age, expected rate of investment return, and current plan balance into the calculator, it shows how much of their withdrawal will be left after penalties and taxes and what the account might be worth at retirement had he or she not taken the withdrawal.
Experts say as many as 45% of plan participants who leave their companies cash out their 401(k) accounts. The number of cash-outs has increased during the current economic downturn...Loans from 401(k) savings are also rising."
Check it out. Tough times call for tough actions. |
Tag: seasons of life
“What goes around, comes around.” I’ve repeated that phrase countless times. Maybe you have, too. I understand the basic meaning, but there’s something more significant to it. It reminds me of a boomerang. And it reminds me of the recurring seasons of life. I am going to call it the Law of Cycles. Think about your day …
Elijah, law of cycles, seasons of life, sorrow into joy, what goes around |
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Author: DJ
on August 3, 2020 February 6, 2021 by DJ
What Does a Wedding DJ Actually Do?
What exactly does a wedding DJ do? Many people who are not familiar with such professional wedding DJs are not entirely sure what they do. The typical definition of a DJ is someone who performs live music on a stage with his or her music equipment. It might sound like a lot, but in reality, this is only a small part of what a DJ does.
Continue reading “What Does a Wedding DJ Actually Do?” →
on June 29, 2020 June 29, 2020 by DJ
Tips For Purchasing a DJ Stand For Your Deck
When you choose a DJ stand for your deck, you will need to think about a few things. You will have to find out what kind of deck you own and the dimensions of the desk that it will be sitting on.
Continue reading “Tips For Purchasing a DJ Stand For Your Deck” →
Using DJ Lights For a Halloween Party
Using a set of DJ lights is not just about shining light to help your party goers see what’s going on, but also enhance the mood of the gathering. Using them for a Halloween party can make for a good party, and can add a touch of spice to a dark Halloween party.
Continue reading “Using DJ Lights For a Halloween Party” →
Using the Numark DJ Controller
The Numark DJ Controller is one of the most popular controllers that you can find. This is because of the great sound quality that this unit has and the many features that it comes with.
Continue reading “Using the Numark DJ Controller” →
on June 8, 2020 June 8, 2020 by DJ
How to Get a Cheap DJ Keyboard Controller
The DJ keyboard controller is a MIDI keyboard that will allow you to control many of the different elements that are on your DJ mixer. The controller should have basic buttons and knobs so that you can control all of the different knobs and buttons on your mixer without looking at your mixer.
Continue reading “How to Get a Cheap DJ Keyboard Controller” →
Finding a Pioneer DJ Headphones
Pioneer DJ headphones have been around for a long time. The design is very simple and can accommodate a lot of features to offer the user a better listening experience. In this article, we will take a look at the different types of headphones available from Pioneer DJ.
Continue reading “Finding a Pioneer DJ Headphones” →
on May 26, 2020 May 27, 2020 by DJ
Choosing a DJ Table
A DJ table can be a crucial piece of equipment for any live music set. Many bands use tables to keep things organized and make it easier to perform at the right spot. Having a DJ table to play on is essential to any live music set and a DJ table is a very high end item. Not only will it keep things organized, but it will provide a perfect spot for your guitar or bass guitar to rest.
Continue reading “Choosing a DJ Table” →
An Explanation of DJ Desk Options
People who purchase a DJ desk will notice a dramatic difference in the way their music studio looks and feels. Choosing the right DJ desk is one of the biggest decisions you will make when decorating your home office or recording studio. You want to choose a DJ desk that you can fully use and that will fit in well with your existing style.
Continue reading “An Explanation of DJ Desk Options” →
on May 4, 2020 May 4, 2020 by DJ
The Most Important Thing to Know About Wedding DJs
When you are planning a wedding, it is essential that you find a wedding DJ that you can get along with. You want to be able to enjoy your music and at the same time you want to be able to enjoy the event. If the DJ doesn’t enjoy the event then the rest of the party is going to suffer. A good DJ can really make the difference between having a great event and a dull one.
Continue reading “The Most Important Thing to Know About Wedding DJs” →
on April 27, 2020 April 28, 2020 by DJ
Hercules JD Controller – the Best Choice For the Beginner DJ
The Hercules DJ controller, much like most of the other popular DJ controllers available on the market, is a very well-known brand. It’s important to realize what this company stands for. It’s been said that the idea was started by one man in the 1970s who was searching for a way to mix and match his turntables, mixers, and CDJs together so that he could play them all simultaneously. While many of us will be familiar with the concept of CDJ and turntables, this was decades before they came into their own.
Continue reading “Hercules JD Controller – the Best Choice For the Beginner DJ” →
How to Choose a Good Type of DJ Speakers
If you’re a fan of DJ speakers, you probably have a lot of designs in mind. There are many types of DJ speakers, so it’s easy to get confused. Below is a quick guide to help you understand the differences between them, and how they can improve your performances and add to your sound system’s quality.
Continue reading “How to Choose a Good Type of DJ Speakers” →
What to Look For in a Pioneer DJ Controller
Pioneer DJ controllers are perfect for any style of music or DJ performance, and many models have plenty of features that are especially designed for the home use. They make a popular choice for DJs because they are incredibly convenient to use and their software is easy to learn and very intuitive.
Continue reading “What to Look For in a Pioneer DJ Controller” →
on April 6, 2020 April 7, 2020 by DJ
The Importance of DJ Headphones
DJ headphones are just as important to a DJ as they are to the rest of the club. DJ headphones may be uncomfortable and more expensive than traditional headphones, but they are essential if you want to be able to hear the music that you are playing in your party. To really enjoy yourself at a party, you need to have access to the music that is being played. You also need to be able to hear it and recognize what is happening in the music.
Continue reading “The Importance of DJ Headphones” →
on March 30, 2020 March 31, 2020 by DJ
DJ Speakers How Do They Work?
If you’re searching for a sound system, but are on a budget, then you need to check out the many DJ Speakers available today. They are a great way to enhance your home theater and are an important part of any DJ setup. If you are unsure how to purchase them, make sure you get a professional.
Continue reading “DJ Speakers How Do They Work?” →
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Bloomberg Business March 3, 2016 Poland
Wind Farms Now Come With the Threat of Jail
“Poland’s governing Law and Justice Party is proposing laws that would require new turbines to be situated away from homes, schools and natural reserves at a distance of more than 10-times their height.”
Poland's proposed rules may cost industry $38 million a year
Legislation would apply to existing renewable plants
By Jessica Shankleman
One of Europe’s most promising markets for renewable energy is being threatened by legislation that would impose new fees and potential jail terms for operators of wind farms, an industry lobby group said.
Poland’s governing Law and Justice Party is proposing laws that would require new turbines to be situated away from homes, schools and natural reserves at a distance of more than 10-times their height. That would be about 1.5 kilometers (0.9 miles), according to data compiled by Bloomberg New Energy Finance. The law also would subject existing wind farms to audits every two years.
The law would raise annual wind farm costs by as much as 150 million zloty ($37.6 million) even if no more turbines were built, according to the draft legislation. While the government is attempting to clamp down on rising electricity bills and empower communities concerned about the installations, the wind industry says the rules would choke off development and eliminate a clean source of electricity.
Poland’s plans “will tie projects up in red tape and make life difficult for developers by imposing arbitrary rules that serve no other purpose than to prevent wind turbine deployment,” said Oliver Joy, a spokesman for the European Wind Energy Association. “This draft law is a clear statement of intent and should not be allowed to stand.”
The government says it’s worried a surge in new installations is creating a conflict between communities and investors. It’s also seeking to curb subsidies for renewables and support its ailing coal industry, which has been undercut by falling commodity prices. While the country was among more than 195 nations that backed the Paris deal on climate change in December, it has sought a special status for coal and forecasts the fossil fuel will form a key component of its energy security for decades.
Piotr Naimski, the Polish government official in charge of supervising gas and power grids, said Thursday the country needs to adopt a strategy of letting renewables compete with coal-fired plants without subsidies. He wants to change the current merit system that gives wind power priority over coal generation, according to an interview with Biznesalert.pl.
Poland’s energy ministry declined to comment on the draft law.
Poland, Europe’s top coal producer, notched up the continent’s second-highest number of wind-power installations last year. Developers rushed to install 1.26 gigawatts of new capacity ahead of expected changes to government subsidies, that will require developers to bid in auctions for support. The country now has 5.1 gigawatts of installed wind capacity, equivalent to about 9 percent of the installed base in neighboring Germany.
“Poland has excellent wind resources and has the potential to be a European power house in wind energy,” The threat to imprison turbine operators for violating potential rules is “deeply concerning and misguided,” Joy said.
Concerning for the wind lobby group are rules embedded in the legislation that would require wind farm owners to pay fees for operating plants and sign up for a new permit every two years. Those who fail to comply might face prison sentences, and the rules would be applied retroactively to existing plants, said Joy.
Instead of imposing tough restrictions, the government may find ways to boost the benefits that communities enjoy from wind power, including opportunities to co-invest, said David Hostert, an analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance.
“There are also a host of technical solutions available today to limit the impact of wind turbines, such as noise-reduction technology or automatically stopping the turbine at certain times of day to avoid flickering shadows on nearby properties,” he said.
Article of Bloomberg Business | March 3, 2016 |
Leader hails Iranian nation as ‘great winner’ of 2021 election
In a message addressed to the Iranian nation on Saturday, the Leader thanked the people for turning out en masse in the June 18 elections to choose a new president and representatives to the City and Village Councils and said their “epic, passionate participation” added “a new shining page to the [record] of their honors.”
“Among the factors that could have each diminished participation in the elections, pleasant scenes of your gatherings at polling stations countrywide were a clear sign of your iron will, hopeful heart, and vigilant eyes,” the Leader said.
“The great winner of the elections yesterday was the Iranian nation, which stood up once again in the face of the propaganda campaign waged by the enemy’s mercenary media and temptations of the ill-wishers and showed off its presence in the heart of the political field,” he added.
Ayatollah Khamenei said nothing could break the Iranian nation’s will and hamper the election; neither complaints about livelihood issues, nor threats of the outbreak, nor the propagating opposition which had started from months before to frustrate the people, nor the irregularities that briefly disrupted voting in the early hours of Election Day.
The Leader thanked the nation and the institutions in charge of holding, overseeing, and providing security to the elections.
Ayatollah Khamenei offered congratulations to the nation for its victory in the elections besides those elected by the people. He also advised the president-elect and those elected to represent people at the City and Village Council to fully shoulder the responsibilities assigned to them by the country’s law.
Iran held its 13th presidential election on Friday. In parallel, the participants also voted in City and Village Councils mid-term Assembly of Experts and parliamentary elections.
According to the preliminary results, with around 90% of the votes counted, Seyyed Ebrahim Raeisi garnered over 17.8 million votes, followed by Mohsen Rezaei who secured 3.3 million. Nasser Hemmati secured 2.4 million votes, and Amir-Hossein Ghazizadeh-Hashemi won almost one million votes.
The results of the other elections are yet to be released. |
No More Places To Put Ebola Patients In Liberia But Cases Are Growing Exponentially
September 9, 2014 September 9, 2014 by Michael
There is not a single empty bed available for an Ebola patient in Liberia right now, but thousands more cases are expected in the coming weeks. Entire families have been driving around in taxis looking for some place that will take their sick family members, but every treatment facility is already full. According to the World Health Organization, many of those potential Ebola patients end up returning to their homes where there will inevitably spread the virus to even more people. What we are watching unfold is literally a nightmare scenario. According to the WHO, 4,293 cases of Ebola have now been recorded and 2,296 people have died from the disease. But what makes those numbers so alarming is that the spread of the virus appears to be accelerating. 47 percent of the deaths and 49 percent of the cases have come in the last 21 days. If Ebola continues to spread at an exponential pace like this, we could be looking at the greatest public health crisis in any of our lifetimes.
Health officials are feverishly trying to open new treatment facilities in Liberia, but they can’t seem to keep up with the number of new cases. The moment a new facility opens, it is immediately filled…
“As soon as a new Ebola treatment facility is opened, it immediately fills to overflowing with patients, pointing to a large but previously invisible caseload,” the agency said in a statement about the situation in Liberia. “Many thousands of new cases are expected in Liberia over the coming three weeks.”
And as I mentioned above, some potential Ebola victims haven’t been able to find anywhere to go. The following comes from a recent NBC News report…
“In Monrovia, taxis filled with entire families, of whom some members are thought to be infected with the Ebola virus, crisscross the city, searching for a treatment bed. There are none. As WHO staff in Liberia confirm, no free beds for Ebola treatment exist anywhere in the country.”
And because Ebola victims have been using taxis to travel around in search of treatment, that has made those taxis “a hot source of potential Ebola virus transmission”…
“According to a WHO staff member who has been in Liberia for the past several weeks, motorbike-taxis and regular taxis are a hot source of potential Ebola virus transmission, as these vehicles are not disinfected at all, much less before new passengers are taken on board,” WHO said.
“When patients are turned away at Ebola treatment centers, they have no choice but to return to their communities and homes, where they inevitably infect others, perpetuating constantly higher flare-ups in the number of cases.”
At this point there is no hope that Ebola will be defeated in Liberia any time soon. In fact, the WHO says that it is anticipating “thousands of new cases” in Liberia in the coming weeks.
Things have gotten so bad that a door-to-door campaign has been organized to try to track down those who have the virus. Between September 19th and September 21st, volunteers will visit every single home in Liberia…
Volunteers in Sierra Leone are to visit every home in the country of 6 million to track down people with Ebola and remove dead bodies.
Steven Ngaoja, the head of the country’s Ebola Emergency Operations Centre, said more than 20,000 volunteers would go door-to-door as part of a three-day curfew.
He said every house in the country would be visited from September 19 to 21.
Hopefully all of those volunteers will be given proper protective equipment. Otherwise, such an endeavor could end up just accelerating the spread of the virus even more.
And the truth is that there are probably far more people sick in Liberia than we are being told.
In fact, even the WHO admits that the official numbers greatly underestimate the scope of this crisis…
As well as struggling to contain the disease, the organization is having difficulty compiling data on the number of cases, said Sylvie Briand, the director of WHO’s department of pandemic and epidemic diseases.
“We know that the numbers are under-estimated. We are currently working to estimate the under-estimation,” Briand told a news briefing in Geneva.
“It’s a war against this virus. It’s a very difficult war. What we try now is to win some battles at least in some places.”
One doctor says that the real numbers could be “double or triple” what we are being told.
But nobody really knows.
And as the numbers continue to grow, there won’t be places to treat all of the new victims.
According to one report, there are only approximately 570 beds in Ebola treatment facilities in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia combined.
Needless to say, that is not going to do the job, and it is now being reported that Ebola is surging back in places where it was thought that it had been beaten.
Right now we are losing the battle to contain this virus, and this might just be the beginning of this plague.
The other day my friend Mac Slavo shared a video that was produced by MIT and the New England Complex Systems Institute. This video uses a computer simulation to show what the spread of Ebola could look like if it goes worldwide…
Like I said, we could potentially be facing the greatest health crisis that any of us have ever seen.
So let us hope and pray that this virus does not get out of Africa.
But all it takes is a single carrier.
For example, it is being reported that a Nigerian woman is now being tested for the Ebola virus in Italy…
A Nigerian woman resident in Italy has been hospitalised with symptoms that have led doctors to fear she may be the country’s first case of someone contracting the Ebola virus.
The woman, who had recently returned from a visit to Nigeria, has been hospitalised in Ancona and was undergoing tests in a specialist unit to establish whether she has contracted the virus which has killed more than 2,000 people since the start of the year.
“She is presenting with symptoms that could be those of Ebola,” a spokesman for the local authorities in the Le Marche region said.
And if it gets to the United States, it could be worse than any Hollywood movie ever imagined that it could be.
If you believe that the federal government is going to come swooping in to save you if Ebola does come here, you might want to think again. Just consider the following excerpt from a recent CNN article…
A federal investigation has found that the DHS is totally “ill-prepared” for something like the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic — or something worse, such as a global Ebola outbreak or the 1918 flu pandemic that killed an estimated 21.5 million people, according to a report released by the Office of the Inspector General on Monday.
In 2006, Congress gave DHS $47 million to prepare for such a national medical crisis. And the department did go shopping; it spent millions on this equipment that might now be completely worthless, missing or unnecessary.
For example, the audit found more than 4,000 bottles of expired hand sanitizer in storage with the DHS. Many of those bottles have been expired for up to four years.
The truth is that we are not prepared for something like this.
If an outbreak erupts in major U.S. cities, there is the potential that it could start spreading like wildfire.
So let us hope and pray for the best, but let us also get prepared for the worst.
Pope Francis And Shimon Peres Discuss The Establishment Of A ‘United Nations Of Religions’
While Obama Snoozes, Russia Is Preparing For Nuclear War With The United States |
What does web design mean and what does a web designer do?
1 year ago 4 months ago 11 mins
Web design is generally understood to be the creation of websites, from the moment of conceiving the structure and the graphic interface until the completion of the programming and the actual introduction of the data that make up the content of the website – images, text, files and other elements
Since you have arrived here, it is definitely not by chance, you are looking for a web designer or you need a programmer for yourself or your company. This article is made by our team, with structured information, to the point and explained in a way that everyone can understand.
And yet, what do web designers do?
Web design identifies the goals of a website or web page and promotes accessibility for all potential users. This process involves organizing content and images into a series of pages, integrating apps and other interactive elements.
The professionals who carry out this process are called web designers, and their work includes the following functions:
Selection of easy-to-read fonts;
Choose attractive color schemes and easy-to-read fonts;
Implement a brand/brand identity through colors, fonts and design;
Create a map of the structure of the website to ensure intuitive navigation, the famous site map;
Placement of images, logos, text, videos, applications and other elements;
Use coding languages like HTML, CSS, PHP, Python, Javascript, etc. to create layouts and style pages;
Creation of optimized versions of websites and pages for viewing on both desktop and mobile devices;
There are two common methods of web design: adaptive and responsive design. In responsive design, website content is created using standard screen sizes as the framework for the layout. In responsive layout, the content moves dynamically based on the size of the screen. Web designers use the different steps of the overall web design process to use these design methods based on their client’s or employer’s preferences and site goals.
What are the elements of web design?
The web design process allows designers to adapt to any preference and provide effective solutions. There are many standard components of every web design, including:
Appearance;
The pictures;
visual hierarchy;
Color scheme;
Typography;
Readability;
The structure of the navigation menu;
mobile variant;
1. The appearance of the website
Website design is how material is displayed on a page. Choosing the design is an essential task for the designer. It must be simple, intuitive and accessible. Web designers can use empty areas called whitespace to arrange website elements in grid-based patterns to keep them in order. An example of the technology would be Bootstrap.
Designers can create specialized layouts for desktop and mobile screens. Mobile-optimized websites are a must because many visitors access websites from their mobile phones or tablets. To make sure a website is ready for mobile visitors, a designer can use a responsive template that adapts to different screen sizes or a mobile-only layout that will activate when a non-desktop device connects to the website. place. A consistent look across the media contributes to visitor confidence.
Images are illustrations, graphics, photographs, icons, and others that are used to provide additional information to the text. To create the desired effect, designers can choose images that complement each other and the brand the site represents.
3. Visual hierarchy
The visual hierarchy is the order in which the user will process the information on the site. The designer creates it by applying a visual model to the site. Visual design is how the design directs the eyes and behaviors of visitors. For example, the F or Z patterns emphasize the top horizontal section of your site, where most designers place their navigation and brand logo, and sometimes a search box. These are elements that inspire user interaction and
4. Combination of colors
The color scheme is a combination of colors that is in harmony with the brand and the industry it represents. To achieve this, they will choose a dominant color and a few others to create a palette. A color palette can be monochromatic (different shades of the same color), analogous (colors that are close to each other), or complementary. Designers also take into account the colors that attract users the most.
5. Typography
Typography is the style or font of written content. Web designers choose one or a combination that is attractive and easy to read. To make the best choice, you need to choose a font that matches your target audience. Some sites may work better with serif fonts, while others may use non-serif fonts, depending on the industry, purpose, and typical user of the site.
6. Readability
Readability is when the text of the content is easy to see and read on a web page. The text on the site must be legible, as visitors often spend little time on the site and need to find information quickly. Designers can achieve this by selecting an appropriate size and pixel for the text. Contrast between text and website background colors also improves readability.
7. Navigation menu
Navigation elements are the tools that allow users to choose where they want to go on a website. They may be present in the header, body, and footer of the site, depending on the design and structure of the site. These elements are essential because they direct visitors to the information they want as quickly as possible.
Designers can choose a variety of navigation patterns and layouts, such as using a button that hides and shows navigation menus. They may also include one-click arrows and other buttons that direct users back to the top of a page, to a specific area of a page, or to another page entirely.
8. The content
The content is all the information available on the site. It is an essential element because visitors want to obtain information quickly. When your website communicates clearly and grabs the attention of your readers, you are more likely to convert them into consumers. The designer can achieve this by using the appropriate tone and providing the correct information throughout the website, including the “About” and “Contact” pages.
9. Adaptability to mobile
Mobile responsiveness is the feature of a website that allows it to display on a mobile device and adapt its layout and proportions to make it readable. Web design ensures that websites are easy to view and navigate on mobile devices. When a website is well-designed and mobile-responsive, customers can easily reach the business.
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Next: How to do it and what is online advertising
The 12 most popular programming languages to learn in 2022
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Tag Archives: country music stars
News Flash: Charity Single Brings Together 19 Top Country Music Artists
The following is excerpted from the Souls 4 Soles website. _________________________________________________________________________ CHARITY SINGLE LAUNCHES ON RADIO, AT RETAIL, ON TELEVISION AND IN THEATRES TODAY BRINGING TOGETHER 19 TOP COUNTRY MUSIC ARTISTS FOR SOLES4SOULS® Download the Song Now! Multi-platinum selling Grammy nominee Billy Gilman spearheads historic project to sponsor 500,000 pairs of shoes with the writing, […]
This entry was posted in Blog and tagged Alan Jackson, Amy Grant, billy gilman, charity, country music stars, Craig Morgan, Diamond Rio, download song, download the choice, help, Josh Turner, Keith Urban, Kellie Pickler, Kenny Rogers, LeAnn Rimes, Montgomery Gentry, needy, newsflash, Randy Travis, Reba McEntire, Richie McDonald, Rodney Atkins, Ronnie Milsap, shoe drive, soles4souls, Steve Holy, the choice, Vince Gill, Wynonna Judd on April 17, 2012 by Chris. |
Optimization of galacto-oligosacharides synthesis using response surface methodology
10.5937/FFR1701001C
547.454+615.246+577.15]:66.011
galacto-oligosaccharides, β-galactosidase, Aspergillus oryzae, optimization, response surface methodology
Milica B. Carević*, Katarina M. Banjanac, Ana D. Milivojević, Marija M. Ćorović, Dejan I. Bezbradica
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, 11000 Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, Serbia
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are important lactose-derived compounds, considered to be a prebiotics, based on abundant scientific evidence about their unique physical properties and physiological effects. This consequently allows their widespread application as supplement in food and feed industry. They are preferably produced by the enzymatic transgalactosylation action of β-galactosidase. However, this enzyme simultaneously performs its primary biological function of lactose hydrolysis, and it is of crucial importance to gain an insight into the influence of different reaction conditions, and provide favorization of transgalactosylation, particularly GOS synthesis reaction. In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied in terms of individual experimental factors effect estimation, their mutual interaction identification and finally, the determination of optimum conditions for highest GOS yield achievement. Having said that, it can be observed that the temperature and pH have no significant impact on the GOS yield, while on the other hand, the lactose concentration of 400 g/l, enzyme concentration of 13.5 g/l and reaction time of 13 min represent the optimum conditions for achieving the highest GOS yields.
Nowadays an increased awareness considering the beneficial effects of functional foods and prebiotics on human health provided an extensive research focused on their production. Focusing on highly potent and widely available substrates, investigations led to the promising area of lactose based product development, allowing its upgrading and better utilization (Chen and Ganzle, 2016; Geiger et al., 2016). Lactose conversion into desirable prebiotic and functional food ingredients is mainly achieved by enzymatic reaction of transgalactosylation catalyzed by β-galactosidases (Gosling et al., 2010; Otieno, 2010). Although primarily regarded as hydrolyzing enzyme, widely used in the dairy industry for lactose hydrolysis, β-galactosidase under specific conditions can as well perform galactosyl moiety transfer to another carbohydrate, namely lactose, resulting in the formation of a complex mixture of highly valuable products named galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) (Torres et al., 2010).
GOS represent a diverse group of water soluble carbohydrates consisting of several galactose and usually one terminal glucose unit, that can notably vary in polymerization degree, type of linkages, and more importantly in their properties (Urrutia et al., 2013, Carević et al., 2016a). They are marked as non-digestible compounds, recognized as prebiotics owing to the fact that are selectively metabolized by some favorable intestinal microbiota, particularly bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, providing their proliferation and promotion of their activity (Arreola et al., 2014; Hong et al., 2016). GOS may also cause inhibition of intestinal pathogen growth via disabling their adhesion to gastrointestinal epithelial cell surface (Shoaf et al., 2006; Sinclair et al., 2004). Having said that, their consumption greatly contributes to the human overall wellbeing, since they are believed to support an improvement of lactose digestion and mineral absorption, reduction of serum cholesterol level, diminishing the risk of cancer, and enhancement of the host's immune system (Sangwan et al., 2011; Macfarlane et al., 2008; Bruno-Barcena and Azcarate-Peril, 2015). Besides, GOS feature various other favorable characteristics such as the high acid stability, low caloric value, excellent taste and relatively low sweetness that make them highly applicable in infant milk formulas, dairy products, beverages, and finally, animal feed (Van Leusen et al., 2014).
Enzymatic synthesis of GOS from lactose using β-galactosidase from different sources (bacteria, yeasts and fungi) has already been studied by many authors (Torres et al., 2010). Generally, the transgalactosylation reaction was described as a kinetically controlled reaction, where substrate conversion, productivity and product distribution can be highly dependent on the reaction conditions and the enzyme properties (Mahoney, 1998; Park and Oh, 2011). The β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae, used throughout this study, was previously studied in GOS synthesis, and it proved to be enzyme of choice, prevalently because of its high specific activity, good thermal stability and more importantly low cost (Vera et al., 2012). However, shear of lactose being converted into GOS is fairly low, indicating the need of detailed experimental conditions optimization. Several papers dealing with optimization of reaction parameters, focusing on one at a time, were published so far, focusing mostly on the influence of varying lactose concentration on the GOS formation (Huerta et al., 2011; Vera et al., 2011). In general, it was observed that an increment of lactose content, as well as enzyme content, favor GOS formation (Huerta et al., 2011; Warmerdam, et al., 2013). However, temperature and pH showed a different impact on synthesis yield and product distribution in different reaction systems, although they highly affect reaction productivity (Park and Oh, 2011). On the other hand, extensive optimization comprising all individual and mutual effects of several key factors is very scarce (Lisboa et al., 2012). Therefore, the aim of this study was to achieve thorough optimization of GOS synthesis taking both effects of key reaction parameters (lactose and enzyme concentration, temperature and pH, and reaction time), and their mutual interactions at the same time. For this purpose, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed, and two response variables were monitored (lactose conversion degree and GOS yield).
β-Galactosidase from A. oryzae (>8 IU/mg solid) and lactose used in this study were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC analysis was performed using HPLC grade water purchased from JT Baker (Center Valley, PA, USA). Other reagents, used for buffer solution preparations, were of analytical grade, and purchased from Centrohem (Stara Pazova, Serbia).
Production of galacto-oligosaccharides
All reactions were performed in conical flasks on an orbital shaker (IKA® KS 4000i control, Werke GmbH and Co.) set at 200 RPM under the controlled temperature specified by experimental plan. Reaction mixtures were comprised of lactose and an enzyme (concentrations specified for each experiment) which were dissolved in 5 ml of the suitable buffer. Samples were taken at different times, predetermined by the experimental plan, and the reaction was stopped by heating samples at 100 °C for 10 min in order to inactivate the enzyme. Samples were appropriately diluted with HPLC grade water, centrifuged (12000 rpm for 10 min), filtered through a 0.2 μm syringe filter and then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All experiments were carried out in duplicate and the average values (provided that the standard deviations were less than 5%) of the product concentrations were used for further analysis. Results were presented as the lactose conversion degree (Equation 1) and GOS yield (Equation 2).
Throughout this study, the GOS concentration represents the sum of trisaccharides (GOS3) and tetrasaccharides (GOS4), since the concentration of higher oligosaccharides was negligible (Carević et al, 2016b).
Experimental design and statistical analysis
Experiments were conducted using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) for the study of five factors (lactose concentration, enzyme concentration, temperature, pH and reaction time) each at five levels (Table 1). Ranges for these parameters are chosen on the basis of preliminary experiments or thorough literature survey.
Table 1.Experimental factors
Coded/Actual values
Temperature, X1 (°C)
Lactose concentration, X2 (g/l)
Enzyme concentration, X3 (g/l)
Time (min)
The experimental plan consisted of 32 experiments (16 factorial, 10 axial, and 6 center points) performed in random order to minimize systematic errors (Milisavljević et al., 2014). The data obtained were analyzed by a response surface method (RSM) to fit the second-order polynomial equation (Equation 3).
Where Y is the response variable (lactose conversion degree and product concentration), b0, bi, bii, bij, are the regression coefficients, and Xi and Xj are independent variables (Table 1). The least-squares method was employed for the response function coefficient calculation and their statistical significance evaluation. Only the significant terms (p ≤ 0.05) were considered for the final reduced model. Adequacy of the obtained model was determined by the Fisher test. Student distribution was used to evaluate the significance of the coefficients. MATLAB 7.0 (Mathworks Inc., Natrick, USA) was used for this purpose.
High performance liquid chromatography analysis
Quantitative analysis of the samples was performed using a Dionex Ultimate 3000 (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) HPLC system equipped with a Thermo Scientific carbohydrate column (Hyper REZ XP Carbohydrate Ca2+, 300mm x 7.7 mm, i.d. 8 μm) working at 80 °C. HPLC grade water was used as the mobile phase with the constant elution rate of 0.6 ml/min during the analysis, and the detection was performed by a RI detector (RefractoMax 520, ERC, Riemerling, Germany). All data acquisition and processing were done using Chromeleon™ 7.2 Chromatography Data System (Thermo Scientific).
As already noted, β-galactosidase is traditionally used in the dairy industry as a lactose hydrolyzing enzyme. However, in recent years more attention is paid to its transgalactosylation activity, which enables the production of a series of compounds with a prominent functional activity, named galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS). Interestingly, these reactions take place at the same time, and the first stage of these reactions (lactose cleavage) is common, and it represents the formation of enzyme-galactosyl complex (Figure 1). From this point on, reaction course faces a divergence. If enzyme-galactosyl complex passes the galactose moiety onto the molecule of water, the reaction of hydrolysis occurs, and on the other hand, if galactose moiety is passed onto any other free hydroxyl group (lactose or a lower galacto-oligosaccharide molecule), the reaction of transgalactosylation occurs (Figure 1). The rates of all these reactions and consequently the final reaction mixture composition, depend on type of enzyme and reaction conditions such as enzyme and lactose concentration, temperature and the characteristics of the reaction medium (Torres et al., 2010).
Figure 4. Reaction mechanism of galacto-oligosaccharides synthesis
Moreover, it should be pointed out that GOS do not represent end products, and that they are susceptible to hydrolysis too (Mahoney, 1998). Thus, the determination of the optimum reaction time is essential, since hydrolysis of GOS inevitably occurs in later stages of the reaction, due to their significant concentration in the reaction mixture. Having said that, it is clear that GOS synthesis represents a rather difficult task, and therefore, the effect of key reaction factors (lactose and enzyme concentration, temperature and pH, and reaction time) should be evaluated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM).
Typical chromatograms, presented in an overlapped display in Figure 2, represent the progress of the reaction. With the proceeding of the reaction course, lactose peak (tR=9.627 min) is continuously reducing, while the peaks of its primary hydrolysis products, namely glucose (tR=10.953 min) and galactose (tR=12.042 min), are increasing. However, due to its incorporation in GOS, as consequence of transgalactosylation, galactose peak and consequently its concentration is significantly lower than glucose concentration. Products of transgalactosylation are depicted by trisaccharide (GOS3) peak (tR=8.733 min) and tetrasaccharide (GOS4) peak (tR=8.213 min). In our previous study (Carević et al., 2016a) was confirmed by IMS/MS-MS analysis that other disaccharides, except the lactose, are not present in the reaction mixture and that GOS3 and GOS4 peaks exclusively with β(1→6) and β(1→3) glycosidic linkages are the only transgalactosylation products. Hence, calculated concentrations of these peaks are used as output data in subsequent RSM optimization.
Figure 2. Overlapped chromatograms of reaction species during the reaction course
The aim of the first stage of RSM optimization was to estimate the effect of reaction parameters on the lactose conversion degree. The results were fitted with second-order regression model. Good correlation between experimental results and regression model was determined using the Fisher test, and then Student test was performed in order to evaluate the significance of model coefficients. After the elimination of insignificant coefficients regression model (Equation 4) was obtained.
As it can be clearly seen from the equation, all the linear regression coefficients are significant. On the other hand, three quadratic regression coefficients, namely b11 (-1.70), b33 (-4,37) and b55 (-3,41), are significant and negative, hence, the influence of corresponding parameters: temperature, enzyme concentration and pH can be described as a quadratic function with a maximum value. Moreover, it is evident that there are several significant interactions between the examined parameters: positive interactions between temperature (X1) and time (X4), and lactose concentration (X2) and pH value of reaction mixture (X5), and, on the other hand, negative interaction between the lactose (X2) and enzyme (X3) concentration. The influences of these experimental factors on the lactose conversion are presented as response surface diagrams (Figure 3).
The Figure 3A shows the influence of the temperature (X1) and the reaction time (X4) on the lactose conversion degree. It can be observed that the temperature can be described as a quadratic function with a maximum. Yet, it can be noted that the position of the local maximum varies significantly depending on the reaction time. Hence, in short reaction times, a maximum lactose conversion is achieved at 44°C, although the temperature shows a negligible impact on lactose conversion yield. On the other hand, at maximum reaction times the temperature plays an important role, and maximum lactose conversion degree is achieved around 60°C. As already mentioned, the effects of pH on the lactose conversion degree can be described as a quadratic function with a maximum value, and this dependence is depicted in Figure 3B. It can be observed that the maximum conversion degree is achieved when the pH value persist around pH 4.0. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the position of local maximum is highly dependent on the lactose concentration due to the significant interaction between these two parameters. Since this interaction is positive, a shift of local maximum values towards higher values at higher lactose concentrations is caused. However, lactose concentration (X2) has negative influence on the lactose conversion degree, and therefore lower lactose concentrations and consequently lower values of pH are preferred in terms of achieving the highest conversion degrees. Moreover, the lactose concentration shows the combined effect with another parameter, namely enzyme concentration (X3). This interaction is depicted in Figure 3C. Since square regression coefficient b33 is significant and has a negative value, the impact of the concentration of the enzyme is described as a quadratic function with a maximum. Due to the existence of the negative interaction with lactose concentration, position of the local optimum enzyme concentration moves toward higher values with decreasing concentration of lactose.
Figure 3. The response surface plots: (A) interactive effect of reaction time and temperature on the lactose conversion. Other factors were fixed at: X2=-1; X3=0, X5=0, (B) interactive effect of pH and enzyme concentration on the lactose conversion. Other factors were fixed at: X1=0, X2=-2, X4=1, (C) interactive effect of enzyme concentration and lactose concentration on the lactose conversion. Other factors were fixed at: X1=1; X4=2, X5=1
As previously mentioned, at higher initial concentrations of lactose conversion degree did not show significant growth, even with optimum values of enzyme concentrations. On the other hand, at lower concentration values lactose, the increase in the lactose conversion degree with increasing concentrations of the enzyme is notable. Bearing this in mind, it can be concluded that the greatest degree of lactose conversion is achieved at a concentration of enzymes around 13.5 g/l, provided that the lactose concentration is around 20 g/l. Finally, these results lead to the conclusion that in order to achieve the maximum lactose conversion degree, optimal conditions should be: temperature 60°C, a lactose concentration of 20 g/l, enzyme concentration of 13.5 g/l, reaction time 25 min and pH 4.
Even though the high portion of lactose conversion was achieved, only one part goes on GOS synthesis while the rest is a consequence of hydrolysis, where lactose is converted to its constituents (glucose and galactose). Therefore, the influence of the same reaction parameters on the promotion of GOS synthesis was examined. After the employing the previously defined statistical analysis a new regression model was derived (Equation 5).
Unlike the first derived model (Equation 4), the second model (Equation 5) shows that not all of the linear regression coefficients are significant. Consequently, not all the reaction parameters showed significant impact on the GOS synthesis reaction. More precisely, temperature (X1) and pH (X5) in the examined range proved to be insignificant factors, while the other factors (lactose concentration, enzyme concentration and reaction time), played an important role in maximizing a GOS yield. As it can be seen from the model, there are two significant quadratic regression coefficients b33 (-0.83) and b44 (-2.34), and both of them have negative values, meaning they possess an optimum value. Also, it was found that there is a positive correlation between the lactose (X2) and enzyme concentration (X3), as well as the positive correlation between the lactose concentration (X2) and the reaction time (X4).
