Datasets:

tomekkorbak

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pile-detoxify-test

like 0

[ "The comparative toxicity of cocaine and its metabolites in conscious rats.", "\nThe metabolites of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester, have been considered pharmacologically inactive when administered systemically. ", "However, recent in vitro studies suggest that this may not be true. ", "The current study was designed to evaluate the systemic toxicity of cocaine and its metabolites when administered systemically to awake rats fitted with catheters for long-term monitoring. ", "Cocaine, norcocaine, cocaethylene, benzoylecgonine, and ecgonine methyl ester were infused intravenously to produce sequential behavioral alterations and central nervous system and cardiovascular toxic effects. ", "Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously. ", "Plasma and tissue samples were analyzed for all compounds by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ", "The dose of norcocaine necessary to produce toxic effects was smaller than that of cocaine and cocaethylene. ", "Benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester did not produce toxic manifestations at infusion rates that produced toxicity in the cocaine, norcocaine, and cocaethylene groups. ", "Furthermore, 30- and 60-fold higher doses of benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester, respectively, were necessary to produce only mild neurobehavioral changes. ", "Benzoylecgonine was not lethal even at doses 100 times greater than cocaine. ", "These results indicate that benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester are not as toxic as cocaine, norcocaine, or cocaethylene when administered intravenously to pharmacologically naive rats." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Pressburg Yeshiva\n\nPressburg Yeshiva may refer to:\n\n Pressburg Yeshiva (Austria-Hungary), founded in 1807 by Rabbi Moses Sofer (the Chasam Sofer)\n Pressburg Yeshiva (Jerusalem), founded in 1950 by Rabbi Akiva Sofer (the Daas Sofer), great-grandson of the Chasam Sofer" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Coalition of Labor Union Women\n\nThe Coalition of Labor Union Women (CLUW) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization of trade union women affiliated with the AFL-CIO. ", " The CLUW is a bridging organization that seeks to create connections between the feminist movement and the labor movement in the United States. ", "The organization works towards overcoming past constraints and conflicts in pursuance of relationship improvement between those movements and thus enabling broad coalitions. ", " The CLUW is the only national organization solely for women union members and is one of six constituency groups within the AFL-CIO. ", "It is based in the headquarters of the AFL-CIO in Washington, D.C. CLUW pursues by four goals: to bring women into union leadership, to organise unorganized women workers, to bring women's issues onto the labor agenda, and to involve women into political action.", "\n\nHistory\nWomen have participated in unions throughout time. ", "Beginning with the first national women's labor union in the United States, The Daughters of St. Crispin. ", "Followed by many other unions such as: printer unions, The Knights of Labor, Women's Trade Union League, National Organization for Women, and many more. ", "However, these unions did not support all women and discriminated against certain races.", "\n\nCLUW was founded in Chicago, Illinois in 1974 by a group of diverse women labor union leaders as part of a wave of constituency group organizing within the AFL-CIO. ", "The founding members wanted an organization that did not discriminate among race and to also include unionized women workers.", "\n\nThe impetus for the formation of CLUW came in June 1973 when women labor union leaders, led by Olga Madar, who later became first president, of the United Auto Workers and Addie Wyatt of the United Food and Commercial Workers met to discuss the formation of a new AFL-CIO body. ", "They sought to create a more effective voice for women in the labor movement.", "\n\nIn March 1974, union women from over 58 unions and 41 states gathered in Chicago, Illinois to establish an organization based upon women and labor movements. ", "There were over 3,000 women in attendance. ", "The purpose of this organization was to increase the number of organized women workers, implement affirmative action, work for the passage of legislation favorable to women workers, and increase women's involvement in their unions. ", "Furthermore, this organization would establish a union that would be more responsive to the needs of women in the labor force. ", "Therefore, the Coalition of Labor Union Women was formed due to political socialization and mainly the need of the founding members to address union identities amongst feminists. ", "CLUW was founded as a result of protests starting from the late 60s and throughout the early 70's. ", "The diffusion of feminist consciousness brought the uprising of feminist organizations.", "\n\nTimeline\n\n 1974- March 23–24, Chicago, IL. ", "The founding conference elected Olga M. Madar as the president. ", "Adopted four goals: organized the unorganized, promoted affirmative action, had more women participate in their union, increased women's presence in political activities\n 1975- First National Women's Health Conference. ", "AFL-CIO endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment, and CLUW became first to move its convention from non-ratified Equal Rights Amendment state to ratified state.", "\n 1976- First National Convention on Pay Equity\n 1977- During National Convention, Joyce D. Miller was elected president. ", "CLUW came together with women's civil rights and religious groups to stand up for minimum wage increase. ", "CLUW was part of the Decade of Women Conference.", "\n 1978- CLUW Center for Education and Research was founded.", "\n 1979- First Biennial National Convention and CLUW health/safety series took place.", "\n 1980- CLUW president, Joyce D. Miller, became the first woman to be part of the AFL-CIO Executive Council.", "\n 1994- CLUW celebrated 20th anniversary. ", "Conferenced on National Health Reform and Women in Global Economy.", "\n 1996- Conferences on Voter Education and Participation, organized for political action and union women empowerment.", "\n 1998- Conferenced on CLUW's goals and worked to end violence against women.", "\n 2000- Launched 200 Election Project which focused on having women registering to vote, getting more involved in political activities and participating in elections.", "\n 2001- Participated in NOW's emergency action for women's lives. ", "Initiated campaign for inclusion of contraceptives in union health care plans. ", "Received $225,000 CDC grant for HIV/AIDS Awareness and Prevention Program.", "\n 2002- CLUW supported action for UFCW's Justice for Wal-Mart workers and UNITES's Behind the Label anti-sweatshop initiative.", "\n 2004- CLUW hosted a town hall meeting in New Orleans before Election Day to allow voters to access all the major organizations they wanted to represent\n 2005- CLUW's Contraceptive Equity Project was well received, CLUW then started Cervical Cancer Prevention Works. ", "CLUW also participated in Diversity Summit with the AFI-CIO convention. ", "CLUW supported the Wake-Up Wal-Mart campaign to promote anti-worker, anti-union practices of the largest employer.", "\n 2006- CLUW joined with Sister Study to help locate women with breast cancer and to research the causes. ", "CLUW's Contraceptive Project did really well when the male Masters, Mates, and Pilots Union adds contraceptive coverage for its 6,800 member and spouses. ", "Cervical Cancer Prevention Works project worked closely with CLUW chapters and unions in California to secure HPV test coverage there.", "\n 2007- CLUW celebrated the reintroduction of Women and Equality Amendment. ", "Participated in Voices of Iraqi Workers Solidarity Tour, allowing them to work closely with Iraqi workers. ", "A panel addressed \"Diversity in the Labor Movement-Dialogue and Action.\" ", "Delegates set policy through the support of 18 resolutions relating to the Employee Free Choice Act and the need to make health care issues a cornerstone. ", "Called on withdrawal of troops and private contractors in Iraq, and then further calling on women and people of color in union leadership and support of USW's.", "\n\nStructure and governance\nCLUW is governed by its membership. ", "The membership meets in a biennial convention in October in odd-numbered years. ", "At least six times each year, the National Officers Council meet to act on organization business concepts and to plan these conventions. ", "Members may belong to any labor union, and be active or retired. ", "Provisions exist for associate membership for those who are not union members or on long-term layoff. ", "Members must belong to a local chapter, or, when no local chapter exists, be a member at-large. ", "National unions and local chapters may elect one delegate to the national convention for every five CLUW members. ", "The membership discusses and sets policy, and elects the officers and board of directors of the organization.", "\n\nIn the direction of the national president and national staff, CLUW's headquarters are located in Washington, D.C. The national staff contains the organization's executive director, the director of the CLUW Center for Education and Research, the national organizer, and two additional staff positions. ", "The term for national officers is four years. ", "There are also 12 vice presidents. ", "The president-emeritus, executive vice-president emeritus, officers and vice presidents comprise a National Executive Board (NEB).", "\n\nCLUW's standing committees take care of administrative tasks like elections, archives, recruitments, finances, and introducing topics of devoted concern. ", "The CLUW constitution also provides for a National Officers Council. ", "The Council governs CLUW in the period between conventions. ", "Its rulings and policies are binding unless reversed by the convention. ", "CLUW takes initiative to recruit young working women concerning such issues that affect their lives, unity with coworkers, and demonstrating the union wage advantage.", "\n\nCLUW has both state and local chapters. ", "The NEB is empowered to charter new chapters, and Article XIII of the CLUW constitution governs the conditions under which they may be established. ", "Currently, there are about 75 CLUW chapters in the U.S. and Canada, with members in about 60 international American and Canadian unions.", "\n\nRelationship with AFL-CIO\n\nCLUW is one of six constituent groups of the AFL-CIO. ", "The mutualism between the two organizations was never let known to the public by the CLUW News or the CLUW constitution. ", "CLUW relies on the AFL-CIO for funding. ", "Members from both groups characterize the support as mutual. ", "CLUW helps the AFL-CIO by associating women with labor movements and the AFL-CIO provides money for CLUW. ", "CLUW members believe that even though they are a support group of the AFL-CIO, it did not mean they agree on everything the AFL-CIO believes in and likewise, have their own independence.", "\n\nAccording to a respondent, \"We call us a \"support group\" because mostly and fundamentally we support each other. ", "However, we are not the AFL-CIO. ", "We are the women's movement within the AFL-CIO. ", "And I think we are... considered to be more progressive in certain areas of the labor movement and in regard to women's issues and children and family. ", "So we are looked at with respect, and hope and admiration from ... the members of the AFL-CIO.