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Alkan 's compositions for organ have been among the last of his works to be brought back to the repertoire . As to Alkan 's pedal @-@ piano works , due to a recent revival of the instrument , they are once again being performed as originally intended ( rather than on an organ ) , such as by Italian pedal @-@ pianist Roberto Prosseda , and recordings of Alkan on the pedal piano have been made by Jean Dubé and Olivier Latry . |
= = Selected recordings = = |
A comprehensive discography is available at the Alkan Society website . This list comprises a selection of some premiere and other recordings by musicians who have become closely associated with Alkan 's works . |
Piano Trio , Op. 30 – played by Trio Alkan . Recorded 1992 . Naxos , 8555352 ( 2001 ) |
Recorded 1994 . Hyperion , CDA669764 ( 1995 ) . 33 – played by Marc @-@ André Hamelin ( piano ) . Grande sonate , Op. |
Études dans tous les tons mineurs , Op. 39 – played by Ronald Smith ( piano ) . EMI , SLS 5100 [ 3 LPs ] ( 1978 ) , partly reissued EMI Gemini , 585 4842 ( 2003 ) Recorded 1977 . |
Études dans tous les tons mineurs , Op. Recorded 1995 . 39 and other works – played by Jack Gibbons ( piano ) . ASV , CD DCS 227 [ 2 CDs ] ( 1995 ) |
Concerto , Op. RCA , LSC @-@ 3192 [ LP ] ( 1972 ) . 8 – 10 – played by John Ogdon ( piano ) . Recorded 1969 . Great British Pianists , 4569132 ( 1999 ) 39 , nos . |
RCA LM 2815 [ LP mono ] , LSC @-@ 2815 [ LP stereo ] ; BMG High Performance Series 633310 ( 1999 ) Le festin d 'Esope ( Op. Recorded 1966 . 39 , no . 12 ) and other works – played by Raymond Lewenthal . |
Hyperion CDA67624 ( 2008 ) . Sonate de concert , Op. 47 , for cello and piano – played by Steven Osborne ( piano ) and Alban Gebhart ( cello ) . Recorded 2008 . |
Recorded 2005 . Toccata TOCC 0031 ( 2007 ) 11 Pièces dans le style religieux , et une transcription du Messie de Hændel , Op. 72 – played by Kevin Bowyer ( organ ) . |
Symposium Records , CD 1145 ( 1993 ) c . 1952 – 53 . 4 @-@ 7 ) – played by Egon Petri ( piano ) . Symphony for Solo Piano ( Op. 39 , no . |
= = = About Alkan = = = |
Alkan Society , including complete and regularly updated discography |
Alkan web site of Sylvain Chosson , contains detailed listing of Alkan 's works , with some downloadable scores |
" The Myths of Alkan " by Jack Gibbons |
Unriddling Alkan by David Conway |
Alkan @-@ Zimmerman International Music Association |
Pictures of Alkan |
= = = Scores and sheet @-@ music = = = |
Free Alkan scores and manuscripts – site of Sylvain Chosson |
Kunst der Fuge : many of Alkan 's piano works in MIDI performances |
Alkan Piano Trio @-@ Discussion of work and soundbites |
www.kreusch @-@ sheet @-@ music.net – Free Scores by Alkan |
Free scores by Alkan at the International Music Score Library Project |
= = = Performances on the Web = = = |
Trois Andantes Romantiques , Op. 13 , No 2 on YouTube , played by Lloyd Buck |
Scherzo Focoso , Op. 34 on YouTube , played by Lloyd Buck |
" Allegro Barbaro " , Op. 35 , No. 5 on YouTube , played by Jack Gibbons |
39 , No. 6 on YouTube , played by Jonathan Powell Menuet , Symphonie , Op. |
Last movement , Symphonie , Op. 7 on YouTube , played by Jonathan Powell 39 , No. |
8 on YouTube , played by Jack Gibbons First movement , Concerto , Op. 39 , No. |
39 , no . 12 on YouTube , played by Edward Cohen Le Festin d 'Ésope , Op. |
Four Esquisses from Op. 63 on YouTube , played by Edward Cohen |
" Trois anciennes mélodies de la synagogue " and " Sicut cerva " on YouTube - Klára Kolonits ( soprano ) and Daniel Dinyes ( piano ) |
= Business School ( The Office ) =
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Written by Brent Forrester , and directed by Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Firefly creator Joss Whedon , the episode aired on NBC on February 15 , 2007 . " Business School " is the seventeenth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's forty @-@ fifth episode overall . |
Meanwhile , a bat becomes trapped in the office , leading Dwight and Creed on a mission to protect the employees . When many of the students question the usefulness of paper in a computerized world , Michael attempts to inform the class of how essential paper is . In the episode , Michael is invited by Ryan to speak to his business school class . |
= = Plot = = |
Infuriated and hurt , Michael punishes Ryan by relocating his desk to the " annex , " where Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) works , who babbles uncontrollably in excitement . Michael is excited , but Ryan admits in a talking head interview that he has only invited Michael because his professor promised to bump up the grade of any student who brings his boss into class . During his introduction of Michael to his classmates , Ryan predicts that Dunder Mifflin will become obsolete within five to ten years . However , Michael could not hear him and proceeds to ruin the event with his antics ( including tearing pages out of a student 's textbook to prove you " can 't learn from textbooks " ) . Ryan Howard ( B. J. Novak ) invites Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) to speak at his business school class . Michael is then taken aback when one of Ryan 's classmates asks for Michael 's opinion of Ryan 's prediction . |
Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) exploits Dwight 's paranoia , and pretends that he is turning into a vampire . Dwight eventually catches the bat with a garbage bag after it lands on Meredith 's head . Meanwhile , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) discovers a bat in the ceiling , and accidentally lets it loose into the office , sending the employees scurrying for cover . Stanley immediately goes home . As many of the employees hide , Dwight enlists the help of Creed ( Creed Bratton ) to expel the bat . |
Pam embraces him as her eyes tear up . When Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) shows up with his partner Gil , they critique her art , and note that Pam 's art has been let down by her lack of courage , not realizing that she is standing right behind them . Michael soon places Pam 's drawing on the wall next to his office . Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , in the meantime , invites her co @-@ workers to her art show after work , but few show any enthusiasm , leaving her feeling alienated and sad . The art show doesn 't go as planned , and she begins to doubt her abilities . As she begins to take her work down , Michael appears and , in a moment of sincere kindness , compliments her work and asks to buy her drawing of the office building . |
= = Production = = |
The episode was the first to be directed by Joss Whedon . I got to the set and saw Pam 's art , and I was like , ' This is not right . ' Whedon , who is a friend of both producer Greg Daniels and Jenna Fischer , and also met most of the production staff prior to the episode , stated that he chose to direct the episode " because I already know the writing staff and a bunch of the cast , and I adore the show . " I wouldn 't say freedom to do things with it ... But way more input was asked for than I would have ever anticipated . " In an interview featured on the third season DVD , Whedon joked that the " Business School " episode and his former TV show were very similar because " Buffy [ ... ] was sad and depressing but ... it was funny . Whedon stated that he was surprised with the amount of input he was allowed with the script . " God , it was fun . " At Pam 's art show , the pieces which she was supposed to have painted didn 't suit Whedon . " But that 's how that happened . And a lot of people do die in [ ' Business School ' ] . " Forrester had previously written " The Merger " . in reference to Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Especially when people died . When informed that the episode was about a bat entering into the office and one of the characters pretending to be a vampire , Whedon thought that it was a joke , stating " Didn 't I just leave this party ? " " Whedon said that he held up filming for over an hour until the staff was able create new pieces of art . " Business School " was the second Office episode written by Brent Forrester . But upon completing the episode , Whedon stated " That was just coincidence . |
When around the actual bat , Kate Flannery , who portrays Meredith Palmer , stated that " we had to be extremely quiet around [ it ] , basically pretending to scream . " For the scenes which involved filming with a bat , the production team used an actual bat , an animated bat , and a mechanical bat . California State University , Northridge served as the backdrop for Ryan 's business school and the art show . |
= = Reception = = |
Brian Zoromski , of IGN , stated that " ' Business School ' was an exercise in what works best in an Office episode . " The episode received generally good reviews from critics . Zoromski went on to say that the acting of John Krasinski and Rashida Jones , who portrays Karen Filippelli , helped to make the vampire scenes the funniest parts of the episode . Zoromski also praised Joss Whedon 's directorial debut for the show , stating that " Whedon 's direction and sense of humor was both excellently put to use and alluded to in the scenes in which Jim hilariously pretended to become a vampire . " @ 1 out of 10 . West went on to praise Michael and Pam 's scene at the art show as one of these moments . Abby West , of Entertainment Weekly , stated that " This show has always been able to turn on a dime and take the comedy to a soul @-@ stirring dramatic climax with just the lightest of touches , and last night was no different . " He gave the episode a 9 @. |
= M @-@ 81 ( Michigan highway ) =