Figure 4. The response surface plots: (a) interactive effect of reaction time and enzyme concentration on the GOS yield. Other factors were fixed at: X2=2, (b) interactive effect of reaction time and lactose concentration on the GOS yield. Other factors were fixed at: X3=2
Influences of the most interesting factors on the obtained GOS yield are illustrated on the response surface diagrams (Figure 4). As noted before, the influence of the enzyme concentration (X3) can be graphically presented as a quadratic function with a maximum value, due to the negative quadratic regression coefficient. Local maximum peaks, however, may vary greatly depending on the initial lactose concentration, due to the positive interaction between these two factors. Hence, local optimum values of the enzyme concentration shift towards higher values at higher lactose concentrations. Likewise, the effect of the reaction time (X4) can be described as a quadratic function with a maximum, and owing to the positive correlation with the lactose concentration it shifts towards higher optimum values, as lactose concentration increases. Unlike these two factors, lactose concentration increase causes the increment of GOS yield in whole examined range. Having said that, it can be concluded that the optimum values of observed parameters in terms of achieving the highest GOS yields, were: lactose concentration of 400 g/l, enzyme concentration of 13.5 g/l and reaction time of 13 min. If we compare the obtained models, as well as the results of the optimization concerning both examined outputs, significant differences can be observed. Obviously, the individual factors showed substantial impact onto the reaction course. More precisely, it was shown that the key reaction parameters are the concentration of lactose and reaction time, as the impact of these factors on the two outputs diametrically opposite. Most importantly, the high concentration of lactose and low reaction times favor the transgalactosylation reaction, hence GOS synthesis. These results are somehow expected, bearing in mind that higher lactose concentrations provide more sugar molecules that can compete with water molecules leading to increase in GOS production, while the lower lactose concentrations shift the reaction course towards hydrolysis. Likewise, in the initial stage of the reaction transgalactosylation is promoted due to the high lactose concentration in the reaction mixture. In later stages, however, the intensified hydrolysis of both lactose and GOS takes place, thus longer reaction times are not fitted for GOS synthesis.
Finally, in terms of testing the adequacy of the obtained optimization results, an additional experiment was performed under the following conditions: lactose concentration of 400 g/l, enzyme concentration of 13.5 g/l and reaction time of 13 min, temperature 50°C and pH 4.5. The obtained GOS yield in this case was 29.6%, that represents less than 5% deviation from the predicted value by the RSM model.
In the present study, the surface response methodology (RSM) was employed for the reaction parameter (temperature, enzyme and lactose concentration, reaction time and pH) optimizations in terms of achieving high GOS yields catalyzed by β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae. It was concluded that the temperature and pH, although they highly impact the lactose conversion, have negligible influence on GOS synthesis. While, on the other hand, enzyme concentration, lactose concentration and time provide a rather significant contribution to the optimization process. More precisely, highest GOS yields are achieved when reaction parameters are as follows: lactose concentration of 400 g/l, enzyme concentration of 13.5 g/l and reaction time of 13 min. Bearing in mind that GOS yields achieved in the additional experiment under the optimum conditions, are within 5% deviation from the predicted values, it can be concluded that model ensures good prediction, and that application of RSM was reasonable.
The authors are grateful for financial support from the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science, and Technological Development (Project III 46010). |
Live-streaming 360° concert video
Panorama Music Festival — HP / Intel
Sure, it’s cool to watch a band perform live, but anyone who has been to a crowded concert knows how difficult it can be to see the band unless you’re at the front of the crowd. Using our 360° video technology, attendees at Panorama donned high-definition VR headsets and watched it — as if they were onstage too.
We placed high-end 360° video cameras on each of the stages at Panorama, a popular music festival in New York City, and gave festival-goers immersive access to their favorite artists and bands. |
Why King Size 4.5 Tog Duvet Will Be Your Next Big Obsession
작성자 Silas 작성일23-01-17 16:38 조회213회 댓글0건
Buying a Double 4.5 Tog Duvet
A double 4.5-inch duvet is ideal for those who live in colder climates. This type of duvet is ideal for when you need extra warmth in your bed. It could also be used as a backup for your main duvet. This duvet is also an excellent option if you require a bed with high levels of anti-allergy properties.
4.5 tog duvets are ideal for colder climates
It is crucial to find the right duvet for you. There are a lot of things to consider. The temperature in your bedroom can influence the quality of your sleep. To lower your heating expenses, you can also buy a light duvet.
Tog rating is the insulation value of different materials. Tog rating is a measure of how warm a bed is. The ratings range from 2.5 tog to 15 tog.
If you want to stay warm during the winter, you should buy a duvet which has an tog rating of at minimum 12.0 tog. This is the best choice when you live in a colder climate. It's not necessary in all cases.
One of the simplest ways to measure the tog of duvets is to measure the amount of thermal insulation it offers. Tog values that are higher help you not have to wear layers of clothing at night.
You should also think about the material used in the making of your duvet. Synthetic duvets are typically heavier than natural duvets, and don't have as much insulating value. Natural duvets on the contrary are more efficient in thermal properties.
It's a good idea to have two-tog rated duvets for your home to avoid becoming too hot during summer months. A down duvet in your bedroom is a fantastic way to lower your heating expenses.
A pillow that has the right tog rating will give you the best results. Although there is no definitive standard for the tog of a pillow there are a few aspects to consider.
7.5 tog or 10.5 tog duvets are ideal for spring and autumn
To ensure a restful and restful night it is crucial that you choose the best tog rating for your bed. If you're not certain which tog is suitable for you, consult this guide to help. It's not a complete list, so you will have to try different options to find your ideal duvet.
The tog of your duvet depends on how well it will trap warm air. A lighter duvet will feel warmer and a heavier one will feel cooler. This is due to the differences in the pressure of air.
A light summer duvet, as an example, weighs in at 4.5 tog duvets king size g. A heavier winter duvet will weigh 12 tog or more. However, you may want a lighter summer duvet to prevent overheating at night.
Some people prefer a duvet that has a higher level of tog, whereas others prefer a less tog. It is all dependent on your personal preferences.
You can also purchase an all-season duvet. These are a great option for winter and summer. They can be attached or detached easily and consist of two separate duvets. In the spring and autumn, the two duvets can be combined to create a 13.5 tog duvet.
Most people choose a 10.5 tog duvet. It's a great upgrade from a 7.5 tog duvet. In the winter, you can layer a 10.5 tog duvet with blankets for extra warmth.
People who are allergic to allergens may benefit from a down alternative duvet. It is hypoallergenic and durable. Another advantage is that it is easier to clean.
For toddlers, a light duvet is ideal for toddlers. A duvet with a tog score greater than 7.5 is not recommended by children less than three years of age.
The highest levels of thermal insulation can be achieved with duvets that weigh 13.5 or 15 grams
There are many tog ratings available when shopping for duvets. The higher the rating, the more comfortable your sleep will be. There is no need to pay for a duvet that has an tog of 13.5 or 15 if the 4.5 tog is enough.
There are a variety of ways to determine the tog rating of carpet underlay, clothes, and duvets. There is an easy way to find the tog rating for a specific product.
The tog of an item is typically determined by the material that it is made of. Wool, silk and cotton all provide the highest insulation value. These are the best materials to make high-quality duvets.
The tog for a duvet may be determined by the fabric's thickness. It will be determined by your level of comfort and the environment in which you're likely to use the product.
The size of a duvet's tog is generally the one that best shows its capabilities. If you're looking for a summer duvet, the 7.5-inch tog will be most suitable. The 13.5 tog is ideal for winter months.
If you're not sure what to choose, pick the all-season duvet. They typically come with two duvets which can be linked using buttons.
One of the best things about these duvets is that they are machine washable. They also are hypoallergenic, which is especially useful for people with allergies. A hypoallergenic bedsheet can keep dust mites and bacteria from getting trapped in your duvet. This makes you feel better.
Anti-allergy double duvet 4.5 OZ
Silentnight Anti Allergy 4 tog duvet is the benchmark for allergy-friendly comfort. In addition to the standard bedding essentials the duvet is fitted with an anti-allergy filling which makes sleeping in darkness a thing of the past. Additionally, there is the five-year warranty which is an important benefit in this day and age. The silica fill, which is designed to decrease dust mites, is an eco-friendly winner in the category. Additionally, the material has been tested as hypoallergenic, a major benefit for allergy sufferers all over the world. This anti allergy duvet is fashionable and doesn't seem like much work.
This double duvet has something for anyone, thanks to a polycotton material that is cool and breathable. The duvet also has an anti-allergic filling which promises to make sleep effortless. silentnight cooler summer 4.5 tog duvet's focus is on satisfaction of customers, as demonstrated by the five-year guarantee. Do yourself a favor by purchasing a Silentnight® 4.5 tog duvet immediately. The 4.5-tog double duvet is ideal for those who suffer from allergies.
4.5 tog duvets can be used as an extra duvet
You should select the appropriate tog rating when buying a duvet. Tog refers to the thermal insulation that is provided by the duvet. This will depend on a variety of factors that include your preferred sleep temperature, your environment, and the personal preferences.
There are different tog ratings in accordance with the season. Depending on the location of your home you may require an additional duvet for winter or summer.
For instance in Fort William, in the Highlands The average lows for 4.5 tog cotton Duvet January have been -1 and the highest temperatures are around 12 degrees Celsius. A duvet must have at least a tog rating of 13.5
If you are in a warmer climate you might want a lighter duvet such as 4.5 tog cotton duvet tog. This will prevent you from overheating at night.
If you are in a colder location it is possible to choose a heavier duvet. This will keep you warm in the winter months. It is easier to manage when you have a heavier duvet.
When choosing a duvet you should also consider the kind of filling you prefer. There are two kinds of natural fibres which are natural and synthetic. However natural fibres are superior in thermal properties. Synthetic fibres are heavier.
Another factor to consider is whether or not you are a hot or cold sleeper. People can get very hot at night which makes it difficult to get a good night's sleep. By investing in two duvets, you will ensure that you have a spare one on hand throughout the year.
Duvets made from synthetic materials should be avoided if you have allergies. Some people choose to have their duvets lined with an anti-allergy treatment to stop dust mites and other allergens from developing. |
Friday, Mar. 18, 2022 |
Posted on 17/03/2016 11/12/2017 Author Grantham Athletic ClubCategories Events83
You will see that we have put together a new website. In order to work on materials on the old site we have had to open this site early. We will be overhauling content over the Easter holidays after which you will be find everything you need.
Lincs League Match 1 – Boston 03/04/16 |
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Home » Health News » Researchers Are Getting Closer to Understanding Long COVID. But Treatments Are Likely Still a Ways Off
Researchers Are Getting Closer to Understanding Long COVID. But Treatments Are Likely Still a Ways Off
March 8, 2022 TimeMagazine Off Health News
Two years into the COVID-19 pandemic, questions about Long COVID still outnumber answers. Why do some people develop long-lasting symptoms—often after a mild case of COVID-19, sometimes even after being vaccinated—while others fully recover from their brushes with the SARS-CoV-2 virus? Why does Long COVID seem to disproportionately appear in women? How can one condition affect numerous bodily systems, causing symptoms ranging from brain fog to joint pain to total exhaustion? Is Long COVID a single diagnosis, or is it better understood as an umbrella term for a spectrum of disease, caused by a range of biologically diverse effects of the virus? Or, could it actually be a new manifestation of post-viral illnesses that have been around for decades?
A flurry of recent studies, some of which have been peer-reviewed and published, and others that are currently going through that process, seek to explain why millions of people suffer from Long COVID. Each one contributes a small piece to the larger research puzzle, helping to build scientific understanding of the disease, little by little.
Even as they do, though, the number of people living with Long COVID grows every day, and there are still few research-backed treatments to offer them. “Patients are pushing for an answer. They’re pushing for the one treatment,” says Christina Martin, a nurse practitioner who helps run Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center’s Post-Acute COVID Syndrome Clinic in New Hampshire. “They’re looking for the Holy Grail, and it’s just not out there.”
Causes of Long COVID
Dozens of studies on Long COVID have been published in recent months, many of which can be broadly sorted into two camps. One group explores what goes wrong in the body to cause Long COVID symptoms, while the other seeks to identify which individuals are at greatest risk for developing the condition.
The most recent, published in Nature on March 7, suggests that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, can damage the brain—even among people who experienced mild cases. This, the authors write, could lead to lasting issues including cognitive decline, smell loss, and inflammation of the nervous system.
In a similar vein, research set to be presented at the European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases in April suggests that damage to the vagus nerve—which extends from the brain down the torso—is behind many Long COVID symptoms. After studying almost 350 patients with Long COVID, the researchers found that 66% had symptoms indicative of vagus nerve damage, including abnormal heart rate, dizziness, and gastrointestinal problems. Another recent study, published March 1 in the journal Neurology: Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation, also points to nerve damage as a likely culprit behind many symptoms.
But for a condition as complex as Long COVID, which is linked to more than 200 different symptoms, there will likely not be a single cause, says Dr. Gemma Lladós, an infectious disease physician at Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol in Spain and one of the researchers behind the vagus nerve study. Nerve damage may explain many cases, but it almost certainly can’t explain them all, she says.
The vascular system is another area that has drawn attention from researchers. A study published in Biochemical Journal in February argues that tiny “microclots” in the blood may cause many Long COVID symptoms by preventing oxygen from reaching the body’s tissues. Similarly, a paper published in the journal Chest in January suggests that one hallmark of Long COVID, intolerance to exercise, may be related to poor oxygen delivery.
Other researchers theorize that remnants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus may linger in the body, potentially causing lasting symptoms. It’s also possible that, for some people, COVID-19 pushes the immune system into a hyperactive state, essentially causing it to attack itself.
That hypothesis dovetails with a paper published in the journal Cell in January, which tried to explain why some people develop Long COVID and others don’t. The researchers found four key risk factors associated with developing Long COVID:
a type 2 diabetes diagnosis
genetic material from the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the blood
evidence of Epstein-Barr virus in the blood
the presence of autoantibodies—molecules that attack the body’s own tissues, instead of foreign pathogens like a virus
Co-author James Heath, president of Seattle’s Institute for Systems Biology, says the autoantibody finding was the most important, in part because it showed a possible similarity between Long COVID and the autoimmune disease lupus. While there’s no cure for lupus, “there are treatments out there that can be effective,” Heath says. “So those would be a line of things that are worth looking at” for Long COVID patients.
The finding that SARS-CoV-2 or Epstein-Barr viruses in the blood can predict some cases of Long COVID also suggests that taking antivirals shortly after a COVID-19 diagnosis could help prevent some cases, he says.
The Treatment Gap
At the moment, though, those are just hypotheses. At least until more research is done, knowing about risk factors does little to help people who already have Long COVID, says Martin from Dartmouth-Hitchcock—especially since most people have no idea whether they have something like autoantibodies in their systems.
Patients often ask about studies they’ve read about risk factors and all Martin can tell them is that, “‘it’s not changing how we manage your symptoms,’” she says. “‘What might make you at risk for it, it doesn’t change things. You have it.’”
Even symptom management is, at this point, a sophisticated game of trial and error, says Dr. Jeffrey Parsonnet, an infectious disease physician who also works in Dartmouth-Hitchcock’s clinic. Some of the interventions that seem to work best for patients in his clinic—like occupational therapy and mental health support—have little to do with the basic science described in studies. “One of the biggest things we have to offer is a knowledgeable and sympathetic ear,” Parsonnet says.
Dr. Brad Nieset, who runs the Benefis Health System Post-COVID-19 Recovery Program in Montana, says his approach hinges on meeting each patient’s recovery goals, whether that’s feeling well enough to sing in church or getting back to an outdoor activity. While his team stays up-to-date on the latest research, Nieset says it sometimes feels that “people are grasping at zebras [rather than looking for horses]. It’s not as complex once you break it down” and focus on what could actually help each individual patient. Often, that means applying long-used treatments—like respiratory therapies or neurologic support—to a new disease, he says.
A better understanding of risk factors could be useful, Nieset says, if vulnerable individuals could seek care right after they test positive for COVID-19. But, again, many risk factors identified by studies, such as autoantibodies or viral load in the blood, aren’t something the average individual would know they have.
As such, “there’s no direct implications of that,” as far as developing screening standards or patient treatments, Parsonnet says.
Dr. Onur Boyman, a clinical immunologist at the University of Zurich, disagrees. He co-authored another recent paper on risk factors for Long COVID, published in January in Nature Communications. His team found that older people, those with a history of asthma, and people with low levels of certain immunoglobulins (which are a type of antibody) were at increased risk of developing Long COVID. People who experienced many different symptoms during their acute COVID-19 infections also seemed at higher risk than those who had few symptoms.
While most people don’t know much about their immunoglobulin levels, Boyman says that testing is fairly easy and inexpensive to do. “If you have patients who are of older age and/or have a history of asthma, then you could measure their immunoglobulin levels. If those are also relatively low, then you would know this individual has a particularly high risk of developing Long COVID,” he says.
Armed with that knowledge, he says, “you can make sure that individual is very well vaccinated,” perhaps getting more regular booster shots than the average person, Boyman says. Studies have shown that vaccinated people who get infected are about half as less likely to develop Long COVID, compared to unvaccinated people.
Beyond Long COVID
Even if studies don’t immediately translate to treatments, it’s important to understand how a disease works and who is affected. That’s especially true for a condition as complicated as Long COVID; if studies begin to suggest that there are actually different subtypes of Long COVID, that could lead to more personalized patient care, Boyman says.
Long COVID is also part of a much wider network of chronic diseases. It seems to overlap especially significantly with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)—a condition that can follow viral illnesses and leads to debilitating exhaustion—to the point that some Long COVID patients meet the diagnostic criteria for ME/CFS.
Complex chronic conditions such as ME/CFS, chronic Lyme disease, and fibromyalgia have been around since long before COVID-19 existed and affect millions of people in the U.S. alone, but they have not historically received much research funding or attention from the mainstream medical community. “ME has a 40-year history that’s defined by neglect and abandonment,” says patient advocate Rivka Solomon, who has had ME/CFS for 32 years.
While Solomon says she’s thrilled by the amount of attention given to Long COVID and stresses that there is no “us versus them” in the chronic disease world, she wishes other complex illnesses received the same amount of attention and funding—like the $1.15 billion over four years Congress gave the National Institutes of Health in 2020 to support research into the long-term effects of COVID-19.
Part of the imbalance may have to do with the scale and immediacy of the Long COVID problem. Experts estimate there are upward of 15 million Long COVID patients in the U.S. and even more around the world, all of whom have gotten sick over the last two years. There are up to 2.5 million ME/CFS patients living in the U.S., by contrast. But if researchers had invested in ME/CFS and other post-infectious chronic illnesses earlier, Solomon says, they might have better answers for Long COVID patients today.
Heath argues that all the attention on Long COVID could lead to breakthroughs for other conditions. If researchers learn more about how chronic disease works, it could over time lead to improvements for people who live with a variety of different ailments, he says. Research is “not really just about Long COVID. It’s about the triggers that can lead to the development of chronic diseases.” (Solomon says she’d like to see more studies focus specifically on conditions like ME/CFS, rather than assuming Long COVID findings will translate to other diagnoses.)
Science is progressing, but that progress can feel painfully slow for both Long COVID patients and those who got sick from other viruses well before them. It can take years for hypotheses to turn into solutions—years patients will never get back.
Contributor: Jamie Ducharme
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Health Library Health Centers Pregnancy & Newborns Pregnancy Complications
Complications of Pregnancy
What are some of the more common complications of pregnancy?
Most pregnancies are uneventful. But sometimes complications happen. Here are some of the more common pregnancy complications.
Normal pregnancy.
Amniotic fluid complications
Too much or too little amniotic fluid in the sac around the fetus may be a sign of a problem with the pregnancy. Too much fluid can put too much pressure on the pregnant person's uterus, leading to preterm labor. It also can cause pressure on the pregnant person's diaphragm. This can cause problems breathing. Fluids tend to build up in cases of uncontrolled diabetes, a multiple pregnancy, incompatible blood types, or birth defects. Too little fluid may be a sign of birth defects, growth retardation, or stillbirth.
Bleeding in late pregnancy may be a sign of a placental problem, a vaginal or cervical infection, or preterm labor. Women who bleed in late pregnancy may be at greater risk of losing the fetus and bleeding a lot. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have bleeding at any time during the pregnancy.
An ectopic pregnancy is when the fetus develops outside of the uterus. This can happen in the fallopian tubes, cervical canal, or the pelvic or belly. The cause of an ectopic pregnancy is often scar tissue in the fallopian tube from infection or disease. The risk of ectopic pregnancy is higher in people who have had tubal sterilization procedures, especially people who were younger than age 30 at the time of sterilization.
Ectopic pregnancies happen in about 1 out of 50 pregnancies. They can be very unsafe for the pregnant person. Symptoms may include spotting and cramping. The longer an ectopic pregnancy goes on, the greater the chance that a fallopian tube will rupture. An ultrasound and blood tests may confirm the diagnosis. Treatment of an ectopic pregnancy may include medicine or surgery to take out the fetus.
Miscarriage or fetal loss
A miscarriage is pregnancy loss that happens up to 20 weeks of gestation. Most miscarriages happen before 12 weeks. Miscarriages happen in about 1 in 10 to 3 in 20 pregnancies. They are often due to genetic or chromosomal abnormalities.
Miscarriages are usually preceded by spotting and intense cramping. To confirm a miscarriage, an ultrasound and blood tests may be done. The fetus and contents of the uterus are often naturally expelled. If this does not happen, a procedure called a dilation and curettage (D & C) may be needed. This procedure uses special tools to remove the abnormal pregnancy.
Fetal loss in the second trimester may happen if the cervix is weak and opens too early. This is called incompetent cervix. In some cases, a healthcare provider can help prevent pregnancy loss by stitching the cervix closed until delivery. The hormone progesterone may also be given to stop the cervix from dilating during pregnancy.
Placental complications
In a normal pregnancy, the placenta attaches to the uterine wall. But 3 types of placental complications may happen:
Placental abruption. Sometimes the placenta becomes detached from the uterine wall too soon. This is called placental abruption. It leads to bleeding and less oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. The detachment may be complete or partial. The cause of placental abruption is often unknown. Placental abruption happens in about 1 in every 100 live births.
Placental abruption is more common in women who smoke, have high blood pressure, or have a multiple pregnancy. It also happens in people who have had previous children or a history of placental abruption. Symptoms and treatment depend on the degree of detachment. Symptoms may include bleeding, cramping, and belly tenderness. Diagnosis is often confirmed with a physical exam. An ultrasound may also be done. People are usually put in the hospital for this condition. They may have to deliver the baby early.
Placenta previa. Normally, the placenta is located in the upper part of the uterus. Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta is attached close to or covering the cervix (the opening into the uterus). This type of placental complication happens in about 1 in every 200 deliveries. It happens more often in people who have scarring of the uterus from past pregnancies. It also happens in people who have fibroids or other problems in the uterus, or in people who have had uterine surgeries.
Symptoms may include vaginal bleeding that is bright red and not linked with belly tenderness or pain. Diagnosis is confirmed by doing a physical exam and an ultrasound. Depending on how bad the problem is and the stage of pregnancy, a change in activities or bed rest may be ordered. The baby often has to be delivered by cesarean section. This keeps the placenta from detaching early and depriving the baby of oxygen during delivery.
Placenta accreta. Sometimes the placenta or part of the placenta invades the uterine wall. This may result in third trimester bleeding. This problem may be found before delivery with ultrasound or MRI. It can lead to life-threatening bleeding. A healthcare provider will plan the delivery carefully. Often, a hysterectomy is needed after delivery.
Preeclampsia or eclampsia
Preeclampsia (or toxemia) causes high blood pressure during pregnancy. Protein is also found in the urine. Sometimes a pregnant person has swelling due to fluid retention. Eclampsia is the more severe form of this problem. It can lead to seizures, coma, or even death.
The cause of preeclampsia is unknown. But it is more common in first pregnancies. It affects about 1 in 20 to 4 in 50 pregnant people. Other risk factors for preeclampsia include:
A person carrying multiple fetuses
A teenage parent
A person older than 40
A person with high blood pressure, diabetes, or kidney disease before they became pregnant
History of thrombophilia or lupus
History of an in vitro pregnancy
A person who is obese with a BMI greater than 30
Symptoms may include severe swelling of the hands and face, high blood pressure, headache, dizziness, irritability, decreased urine output, belly pain, and blurred vision. Treatment will vary based on the severity of the condition and the stage of the pregnancy. Treatment may include a hospital stay, bed rest, medicine to lower blood pressure, and keeping close track of both the fetus and the parent.
Online Medical Reviewer: Donna Freeborn PhD CNM FNP
Online Medical Reviewer: Heather M Trevino BSN RNC
Online Medical Reviewer: Irina Burd MD PhD
Asthma and Pregnancy
Back Pain During Pregnancy
Back Pain During Pregnancy: Moving Safely
Back Pain During Pregnancy: Positioning Yourself
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Pregnancy and Childbirth
Understanding Risks of Medicines in Pregnancy
Graves Disease in Pregnancy
Lupus and Pregnancy
Maternal and Fetal Infections
Maternal and Fetal Testing Overview
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Highland Park (Ill.)--History--Records, 1 results 1
Highland Park (Ill.)--History--Records Series
Highland Park Historical Society Records
This series contains documents pertaining to Highland Park Historical Society. The documents from the Challenge Grant Fund from 1992 through 1994 are included as well as repairs that have been done on the house and other administrative documents pertaining to the society.
Highland Park Historical Society |
Houston, USA Panchangam for January 2023 in Hindi
Houston - January 2023
Houston, USA Panchangam for January 2023 in Hindi - Hindu Panchangam Calendars for all major cities in USA, Brazil, UK, Australia, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait etc. |
Houston, USA Panchangam for November 2022 in Hindi
Houston - November 2022
Houston, USA Panchangam for November 2022 in Hindi - Hindu Panchangam Calendars for all major cities in USA, Brazil, UK, Australia, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait etc. |
Department of digitization
Digital repository of scientific institutes
Publishing Commission
Crossing borders, building walls. Towards ethnography of Russian war mobilisation
Research project’s title: Crossing borders, building walls. Towards ethnography of Russian war mobilisation
Funding: Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA) nr BPN/GIN/2022/1/00082/DEC/1
Dates: 16.01.2023-16.01.2024
Project leader: dr Zuzanna Bogumił
Project host: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Cooperating Institutions: University of Eastern Finland, Wydział Socjologii UW, Instytut Slawistyki PAN, Nazarbayev University, Ilia State University, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology NAS RA, Bursa Uludağ University
Contact: e-mail: zbogumil(et)iaepan.edu.pl
The main goal of the project is to investigate the specificity of the migration wave related to mobilisation in Russia announced in September 2022 regarding the ongoing war in Ukraine. Project puts a particular focus on establishing: how do migrants explain their decision to flee from mobilisation? How do they explain the mobilisation? To what extent do they perceive the migration as an individual, social and political act? The project recognizes that the mobilisation is a new pushing factor in the contemporary European and World’s migration crisis, and therefore it requires a separated academic reflection. Moreover, since February 2022, there has been a clear and dynamic increase in the number of Russian diasporas in Europe and around the world, and their status and role require investigation. We therefore focus on Russian migration of mobilisation in order to establish how it fits into the debates about the humanitarian crisis, what are its particular features and how mobilisation as a pushing factor affects the current migration landscape. Within the framework of the project in 8 selected countries - Poland, Finland, Estonia, Georgia, Armenia, Turkey, Kazakhstan and Mongolia - we aim to conduct in-depth interviews (IDI) each with migrants/refugees/fugitives/conscientious objectors of Russian citizenship from different social strata and ethnic groups who crossed the border after the announcement of partial mobilisation in their country. As a supplementary methods we use participant observation and critical discourse analysis (CDA), essential for contextualising this wave of migration in particular countries.
The project involves conducting interviews with people in the migration crisis, which is why we attach great importance to the methodology, ethics, safety of research and securing the collected data. The ethical principles of the project "Crossing borders, building walls" are based on the universal principle of respect for human rights. In the protection and processing of personal data, we follow the principles contained in Regulation 2016/679 - Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation ), and relevant documents applicable to our partners from outside the EU whose countries have not adopted Regulation 2016/679.
Mustafa Berkay Aydın with a bachelor's degree in Sociology (Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey) and he obtained PhD (2015) in Sociology (Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey). Now, he works as Assoc. Prof. at Bursa Uludağ University Department of Sociology, Bursa/Turkey. He is interesting in digital sociology, sociology of sport, applied sociology, political sociology, migration and sociology of work. He has published some publications in these areas. He conducts researches at Turkey, on the other hand he was at different countries and universities as a visiting reseacrher at his academic process in a various times such as University of Kent (UK), London Metropolitan University (UK) and Stockholm University (Sweden). Detailed Infırmation: https://avesis.uludag.edu.tr/berkayaydin, email: berkayaydin(et)uludag.edu.tr)
Alima Bissenova is an Associate Professor of Anthropology at Nazarbayev University. She specializes in urban anthropology, anthropology of Islam, postcolonial studies, and intellectual history. She has published her work in English and Russian in the journals Religion, State, and Society, Europe-Asia Studies, AB Imperio, Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, Current History, and Sotsiologiya Vlasti.
Zuzanna Bogumił (project coordinator) is cultural anthropologist, working at the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences. She specializes in memory studies, museum studies and anthropology of religion. Bogumił is an author, co-author or co-editor of several books, among them: Gulag Memories: The Rediscovery and Commemoration of Russia's Repressive Past (Berghan Books 2018), Milieux de mémoire in Late Modernity. Local Communities, Religion and Historical Politics (Peter Lang 2019). Memory and Religion from a Postsecular Perspective (Routledge 2022). She currently coordinates several projects among them project Post-secular approach to memory processes in Central-Eastern Europe sponsored by Visegrad Found.
Mariam Darchiashvili is an Assistant-Professor in social and cultural anthropology at Ilia State University, Georgia. Her research interest includes migration and mobilities, informality, and economic and legal anthropology. As a researcher, she has been involved in the following scientific projects: ‘Religiosity among young Georgians’ (2015-2018); ‘Infrastructure and Narratives: Black Sea Networks’ (2018-2019); ‘Surrogacy as Networked Phenomenon: the study of key actors and their interrelations’ (2020-2023), ‘Death in migration: perspectives from the post-Soviet space’ (2021-2022). Her articles have appeared in Nationalities Papers, Journal of Religion in Europe, and Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales (REMI).
Olga Davydova-Minguet, PhD in ethnology, holds a professorship in Russian and border studies at the Karelian Institute of the university of Eastern Finland. Davydova-Minguet’s main research interests fall within the intersections of migration, cultural, gender and transnational studies. She has studied immigration of Russian speakers to Finland since the beginning of 2000s. With her research group, recently she has conducted research projects focusing on transnational politics of memory in the border areas of Finland and Russia, media use of Russian speakers in Finland, and perceptions of Russia in Finnish border areas among different population groups. Her current Finnish Academy’s funded research project delves into death practices among Russian-speaking immigrants in Eastern Finland, and into the meanings of death in memory politics in bordering Republic of Karelia in Russia and Eastern Finland.
Ketevan Gurchiani is a professor of anthropology at Ilia State University in Tbilisi, Georgia. She is particularly interested in lived religion, the domesticated and undomesticated nature of the city, and informal practices of resistance. Since 2020, Ketevan Gurchiani has been leading the project: "Tbilisi as an Urban Assemblage" (https://urbanassemblage.iliauni.edu.ge). In this project she is interested in different aspects of the intertwining of human and non-human in the city. Ketevan Gurchiani is also involved in the projects "An Anthropology of Gardens Otherwise and Elsewhere", "Surrogacy as Networked Phenomenon", and “Conflict and Cooperation in Eastern Europe”. Webpage https://faculty.iliauni.edu.ge/arts/ketevan-gurchiani/?lang=en
Byambabaatar Ichinkhorloo PhD is the head of the Challenge Local Development Research Institute in Mongolia and a senior lecturer at the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia. Previously, he worked as a lecturer at the University of Zurich and a co-investigator of "Gobi Framework" research project at the University of Oxford. As a social anthropologist, Byamba is studying how people make a living in Mongolia since 1990. His earlier research focused on social networks, pastoralism, and political economy and ecology. Recently, he studies nomadic cultures, state policies, and mining impacts in Inner Asia. His latest publication includes the "Impact of Mining Lifecycles in Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan: Political, Social, Environmental and Cultural Contexts."
Chuluunbaatar Munkhtuul PhD is a senior researcher at the Challenge Local Development Research Institute and a lecturer at the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia. She received her doctorate from the Minzu University of China in Beijing and worked in the international research institutes including World Anthropology and Ethnology Research Center and research projects of ADB and World Bank in addition to her academic teaching at the University of Art and Culture. Her research focuses on kinship, family, politics, rituals, migration and bio-politics in Mongolia and China. Her latest publication includes the "Care and the State: Family of Comtemporary Chinese Villages and the Government."
Sona Nersisyan received PhD degree in history and ethnology at the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography NAS RA. I am a senior researcher at the Department of Diaspora Studies at the same Institute. Also, I have an experience of working as a lecturer at the Armenian State Pedagogical University, and Scientific Advisor to the Director of National Institute of Labor and Social Research by Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs of RA.I managed and participated in the international and state research projects in different fields, which include migration, diaspora studies, repatriation studies, social network analysis, investment and socio-economic studies.
Raili Nugin is a sociologist, working at the School of Humanities, Tallinn University. During her academic career she has studied transition to adulthood, generational conceptualisation, youth mobilities, rural youth, rural-urban relations, memory transmission and social exclusion. Within her different research projects (international and national), she has also studied Russian ethnic minorities in Estonia and recently, Ukrainian refugees in the context of rural-urban networks. She has authored several research articles in different journals (Memory Studies, Journal of Youth Studies, Journal of Rural Studies, Sociologia Ruralis), edited a book about generations (“Generations in Estonia: Contemporary Perspectives on Turbulent Times,” Tartu University 2015) and written a monograph about the generation born in the 1970s (“The 1970s: Portrait of a Generation at the Doorstep,” Tartu University 2015).
Tomasz Rawski is a political and cultural sociologist focused on researching memory politics, nationalism/war and state socialism in contemporary Eastern Europe and beyond. He authored a book on Bosniak nationalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina after 1995 and several articles in renowned journals, including East European Politics and Societies, International Journal of Comparative Sociology and Problems of Post-Communism. He participated in research projects focused on memory politics, including H2020: REPAST and H2020: DisTerrMem. He was a visiting scholar at University College London, Uppsala University and University of Sarajevo.
Katarzyna Roman-Rawska, assistant professor at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Literary scholar, sociologist, publicist and literary translator. She works on the intersection of culture and politics as well as anti-regime and anti-war resistance in contemporary Russia. https://pan-pl.academia.edu/KatarzynaRomanRawska
Tamilla Şahin is a PhD student at the Bursa Uludag University, Department of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations. At the same time, I am continuing my doctoral education as project assistant in Priority Migration area within the YÖK 100 / 2000 program. My research interests include immigration, Meskhetian Turks and their social issues.
Caress Schenk is an Associate Professor of political science at Nazarbayev University (Astana, Kazakhstan) with teaching and research expertise in the politics of immigration and national identity in Eurasia. Her new book, published with the University of Toronto Press, is called Why Control Immigration? Strategic Uses of Migration Management in Russia. Current and previous research has been funded by the American Councils for International Education, Nazarbayev University and the Fulbright Scholar Program and has been published in Demokratizatisya, Europe-Asia Studies, and Nationalities Papers, and in edited volumes published by Edinburgh University Press and Oxford University Press. Dr. Schenk is a member of the Program on New Approaches to Research and Security in Eurasia (PONARS Eurasia).
Anna Sokolova is a Kone Foundation Fellow at the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies (University of Helsinki). Her previous research was related to Soviet death and funeral culture, which resulted in the book “A New Death for a New Man? Funeral Culture in the Early Soviet Union” (2022, in Russian). Her current project tends to reveal everyday life in timber production workers’ settlement of late Soviet Karelia. |
Soil Taxonomy
Soil Profile
Soil Layers
Usda Soil
Soil Horizon
Soil Carbon
What Is Soil Taxonomy?
Soil taxonomy is the practice of describing, categorizing, and naming soils. Like the taxonomy of living organisms, soil taxonomy is designed to make it easier for people to communicate information about different kinds of soils, how they are used, their properties, and where they are found. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has developed a complex soil taxonomy system which is widely used, and the organization publishes keys which can be used to identify soils, as well as mediating when disputes about the taxonomy of various soils arise.
Under the USDA's soil taxonomy system, soils are organized into orders, suborders, great groups, subgroups, families, and series, with orders being the broadest category, while series are the smallest. Some examples of the 12 orders in the system include: Gelisols, Oxisols, Vertisols, Aridisols, and Inceptisols.
In soil taxonomy, different types of soils are described, categorized and named.
When soils are taxonomized, their composition is a key feature, but scientists also evaluate their location, and factors like the climate where the soil is found. Features like permafrost can be important to taxonomy, for example, as can extreme dryness or humidity. Soil composition is based on a number of factors, including minerals in the area, decayed organic material, underlying geology, and so forth, and these influences can be quite diverse, with thousands of soil types recognized under the USDA system.
Soil taxonomies deal with composition and location of soils.
A number of functions are served by soil taxonomy. The ability to use taxonomic nomenclature is critical to people when they want to communicate with each other about soils, as rather than using a term like “loose, loamy soil,” they can select the appropriate series using a key, precisely communicating the details of the soil type in a name. This is useful in the preparation of environmental reports and a wide variety of other documents, allowing someone anywhere in the world to immediately understand the soil conditions in a given area when they are described taxonomically.
Soil taxonomy is also important because it creates a framework which people can use to understand soils. The hierarchical organization can be used to examine the relationships between different types of soils, for example, and researchers can use this information to explore geology, agricultural techniques, and a wide variety of other topics. Soil scientists use taxonomy extensively in their work, to do everything from describing the soil in someone's back yard and discussing the implications for gardening to exploring the loss of topsoil as a result of heavy winds, desertification, or flooding.
What does a Taxonomist do?
How do I Become a Taxonomist?
What is Clay Soil?
What is Pedology?
What is Plant Taxonomy?
What is Taxonomy?