\"", "\n\nBridging Organization\n\nCLUW strived to build coalitions between women's issues toward the labor agenda. ", " Coalitions and alliances were generated among the women's and labor movements. ", "The unions were altered from within and demonstrated \"unobtrusive mobilization,\" a method that accomplished feminist goals. ", "CLUW's advancement on issues like childcare, pay equity, and sexual harassment helped develop a feminist labor agenda. ", "For example, when day care workers went on strike in 1989 in West Berlin, the strike consisted of day care workers. ", "The strike was assumed to be a labor affair rather than a women's concern. ", "Therefore, leaders in the women's movement did not perceive that it was their responsibility. ", "The day care worker's strike was an issue for women, but the day care workers gave women the opportunity to work and earn some sort of income even though the wages were still low. ", "Miscommunication between the labor and women's movement was a factor that played a role in the strike's failure. ", "Had there been a bridging organization like CLUW, then improved developments could have resulted. ", " Bridging organizations establish the blueprint for future partnerships. ", "Women's labor, civil rights, and other social movement organizations formed coalitions with CLUW.", "\n\nImpact\n\nCLUW represented networks of union women even though the organization itself contained few members and staff. ", "The National Executive Board members were very active with the women's movement, the civil rights movement, and the labor movement at all different local, regional, and national levels. ", "CLUW members were very involved with other organizations, in addition to the CLUW. ", "CLUW united the goals of the women's and labor movements by addressing issues such as childcare, sexual harassment, and pay equity. ", "Working-class women and women of color were attracted to CLUW because it was able to touch upon the interests that women had, such as worker's issues, family issues and labor issues. ", "because mainstream second wave feminist organizations had alienated working-class women and women of color by not addressing issues in these ways.", "\n\nDiversity\n\nThe CLUW is a very diverse organization with respect to not only education and occupation but also gender, race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. ", "In 1994, 30% of CLUW were women of color. ", " 20% of members were African American, 6% were Hispanic and Latina, 1% were Asian American, 2% were Native American, and 2% considered themselves as another ethnicity. ", "The diversity in the CLUW indicated the significant unionization rate of women of color. ", "The majority of the CLUW establishing members were women of color. ", "They wanted an organization that included unionized women workers and did not discriminate among race. ", "Men were also members of the organization, representing 13% of the CLUW. ", "CLUW wanted to include men in their organization to demonstrate that they are not anti-male and that they are accepting of everyone.", "\n\nPrograms\n\nCLUW holds educational conferences the day before each National Executive\nBoard (NEB) meeting. ", "The conferences cover a wide variety of topics, from\nequal pay to organizing new workers to family-friendly collective\nbargaining language.", "\n\nIn 1979, CLUW established the CLUW Center for Education and Research. ", "The\ncenter is a nonprofit entity, which provides education and training\nprograms to CLUW members. ", "The goal of the Center is to train members to\nbecome more effective advocates for working women in the workplace and the\nlabor movement.", "\n\nCLUW sponsors a number of women's health initiatives. ", "These cover breast\nand cervical cancer awareness and a project to increase access to\ncontraception. ", "In 2000, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission\n(EEOC) stated that the employers can not show bias against their employees'\nhealth insurance by denying benefits for contraceptives. ", "If they offer\nbenefits for drugs and services that are used to prevent other medical\nconditions. ", "In the Spring of 2001 the CLUW established the Contraceptive\nEquity Project to notify union members and women about legal, political,\nand medical issues that were related to gaining contraceptive coverage.", "\nCLUW works with the National Women's Law Center (NWLC) in the National\nCouncil of Women's Organizations. ", "In September 2010, the new health care\nlaw went to effect which required insurance plans to cover certain\ndefensive health care services, that includes mammograms, smoking cessation\ntreatment, folic acid, among others, at no cost.", "\n\nReferences\n\n1.", "\tRoth, Silke. ", "Building Movement Bridges: The Coalition of Labor Union Women. ", "Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003. ", "Print.", "\n\n2.", "\tMastracci, Sharon. \"", "Coalition of Labor Union Women.\" ", "Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History. ", "Ed. ", "Eric Arnesen. ", "Vol. ", "1. ", "New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2007. ", "Print.", "\n\n3.", "\tCoalition of Labor Union Women. ", "Coalition of Labor Union Women, 2012. ", "Web. ", "Nov. 2013.", "\n\n4.", "\t\"Coalition of Labor Union Women.\" ", "Historical Encyclopedia of American Labor. ", "Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004. ", "Credo Reference. ", "Web. ", "Nov. 2013.", "\n\n5.", "\t\"Coalition of Labor Union Women.\" ", "Encyclopædia Britannica. ", "Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. ", "Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. ", "Web. ", "Nov. 2013.", "\n\nFurther reading\nDubofsky, Melvyn and Dulles, Foster Rhea. ", "Labor in America. ", "7th ed. ", "Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1993. ", "\nFink, Gary. ", "Biographical Dictionary of American Labor. ", "Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1984. ", "\nHistory and Achievements, Coalition of Labor Union Women\nRoth, Silke. ", "Building Movement Bridges: The Coalition of Labor Union Women. ", "Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003. ", "Print.", "\n\nArchives\nPrimary documents related to CLUW's functions are located in several archives in the United States:\nCoalition of Labor Union Women Records. ", "Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs. ", "Wayne State University. ", "88 linear feet of manuscript materials were donated by Olga Madar. ", "Additional CLUW records at the Reuther Library include the organization's publication, CLUW News, 1975-1976, 1978-1980, 1984-1997, 1999, 2001, 2005-2006.", "\n Jackie Boschok Papers. ", "1979-2011. ", "16.32 cubic feet (22 boxes). ", "Contains records from Boschock's service as an officer in the Coalition of Labor Union Women (CLUW) Puget Sound chapter as well as a member of the organization's national board.", "\n Irene B. Hull Papers. ", "1933-2006. ", "6 cubic feet. ", "Contains records from Hull's service as chair of the Publicity Committee, Coalition of Labor Union Women from 1974-1996.", "\n\nExternal links\nCLUW Web site\nAFL-CIO Constituency Groups\n\nCategory:Trade unions in the United States\nCategory:AFL–CIO\nCategory:History of labor relations in the United States\nCategory:Trade unions established in 1974\nCategory:History of Chicago\nCategory:Women's occupational organizations\nCategory:Working class women\nCategory:Organizations established in 1974\nCategory:1974 establishments in Illinois" ]

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[ "Tobias Franek\n\nTobias Franek (born ) is an Austrian male BMX rider, representing his nation at international competitions. ", "He competed in the time trial event at the 2015 UCI BMX World Championships.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Profile at sport-results.org\n\nCategory:1996 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:BMX riders\nCategory:Austrian male cyclists\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Cyclists at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics\nCategory:European Games competitors for Austria\nCategory:Cyclists at the 2015 European Games" ]

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[ "Recurrence of colorectal liver metastases after surgical treatment: multifactorial study.", "\nThe authors evaluated the significance of various factors regarding the recurrence of colorectal liver metastases (CLM) after liver resection or radiofrequency ablation. ", "82 patients were operated on for CLM at our department between 1998 and 2003. ", "Radical surgery was performed in 58 patients (74.4%), an palliative surgery in 20 (25.6%). ", "Recurrence of the disease was recorded in 53 patients (71.6%), 21 (28.4%) were without any sign of recurrence. ", "The factors examined in the multifactorial analysis were: age and sex, localization of the primary carcinoma, Dukes classification, grading, histology, microscopically free resection line, chemotherapy and radiotherapy after colorectal or liver surgery, different types of liver resection, radical versus palliative liver surgery, complication after liver surgery, laterality of metastatic process, number of metastases, blood transfusion, staging, repeated liver surgery. ", "Long-rank and Wilcoxon test were used for the statistical evaluation. ", "The factors statistically significant for disease-free interval after liver surgery were: unilaterality of metastatic process, microscopically free resection line, radical versus palliative surgical treatment. ", "The survival rates after liver surgery and after the primary operation were dependent on grading, age, radical versus palliative resection, Dukes classification and staging. ", "These factors could play an important role as predictors of colorectal cancer recurrence in patients' follow-up period after liver surgery for CLM." ]