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The trunkline travels from the city of Saginaw at the junction with M @-@ 13 to the junction with M @-@ 53 east of Cass City over the county line in Greenleaf Township in northwestern Sanilac County in The Thumb area of the state . Outside of the cities and villages along its route , M @-@ 81 passes through mostly rural farm country . Near Saginaw it intersects the freeway that carries both Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) and US Highway 23 ( US 23 ) in an industrial area . M @-@ 81 is a state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan . |
Since that time , it has been extended , rerouted or shortened several times . A change made in 1929 was reversed in 1933 , and an extension through downtown Saginaw in the 1960s was overturned in the 1970s . A road bearing the M @-@ 81 designation has existed since at least July 1 , 1919 , when the state initially numbered its trunkline highways . The last change was the construction of a pair of roundabouts at the I @-@ 75 / US 23 interchange in 2006 . These changes resulted in essentially the modern highway routing by 1926 ; the highway was fully paved in the 1940s . |
= = Route description = = |
This interchange , exit 151 along the freeway , is built with roundabouts on either side of the bridge that carries Washington Road over the freeway in a variant of the diamond interchange design called a dumbbell interchange . This central feature ends for M @-@ 81 immediately east of the intersection as the highway runs east out of Saginaw . The trunkline follows Washington Road easterly through residential subdivisions to an interchange with I @-@ 75 / US 23 in an industrial area of Buena Vista Township . After leaving the industrial properties on the east side of I @-@ 75 / US 23 , M @-@ 81 follows Washington Road through a mixture of farm fields and residential subdivisions . M @-@ 81 starts at a junction with M @-@ 13 , with the two directions of each highway separated by a median . Further east , M @-@ 81 crosses out of Saginaw County ; across the border in Tuscola County , the highway follows Saginaw Road . North of the community of Arthur , the highway intersects M @-@ 15 ( Vassar Road ) . |
@ 6 km ) into the county , M @-@ 81 ends at the intersection with M @-@ 53 ( Van Dyke Road ) . Approximately one mile ( 1 @. East of town , the highway follows Caro Road through more farm fields through the community of Watrousville . At the intersection with Ellington Street , M @-@ 81 crosses M @-@ 24 . Near the south side of the Tuscola Area Airport , M @-@ 81 turns to the northeast running along the Cass River to Caro . The trunkline runs to the village of Cass City where it follows Main Street through residential neighborhoods and the central business district . In the village of Reese , M @-@ 81 crosses the Huron and Eastern Railway twice . In the city , the trunkline follows State Street past the fairgrounds . The highway continues northeasterly out of town and through the community of Ellington . Northeast of Elmwood , M @-@ 81 turns due east along Cass City Road . East of Cass City , the highway crosses the Cass River before crossing the county line into Sanilac County . |
As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . M @-@ 81 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M @-@ 81 were the 17 @,@ 839 vehicles daily between Van Gelsen Road and Frank Street in Caro ; the lowest counts were the 3 @,@ 527 vehicles per day east of Cass City to the M @-@ 53 intersection . No sections of M @-@ 81 have been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . |
= = History = = |
With the exception of the routing through downtown Saginaw , the highway followed the approximate routing of the current highway . When originally signed around July 1 , 1919 , M @-@ 81 ran from Bay City southeast and east to the Munger area ; from there it ran south concurrently with M @-@ 31 to the Reese area before running northeasterly to the east of Cass City to M @-@ 53 . By 1921 , the eastern end was extended southerly from Caro to Mayville along a highway that is now part of M @-@ 24 . In late 1926 , the western end was changed so that M @-@ 81 followed the former M @-@ 31 from Reese into Saginaw and the eastern end was rerouted from Caro northeasterly to the Cass City area . |
In the latter half of 1929 , the highway was rerouted between Saginaw and Reese , using a set of parallel roadways to the south of the previous routing ; this change was reversed in 1933 . M @-@ 81 was fully paved when the last section between Ellington and Elmwood in Tuscola County was finished in late 1946 or early 1947 . |
Starting in 1953 , the westernmost approximately one mile ( 1 @. In 2006 , MDOT completed the reconstruction of the interchange between M @-@ 81 and I @-@ 75 / US to incorporate a pair of roundabouts along Washington Road . Since this truncation , M @-@ 81 has ended at its junction with M @-@ 13 north of downtown Saginaw . @ 6 km ) of M @-@ 81 was also used for a US 23 concurrency . When the bypass of Saginaw was completed in late 1961 , M @-@ 81 was extended along M @-@ 13 southwesterly into downtown Saginaw where it turned west across the Saginaw River to Midland Road west of the city . This routing across the city was removed in 1971 when I @-@ 675 was completed ; west of that freeway the highway became M @-@ 58 , the rest was either removed from the highway system and turned back to local control , or it had the M @-@ 81 designation removed . |