What is Binomial Nomenclature?
pleonasm
@umbra21 - There are a lot of little tests you can do to identify what kind of soil you have on your property, but if you are serious about growing things you might have to send samples away to a lab.
This is usually not that expensive and it will give you real results, including levels of soil nitrogen, the soil acidity and so on.
You might also want to ask around your area, or even take a look at the different plants that seem to be growing well. There's no guarantee that you have the exact same soil profile as your neighbors but it's pretty likely.
They will be able to tell you which plants they have had no success with and which ones flourish without any attention at all.
I remember in my geology class they had a couple of field trips where we had to go out and classify different kinds of soil in the landscape around the university. Although true classification needs special equipment, they had us do it like we could at home. Like, if you squish a bit of soil in your fist and it sticks in a tight ball, it contains more clay. The more loosely it sticks the more sand it contains.
You could also tell things from the color of the soil, how gritty it felt between the fingers, what it looked like when a bit of turf was cut away and so on.
Once you know a few of the more simple tests it can help you to identify the soil profile in your backyard and the best plants to grow there.
By: Byelikova Oksana |
Writer/Editor – Ministry of Culture
Dear Hiring Decision Maker:
As someone who’s an active artist and spent many years in writing, editorial work, art education and communications, I believe I am an excellent candidate for the position of Writer/Editor for the Ministry of Culture.
After completing my Education degree at the U of A (major in art) and serving as a writer/production editor for the Students’ Union, Gateway, I joined The University of Calgary as a Communications Officer II. In this position, I worked with university administrators to develop and implement strategic communications plans focusing on students, staff, faculty and the public. As co-editor of the bi-weekly, Gazette, I researched and wrote news and feature articles on the activities in all Faculties. This often required me to present complex concepts to a more general audience and I always sought to do so in an engaging way. My article, New ways to slice the mapping pie, which compares advances in digital mapping to an overloaded pizza, is a perfect example. In addition to profiling new staff members, like Beatrice Medicine, I contributed press releases and helped in the production of materials in support of the Winter Olympics. My art abilities were used through my photography, illustration and design skills.
After almost five years with the U of C, I accepted a position as a Journalism Instructor at Grant MacEwan, where I taught News Photography, Graphic Design, News Laboratory and Media studies.
Moving to Vancouver, I joined Southam Business Communications as Western Editor for Canadian Forest Industries Magazine, providing copy on all aspects of the business including harvesting, safety and milling. I then settled in Nanaimo writing for The Nanaimo Business Examiner and Nanaimo Daily Free Press, among others.
As Marketing Manager for forest equipment manufacturer T-MAR Industries, my duties included building brand awareness; conducting customer surveys; producing advertising copy, brochures and videos; and launching the company’s newsletter, The T-MAR Times. My duties also included designing and overseeing the installation of the company’s booth at the Truck Loggers Convention in Vancouver.
A downturn in the industry led to 10 years overseas teaching in Libya, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Norway, the UAE and Japan. In that time, I taught art to students that ranged in age from grade-three to adult using the Irish Leaving Certificate, IGCSE and International Baccalaureate curricula. A highlight of this period was the production of my video application for the position of Traveling Ambassador for Air Transat.
Returning to Canada in 2012, I worked with a web designer to launch my WordPress website and have continually added content featuring my writing, photography, art, music, graphic design and video production. Moving to Prince George in 2013, I completed a major outdoor installation, The Spirit of Prince George, 2015, (2014) for Timberspan Wood Products and also submitted a number proposals for art commissions, including leading a team on a submission to build a Holocaust memorial in Ottawa. I use my blog to promote my belief in a more loving and inclusive world. My Happy Face Series and my carving, TEACH ONLY LOVE, are examples of initiatives supporting that theme.
I have expertise in MS Office (including PowerPoint), Photoshop, Illustrator and a variety of video editing programs.
Since my return to Canada, I’ve worked in a number of fields further diversifying my life and employment background. Particularly relevant work experience would be my years spent as a Licensed Property Manager, where, in addition to handling correspondence for the company owner, I worked with a variety of database systems.
Returning to Edmonton (my birth city) in April 2021, I worked for Edmonton’s Mustard Seed (through Bissell Employment Services) and am currently applying my creative culinary skills in the role of Second Cook for Horizon North at the MEG Energy site near Conklin.
In conclusion, I believe I have the qualifications and competencies to be effective in this role. Accordingly, let me suggest we meet to discuss the contribution I could make to the Ministry of Culture in filling this role. |
Criminal Miscellaneous Application 88 of 2012
Download: PDF DOC DOCX PDF With Metadata Docx With Metadata XML Show Metadata
GODFREY SHIMONYO V REPUBLIC[2012]eKLR
GODFREY SHIMONYO V REPUBLIC
High Court at Kakamega
B. THURANIRA JADEN
GODFREY SHIMONYO ......................................... APPLICANT
REPUBLIC ........................................................ RESPONDENT
R U L I N G
The applicant, GODFREY SHIMONYO was convicted and sentenced to death for the offence of robbery with violence contrary to Section 296 (2) of the Penal Code. The applicant’s appeal to the High Court was dismissed on 23.2.2011.
The applicant subsequently applied for a retrial vide his application dated 18.6.12.
The ground of the application is that re-trial has high chances of success.
Mr. Oroni, the State Counsel opposed the application on the ground that it has not been explained what the new evidence is.
Article 50 (6) of the Constitution provides as follows:-
“A person who is convicted of a criminal offence may petition the High Court for a new trial if -
(a) the person’s appeal, if any, has been dismissed by the highest court to which the person is entitled to appeal, or the person did not appeal within the time allowed for appeal, and
(b)new and compelling evidence has become available.”
The applicant’s appeal has not been dismissed by the highest court to which he is entitled to appeal. If the applicant did not appeal within the time allowed for appeal, he has not demonstrated that his application to appeal out of time has not been successful. There is also no new and compelling evidence that has become available.
In addition to the Constitution, I have considered the Principles to be applied when considering whether or not to order a retrial as re-stated by the Court of Appeal in the case of BERNARD LOLIMO EKIMAT VS R. CA NO.151 OF 2004 (ELDORET).
“There are many decisions on the question of what appropriate case would attract an order of retrial, but on the main the principle that has been acceptable to court is that the case must depend on the particular facts and circumstances of that case but an order for retrial should only be made where interests of justice required it.”
In the instant case, after considering the issues raised by the applicant, I have not seen any procedural irregularities that go to the core of the matter and can be said to have occasioned a miscarriage of justice.
The application has no merits and is dismissed.
Delivered, dated and signed at Kakamega this 19th day of December, 2012
J U D G E
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Frank William Craske
64 Canning Street Launceston Tasmania Australia
Caroline Nash
William Vivian, Harold, Alfred Ernest, Frank Lloyd, Ella & Stanley Seymour
Frank William Craske was born in Colchester, Essex, England, to William Giles Craske and his wife Mary Boulter. It appears that Frank ran away to sea when he was 15 years old. He was a cook and steward on the Leslie in 1867-68 and settled in Tasmania in about 1870, where he was a pioneer of the Bridport and Scottsdale districts. Frank was a shipping agent, harbour master and pilot at Bridport. He built Craske's Jetty which was used to ship tin and gold from the North-East.
After about twenty years in the area he moved to Launceston and joined the office of the Union Steamship Company. He spent some time as the manager for the company in Strahan. After retirement he returned to Launceston and became the honorary secretary to the Mayor's Patriotic Fund.
Frank married Caroline Nash on 29 May 1878. Their first four children were registered in the Ringarooma district between 1879 and 1886 and the two youngest in Launceston in 1890 and 1893. Frank died on 6 Dec 1921 aged 73 and was buried at the Carr Villa Cemetery in the Anglican section B6 No 86. Caroline moved to Hobart and was buried there on 15 Feb 1941 aged 81.
Gus Green & Marion Sargent Nov 2007 & Elizabeth Stuart Feb 2008 |
William Francis Cato
'Carrington' 10 Hillside Crescent Launceston Tasmania Australia
Isabella Elizabeth Lucas
Montagu Frank, Louis Fawkner, Minnie Eleanor & Eva Gertrude
William Francis Cato was born in Hobart on 26 May 1854, a son of Joseph Cato (1821-1884) and his wife Frances Hickman, formerly Hertzman (1823-1908). William married Isabella Lucas on 2 Oct 1878. Their four children were born in Launceston: Montagu in 1881, Louis in 1884, Minnie in 1886 and Eva in 1887. The family attended the Margaret Street Methodist Church where William was a trustee, a member of the choir and a Sunday school teacher. He was also a trustee of the Methodist Ladies' College, a member of the Launceston Benevolent Society and South Launceston Bowls Club. He worked at W Hart & Sons, ironmongers, for 50 years, becoming a partner in 1919. He retired in 1928 and died in Launceston on 2 Sep 1933. Source: Jenny Gill, Engraved in memory.
Marion Sargent Nov 2005 & Richard Cato Oct 2006 |
PHARMACY View Entire Chapter
465.003 Definitions.—As used in this chapter, the term:
(1) “Acute and postacute hospital care at home” means acute and postacute health care services provided in a clinically qualified patient’s permanent residence, as defined in s. 196.012(17), through a program approved by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the Agency for Health Care Administration.
(2) “Administration” means the obtaining and giving of a single dose of medicinal drugs by a legally authorized person to a patient for her or his consumption.
(3) “Automated pharmacy system” means a mechanical system that delivers prescription drugs received from a Florida licensed pharmacy and maintains related transaction information.
(4) “Board” means the Board of Pharmacy.
(5) “Central distribution facility” means a facility under common control with a hospital holding a Class III institutional pharmacy permit that may dispense, distribute, compound, or fill prescriptions for medicinal drugs; prepare prepackaged drug products; and conduct other pharmaceutical services.
(6) “Centralized prescription filling” means the filling of a prescription by one pharmacy upon request by another pharmacy to fill or refill the prescription. The term includes the performance by one pharmacy for another pharmacy of other pharmacy duties such as drug utilization review, therapeutic drug utilization review, claims adjudication, and the obtaining of refill authorizations.
(7) “Common control” means the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a person or an organization, whether by ownership of stock, voting rights, contract, or otherwise.
(8) “Compounded sterile product” means a drug that is intended for parenteral administration, an ophthalmic or oral inhalation drug in aqueous format, or a drug or product that is required to be sterile under federal or state law or rule, which is produced through compounding, but is not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration.
(9) “Compounding” means combining, mixing, or altering the ingredients of one or more drugs or products to create another drug or product.
(10) “Consultant pharmacist” means a pharmacist licensed by the department and certified as a consultant pharmacist pursuant to s. 465.0125.
(11) “Data communication device” means an electronic device that receives electronic information from one source and transmits or routes it to another, including, but not limited to, any such bridge, router, switch, or gateway.
(12) “Department” means the Department of Health.
(13) “Dispense” means the transfer of possession of one or more doses of a medicinal drug by a pharmacist to the ultimate consumer or her or his agent. As an element of dispensing, the pharmacist shall, prior to the actual physical transfer, interpret and assess the prescription order for potential adverse reactions, interactions, and dosage regimen she or he deems appropriate in the exercise of her or his professional judgment, and the pharmacist shall certify that the medicinal drug called for by the prescription is ready for transfer. The pharmacist shall also provide counseling on proper drug usage, either orally or in writing, if in the exercise of her or his professional judgment counseling is necessary. The actual sales transaction and delivery of such drug shall not be considered dispensing. The administration shall not be considered dispensing.
(14) “Institutional formulary system” means a method whereby the medical staff evaluates, appraises, and selects those medicinal drugs or proprietary preparations which in the medical staff’s clinical judgment are most useful in patient care, and which are available for dispensing by a practicing pharmacist in a Class II or Class III institutional pharmacy.
(15) “Medicinal drugs” or “drugs” means those substances or preparations commonly known as “prescription” or “legend” drugs which are required by federal or state law to be dispensed only on a prescription, but shall not include patents or proprietary preparations as hereafter defined.
(16) “Nuclear pharmacist” means a pharmacist licensed by the department and certified as a nuclear pharmacist pursuant to s. 465.0126.
(17) “Outsourcing facility” means a single physical location registered as an outsourcing facility under the federal Drug Quality and Security Act, Pub. L. No. 113-54, at which sterile compounding of a drug or product is conducted.
(18) “Patent or proprietary preparation” means a medicine in its unbroken, original package which is sold to the public by, or under the authority of, the manufacturer or primary distributor thereof and which is not misbranded under the provisions of the Florida Drug and Cosmetic Act.
(19) “Pharmacist” means any person licensed pursuant to this chapter to practice the profession of pharmacy.
(20)(a) “Pharmacy” includes a community pharmacy, an institutional pharmacy, a nuclear pharmacy, a special pharmacy, and an Internet pharmacy.
1. The term “community pharmacy” includes every location where medicinal drugs are compounded, dispensed, stored, or sold or where prescriptions are filled or dispensed on an outpatient basis.
2. The term “institutional pharmacy” includes every location in a hospital, clinic, nursing home, dispensary, sanitarium, extended care facility, or other facility, hereinafter referred to as “health care institutions,” where medicinal drugs are compounded, dispensed, stored, or sold.
3. The term “nuclear pharmacy” includes every location where radioactive drugs and chemicals within the classification of medicinal drugs are compounded, dispensed, stored, or sold. The term “nuclear pharmacy” does not include hospitals licensed under chapter 395 or the nuclear medicine facilities of such hospitals.
4. The term “special pharmacy” includes every location where medicinal drugs are compounded, dispensed, stored, or sold if such locations are not otherwise defined in this subsection.
5. The term “Internet pharmacy” includes locations not otherwise licensed or issued a permit under this chapter, within or outside this state, which use the Internet to communicate with or obtain information from consumers in this state and use such communication or information to fill or refill prescriptions or to dispense, distribute, or otherwise engage in the practice of pharmacy in this state. Any act described in this definition constitutes the practice of the profession of pharmacy.
(b) The pharmacy department of any permittee shall be considered closed whenever a Florida licensed pharmacist is not present and on duty. The term “not present and on duty” shall not be construed to prevent a pharmacist from exiting the prescription department for the purposes of consulting or responding to inquiries or providing assistance to patients or customers, attending to personal hygiene needs, or performing any other function for which the pharmacist is responsible, provided that such activities are conducted in a manner consistent with the pharmacist’s responsibility to provide pharmacy services.
(21) “Pharmacy intern” means a person who is currently registered in, and attending, a duly accredited college or school of pharmacy, or who is a graduate of such a school or college of pharmacy, and who is duly and properly registered with the department as provided for under its rules.
(22) “Practice of the profession of pharmacy” includes compounding, dispensing, and consulting concerning contents, therapeutic values, and uses of any medicinal drug; consulting concerning therapeutic values and interactions of patent or proprietary preparations, whether pursuant to prescriptions or in the absence and entirely independent of such prescriptions or orders; and conducting other pharmaceutical services. For purposes of this subsection, the term “other pharmaceutical services” means monitoring the patient’s drug therapy and assisting the patient in the management of his or her drug therapy, and includes reviewing, and making recommendations regarding, the patient’s drug therapy and health care status in communication with the patient’s prescribing health care provider as licensed under chapter 458, chapter 459, chapter 461, or chapter 466, or a similar statutory provision in another jurisdiction, or such provider’s agent or such other persons as specifically authorized by the patient; and initiating, modifying, or discontinuing drug therapy for a chronic health condition under a collaborative pharmacy practice agreement. This subsection may not be interpreted to permit an alteration of a prescriber’s directions, the diagnosis or treatment of any disease, the initiation of any drug therapy, the practice of medicine, or the practice of osteopathic medicine, unless otherwise permitted by law or specifically authorized by s. 465.1865 or s. 465.1895. The term “practice of the profession of pharmacy” also includes any other act, service, operation, research, or transaction incidental to, or forming a part of, any of the foregoing acts, requiring, involving, or employing the science or art of any branch of the pharmaceutical profession, study, or training, and shall expressly permit a pharmacist to transmit information from persons authorized to prescribe medicinal drugs to their patients. The practice of the profession of pharmacy also includes the administration of vaccines to adults pursuant to s. 465.189; the testing or screening for and treatment of minor, nonchronic health conditions pursuant to s. 465.1895; and the preparation of prepackaged drug products in facilities holding Class III institutional pharmacy permits. The term also includes the ordering and evaluating of any laboratory or clinical testing; conducting patient assessments; and modifying, discontinuing, or administering medicinal drugs pursuant to s. 465.0125 by a consultant pharmacist.
(23) “Prescription” includes any order for drugs or medicinal supplies written or transmitted by any means of communication by a duly licensed practitioner authorized by the laws of the state to prescribe such drugs or medicinal supplies and intended to be dispensed by a pharmacist. The term also includes an orally transmitted order by the lawfully designated agent of such practitioner. The term also includes an order written or transmitted by a practitioner licensed to practice in a jurisdiction other than this state, but only if the pharmacist called upon to dispense such order determines, in the exercise of her or his professional judgment, that the order is valid and necessary for the treatment of a chronic or recurrent illness. The term “prescription” also includes a pharmacist’s order for a product selected from the formulary created pursuant to s. 465.186. Prescriptions may be retained in written form or the pharmacist may cause them to be recorded in a data processing system, provided that such order can be produced in printed form upon lawful request.
History.—ss. 1, 7, ch. 79-226; s. 322, ch. 81-259; ss. 14, 15, ch. 81-302; ss. 2, 3, ch. 81-318; ss. 1, 2, ch. 82-179; s. 1, ch. 83-101; s. 36, ch. 83-216; s. 3, ch. 83-265; s. 29, ch. 83-329; s. 1, ch. 85-35; ss. 2, 26, 27, ch. 86-256; s. 1, ch. 88-172; s. 1, ch. 89-77; s. 59, ch. 91-137; s. 6, ch. 91-156; s. 4, ch. 91-429; s. 123, ch. 94-218; s. 239, ch. 97-103; s. 87, ch. 97-264; s. 118, ch. 99-397; s. 1, ch. 2002-182; s. 1, ch. 2004-25; s. 1, ch. 2004-387; s. 2, ch. 2007-152; s. 2, ch. 2012-60; s. 1, ch. 2014-148; s. 1, ch. 2018-95; s. 2, ch. 2020-7; s. 1, ch. 2020-8; s. 3, ch. 2022-35. |
Building Confidence With Dental Beauty
My name is a Danielle Travis, and as a child I sucked my thumb, refused to drink milk, and spent many hours sucking on hard candies. I formed my first cavity at age five and my dental enamel was always sensitive to hot and cold foods. As an adult, I worked diligently with my dentist to regain my oral health. I also became a nutritionist and I soon found that my beautiful, white, straight, and healthy teeth made me feel more beautiful and confident when working with clients. I started this blog to inform you how to keep your teeth and your child's teeth as beautiful as possible. The teeth show the inspiration of your smile, and a strong grin is instrumental to a positive self image. Read on to learn about good oral health and how you can build your own and your child's self esteem through dental beauty.
8 Tips For Healthy Teeth And Gums
Your oral health is important and affects your ove …
3 Things You Should Know About Dental Implants
You might already have dentures or you might have …
Top 4 Ways To Extend The Lifespan Of Your Dental Crowns
Dental crowns have a long average lifespan. The ty …
4 Signs You Should Consider Dental Implants
A dental implant is a more permanent solution to t …
How To Extend The Lifespan Of Dental Crowns After A Dentist Puts Them In
If you have weak or damaged teeth, one of the best …
Don't Let Surgical Anxiety Stop You From Considering Dental Implants
One of the reasons that some people are a bit hesitant to consider dental implants is simply because the process of getting these implants is technically classified as dental surgery. While it is understandable that many people wish to avoid surgical procedures when possible, the fact is that this procedure is not nearly as invasive as the word surgery may suggest. In fact, once you take the time to really review the steps involved in getting dental implants, you will likely find that it is well worth the benefits that implants are able to provide.
The first part of the implant process is really non-invasive. This step simply involves your dentist taking both x-rays and molds of your mouth. The x-rays allow the dentist to ensure your jawbone has the required strength and thickness to support an implant. The molds provide the dentist with the information they need to have a dental crown fashioned that perfectly mimics the size and shape of your natural teeth. If you are replacing an already missing tooth, this will be the extent of your first visit to the dentist. If you are replacing a damaged or decayed tooth, your dentist may also wish to extract the tooth during this visit in order to allow for some healing time prior to moving on to the next step. While you may experience a bit of discomfort after an extraction, the pain is typically quite manageable with over-the-counter medications.
The Day Of Surgery
This is the part of the process that is often a source of anxiety for people. However, there truly is no reason to be concerned. This step of the process will be completed at your dentist's office, and you will be able to go home almost immediately after the process is completed. In most cases, a general anesthetic will be used to ensure you don't experience any discomfort.
While you are under anesthesia, your dentist will make a small incision in the gum in order to allow them access to your jawbone. The metal implant will be placed in a small hole inside the jawbone, and the incision will then be closed using a few stitches. If you are worried about going without a tooth until the final step of the process, you will be supplied with a temporary denture at this time. Once the anesthesia wears off enough for you to safely stand, you will be able to leave. However, it is important to note that you will need someone to drive you home due to the use of general anesthesia.
The Finishing Touch
This final step in the process will typically take place a few weeks after your surgery to ensure that your jawbone has had plenty of time to heal. At this point in the process, all of the hard work has already been done. Your dentist will take another set of x-rays to make sure that the bone has healed around the implant. As long as ample healing has taken place, your new crown will be fitted onto your implant, and you will be free to share your beautiful new smile with the world. In the event more healing time is required, your dentist will simply have you return to their office in a few more weeks in order to attach your crown.
Contact a clinic like Parkview Dental to learn more. |
« See all of Pistol Day Parade's Songs
PlayHigh
by Pistol Day Parade
"High" is based on the real life scenario of what can happen if Daddy's little girl isn't given enough attention and falls into the open arms of addiction!
Uploaded: March 4, 2008
Comments for High
It's nice to have music that not only sounds great but has a message. Keep up the amazing work guys!!!
by pistol day's girlfriend on October 4, 2009 at 11:04 PM EDT
I agree with little sister. She had me listen and I'm hooked on the sound as well as the words.Keep rocking man -This beat will go far.
by littlesister on April 27, 2008 at 1:21 PM EDT
You guys are the greatest, Love This Son!You should be on raadi
Awesome song. The guitar is bad ass!!!
by clint26 on March 30, 2008 at 6:57 PM EDT
I am so happy for you guys. This rocks. You guys are the best. I can't wait to see you on the 4th. Keep F-ing Rock'n!
by christelc727 on March 29, 2008 at 10:37 AM EDT
This song is #1 in my book
by RaisinRiverSoap on March 28, 2008 at 9:50 PM EDT
This song F@*%ing Rocks!
by lovenhaterocknroll on March 28, 2008 at 2:19 AM EDT
Great stuff guys, there's nothing like it out there.
by CharlieVegas on March 28, 2008 at 1:09 AM EDT
cant wait to here this song live.
by SNemcok on March 27, 2008 at 10:23 PM EDT
Why aren't you guys on the radio?
by DaCarSalesman on March 27, 2008 at 9:17 PM EDT
Pistol Day Parade
Follow Pistol Day Parade on |
Ticket Order Line
To order your tickets on-line at a price of £14 each for Adults and £5 for Under 16s please click here.
Tickets purchased before 27th November 2021 are available at the reduced price of £12 each for adults and £3 each for under 16s. |
Mirage Mirror and Glass is the #1, best custom design mirrors, glass and shower doors company in Westchester County, NY. With over 60 years’ experience, we’re known for our exceptional workmanship and unprecedented dedication to customer care. This, along with our cutting-edge fabrication facility and modern showroom, makes us the top qualified and respected fabricators servicing Westchester and Fairfield counties. Mirage Mirror and Glass is also one of the only custom etching and glass carvings specialists in the area. That’s why we deliver distinct, elegant and innovative design solutions for both homes and businesses, big and small.
John CountPresident and Operator
John started his career as a Glazier at age five when his father and mentor Rocco first taught him how to cut glass. After that, he honed his skills working for his father’s company Simco Plate Glass for many years. John’s passion for his craft led him to start his own company, Mirage Mirror and Glass which has been open for more than 30 years. And, because of John’s extensive knowledge and expertise in the glass industry, Mirage Mirror and Glass is one of the leading and most innovating glass companies in the tri-state area.
Rocco CountMaster Glazier
Starting in the glass industry at age 17, Rocco has become one of the most recognized Glaziers in Westchester County. With over 60 years of glazing experience, he’s accomplished much of what others in the industry have yet to see, and he can achieve most anything when it comes to glasswork. After years of owning a successful glass business, Simco Plate Glass, he began to work with his oldest son John at Mirage Mirror and Glass. At 84, he’s a true artisan and master glazier, and his devotion to this business motivates him to continue working every day.
Brandon CountVice President
While growing up, Brandon spent all his summers working in the family business learning a trade that had already been in his family for two generations. After graduating college in 2009 with a Bachelors degree in Art/Graphic Design, Brandon started working for the family business full time. With a keen eye for design, Brandon’s artistic background brings added insight, creativity and value to the business that now extends to three generations. And being part of the younger generation, he understands today’s new, modern design trends.
Deborah CountFinancial Officer
John’s wife, Deborah, has been Mirage Mirror and Glass’ right hand woman from the start. In fact, the company name originated with her. She knows the ins and outs of how the business runs. And with the utmost knowledge of the company finances, she’s the backbone of the business and ensures that it continues to run smoothly and efficiently on a daily basis.
Marianne FaiellaCreative Coordinator
Along with being our head showroom salesperson, Marianne helps coordinate most of Mirage Mirror and Glass’ creative aspects, such as custom photography of finished projects, social media, blog posts and more. Her outstanding customer service skills when working directly and personally with clients ensures that their vision is reflected in the final product.
Stephen ConteShop Manager
After graduating high school, Stephen took a job with Mirage Mirror and Glass. He’s proven to be a critical part of the team. Using the wisdom and expertise that John instilled in him, he now executes a significant portion of the sales, inventory and fabrication. He’s not only limited to our fabrication facility, but is also highly-trained in measurements and installations.
Complimentary Design Consultation!
See your vision reflected in our work. Contact us today for a COMPLIMENTARY design consultation. |
Buying an investment property can be a great opportunity.
Whether it be a house, cottage, farm, condo, or plot of land, buying real estate is traditionally a sound and profitable investment, offering both rental income and capital gains.
However, investment property ownership isn't for everyone. Along with the potential benefits come potential concerns; from legal to financial, so it's a sound idea to consult a financial advisor, a lawyer and an accountant prior to considering an investment property purchase.
Because investment property mortgages are subject to specific governmental requirements, mortgages are constantly changing. It's a good idea to consult with a Mortgage Centre specialist that brings experience and training to the table, helping you make an informed decision about your investment property mortgage options.
Discuss your needs with a local Mortgage Centre specialist today. |
Doomsday, a Great Action Flick
posted Aug 1, 2008, 6:35 PM by Vu Nguyen [ updated Aug 1, 2008, 11:15 PM ]
I tried watching the John Woo produced film, Blood Brothers, and couldn't bring myself to watching it. I started the film last night, and about 45 minutes into the film, it just felt too cliche (and boring) that I thought I could put it off until today. I put the film in and tried again, wow, seriously wasn't paying attention to the movie at all. I suppose the film didn't grab my interest at all.
Instead, I'm re-watching Doomsday, a British film, I think. The star of the film is a Kate Beckingsale-look-a-like, called Rhona Mitra, who was absolutely gorgeous in leather. The futuristic film is about how they isolated Glasgow in a containment zone because of a Doomsday virus. Since there are no law enforcements, etc., Glasgow suddenly turned to a Mad Max-type of world.
Mitra, as easy-on-the-eye (and I mean "eye") as she is, it's hard for me to believe this little girl can fight, but I think she manage to pull it off. There are moments of disbelief, but you just have remember that it's just an outrageous movie.
There are extreme scenes of bloody gore (smash hands, exploding bunnies, gunshot to the head at extreme closeeup), which at time, looks incredibly cheesy, but it looks awesome just the same.
There is a "Fine Young Cannibal" inside joke if you can bring yourself to watching at least the first act of the film.... You would think this film tries really hard to be "Mad Max" or "28 Weeks Later", but those are great films to try and emulate. It just doesn't feel like an original film, but I reckon you would enjoy the film if, or if you have not, seen those other films.
I only rented the DVD, but would consider actually buying the bluray disc if prices were reasonable. |
Online Casinos and Live Casinos
written by niningficka January 2, 2023
Online live draw singapore offer a variety of games and allow players to enjoy a virtual gambling experience from the comfort of their own home. In addition to offering a wide range of games, many legal casinos are licensed and regulated. Therefore, players can be assured of secure and fair payouts.
Online casino games are designed to be similar to those in brick-and-mortar casinos. They feature a number of different gaming options, such as slots, roulette and blackjack. Many of these games come with random number generators (RNGs) that are used to ensure fairness and accuracy.
For those who want to feel as though they are playing in a real-world casino, live dealer casino games are a great choice. These games are similar to online casino games, but they offer more interactive features, including the chance to interact with the casino’s staff and other participants.
The best live casino games use real-life dealers and allow you to watch the game in real-time. This means that you can communicate with the dealer and view the game’s history. You can also take advantage of various betting options, like side bets and dragon tail.
A good live online casino will include a wide array of table games and provide a realistic casino atmosphere. Some of these games include live poker and baccarat. It’s also possible to participate in other types of table games such as Sic Bo and Roulette.
Live casinos also include a variety of bonuses and promotions to attract players. For example, Caesars Casino has an extensive selection of bonuses and promo codes, including a generous rollover requirement that can earn you up to $2,000. While it may not be as flashy as other online casinos, it is a legitimate and fully licensed establishment. And since it is based in New York, you can expect prompt payouts and a quality customer service department.
There are a lot of things to keep in mind when looking for a live casino, from the number of games available to the wagering requirements. It’s a good idea to select an operator carefully, as the wrong choice can affect your overall experience.
Another consideration is the type of hardware you will be using. A desktop computer is probably going to be the most practical, but a mobile device can make the experience more fun. Make sure to check if the games you want to play are optimized for mobile, as some games only work on certain devices. Also, be on the lookout for bonuses, like free chips and bonus points.
To ensure that you get the most out of your time and bankroll, choose an online casino that offers the best value. For instance, Unibet offers the best combination of value for money and the widest variety of real-money casino games on the planet. Along with its popular baccarat and blackjack games, it also has a solid assortment of slots, video poker, and other games. If you’re looking for something more interactive, you can opt to play blackjack, roulette, or poker against a live dealer.
TOGEL SINGAPORE the United States, there are a number of lottery games that players can play. These include Lotto, Powerball, and Mega Millions. There are also a few state-specific lotteries that are popular. In addition, there are several online lotteries that are available. These lottery websites provide everything a player needs to purchase and play lottery tickets. They often include helpful tools, such as odds calculators and payment options. They also allow players to win prizes and withdraw money from their bank accounts. Some websites even offer Instant Games, which are real-money betting services that can be played via the web.
The Powerball is the biggest game offered in the US. It has a starting jackpot of $20 million, and the ticket cost is only $2. In order to win, the player must match five numbers out of 69. It is available almost everywhere, and is considered to be the de facto national lottery game.
There are also a few other major games that are popular in the U.S. The New York state lottery has been around for nearly a century. It has been consistently successful in generating high sales values for the state. In fact, it has generated over $3 billion in beneficiary funds. However, the lottery has faced criticism in the past.
The first computerized lottery game was the daily numbers game, which started in 1980. Today, there are many mobile lottery games that have user-friendly interfaces. These allow players to choose their numbers quickly and easily. Some sites are beginning to offer Instant Games, which let players play the lottery without buying a ticket.
The best online lottery websites let users compare the jackpots of the various games. They also offer secure ticket purchases and the ability to buy tickets from other countries. Most websites use geolocation technology when purchasing tickets. They can also give players the option of checking current prize draws and the location of retailers. These are useful if players are in a hurry to purchase their tickets.
The lottery industry uses technology like blockchain to ensure the security of crypto transactions. They have also incorporated artificial intelligence into their websites. This helps them to increase their jackpots quickly.
The New York lottery offers a number of different lottery games. There are state-specific lotteries, as well as games that are multi-jurisdictional. The most popular games are the Mega Millions and the Powerball. Each of these games has a unique matrix, or configuration of possible payouts. This matrix is designed to help the lottery operator make the most of the funds that they have to give away. In the case of the Powerball, the odds of winning are one in 292,201,338.
The New York lottery website has apps that run on Android and iOS devices. These apps can be used to scan your ticket to check the results of the draw. They can also show you a map of the retailers and the current jackpot amount. |
The Sea of Fire
Well, I ordered one of the most expensive drinks, the Sea of Fire. It was worth it because it was good to see my bro finally succeed at getting a chick. Stephon has been trying so damn hard since I’ve known him to get a lady. Now that he has made good movement with Lydia and got her number, he is just so happy and excited. He can’t stop talking about her. |
Thursday October 25, 2012 7 PM EDT
Town: Berlin, MA
Board: Council on Aging
Time: Thursday October 25, 2012 7 PM EDT
COA Agenda October 2013
Attendance :
Town Account Formula Grant Meals on wheels
Legacy Award…Is the plaque installed?
. Receipts for Sally from anyone? Duplicates no longer accepted by the town accountant.
1. Introduction of new board members appointed by the selectmen..
2. Elect a new Secretary.
3. Formula Grant to date. Revision says we had $ 1200. left on June 31st.
4. Regionalization. Combining forces with larger COA’s.
4. Shine feedback. Joyce LaMotte.
5. We received a permit to operate M.O.W. from the Nashoba Health District. Does this get posted and where?
6. Holiday Party is Thursday. December 13th at 12 noon at the First Parish Church. Bill Lowe
7. We have Formula grant money to spend on worthwhile senior projects. We need a volunteer to scan guidelines to find what Formula Grant can pay for and get back to the Council.
8. Memberships in other associations related to COA, i.e. MAOA.
9. Personnel Board resigned.
10. Fuel Assistance for seniors.
Motion to Adjourn by __________________ seconded by __________________________ at _____________
Next Meeting on November 28th, 2012
Scheduled By: Jim Connor
Posted At: Oct 23, 2012 3:56 PM EDT
Last Modified: Oct 23, 2012 3:56 PM EDT |
Promoting trade and economy in border areas
It is the focus of the talk between the delegation of Thua Thien Hue provincial Border Affairs Steering Committee chaired by the Vice Chairman of the Provincial People's Committee - Mr Nguyen Dung and the delegation of Se Kong provincial Border Affairs Steering Committee (Laos), chaired by Deputy provincial Governor Thavon PHOMMALAYLUN, Head of the Steering Committee for Border Affairs of Se Kong province, took place on July 26 at the Office of the provincial People's Committee.
The two sides exchange the minute of the talk
In the spirit of solidarity and friendship, the two sides highly evaluated the efficiency of the border security cooperation, Thua Thien Hue has continued to coordinate with Sekong province to support and help the people in border areas to stabilize their lives and to take care of their health...
In order to improve the efficiency of border work, contributing to the building of a borderline of peace, friendship, stability and development, the two sides agreed to strengthen coordination in the prevention of crimes and trade fraud; continue to effectively implement the brotherhood model between villages in the border areas of the two provinces. Specifically, there are measures to promote the development of trade and economy in the border, prioritize investment in infrastructure such as transportation, border markets to support trade activities between the two sides. It is also necessary to speed up the progress of upgrading the road from the Ta Vang border gate to Ka Lam district in order to create favorable conditions for vehicles to increase import and export turnover.
By Ba Tri
Se Kong provincetradeeconomyborder areas
SOS Children’s Village taught swimming for free (14/07)
Thua Thien Hue maintains top 5 in the 2021 PAR INDEX (26/05)
Releasing 32.000 fishes to regenerate aquatic resources in the Huong River (22/05)
Presenting 10.000 national flags to fishermen (18/05)
Story of President Ho Chi Minh's life through “The Seeker for the Image of the Nation” exhibition (31/03)
250 athletes participate in the national 25m-pool Swimming and Diving Championship 2022 (06/03)
The No. 4 volunteer medical delegation established to support HCMC in the fight against the pandemic (23/08)
Hue City calls for human resources to participate in COVID-19 pandemic prevention and control (03/08) |
A Successful Real Estate Investment Journey – Interview with Hasan Turgut known as “sugarfree”
Our interview series continues with Hasan Turgut (sugarfree), a new real estate investor who is excited to share his inspirational story of acquiring a cash flowing, buy and hold property. Our interview reveals how Hasan made a move from the risky stock market to creating a lucrative and stable investment plan through rental real estate, all while using the bank’s money to make it happen.
Hasan’s Journey Moving Forward with His Dream of Investing in Real Estate since 2005
Hasan took a step in the right direction when he placed himself on the path to building wealth through rental real estate. The entire investment experience went extremely well for him, to the point that he was more than happy to share his story so others can see just how easy it is to buy a rental property through a full-service real estate company.
1. What initially led you to get started in this real estate investing journey?
Referring to real estate being a way to protect your wealth, really for me, what hit home was the interview you had with Bill Miller, and his experience, which was not necessarily all positive while investing in the stock market.
But, you know, I have multiple years of experience investing in stocks, and I’ve made a lot of money, and I’ve also lost a lot of money.
So again, going back to preserving wealth with real estate – you put that money into the property, into the asset, and it just sits there, and it generates that positive cash flow, month by month.
That’s really what led me to go the real estate route. I think I was done taking these big risks in the stock market, and I wanted something a little bit more consistent and steadier.
2. How did you discover?
I just started doing some searches on YouTube, and I saw all these different people with flashy cars, and things like that. But you kind of struck a chord with me because you seem real down to earth, and you explain the process.