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[ "Silver and white T-Sword under Tennesse shield outlined in navy\n\nTip: Use your left and right arrow keys to quickly scroll through our Tennessee Titans logo history" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCombine plain SQL and DSL in SQL query in jOOQ\n\nI have a complex plain SQL query (with subselects, multiple joins, database specific functions) but I would like to use the jOOQ's DSL for generating e.g. the order by clause.", "\nWhat I would like to achieve is:\nDSL\n .using(datasource)\n .select(\"select column from table\")\n .orderBy(DSL.fieldByName(\"column\"))\n\nwhich jOOQ could be transforming to:\nselect * (select column from table) q order by q.column;\n\nCan this be done?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou're close. ", "The following is possible:\nDSL.using(datasource, dialect)\n .select()\n .from(\"(select column from table) t\")\n .orderBy(DSL.field(\"t.column\"));\n\nYou have to wrap (and depending on the SQL dialect, also rename) your derived table explicitly yourself.", "\nNote that I'm using DSL.field(), not DSL.fieldByName(), as the latter produces a case-sensitive column reference. ", "Your plain SQL query would then also have to produce a case-sensitive column reference.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "// +build ignore\n\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\t\"github.com/magefile/mage/mage\"\n\t\"os\"\n)\n\nfunc main() {\n\tos.", "Exit(mage.", "Main())\n}\n" ]

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[ "Role of imaging studies in the diagnosis and evaluation of giant cell arteritis in Japanese: report of eight cases.", "\nThe objective of this study is to clarify the characteristics and imaging results of Japanese patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA). ", "Eight patients with biopsy-proven GCA were enrolled. ", "Their clinical data and imaging results were retrospectively examined from their medical records. ", "All the patients met the criteria for the classification of GCA by the American College of Rheumatology. ", "Although the clinical manifestations are similar to those previously reported, none of the eight patients presented ocular symptoms, and half of them presented jaw claudication. ", "Ultrasonography (US) of temporal artery showed the halo sign in all the patients. ", "Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) was performed in four patients and indicated the presence of aortitis of the patients. ", "US is a quick and noninvasive test to detect inflammation of temporal artery, and FDG-PET is very helpful for early diagnosis of aortitis in GCA. ", "Awareness of the disease and appropriate imaging tests will result in diagnosis of GCA." ]

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[ "Pelanserin\n\nPelanserin is an antagonist of the 5-HT2 and α1-adrenergic receptors.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:5-HT2 antagonists\nCategory:Alpha-1 blockers" ]

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[ "We were tasked to have a nice walk, to go everywhere and to have a serendipity walk, were in we could appreciate all the technopreneurial business, things and problems that surrounds us. ", "To study over these businesses and crisis and gain some knowledge about them by simply observing, resolving and criticizing them. ", "And somehow generate an idea from all of those businesses and problems. ", "This task is all about generating technopreneurial businesses, with a good nature and on how these businesses contributed in our young growing society.", "Nowadays, our country had been filled of businesses, but they are not just businesses, they are accompanied by the usage of technologies which made them considered as technopreneurial businesses. ", "As I had said, these are businesses with the application of technology as their medium. ", "Several investors had been engaged in these kinds of businesses, and glad to say that with their efforts they had managed to fulfill their goals and had delivered great services to their clients. ", "These business owners and investors had practiced their discipline, which helped them to standout in their field. ", "Here in Davao, technopreneurial businesses had been starting to popped out since the last years, and most employees had been started to be engaged in this kind of job. ", "Several technopreneurial businesses had been growing here; some of these businesses are those Call centers, Gadget shops, Cell phone centers, System or Units shop such as the Octagon and CD-r King. ", "These are some of the blooming businesses around here so far (as what had observed over the several technopreneurial businesses that surrounds us). ", "Several Businesses of this kind had been putted up in our place, even in schools you would notice/see several technopreneurial businesses, an example of these are the: Photocopy Services, Printing Services, Net Cafes, Scanning, CD Burning and Editing services. ", "These businesses work and render their services through the use of technology. ", "See? ", "Even in a form of a small business, technologies are being propagated, indulged in the business and used to deliver several kinds of services. ", "This is just only some of the proofs that technology had really helped in the growth of our society.", "In order to be successful, several things (as expected) must be considered and must be applied. ", "As what I had studied, in creating a business you should consider the thing love, you must find what you love that’s what they always say. ", "An effective way to compete with others is by putting your interest as the core of the business. ", "In this way, you will be inspired due to it’s what you really want. ", "Then get serious, putting up a business is not a game to play, it is a serious matter that involves time, money and effort. ", "It is a masterpiece that you must monitor to settle the things up. ", "You must grow your network, do not just stay on the people that you were comfortable, but instead try to reach out and approach those people that you meet and especially those individuals that you are interested at. ", "Grow and expand your circle, when you have lots of connections, having someone to call to is not a problem anymore. ", "And most of all is to know your options, makeup your mind, settle first the things that you want, put them all in a sequence, organize your thoughts and plan it well; never aim for the money but instead aim for a great development for money will come after it.", "Some of the businesses that I had mentioned had their natures, and these natures are clearly seen based on the services that they give to the clients. ", "Although some of these businesses are not that concrete, still they are exempted for the reason that they are just starting, and hoping as those small businesses rise are grows, several businesses will follow them (not specifically copying them, but instead by making their own versions) and would make Davao a center of the growing technology. ", "So how do these businesses help and could contribute in the growth of our society? ", "As these technopreneurial businesses are growing and would end up to and IT park, all those professionals (who had been fighting for their fate at somewhere out there) will have the options to stay here and focus on the progression of the city; when these businesses would bloom, several investors would be running here and putting up there investments, which literally means more money to us, and more jobs to come. ", "And all of the good things will continue. ", "So see how could it help our society and fellowmen?Couple of days ago, I had been walking outside the school territories and as I had, I had found out that these businesses had a good taste of place. ", "Perfect places to start such kind of businesses, for there are lots of students who will need their services. ", "Going back to the years where technology is not a part of the business, only fast food chains or what they call as carenderias surrounds the school as a business which caters services to students. ", "Now, can you even imagine the fast growth of the technology? ", "Wherein it was applied to different kinds of businesses, and it is always involve in their all sessions and operations. ", "I was wandering around the Victoria Plaza mall, and just witnessed several technopreneurial businesses, such as arcades, Globe (internet provider), Kodak (photo developer), and even banks had been using technologies, they were using computers and databases to generate their operations. ", "And last Saturday, I went to the Nccc mall for some reasons, a job fare was held at there car park and at the ground floor, and I attended that event. ", "After that event I took a little walk for my article and been wandering around the mall. ", "I had noticed again several businesses in the mall (as expected for it was a mall, it should contain several business that resides there) besides the department store wherein clothes and foods are located, there are the technopreneurial businesses that been residing in each floor of the mall, amazing isn’t it? ", "How the mall was merely occupied by several technopreneurial businesses? ", "There are stores which caters several services with the use of technology. ", "There are stores which sell machines such as desktop computers, laptops, printers and scanners, different units of phones and digital cameras. ", "And one thing had caught my attention; they had used the event to showcase to the people their products. ", "They had been on a sale (10 to 15% off rate) just to caught the attention of the costumers. ", "How creative and wise isn’t it? ", "Several customers had been going in and out of their shop, some had purchased laptops with an i3 to i5 processors, because it is for sale and they could afford it rather than the real price which is at a higher rate. ", "These businesses could easily adjust the price of their products for the costumers, and they are not even afraid to give huge price offs. ", "These was early discussed in our subject, that even if they had in an 80% sale price off, they would still take a credit out of it. ", "Cool! ", "And to add some more, there are also some techno shops I had missed. ", "They are the Spas and beauty makeover salons which also use machines to serve their valued clients, besides the chemical they are using; they also use several machines to treat the costumers. ", "And there is also the music shop, which basically use the technology to showcase their music. ", "To play the different kinds of music such as: Jazz, Rock, Classic, Pop and RNB. ", "Without these technologies, could you even make a tape or