= = Major intersections = = |
= Common starling =
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The legs are pink and the bill is black in winter and yellow in summer ; young birds have browner plumage than the adults . It is a noisy bird , especially in communal roosts and other gregarious situations , with an unmusical but varied song . Its gift for mimicry has been noted in literature including the Mabinogion and the works of Pliny the Elder and William Shakespeare . The common starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ) , also known as the European starling , or in the British Isles just the starling , is a medium @-@ sized passerine bird in the starling family , Sturnidae . It is about 20 cm ( 8 in ) long and has glossy black plumage with a metallic sheen , which is speckled with white at some times of year . |
These take two weeks to hatch and the young remain in the nest for another three weeks . This bird is resident in southern and western Europe and southwestern Asia , while northeastern populations migrate south and west in winter within the breeding range and also further south to Iberia and North Africa . The common starling has about a dozen subspecies breeding in open habitats across its native range in temperate Europe and western Asia , and it has been introduced to Australia , New Zealand , Canada , United States , Mexico , Peru , Argentina , the Falkland Islands , Brazil , Chile , Uruguay , South Africa and Fiji . It is hunted by various mammals and birds of prey , and is host to a range of external and internal parasites . This species is omnivorous , taking a wide range of invertebrates , as well as seeds and fruit . The common starling builds an untidy nest in a natural or artificial cavity in which four or five glossy , pale blue eggs are laid . There are normally one or two breeding attempts each year . |
Common starlings may also be a nuisance through the noise and mess caused by their large urban roosts . Introduced populations in particular have been subjected to a range of controls , including culling , but these have had limited success except in preventing the colonisation of Western Australia . The species has declined in numbers in parts of northern and western Europe since the 1980s due to fewer grassland invertebrates being available as food for growing chicks . Large flocks typical of this species can be beneficial to agriculture by controlling invertebrate pests ; however , starlings can also be pests themselves when they feed on fruit and sprouting crops . Despite this , its huge global population is not thought to be declining significantly , so the common starling is classified as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature . |
= = Taxonomy and systematics = = |
The common starling was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758 under its current binomial name . The International Ornithological Congress ' preferred English vernacular name is common starling . Sturnus and vulgaris are derived from the Latin for " starling " and " common " respectively . The older name is referenced in William Butler Yeats ' poem " The Stare 's Nest by My Window " . The Old English staer , later stare , and the Latin sturnus are both derived from an unknown Indo @-@ European root dating back to the second millennium BC . " Starling " was first recorded in the 11th century , when it referred to the juvenile of the species , but by the 16th century it had already largely supplanted " stare " to refer to birds of all ages . |
The closest relation of the common starling is the spotless starling . The genus Sturnus is polyphyletic and relationships between its members are not fully resolved . The starling family , Sturnidae , is an entirely Old World group apart from introductions elsewhere , with the greatest numbers of species in Southeast Asia and sub @-@ Saharan Africa . The non @-@ migratory spotless starling may be descended from a population of ancestral S. vulgaris that survived in an Iberian refugium during an ice age retreat , and mitochondrial gene studies suggest that it could be considered as a subspecies of the common starling . Although common starling remains are known from the Middle Pleistocene , part of the problem in resolving relationships in the Sturnidae is the paucity of the fossil record for the family as a whole . There is more genetic variation between common starling populations than between nominate common starling and spotless starling . |
= = = Subspecies = = = |
There are several subspecies of the common starling , which vary clinally in size and the colour tone of the adult plumage . The gradual variation over geographic range and extensive intergradation means that acceptance of the various subspecies varies between authorities . |