Even though this is the first time we are meeting face to face, I feel like I know you because you talk to the average everyday person, and you educate people. I think you would agree that some company is education-based first, and the investment side of things comes after that education has been built or established.
3. Did you manage to see the rental property before you bought it?
Nowadays, with technology, you can go online and drop yourself in the street. Unfortunately, they don’t update it as much as I’d like, because I like to explore the neighborhoods and everything. But my property is visible on Google Maps, so that’s the extent of my area research boots that were on the ground, if you will.
My portfolio manager led me through the process step by step. Josh recommended that it would be prudent to get a third party involved to do a property inspection, even though it’s new construction, as a protective measure. I think that’s pretty standard in real estate investing. I reached out to the inspector and they recorded video of all of the different rooms, and bathrooms, and everything, and I was able to see all of that remotely.
4. How did you go about buying your rental property – with a self-directed IRA, traditional financing, non-recourse financing?
My first property, and my second that’s under contract, are both conventional finance. Regarding the first property, we had a credit union in the area, and at the time, that was the best route for us to go to receive the lowest interest rate. I actually got it locked in at 3%. The loan officer that I was working with said that she had only seen a couple that were below 3%, so I felt pretty good about that.
I think rates have gone up a little bit since then, so for my second property, I think we’re looking at around 3.42%. It changes day by day though, and we’re waiting to see what that’s going to be. Of course, the rate affects your monthly numbers, hopefully nothing shifts too out of whack, and in the next month or so, I can get that locked in at a pretty good rate.
5. Can you talk about your experience with the property management side of things and the process?
I think I got pretty lucky with my first property because everything kind of aligned. Some things are meant to be, and I feel like this was one of them, to at least get the ball rolling. The property management company collects the rent; if there are any repairs that need to be made, they take care of that also. At this point, since it’s a new construction property, if there are repairs, they’re minor, but everything is handled by the property manager.
I opened up a separate bank account for this property specifically. It seems petty, but you feel proud when you get to put that property name and the property address on the account, because you know that it’s specific to that unit. Every month the property manager will collect rent from the tenant, and then they’ll take out the property management fee, any additional expenses for repairs, and then whatever is left over, they send to my bank account.
What I’ve done is I’ve set up automatic payments on my mortgage, so everything is automated. Now, I don’t have to touch anything. The deposits come in around the middle of the month, and the payments are made around the first, or beginning of the month. Every month, I’ll see my account grow by around €670, and that’s pretty great.
6. You were investing in the stock market prior to purchasing your property, so how different is the world of real estate vs stocks?
It’s funny, when I was doing my thing in the stock market, I’m talking swings of five to ten thousand dollars a day, which is, needless to say, stressful, and creates a lot of anxiety, and that carries over into your personal life. I recall my last straw with that, which was when I was on a vacation with my family and the markets were doing what I didn’t expect them to do, which happens quite a bit. You know, it kind of took that time away from my life, and I said to myself, “You know, I’m not getting younger.”
This real estate thing made sense when I watched your videos, and believe me, I watched a lot of your videos. And now, I can have investments in the stock market, but I’m not touching them; they’re long-term, and I have the same mindset with real estate investing.
I have a lot less anxiety in my life, and I have goals. Right now, my objective is to work hard and make money so that I can acquire the next property. As I said, ten properties is my goal. I do believe my freedom number is less than ten properties, but to be comfortable, and to kind of meet or exceed where I’m at now, it probably would fall within the ten-property range.
7. Are there any final thoughts you would like to give to new investors out there who are thinking about taking the plunge and haven’t moved forward on taking action yet?
Well, every month that you wait, you’re losing out on that cash flow, and that growth of equity, since you have a tenant that’s essentially paying your mortgage. Think about it this way, if you had two properties, five properties, ten properties, between appreciation, conservative numbers, equity, pay down, and cash flow, you could be making or replacing, probably replacing your current salary. The longer you wait, the longer you’re postponing, or procrastinating that reward.
I would have done it earlier, to be honest with you. I wish I would have rewound and taken some of those profits I had made, and preserve them in real estate. I would probably be a little bit ahead of the curve right now, but better late than never. If I could give anyone advice, it’s to take action sooner than later.
https://www.instagram.com/sugarfree_ht/
Company Name: Martin Oberhauser
Contact Person: Media and Investment AG
Website: www.amasus.ch
The Karamoja Cry Campaign By Robert Kayanja Ministries Making A Difference In Karamoja
New online visa application system has been launched by the Canadian Government for citizens of Japan
New Foam Slippers Become A Big Hit On TikTok – The Base Shop
Rosie Tot Baby Launches New Online Boutique Featuring Organic and Heirloom Quality Clothing for Babies and Children
Specialized Fitness Resources Discusses How to Care for and Maintain a Fitness Floor
What Will Happen In Julia Hair In The Middle Of March?
Indian government announces online visa application process for British citizens
Cobalt Speech and Language Offering Limited-time Application for a Free Trial Speech Recognition Technology
Getting Back in Shape Now gets Easier with WikiHomeGym
Faster and More Efficient Visa Processing for Germans Visiting India Announces Indian Government |
A DC-3 Classroom in Bogotá
In April and May of 2008 I received some interesting photos from Javier Franco Topper, an aviation enthusiast and photographer from Colombia. They were of a beautiful DC-3 that was in use as a classroom at the Colegio De La Salle, a school in the northern suburbs of Bogotá, Colombia.
The mysterious DC-3, recently "discovered" at a school in Bogotá, Colombia. Despite having been here for a long time, it is obviously still in very good condition. Photo taken on 9 May 2008 by Javier Franco Topper. Click on the photo for a larger image.
Javier went on to tell me that according to someone at the school the aircraft had been donated to the school about 25 years ago, by the Fuerza Aérea Colombiana (FAC, the Colombian Air Force), but that nothing else was known about it. He asked me if I was able to fill in the many blanks... Since then, several others who also visited Bogotá have asked the same question, which prompted me to put together this webpage.
At first this seemed a simple thing, because Javier had already done the most important bit: he had been inside the DC-3 and had already photographed the data plates, which show the serial number of this aircraft.
In this case the manufacturer's original plate was no longer there, but instead there was a plate from the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). This very clearly showed the DC-3 to be a C-47A, serial number 42-92867. It also showed the USAAF order number W535AC28405, which was indeed the contract number under which C-47A 42-92867 was built at the Douglas plant in Oklahoma City, OK, way back in 1944. Everything seemed to fit.
The USAAF data plate of C-47A 42-92867. The meaning of the number at the bottom is unclear, but it has lead to much confusion during the past 50 years. Photo by Javier Franco Topper. Click on the photo for a larger image.
But there was a problem. When I checked the history for this C-47A, I found almost nothing. By far the best source for this kind of information is undoubtedly the book "DC-1/2/3 - The First Seventy Years" by Jennifer Gradidge, published by Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. in 2006.
This book showed that USAAF serial number 42-92867 was manufacturer serial number (msn) 12715. This number would have been stencilled on the manufacturer's original data plate, had that still been present in the aircraft. The book also showed that 42-92867 was delivered to the USAAF on 09 March 1944, and then went to the Mexican Air Force on 19 September 1947. But there the history ended.
This was odd. It is very unusual for an aircraft to completely disappear and then suddenly show up again in very good condition 60 years later! So what had happened here?
Cause of Confusion
As it turns out, the problem was caused by the number "12726" at the bottom of the USAAF plate, where it says Date Accepted (see photo). It is unclear what this number means or why it is there, as it is obviously not a date.
When this aircraft was imported into the US from Mexico in 1956, the aircraft's owners used this spurious number 12726 to register their aircraft with the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA, now the FAA). Consequently, on 19 March 1956 our mystery aircraft was entered into the US civil aircraft register as N47F, with incorrect serial number 12726, instead of 42-92867. A few months later the registration was changed to N75T, but the incorrect serial number remained. In fact it was never corrected, and today, more than 50 years later, it is still on the USCAR with the wrong number.
Another data plate, mounted just below the USAAF one. This one is from the company that converted the C-47A to civil standards in 1956, with an executive interior. It also reconfirms the identity of this aircraft as 42-92867. Photo by Javier Franco Topper. Click on the photo for a larger image.
What made matters worse is that there is a C-47A which really has serial number 12726. This particular aircraft was delivered to the USAF only three days later than our mystery aircraft, with USAAF serial number 42-92877. In 1956 it was still operational with the USAF, and based at Rhein-Main AFB near Frankfurt, West Germany. It continued to fly actively in military service until 1970.
The author of the Air-Britain DC-3 book was aware of this discrepancy. How could an aircraft that was still flying with the USAF as late as 1970, be registered as a civil aircraft in 1956? This is why the book adds a note to the history for msn 12726, which says:
"Note: c/n 12726 was inserted in FAA records for N47F, but 42-92877 was originally given. However, the dates overlap with USAF use, so we are looking at two aircraft."
A correct conclusion, but what was the identity of that second aircraft? Well, it seems we may have found it now.
Two Aircraft: Combining Histories
This is what DC-3 N75T now looks like inside: a lovely classroom. Note that it has two large Viewmaster windows on the right side (left in the photo), and just one on the other. Photo taken on 9 May 2008, by Javier Franco Topper. Click on the photo for a larger image.
As mentioned previously, I was surprised to see no further history for C-47A 42-92867 c/n 12715 after 1947 in the Air-Britain DC-3 book. This has now been explained, because the remaining history ended up with C-47A 42-92877 c/n 12726.
There it says that the aircraft became XB-VUT, N47F and N75T (in July 1956), and adds that it was fitted with large Viewmaster windows (indicated by "[V]"), also in 1956. This was usually done as part of a larger conversion. The book goes on to list several owners of N75T, ending with LKB Resources from Huntingdon Valley, PA, as of 02 January 1974.
LKB Resources as an owner is significant, because this company was active in the field of aerial surveying, performing (amongst other activities) aerial gamma-ray & magnetic reconnaissance surveys during the mid and late 1970s. DC-3 N75T was one of their aircraft, and for that purpose it had been equipped with various kinds of survey gear, such as a tail-mounted MAD boom.
Following the LKB Resources ownership, the Air-Britain DC-3 book mentions a further sale of the aircraft to an unknown party in 1981 (which is still recorded in the FAA database today, see here), and then suggests that it was scrapped. No further info is offered.
But, if we are correct about all this, how did N75T end up in Colombia? Perhaps this obscure sale in 1981 has something to do with it?
Confirmation of a Theory
The aircraft at Bogotá has an odd closeout plate mounted below the rudder. This is where previously installed MAD gear was removed. Photo by Javier Franco Topper. Click on the photo for a larger image.
But first it would be nice to obtain some form of independent confirmation of all this. DC-3 historian Matthew Miller greatly helped in this, by comparing photos of the aircraft at Bogotá with photos from his archives, showing N75T in the mid or late 1970s. This comparison showed that both aircraft have the:
same horseshoe aerial on top of the fin, which is fairly rare.
same aerial on the roof between the first and second window.
same large Viewmaster panorama windows, at least on the left hand side.
same profile of the nose radome.
same rear door, which is hinged at the bottom instead of at the side.
In addition to this, Javier photographed a second data plate, which was from Remmert-Werner Inc. from Lambert Field, St. Louis, MO. This plate confirms that they converted this aircraft to civil DC-3C standards with an executive interior on 25 June 1956. Such a conversion often included the large Viewmaster windows, which were also visible in the old photos of N75T.
All this seems to be rather convincing already, but there's more. Javier's photos of the Colegio De La Salle DC-3 clearly show an odd closeout plate on the rear fuselage below the rudder, which is very uncommon. Most DC-3s have a small tail cone or a recess where the tow gear assembly once was. This closeout plate is an unusual modification which indicates the removal of MAD survey gear.
This does indeed fit perfectly with N75T having been used as an aerial surveyer by LKB Resources Inc. They did have N75T fitted with tail-mounted MAD gear, and the closeout plate was apparently added when this gear was removed.
This rare photo shows N75T in its earlier days, when still with LKB Resources. The MAD boom is still installed, and the Viewmaster window and the lower-hinged door are clearly visible. Photo taken by Guus Ottenhof on 22 September 1980 at Philadelphia-Northeast Regional Airport, PA. Click on the photo for a larger image.
Finally, I received an interesting document from Colombia. It was from the Dirección Nacional de Estupefacientes (DNE, the Colombian drugs enforcement agency), dated 05 June 2008, and listed a large number of aircraft, cars and boats which had been impounded for drugs-related issues over the years in Colombia. An Adobe PDF extract of this document, which only lists the impounded aircraft, can be downloaded here.
This document does indeed mention N75T, and describes it as a DC-3 with a green and white colour scheme. This ties up nicely with the colours worn by N75T during its service with LKB Resources, which consisted of a blue cheatline separating a greenish belly from a white top (see photo on the left).
According to the document, the aircraft was impounded in Maicao in the La Guajira district in northern Colombia, by the Unidad Especializada Antinarcóticos Maicao of the Policía Nacional. Although the document is a bit brief on this point, it appears to indicate that N75T was later transferred to the Ministerio de Defensa Nacional/Policía Nacional - Dirección General in Bogotá, after which it was cancelled from DNE records.
It is somewhat unfortunate that the document does not mention any dates, but it does confirm that N75T did indeed end up in Colombia, and that it almost certainly ended its active career there.
Conclusions & The Full Picture
From all these facts we can now draw two separate but equally important conclusions:
The DC-3 at the Colegio De La Salle in Bogotá is N75T.
This N75T is and always has been c/n 12715 ex 42-92867, and not c/n 12726 (as quoted by the FAA and all other sources).
The latter conclusion of course means that N47F and XB-VUT (as mentioned in the Air-Britain DC-3 book) are also c/n 12715, and not 12726.
So, now that we have established the aircraft's identity, and corrected the previously recorded identity of N75T, N47F and XB-VUT in the process, let's go back to Javier's original question about the historical details for the aircraft which currently stands so beautifully preserved at the school in Bogotá. Here they are, taken from various sources (with special thanks to John M. Davis):
- Built in Oklahoma City, OK, as C-47A-15-DK c/n 12715 (contract AC-28405)
- 09Mar44: delivered to USAAF as 42-92867.
- 19Sep47: to Mexican Air Force, probably serialled TTD-6007 or TTD-6008.
- Nov53: sold to Servicio Aeronáutica de México SA as XB-VUT.
- circa 1955: sold to Rómulo Antonio O'Farrill (Mexican television and newspaper entrepreneur) as XB-VUT.
- 19Mar56: regd to Beldex Corp. (St. Louis, MO) as N47F.
- 25Jun56: converted to civil/executive configuration by Remmert-Werner Inc. (with Viewmaster windows).
- 08Jul56: reregd to N75T.
- 11Jul56: regd to Dow Chemical Co. (Midland, MI).
- Aug62: to Brown Oil Tools Inc. (Houston, TX).
- Mar70: regd. to Lloyd M. Bentsen Jr. (Houston, TX).
- May72: to Kreck Aviation Co Inc. (Windom, TX).
- 02Jan74: regd to LKB Resources Inc. (Huntingdon Valley, PA). Aerial survey aircraft.
- 01Mar74: Certificate of Airworthiness issued for aerial surveying.
- 24Feb81: regd to Manufacturers Trust Co. Inc. (New York, NY).
- Feb81: Sale reported (Miami, FL).
This view of N75T clearly shows the two large Viewmaster windows on the right side of the aircraft. Photo taken on 9 May 2008, by Javier Franco Topper. Click on the photo for a larger image.
Apparently this unknown Miami-based company used N75T for drugs trafficking activities in Latin America during the early 1980s. One such flight went wrong, and the aircraft was impounded by the Colombian authorities at Maicao, La Guajira, Colombia. Some time later they moved it to Bogotá, and subsequently donated it to the Colegio De La Salle. There it still stands today, almost 25 years later, beautifully repainted and still in very good condition.
Who would have thought that a former military transport, aerial surveyer and drugs-running aircraft, would make such a wonderful classroom at a Colombian school, for so many years...
If you want to know exactly where to find this immaculate aircraft, have a look at this satellite imagery on the Google Maps website.
Update April 2010
On 23 April 2010, Javier Franco Topper was able to visit the school in Bogotá again, and received some interesting bits of new info about their DC-3.
The aircraft arrived at the school in March 1987, still in its original colours as seen in the above photo of N75T in 1980. It had been in storage Base Aérea de Madrid for about three years, and it was towed over the road from there all the way to the school, a journey of about 40 kms. Click here to see some photos of this memorable event.
N75T being towed to the school in March 1987. Note the original colours, exactly matching those in the 1980 photo of N75T above. Click on the photo to see more photos of the aircraft's journey to the school, and its arrival there.
As it turns out, the aircraft could not be donated to the school, because it was still tied up in legal investigations dating back to when it was confiscated as a drugs-running aircraft circa 1983. Officially it is therefore still owned by the Fuerza Aérea Colombiana, but they entered into an agreement with the school for its safe-keeping. The school will take good care of the aircraft while it is in their hands, which includes a repaint about every four years.
First and foremost I want to thank Javier Franco Topper, for informing me about this aircraft and for taking the trouble to photograph the data plates. Without those wonderful photos there would not have been anything to solve.
Many thanks also go to aviation historians John Davis and Matthew Miller, who very enthusiastically helped me to get to the bottom of this issue. Their knowledge and insights continue to amaze me!
Finally I would like to thank Guus Ottenhof for the kind use of his rare photo of N75T as an aerial surveyer in 1980.
Other sources used in the compilation of this webpage are:
DC-1 / DC-2 / DC-3 - The First Seventy Years, by Jennifer Gradidge
AMCAR Quarterly Review, Issue 15, August 1981, p.43
Dirección Nacional de Estupefacientes (Ministerio del Interior y de Justicia, Bogotá, Colombia)
Colegio De La Salle website
Page created: 01-Jul-2008 Last update: 30-Apr-2010
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The World of Cognitive Impairment
An unfortunate side effect in many younger patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) is the development of dementia.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease where the immune system attacks the body, causing a process called demyelination. Nerve cells are covered in myelin, a fatty protective coating allowing messages to travel quickly back-and-forth between nerve endings and the brain.
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Boxer's Dementia / Dementia Pugilistica
When demyelination occurs, the myelin sheaths on these nerve cells are damaged, which can lead to damage to the actual nerves. Sclerosis means scars, or lesions, appearing in the white matter (or myelinated) portions of the brain, and leading to various side effects for those who suffer from MS. These contain a range of physical and mental symptoms.
Cognitive Side Effects
One of the earliest recognized effects of MS was a type of dementia, or decline in a person's cognitive abilities—especially in the areas of memory, concentration and ability to control moods.
However, there are many differences between the cognitive decline of MS patients, and those of patients with typical dementias like Alzheimer's disease. Due to this, the cognitive symptoms that an MS patient experiences are most commonly classified as cognitive impairment or cognitive dysfunction.
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Early Symptoms Of Dementia
Cognitive Impairment And MS
While statics vary depending on studies, on average, researchers have discovered 40-60 percent of MS patients suffer cognitive impairment. However, there is not a correlation between the duration of MS, (or a patient's physical ability based on their MS), and the severity of their cognitive impairment.
Due to the unpredictable nature of myelin, some patients may not have symptoms for years after their diagnosis, while some may be confined to wheelchairs early on; cognitive impairment with MS patients has the same variability. Cognitive impairment may be an early sign of MS among some people with MS, but studies reveal it is not a reliable predictor of how symptoms may or may not progress over time.
Due to the nature of the cognitive impairment among MS patients, it can be easily overlooked. Since the impairment can be mild, most patients are able to “pass" as non-impaired during short-term conversations with others. It is only among long-term caregivers, doctors or others who spend time with the person where the impairment becomes apparent.
Understanding Cognitive Impairment And MS
A recent article published by Practical Neurology calls for doctors, researchers and caregivers of those with MS to begin moving away from “non-specific" terms like cognitive impairment. The article recommends using specific terms, like dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), to better gauge the level of impairment being suffered by the person with MS. These terms have been shied away from previously, the author states, because of the stigma attached to them – especially to the term dementia.
Most patients being diagnosed with MS are younger, still looking to raise their families and build careers and are hoping to manage this illness along with the rest of their future. The stigma of the word dementia and its connection to older adults in late stages of their lives and the severity of symptoms, can rob many patients of the hope they have to fight their disease.
Suggesting a heavy campaign of de-stigmatization and re-education around the terms of dementia and MCI, the author states these terms will be more helpful to all involved with MS treatment and research, because these terms have better clinical definition.
If you have a loved one suffering from MS and are concerned they may be exhibiting signs of cognitive impairment, please encourage them to talk to their doctor or treatment team to find the best treatment for them.
boxers dementia pugilistica
Tags: mild cognitive impairment health related conditions symptoms multiple sclerosis |
Welcome to Property Consulting!
MD Property Consulting & Partners is a real estate company which is concerned with management, counselling and investment in the highest quality commercial real estate in the Lower Silesia.
Since the moment of being active on the market, that is since April 2006, the company has been developing 5 shopping centers. Regular daily cooperation with local authorities lets us avoid possible conflicts and increase the pace of investing procedures. Owing to our openness, reliability, due diligence and respecting the concept of fair play, we are gaining subsequent partners.
A great number of companies and international corporations can be found among our clients. Dedication, involvement and innovative approach towards investments have contributed to establishing cooperation with some leading companies in the world in a short time. Our clients’ requirements are our priority.
The aim of the company is permanent progress, and particular attention to being professional and reliable. The prospect for the year 2007 includes cooperation with such countries as Bulgaria and Ukraine, where our subsidiary companies shall be established.
In the furhter perspective we plan to perform turnkey investments. Finding trustworthy and prudent partners for this kind of activity needs time, however, it is the quality which is indicative.
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DevOps: The Hot Skills, Tools, & Certifications
- February 24, 2023 - Janice
Today, almost every company or firm has a software department. This could be due to the fact that the world has become so technologically advanced that there are around 2.1 billion people using smartphones worldwide in 2016. This opens up a new avenue for companies to engage the masses.
Software development skills are now essential due to the constant demand for the most up-to-date software attributes and the fierce competition in the market. This has led to an exponential growth in data science. Companies invest a lot of effort and resources in their development departments.
Due to its importance, another area has seen growth in recent years. The operations department is responsible for optimizing almost all company operations. This sector also works to minimize costs and maximize profits.
DevOps stands for development + operations. This group of practices automates the communication between an IT team, a software developer and an IT team. This allows for faster delivery of reliable softwares. DevOps foundation relies upon a collaboration culture.
DevOps has many benefits, including increased trust, flexibility and rapid and reliable software releases, better understanding complex situations and their solutions, and better planned work. DevOps can also be described as a culture or movement. DevOps’ main focus is to change people’s thinking in order to foster collaboration and integration in development and operations. It will enable you to develop more efficient, agile, continuous improvement, and higher automation operations. This will allow you to bring innovation and deliver higher value to your customers and business.
What and when did DevOps first appear?
In 2007-2008, the DevOps emerged as a result of increased concern about software development networks and IT operations. They fought against the old model of software development in which coders were functionally and organizationally separable from code developers.
IT professionals and developers had different goals and leadership styles. They also had separate key performance indicators (KPIs). There were many independent teams that were only associated with their goals, failed releases, and unhappy customers.
They found a great way to collaborate later. These two distinct sectors merged and attracted professionals such as Gene Kim, John Willis and Patrick Dubois.
Why is DevOps now a mainstream?
DevOps has become a more popular practice. This is a well-known practice among IT professionals as well as software developers. DevOps is a new working model that emphasizes communication, coordination between departments, and team-based collaboration. These are the reasons DevOps has become so popular.
Greater security
Higher market speed
Conversions are increasing
Customer satisfaction is higher
Environment stability and a better working environment
Time availability
Steady software delivery
DevOps can also be described as a culture, movement, and practice that emphasizes communication and collaboration between Information Technology experts or software developers. Both work together to automate the software delivery process and make infrastructure changes in the industry. DevOps is a culture and environment that allows software testing, building, and release to occur more often and faster.
What DevOps tools do you need to know?
DevOps is a narrow term that refers to a part of an IT team that creates and maintains infrastructure. This term can also be used for software engineers who are responsible for creating and maintaining software infrastructure.
The Different Subcategories of DevOps
DevOps has become a buzzword and is being discussed by many people and organizations around the globe. DevOps does not refer to a technology, tool, or innovative framework, but rather a philosophy or concept. DevOps can be broken down into different categories like:
– Continuous Integration
This refers to the culture of combining a source or application code to source codes repositories. To verify or check in, building tools are used to incorporate the source code repositories as well as continuous tools for integration.
– Continuous Testing
For such automated testing, unit testing is used. These tools are then combined in continuous integration behavior using tools.
Combating the Mobile Skills Gap
ITIL v3 to be discontinued in 2022 and a new technological era |
The Apostle's Creed
I believe in God the Father Almighty creator of heaven and earth; and in Jesus Christ, his only Son our Lord, who was conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, Suffered under Pontius Pilot, was crucified, died and was buried. He descended into hell. On the third day he arose from the dead; He ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of God the Father Almighty. He shall come to judge the living and the dead. I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Holy Catholic Church, the Communion of Saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body and in life everlasting. |
Cornelis Andriessen (jr.)
C. Andriessen
Cees (Kees) Andriessen (28/01/1865 - 22/01/1947), a Dutch composer (born in Hilversum), brother of Nicolaas Hendrik Andriessen. Cees was a pianist, conductor and composer. He composed a requiem, operetta, songs, etc.
Author: Gerrit Slagmolen
Source: Muzieklexicon
Period: Expressionism
In memory of: his brother Hendrik and the victims of WWI
Requiem written in 1917 in memory of his brother Hendrik and the victims of WWI.
Source: http://www.muziekschatten.nl/action/blog?page=http%3A//blog.muziekschatten.nl/%3Fp%3D251 |
Insurrectionary Warfare
CELT document E900002-006
Chapter 1. Irish Citizen Army HQ: Liberty Hall…2. Moscow Insurrection of 19053. Insurrection in the Tyrol4. Revolution in Belgium5. Defense of the Alamo6. Revolution in Paris7. Lexington8. June 18489. Street Fighting—Summary
E900002-006
Articles by James Connolly in the Workers' Republic on Insurrectionary Warfare
1. Irish Citizen Army
HQ: Liberty Hall
Commandant: J Connolly
Chief-of-Staff: M Mallin
We propose to give under this heading from time to time accounts of such military happenings in the past as may serve to enlighten and instruct our members in the work they are banded together to perform. A close study of these articles will, we hope, be valuable to all those who desire to acquire a knowledge of how brave men and women have at other times and in other places, overcome difficulties and achieved something for a cause held to be sacred. It is not our place to pass a verdict upon the sacredness or worth of the cause for which they contended: our function is to discuss their achievements from the standpoint of their value to those who desire to see perfected a Citizen Army able to perform whatever duty may be thrust upon it.
We would suggest that these articles be preserved for reference purposes.
May 29th 1915.
2. Moscow Insurrection of 1905
In the year 1905, the fires of revolution were burning very brightly in Russia. Starting with a parade of unarmed men and women to the Palace of the Czar, the flames of insurrection spread all over the land. The peaceful parades were met with volleys of shrapnel and rifle fire, charged by mounted Cossacks, and cut down remorselessly by cavalry of the line, and in answer to this attack, general strikes broke out all over Russia. From strikes the people proceeded to revolutionary uprisings, soldiers revolted and joined the people in some p.452 cases, and in others the sailors of the Navy seized the ironclads of the Czar's fleet and hoisted revolutionary colours. One incident in this outburst was the attempted revolution in Moscow. We take it as our test this week because, in it, the soldiers remained loyal to the Czar, and therefore it resolved itself into a clean cut fight between a revolutionary force and a government force. Thus we are able to study the tactics of (a) a regular army in attacking a city defended by barricades, and (b) a revolutionary force holding a city against a regular army.
Fortunately for our task as historians, there was upon the spot an English journalist of unquestioned ability and clearsightedness, as well as of unrivalled experience as a spectator in warfare. This was H. W. Nevinson, the famous war correspondent. From his book The Dawn of Russia as well as from a close intimacy with many refugees who took part in the revolution, this description is built up.
The revolutionists of Moscow, had intended to postpone action until a much later date in the hope of securing the co-operation of the peasantry, but the active measures of the Government precipitated matters. Whilst the question of “Insurrection” or “No Insurrection yet” was being discussed at a certain house in the city, the troops were quietly surrounding the building and the first intimation of their presence received by the revolutionists was the artillery opening fire on the buildings at point blank range. A large number of the leaders were killed or arrested, but next morning the city was in insurrection.
Of the numbers engaged on the side of the revolutionists, there is considerable conflict of testimony. The government estimate, anxious to applaud the performance of the troops, is 15,000. The revolutionary estimate, on the other hand, is only 500. Mr Nevinson states that a careful investigator friendly to the revolutionists, and with every facility for knowing, gave the number as approximately 1,500. The deductions we were able to make from the stories of the refugees aforementioned, makes the latter number seem the most probable. The equipment of the revolutionists was miserable in the extreme. Among the 1,500 there was only a total of 80 rifles, and a meagre supply of ammunition for p.453 same. The only other weapons were revolvers and automatic pistols, chiefly Brownings. Of these latter a goodly supply seems to have been on hand as at one period of the fighting the revolutionists advertised for volunteers, and named Browning pistols as part of the “pay” for all recruits.
Against this force, so pitifully armed, the government possessed in the city, 18,000 seasoned troops, armed with magazine rifles, and a great number of batteries of field artillery.
The actual fighting which lasted nine days, during which time the government troops made practically no progress, is thus described by the author we have already quoted.
Of the barricades, he says, that they were erected everywhere, even the little boys and girls throwing them up in the most out of the way places, so that it was impossible to tell which was a barricade with insurgents to defend it and which was a mock barricade, a circumstance which greatly hindered the progress of the troops, who had always to spend a considerable period in finding out the real nature of the obstruction before they dared to pass it.
The very multitude of these barricades (early next morning I counted one hundred and thirty of them, and I had not seen half) made it difficult to understand the main purpose of all the fighting.
As far as they had any definite plan at all, their idea seems to have been to drive a wedge into the heart of the city, supporting the advance by barricades on each side so as to hamper the approach of troops.
The four arms of the cross-roads were blocked with double or even treble barricades about ten yards apart. As far as I could see along the curve of the Sadavoya, on both sides barricade succeeded barricade, and the whole road was covered with telegraph wire, some of it lying loose, some tied across like netting. The barricades enclosing the centre of the cross-roads like a fort were careful constructions of telegraph poles or the iron supports to the overhead wires of electric trams, closely covered over with doors, railings, and advertising boards, and lashed together with wire. Here and there a tramcar was built in to give solidity, and on the top of every barricade waved a little red flag.
Men and women were throwing them (the barricades) up with devoted zeal, sawing telegraph poles, wrenching iron railings from their sockets, and dragging out the planks from builders' yards.
Noteworthy as an illustration of how all things, even popular revolutions, change their character as the conditions change in which they operate is the fact, that no barricade was defended in the style of the earlier French or Belgian revolutions.
Mr. Nevinson says:
But it was not from the barricades themselves that the real opposition came. From first to last no barricade was “fought” in the old sense of the word. The revolutionary methods were far more terrible and effective. By the side street barricades and wire entanglements they had rid themselves of the fear of cavalry. By the barricades across the main streets, they had rendered the approach of troops necessarily slow. To the soldiers, the horrible part of the street fighting was that they could never see the real enemy. On coming near a barricade or the entrance to a side street, a few scouts would be advanced a short distance before the guns. As they crept forward, firing as they always did, into the empty barricades in front, they might suddenly find themselves exposed to a terrible revolver fire, at about fifteen paces range, from both sides of the street. It was useless to reply, for there was nothing visible to aim at. All they could do was to fire blindly in almost any direction. Then the revolver fire would suddenly cease, the guns would trundle up and wreck the houses on both sides. Windows fell crashing on the pavement, case shot burst into the bedrooms, and round shot made holes through three or four walls. It was bad for furniture, but the revolutionist had long ago escaped through a labyrinth of courts at the back, and was already preparing a similar attack on another street.
The troops did not succeed in overcoming the resistance of the insurgents, but the insurrection rather melted away as suddenly as it had taken form. The main reason for this sudden dissolution lay in the receipt of discouraging news from St. Petersburg from which quarter help had been expected, and was not forthcoming, and in the rumoured advance of a hostile body of peasantry eager to co-operate p.455 with the soldiery against the people who were “hindering the sale of agricultural produce in the Moscow market”.
2. CRITICISM<>
The action of the soldiery in bringing field guns, or indeed any kind of artillery, into the close quarters of street fighting was against all the teaching of military science, and would infallibly have resulted in the loss of the guns had it not been for the miserable equipment of the insurgents. Had any body of the latter been armed with a reasonable supply of ammunition the government could only have taken Moscow from the insurgents at the cost of an appalling loss of life.
A regular bombardment of the city would only have been possible if the whole loyalist population had withdrawn outside the insurgent lines, and apart from the social reasons against such an abandonment of their business and property, the moral effect of such a desertion of Moscow would have been of immense military value in strengthening the hands of the insurgents and bringing recruits to their ranks. As the military were thus compelled to fight in the city and against a force so badly equipped, not much fault can be found with their tactics.
Of the insurgents also it must be said that they made splendid use of their material. It was a wise policy not to man the barricades and an equally wise policy not to open fire at long range where the superior weapons of the enemy would have been able with impunity to crush them, but to wait, before betraying their whereabouts until the military had come within easy range of their inferior weapons.
Lacking the co-operation of the other Russian cities, and opposed by the ignorant peasantry, the defeat of the insurrection was inevitable, but it succeeded in establishing the fact that even under modern conditions the professional soldier is, in a city, badly handicapped in a fight against really determined civilian revolutionists.
June 5th 1915.
3. Insurrection in the Tyrol
In the course of the present war between Italy and the Central States, the Tyrol is likely to come once more into fame as the theatre of military operations. Therefore the story of the insurrection in the Tyrol in 1809 may be doubly interesting to the reader as illustrating alike the lessons of civilian warfare, and the nature of the people and the country in question.
The Tyrol is in reality a section of the Alpine range of mountains—that section which stretches eastward from the Alps of Switzerland, and interposes between the southern frontier of Germany and the northern frontier of Italy. It is part of the territory of Austria; its inhabitants speak the German language, and for the most part are passionately attached to the Catholic religion. They are described by Alison, the English historian, in terms that read strange to-day in view of the English official attitude to all things German. Alison says: “The inhabitants like all those of German descent, are brave, impetuous, and honest, tenacious of custom, fearless of danger, addicted to intemperance”. The latter clause was in itself not sufficient to make any people remarkable, as at that period heavy drinking was the rule all over Europe, and nowhere worse than in these islands. But the Tyrolese were also well accustomed to the use of arms, and frequent target practice in the militia and trained bands as well as in hunting had made excellent shots of a large proportion of the young men of the country.
After the defeat of Austria in 1805 by Napoleon, the Tyrol was taken from that Empire by the Treaty of Pressburg and ceded to Bavaria, the ally of Napoleon. The Tyrolese resented this unceremonious disposal of their country, a resentment that was much increased by the licentious conduct of the French soldiers sent as garrison into the district. Brooding over their wrongs they planned revolt, and sought and obtained a promise of co-operation from the Austrian Emperor.
In the revolt, alike in its preparation and in its execution, there were three leading figures. These were Andreas Hofer, Spechbacher, and Joseph Haspinger. Hofer, the chief, was an innkeeper, and of great local influence, which he owed alike to his high character and to the opportunities of intercourse given him by his occupation, a more important one before the advent of railroads than now. Spechbacher was a farmer and woodsman, and had been an outlaw and poacher for many years before settling down to married life. Joseph Haspinger was a monk, and from the colour of his beard was familiarly known as Roth-Bart or Redbeard.
It will be observed that none of the three were professional soldiers, yet they individually and collectively defeated the best generals of the French Army—an army that had defeated the professional militarists of all Europe.
The eighth day of April, 1809 was fixed for the rising, and on that date the signal was given by throwing large heaps of sawdust in to the River Inn, which ran all through the mountains, by lighting fires upon the hill tops, and by women and children who carried from house to house little balls of paper on which were written “es ist Zeit”, “it is time”.
At one place, St. Lorenzo, the revolt had been precipitated by the action of the soldiers, whose chiefs, hearing of the project, attempted to seize a bridge which commanded communications between the upper part of the valley and Brunecken. Without waiting for the general signal the peasants in the locality rose to prevent the troops getting the bridge. The Bavarian, General Wrede, with 2,000 men and three guns marched to suppress this revolt, but the peasants hid behind rocks and trees, and taking advantage of every kind of natural cover poured in a destructive fire upon the soldiers. The latter suffered great loss from this fire, but pushed forward, and the peasantry were giving way before the disciplined body when they were reinforced by the advanced guard of an Austrian force coming to help the insurrection. The Bavarians gave way. When they reached the bridge at Laditch the pursuit was so hot that they broke in two, one division going up, the other down, the river. The greater part were taken prisoners at Balsano, amongst the prisoners being one general.
At Sterzing, Hofer took charge. Here the peasants were attacked by a large force of soldiers, but they took refuge in thickets and behind rocks and drove off the attacks of the infantry. When the artillery was brought up the nature of the ground compelled the guns to come up in musketry range, and then the peasant marksmen picked off the gunners, after which feat the insurgents rushed in and carried all before them in one impetuous charge. Three hundred and ninety prisoners were taken and 240 killed and wounded.
A column of French under Generals Bisson and Wrede made an attempt to force its way up the Brenner. The peasants fell back before it until it reached the narrow defile of Lueg, where it suffered severely as the insurgents had broken down the bridges and barricaded the roads by heaps of fallen trees. The troops were shot down in heaps as they halted before the barricades and bridges whilst a part of their number laboured to open the way.