a disk play? ", "Don’t think so. ", "As you can see, most of these businesses are a bit common to us, the shops, the stores, the centers. ", "I wish I could have seen even just a little business with a unique nature and way of delivering them to their valuable clients. ", "But even if these businesses are not that unique at all, they vary in their strategic styles of serving their costumers, to make people engage with their business and earn a sale. ", "There is they called as Incubators, this is where business ideas are being developed, funded and started. ", "And when these businesses grow and mature, they are released off the incubator and deployed to stand on its own feet. ", "It is a good way of helping the startups grows, and if the business does not mature in maybe exactly two years, it will be forced to stop because the idea didn’t worked well. ", "Good thing there are these incubators to help! ", "As you can surf through the net, you could see several pages that are willing to help startups in the field of technopreneurial businesses; their aim is to assist technopreneurs with business ideas and technology of reasonable merit by providing you with strategic resources to turn your ideas into viable businesses, to a level that is attractive to institutional investors. ", "They provide incubations for startups, and if ever some of the readers might have some interest on it, here is the URL of the said page:\n\nTo Start the task of Discovering a Business Idea, here is my idea which came out of no where: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------With these informations, I had come up with an idea of why not having my own technopreneurial business which is in an internet based? ", "All of the said businesses I had mentioned have there own places and it is hard to compete with them. ", "I was inspired of the things I had heard during the DEVCON conference (that they are focused on cool internet progressions), I was thinking about why not try indulging in blogs or some internet stuffs.", "\n\nThe next thing I had come up is about an Online shop. ", "Individual buyers had found it too hassles to go outside and seek for a certain item, and when they get there they are forced to get the priority cards for them to be entertained. ", "Until then, they must wait for there numbers to be called and as they bought an item they must line through the cashier to pay the amount of the item. ", "Even I myself find it too tiring, and via this online shop, they could just surf the site for the item they were looking (but in a given limited time to ensure the flow of the system), and pay it through the net (example: Paypal).", "\n\nLastly I had been on a walk and found out that several fastfood chains takes time to cook a certain viand or meal in cases that there are too many costumers and there’s nothing left in the food warmer. ", "I had come up with an idea of making a fast cooker, with its special components it could cook a food faster than its normal time, and it could ensure the tenderness of that certain food.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSo as I was saying, technopreneurial businesses could contribute a lot to the development of our society. ", "Their importances are: • Employment creation – because of the growing technology and businesses, people had given their chance to be employed and have definite earnings. ", "It is on them on how they will make use of the businesses, whether they would grab the opportunity and land a job, or to stay out in the street begging for coins. • ", "Local resources • Decentralization and diversification of business • Promotion of technology – Philippines is always delayed in terms of technology. ", "Several gadgets are introduced to the other countries but it will come by the Philippines couple of years after (5 or more years later)! ", "And by putting up several technopreneur ideas, we might come up being so much oriented in the evolving technology. • ", "Capital formationWe are discussing the Environment Mastery (a part of the SEED model) and I haven’t even introduced that. ", "Having serendipity walks is a part of the environment mastery. ", "Environment mastery is about generating business ideas and seeking opportunities out from his or her environment through serendipity walks, crises, and trends. ", "There is always a business idea that can be generated in between a crisis. ", "True! ", "If only you are creative enough to see and resolve the problem, then you can generate one. ", "Again let me define an entrepreneur against a technopreneur. ", "An entrepreneur is someone who engages in a business venture and willing to take the risk in order to gain profit; any business for that matter. ", "Technopreneur, on the other hand, is specialized into high-tech and innovative business e.g. web technologies, gadgets, medicine and automation solutions. ", "Technopreneurship is the act on engaging into technoprenuer. ", "A technopreneur is a person who is into innovative technology venture by enhancing or by developing new tech products and/or services. ", "It starts from a good idea, develop this idea into an opportunity, and then commercialize it with a good business model.", "An environment-mastered person could: • Understands the industry he/she is in – in order to make it more effective, an individual must know each layers of the industry. ", "He or she must know the specific things that are needed to be considered to commit great progress. • ", "Sees the opportunities, not the problems - makes use of the problems to see the opportunities despite of crisis. ", "Making the problems as his or her source of business ideas. • ", "Is on top of the situation instead of being under the situation - is innovative and a good leader who could manage any situations. • ", "Is an organization/industry innovator and strategist – being strategic to come up with a better idea that could give a good service to its clients.", "This is a young country which strives itself to rise from debts, lets not waste the time by indulging to corruptions and dishonored operations. ", "Let’s help our nation to build its way to the top. ", "Let be innovative and strive hard together to reach success.", "\n\nEvery time I wake up in the morning, the first thing that catches my attention is poverty. ", "It is very discouraging to see the hopeless and helpless situation of our country. ", "Many people suffer from food crisis and experienced scarcity on their daily needs. ", "This is not only the problem; even jobs for a number of people are getting shorter and harder to find. ", "There is an increase of crime and other worst problems in the society because of the fast growing of the population. ", "This is the reason why we are living in an over populated country that most of the families find a difficulties in providing the needs of their family. ", "As some of the families today are facing this terrible situation of the world that other parents decides to engross in abortion. ", "Abortion leads the baby to become abnormal and having defects and that is why there are child born dumb. ", "Every year, the academe produces thousands of graduates only to know that only few of them are qualified for a work and majority became useless because of being unproductive. ", "There are also some who gain a work but not fitted to what they have taken and studied.", "\n\nThere is a one time that I felt bore and I was pushed to roam around and discover things which I think can improve me. ", "I had walked around and observe in the surroundings, and I noticed that everything is now technology based. ", "Even at home, from a simple up to the most complicated component in our home, still technology is leading. ", "Then, I came up with an idea, a technopreneur idea. ", "I based it with the problem I found around that may affect most to the lives of many people. ", "I assumed in my mind that all the things I have seen are useful and it only needs an improvement. ", "I discovered that everything on earth is permissible and useful all you need is an innovative and advance mind.", "\n\nWhile I’m walking, I noticed a dumb person and if we say dumb meaning that person cannot utter even a single word. ", "That person has a difficulty in communicating with others because of his handicap. ", "I, as a normal creature can feel his suffering and his deep feeling inside. ", "It’s not easy for a handicapped person to do the tasks that a normal person does. ", "They might sometimes feel some insecurity and helpless. ", "As a student that a having a technopreneur mind, I consider this problem as an opportunity. ", "I have formulated something which is different that I can consider unique.", "\n\nWe all know that a dumb person is unable to speak. ", "The opportunity I am talking about is to use his handicap to recommend a word reader device where every word that a dumb person writes will be translated and converted into a sound. ", "The statements that a dumb person wants to deliver will be written and the device itself will do the conversion. ", "In this way, dumb people will be given an opportunity to talk with others specially in using mobile phones as a medium of communication. ", "I found this idea as a big help to these kinds of people. ", "They will no longer feel hopeless and ashamed of their situation.", "\n\nNot only about handicapped people is the problem in our society today. ", "Almost all of the areas are experiencing a problem such as in our home, transportation, communication and many more. ", "All of these are very important in order for us to survive every day. ", "Yes! ", "These stuffs already exist but it is not enough because we all know that everything is changing almost every day. ", "So, it needs improvement to make it more useful and convenient for everyone. ", "Technology has allowed man to move from manual labour of the fields to cities and machines. ", "It has allowed huge cities to arise, because of the urban poor that have migrated to cities for improved services and job opportunities. ", "Technology has spawned the growth of modern society but it is also now used to control the population, in a way the Roman Caesars could only have dreamed of. ", "There is a really an evolution in technology today that urges the people to be with and to be more fascinated in developing and exploring it into its deeper meaning. ", "The significance of technology is now appreciated in the lives of every people so we must maintain it for the sake of the future.", "\n\nThere is no doubt that technological change brings about social change. ", "The Industrial revolution saw many people displaced from their land, to find work in crowded city factories. ", "Serfdom was abolished and the population shifted from villages to the cities. ", "Strong family ties, self