Meanwhile another large body of peasants had attacked and taken Innsbruck, the capital of the Tyrol, and when Bisson and Wrede eventually forced their way up the Brenner with the insurgents everywhere harrying on their flanks and rear, picking them off from behind cover, and rushing upon and destroying any party unfortunate enough to get isolated, as they advanced into the open it was only to find the city in possession of the insurgents, and vast masses of armed enemies awaiting them at every point of vantage. After a short fight Bisson, caught between two fires, surrendered with nearly 3,000 men.
Sprechbacher took Hall in the Lower Tyrol. A curious evidence of the universality of the insurrection was here given by the circumstance that as none of the men could be spared from the fighting line 400 prisoners had to be marched off under an armed escort of women. In one week the insurgents had defeated 10,000 regular soldiers experienced in a dozen campaigns and taken 6,000 prisoners.
In a battle at Innsbruck on May 28-29th, the women and children took part, carrying food and water and ammunition. When the insurgents had expended all their lead the women and children collected the bullets fired by the enemy and brought them to the men to fire back at the soldiers. Amongst the number Spechbacher's son, ten years of age, was p.459 as active as any, and more daring than most.
After the total defeat of the Austrians and the capture of Vienna by Napoleon, the city of Innsbruck was retaken by a French army of 30,000 men. Hofer was summoned by the French General to appear at Innsbruck. He replied stating that he “would come but it would be attended by 10,000 sharpshooters”.
At first the peasantry had been so discouraged by their abandonment by the Austrians that a great number of them had gone to their homes, but at the earnest solicitation of their leaders they again rallied, and hostilities re-opened on August 4th.
A column of French and Bavarians were crossing the bridge at Laditch where the high road from Balsano to the capital crosses the river Eisach. The Tyrolese under Haspinger occupied the overhanging woods, and when the troops were well in the defile they rained bullets and rocks upon them without showing themselves. Men were falling at every step, and the crushing rocks tore lanes through the ranks. The soldiers pressed on until the narrowest point of the defile was reached when a sudden silence fell upon the mountain side. Awestruck, the column involuntarily halted, and amid the silence a voice rang out—
“Shall I? Shall I? Stephen”. and another answered— “Not yet, not yet”.
Recovering, the troops resumed their march in silence and apprehension, and then as they wound deeper into the path the second voice again rang out —
“Now, in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost, cut loose”. And at the word, a huge platform of tree trunks, upon which tons of rocks had been collected, was suddenly cut loose, and the whole mass descended like an avalanche upon the soldiery, sweeping whole companies away and leaving a trail of mangled bodies behind it. Despite this terrible catastrophe the column pushed its way on towards the bridge, only to find it in flames, and a raging torrent barring their further progress. They retreated to their starting point harassed all the way by the invisible enemy and with a loss of 1,200 men.
On August 10th, Marshal Lefebre, with 20,000 men, p.460 attempted to force a passage through and over the Brenner. He was attacked everywhere by small bodies, his progress checked, and his way barred by every obstacle that nature could supply, or ingenuity suggest, and eventually driven back, losing 25 cannon and the whole ammunition of his army.
On August 12th, with 23,000 foot, 2,000 horse, and 40 cannon, he was attacked at Innsbruck by the three insurgent leaders and defeated. Hofer had kept his promise to come to Innsbruck “with 10,000 sharpshooters”. The French lost 6,000 killed, wounded and prisoners.
This was the last notable success of the insurgents. The French having made peace with Austria, and having no other war on hand, were able to concentrate upon the Tyrol force sufficient to make further resistance impossible. The insurgents returned to their homes, and resistance was abandoned.
2. REMARKS
The nature of the country lent itself to the mode of fighting of the insurgents. But their own genius also counted for much. They used every kind of cover, seldom exposed themselves, and at all times took care not to let bravery degenerate into rashness.
Every effort was made to tempt artillery into close range, the insurgents lying as quiet as possible until such time as their muskets could be brought into play upon the artillery men. To the same end positions were taken up which seemed often to be in direct contravention—of military science, since they seemed to abandon every chance of a clear field of fire in front, and enabled the enemy to approach closely without coming under fire. But their seeming mistake was based upon sound judgement as the superior weapons of the enemy would have beaten down opposition from a distance, whereas being compelled to come close in before opening fire the regular soldiery lost their chief advantage over the insurgents and were deprived of the advantages conferred by discipline and efficient control by skilled officers.
June 12th 1915.
4. Revolution in Belgium
After the defeat and final deposition of Napoleon the Allied Sovereigns met at Vienna in 1815 and proceeded to settle Europe. All during the war against Napoleon all the Continental Powers in alliance with the British Empire had loudly declared to the world and to their respective peoples that they were fighting for liberty, for national rights, and against foreign oppression. But when they met at Vienna the Allies proceeded to ride roughshod over all the things for which they were supposed to be fighting. Nations in many instances were ruthlessly partitioned, as in the case of Italy, or were subjected to new foreign rulers without being consulted in any manner. This latter was the case of Belgium. That country was forcibly placed under the rule of Holland. Belgium could not resist as the whole of Europe, except France, was represented at the Vienna Congress, and the armies of all Europe were at the call of the Powers for the enforcement of the decrees of that Congress. In passing, it may be said that this settlement of Europe by the Allied Powers was so utterly at variance with the will of the people, so flagrant a denial and suppression of all that the Allies had pretended to fight for that it led to revolution, subsequently, in every state in Europe.
Holland in its rule over Belgium was accused by the Belgians of a systematic campaign against every expression and manifestation of Belgian national life. It was alleged that it penalised the native language of Belgium, and gave undue official preference to the Dutch, that it sought to place Dutch officials in all posts to the exclusion of equally well qualified Belgians, that it unduly favoured Dutch industries by legislation and retarded Belgian, and that in every possible way Belgium was treated more as a conquered province than as an Allied State.
These grievances were agitated in many ways, and many efforts were made to obtain remedies without avail. Eventually in 1830, fifteen years after the settlement by the Congress of Vienna, revolution broke out in Brussels.
On August 25th 1830, a partially armed mob attacked p.462 the house and printing establishment of the chief pro-Dutch paper, the National. After wrecking these they obtained more arms by sacking gunsmiths' shops. Then the official residence of the Dutch Minister of Justice, M van Mannen, was attacked, gutted, and burned to the ground.
On the 26th, the troops were called out and fighting took place in the streets. The crowd had got possession of a large amount of arms and ammunition and successfully withstood the soldiery. Eventually the troops withdrew in a body to the Place Royale, the reason for the withdrawal being thus stated in the English Press of the time that: “in street warfare regular troops, who to be effective must act together, fight at a great disadvantage”.
The streets of the city were thus left clear to the people, who proceeded to wreak their vengeance upon the houses and offices of the Government officials. The house of the Public Prosecutor (Procureur du Roi), of the Director of Police, and of the Commandant of the city were sacked, the furniture being taken out, piled up in the street and burned.
Up till this period the middle class Belgians had only looked on passively, but now they organised themselves into a Burgher Guard to defend their property, and took possession of the city partly by force, partly by agreement with the armed workers who up to this time had done all the fighting. Five thousand Burgher Guards were enrolled, the Commandant being one Baron Hoogvorst. All the military posts in the city were occupied by the Guard, the military remaining inactive outside.
A Committee of Public Safety elected by the Burgher Guard issued a Manifesto setting forth the grievances of the Belgian Nation, and instituting reforms. Clause XI of the Manifesto ordered that:
Bread be distributed to all unfortunate workmen to supply their wants until they are able to resume their labour.
On August 20th, Royal troops marched upon Brussels, but halted outside upon being told that if they attempted to enter they would be resisted, but the Guard would keep order within if the troops remained outside. As yet there had been no talk of separation, but all Royal colours had been torn down, and distinctive Belgian colours hoisted on the buildings, and worn by the armed people.
On August 30th, the Prince of Orange arrived outside Brussels and sent in word that he was about to enter. He was informed that he could only enter alone or with his own aide-de-camp. He then threatened to storm the city, and the people replied by building barricades in all the leading streets, and occupying the gates in force. Then the Prince issued a proclamation commanding the inhabitants to lay aside the rebellious colours and badges, and that he would enter the city and take over their duties. This was refused, and he then consented to enter the city alone.
A deputation had been sent to the king at the Hague to lay before him the demands of the Belgians. He met the deputation very courteously, as kings always do when in difficulties, promised many reforms, but insisted that his son, the Prince, should enter Brussels at the head of his troops, and that the deputation should confer with the Minister of the Interior. This latter conference took place, and at it the delegates presented a new demand—the separation of Belgium from Holland, and its erection into an independent Kingdom under the same king.
On this point, like Ireland in our day, the country was divided. Antwerp and Ghent petitioned against separation. Tournay, Verviers, Mons and Namur declared for separation, and in each of them the Civic Guard seized the town and proclaimed the revolution. Bruges followed suit. In each of those places, whilst the Civic Guard was hesitating, the working class took the lead and forced the pace, bringing the guard eventually into line.
On September 19th, the working class of Brussels, tired of the hesitation and inaction of the middle class representatives, took matters in their own hands, rose in rebellion and marched on the Town Hall. There they seized 40 stand of arms. Next day they took possession of the Town Hall, and all the military posts in the city, and were fortunate enough to get possession of a large supply of arms and ammunition. They dissolved the middle class Committee of Public Safety, and established a Provisional Government.
On September 21st, Prince Frederick advanced upon Brussels and ordered that the guard should surrender their posts, all rebel colours should be taken down, all armed strangers expelled, and threatening to hold responsible p.464 personally all members of the Committee of Public Safety, of the Council of Officers of Guards, and of the Municipal Administration. But as all these bodies had been dissolved the Proclamation fell rather flat. The people prepared to fight.
Barricades were thrown up in all the streets and at the gates. Pavements were torn up, stones carried to the top of houses in streets through which the troops would have to pass. and every preparation made, the women being specially busy in the preparations. The attack began on the 22nd, the middle class citizens who had been in the Burgher Guard kept carefully to their houses and out of the fighting. The troops made the attack upon six different points, or districts towards which they opened, Flanders, Auderlecht, Lacken, Schaarbeck, Namur, Louvain. The artillery easily broke through the gates and adjoining barricades but as they advanced, obstacle succeeded obstacle, resistance seemed to multiply itself with every step, and the fighting increased in intensity the farther into the city they penetrated. At the Flanders gate the troops swept at first everything before them with their artillery fire. They advanced with great steadiness until they were met by a strong barricade at a curve in the street which prevented the artillery from being brought to bear. Here they were exposed to a deadly fire from behind the barricade and overwhelmed from above with showers of paving stones, heavy pieces of furniture, hatchets, fire-irons and every species of missile. Beaten back, they were compelled to retreat. At Auderlecht gate the same fate overtook the soldiery, and at Lacken the insurgents compelled a retreat with great loss.
The division which attacked at Schaarbeck gate fought its way in until it reached an open park in which it took refuge from the close quarters and dreadful hostility of the streets. Then it halted afraid to advance further against the streets. The divisions attacking by Namur and Louvain gates also fought their way in for a short distance and then halted, fearful of attempting a further advance.
On the 24th, the middle class joined the insurgent working class, and the fighting was renewed. After a long day's contest the troops were unable to advance, although they had made themselves masters of one of the main streets. The insurgents were still in possession, but too badly organised to expel the troops from their foothold in the city.
On the 26th and 27th, volunteers from neighbouring towns joined the insurgents, and, encouraged by their aid, the insurgents began to close in on the troops and drive them back. Eventually, believing their position to be hopeless, the soldiery gave up the struggle and withdrew from the city.
The total insurgent loss from the 22nd to the 27th, was stated to be 165 killed and 311 wounded.
After the retreat from Brussels the Government had no foothold in Belgium except in its fortresses. The populace rose in the towns, the Belgian regiments declared in favour of the revolution, and one after another the fortresses fell into the hands of the insurgents.
At Ath and Mons the Dutch garrison was made prisoner. At Namur the garrison surrendered the fortress on condition that it was allowed to depart. At Liege 1,100 men, constituting the garrison, made the same arrangement. Ghent held out against the revolution until October 16th, when it also surrendered on like terms to Namur. By the end of October the Belgians were in possession of all the fortresses except Antwerp, Maestricht and Luxemburg.
On November 10th, a National Congress established the Kingdom of Belgium, which was afterwards formally acknowledged by all the powers.
The Revolution in Brussels and the successful stand of an insurgent body against regular troops, made such an impression upon Europe that it was long held as an axiom that it was the duty of the officers in command of the army, confronted with such a condition, to refuse to fight in the streets, and content themselves with a regular investment or siege of the city. The official English view has always dissented from this advice.
Two things have to be kept in mind in studying the Brussels Revolution:
First—that, unlike Continental revolutions in general, there were no defections among the troops. It was two nations in conflict. Hence the revolution at Brussels won purely because of its military position and strength.
Second—that the invention of smokeless powder would tend to make such street fighting far more deadly and demoralising to an army which could not see from whence came the shots that decimated the ranks.
June 19th, 1915.
5. Defense of the Alamo
In 1821 Mexico was separated from the kingdom of Spain and entered upon a turbulent and troubled existence of its own. At that time almost all of the territory comprised in the present American State of Texas was an integral part of the Mexican Republic. It was inhabited largely by Mexicans and other persons of Spanish or mixed Spanish and Indian descent. But along with these there were a large number of immigrants from the United States, some of whom had taken up land under the laws of the Mexican Government, whilst others were hunters, trappers, and adventurers. All these latter were rather disinclined to submit to the laws of the Mexicans, especially when the various changes in the Mexican Government made it at times somewhat problematical what these laws were, and still more of a problem to judge how each fresh incumbent in office would administer the laws. Consequently, the uneasiness grew in volume with each accession of strength in the numbers of the immigrants, and each fresh caprice of the rulers. To add to this uneasy situation the designs of the slaveholders in the United States included an extension of slaveholding territory to the South. Unable to extend the slave belt to the North, and menaced by the continual growth of free states in the West, the slaveholders of the United States were anxious to secure fresh territories which could be erected into slave states whose votes could be counted upon against the pressing danger of the increase of liberationist sentiment in the Congress and Senate. Hence the restless immigrants in Texas received secret encouragement from the United States Government, and having real and genuine grievances of their own their restlessness gradually developed into rebellion.
A Mexican Congress in 1835 adopted a new Constitution of the country, one feature of which was the dissolution of all power in a Congress to meet in Mexico city. This was resented in many parts of the country, and in March 1836, a Texan Congress met at Washington, Texas, and declared Texas to be a free and independent Republic. A provisional Government was organised, and Sam Houston was declared Commander-in-Chief. Hostilities commenced immediately.
Fighting took place at several places, notably at San Antonio de Bexar, where the insurgents after five days battle in the street, compelled the garrison to surrender. On hearing of this disaster to his forces, the Mexican President, Santa Anna, crossed the Rio Grande, the river which forms the boundary line between Texas and Mexico, with an army of 10,000 men, and advanced against the insurgents. In the path of their advance lay an old wooden fort known as the Alamo, into which a Texan officer named Travis threw himself with a garrison of 145 men. The Mexican force laid siege to the place, and Travis sent off the following message for reinforcements:
The enemy have demanded me to surrender at discretion, otherwise the garrison is to be put to the sword. I have answered his summons with a cannon shot. Our flag still floats proudly from the walls. We shall never surrender or retreat, liberty or death!
The little Texan force of one hundred and forty five insurgents held out for ten days against the Mexican army of 10,000 men. Again and again the Mexicans attempted to storm the place, and as often they were beaten off. The wounded were propped up by their comrades and kept on fighting until death, the rushes of the regular soldiery with bayonets were beaten off by the Texans with clubbed rifles or met with the quick deadly work of bowie knives, and when at last the building was taken and the Mexicans were victorious it was found that the loss they had sustained was without a parallel in history. Fifteen hundred Mexicans had been killed or ten for every Texan engaged.
No quarter was given or asked. All the defenders were killed, their bodies collected in a heap and burned.
But the defence of the Alamo had enabled the insurgents elsewhere to organise their resistance and General Samuel p.468 Houston with twelve hundred men was by this time in the field and in a position to conduct a regular campaign. Houston pursued a retreating and waiting policy refusing to be drawn prematurely into a battle, but patiently biding his time and keeping his men together until he had made them into an army.
Eventually on April 19th 1836 the two armies met at Buffalo Bayou and the Mexicans were defeated with great slaughter, their General and six hundred men being taken prisoners.
This ended the campaign, the independence of Texas being shortly afterwards formally acknowledged.
The defence of the Alamo was one of those defeats which are often more valuable to a cause than many loudly trumpeted victories. It gave spirit and bitterness to the Texan forces, and more important still gave time to their comrades elsewhere.Fortunately for their cause also they had in Houston a General who recognised that the act of keeping an insurgent force in the field was in itself so valuable an establishment of the revolutionary position that it gave all the functions and prestige of government. Hence he kept his force in the field without fighting as long as possible, despite the murmurs of his men, and only hazarded an engagement when he considered that his army was made.
July 3rd, 1915.
6. Revolution in Paris, 1830
After the deposition of Napoleon by the allied powers the Bourbon family was restored to the throne of France much against the will of the French people. That family at first made some slight concession to the spirit of democracy which the French revolution had aroused in Europe, but gradually as the people advanced in their claims for p.469 enfranchisement the royal family and court became more and more reactionary and opposed to reform.
Eventually the Government took steps to suppress the freedom of the press, and four journals active in the reform movement were proceeded against, their editors sentenced to prison and to pay heavy fines. The Chamber of Deputies took sides against the king, and presented to him an address in favour of reform. He dissolved the Chamber and ordered a general election.
When the election was over it was found that, despite the restricted suffrage and persistent government terrorism, the Reform party out of a total Chamber of 428 members had returned 270, whilst the ministry had only returned 145.
As his answer to the elections the king on July 25th, 1830, issued a decree destroying at one swoop all the liberties of his subjects.
The new Chamber of Deputies was dissolved before it had even met.
Liberty of the press was suspended. Writings published in violation of the regulations were to be seized, and types and presses used in printing them to be taken into custody, or rendered unfit for their purposes.
The method of election was altered so as to put it completely in the power of the king and his party.
At this time Paris was garrisoned by a force of 4,750 men of the National Guard, 4,400 troops of the line, 1,100 veteran battalions, 1,300 gendarmes or police.
The first sign of resistance came from the press. Four of the principal editors met and issued the following manifesto which was printed in the National:
Legal government is interrupted and the reign of force has commenced. In the situation in which we are placed obedience ceases to be a duty. The citizens first called upon to obey are the writers of journals; they ought to give the first example of resistance to authority which has divested itself of legal character.
On the morning of the 27th, the police began to seize types and break presses. They were resisted in many places. At the offices of the Temps and National the police were refused admission. Whilst they were attempting to break in the printing of papers went on and copies of the paper were thrown p.470 out of the windows as fast as they were printed. Bought up by the crowd these papers were quickly carried all over Paris.
Locksmiths and blacksmiths were brought to break open the door, but they refused to act, and eventually this had to be done by a convict blacksmith brought from the prison. When the police entered they destroyed all the machines.
The example of resistance fired the whole city, and great mobs marched everywhere. The residence of the Premier was protected by a battalion of guards and two pieces of cannon, and a division of lancers patrolled the immediate neighbourhood. Three battalions were in front of the Palais Royal, the Place Louis XI was held by two battalions of guards and two guns, and in the Place Vendôme were detachments of regiments of the line. Thus all the great squares were held by the military.
The police attempted to clear the streets and failed, and soldiers were ordered to assist. As they pushed the people back in the Rue St. Honoré the first shot was fired from a house in that thoroughfare. It came from a shot gun and wounded some of the soldiers.
The troops fired at the house, and the crowd fell away. As the soldiers pursued they were stopped by a barricade made out of an overturned omnibus beside which had been piled all kinds of furniture and other obstructions. But as those behind this barricade were only armed with stones the soldiery after firing several volleys easily stormed it.
In other places fighting took place, in one a police guardhouse was stormed, and the arms carried off.
Next day, the 28th, the people attacked all the gunmakers' shops and took possession of the arms and equipment. Barricades were erected all over the city, and police guardhouses attacked and taken. The working class from the Faubourgs organised and marched upon the City Hall, or Hotel de Ville, and arms were distributed from various centres.
The military planned to enter the barricaded districts in four columns at four tactical points. The first column entering by the richer parts of the city met with little opposition.
The second column entered by Porte St. Martin, and was met by sharp firing. After firing two rounds from the artillery, and a number from the muskets of the infantry it p.471 crushed the opposition at this point, but as it advanced into the centre of the city the insurgents built barricades behind it, and the further it advanced the more barricades they built in its rear. It reached its objective the great square of the Place de la Bastille, but when it attempted to return was stopped by the aforementioned barricades, and fired upon from all the intersecting streets. The commanding officer after several fruitless attempts to return by the route marked out for him, at last fearing that he would lose his artillery broke out in another direction, leaving the ground he had occupied in the hands of the insurgents, and reaching a point entirely out of touch with the General in command. This column had passed through the insurgents, but it had left them just as it had found them, except, as one writer remarks, “that they had been taught to meet the royal troops without fear, and to know the value of the method of fighting they had adopted”.
The third column reached a huge market place, the Marché des Innocens, but at this point was assailed with a hot fire from the roofs and windows, accompanied by showers of slates, stones, bottles, and scrap iron. One battalion was ordered to march along the Porte St Denis, clear it, and march back again. In doing so it encountered a barricade in front of a large building, the Cour Batave. Here the insurgents had got inside the courtyard, and fired from behind the iron railing around this building, lying on the ground behind the stones into which the railings were fixed, and keeping up a murderous fire on the troops as the latter body laboured to destroy the barricade. This battalion also was unable to fight its way back, as barricades had been erected behind it as it passed. Its companion battalion at the market place awaiting its return found itself hemmed in, with barricades rising rapidly in all the surrounding streets, and a merciless fire pouring in on it at every opportunity. At last in despair it was resolved to send out a messenger for help.
An aide-de-camp shaved off his moustache, got into the clothes of a market porter, and succeeded in getting through the insurgent lines with a message to the commander-in-chief of the Paris district. Help was sent in the shape of another battalion which had to fight its way in. At the market place the forces united, and fought their way out with great loss.
The fourth column was directed to reach the City Hall, p.472 the Hotel de Ville. It was divided in two. One part marching across a suspension bridge was attacked by the insurgents, but bringing up artillery and receiving reinforcements of another battalion fought its way through, and reached its objective—Hotel de Ville and adjacent Place de Grevè. The insurgents barricaded all the surrounding side streets, and kept up a fire from all the corners and windows. One writer says:
“The guns attached to the guards were found to occasion only embarrassment”.
Eventually finding the place untenable they fought their way out, attacked all the way by the people who closed in like a sea as the troops passed.
The end of the day's fighting found the people everywhere in possession. Next day fresh troops arrived from the country outside Paris, but great preparations had been made to receive them.
Streets had been torn up, and pavements converted into barricades. Great mounds were placed across the streets, barrels filled with earth and stones; planks, poles, and every conceivable kind of obstacle utilised to create barricades. Carts, carriages, hackney coaches, drays, wheelbarrows had been seized and over-turned, and trees cut down and used to improvise street fortresses.
Then a peculiar thing took place. The troops refused to advance into the streets, and in turn fortified themselves in their positions. This gave the insurgents opportunity to organise themselves and plan their fight more systematically. When they advanced against the troops, after some fighting the soldiery were driven from their central position—the Louvre, some of the regiments of the line surrendered, and the city was abandoned by the troops.
The Revolution had won.
Like the fighting in Brussels narrated in a previous issue the chief characteristic of the Paris fighting in this revolution was the elusive nature of the insurgent forces. The conquest of a street by the royal troops was not worth the blood it had cost them, for as soon as they passed onwards fresh barricades were erected in their rear on the very ground they had just p.473 conquered. No sooner did they fight their way in than it became necessary for them to fight their way out again. They only commanded the ground they occupied, and the surrounding barricades shutting off their supplies and communications made the position untenable. To have successfully resisted the revolution would have required an army sufficient to occupy in force every inch of the ground they passed, with another force massed at some tactical point strong enough to assist any part of the long drawn out line at any point where it might have been attacked.
July 12th 1915.
7. Lexington
The first bloodshed in actual fighting in the American Revolution was shed at Lexington, Massachusetts on April 19th, 1775. Then was fired “the shot heard round the world”, the shot whose echoes were as bugle calls summoning a nation to life.
The dispute between the British Parliament and the American colonists had been gradually drawing to a head. The town of Boston which had led in the agitation against the oppressive action of the British Government was filled with British troops intended to intimidate the Americans, and these latter had begun to collect arms and ammunition and to store them in various places inland in order to be prepared for any eventuality. At that time the odds seemed so great against the Americans that few of them dreamt of asserting the independence of the thirteen colonies.
The colonies were but thinly populated, means of communication were very imperfect, roads were bad, and no real bond of cohesion existed. The British had a great fleet dominating the Atlantic sea coast, and able to hurl an army at any point where resistance might be contemplated and crush it before it could attain to any strength. The bad roads, sparse population and almost trackless wilds on the other hand made it difficult to unite the Americans sufficiently to oppose the British expedition. Also large sections of the p.474 population were ultra loyal, and resolved to stand by England against their fellow colonists. Owing to all these factors there was still some hope of a peaceful issue of the dispute until the occurrence we are about to describe swept the talkers and doubters aside, and placed the issue in the hands of armed forces.
On the night of the 18th and morning of the April 19th, the British General Gage in command at Boston sent an expedition into the interior for the purpose of destroying certain stores of arms and ammunition the Americans were gathering at the village of Lexington. This expedition embarked secretly on boats at Boston, and were rowed up the Charles River to a landing place known as Phipp's Farm. From there they pushed hurriedly on to the town of Concord, which they reached about five in the morning. Every effort had been made to keep their movements secret, mounted officers and scouts scoured the country and arrested every inhabitant they found upon the roads to keep them from giving the alarm. But the alarm had been given; one mounted citizen, Paul Revere, having ridden ahead of them and spread the alarm far and wide. Bells were rung, fires lighted and guns fired in order to rouse the sleeping inhabitants by those who received the word as Revere passed on his way.
On reaching Lexington the soldiers found the American militia drawn up to receive them. The Officer in command ordered the Americans to disperse; these latter refused, and the soldiers fired, killing eight men and wounding several others.
The Americans fled and the soldiers then proceeded to Concord, sending six companies ahead to seize two bridges beyond the town that they might cut off the retreat of any armed forces opposing them. The American militia at this point retired and the main body of soldiers took possession of the place. At once they set about destroying all stores; three guns, a quantity of carriages, and a large accumulation of powder and ball were thrown into the river. A number of barrels of flour were also thrown in the same place and spoilt. All this time the bells had been summoning the people, bonfires were on every hill, and couriers were speeding along every road with the news that the soldiers were on the warpath. The farmers and townspeople were hurrying from all quarters to the scene.
Upon completion of their work of destruction the army p.475 commenced to retire. But here the first real fighting of the day began.
As the Infantry prepared to leave the town they tried to destroy the bridges behind them. A company of militia strove to cross in order to save some of their stores, but the soldiers fired killing two men. The Americans returned the fire, and the regulars were forced to retreat, leaving behind them some killed and wounded, and a lieutenant and a number of soldiers taken prisoners.
As the army retired the whole countryside rose around them. Skirmish followed skirmish, houses, walls, hedges, woods, ditches were lined by riflemen who never ventured into close quarters, but kept up the pursuit, tracking the soldiers as hunters track game. At Lexington the retreating army was reinforced by Lord Percy with 16 companies of infantry, a detachment of marines, and two cannon. From Lexington to Boston is sixteen miles and all the way the troops had to fight. The people closed in to firing distance only, crawled along the ground in their rear, lay in wait behind hillocks, trees, and hedges, firing upon the troops, and never exposing themselves.
For the soldiers it was a terrible experience, as their enemy seemed to rise out of the ground. Front and rear and flanks were alike engaged all the time, and every moment required every sense to be on the alert. Eventually the soldiers reached Charleston, and boats took them off to Boston under the shelter of the fleet.
The British admitted the loss of 273 men killed and wounded, and 2 lieutenants and 20 men taken prisoners. Amongst the seriously wounded were Colonel Smith, the commander of the expedition, a lieutenant-colonel and several other officers. The total American loss was only 60 killed and wounded.
The battle of Lexington was a victory for the British, inasmuch as they succeeded in their object, viz., to destroy the stores of ammunition at Lexington. But it was also a victory for the rebels, as they held the ground after the battle, compelled the enemy to retreat, and inflicted more loss upon him in the p.476 retreat than they had suffered in the battle. In this respect Lexington was like all the battles of the War of the Revolution. In practically all of those earlier battles the regular soldiers won, but after each of them the American Army gained in strength and discipline. Lexington destroyed the belief in the invincibility of the regular solders, gave courage to those who dreaded them because of their perfection in mechanical drill, and gave faith to those doubters who failed to recognise that no nation can be enslaved if its people think death less hateful than bondage.
In February 1848, the monarchy of Louis Phillippe was destroyed by an insurrection in the streets of Paris, supported by risings in various parts of the country. This insurrection, like all previous risings of the same description, owed its success principally to the determined fighting of the working class. But whereas in previous insurrections the working class after doing the fighting were content to let the middle class reap the harvest, it resolved this time to demand certain guarantees for itself.
Education had progressed rapidly, and in addition the relative numbers of the workers were greater than at any other similar crises. Hence, after the victory, whilst arms were still in its hands, it demanded that the new government establish in its social constitution some provisions making for social well-being. The government consented reluctantly but with great show of zeal for the cause of labour, and established “National Workshops”, guaranteeing work to all comers.
This proposition was, of course, economically unsound and bound to fail, but it placated the workers for the time. The Republican Government got time to mature its plans against republicanism, and to organise its military force against labour. Thousands of workers were taken on in the workshops, and middle class poets talked enthusiastically and sang p.477 ecstatically about the Era of Labour. But all the time the government was quietly drafting its forces into Paris, removing from Paris all the city regiments and replacing them with battalions from remote country districts, perfecting its artillery, and calmly preparing to crush the workers should they persist in their idea that the Republic ought to regard them as its children, not as its slaves. Eventually when all was ready the government began to dismiss men in thousands from the National Workshops, and to form brigades of workers to be removed from Paris ostensibly to work at canal construction in the provinces.
One of these brigades was formed of 14,000 men, almost all of whom were Parisians, and members of various local Labour clubs. In addition to this wholesale removal of workers to unfamiliar provinces, the government on June 22nd, 1848, summarily dismissed 3,000 more on the pretence that they were not born in Paris, and ordered them to leave the city at once. Money and tickets were supplied to them to pay their lodgings along the road to their birthplaces.
Out of this deportation sprung the Insurrection of June 1848.
About 400 of the deported workmen returned to the city that evening and paraded the streets, calling upon their comrades to resist the plot of the government to destroy the Labour forces. In the morning the sound of the generale, the popular drum beat to arms, was sounded, and barricades began to be erected in the streets. All the working class districts rapidly rose, and the insurgents fortified their quarters so rapidly and skilfully that it was quite evident that astute minds had been busy amongst them preparing to meet the schemes of the government.
At the Porte St. Denis the fighting began. The barricade here was stormed after the soldiers had been twice beaten off. At the Porte St. Martin and at several other points similar fights took place, at each of them the soldiery stormed the barricade. But at each of them it was found that after the barricade had become untenable the insurgents were able to fall back behind others that had been prepared for the purpose, and when the troops sought to pursue them they were met by a galling and terrible fire from all the side streets and houses. The insurgents had seized houses which commanded the passage p.478 of the streets, but were still so retired that they could not be swept from the front, and had prepared their house in the most scientific manner. The front walls were loopholed, the entrances were barricaded with furniture, boxes, trunks, and obstacles of all kinds, the party walls were cut through so that only one man at a time could pass, and as fast as one house was taken in desperate hand-to-hand fighting they retired through this passage to the next.
Some of the houses were compared to rabbit warrens, full of holes and galleries, and in every corner death was waiting for the soldiers. Windows were blocked with mattresses and sandbags, and marksmen fired from behind them, and women were busy casting bullets, raining slates and stones on the heads of the troops, carrying arms, and tending the wounded.
Before nightfall the troops had been driven back at numerous points, and the roar of artillery was heard all over the city.
Next morning it was found that most of the barricades destroyed during the day had been erected again during the night. To enumerate here the places and districts fortified would be a useless display of names, but sufficient to say that the insurgents had drawn a huge semi-circle around a vast portion of Paris, had erected barricades in a practically continuous line all along their front, had carefully prepared the houses and buildings at tactically strong points, and were now applying to their service everything within their lines that foresight or prudence could suggest.
Two great buildings served as headquarters in the various districts. The headquarters of the North were in the Temple, those of the South in the Pantheon, and in the centre the Hospital of the Hotel Dicu had been seized and held as the strategical bureau of the whole insurrection.
Meanwhile the soldiers in overwhelming numbers were being rushed to Paris from all the provincial centres, and as France was then at peace with all foreign powers the whole force of the army was available. General Cavaignac issued a proclamation that: “if at noon the barricades are not removed, mortars and howitzers will be brought by which sells will be thrown, which will explode behind the barricades and in the apartments of the p.479 houses occupied by the insurgents”.
No one heeded his threat, and on the next day the fighting re-commenced. But the shortage of ammunition on the part of the insurgents told heavily against them, and in addition, as the government had all along planned, the soldiers brought to Paris outnumbered the armed men in revolt, as well as being possessed of all the advantage of a secure source of supplies.
The first fighting at the Clos St. Lazare was typical of the whole and therefore the following description from the pen of an eye-witness is worth reproducing. He says:
The barricades in advance of the barriers were as formidable as regular engineers would have constructed, and were built of paving stones of a hundredweight each, and blocks of building stone cut for building a hospital, and weighing tons. The houses covering them were occupied. The tall houses at the barriers were occupied and the windows removed. The houses on the opposite side of the Boulevard were, moreover, in the possession of the rebels and manned with marksmen. What formed, however, the strength of their position was the perforation of the wall of the city which is twelve or fourteen feet high, at intervals of eight or ten yards for a mile in length, with several hundred loopholes of about six inches in diameter. During all Saturday and Sunday a constant and deadly fire was kept up from these loopholes on troops who could hardly see their opponents.
The defenders ran from loophole to loophole with the agility of monkeys. They only left the cover of the high wall to seek ammunition, of which they had only a scanty and precarious supply.
It was only when the insurgents' ammunition gave out that the artillery became formidable. Then it was able to pound to ruins the building in which the insurgents were awaiting their attack, and to gradually occupy the district so cleared of its defenders.
By June 28th, all fighting had ceased in Paris. The isolation of that city from all provincial support, combined with the overwhelming number of the soldiery had won the day.
On December 10th, 1848, Prince Louis Napoleon was elected President of the Republic, and four years afterwards he destroyed it by the aid of the army which the republican p.480 government had turned against the workers of Paris in the fighting just chronicled. When Louis Napoleon was destroying the French Republic its middle class supporters called in vain for the support of the brave men they had betrayed in June 1848.
The insurrection of June 1848 in Paris was the most stubbornly fought, and the most scientifically conducted, of any of the revolutions or attempts at revolutions in Paris. The lessons are invaluable for all students of warfare who wish to understand the defence and attack of cities, towns, villages, or houses. Whatever changes have come about as a result of the development of firearms and the introduction of smokeless powder have operated principally in increasing the power of the defence. In our next week's issue we propose to sum up the military lessons of all the great uprisings dealt with in these notes up to the present.
July 24th, 1915.
9. Street Fighting—Summary
A complete summary of the lessons to be derived from the military events we have narrated in these chapters during the past few months would involve the writing of a very large volume. Indeed it might truly be urged that the lessons are capable of such infinite expansion that no complete summary is possible.
In the military sense of the term what after all is a street? A street is a defile in a city. A defile is a narrow pass through which troops can only move by narrowing their front, and therefore making themselves a good target for the enemy. A defile is also a difficult place for soldiers to manoeuvre in, especially if the flanks of the defile are held by the enemy.
A mountain pass is a defile the sides of which are constituted by the natural slopes of the mountain sides, as at the Scalp. A bridge over a river is a defile the sides of which p.481 are constituted by the river. A street is a defile the sides of which are constituted by the houses in the street.
To traverse a mountain pass with any degree of safety the sides of the mountain must be cleared by flanking parties ahead of the main body; to pass over a bridge the banks of the river on each side must be raked with gun or rifle fire whiles the bridge is being rushed; to take a street properly barricaded and held on both sides by forces in the houses, these houses must be broken into and taken by hand-to-hand fighting. A street barricade placed in a position where artillery cannot operate from a distance is impregnable to frontal attack. To bring artillery within a couple of hundred yards—the length of the average street—would mean the loss of the artillery if confronted by even imperfectly drilled troops armed with rifles.
The Moscow revolution, where only 80 rifles were in the possession of the insurgents, would have ended in the annihilation of the artillery had the number of insurgent rifles been 800.
The insurrection of Paris in June, 1848, reveals how districts of towns, or villages, should be held. The streets were barricaded at tactical points not on the main streets but commanding them. The houses were broken through so that passages were made inside the houses along the whole length of the streets. The party walls were loopholed, as were also the front walls, the windows were blocked by sandbags, boxes filled with stones and dirt, bricks, chests, and other pieces of furniture with all sorts of odds and ends piled up against them.
Behind such defences the insurgents poured their fire upon the troops through loopholes left for the purpose.
In the attack upon Paris by the allies fighting against Napoleon a village held in this manner repulsed several assaults of the Prussian allies of England. When these Prussians were relieved by the English these latter did not dare attempt a frontal attack, but instead broke into an end house on one side of the village[] street, and commenced to take the houses one by one. Thus all the fighting was inside the houses, and musket fire played but a small part. On one side of the street they captured all the houses, on the other they failed, and when a truce was declared the English were in possession of one side of the village, and their French enemies of the other.