sufficiency and the right to occupy land were replaced with uncertain tenancy of land, dependency on trade and a weakening of the family unit.", "\n\nEconomically, goods and money abounded, and trade flourished. ", "Children were sent to work in factories, in order for families to make enough money to live. ", "The peasant class worked long hard hours in poor conditions with no security. ", "The family unit is even more vulnerable today with soaring divorce rates, high rates of teenage suicide, most of society are either heavily mortgaged to banks or paying high rents, and no one can be self-sufficient in a world governed by free wheeling free trade.", "\n\nIntroducing this idea to the people is not only meant to make money but making meaning to the lives of people who are unfortunate enough. ", "It is good to know that being a technopreneur is not only helping the society but also the personal way of living of every individual in the society. ", "We cannot deny the fact that talking about technoprenuership the first thing to come in our minds is all about money which is wrong. ", "The most important thing to think first in business is its meaning, meaning imparting a great motivation to change the lives of the people and to make the world better. ", "Therefore, if there is a meaning, there is a profit.", "\n\nThousands and millions of businessmen engaging in business are all focused with the money that they are earning. ", "As a result, they are not particular to the impact of their business to the society especially to the people. ", "Going back to the technopreneur idea that I have introduced, I am very sure that it will be popular and in demand in the market. ", "It will certainly uplift the economy and many companies will look after this idea because they knew that will be a great help to many people. ", "If this idea will be recognize in many places, different marketing strategies will be observe in order to win the attentions of their consumers. ", "The risk takers will once again think for the best ways to sell their products. ", "There are many ways to introduce a project, some are making advertisements subjecting their products and others are through making interactions between the company and the consumers.", "\n\nIn the past, company’s are using the traditional way in marketing but as competition in business is continually increasing they prefer to change into a new marketing strategy. ", "They already make use of the available technology around and introduce their products with the use of the web or the internet. ", "Many business people today are earning through online and are starting and developing their business online. ", "Internet technology is totally re-defining how businesses are being modeled and how business strategies are being implemented. ", "The residues left behind by this rapid rate of advancement however are small businesses and entrepreneurs who are not equipped and unwilling to embrace new technologies, mainly attributed to the fear of the unknown. ", "And this is what Technopreneur aims to provide you with, the latest information on new, emerging Internet technology trends, sifting the hype from business reality. ", "You will get the inside track on all things Internet technology that will impact your business tremendously. ", "Business and technology are almost always entwined. ", "Evolution of technology inadvertently leads to evolution in business. ", "The one who spots technological trends and learns to use it, gains an upper hand over their competition.", "\n\nOthers have a big problem in seeking for a source of living that in fact there are countless opportunities waiting for them. ", "The mistake of many job seekers is that they let the opportunity knock on their doors, yet they are not looking for a way to knock on the door of opportunities. ", "There are lots of means and places where opportunities are present like in the internet, numerous of available slots are waiting to be occupied. ", "The effect of e-commerce, and the internet will impact on every society on the earth. ", "Already, the barriers of trade between individuals in different countries are non-existent. ", "Company contact details are searchable through powerful search engines, and trade can commerce between two individuals who would otherwise never have met. ", "The internet dissolves national boundaries, and the consequences for cities that have developed as centers of administration and trade will be disastrous, if they do not embrace the technological advances in communication and trade that the internet brings. ", "While at the same time, free trade means fierce competition without the protection of award wages. ", "People are reduced to consumers and suppliers.", "\n\nIf all of us are looking forward in the world of business, all of these things and crisis that we are suffering today will have a solution. ", "There is a big possibility that businesses will expand and grow larger to the mind of the people. ", "It is advantageous for the students today to have a mindset of a technopreneur for them also to be enhanced and trained in business. ", "Their hidden skills and talents will be exposed and they will come to be in loved in business management. ", "Most of the IT students are already experts in online businesses and it is good news for everyone, at least they have knew where they are capable to and they make use the technology to develop their innovativeness. ", "Even me, I was challenge to explore more in the world of technology. ", "I became excited to be a technopreneur someday. ", "Honestly, I’m not really fond of technology but since I understand its huge contribution to our lives, I turned to be more interested about it. ", "I was amaze when I discovered that high grades are not important as long as I have the interest and love to do anything.", "\n\nIf today we are very doubtful of the things around us, we must be enlightened and open our minds to every opportunity that may come into our way. ", "We usually say that we are only students and are not capable in a business which became the reason why we are blinded with the various opportunities that we can grab to. ", "Let us give hope and another chance to those people who are in need of us, of our skills and ability that may help them to go on with life. ", "Being a student is not the exact reason why we stop, yet it is our way to explore all the available resources around. ", "Let us teach ourselves to have an initiative in entering the world of business, let us make ourselves sa one of those young technopreneurs in the world. ", "If we are bounded with our hesitation so take that hesitation as a challenge to pursue and go beyond the limits of our dreams. ", "Let us challenge ourselves to try something new and let us take courage to join the flock of successful businessmen together with our extraordinary ambition and ideas.", "\n\nTo generalize my personal view about the topic, I can say that everything in this world is all about change. ", "We must be restless and always look out for change. ", "The show must go on even we are tracking the bumpy road. ", "Just continue believing that we will achieve the turning point where are bound to finish the race. ", "Always open your minds for the big opportunities and if ever the door is closed, do not lose hope and just finish what you have started and be one of the reason of business change.", "\n\nFirst how can we get a great idea and turn it into a business opportunity? ", "To have this, you need to do a serendipity walk or so called a discovery trip. ", "This will allow you to discover new opportunities in your surroundings, your community (online or offline) by observing areas which you think needs improvement or needs a solution for a certain problem. ", "It’s like doing a survey to find out the areas that need help. ", "As I walked along the street, I discover and have observe that there is a lot of establishment are already raised up in the city and they are now upgrading there businesses by using some of the new high technology this time. ", "Many of the establishments today are competing for their products to have a big income in the end of the day. ", "Some are making sales for them to have more income for their business. ", "Nowadays, putting a business is not that easy because you have to consider many things in order for your business to be successful. ", "Making a proposal for a business today is not that simple again because maybe your idea is already existed so have to be futuristic at the same time it will be beneficiary to all. ", "Not that you are simply proposing a business for nothing and not useful to everyone, you must always consider the wants of the people or your prospective clients because they are the one who will purchase and buy your products. ", "Another factor that you may consider is to be a creative and innovative in thinking of a business because there’s a lot of establishment that rises up today which you can be a strong competitor. ", "While walking and observing the surrounding, I discover that there so many things that may give us opportunity being a Technopreneur someday, it’s up to you on how you will find and grab it. ", "I think we have to be a keen-observer in our place and even to the other places for us to find different opportunities that may suit our own capability. ", "This time many of the students are now entrepreneur in their own way and even as a Technopreneur, it’s up to you how can handle it.", "To give a Technopreneur idea is not that easy as what you have thought although we already know that there are a lot of opportunities for us but we must also consider on how it’s gonna work and to start up. ", "If you are thinking of a coffee shop to be your business, I must suggest that you have to change and re-planned it again. ", "Coffee shop are already everywhere as you’ve look around, you can see them side by side in any area. ", "In the case of a fast food chain, I think it is not also a suitable business nowadays. ", "It is just like the coffee shop that are already seen everywhere the place especially in the city. ", "Many of the fast food chain today are using some of the new technology and machine in their establishment. ", "In this way, they can also take the attraction of the mass people to appreciate and purchase of their products. ", "It is another way for the entrepreneur or the Technopreneur to gain more profit and income to their business. ", "Internet café is also one of this business which is fast growing today on other hand most of the student now are already into the internet so that’s why it is fast growing business today. ", "To think of a Technopreneur idea is still so confusing what it will be. ", "I have just observe that a food business currently are so boom you can everywhere in the place that there are so many restaurant, food chain, barbeque houses and carenderia all over the place which you can choose wherever you like to eat and order maybe the reason is that the Filipino people are so fun of eating and love to eat so that’s why many businesses today are all about foods. ", "Recently, I’ve learned and found out that many of the Technopreneur are now targeting the internet world because today there are so many sites that talks about business and all about networking site and a business pages. ", "And besides, you can now find a job through the internet. ", "Over the billion users of internet and thinking to put and make a site of a certain business you can have make some money through that. ", "Getting into technology venture is not easy as it may seem. ", "You need to consider where you will get your financial resources. ", "Do you have ready capital to dive into this business? ", "Or, will you approach your friends to help you out, loan from financial institutions, or seek for venture capitalist? ", "Yes, you have the idea but you need financing to start your idea “moving.” ", "You may also need some help from the academe or technical people for your human resource needs. ", "Consider also the venue or environment where you want your idea evolve into a real product or service. ", "Will you start it from your garage or room, go into an IT park or enroll to an incubation facility? ", "After, walking around and search over the internet I have come up to this idea of a business which is very useful to everyone so I come up to this idea that I may suggest or to propose to everyone is an X-ray flash light which it can view the internal parts and organs of a human being. ", "Another feature of this X-ray flash light is that it can detect the health condition of a person. ", "For example, if you will direct it on the heart area of a person, it will tell you that if the heart of that person is healthy or not. ", "Why do I come up on this idea is because I know it is very useful to us and to everyone especially on the medical people and may use as a hospital tools. ", "As I observe that health is wealth because it is very costly if you get sick nowadays because as well know that the products sell on the market are now expensive. ", "So we must be careful on our self to not get sick and have a disease. ", "Lot of medicines and vitamins are now introduce to us for our health to be good and to prevent some diseases and I know that is for own good but I think that it is another reason why many of us get many diseases because of the wrong intake of the medicine. ", "By this gadget, I may help other people on their health condition and I may contribute to our own home land. ", "I can also introduce it to everyone by using the internet so that the other country may knowledgeable with this gadget and I can help them also and vice versa with me. ", "Also, I have observe that it has a rapid growth of consumer technology markets and the rise of global competitors and also the declining barriers to entry due to outsourcing and on-demand business models. ", "As we all know that High-tech and entrepreneurial skills are driving our economy back to prosperity. ", "Technopreneurship-merging technology prowess and entrepreneurial skills- is the real source of power in today's knowledge-based economy. ", "A technopreneur distinguishes logic from tradition, tradition from prejudice, prejudice from common sense and common sense from nonsense while integrating a variety of ideas from diverse groups and disciplines.", "Technopreneurship is not a product but a process of synthesis in engineering the future of a person, an organization, a nation and the world. ", "Strategic directions or decision-making processes are becoming more demanding and complex. ", "This requires universities, and in site professional development programs and training to produce strategic thinkers who will have skills to succeed in a rapidly changing global environment.", "However, lack of teaching methods to turn today's students into creative, innovative, visionary global leaders who understand the importance of Technopreneurship. ", "Recent technological advances and global competitiveness have changed and broadened the nature of liberal arts to embrace humans and machines. ", "These changes take time. ", "These programs should focus on what workers and professionals should be able to do. ", "These include functioning on multidisciplinary teams, communicating effectively, acquiring updated knowledge of technological developments, and understanding the basic technical concepts and there new applications and improvements.", "Creativity is breaking the conventional mental blocks and playing with imagination and possibilities, leading to new and meaningful connections and outcomes while interacting with ideas, people and the environment. ", "Technopreneurship is the only source of long-run sustainable competitive advantage. ", "In an era of man-made brainpower industries, individual, corporate, and national economic success will all require both new and more extensive skills sets than have been required in the past. ", "By themselves skills don't guarantee success. ", "They have to be put together in successful organizations. ", "But without skills and technopreurship there are no successful organizations.", "As I have search in the internet there a kinds of businesses which you can choose where you think you are suitable into. ", "These are the following:1. ", "Outsourcing – This is something else that is becoming more popular as time passes by. ", "The pay is good, and it also gives you a chance to become highly recognized without having to do a lot of advertising.2. ", "Online Home Business – There are seriously thousands of small business ideas you could choose. ", "You could choose to make or sell soy candles, makeup, household cleaner, t-shirts, office equipment, greeting cards, etc. ", "3. ", "Seasonal Businesses – And I’m not talking about just for one season. ", "Something that you could do (and I am sure it would be profitable) would be to buy and sell products from distributors that are put out just for the season. ", "Be sure that other stores do not carry the same products. ", "Make your products 100% unique.4. ", "Traveling Businesses – This idea is a lot like a lemonade stand. ", "You transport your products with you and advertise your business by selling at different locations. ", "This will help tremendously with bringing the customers to you.5. ", "Freelancing Business Ideas – This involves staying at home and providing your professional writing and blogging services to various clients. ", "A great way to advertise is to create a website as well as write for other websites at discount prices to attract more clientele.", "\n\nTechnopreneur idea? ", "In our Technopreneurship 2, we were given a task to have our time discovering our own technopreneurial ideas as we do the serendipity walked. ", "I was quite amazed on that task because I think it will be my firs time to make that kind of activity. ", "I was still thinking on what would be my ideas in that activity because for me it’s hard to think widely about that because of businesses that are existing nowadays. ", "So I just follow and do the serendipity walked and think and imagine things that may help me gathered ideas. ", "In all fairness its really job well done for me I think because I was able to generate ideas because of that. ", "But I’m just not sure if my work is correct but I’m hoping that it will.", "\n\nSo As I walked around to think of my Technopreneur idea I have find hard time on thinking and discovering ideas. ", "Although it’s hard still I have some ideas that may be consider a Technopreneur idea. ", "By the way I have walked somewhere in Obrero. ", "So before we go further on my Technopreneur ideas let us first define what Technopreneur is. ", "As I search and browse in the internet I have definitions gathered which defining Technopreneur is. ", "So Technopreneur base on the internet, it is Technopreneur is come from 2 words Technology and Entrepreneur. ", "It means a business that using technology as their business model. ", "This term only use by Asian countries especially Malaysia and Singapore.", "\n\nWalking around and thinking of something to discover Technopreneur idea is hard because as I walked and observed the surroundings I was thinking on what Technopreneur I may think when it’s really hard to think of own Technopreneur idea because of existing companies which are using and implementing high technologies as a part of their growing business. ", "As I do the serendipity walk I have think of technologies which are focusing on health monitoring because as I observed nowadays most of sick patient particularly on heart diseases can’t monitor their health and I think most people died on heart failure because of they can’t monitor their limits. ", "There would some ask me why would I think of this kind of idea knowing that I’m an Information technology student not a nursing or other medical student. ", "I have thought on what if I will suggest a high-tech necklace which the pendant will serve as the device that monitors the heart condition of a sick person. ", "I have know some necklaces which lessens the illness of a sick person I just don’t know if it really effective but I think it is because I have heard that it really lessens and sometimes cure the illness. ", "But this high-tech necklace I suggest can also be consider as fashion type accessories for the patient not to get shy of the necklace they are using. ", "With this necklace the patient may able to monitor their heart if it is necessary or them to go to the doctor and check their health. ", "Also with this high-tech necklace the patient may control their temper because this device will alert the patient if it reaches it limits. ", "The device will blink the light emitting diode in order to warn the patients that use the device. ", "As I come up with technology I have think if what if I will add some features on the necklace like digital watch and then it can also be used as communicating device at the same time. ", "The main purpose of this high-tech necklace I will suggest is to help patient who has a heart disease to monitor their health condition without going to the hospital and get hassle.", "\n\nI have also thought of suggesting watch type of still a health monitoring gadget or device, but now it’s a watch type which monitors the blood pressure of a high blood person. ", "This is what we proposed technology in our Technopreneurship 1. ", "In this technology the watch will alert the sick person if it will reach it limits because of its temper. ", "This watch also monitor if the blood who uses it still flows normally. ", "We have