The truce led to a peace. When peace was finally p.482 proclaimed the two sides of the village street were still held by opposing forces.
The defence of a building in a city, town, or village is governed by the same rules. Such a building left unconquered is a serious danger even if its supports are all defeated. If it had been flanked by barricades, and these barricades were destroyed, no troops could afford to push on and leave the building in the hands of the enemy. If they did so they would be running the danger of perhaps meeting a check further on, which check would be disastrous if they had left a hostile building manned by an unconquered force in their rear. Therefore, the fortifying of a strong building, as a pivot upon which the defence of a town or village should hinge, forms a principal object of the preparations of any defending force, whether regular army or insurrectionary.
In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 the chateau, or castle, of Geissberg formed such a position in the French lines on August 4th. The Germans drove in all the supports of the French party occupying this country house, and stormed the outer courts, but were driven back by the fire from the windows and loopholed walls. Four batteries of artillery were brought up to within 900 yards of the house and battered away at its walls, and battalion after battalion was hurled against it. The advance of the whole German army was delayed until this one house was taken. To take it caused a loss of 23 officers and 329 men, yet it had only a garrison of 200.
In the same campaign the village of Bazeilles offered a similar lesson of the tactical strength of a well defended line of houses. The German Army drove the French off the field and entered the village without a struggle. But it took a whole army corps seven hours to fight its way through to the other end of the village.
A mountainous country has always been held to be difficult for military operations owing to its passes or glens. A city is a huge maze of passes or glens formed by streets and lanes. Every difficulty that exists for the operation of regular troops in mountains is multiplied a hundredfold in a city. And the difficulty to the commissariat which is likely to be insuperable to an irregular or popular force taking to the mountains, is solved for them by the sympathies of the populace when they take to the streets.
The general principle to be deducted from a study of the example we have been dealing with, is that the defence is of almost overwhelming importance in such warfare as a popular force like the Citizen Army might be called upon to participate in. Not a mere passive defence of a position valueless in itself, but the active defence of a position whose location threatens the supremacy or existence of the enemy. The genius of the commander must find such a position, the skill of his subordinates must prepare and fortify it, the courage of all must defend it. Out of this combination of genius, skill and courage alone can grow the flower of military success.
The Citizen Army and the Irish Volunteers are open for all who wish to qualify for the exercise of these qualities.
Title (uniform): Insurrectionary Warfare
Author: James Connolly
Electronic edition compiled by: Dara Mac Domhnaill
Funded by: University College Cork
2. Second draft.
Proof corrections by: Dara Mac Domhnaill and Donnchadh Ó Corráin
Publisher: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College Cork.
CELT document ID: E900002-006
James Connolly, Military Writings or Insurrectionary Warfare, as a series of articles in The Workers' Republic, (Dublin: 1915).
James Connolly, Insurrectionary Warfare: with an introduction by Michael O'Riordan (Dublin: New Books Publications 1968).
James Connolly, Collected Works (Dublin: New Books Publications 1987), ii 445-483.
Into Arabic (Beirut, Lebanon: Arab Institute for Studies and Research 1972), translated by Muneev Shafeick.
Sources, comment on the text, and secondary literature
Kieran Allen, The politics of James Connolly (London: Pluto Press 1990). 206pp.
William K. Anderson, James Connolly and the Irish left (Dublin: Irish Academic Press 1994). 200pp.
A bibliography of Irish labour history, Saothar: journal of the Irish Labour History Society 5 (1979). Contains also a Bibliography of works on Irish history published in the USSR and a Bibliography: James Larkin.
Connolly: the Polish aspects: a review of James Connolly's political and spiritual affinity with Józef Pilsudski, leader of the Polish Socialist Party, organiser of the Polish legions and founder of the Polish state (Belfast: Athol 1985). 167pp.
François Bédarida, Le socialisme et la nation: James Connolly et l'Irlande (Paris: Éditions Ouvrières 1965. 31pp.
Helen Clark, Sing a rebel song: the story of James Connolly, born Edinburgh 1868, executed Dublin 1916 (Edinburgh: City of Edinburgh District Council 1989). 55pp.
Communist Party of Ireland, Breaking the chains: selected writings of James Connolly on women (Belfast: Unity Press for the Northern Area Women's Committee 1981). 38pp.
James Connolly and W. Walker, The Connolly-Walker controversy on socialist unity in Ireland (Dublin 1911, repr. Cork: Cork Workers Club 1986)
Fifty years of Liberty Hall (Dublin: Three Candles 1959)
James Connolly, Yellow unions in Ireland and other articles (Belfast: Connolly Bookshop 1968)
Sean Cronin, Young Connolly (Dublin: Repsol 1978, 2nd. ed. 1983
Noelle Davis, Connolly of Ireland patriot and socialist (Carnarvon: Swyddfa'r Caernerfon 1946)
Joseph Deasy, James Connolly: his life and teachings (Dublin: New Books 1966). 14pp.
Ruth Dudley Edwards, James Connolly (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan 1981). 151pp.
Peter Berresford Ellis, James Connolly: selected writings edited with an introduction by P. Berresford Ellis (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1973)
Roger Faligot: James Connolly et le mouvement révolutionnaire irlandais (Paris: F. Maspero 1978). 333pp.
Richard Michael Fox, James Connolly: the forerunner (Tralee: Kerryman Ltd. 1946). 250pp.
Donnacha Ní Gabhann, The reality of Connolly: 1868-1916 ([Dublin?]: Portlight Press Project 1993). 36pp.
C. Desmond Greaves, The life and times of James Connolly (London: Lawrence & Wishart 1961). Also Berlin: Seven Seas Publishers 1976.
Andy Johnston, James Larraggy, Edward McWilliams, Connolly: a Marxist analysis (Dublin: Irish Workers Group 1990)
Brian Kelly, James Connolly and the fight for an Irish Workers' Republic (Cleveland, OH: Hera Press 1982). 23pp.
Patrick Anthony Lake, James Connolly: the development of his political ideology (unpubl. Thesis 1984)
Samuel Levenson, James Connolly: a biography (London: Brian & O'Keeffe 1973)
Robert Lynd, James Connolly: an appreciation, to James Connolly, Collected works (2 vols Dublin: New Books Publications 1987), i, 495-507 (first published October 1916)
Proinsias Mac an Bheatha, James Connolly and the Worker's Republic (Dublin: Foilseacháin Náisiúta Teo. 1978). 90pp.
Lambert McKenna and Thomas J. Morrissey, The social teachings of James Connolly, by Lambert McKenna, ed Thomas J. Morrissey (Dublin: Veritas Dublin 1991)
Proinsias Mac Aonghusa, What Connolly said: James Connolly's writings (Dublin: New Island Books 1994). 94pp.
Derry Kelleher, Quotations from James Connolly: an anthology in three parts ([Drogheda]: Vanguard Publications 1972). 2 vols.
Lambert McKenna, The social teachings of James Connolly (Dublin: Catholic Truth Society 1920).
Peter McKevitt, James Connolly (Dublin: Catholic Truth Society 1969). 15pp.
Priscilla Metscher, Republicanism and socialism in Ireland: a study of the relationship of politics and ideology from the United Irishmen to James Connolly, Bremer Beiträge zur Literatur- und Ideologiegeschichte 2 (Frankfurt-am-Main: Peter Lang 1986)
Austen Morgan, James Connolly: a political biography (Manchester: Manchester U.P. 1988). 244pp.
John F. Murphy, Implications of the Irish past: the socialist ideology of James Connolly from an historical perspective (Unpublished MA thesis, University of North Carolina at Charlotte 1983).
Michael O'Riordan, General introduction, to James Connolly, Collected works (2 vols Dublin: New Books Publications 1987), i, pages ix-xvii
Cathal O'Shannon, Introduction, to James Connolly, Collected works (2 vols Dublin: New Books Publications 1987), i, 11-16
Bernard Ransom, Connolly's Marxism (London: Pluto Press 1980)
Carl Reeve and Ann Barton Reeve, James Connolly and the United States: the road to the 1916 Irish rebellion (Atlantic Highlands NJ: Humanities Press 1978). 307pp.
Desmond Ryan, James Connolly: his life, work & writings (Dublin: Talbot Press 1924)
Desmond Ryan, Socialism and nationalism: a selection from the writings of James Connolly (Dublin: Sign of the Three Candles 1948). 211pp.
Desmond Ryan, James Connolly, in J. W. Boyle (ed), Leaders and workers (Cork: Mercier Press 1960, repr. 1978)
Frederick Ryan, Socialism, democracy and the Church ([Dublin]: Labour History Workshop 1984). With reviews of Connolly's 'Labour in Irish History' and Jaures' 'Studies in socialism'. 69p.
G. Schüller, James Connolly and Irish freedom: a marxist analysis (Cork: Cork Workers Club 1974, reprint of a work first published Chicago 1926). 30pp.
E. Strauss, Irish nationalism and British democracy (Westport CT: Greenwood 1975)
X. T. Zagladina, James Connolly [in Russian] (Moscow: Mysl Publishing House 1985)
Connolly, James (1987). ‘Insurrectionary Warfare’. In: Collected Works. Ed. by Desmond Ryan. Vol. 2. Dublin: New Books Publications, pp. 445–483.
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UK-led Joint Warrior 2014 exercise begins
The Belgian Navy's Tripartite-class minehunter BNS Crocus M917. Photo Royal Navy.
9 October 2014 naval-technology.com
The UK-led Joint Warrior 2014, Nato's biggest military exercise, has started off the coast of Scotland.
Maritime forces from a host of Nato nations, including 22 ships and submarines and 52 fixed wing aircraft, are taking part in the exercise, which aims to enhance combat skills.
It will involve air, surface and underwater threat training, starting with military and political tension, in addition to simulated war fighting.
As part of the two-week drill, personnel will act in response to a range of modern, realistic simulated scenarios, including anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, mine countermeasures, live firing and counter-smuggling and counter-insurgency, as well as electronic warfare and logistics support.
It also includes GPS denial operations, which will be executed in a confined area in north-west Scotland.
The UK's Typhoon and Tornado GR4 aircraft will operate from RAF Lossiemouth, together with host fighter planes from Sweden, Belgium, and Germany.
Participating nations include the UK, the US, the Netherlands, France, Denmark, Norway, Spain, Germany, Lithuania, Belgium, Poland, Estonia, and Latvia
The US Navy's Commander Destroyer Squadron 26 has overall command of the task group.
Published by RP Defense - dans Europe UK Joint Warrior 2014 Defence Défense France USA Marine Nationale Navy Belgium |
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Has Your Customer Become The Enemy?
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Dean Churchwell came to St. Paul's in August of 2020 (hello Covid lockdown!), proving she believes that God's presence is with us always, especially when we take big risks for God and neighbor!
A life-long Episcopalian, Dean Churchwell has served in churches in Arizona, Oregon, Virginia, Texas, and Florida before making St. Paul's her spiritual home.
As Dean of the Cathedral, Dean Churchwell is responsible for the spiritual health and vitality of the cathedral, serves as Head of Staff for clergy and laity, chairs the Vestry (the lay leadership team of the Cathedral), and spends equa time bent over the Bible as she does spreadsheets.
For fun Dean Churchwell spends time with her family; husband Logan and their three children Addison, Crawford, and Collins. She reads, naps, and enjoys the ritual of a good cup of coffee enjoyed with a side of good conversation. You can find her cheering loudly at swim meets, roaming the aisles at Trader Joe's, or jogging downtown between meetings.
Want to schedule a meeting with Dean Churchwell? Click here
The Reverend Sarah Smith
Sarah is a sixth generation Oklahoman. She comes from a long line of Okies dating back to the inception of the state in the early 1900s. Growing up in northwest Oklahoma City, she attended Heritage Hall High School.
Sarah was recruited around the country to play softball and landed at the University of Notre Dame. At Notre Dame she played left field for the Fighting Irish and completed a degree in Catholic Systematic Theology. After undergraduate studies, she completed a master's degree in Sports Administration at the University of Northern Colorado where she was a volunteer assistant softball coach and a ski instructor at Winter Park Mountain.
Following her year in Colorado, Sarah moved back to South Bend to work in the Office of Student Welfare and Development in the Athletics Department at Notre Dame for four years. She helped student-athletes with their holistic development including career and leadership programs, alcohol and drug education, and community service projects. She also served as the advisor to the Student-Athlete Advisory Council and Notre Dame Christian Athletes.
Sarah soon felt called back to school to study theology and work on social issues near to her heart. She wanted to help make the church a safer place for LGBT people. At Vanderbilt University, Sarah worked as a seminarian intern at St. Ann's Episcopal Church in Nashville for two years funded by the Arcus Grant. Her ministry focus was homelessness. She assisted in the creation of Launch Pad—grassroots shelters in urban churches—for young adults experiencing homelessness in Nashville.
Sarah completed a master's in Theological Studies at Vanderbilt University with a Carpenter Certificate in Religion Gender and Sexuality in May 2016. After, Sarah served as the Director of Media & Technology for the Episcopal Diocese of Oklahoma and the Head Softball Coach at Casady School. In November 2017, she started the Theosophia Podcast, a platform for women's voices in theology.
In December 2021, Sarah was ordained to the transitional diaconate. She completed a diploma in Anglican Studies at the Seminary of the Southwest in May 2022 and immediately started her curacy at St. Paul’s Cathedral in OKC in June. She was ordained to the priesthood on June 24th, the Feast Day of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist.
In her role at St. Paul’s, Mother Sarah will oversee adult formation, community outreach and assist in all liturgical and pastoral responsibilities of a priest.
The Reverend Canon Tim Sean Youmans
Clergy Canon
Father Tim Sean Youmans serves as the Vicar of St. Edward the Confessor Chapel and Chair of the Religion Department at Casady School. Additionally, Father Tim Sean is the Bible Instructor for the Diocesan Iona School for Ministry. He serves the Cathedral as Canon for Youth and Families, bringing experience, joy, ad creativity to our community. A native of Wyoming, Father Tim Sean is married to Dr. Karen Youmans, Honors Director and Associate Professor of English at Oklahoma City University. Tim Sean came into the Episcopal Church after 20 years as a Baptist youth pastor. He earned a degree in English and History from Oklahoma Baptist University in 1991, a Master's of Divinity at Southwestern Baptist in 1994, and Anglican Studies at Nashotah House in 2011. He is the author of Blessed to Bless: An Introduction to the Bible, a survey of the scriptures geared toward teenagers and the biblically uninitiated. Tim Sean is a folk musician and songwriter, and tinkers at the banjo. Tim Sean and Karen have a son in college, Noah.
The Reverend Gerald Butcher
Gerald Butcher was appointed by the Bishop to serve St. Paul’s Cathedral in 2013. Gerald's primary service is Community Outreach. A native Oklahoman, Gerald is a graduate of Oklahoma State University and has worked for Western Farmers Electric Cooperative for nearly four decades as an Environmental Regulatory Affairs Coordinator. His wife Debra is a registered nurse (BS, BSN, MSN, CHN) and is employed at Mercy Hospital. Gerald and Debra have three adult daughters who also work in the health-care industry. Daughter Catherine is a radiation therapy clinic and technical manager at the University of Texas Medical Center in Dallas, Rebekah is a nurse supervisor for Mercy Home Health and Jennafer is a dietitian supervisor at the OU Medical Center in Edmond. Five grandchildren light up Debra's and Gerald's lives. Deacon Butcher loves working in the community where he has served as a coach for youth soccer, softball and basketball, serving on the board of directors for Chickasha Youth Soccer. Additionally, Gerald served on the National Rural Electric Environmental Association board and as a Grady County Court Appointed Special Advocate (CASA). Today, he continues to serve on the Environmental Federation of Oklahoma board of directors and is a volunteer with the Oklahoma Department of Corrections. Recently, the Bishop appointed Gerald to the Oklahoma Prison Commission.
The Reverend Marilyn Robertson
Deacon and Cathedral Nurse
St. Paul's has been Marilyn's church home since the 1990s. During that time, she has led various mission trips, both to Mexico and locally. She's served as the parish nurse for many years and additionally as a Deacon at the Cathedral for more than a decade. The health team at St. Paul’s offers a Health Fair every October. As well, the health team also supports various church functions. Marilyn enjoys horses and being out in the country. Her family is very important; giving her strength and enriching her soul. Marilyn feels blessed to serve the Cathedral community where she sees the true Spirit of Christ through the words and action of the loving and caring people who make up the parish. Contact Marilyn at deaconrobertson@stpaulsokc.org
The Right Reverend Poulson Reed
Bishop of the Diocese of Oklahoma
Joseph Ripka
Canon Musician and Diocesan Music Missioner
Ashley Ozan
Children, Family & Cathedral Life Minister
Caroline Dennis
Lauren Bass
Terry Jenks
Audio-Visual Coordinator
Jani Hill
Pastoral Care Coordinator
Philip Newcomer
Youth and Communications Minister
Todd Olberding
Facilites Manager
Joseph Ripka is an internationally respected and acclaimed organist, recognized for his virtuosity and expressiveness. He was the rst-prize winner of the Dublin International Organ Competition, the Fort Wayne National Organ Playing Competition, and the San Marino/ Elizabeth Elftman National Organ Competition.
Joseph is in demand as a concert organist and has performed recitals throughout the United States. He received high praise in a review from the Boston Musical Intelligencer for his performance at Holy Cross College in Worcester Massachusetts on the renowned Taylor and Boody Opus 9 instrument. Joseph has performed with the New World Symphony, the Boston Philharmonic, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra under conductors Michael Tilson Thomas, Benjamin Zander, and Alan Gilbert. Mr. Ripka’s recitals have been aired on American Public Media's Pipedreams several times; he was invited by Michael Barone to be the featured artist for the 25th anniversary celebration of Pipedreams in 2008 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. During the summer of 2009, Joseph made his European concert debut with recitals at St. Sulpice in Paris, Bavo Kerk in Haarlem, Oude Kerk in Amsterdam, and Hooglandse Kerk in Leiden, Netherlands. Joseph has since played recitals at Westminster Cathedral in London, St. Michael’s Church in Dun Laoghaire, St Paul's Cathedral in London, St Columb's Cathedral in Derry, Noorderkerk in Amsterdam, and many more. Joseph’s acclaimed YouTube videos have received hundreds of thousands of views and have earned rave comments from around the world.
Joseph holds bachelor’s degrees in both organ and piano performance from St. Cloud State University, masters degrees in organ and piano performance from the University of Kansas, the Artist Diploma in organ performance from Oberlin College and a master’s degree in organ performance from Yale University. His principal teachers were James David Christie, Webb Wiggins (harpsichord), Derek Rêmes (thoroughbass), Martin Jean, James Higdon, Charles Echols, Jack Winerock and Carmen Wilhite, and Yakov Gelfand. He has coached with Olivier Latry, Marie Claire Alain, Wilma Jensen, Jean-Baptiste Robin, John Scott, and Phillipe Lefebvre as well.
Mr. Ripka is the Canon Musician at St. Paul’s Cathedral in Oklahoma City, OK. At St. Paul’s, Joseph is director of a comprehensive choral and music program, including two adult choirs and the Cathedral Chorister program, which he inaugurated in the fall of 2021. He also serves as Diocesan Music Missioner for the Episcopal Diocese of Oklahoma.
An internationally recognized organist, Mr. Ripka is also a performing pianist and harpsichordist, He has performed professionally as a pianist in numerous duo recitals and chamber-music concerts and as a continuo harpsichordist in concerts and recitals with Baroque ensembles and soloists. Joseph has conducted numerous complete performances of Handel’s Messiah and cantatas of Bach, Buxtehude and Schutz. His repertoire as a keyboardist, conductor and teacher extends from the late Renaissance and early Baroque to the 21st century. Joseph serves as instructor of harpsichord and director of the Early Music Ensemble at Oklahoma City University.
www.josephripkaorganist.com
Ashley is the mom to Amelia, Charlotte and George. Ashley and her family usually attend the Rite I service. She has been active not only in the undercroft teaching many classes over the past years, but has also served as the Altar Guild director, Wedding Chair and an acolyte. Ashley comes to us from the First Presbyterian Preschool where she has been a teacher and manager of the preschool for over 9 years. She is looking forward to developing stronger relationships with each family and building our undercroft programs in this new season of change.
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Mar 19 | The Very Reverend Katie Churchwell, Dean
The Fourth Sunday after Lent
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The Third Sunday in Lent
Mar 5 | The Very Reverend Katie Churchwell, Dean
The Second Sunday in Lent
Feb 26 | The Reverend Sarah Smith
The First Sunday of Lent
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Great Restaurants in Charleston, South Carolina
Charleston, South Carolina is a popular location for tourists. The beautiful city is set on the coast, offering a lovely place to escape and enjoy the beauty of the area. Along with the amazing views, the area is home to incredible history and a host of delightful... |
February 7, 2009 by Bethe
You know you’re sick when…
… You wear the same clothes for three days in a row, and you don’t even care.
I’m trying to muster the energy to get off my couch and change into something a little more fresh. But at the moment, this may seem like an unreachable goal.
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Home » November 17, 2022 |
Home / Our Partners / Holland & Knight
The law firm of Holland & Knight joined the List Project as its founding partner in 2007 and has had over 100 participating attorneys and paralegals around the world. They have been assigned the case-load of Iraqis who have already fled to neighboring countries (and are therefore technically considered ‘refugees’). This case-load represents approximately 65% of the Iraqis on the List, with refugees scattered across the region in Syria, Jordan, U.A.E., Egypt, Lebanon, and other countries.
For its work with the List Project, the firm received the 2008 National Law Journal Pro Bono Award and was a 2010 Beacon of Justice Award recipient. The attorneys in the firm have dedicated thousands of pro bono hours in counseling hundreds of Iraqis who are working their way through the complicated, multi-step application process.
Background on Holland & Knight LLP:
Holland & Knight is nationally known for its commitment to pro bono work. In 1990, the firm established its Community Services Team (CST) to more effectively marshal its resources to provide legal representation to those who cannot afford it. The CST is a structured, institutionalized department within the firm, drawing on all of the firm’s resources and is the largest law firm full-time pro bono practice group in the nation. Public Counsel, the largest pro bono organization in the world, awarded Holland & Knight its prestigious 2007 Law Firm Pro Bono Award. This award is presented annually to a law firm or corporate legal department for leadership and advocacy on behalf of those who are indigent, vulnerable and victimized. The American Bar Association Section of Individual Rights and Responsibilities awarded its second Pro Bono Service Award to Holland & Knight for supporting the section’s mission of securing and protecting human rights, civil liberties and social justice by providing countless hours of legal service.
The CST lawyers and Smith Fellows concentrate their efforts on cases with significant issues affecting large numbers of people. They are frequently assisted by other lawyers throughout the firm. This institutionalized commitment to pro bono work has produced significant results. Holland & Knight has represented thousands of people with legal problems who otherwise would have been denied access to the legal system. |
History museum in Sliven town, 27 May
Springtime vacation 2013, May 23 - June 9
“Sliven History Museum - Bozhidar Iliev (Bozho) - 07”, Date: 2013:05:27, Time: 15:13:35 (No. 3 of 15) |
War Against Melanoma
Stage IV Melanoma Survivor Story
I was 26 years old in November, 2000 when I decided to have a mole located on the inner portion of my upper arm in the bicep area looked at by a dermatologist. Now I admit that I waited too long to have it checked out, because while I have a lot of freckles, I really don't have any moles and should have known something was up when a weird shaped mole just started to grow and develop on my arm. I went to the dermatologist and he assured me that it was just a form of dead skin. But just to ease my worries, he took a small biopsy of the mole and sent it off to pathology. Two weeks later, I got a call telling me that the mole was actually melanoma!
Due to the size and anticipated depth of the mole/lesion on my arm, I was diagnosed with Stage II Melanoma. The general surgeon determined that it would be best to perform a sentinel node biopsy to determine if the melanoma had spread to the lymph nodes. The mole and surrounding tissue were surgically removed, together with the sentinel lymph nodes. Pathology results came back negative, meaning that the melanoma had not spread to my lymph nodes. My surgeon advised me that melanoma often reoccurs and that I should routinely have my skin examined by a dermatologist. So I began to regularly see a dermatologist and keep a close eye on my skin for any abnormalities, vowing to catch any reoccurrence early. I lived a normal life for the next five years, but little did I know that the melanoma wasn't reoccurring on the outside on my skin, but (in the words of my oncologist) micro-metastasizing all the while on the inside.
On Valentine's Day 2006, I woke up and just felt kind of off-balance. I just continued on thinking maybe it was just vertigo or something else that would go away in a few days. It didn't go away and started to get worse. After being treated for an inner ear infection and a viral infection of the inner ear with no success, my condition continued to worsen and I began to even slur my speech.
So on Sunday, February 26, 2006, with my wife 8 ½ months pregnant and having some small contractions, we went to the emergency room. A CT scan revealed a brain tumor! My life stopped on a dime! 31 years old, a father of a 15-month old son and another baby ready to be born, and I had a brain tumor. My wife and I were simply devastated and could not believe this was happening! I was immediately admitted to The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital ("The James"), and five days later on Friday, March 3, 2006, I underwent successful brain surgery to remove the tumor. (My son was born six days later).
While in the hospital, CT scans were performed on my chest, abdomen and pelvis to determine if the cancer had spread to any organs or other areas in these regions. I was referred to an oncologist at The James, Dr. Thomas Olencki, and was scheduled to meet with him later in March. At my appointment, Dr. Olencki informed us that I had a tumor the size of an orange in my lymph nodes located between my lungs, as well as two small tumors on my right lung.We never imagined that we could get worse news than the brain tumor news, but we did. Although numb from the news, my doctor advised us of our limited options, telling us that surgery to remove the tumors, at that point was not an option, but that surgery should be my goal. He said that to get to surgery (or even get a surgeon to consider surgery), my tumors would have to at a minimum been stable (preferably shrunken) and show no evidence of growth or spreading for a significant period of time.
I sought a second opinion and confirmed that my treatment options were limited. I elected to undergo high-dose Interleukin-2 ("IL-2") treatment at The James. But I could not start IL-2 treatment until after I had completed radiation treatment on my brain. So I went through 12 rounds of radiation, at first cruising through without any issues, but quickly deteriorating as I went through my final few rounds and side effects set in. I was extremely fatigued and, yes, the hair finally fell out (it did grow back!).
I then began IL-2 treatment, which required me to be admitted to the hospital for about a week, home for a week, back in the hospital for treatment for a week, and then home and off of treatment for 8 weeks. This cycle constituted 1round of treatment. During each week in the hospital, my goal was to obtain a maximum of 12 doses per week. At the end of each 8 week period, I would have CT scans of my chest, abdomen and pelvis to determine if I obtained any response to treatment.
As for IL-2 treatment, my doctor warned me of the side effects and advised me that they were going to be aggressive with my doses of IL-2 based upon my age and otherwise good health. Without fail, during every round of treatment, I experienced practically every known side effect of IL-2, including vomiting, diarrhea, extreme chills, high fevers, low blood pressure, loss of appetite, skin rashes, etc. Treatment kicked my butt, and that is putting it nicely.
After my first round of treatment, CT scans revealed that my tumors had shrunk by almost 30%! We could not believe it! It was the best possible news we could hope for at that time. I then proceeded on to my second round of IL-2 treatment, during which I again encountered all of the severe side effects described above. But also again, I responded to treatment and CT scans after my 2nd round of treatment showed that my tumors had shrunk another 10%! I then went through 3 more rounds of treatment, each wearing me down and beating me up a little more and more. CT scans after my 3rd, 4th and 5th rounds showed no significant shrinkage, but most importantly, did not reveal any growth or spreading!
After 5 rounds of treatment over approximately 13 months, I met with a thoracic surgeon to discuss the possibility of having surgery to remove any remaining tumors from my chest and lung. The surgeon was reluctant to perform surgery, and it wasn't until my oncologist walked him through my entire history and provided evidence that my tumors had been stable for over a year and had even shrunk, that he reluctantly agreed to perform surgery.
So on July 7, 2007, approximately 16 months from my initial diagnosis, I underwent successful surgery to remove the remaining tumors from my chest and lung and my tumors were sent off to pathology for analysis. On August 2, 2007, my oncologist notified me that the pathology report indicated that the remaining tumors removed from my chest and lung were 100% necrotic (dead)!!! He told me that I was officially considered to be in clinical remission with no evidence of disease! It was unbelievable! I did it! I survived! It was a true miracle!
Since then, repeated MRIs of my brain and CT scans of my chest, abdomen and pelvis continue to show no reoccurrence and no evidence of disease.
Miracles can happen. I am living proof. Stay positive, pray and always believe that you will survive! The power of prayer and positive thinking is endless. Nothing is impossible with God.
And, always remember, in the words of the late great Jim Valvano, former college basketball coach and founder of The V Foundation for Cancer Research, "DON'T GIVE UP, DON'T EVER GIVE UP!" (Click here to see Jimmy V's motivating speech announcing the formation of The V Foundation for Cancer Research)
The WAM Foundation
1478 Sunflower Street Lewis Center, OH 43035
Email: info@thewamfoundation.org
August 2012 - 5 Years Cancer Free |
Thanksgiving Day 2006
November 23, 2006 at 8:58 am · Filed under Uncategorized
A cold snap has descended upon us here in central Florida. Yesterday was the coldest day we’ve seen, barely reaching 60 with gray skies coming and going. The heat pump in the Airstream has been cycling for 16 hours a day for several days.
It was a good day to get some work done, since things are somewhat quiet in the world of US commerce. I did a bit of that, and then in the afternoon Emma and I took a four mile walk along the Upper Tampa Bay Trail with Bert and Janie. This trail follows “Channel A” a 1960s-era flood control project, which was later recognized to be an environmental mistake. It caused as many problems as it solved, so it was later modified to slow the flow of water and have some wetlands buffers as well.
Now it’s a great place to spot birds, as we discovered. “Eagle eye” Emma was the bird-spotting champ, picking out three black Anhingas against dark backgrounds that the rest of us would never have seen. We also spotted a Great Blue Heron, two Little Blue Herons, Turkey Vultures, and several duck-like birds that we haven’t yet identified.
Eleanor spent most of the day at Brett’s apartment, preparing … who knows what … we’ll find out today. All I know is that there seems to be enough food there to choke an elephant. Emma and I will head over later this morning and join Barry, Bert, Janie, Brett and Eleanor.
This is the second Thanksgiving we’ve spent on the road. If you’ve started reading this blog in the past few months, you might be interested in how we spent Thanksgiving last year. Last year we were in Benbow CA, which is along the Redwood Highway (Rt 101) in northern California. I like the variety of having holidays in different places around the country, but it is more fun this year with some good friends to join us.
Thanks for joining us on the blog, too. Happy Thanksgiving to you!
No Thanksgiving for alligators, if you don’t swim. Sign of the week! |
Tag Archive for function
Have we already seen this number? (deja vu again)
I had a phone interview for a Python job the other day. It started out really well, he was very impressed with my CV and called me a ‘rocket scientist’. But then we got down to the technical questions and my brain decided to go out to lunch, and (yet again) I managed to snatch defeat…
Popular Sorting Algorithms
Sorting is probably the most common type of algorithm in programming. A sorting algorithm puts elements of a list in a certain order. The most-used orders are numerical, and alphabetical. It’s extremely useful in many applications, because sorted data can be searched or merged very quickly (e.g. by binary search). A sorted data set is one where every item…
Binary Search
Binary Search is one of the most fundamental computer algorithms. Given an ordered list of some data (names, numbers, …) find out if it contains a particular item. For example, consider the list: 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12. If we ask if it contains the number 5, the algorithm should return 2 (counting… |
Statistical modelling of the relationship between learner support intervention and matric pass rates in Letlhabile area, North-West Province of South Africa
Matshego, Joseph Nkashe
This study used statistical methods to determine the relationship between matric pass rates and interventions in the schools in the Letlhabile area. Nine schools were identified in this area. Five years (2007 to 2011) were looked at. Regressions methods were tried in which various forms of relationships were compared. The methods were linear, curvilinear (quadratic to polynomial of 4th power), exponential and power regressions were used in the tentative models investigated. The measures of bias and precision were used to compare the models. Multicollinearity was also investigated where it was possible. Time series analysis was used to illustrate the trend patterns of the pass rates in the various schools as well as the pattern of the numbers of interventions. In most of these schools the numbers of interventions increased over the five years and in only a few schools the number of interventions decreased over these years. . A highlight of this study is that more interventions enhanced the matric pass rates. It was also evident that in the years in which the interventions decreased, the pass rates also de.creased. The regression methods investigated were all showing to be applicable in the prediction of pass rates from the numbers of interventions. This was concluded from realising that thelneasures of bias, precision and quality all ratified them. The methods were compared in order to select the best one based on the measures. The linear regression in which the pass rates.areregressed on the number of interventions came out as the leading model in terms of all the criteria used.
Thesis (MSc(Statistics)) -- University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2012.
Name: JNkasheMatshego MSc ... |
That Speech By Giuliani
A lot of the blogs have been talking about this, and it caught my attention, too; Rudolph Giuliani gave a speech the other day with a couple of discussable tidbits in it. These are the kinds of thing that you hear all the time; I'm taking a few lines out of context just to give us a minute to pause and think them through.
As Americans, we're not sure we share values. We're sometimes even afraid to use the word values. We talk about teaching ethics in schools -- people say, "What ethics? Whose ethics? Maybe we can't." And they confuse that with teaching of religion. And we are afraid to reaffirm the basics upon which a lawful and a decent society are based. We're almost embarrassed by it. 'Freedom Is About Authority': Excerpts From Giuliani Speech on Crime
OK, that's a handful right there. I'd have to put the pronouns "we" and "they" and the noun "people" in the category strawmen.
Who is afraid to use the word "values?" You? Me? I don't think so. Teach the Facts, for instance, is all about values, the values of kindness, truthfulness, clear critical thinking, fairness. The CRC is also about values, different values from ours, of course -- but that's what this whole controversy is about. Not sure we share values? That's an understatement. It's perfectly clear we don't share values.
And who are "they" who confuse ethics with religion? Well, there are those who believe that only God can provide knowledge of right and wrong. The rest of us are just fine with understanding ethics as a system of human judgments. Do you get the deal about being embarrassed to "reaffirm the basics upon which a lawful and a decent society are based?" Yeah, me either. I believe, like our Founding Fathers, in taking a good, reasoned, skeptical view of human nature, bracing for the worst, and living the best. What's embarrassing about that?
But, rich as that paragraph was, there's more here.
We look upon authority too often and focus over and over again, for 30 or 40 or 50 years, as if there is something wrong with authority. We see only the oppressive side of authority. Maybe it comes out of our history and our background. What we don't see is that freedom is not a concept in which people can do anything they want, be anything they can be. Freedom is about authority. Freedom is about the willingness of every single human being to cede to lawful authority a great deal of discretion about what you do.
[ Interruption by someone in the audience. ]
You have free speech so I can be heard.
[ Another interruption. ]
Wow, beautiful. You have free speech so I can be heard. Rudy's a master, nothing less, a master of irony.
I do want to dwell on this paragraph for a minute, because it seems to me that 1.it stands reality on its head and 2.a lot of people will agree with him.
Freedom is about authority.
This sentence is a work of art. Here, Giuliani has crystalized the culture wars into one clear, short, four-word slogan. For many people, the liberty our Founding Fathers fought for and crafted for us was the liberty to obey. Our freedom is the freedom to "cede to lawful authority." We are free to do as we are told.
Let me spell it out: this is exactly the opposite of what the word "freedom" means. The freedom of our forefathers was freedom from authority, from a king who was an unjust and harsh ruler. Freedom doesn't suddenly mean something new, it's always meant the same thing: Webster says:
1 : the quality or state of being free: as a : the absence of necessity, coercion, or constraint in choice or action b : liberation from slavery or restraint or from the power of another...
There's nothing ambiguous about that.
Look, we grew up with this stuff in the fifties and early sixties, during the McCarthy years. Conformity was an ideal and obedience to authority was an ideal, and the kooks were suspected to be communists, leading us all toward a depersonalized robotic totalitarian state with their nonconformity. I really used to think that America had passed that stage, that we had learned our lesson and would never go back to that. But here it is in a nutshell, this guy is running for President on the United States talking like this.
Let me try a generous interpretation. Let's say he means that we are free to choose to obey authority. Whaddya think? Of course he doesn't mean that. He may think he means that, but how does he feel about those who actually exercise their choice, and refuse to accept authority? Of course he rejects the validity of that option. It's not a choice.
Why is this worth talking about? It's because these kinds of statements ring happy bells for many people. These are some soul-stirring slogans here, people will get worked up about this sort of thing, but when you get down to it they are self-invalidating statements. Freedom is not obedience. Values are not embarrassing. American values are not homogeneous, and diversity -- even diversity of belief -- is not dangerous.
These are times when you need to listen with your mind. You need to be careful to think about what these guys are saying: they're counting on you not to.
posted by JimK at 6:54 AM
Rove just resigned. I have no idea how far from the power center he will go, but this is a good thing. And I believe the 1984-speak of Guiliani has had its day. This is the guy who, after all, put the city's emergency communications center, after the 1993 WTC bombing, back in the WTC.
Rudy's Arrogant Quote
“This is not a mayor or a governor or a President who's sitting in an ivory tower. I was at Ground Zero as often, if not more, than most of the workers. I was there working with them. I was exposed to exactly the same things they were exposed to. So in that sense, I‘m one of them.”
Why is this worth talking about? It's because these kinds of statements ring happy bells for many people. These are some soul-stirring slogans here, people will get worked up about this sort of thing, but when you get down to it they are self-invalidating statements.
I am not sure if it gets me worked up, but it does appear to have set you on edge...
Freedom is not obedience.
Are you sure this was not a speech given by Bush? This is a rather clumsy, awkward, inexact way of expressing a moral truth that us conservatives understand.
Freedom is a value, but without direction (either self imposed, or imposed by some external entity) it is an empty value (though I am not sure I am expressing this quite right with words at the moment).
Freedom to do what? How about the freedom to light up and smoke? The freedom to smoke is a value that in the name of science and public health is being increasingly circumscribed. And ask anyone that has been smoking for awhile if they feel "free" to stop at any time...
Another freedom is the freedom of speech...another value that thanks to McCain-Feingold has also been limited, which ironically applies to the area of human speech the Framers were most concerned about not limiting, political speech. But let us suppose you want to express disgust, disdain and contempt on an important American symbol, then in the name of an ambiguous "freedom of expression" the deliberative judgments of 50 state legislatures must be set aside, all in the name of freedom.
Values are not embarrassing. American values are not homogeneous, and diversity -- even diversity of belief -- is not dangerous.
And liberals wonder why...yes, why so many Americans consider liberalism a dirty word...little wonder.
I do listen...both to Giuliani and you, Jim. Personally it is hard for me to read of Giuliani waxing rhapsodical about ethics, values, etc. in light of what we do know about Rudy's family life; while nobody is perfect, Bill and Hillary Clinton are better representations of "traditional" family values than Rudy and Judy. Those that would advocate this approach should first consider the power of leading by example. In this regard it would appear that Giuliani is lacking...not to mention hypocritical.
While I am not sure how to express my reservations with your weltanshuuang, I think it perhaps can be expressed in your blog entry on you, your son and serving alcohol in the public sphere to those under age. Indeed, if there is a motif (a usually recurring salient thematic element) in your body of writing on this blog it can be neatly summarized in two words:
Question Authority
Ok, that is a good thing...however, when does this bumper sticker slogan became an excuse from ever accepting any authority besides one's own whim? I am not sure I have the answer to that question, though I am reminded of an observation by one of my professors in college, upon seeing the bumper sticker "Question Authority" on a car in a parking lot; he added, "but defer to your better".
Orin, the problem with questioning authority is that it gives too much authority to authority. If I had the opportunity to summarize my own core message, it would more likely be "Listen to your heart."
I disagree with both you guys. The history of freedom and liberty is very dense and complex, and I would recommend Isaiah Berlin, particularly for his distinction between positive and negative liberty.
But there is no question in my mind that Giuliani is an authoritarian -- he was as mayor of New York, and there is no reason to believe he would not be the same as president. In a choice between civil liberties and control, I expect he would come down on the authoritarian side almost each time. That way leads to warrantless wiretapping, Abu Ghraib, Fredo Gonzalez and the rest.
I have no problem with restricting some liberties in a time of war, but it should be a very carefully calibrated dance. My family knows only too well what can happen when the totalitarian personality takes control of the mind of the people and then the state. The risk is simply too great.
And it would help if we were fighting a war of necessity against the appropriate enemy. I am in no mood to sacrifice any of my rights and liberties in the name of a war of self-aggrandizement.
Orin, the problem with questioning authority is that it gives too much authority to authority.
Jim, what do you mean here?
When you define yourself as anti-something, that "something" controls you. I respect the opinions of well-informed and thoughtful people, and follow norms and standards that facilitate interindividual coordination or guide my personal behavior in productive and enlightening ways, but opposing people, e.g., "authority," is generally a waste of time and energy. This group and web site, unfortunately, have been formed in order to oppose an attempted coup in our community, and so a lot of what we do and say is framed in relation to those who have tried to capture our educational process, but in general that is not an ethos that guides me or any of us in our daily lives. The positive thing, which I have described as listening to your heart, sometimes requires opposing repressive forces, but the opposition is epiphenomenal, that's not what it's about primarily.
Sabe?
You said: "Another freedom is the freedom of speech...another value that thanks to McCain-Feingold has also been limited, which ironically applies to the area of human speech the Framers were most concerned about not limiting, political speech."
Many of us believe that there is an important distinction between the freedom of speech established by the framers and the limitations on "speech" that you seem to find in McCain-Feingold.
It is far from outrageous to maintain that a person's freedom of (political) speech should be wielded verbally or in writing--traditionally via tracts or opeds, but not neccessarily by writing checks.
It is still troublesome to many that a corporation is the legal equivalent of a person, and that a bulging bank account effectively entitles some to more "speech" than available to those of limited means. While that is presently a legal reality, it is one that Congress is entitled to attempt to deal with via campaign finance legislation. Conservatives, who are so famously opposed to judicial activism and who villify "trial lawyers", immediately sue.... the Supreme Court eventually does it's thing, and the Congress takes another swipe at it. No likee? Try Venezuela--Hugo Chavez is working on the antidote to that messy balance of powers problem.
After 9/11, Rudy wasn't a rescue worker -- he was a Yankee
"Aug. 18, 2007 | On Friday, a New York Times story examined Rudy Giuliani's schedule in the months after 9/11 to verify his controversial claim that, like rescue workers, he'd spent long hours at ground zero, and so was "in that sense ... one of them." In fact, the Times found, he only spent 29 hours at the terror site between Sept. 17 and Dec. 16.
What was he doing instead? Giuliani's beloved New York Yankees made it to the World Series in 2001. We decided to compare the time he spent on baseball to the time he spent at the ruins of the World Trade Center.
The results were, considering the mayor's long-standing devotion to the Bronx Bombers, unsurprising. By our count, Giuliani spent about 58 hours at Yankees games or flying to them in the 40 days between Sept. 25 and Nov. 4, roughly twice as long as he spent at ground zero in the 60 days between Sept. 17 and Dec. 16. By his own standard, Giuliani was one of the Yankees more than he was one of the rescue workers."
Terrance Has a Good Project
You've Got to See This
The Fair, and the Not-So-Fair
Kids Online: A Survey
Not Learning From the Cherry Tree Story
Hey, Huh?
The Water Game
A Great Victory for PFOX
The Point Is To Waste Your Money |
GINO EMPRY – Press Agent To The Stars
Posted by Waterfront | Apr 10, 2015 | Arts & Entertainment |
By Virginia Munroe
He arrives for the interview amidst a flurry of activity. He’s searching for Julie Wilson’s file. “You know who Julie Wilson is, of course,” he announces casually. “She’s the pre-eminent cabaret singer of our time.” The phone is ringing. There are people at his door. The fax is singing, the emails are relentless.
He is Gino Empry, legendary public relations man. House Press Agent for the Royal Alexandra Theatre for over twenty-five years. Entertainment Director for the august Royal York Hotel’s Imperial Room during its golden age. Tony Bennett’s representative. Public relations man to the O’Keefe – now Hummingbird Centre – and the C.N.E. He’s handled the Junos, the Famous People Players, Playboy’s Playmates (carefully), and over a thousand more. Empry’s client list reads like a Who’s Who of the entertainment industry.
It is said that God is in the details, and details abound in his delightful book, ‘I Belong to the Stars’. In it are twenty-two richly drawn and intimate portraits of clients and friends such as Ella Fitzgerald, Tony Bennett, Peggy Lee, Rosemary Clooney and Glenda Jackson. Empry describes renting the perfect Toronto house for Peter O’Toole; celebrating Christmas in Rosemary Clooney’s Beverly Hills home; a police-escorted dash from the airport to the C.N.E. with Bill Cosby, who simply must pay a visit to his favourite Toronto tailor en route to the show. There are opening night triumphs with Ella, attending Broadway’s Tony Awards on the arm of Miss Peggy Lee. He trades quips and confidences with the likes of Duke Ellington and Jack Lemmon. He’s booking hotel rooms, securing publicity (and lots of it!), arranging catering and flowers and the more prurient indulgences of certain unnamed luminaries. Why, he even scores a little ‘smoke’ in Washington, D.C. for an alcoholic Peter O’Toole, who is too frightened to perform without it, since climbing on the wagon. And when Frank Sinatra and his private plane arrive perilously late to the airport, Empry pulls out all the stops to get his surprisingly gracious client fed and to the Exhibition grounds on time. It’s all in a day’s work for this Press Agent to the Stars.
“Jim Carrey?” I ask him. “Yes, yes, we’re good friends. I booked him into the Imperial Room on a couple of different occasions to do his impressions. I knew then that he would be big.” “Clint Eastwood?” “I did publicity for him here in Toronto. He exudes a raw sexuality, without even knowing it.” “Hugh Hefner?” “Of course, Playboy is one of my favourite clients.…”
“How long were you Tony Bennett’s representative?” “I was with Tony for twelve years, from 1976 to 1988, longer than anybody else. In the end, they wanted me to move to New York. I turned them down. Here in Toronto, I’m a big fish in a little pond. ”
One of the most interesting chapters in Empry’s book is the one on Ed Mirvish and the Royal Alexandra Theatre. It was Mirvish who gave Gino Empry his first big break. “Mirvish asked me to do public relations for him, but he actually wanted me to do group sales. I began picking the brains of the public relations people who travelled into town with the shows, and I started to do that all on my own. By the time Ed found out what I was doing, it was too late. I was House Press Agent at the Royal Alexandra Theatre for the next twenty-five years.” To this day, he and Mirvish remain close friends.
Empry still carries a fulltime client load, but where he once kept twelve staff people working around the clock, today he employs freelancers. “Do you ever see yourself retiring?” I ask him. He gives another of his characteristic shrugs. “No, not really. I’d like to concentrate on a few things that I enjoy and that I do well. Do a couple of big shows with a couple of big stars. I want to write another book, of course, and do some more travelling. I’ve been around the world eight times. I’m a trained actor; as a matter of fact I just recently did a role in a film. Maybe one day in the future I’ll slow down, take things easy, get some rest.”
But right now he’s off to answer the phone. Another fax is coming in. And somebody else is knocking at his door.
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The Brazilian Ball 33 Million in 38 Years |
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May, we hardly knew ye…. Seriously. I guess we’ll just call this the Late May Issue, eh, kids? I’d call it the June Issue, but there are people out there paying by the month to read this on Kindles and Nooks and iPhones and iPads and iLord-knows-what other satanic devices, and I don’t want to upset Steve Jobs, ’cause he’s already nuts enough. Anyway, there will also be a June issue sometime before July. Honest.
There is, however, a case to be made for not updating this site at all, ever. I have come to the reluctant conclusion that it is, in fact, my frantic attempt to stick to something resembling a monthly schedule that has actually caused a recent series of disasters around here. It started a few years ago when I took a break from formatting this site to go downstairs and install a window air conditioner and was promptly struck by lightning. Then, just a few weeks ago, I was sitting on the couch in my office, again working on this site, when a sudden windstorm knocked half a large tree into the side of the house, missing the window behind me by about six inches. In late May I took a break from finalizing this issue to mow the lawn, and the mowing deck on the tractor went kafloozie, necessitating my spending several days on my face in the driveway trying to fix the damn thing, which isn’t fun when you have only limited use of your left arm and you really need said left arm to pull an idler pulley against a big spring so you can get the goddamn drive belt back on the deck. I ended up wrapping a steel cable around the pulley and getting Kathy to stand ten feet away and pull on it real hard. That was a separate ordeal, incidentally, from the day I spent unwinding the steel cable from the blades last month. Then the guy from DirecTV showed up to replace the satellite dish and turned out to be a major jerk who glared at us silently while he bent our brand-new gutters. Then the basement flooded and I had to stay up all night pumping it out through a garden hose. Then the well pump died on a Friday afternoon, and by the time we got it replaced we were (a) very thirsty and (b) in the hole for $1100 just to get back to where we’d been 36 hours earlier. And that appears to be the theme around here: even the most modest status quo cannot hold. If we could box and market high-speed entropy, we’d be rich, but we can’t and thus aren’t, so please subscribe.
In moments of reflection, which I do my best to avoid, Kathy and I often pine for our old fourth-floor walk-up on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, an insanely cheap (at that time) duplex with a terrace, half a block from Central Park. She came up with a good, if very depressing, analogy a few days ago. Living in this 1860s house with all this land is like being responsible for the physical state (wiring, plumbing, roof, etc.) of our entire old apartment building plus being charged with the grooming of a sizable chunk of Central Park, trees and shrubs included. It’s nuts. No one without pots of money and a full-time lawn crew could manage it properly.
But hey, we now have a bunch of deer living in the big thicket of brush down by the road. I sit out on the front porch in the morning and wave at them. And I know where the chipmunks’ burrows are and where the snakes live. It’s just like the Upper West Side, except that all the people are wearing fur suits. Or feathers. Or scales.
Lastly, thanks as always, for your financial support of this site, and a special my-jaw-dropped thanks to whoever sent me the nifty Acer netbook. It is truly awesome and very useful. In fact, I plan to use it to update this site next time, from a coffee shop safely miles away from here at Disaster Central.
p.s. — It came with Windows XP installed, but I set it up to dual boot with Ubuntu Linux Netbook Edition, and it’s truly a thing of beauty.
And now, on with the show….
July 28th, 2010 | Category: columns, May 2010, readme | Leave a comment
Snoot Full
Tee many martoonies.
Dear Word Detective: Whenever I drink alcohol, which has become all too often as of late, my nose always becomes “stopped up” for lack of a better term. One night I told my husband that I know where the term “snoot full” came from because my nose was congested (I found a better term after all). I was just joking at the time but then began to ponder where the term actually did originate. Can you help? — Sally.
I’ll sure try. But I’m operating at a disability, I realized when I read your question, because I’ve done it again. First I forgot to get into sports, then I forgot to watch TV to the extent I’m supposed to (129 hours a week, I gather), and now I realize that somewhere along the way I forgot to take up drinking. It sounds like fun. So, if you’ll bear with me, I’m going to pop out to the truckstop and pick up some joy juice.
I’m back. Hey, this “gin” stuff ain’t bad. But is the room supposed to tilt like this? My feet feel funny. Why is the cat looking at me that way? You got a problem, cat?
Just kidding, of course. I have something better than booze, namely a brand new book by the always entertaining and awesomely erudite Paul Dickson. In “Drunk: The Definitive Drinker’s Dictionary” (Melville House, 2009), Mr. Dickson notes that English has more synonyms for “drunk” than for any other word, and then proceeds to list more than 3,000 of them, complete with fascinating annotations and admirably strange little illustrations. It’s impossible to pick a favorite from such a range, but “full of loud mouth soup” strikes me as true genius. I’m also glad to see that Mr. Dickson includes “tired and emotional,” a euphemism invented by Spy magazine to describe, within the bounds of Britain’s strict libel laws, politicians discovered in a state of public intoxication. Mr. Dickson notes that the US media similarly employs the terms “outgoing” for a happy drunk and “ruddy-faced” for a completely marinated public figure. Now we know, eh kids?
“Snoot full” is here as well, while the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) prefers the spelling “snootful.” The term “snoot,” meaning the human nose, is actually just a very old dialectical variation of the word “snout,” which comes from the same Germanic root that gave us “snot.” Interestingly, the first recorded written use of “snout’ in English, from around 1220, uses the term to refer to the trunk of an elephant.
The earliest citation for “snootful” in print in the OED is surprisingly recent, from 1918, but the term is almost certainly several centuries older than that. There doesn’t seem to be any connection between “snootful” or “snoot full” and nasal congestion. “Having a snoot full” is simply one of a number of terms for “drunk” that conjure up an image of the drinker’s body as being literally either partially or completely filled with alcohol (“had a skinful,” “drunk to the gills,” “full to the brim,” etc.). The popularity of “snootful” may also be due to the fact that consumption of alcohol, in some people, can cause a reddening of the face, especially the nose, thus making the “snoot” a highly visible barometer of inebriation.
June 10th, 2010 | Category: columns, May 2010 | 2 comments
Untoward
Get that thing away from me.
Dear Word Detective: My wife and I were having a discussion during which we both used the word “untoward” to describe unwanted or disagreeable results of some action. It occurred to me that this is a very odd word. Does it have anything to do with the common “toward” as in an “untoward” result being something that I move away from (un-toward) because it is undesirable? That sort of makes sense, but seems kind of goofy for an etymology. Is that really how the word came to be? Some on-line references give “untowardly” and “untowardness” as related words, neither of which I’ve ever heard, and both of which sound even goofier than their parent. — Rich.
By gumbo, you’re right. “Untoward” is a very odd word. And the longer I look at it, the odder it gets. Of course, reading or speaking any word over and over again can make the word seem odd and meaningless. There’s actually a term for this phenomenon: “semantic satiation.” You can try it yourself by simply picking a word, even “dog” or “cat,” and repeating it aloud. After thirty seconds or so, the word will seem completely disconnected from Fido or Fluffy. Psychologists used to assume this effect was due to simple cognitive fatigue, but neuroscientists have discovered that hearing or saying a word causes specific neural pathways in the brain to activate, and repetition actually provokes a desensitizing “inhibition” effect on these neural reactions (much as your third slice of pie never tastes as good as the first, I suppose).
In any case, “untoward” may be an odd little word, but it’s also a very interesting one. The first element of “untoward” is, of course, our helpful little friend the prefix “un,” meaning “none” or “not.” The meat of “untoward” is the word “toward,” which has its own story. We inherited “toward” from the Old English “toweard,” which was a combination of “to” and “weard,” which came from a prehistoric Germanic root meaning “to turn,” and which we know today as a suffix used to mean “in the direction of,” as in “homeward” and “backward.”
We usually use “toward” as a preposition, describing position (“He kept his back toward me”), actual motion (“We drove toward home”), or figurative progress (“I have twelve dollars toward the mortgage payment”). As an adjective, however, “toward” has a number of now rarely-used meanings, among them, describing people, “willing to learn” and “compliant” (“Miss hath hitherto been very tractable and toward,” 1713) and, of things, “favorable” and “propitious.” The general sense of this “toward” is “making progress, moving forward toward a goal.”
It was these rosy adverbial senses of “toward” that “untoward” popped up to counter in the 16th century. Its original meaning was “not showing an inclination or aptitude for something” (“The Captains were yet not skilled in managing their Men, and the Men were untoward to be commanded,” 1665). “Untoward” was also used to mean “difficult to manage, unruly and perverse,” as well as “awkward,” “unlucky” and “ungraceful.” Eventually, all these senses also produced “untoward” meaning “unseemly or improper” (“They came to a very wicked man’s house, where they had very untoward entertainment,” 1658). Today we use “untoward” to mean “unruly,” “unlucky,” “not favorable” and “improper.” The forms “untowardly” (unbecoming or improper) and “untowardness” or “untowardliness” (the quality of being “untoward” in its various senses) are rarely seen today but not much weirder than “untoward” itself.
Incidentally, “toward” is the more popular form in the US, while in Britain you’re more likely to encounter “towards.” There is no semantic difference between the forms, and both are equally proper. “Untoward,” however, has no “s” form.
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Dave on Ninny
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You are here: Home > Things to do > Sightseeing > Tourist attractions > Best art galleries
10 best art galleries in London
Discover some of London's best art galleries, including Tate Modern, the National Gallery, the Saatchi Gallery and more.
Whether you love Old Masters or modern art, contemporary sculpture or Impressionist paintings, London has an art gallery to satisfy your cultural cravings.
Check out the latest exhibitions, find iconic works in famous London galleries, or explore the city's smaller art galleries for treasures.
Whether you're into fine art, sculpture, photography, contemporary works or arty events, you will find hidden gems in one of the capital's many intimate art spaces.
Find out which area of the city each gallery is in with this London attractions map.
Tate Modern Free
Sitting grandly on the banks of the Thames is Tate Modern. Britain's national museum of modern and contemporary art has a unique design due to the building's previous life as a power station. Inside, you'll find temporary exhibitions by top artists from Damien Hirst to Gauguin and restaurants offering fabulous views across the city.
Read More: Tate Modern
The National Gallery Free
Explore the National Gallery's world-class works © visitlondon.com/Jon Reid
Home to one of the greatest collections of paintings in the world, The National Gallery contains a “who’s who” of art icons – from Titian and Turner to Van Dyck and Van Gogh. This iconic gallery on Trafalgar Square also features blockbuster exhibitions: past shows have included Gaugin Portraits and Monet & Architecture. Read More: The National Gallery
Royal Academy of Arts
Walk through the gates off Piccadilly to the Annenberg Courtyard and into the Royal Academy of Arts. Founded in 1768, it's home to an ever-changing programme of exciting blockbuster exhibitions. Highlights include Queen Victoria's paintbox and the only Michelangelo sculpture in the UK.
Read More: Royal Academy of Arts
Tate Britain Free
From Pre-Raphaelite paintings to landscapes by Turner and Francis Bacon's distorted nudes, there's lots to look at in Tate Britain. The gallery is home to the largest collection of British art in the world. Eat at the gallery's restaurant and study the famous Rex Whistler mural between mouthfuls!
Read More: Tate Britain
Housed within the brutalist Southbank Centre, the Hayward Gallery is one of London's leading contemporary art galleries. Be captivated by boundary-pushing and thought-provoking shows from some of the world's most adventurous artists, as part of the year-long programme of exhibitions. Read More: Hayward Gallery
Barbican Art Gallery
From acclaimed architects to Turner prize-winning artists, as well as stars of design and photography, the Barbican Art Gallery presents major exhibitions by leading international figures. You should also check out the Barbican's Curve, home to an exciting series of new art commissions created for the space.
Read More: Barbican Art Gallery
Saatchi Gallery Free
Chelsea's Saatchi Gallery is all about contemporary art, with work by young artists or international artists rarely exhibited in the UK. It will be renamed the Museum of Contemporary Art, London upon the retirement of owner Charles Saatchi, who has donated the gallery's collection to the nation.
Read More: Saatchi Gallery
Head to pretty Dulwich in south London, where you’ll find works by the likes of Rembrandt, Gainsborough and Canaletto at Dulwich Picture Gallery. Alongside its collection of Baroque masterpieces, England’s first purpose-built gallery hosts regular exhibitions spanning many art movements and mediums. Read More: Dulwich Picture Gallery
Serpentine Galleries Free
Small but perfectly formed, the Serpentine Galleries sit in the middle of Hyde Park. The galleries' free exhibitions showcase international modern and contemporary art by world-famous artists such as Andy Warhol and Chris Ofili. In summer, don't miss the annual architectural pavilion commission.
Read More: Serpentine Galleries
Whitechapel Gallery Free
The Whitechapel Gallery champions contemporary art. Founded in 1901 to bring art to the people of east London, it is now internationally acclaimed for its exhibitions, education and event programmes. In the past, the gallery premiered artists such as Frida Kahlo, Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko.
Read More: Whitechapel Gallery
Photography galleries
Harry Potter's London
London hidden gems |
Albany Bancorp, Inc. of Albany Kentucky is a bank holding company formed in January 1993. Presently the corporation owns First & Farmers National Bank. The company operates 11 banking locations in Pulaski, Adair, Cumberland and Clinton Counties. The corporate colors are red, white, and blue as in the colors of the American flag, and the corporate logo is the soaring bald eagle.
First & Farmers National Bank is a community bank that was established in February 2008 when the First & Farmers Bank locations in Somerset, Albany, Burnside, and Nancy and the First National Bank of Columbia, including Burkesville’s Bank of Cumberland, consolidated banking operations. The bank currently employs approximately 120 people and ended the year 2021 with total assets of over $630 Million.
Today’s First & Farmers National Bank can trace its history to Citizens Bank of Albany located in Albany, Kentucky dating back to 1898; First National Bank of Columbia located in Columbia, Kentucky dating back to 1903; Bank of Cumberland located in Burkesville, Kentucky dating back to 1889; and First & Farmers Bank located in Somerset, Kentucky dating back to 1818.
Our many years of operation in Pulaski, Clinton, Adair and Cumberland counties, along with a network of locations and ATMs, allow us to service our communities and customers in a prompt and efficient manner with the most modern, convenient, and progressive services available. We are very proud of our long history as a well respected, sound and profitable bank.
Charles L. Key, Jr., Chair Steve U. Morgan, Vice Chair & President
Terry A. Pugh, Director Hon. John G. Prather, Jr., Director
Douglas Sapp, Director Shannon Moore Vitale, Director
Autumn Upchurch, VP/Chief Financial Officer
Kim Phelps, Secretary |
Charting A Pathway To Better Health
This article details how Toledo and other communities nationwide are implementing a new approach to care coordination to reach patients where they live, rooted in the belief that a meticulous and coordinated attack on an individual’s social determinants of health led by a trained, local community health worker can mitigate many negative social determinants and produce better health outcomes for people at high risk.
The Pathways HUB model differs from other social determinants models on at least two important counts:
It manages its clients with community health workers who come from the same neighborhoods as the people they serve
The model’s financial framework is premised on a monetary incentive that is realized by care coordination agencies—that is, the community health workers’ employers—when HUB clients achieve measurable, positive outcomes in a host of factors, both large and small.
There are twenty Pathways in the HUB model, ranging from housing to postpartum services and a behavioral health referral. There are broad Pathways such as social services, which includes twenty-five subcategories or tools such as a telephone, food stability, or a plan to start tackling medical debt. Each Pathway has an outcome, a specific metric that must be completed before the community health worker’s employer is paid—typically by the patient’s managed care plan or a government entity such as a local department of health.
This article is part of a series on transforming health systems published with support from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Components of Alignment
Shared Purpose
Author Organization
Complex Care
This publication examines how a health system in Minnesota empowers patients by giving them resources to address their health-related social needs.
This webinar explores the effectiveness of the Los Angeles Maternity Assessment Management Access and Service initiative.
This publication reports on the development and validation of the Assessment for Advancing Community Transformation - a tool that allows groups to directly collect and use data about their multi-sector collaborative by creating a shared point of reference for where partners are at in their stage of development across multiple factors. |
Ubi caritas
durufle, language, Latin, music, ubi caritas
Ubi caritas et amor is a Gregorian hymn. There is something about this kind of music that is very grounding, very atmospheric, reverential, peaceful and therefore focusing and clearing of the mind. My musical version of choice is the choral a cappella setting by Maurice Duruflé.Read more…
On Our Thought Habits
argument, bias, C.E.M. Joad, catchphrases, complex ideas, confirmation bias, debate, decisions, expression, habits, ideas, labels, language, politics, reasoning, simplicity, slogans, thinking
It’s politics time again in this country – a.k.a. The Battle of Whose Morals Are the Worthiest – which means it’s time to sit back and watch as generations-old biases and insults and slogans get hurled at us from all corners. Plus ça change… If,Read more…
Excerpt from The Aeneid of Virgil
Aeneid, Classical literature, language, poetry, translation, Virgil, words
Here is an excerpt from The Aeneid of Virgil (from the translation into English by E. Fairfax-Taylor) that caught my eye recently: It is from book 1, verses XII and XIII: XII. So spake the God and with her hest complied, And turned the massive sceptre inRead more…
Comma Police
comma, grammar, language, punctuation
…No, not the song by Radiohead. I refer to those communication “experts” who have, for mind-baffling reasons, seen it fit to allow the virtual eradication of the comma from the written word in the English language. These days, commas in text are about as sparseRead more…
Whatever happened to simple old ‘Yes’ and ‘No’?
As a pedant and a lexophile, I have been increasingly troubled lately by what I see as the sad disappearance of simple words like ‘yes’ and ‘no’. Especially in the world of business. And in these humble words’ place, a new proliferation of polysyllabic verbalRead more…
BBC Six O’Clock News For Dummies v.2.1
journalism, language, news, TV
Back in March of this year… I have just finished watching the BBC Six O’clock News for the first time in about a year, and all I can say is…”What???!!” It seems that times have changed both in broadcasting and in the way we speakRead more… |
Central Asia RADO
Date: 4. January 2018 Category:Anti-Dopings Community, News
UZBEKISTAN TO CREATE NATIONAL ANTI-DOPING AGENCY
UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED NATIONAL ANTI-DOPING AGENCY President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev signed Resolution “On organization of activities of the National Anti-Doping Agency under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan”. Photo: Archive of SAA The Resolution is aimed at promoting healthy and honest sports, as well as effective… |
How easy it is
[I've waited to share this story for a year, because I'm hoping that my friend won't remember it as clearly as I do.]
Last year, close to when Rex was born, a friend of mine invited us (me and Genevieve) to lunch. We arranged to meet at a restaurant that Genevieve and I went to fairly regularly, after school one day.
I preloaded her. We planned. We discussed what kind of manners we use at restaurants. The usual (long and extensive) routine.
When we got there and ordered, she was as good as gold. She was remarkably well-behaved the entire time we were there, on her best company manners. High fives all around!
At one point, my friend - let's call him Kristoff- leaned over to his intended - we'll call her Anna- and said softly, "See how easy it is? "
Piece. Of. Cake. Riiiiiiiiight.
I don't think he intended for me to hear him, but I did.
In that moment, all I could think is, "Are you kidding?! EASY?!"
All the hours of "please"s and "thank you"s. All of the discussions, all of the preloading, making sure that she'd gotten all of her wiggles out- but wasn't so tired that she was going to melt down in the middle of the restaurant. And all the other minutiae that have consumed my day-to-day reality.
The 90%-of-the-time challenge for the 10% smooth sailing. (Your percentages may vary.)
But how do you say this without it sounding like having kids (or being a parent) is awful? (Because it's not, obviously.) And there I was, eight and a half months pregnant, about to do it all over again.
The best way I can think of to explain it (a year later) is this: if I was to sit down at the piano and play a complicated piece of music, you wouldn't assume that (a) I sat down at the piano for the first time and the music magically flowed from my fingers or (b) that it was easy.
And if I've learned anything, it's that if something looks easy, someone has worked really hard to get to that point. (Rome not being built in a day, and all that.)
I felt like laughing hysterically. I actually *physically* felt my eyebrows hit my hairline in utter disbelief.
...so what did I *do*?
I pretended that I didn't hear it.
Because all of the thoughts and words I had couldn't possibly explain the feelings that come when you look at your amazing kid(s) and think, "I have an amazing kid."
But maybe that's just the hormones talking. Because parenting? Is not so easy.
Labels: DangerMouse, Mother of the Year
Your mom did an admirable job too.
Renee Anne July 4, 2016 at 8:42 PM
Yeah, it always amazes me when people look at my two monkeys and say how well-behaved they are. I think I've said, most likely more than once, "this isn't my first rodeo."
Jasmin July 4, 2016 at 9:20 PM
I couldn't agree more. ❤️
staff July 5, 2016 at 9:03 AM
When Parisa was three months old I was just, JUST starting to get the hang of it a bit, especially breast-feeding. And I remember thinking, wow, it has a learning curve, like any other job. And then I told my job I wasn't coming back. But most of my friends went back to full-time work at 3 months. So tough.
Brooke July 6, 2016 at 5:30 PM
I usually laugh out loud (pee a little) and spill the beans and by beans I mean the hours of practice (aka meltdowns) and learning (aka emails to Justine), support from other mums and dads (you and the hubs included), wine and whine. Did I mention wine? |
Rock ‘n’ roll’s greatest photobomb
@2004 Scripps Treasure Coast Newspapers
You want to talk about being in the right place at the right time?
Paul Cole, a retired salesman on Florida’s Treasure Coast, is in one of the most beloved, most reproduced and most iconic photographs of the past 35 years.
Get out your copy of Abbey Road, the final Beatles album, and still the best-selling record of their illustrious career. You’ll see the four Beatles walking single-file on the crosswalk in front of their recording studio, which just happened to be on Abbey Road in north London.
In the background, just behind John Lennon, is Paul Cole.
The picture was taken on the morning of Aug. 8, 1969. Photographer Iain McMillan brought the four Beatles outside, had them walk back and forth a few times, shot for 15 minutes and called it a day.
The picture everybody liked found the Beatles stepping symmetrically.
At that very moment, Cole – on vacation from Deerfield Beach – had opted out of entering a museum on Abbey Road with his wife.
“I told her ‘I’ve seen enough museums. You go on in, take your time and look around and so on, and I’ll just stay out here and see what’s going on outside,'” says the 93–year-old Cole, who was in his 50s at the time.
Parked just outside was a black police vehicle.
“I like to just start talking with people,” Cole says. “I walked out, and that cop was sitting there in that police car. I just started carrying on a conversation with him. I was asking him about all kinds of things, about the city of London and the traffic control, things like that. Passing the time of day.
“I don’t know why he was sitting there for so long; maybe he knew that was coming, I don’t know. But he showed no evidence of it at all.”
Cole and the police van are visible in several of McMillan’s available alternate shots, all taken from the same spot (atop a stepladder in the middle of the street).
“I just happened to look up, and I saw those guys walking across the street like a line of ducks,” he recalls. “A bunch of kooks, I called them, because they were rather radical-looking at that time. You didn’t walk around in London barefoot.”
About a year later, Cole first noticed the Abbey Road album on top of the family record player (with Paul McCartney sans shoes). He did a double-take when he eyeballed McMillan’s photo.
“I had a new sportcoat on, and I had just gotten new shell–rimmed glasses before I left,” he says. “I had to convince the kids that that was me for a while. I told them ‘Get the magnifying glass out, kids, and you’ll see it’s me.
“And they saw it, and they went ‘Oh, boy!’ We had a laugh about it.”
Paul Cole died in February, 2008. |
Home / BCT News / They said yes!
They said yes!
Posted September 27th, 2013 by Suzanne Carter with No Comments
Great news today that the Heritage Lottery Fund said YES to the City Council’s application for funding and the project at Stirchley Baths can now go ahead!
Birmingham Conservation Trust were commissioned to research and write the HLF Activity Plan which covers all the parts of the project which are non-capital works to the building itself; so events, volunteering, interpretation, education – anything involving people!
A huge thank you to everyone from the local community who got involved in the consultation events and focus groups we ran, and helped BCT shape the proposals for the Activity Plan. I am delighted, excited and relived that HLF said YES – and also extremely pleased that a local historic landmark has been saved and will be transformed into something the community can use again. Fantastic! Here is the press release sent out by the city council today.
A grant to refurbish a historic building which will rejuvenate the area creating cultural, sporting and recreational opportunities for local people has been received by Birmingham City Council.
The grant of almost £1.2m has been given by the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) to transform the Grade II listed former Stirchley Baths building into a new Urban Village Hall.
The Urban Village Hall will include activities and community functions. The new-look building will also incorporate a gallery area, meeting rooms, a cafe and classrooms.
Selly Oak District Chair, Cllr Karen McCarthy, said: “I know that Stirchley’s community organisations will be delighted with this news The bid had strong support from local people and groups, who will be celebrating now that we are one step closer to a multi-purpose venue suitable for all people of all generations.”
The transformed building will become a popular community hub. From a derelict building comes a visual highlight and a great space which will make a huge contribution to the regeneration of the area and to local people. ”
The project will preserve key historic features, including the original kiosk within the entrance area, the iconic chimney flue, balconies and tiling. There are also plans to reinstate some key lost features, for example the distinctive cupola and clock that faced onto Hazelwell Street.
Reyahn King, Head of the Heritage Lottery Fund for the West Midlands, said: “A prominent local landmark that has fallen into disrepair will be transformed by this project creating a multipurpose centre to serve the local community’s present and future needs while preserving original features of the historic baths.”
Peter Walker, Chair of Stirchley Neighbourhood Forum, said: “It now seems very real that the idea of a building in the heart of Stirchley that will promote community spirit and support cultural and creative activities is becoming a possibility.
“This project has always been a collaborative affair where local people have always had a voice and have always been listened to. I’m pleased to be part of something that will benefit local people and keeps a beautiful local building in use.”
Ends.
For more media information contact Karen Blanchette on 0121 303 6969.
• The Stirchley Public Baths building was designed by architect John Osborne and built a local builder Mr E Crowder for the total sum of £10,000. The baths opened in 1910.
• Stirchley was originally a village which developed into a residential suburb during the late Victorian and Edwardian period and the baths provided a valuable community facility for a rapidly expanding local population many of whom were working for Cadbury’s at their factory in nearby Bournville.
• The land was made available by Cadbury’s to the King Norton and Northfield Urban District Council and the building was financed by the Local Government Board.
• The baths remained in use until 1988 but falling attendance compounded by severe structural problems with the building led to their closure in that year. The building has been closed ever since.
• About the Heritage Lottery Fund
Using money raised through the National Lottery, the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) sustains and transforms a wide range of heritage for present and future generations to take part in, learn from and enjoy. From museums, parks and historic places to archaeology, natural environment and cultural traditions, we invest in every part of our diverse heritage. HLF has supported over 35,000 projects, allocating more than £5.5billion across the UK. Website: www.hlf.org.uk |
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Coney Island Dad Sentenced to 25 Years to Life in Prison for Beating Death Of His 16-Month-Old Daughter and Assaulting her Mother on Father’s Day
November 7, 2018 by Ernest Johnson
Coney Island Dad Sentenced to 25 Years to Life in Prison for Beating Death
Of His 16-Month-Old Daughter and Assaulting her Mother on Father’s Day
Mother Found Baby Unresponsive with Bruises to Head and Body
Brooklyn District Attorney Eric Gonzalez today announced that a 20-year-old man has been sentenced to 25 years to life in prison for severely beating his 16-month-old daughter Nylah Lewis during a visit to his Coney Island apartment on Father’s Day, causing her death. The defendant was also convicted of assaulting the child’s mother.
District Attorney Gonzalez said, “A helpless and innocent child was beaten to death, sadly, at the hands of the person responsible for nurturing and protecting her. With today’s sentence, he has been held accountable.”
The District Attorney identified the defendant as Shaquan Taylor, 20, of Coney Island, Brooklyn. He was sentenced today to 20 years to life in prison for second-degree murder, five years for second-degree assault and 1 ½ to 3 for aggravated harassment by Brooklyn Supreme Court Justice Vincent Del Giudice, who ordered the assault and aggravated harassment to run consecutively to the murder. The defendant was convicted last month following a jury trial.