also suggested some features on it t make it really useful not just for health purposes. ", "Some features that we’ve suggested to add up n the watch are, it can also be use of course as watch purposes; it can be use as communicating devices; it can also be use as map, GPS or Global Positioning System which helps those people particularly tourist to locate their destination by just looking at their watches. ", "I know it’s kind of ambitious but I’m looking forward on it in the future. ", "By the way I got the idea of Global Positioning System I think in “Spy Kids” movie. ", "I know its funny but I’ve been amazed when I saw that. ", "It’s not totally a watch I have seen but it’s mostly alike with it. ", "With this watch the patient will not be worry on when will his health be at risk again because it’s been monitored by the gadget that will just let him be aware on his or her condition.", "\n\nAs I go round the street I have also thinking of putting up start up business, even if it’s not that high-tech type of business. ", "I imagined on making not an ambitious type of business because for now it’s so hard to suggest an ambitious business because the existence of the business which are producing world class gadgets and devices. ", "For a starter business man its better to think of in demand business which will last for a long time not for a couple of days. ", "And before making a business it’s better to think it more times before pursuing it because there are many businesses that didn’t succeed because of wrong decision. ", "But their still many businesses that are existing which are been made because of their business ideas they have. ", "Here are some of the businesses: Microsoft Corporation, Apple Corporation, IBM, and so on. ", "In the Philippines some business are the PLDT, Bayantel, SSS, Hitachi, SeaChange, and others.", "\n\nI have also think and imagine of solutions that I may recommend to farmers that help them not to manually monitors their plants if when would exact time that it will be ready to be fetch. ", "So I have come up on an idea which the plants their will also planted something metallic device on each edge of the area with a specific range. ", "Then their will be something server that will communicate with the device that been planted which gives the send the percentage of the plants if it will be ready to be fetch. ", "In this kind of technology the farmer will be now literate on computer and be knowledgeable on some trends that are existing nowadays.", "\n\nI was also thinking of security technology but I haven’t yet have Idea on what specifically technology would I recommend. ", "But its one of my ideas think with that serendipity walked because nowadays hackers are really expanding and the privacy of each people or business are not totally safe anymore. ", "With this problems encounter by many I know that their will be solutions on it. ", "I just hope that it will not too long of making because it’s a need nowadays most especially businessman’s and governments. ", "Just like what happen on some site of the government site like DOH, and other sites that’s been hacked and damage some part of the site that causes big issues in the Philippines. ", "I know that it’s really possible to hack sites because we are now in the generations of high technologies, and hacking is now easy for hackers. ", "Hacking is not bad but if it will cause harm to others and will not use it in a proper way then hacking is no longer good. ", "But not all hackers are bad because there are some hackers hacking with acceptable and valid reasons not like others.", "\n\nAs I walked along and think of many ideas that may be a good example of technopreneur ideas, I have asked my self if I can do those suggestion bases on my ideas because of status for now. ", "But I have thought that Steve Jobs and Bill Gates have put up their businesses and make computers and other devices without any degree or haven’t finished their educations yet they make it to the top and be counted in worlds reaches man and famous businessmen’s in the world. ", "As I think of what they have achieved I have tell my self that I can make it like them. ", "Because for me what they have achieved and what they have done to make it to the top make me realized to strive more if I’m really willing to be successful like because if there’s a will there’s a way. ", "In this generations only risk taker, innovative, creative and others are the important thing in dealing in this kind of industry.", "\n\nIn this generation there are many technopreneur and business ideas that can still be suggest because even if how advance the world is now there still space for new trends that we can suggest or propose. ", "This kind of advancement we are taking now is really amazing for the reason that it makes things possible and it lessens the time consume in a particular task. ", "But although we are engaging in this kind of generation let us be still be open minded and don’t let us people be dependent always to technology because the time will come have limitations and endings. ", "So let us be still open minded on everything.", "\n\nHow exciting, walking and cite and discover Technopreneur idea while you are wandering somewhere! ", "I really enjoy walking and walking aside from less expense for fare, it is tested and proven that some learning and great ideas came from just wandering around and appreciating things that surrounds you.", "\n\nAppreciating little things can bring life to you.", "\n\nAnd as I was discovering things, I somehow ask myself? ", "How do technologies help to decrease poverty? ", "Is the rate of poverty decrease or increase?...... ", "it’s for me to discover. ", "Modern age brought out solution a lot of human problems. ", "Science and technology have become part and portion of everyday life. ", "Technology is being used help resolve dangling and confused issues of humanity. ", "Modern invention and tools being used facilitate life. ", "Technological development has helped man eradicating poverty. ", "People were optimistic that technology would become answer all human harms, mainly those related with poverty. ", "He also hopeful that travel space and nuclear energy would resolve all problems. ", "Due false notion man wasted and over consumed natural resources in name of fast economic growth and social development. ", "At once he has come know that advancement in technology had deprived him of clean water, fresh air and healthy atmosphere. ", "Pollution led global warming, food crises and poverty. ", "Poverty has become a serious concern of modern times. ", "Technology is helpful only it does harm local culture, society and skills. ", "Such technology is called appropriate technology. ", "Only kind of technology is helpful in eradicating poverty. ", "Only appropriate technology is solution problem of poverty.", "\n\nIt took a lot of time reach conclusion that only appropriate technology is suitable way overcome problems of daily life. ", "Use of technology according local circumstances is a new phenomenon and is helping a lot in war against poverty and food crises. ", "Adaptation of technology is only way solving manifold problems of poor nations. ", "Expertise intended is appropriate requirements and means of a specific community is only way eradicate poverty. ", "It utilizes native ability and means that appropriate local circumstances. ", "It does damage atmosphere and assists man overcome multitude of problems. ", "Appropriate technology is only way resolving present day issues related poverty. ", "Technology is related all aspects of life. ", "It has reached its zenith in advancement. ", "Advancement can become helpful if we use technical expertise according our local circumstances. ", "Small scale technical projects providing energy and power basis of all programs related poverty eradication. ", "People and states should take advantage of technical advancements mainly in sectors of energy, communications, and information technology give power poor and gain fiscal development. ", "Information and communication technologies basic elements of universal production, business, investment and capital flow. ", "Incorporation of these technologies into poverty reduction programs is necessary. ", "It reinforces local economic progress and involvement of community in development projects. ", "Technology with its roots in customary skills and resources is only way get self-reliance and get rid of poverty. ", "In end we can say that use of internet gain access development projects and keeping touch with world markets is also important technology decrease poverty. ", "It can coordinate all efforts in connection and can help in achieving success.", "\n\nI also somehow discover things that could possible help most people. ", "Most people are having dilemmas with regards to garbage. ", "Common but it is still the problem of the nation, and I am thinking what kind of technology that can probably use to decrease the volume of garbage. …..", "mmmm I was imagining our country with less garbage dispose. ", "But I think in this dilemma technology is not that needed. ", "I think and in my personal opinion it should start with in the person itself the discipline. ", "If a person is well discipline he himself knows what is not should be and not should be. ", "But if we integrate technology in this kind of attitudes of people, the nation could probably achieve this success of less garbage. ", "But nowadays some inventors and scientist produces and create technological machines, items and subjects for garbage dilemmas.", "\n\nThe process of serendipity we also give ourselves the space and time to see things in a different light – there can be a heightening of all the senses because we’re wandering without a plan … we use radar that tunes in new opportunities.", "\n\nDaydreaming is a great example of serendipitying in your conscious and unconscious – misty wanderings that have all sorts of images and sounds – sometime becoming a crystal idea – sometimes one of those mmmmmmmmm moments.", "\n\nThe secrets of serendipity can be yours. ", "Allow yourself to let go of constraints for a moment and then see where serendipity takes you. ", "Give your brain a rest and let your intuition and imagination lead you. ", "Feel the ‘tug’ towards a place – wander in and see/feel/hear/taste what’s there – wander on.", "\n\nBy just wandering somewhere you can actually discover and formulate questions in your mind. ", "And you yourself can actually answer those questions of yours.", "\n\nLesson Learned: Learning is not just in school but everywhere, anywhere! ", "Keep exploring and innovating for you to help your mankind and your country! ", "Think out of the box! ", "We are born to be inventors and scientist!", "\n\nSerendipity walk? “", "unsa