The District Attorney said that, according to the investigation, on June 18, 2017, shortly before 2:30 p.m., the defendant texted Tammy Lewis, 18, from his apartment on West 32nd Street, in Coney Island, Brooklyn, to inform her that their daughter was having trouble breathing. When Lewis arrived at the apartment, she found Nylah on the couch, unconscious, with bruises, swelling and lacerations on her face.
According to trial testimony, Lewis left the apartment carrying her daughter to call 911 for medical assistance. The defendant followed Lewis to the lobby, where he began hitting her in the neck and face while she was still holding Nylah. Taylor then grabbed Nylah, gave her to a passerby and continued assaulting Lewis before running away. The defendant was arrested a short time later hiding in the bushes in a lot near his building.
Nylah was admitted to Coney Island Hospital with a fractured skull, loss of oxygen to the brain and bruises all over her body. She was later transferred to Maimonides Medical Center in Brooklyn, where she remained in a coma for five days. Nylah died from her injuries on June 23, 2017.
The case was prosecuted by Assistant District Attorney Frank DeGaetano, First Deputy Chief of the District Attorney’s Special Victims Bureau (SVB) and Senior Assistant District Attorney Victoria Nunez, also of SVB, under the supervision of Assistant District Attorney Miss Gregory, Bureau Chief.
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Posts tagged with 'Ricky-Gervais'
Ricky Gervais Marriages, Weddings, Engagements, Divorces & Relationships
Posted on May 23, 2015 by Pearl
Ricky Dene Gervais was born on June 25, 1961 in Reading, United Kingdom. He is an English comedian, actor, director, producer, writer, and musician. The son of Lawrence Raymond “Jerry” Gervais and Eva Sophia House, he is known to be working initially in the music industry, attempting a career as a pop star in the 1980s with Seona Dancing. From […]
Tags: Celebrity, Divorces, Engagements, Marriages, Relationships, Ricky-Gervais, Weddings |
Resilience and resistance
From Coastal Wiki
(Redirected from Resilience)
Article reviewed by
Job DronkersSee the discussion page
Definition of Resistance:
The capacity of a (ecological) system to weather a disturbance without loss of integrity and function (Lake 2013[1]).
This is the common definition for Resistance, other definitions can be discussed in the article
Definition of Resilience:
(1) the capability to anticipate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from significant multihazard threats with minimum damage to social well-being, the economy, and the environment (sometimes called 'socio-ecological resilience')(Olsson et al. 2019[2]);
(2) the capability of a (socio-)ecological system to remain within a stability domain when subjected to environmental change, while continually changing and adapting yet remaining within critical thresholds (sometimes called 'general resilience') (Folke et al. 2010[3]; Scheffer 2009[4]; Brand and Jax 2007[5]);
(3) the capacity to experience shocks while retaining essentially the same function, structure, feedbacks, and therefore identity (sometimes called 'ecological resilience') (Brand and Jax 2007[5]; DEFRA 2019[6]), which is closely related to the concept of 'ecosystem resistance': the amount of disturbance that a system can withstand before it shifts into a new regime or an alternative stable state (Holling 1973[7]; Gunderson 2000[8]);
(4) the capacity of an ecosystem to regain its fundamental structure, processes, and functioning (or remain largely unchanged) despite stresses, disturbances, or invasive species (e.g., Hirota et al. 2011[9]; Chambers et al. 2014[10]; Pope et al. 2014[11]; Seidl et al. 2016[12]), which can be measured by the time needed to recover its original state and which is sometimes called 'engineering resilience' (Lake 2013[1]).
This is the common definition for Resilience, other definitions can be discussed in the article
2 The concepts resistance and resilience
3 Homeostasis
4 Resilience and biodiversity
5 Resilience through recolonization
6 Resistance to long-term changes in abiotic and biotic factors
7 Adaptation and the consequences of mortality at different trophic levels
8 Assessment of resilience
Coastal and marine ecosystems are continuously subjected to environmental disturbances of all sorts at various spatio-temporal scales. The organisms inhabiting these systems are adapted to such disturbances, either by being tolerant of these conditions or by playing a role in one or more of the successional stages that follow during ecosystem recovery.
If all species in the system were tolerant to a particular perturbation, very little would change at the ecosystem level, and we could call the system resistant to this disturbance. However, it may happen that a disturbance, for example a temporary very low oxygen level, affects a substantial proportion of the organisms dramatically, either causing them to die, or forcing them to rapidly migrate to more favorable parts of the environment. Such an adverse disturbance could locally defaunate a certain volume in the pelagic or a certain area of hard or soft substrate. Such destruction at a local scale does not mean the end of local functioning. Usually organisms are available at a larger spatial scale that can re-colonize the affected area, according to their particular tolerances and abilities to favorably affect their local environment. Assessing the capacity of (eco)systems to survive disturbance has led to the notions resistance and resilience. These notions apply to the various scales of (eco)system organisation: individual, population, and community.
According to definitions (1) and (2), the concept of resilience refers not only to ecosystems, but more generally to socio-ecological systems. It is therefore also related to the concept of sustainability, where sustainability can be defined as the resilience of socio-ecological systems (Ruggiero, 2021[13]).
The concepts resistance and resilience
The term resilience has been defined in different ways, as illustrated in the definition above. According to a DEFRA report (2019[6]) there is limited consensus in the literature about how resilience can be characterized and assessed. The term resilience is sometimes used to represent some kind of normative proposition about what kinds of ecosystem characteristics are desirable or necessary in the context of sustainable development, reflecting particular cultural and philosophical assumptions[6]. However, it is also true that the resistance of an ecosystem (see the definition above) to changing conditions and the rate of recovery following some disruptive event are generally considered major components of resilience that can in principle be expressed in quantitative terms.
Other attributes of resilience such as the capacity of ecosystems to transform and adapt in the face of environmental change are more difficult to translate to practice. According to Dawson et al. (2010[14]), resilience concerns the response of ecosystems to changing environmental conditions and must be looked at alongside other additional dynamic features, namely durability, robustness and stability. These concepts can be defined as[14]:
Durability: ability to cope with a chronic stress, where the source of this stress is endogenous to the system;
Robustness: ability to recover or maintain the systems' social-ecological functions in the face of an external and chronic driver;
Stability: system’s tolerance to transient and endogenous shocks or disruptions.
Both resistance and resilience cause an ecosystem to remain relatively unchanged when confronted to a disturbance, but in the case of resistance alone no internal re-organization and successional change is involved. This can lead to collapse of the system when a disturbance threshold is exceeded. In contrast, resilience implies that the system is internally re-organizing while retaining essentially the same function, structure, identity and feedbacks, perhaps through a mozaic of patches that are at different stages of re-assembly (Scheffer and Carpenter, 2003[15]). This self-organizing capacity prevents catastrophic collapse and allows for flexible adaptation to disturbance. The system may return after perturbation to its previous state but it may also shift to another ecosystem state. This behaviour can be analyzed in terms of nonlinear systems theory, that provides a mathematical framework for phenomena such as tipping points, bifurcations (regime shifts), hysteresis and multiple stable states (Nicolis and Prigogine, 1989[16]; Fisher and Pruitt, 2020[17]). Typical system responses to changing environmental conditions are displayed schematically in Figs. 1 and 2, corresponding to different resistance and resilience characteristics. See also the article Ecological thresholds and regime shifts. The behaviour sketched in these figures is strongly simplified. Resistance does not mean that an ecosystem is locked in a steady stable state. Due to the energy flow through the system (food, light, water motion), it moves cyclically or stochastically around stable states (so-called attractors), even without change in external environmental conditions.
Fig. 1. Schematic plot of different combinations of resistance and resilience, where the ecosystem state is represented by a black marble and the resistance-resilience characteristics by a fictitious energy potential. Low resistance: shallow basin of attraction; a small perturbation of the system state induces major change. High resistance: deep basin of attraction; a strong perturbation is needed to cause major system change. Low resilience: narrow basin of attraction; a small perturbation of the system state can cause irreversible change. High resilience: wide basin of attraction; the system returns to its initial state even after strong perturbation.
Fig. 2. Schematic plot of the (eco)system response to a temporal change in environmental conditions that exert a pressure (red) on the system. The time evolution of the ecosystem state is represented by blue lines corresponding to different resistance-resilience characteristics. The waviness of the blue lines mimics system state fluctuations, as generally observed in nature. Case of low resilience and low or medium resistance: the system collapses sooner or later. Case of high resistance: the system is insensitive to the exerted pressure. Case of high resilience: the system recovers with a hysteresis delay.
When considering the potential effect of a certain type of disturbance it is thus useful to ask two questions:
Will the species of this system be able to tolerate it (implying resistance), and if not,
Is recovery possible through a successional trajectory, back to the same, or at least a desirable, ecosystem state (implying resilience)?
Resistance breaks down when uni-directional environmental change acts faster than the organisms' ability to adapt their tolerances. If uni-directional change is an ongoing process (for example climate change), the system will also lose resilience after a certain time, as full recovery through succession will then not be possible. Recovery from sudden and local disturbance is often possible through recolonization, but the rate of recovery will depend crucially on the spatial extent of disturbance. For example, recovery from anoxia could take 5 to 8 months at the scale of square meters (Rossi et al. 2009[18]), but could take 5 to 8 years at the scale of a whole bay (Diaz & Rosenberg, 1995[19]).
According to definition (4), the speed at which an ecosystem returns to its former state following a (minor) disturbance can be considered a measure of resilience. The idea is that a system with a short return time is more resilient than one with a long return time. Such resilience measured as (1 / the return time to a stable equilibrium) has also been called engineering resilience. It has however a long history of use among ecologists (Pimm 1982[20], DeAngelis 1992[21], Vos et al. 2005[22], Alexander 2013[23]). Resilience is also used in a way that more closely resembles the definition of resistance. Ecological resilience was defined as the amount of disturbance that an ecosystem could withstand without shifting to another ecological state characterized by another structure and other functions (definition 3).
The word “homeostasis”, literally, indicates the absence of changes and an absolute maintenance of the status quo of an organism, but is generally understood as the coordinated physiological processes which maintain the steady functioning of the organism. Resistance and homeostasis are clearly related concepts. A homeostatic response to external perturbations may be selectively favored when the advantage offered by a reorganization of cell resources cannot be exploited. This is most likely to occur in the case of environmental perturbations of moderate intensity and short duration relative to the growth rate (Giordano, 2013[24]). However, some authors[23][14] define homeostasis as the self-regulation capacity of a system (organism) to resist or to adapt to external disturbances - a definition that includes both resistance and resilience.
Resilience and biodiversity
Resilience of coastal systems largely depends on biodiversity, which is a major requirement for allowing ecosystems to adapt to changing conditions (Loreau et al. 2001[25]). The human impact on the environment through pollution, fisheries, sediment erosion / deposition and global climate change has brought about much faster change than would occur under natural conditions, putting severe stress on many ecosystems (Luypaert et al. 2020[26]). Genetically diverse communities are more likely to contain a greater range of functional traits and environmental sensitivities. High diversity therefore entails opportunities for more efficient resource use as well as providing stability to ecosystem functions in variable environments and in the face of disturbance (Chapin et al. 1997[27]). Alternatively, systems with species-poor communities are theoretically likely to be functionally poorer, less resistant (capacity to resist change) and resilient (capacity to recover from change) to disturbance than systems with species-rich communities (Strong et al. 2015[28]) – see also the article Disturbances, biodiversity changes and ecosystem stability. Without genetic diversity, natural selection cannot occur and if natural selection is limited, adaptation is impossible. Preservation of biodiversity and, more specifically, genetic diversity is therefore of paramount importance for successful adaptation to our rapidly changing environments. According to present understanding, preservation of biodiversity does not necessarily imply conservation of the species community composition, because the maintenance of a particular species assemblage is not necessarily a requirement for the resilience of ecosystem functions (Gladstone-Gallagher et al. 2019[29]). It has also become clear that biodiversity may not always protect ecosystems from major abiotic disturbances (Folke et al. 2004[30]).
Resilience through recolonization
To understand resilience of ecosystems it is essential to understand what drives succession within ecosystems. Succession determines how, and how fast, communities return to their original state, or perhaps enter a new state. Many aspects of succession can be understood in terms of trade-offs between the ability to be either a good early (re)colonizer or a good competitor. Succession involves a gradual replacement of colonizer / competitor species according to the degree to which they tolerate, facilitate or inhibit certain environmental conditions and other species (Rossi et al. 2009[18]). The extent to which processes of (re)colonization and succession can take place largely determines the recovery of ecosystems after major disruption and is therefore an essential characteristic of the resilience of ecosystems (Gladstone-Gallagher et al. 2019[29]).
In this context, it is important to consider the spatial component of ecosystem resilience. Diversity of structurally and functionally connected landscapes, rich in resources and species, promotes the flow or movement of individuals, genes, and ecological processes. Below certain thresholds of connectivity the capacity to regain structure and function after perturbation is lost (Rappaport et al. 2015[31]). Chambers et al. (2019[32]), based on Allen et al. (2016[33]), have therefore introduced the concept of 'spatial resilience', which is a measure of how spatial attributes, processes, and feedbacks vary over space and time in response to disturbances and affect the resilience of ecosystems. Self-organization through strong feedbacks at multiple scales and high levels of functional diversity and redundancy, stabilizes the system with respect to disturbances within the range of historic variability.
When creating Marine Protected Areas, the sources of populations at all stages of succession should be protected, to preserve 'ecological memory' to the fullest possible extent. This includes protecting not only 'high quality' habitats that harbour healthy mature communities, but also 'low quality' and disturbed habitats that are required for those species that contribute to early recovery of perturbed areas (Rossi et al. 2009[18]). The selection of Marine Protected Areas thus involves evaluating the number, size, and spatial configuration of habitat fragments and degree of connectivity required to support restoration of ecosystems and conservation of focal habitats and species (Chambers et al. 2019[32]; Olsson et al. 2019[2]).
Resistance to long-term changes in abiotic and biotic factors
Community composition and ecosystem function may change very little under environmental change when the organisms can adapt to such change or tolerate it for some time (when the change is only temporary). However, all organisms have bounds to what they can temporarily or permanently tolerate, and when change exceeds some of these limits, the community composition and ecosystem functioning is likely to change.
It is unlikely that communities can be resistant to ongoing gradual change, such as global warming. Acclimation and phenotypic plasticity do not suffice to maintain the system as it is. Genetic adaptation could allow community members to track such abiotic environmental change, but it is more likely that the area where the community is functioning will be invaded by species that function well at higher temperatures. The original species will thus have to deal with new competitors and predators, in addition to the changed abiotic factor. To some extent the original community can track the preferred temperature range, by moving spatially to greater depths or to alternative geographic areas. But these new areas are likely to differ in other ecological aspects such as water pressure, light climate and perhaps speeds of water flow etc.
Adaptation and the consequences of mortality at different trophic levels
External disturbance interacts with internal mechanisms that shape community structure. To understand how an increased mortality of top-predators will affect the entire food chain, it is essential to understand how processes of mutual adaptation within food chains already give shape to existing patterns such as trophic structure (how biomass in ecosystems is partitioned between trophic levels) – see the article Trophic cascade.
Abundances at different trophic levels (such as algae, herbivores, carnivores and top-predators) and their responses to increased mortality (as under environmental change) depend critically on different mechanisms of adaptation within food chains and on the importance of population density at each of these trophic levels. However, different types of adaptation to living in a food chain context (balancing the need to acquire resources with the need to avoid predation) can often have similar consequences. For example, micro-evolution of behaviour, species replacement and induced defenses at a middle trophic level may all have similar effects on trophic level abundances in disturbed food chains (Abrams and Vos 2003[34]).
Assessment of resilience
The foregoing considerations can be summarized in a number of resilience characteristics (Walker et al. 2004[35]) – see also Fig. 1:
Latitude: the maximum amount a system can be changed before losing its ability to recover within the same state (before crossing a threshold), represented by the width of the basin of attraction;
Resistance: the ease or difficulty of changing the system, represented by the width of the resistance domain; deep basins of attraction indicate that greater disturbances are required to change the current state of the system;
Precariousness: how close the current state of the system is to a limit or threshold that, if crossed, makes reorganisation difficult or impossible;
Cross-scale interactions ('panarchy'): the resilience of a system at a particular spatial scale will depend on the influences from states and dynamics at spatial scales above and below.
Implications for ecosystems are (Gladstone-Gallagher et al. 2019[29]):
For ongoing (chronic) changes and changes on large space scales (such as climate change), resilience is largely determined by the resistance of particular species: biological or behavioral traits that increase a species' resistance (tolerance) to disturbances. Resilience is likely best secured in genetically diverse and functionally redundant ecosystems: ecosystems in which many different species share the same combinations of functional (or resource use) characteristics.
For short-term hefty disruptions, resilience is largely determined by spatial resilience (recolonization potential): the ability of populations to supply recruits to a disturbed patch and the ability of new recruits to colonize new space. Resilience is likely best secured in diverse connected ecological systems that are capable to change, adapt, and transform in response to stresses and strains through feedbacks across multiple spatial and temporal scales.
Ecological thresholds and regime shifts
Disturbances, biodiversity changes and ecosystem stability
Biodiversity and Ecosystem function
Thresholds and Marine Policies
Species extinction
Trophic cascade
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
Sustainability indicators
Measurements of biodiversity
↑ 1.0 1.1 Lake, P.S. 2013. Resistance, Resilience and Restoration. Ecological Management and Restoration 14: 20-24
↑ 2.0 2.1 Olsson, S., Melvin, A. and Giles, S. (eds.) 2019. Climate change and ecosystems. Procs. Sackler Forum on Climate Change and Ecosystems, Washington, DC, November 8-9, 2018, organized by the National Academy of Sciences and The Royal Society
↑ Folke, C., Carpenter, S. R., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Chapin, T. and Rockstrom, J. 2010. Resilience thinking: integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecology and Society 15(4): 20
↑ Scheffer, M. 2009. Critical transitions in nature and society. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
↑ 5.0 5.1 Brand, F.S. and K. Jax. 2007. Focusing the meaning(s) of resilience: resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary object. Ecology and Society 12(1):23
↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Haines‐Young, R. and Potschin. M. (eds.) 2010. The Resilience of Ecosystems to Environmental Change (RECCE). Overview Report, 27 pp. Defra Project Code: NR0134
↑ Holling, C.S. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4: 1–23. doi: 10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245
↑ Gunderson, L.H. 2000. Ecological Resilience - in Theory and Application. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31:425-439.
↑ Hirota,M., Holmgren,M., Van Nes, E. H, and Scheffer,M. 2011. Global resilience of tropical forest and savanna to critical transitions. Science 334: 232–235. doi: 10.1126/science.1210657
↑ Chambers, J. C., Bradley, B. A., Brown, C. S., D’Antonio, C., Germino, M. J., Grace, J. B., et al. 2014. Resilience to stress and disturbance, and resistance to Bromus tectorum L. invasion in the cold desert shrublands of western North America. Ecosystems 7: 360–375. doi: 10.1007/s10021-013-9725-5
↑ Pope, K. L., Allen, C. R., and Angeler, D. G. 2014. Fishing for resilience. T. N. Am. Fisheries Soc. 143: 467–478. doi: 10.1080/00028487.2014.880735
↑ Seidl, R., Spies, T. A., Peterson, D. L., Stephens, S. L., and Hick, J. A. 2016. Searching for resilience: addressing the impacts of changing disturbance regimes on forest ecosystem services. J. Appl. Ecol. 53 : 120–129. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12511
↑ Ruggerio, C.A. 2021. Sustainability and sustainable development: A review of principles and definitions. Science of the Total Environment 786, 147481
↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Dawson, T.P., Rounsevell, M.D.A., Kluvankova‐Oravska, T., Chobotova V. and Stirling, A. 2010. Dynamic properties of complex adaptive ecosystems: implications for the sustainability of services provision. Biodiversity and Conservation 19: 2843‐2853
↑ Scheffer, M. and Carpenter, S. R. 2003. Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: Linking theory to observation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 648–656
↑ Nicolis, G. and Prigogine, I. 1989. Exploring complexity: An introduction. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-1859-6
↑ Fisher, D.N. and Pruitt, J.N. 2020. Insights from the study of complex systems for the ecology and evolution of animal populations. Current Zoology 66: 1–14
↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Rossi, F., Vos, M. & Middelburg, J.J. 2009. Species identity, diversity and microbial carbon flow in reassembling macrobenthic communities. Oikos 118: 503-512.
↑ Diaz, R.J. & Rosenberg R. 1995. Marine benthic hypoxia: a review of its ecological effects and the behavioural responses of benthic macrofauna. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 33:245-303.
↑ Pimm, S.L. 1982. Food Webs. The University of Chicago Press.
↑ DeAngelis, D.L. 1992. Dynamics of Nutrient Cycling and Food Webs. Chapman and Hall, London.
↑ Vos, M., Kooi, B.W., DeAngelis, D.L. & Mooij, W.M. 2005. Inducible defenses in food webs. In: Dynamic Food Webs. Multispecies Assemblages, Ecosystem Development and Environmental Change. Eds. P.C. de Ruiter, V. Wolters & J.C. Moore. Academic Press. Pp. 114-127
↑ 23.0 23.1 Alexander, D.E. 2013. Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 13: 2707–2716
↑ Giordano, M. 2013. Homeostasis: An underestimated focal point of ecology and evolution. Plant Science 211: 92– 101
↑ Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Inchausti, P., Bengtsson, J., Grime, J. P., Hector, A., Hooper, D. U., Huston, M. A. ,Raffaelli, D., Schmid, B., Tilman, D. and Wardle D. A. 2001. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Current Knowledge and Future Challenges. Science 294: 804-808
↑ Luypaert T., Hagan J.G., McCarthy M.L., Poti M. 2020. Status of Marine Biodiversity in the Anthropocene. In: Jungblut S., Liebich V., Bode-Dalby M. (eds) YOUMARES 9 - The Oceans: Our Research, Our Future. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20389-4_4
↑ Chapin, F.S., Walker, B.H., Hobbs, R.J., Hooper, D.U., Lawton, J.H., Sala, O.E. and Tilman D. 1997. Biotic control over the functioning of ecosystems. Science, 277(5325): 500-504
↑ Strong, J.A., Andonegi, E., Bizsel. K.C., Danovaro, R., Elliott, M., Franco, A., Garces, E., Little, S.,. Mazik, K., Moncheva, S., Papadopoulou, N., Patrício, J., Queiros, A.M., Smith, C., Stefanova, K. and Solaun, O. 2015. Marine biodiversity and ecosystem function relationships: The potential for practical monitoring applications. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 161: 46-64
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↑ Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L. & Holling, C.S. 2004. Regime Shifts, Resilience, and Biodiversity in Ecosystem Management. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 35:557-581.
↑ Rappaport, D. I., Tambosi, L. R. and Metzger, J. P. 2015. A landscape triage approach: combining spatial and temporal dynamics to prioritize restoration and conservation. J. Appl. Ecol. 52: 590–601
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↑ Allen, C. R., Angeler, D. G., Cumming, G. S., Folk, C., Twidwell, D., and Uden, D. R. 2016. Quantifying spatial resilience. J. Appl. Ecol. 53, 625–635. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12634
↑ Abrams, P.A & Vos, M. 2003. Adaptation, density dependence and the responses of trophic level abundances to mortality. Evolutionary Ecology Research 5: 1113-1132
↑ Walker, B., Holling, C.S., Carpenter, S.R. and Kinzig, A. 2004. Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social – ecological systems. Ecology and Society 9(2): 5. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5
The main author of this article is Vos, Matthijs
Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.
Citation: Vos, Matthijs (2022): Resilience and resistance. Available from http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Resilience_and_resistance [accessed on 20-03-2023]
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Office buildings at the Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT) at Gandhinagar, in the western Indian state of Gujarat |
Part of the appeal and benefit of skin peels is that they are so versatile. They can be used just about anywhere on your body and provide a range of benefits from giving your skin a “refreshed” look to taking years off your face.
People often mistake microdermabrasion procedures for chemical peels. While the result is similar (removal of older dead skin cells to reveal younger skin), the mechanism of action is quite different. In microdermabrasion, physical exfoliation is used to break the glue that holds cells together. In peels, chemicals work to dissolve the glue that holds the cells together.
Chemical peels can be used for a whole list of problems, including improving skin hyperpigmentation, reducing mild scarring, correcting mild photoaging, removing excess skin oil and blackheads, and reducing fine lines and wrinkles.
Chemical peels cannot reduce blood vessels, are not recommended for dark-skinned individuals, and will not provide the same effect as a face lift. While a chemical peel cannot reduce the size of a pore, it can minimize a pore’s appearance.
When preparing for a peel, it is helpful to exfoliate for a week or two leading up to the procedure. Peels and microdermabrasion are most effective when used together. If preparing for a deeper peel, check with your doctor.
Very superficial peels, like Neutrogena Advanced Solutions Facial peel or beta-hydroxy products helps to smooth out roughened areas, remove blackheads, aids in application of self-tanning products and stimulates collagen regrowth (vitamin A peels). These types of peels can be do-it-yourself at home and affect only the outermost layer of epidermal skin cells.
Superficial peels are generally done by a spa or aesthetician. These can reduce skin blotches, smooth out skin, reduce the appearance of fine lines and are effective against acne. These peels go through a portion of the epidermis. Sometimes they go all the way through the epidermis.
Deeper peels, such as phenol peels, should only be done by a licensed dermatologist or board certified plastic surgeon. These peels go through the epidermis into the deep dermis. These peels are extremely effective at removing fine lines in wrinkles and evening skin’s appearance, but should only be attempted under the supervision of a professional.
These peels can truly restore radiance and retexturize the skin, but should only be done in a surgical setting with anesthesia. In additional, phenol peels are not suitable for patients with heart conditions or other underlying medical conditions.
Chemical peels affect different parts of the body differently. For example, skin on the face is extremely amenable to chemical peels, and heals rapidly after a peeling procedure. Skin on the back of the neck or hands is more likely than facial skin to experience complications such as scarring or discoloration.
One common effect of peeling anywhere on the body is increased sun sensitivity. During the healing period, your doctor will instruct you to stay out of the sun, as newly peeled skin is extremely susceptible to sun damage. If you have had peels, spf 30 sun block is always recommended.
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New plateau type discovered from Maharashtra could prove to be a repository of information to study climate change effects on species survival
Technology January 29, 2023January 20, 2023 admin
New Delhi, January 29, 2023: A rare low-altitude basalt plateau housing 76 species of plants and shrubs from 24 different families discovered in Thane region in the Western Ghats—one of the four global biodiversity hotspots in India, can prove to be a repository of information for species interactions. It can help study effects of climate change on species survival and increase awareness of the conservation needs of rock outcrops and their immense biodiversity value in the global context.
The Western Ghats is one of four global biodiversity hotspots in India, and Agharkar Research Institute (ARI) in Pune has been studying its biodiversity, particularly its rock outcrops, for a decade. Plateaus are dominant landscapes in the Western Ghats, significant because of the predominance of endemic species. They are classified as a type of rock outcrop and provides unique and challenging environment for species to adapt to. These outcrops have seasonal water availability, limited soil and nutrients, making them ideal laboratories to study the effects of climate change on species survival. Plateaus are thus a valuable source of insight into how species can survive in extreme conditions.
Python dream meaning: You are a powerful manifester!
The ARI team led by Dr. Mandar Datar recently discovered a rare low-altitude basalt plateau in Manjare village, Thane district. This is the fourth type of plateau to be identified in the region; the previous three are laterites at high and low altitudes and basalt at high altitudes.
Surveying the plateau, the team documented 76 species of plants and shrubs from 24 different families. The authors believe this is an important discovery, as the plateau shares the vegetation with the three other rock outcrops, simultaneously holding a few unique species. This gives a unique model system to study the species interactions in varying environmental conditions.
The research paper published recently in SpringerNature journal National Academy of Science Letters has highlighted the importance of the newly discovered low-level basalt plateau located in Manjare Village of Thane district in the Northern western Ghats, standing 156 m above mean sea level.
For further details Dr Mandar Datar (mndatar@aripune.org, 020-25325057), Scientist, Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, and Dr PK Dhakephalkar, Director (Officiating), ARI, Pune, (director@aripune.org, 020-25325002) can be contacted.
climate change, Maharashtra, species survival, Thane
Study traces high rainfall in Northern Bay of Bengal than the other parts of India for the last 10000 years
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Management and Expansion in Turbulent Times: Lessons from the Frontiers of Innovation – Vortrag in englischer Sprache!
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EP 36 - Gender Neutrality
About a week ago, my daughters went to an ‘anti-prom party’ in the city and they had a blast!
However, of all the memories they made that night, the one that would probably never leave her mind was when she had to use the bathroom only to realize that the bathrooms at the venue were gender neutral.
I believe that everyone should be allowed to live their truth and be themselves freely, but do you think maybe allowing young boys and girls, who are in the stage of discovery and curiosity; use the same bathroom at the same time might just be taking it too far?
1. Anti-Prom Party: https://www.nypl.org/education/teens/anti-prom
2. NYC Public Library: https://www.nypl.org/
3. Gender Neutral Bathrooms: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet
Posted by Excuse My African at June 15, 2018
Labels: Anchor, Anti-Prom Party, Children, Gender Neutral, Gender Neutrality, Library, New York City, NYC, Party, Podcast, Prom, Public Library, Teens |
Robbing the cradle
1.) When I was 24 I had sex with a 16 year old co-worker. He was the 2nd guy that I had ever slept with and I would have lost my virginity to him if it hadn't been for the guy who raped me only a few months before. I ended up getting pregnant to my co-worker. I was relieved when I found out 16 was the legal age of consent in my state so his parents couldn't do anything about it. He was the first guy that I fell for.
2.) When I found out he had another girlfriend that he lied about, I sent his girlfriend copies of the results of the paternity test and child support order and ended up breaking them up. I was happy I got my little piece of revenge.
3.) He never told his parents I was pregnant until my mother and sister went over to their house to confront them. When they found out, they even tried to hide it from his girlfriend and lied about the paternity results to her.
4.) I try really hard not to be racist toward black people. I don't even consider myself to be racist. But my experiences and everything I see only seem to go against what I want to believe. Just look at the T.V. on any cop show. I'm embarrassed now that I'm pregnant to a black man. Everybody in his family has been in jail, his parents are divorced, this will be his 4th child and each of them are to a different woman, and we are now broken up because he can't keep his dick in his pants.
5.) I'm lonely and don't have any friends because I let my shyness and constant feeling that everybody is judging me get in the way. I know I have social anxiety disorder but I am so afraid to get help for it. I know the therapists will judge me just like everybody else has.
at 6:00 AM Labels: Bigotry Secrets, Fear Secrets, Love Secrets, Revenge Secrets, Self-Doubt Secrets, Sexual Abuse Secrets |
The Importance of Hiring a General Contractor
Home / Uncategorized / The Importance of Hiring a General Contractor
When building a retail space, a General Contractor is the ideal choice. They are knowledgeable about the appropriate building materials, have access to craftsmen who can do the job, and have insight into efficient systems. The final task is the grand opening, which takes place after the retail space has been fully stocked. Another area of expertise for a General Contractor is site improvements. Typically, the architect, landscape architect, or engineer creates a site plan, which the General Contractor then translates into a physical reality. Depending on the project, a General Contractor may perform some of these design services in-house.
A general contractor’s job description varies depending on the type of construction and the owner. General contractors are responsible for overseeing the construction of new houses and renovations. Their responsibilities can range from budgeting to hiring subcontractors. They may also manage employees, select building materials, and set deadlines. Additionally, a general contractor must be able to handle emergencies and ensure that every aspect of a construction project adheres to code.
The salary of a general contractor varies depending on his or her area of expertise and the type of construction he or she is working on. In the United States, an average salary for a general contractor is $55,000. While salaries vary widely, they can vary from $30,000 to $105,000, depending on location. The job description for a general contractor can include overseeing all aspects of construction work at building sites. A general contractor may be the owner of a building company, an employee of a household, or a land developer.
If you are planning to do outdoor construction work, you must obtain a general contractor license in your county. Some states require a bond before a GC can perform construction work. In counties of 100,000 people or more, the bond amount is typically $1,000 for smaller projects, and 10 percent of the project’s value, for larger projects. New home builders are exempt from these bond requirements. If you are not sure what the bond requirement for your state is, consult with your local government.
State licensing requirements vary, depending on whether you plan on completing small or large projects. For example, in Washington, general contractors must have a state license and a bond of at least $12,000 to perform work in the state. General contractor licensing requirements in West Virginia and Wisconsin vary according to the type of work being performed and the amount of the bond required. Some states require a general contractor to obtain a bond regardless of how large or small the project is.
Cost of hiring a general contractor
The cost of hiring a general contractor is a significant part of any construction project. This professional must be paid a salary that accounts for approximately 10 to 20 percent of the total cost of the job. Overhead costs are based on a variety of factors, including permits, materials, and labor, as well as the competition of the project. If you plan to hire a general contractor for a large-scale project, the costs may be higher than for a small one.
The main advantage of hiring a general contractor is the assurance of quality work. While some home improvement projects are simple and inexpensive to do yourself, larger-scale renovations can be time-consuming and costly. The advantages of hiring a professional are numerous, and the cost of hiring a contractor can be well worth the investment. If you’re considering hiring a general contractor, make sure to take the time to understand the job requirements and then determine whether hiring a contractor will be worth the expense.
Cost of hiring a construction manager
The cost of hiring a construction manager for a specific project varies. Unlike general contractors, who are required to hire a full staff and manage the project, construction managers can work on remote sites. Although construction managers do not take on the risk of putting up shoddy work or mismanaging the project, their fees are more flexible and will likely influence the overall project budget. In addition, construction managers are familiar with almost every project delivery method, including design-build, traditional design-bid-build, and P3 projects. The cost of hiring a construction manager varies depending on the type of initial contract and the scope of work.
A construction manager’s fees typically range from 1% to 5% of the overall project cost. These fees can be as low as 5% to 15% of the total cost of a construction project, depending on the size and complexity of the project. Construction managers are also familiar with building codes and can help resolve discrepancies between blueprints and actual implementation. However, they also need to know the local building codes and the cost of materials and labor.
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Les Cayes
Continent: Central America
Name: Les Cayes / Caiesen(sis) (Latin)
Ecclesiastical Province: Port-au-Prince
Cathedral: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de l’Assomption, Les Cayes, Sud
Kingston in Jamaica (←), Jérémie (↖), Anse-à-Veau et Miragoâne (↗), Jacmel (→)
Bishop (2011.08.15 – ...): Cardinal Chibly Langlois (64)
Cardinal-Priest of S. Giacomo in Augusta
Bishops of Les Cayes (Roman Rite)
Cardinal Chibly Langlois (64)
Bishop of Les Cayes (Haiti)
Servire cum caritate
Born: 1958.11.29 (La Vallée, Haiti)
Bishop of Fort-Liberté (Haiti) (2004.04.08 – 2011.08.15)
Bishop of Les Cayes (Haiti) (2011.08.15 – ...)
Apostolic Administrator of Fort-Liberté (Haiti) (2011.10 – 2012.06.09)
President of Episcopal Conference of Haiti (2011.12 – 2017.12.01)
Cardinal-Priest of S. Giacomo in Augusta (2014.02.22 [2014.06.07] – ...)
Bishop Guire Poulard (later Archbishop)
Born: 1942.01.06 (Haiti)
Bishop of Jacmel (Haiti) (1988.02.25 – 2009.03.09)
Bishop of Les Cayes (Haiti) (2009.03.09 – 2011.01.12)
Metropolitan Archbishop of Port-au-Prince (Haiti) (2011.01.12 – 2017.10.07)
Bishop Jean Alix Verrier (91)
Bishop emeritus of Les Cayes (Haiti)
Born: 1931.03.09 (Latiboliere, Haiti)
Coadjutor Bishop of Les Cayes (Haiti) (1985.12.21 – 1988.04.09)
Bishop Jean-Jacques Claudius Angénor
President of Episcopal Conference of Haiti (1970 – 1973)
Bishop Jean Louis Collignan, O.M.I.
Born: 1904.08.15 (Belgium)
Bishop François-Joseph Person
Titular Bishop of Thespiæ (1937.06.26 – 1941.09.09)
Archbishop Jules-Victor-Marie Pichon
Titular Archbishop of Cabassa (1905.01.13 – 1919.12.18)
Coadjutor Archbishop of Port-au-Prince (Haiti) (1905.01.13 – 1919.12.18)
Archbishop-Bishop of Les Cayes (Haiti) ([1919.04.24] 1919.12.18 – 1941.09.01)
Titular Archbishop of Chalcedon (1941.09.01 – 1950.04.26)
Bishop Ignace-Marie Le Ruzic
Titular Bishop of Madaurus (1919.08.01 – 1935.06.11)
Bishop Jean-Marie-Alexandre Morice
Titular Bishop of Tabæ (1914.06.22 – 1934.08.19)
Archbishop Constant-Mathurin Hillion
Archbishop Alexis-Jean-Marie Guilloux
Archbishop Martial-Guillaume-Marie Testard du Cosquer
Coadjutor Bishop: Bishop Jean Alix Verrier (91) (1985.12.21 – 1988.04.09)
Coadjutor Bishop: Bishop François-Joseph Person (1937.06.26 – 1941.09.09)
Auxiliary Bishop: Bishop Charles-Édouard Peters, S.M.M. (1966.10.17 – 1972.04.20)
Statistics: 68 parishes, 4 missions, 145 priests (87 diocesan, 58 religious), 1 deacon, 198 lay religious (84 brothers, 114 sisters), 15 seminarians (2020)
Cathedral Dedication Anniversary: December 12
1861.10.03: Established as Diocese of Les Cayes / Caiesen(sis) (Latin) (from Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santo Domingo and became suffragan of Port-au-Prince)
1972.04.20: Lost territory to establish Diocese of Jérémie
2008.07.13: Lost territory to establish Diocese of Anse-à-Veau et Miragoâne |