ni?” ", "I say, so to give a bit idea of what this means I used my powers and TADAA! ", "I give you a broad meaning of serendipity walk.", "Serendipity Walking – No Deadline, No DestinationEver gone on a serendipity walk?Serendipity is one of my fave words. ", "To me it means letting myself wander without any preplans, lists, agendas – and see what happens and where I end up. ", "I love doing serendipity – letting go of the what ifs, the shoulds, the buts …and wandering into the unexpected.", "The secrets of serendipity can be yours. ", "Allow yourself to let go of constraints for a moment and then see where serendipity takes you. ", "Give your brain a rest and let your intuition and imagination lead you. ", "Feel the ‘tug’ towards a place – wander in and see/feel/hear/taste what’s there – wander on.", "The paradox (another fave word) is that serendipity is a kind of unconscious consciousness – an awareness that if we listen … can take us down unexpected pathsI always say that I have a bad sense of direction because I love getting lost. ", "I end up seeing things and meeting people that I didn’t expect. ", "See, that’s the magic of serendipitying – the unexpected.", "I’ve serendipitied in Rome, Paris, London, Boston, New York, Dublin, Singapore, Oz & Ballinamore – wandered around and just listened to the ‘tug’ inside me that says ‘go down that street … go into that shop … smile at that person … taste that … touch that’.", "In the process of serendipity we also give ourselves the space and time to see things in a different light – there can be a heightening of all the senses because we’re wandering without a plan … we use a radar that tunes in new opportunities.", "Daydreaming is a great example of serendipitying in your conscious and unconscious – misty wanderings that have all sorts of images and sounds – sometime becoming a crystal idea – sometimes one of those mmmmmmmmm moments.", "Creativity demands serendipitying. ", "I developed a model of creativity years ago after working with artists and other creative people. ", "I termed the phrase ‘foraging’ to describe the serendipity experience of wandering that happens at the beginning ( and thru) a creative process. ", "It’s a kind of walk (sometime physical) thru ideas and images and fragments of sound – everything that could somehow spark a creative idea or theme for an exhibition or sound for a symphony is foraged. ", "A kind of musing on connections and disconnections.", "And you can bring the serendipity experience to places you think you already know. ", "Wander your street, your city, your workplace as if you’ve never been there before… wander into conversations with people you know and let go of an agenda or a perception or an expectation. ", "Decide to wander the known with a specific intensity – try and only hear women’s voices or see shades of blue or the scent of certain food. ", "See where that leads you.", "Serendipity is the act of making a discovery by accident.", "The most famous example is probably the discovery of penicillin. ", "Alexander Fleming returned from a vacation to find penicillin molds had killed bacteria that Fleming had neglected to disinfect.", "The meaning of serendipity has expanded in modern usage to include generally fortunate accidents. ", "John Cusack and Kate Beckinsale starred in a movie called Serendipity, in which Beckinsale's character relied on fortunate accidents, treating them as a sign of what should be.", "The term was coined by English author Horace Walpole in a letter of January 28, 1754 in which he wrote \"this discovery, indeed, is almost of that kind which I call Serendipity, a very expressive word.\" ", "Traced from Persian Sarandip, and Arabic Sarandib, Walpole formed the word on an old name for Sri Lanka, Serendip. ", "He explained that this name was part of the title of a \"silly fairy tale\", called The Three Princes of Serendip. ", "As their highnesses travelled, they were always making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things which they were not in quest of.", "Not only is the term applied to the faculty of making fortunate discoveries by accident, it is also used where a series of three, or \"hat trick\", is similarly an outcome. ", "A serendipitous result is one characterised by serendipity. ", "Someone who has a habit of finding things by serendipity is a serendipper, while a person who acknowledges, believes, and hopes in serendipity is a serendipitist. ", "Now, because you are not only an attractive but also an intelligent and perceptive reader, you have lept ahead of me in your serendipitying – and are now exploring how to serendipity in other ways:-• Serendipity wandering online – it’s not called the web for nothing. ", "I love what happens when I allow myself to serendipity the web – new ideas, new people, old ideas in new ways …connections.• Serendipity senses- how about a serendipity wandering through smells, tastes and sounds – yum. ", "Improv jazz is sound serendipity.• Serendipity in a library – the wonderful wanderings and unexpected treasures of a serendipity in a library give me immense pleasure. ", "Same thing happens when I wander a wine shop or market.• Serendipity body wander – see and sense yourself and (if you have one) your partner in a serendipity wander – a new journey with no destination or deadline.• Serendipity connections & conversations – my favourite thing in the whole world is the wonderful serendipities of conversations with people – you just never know where you’ll end up… what will scare you … provoke you… bring tears of laughter. ", "I’m always interested in the potential serendipity of connections with other people.• Serendipity spirit wander – what if you went for a wander into other spirituality’s and ways of thought without any preconceptions? ", "I was once asked to give 3 workshops for women on spirituality in mining towns in Oz. ", "At that time I was flabbergasted to be asked as I didn’t see myself as a ‘spiritual’ person. ", "As part of my own learning I went on a serendipity and asked women to introduce me to other women who had been on spiritual journeys so I could meet them and interview them – talk about wandering into the unexpected. ", "I met a feminist catholic nun; a witch; a Buddhist nun; women were on a whole range of spiritual journeys. ", "It was more than eye opening – and my spiritual serendipitying continues today.• Serendipity Ballinamore – to some people, my move 2 months ago to this wee town appears to have little rhyme or reason. ", "For me, it’s a major serendipity wander and I’m enjoying the walk.", "An interesting paradox is that even within a plan we can serendipity – listen to the ‘tug’; be open to the unexpected; wander our imagination … and still stay focused on our goal or dream … or maybe let go of that dream for a new one as a result of a serendipity walk.", "\n\nWOW! ", "Even though those written above are a product of my super human power I still am amazed. ", "Hmmmmpf… so much about the amazing thing, well I do this serendipity walk a lot of times not because I love to walk but because I have no choice but to walk. ", "Anyway every time I walk I always think of a lot of thing which entertains me, actually I use thinking as a weapon against Boredom or even tiredness. ", "Want to ask what I am thinking all of those times I walk? ", "Or I think it would be more suiting to say WHO am I thinking when I am walking… seriously, it is you, yes you! ", "Cause you know what whenever I think of you I smile and I don’t even notice that I was already at my destination. ", "Haha, nah, just kidding… I was really thinking of things, weird- funny things to be exact. ", "So basically these thoughts of mine are playing whenever I take a walk or whenever I am forced to walk. ", "A lot of times I think of those happy moments, reminisce them and suddenly I smile, alone. ", "But due to the assignment given I need to think differently like I usually do. ", "so I walked around and walked again and walked and then “ting!” ", "I again remember happy moments not techno ideas. ", "Hehe. ", "So again I did the process and the walk, but now I am setting up my mind to think only on techno ideas. ", "So walking around the wide city of Davao, though I really did not walk in the whole city, I looked around. ", "I saw lights, people, trees, cars and some rats (I also walked at night time, I am also nocturnal), so then I finally came up with an idea, first I thought of this flavored straw. ", "A straw that would give the water flavor. ", "Haha. ", "But that really is not what I discovered. ", "So inspired by the movie Surrogates, I found myself thinking of being a retailer or a producer of Surrogate suit. ", "What is this surrogate suit? ", "It is a robot but it will totally look like a human, it has a flesh like a human body (soft) and you, as a user, were just plugged in a chair with wires like in the Matrix and then you have the complete control over that robot. ", "Why I came up with this idea is because of the soaring high criminal rates and accidents. ", "It is thaturge to end killing that gave me this idea. ", "So when you have this suit you are totally invulnerable, the suit may be damaged, wrecked or even be torn into tiny peices but the user or the person in control will be just fine. ", "Not a scratch. ", "So I say now that with this, death rate will be lessening up to, ummm maybe 90%. ", "Also accidents and criminal rates will possibly go down. ", "This surrogate or robotic suit also comes with extra features, depending on how expensive they are. ", "For example, you want to have the sense of feeling, then you might have to choose a much more expensive one than those cheaper but if it happens you already have one suit then an upgrade would be recommended. ", "So this idea would really be amazing because not only the business owner would benefit from this business but also those who do the upgrades, because it is an open source so anyone with the skill and knowledge like us IT people we will be given the chance to make applications or features to improve the quality of the robotic suit, and to all humanity to help then preserve their lives. ", "It also has the so called nanomite technology wherein the suit will be able to fix itself whenever it is broken. ", "For example, when your suit were being hit by a train, by mistake! ", "It will have the ability to regain or to recover the destroyed part of the suit in short it will regenerate just like the lizard’s ability to regenerate its tail when it is unintentionally cut off! ", "It also has the ability to interact or to communicate with all the surrogates around the world; you will not be worried about the different languages because it has a built-in translator and in that way we can prevent miscommunication to other countries. ", "I know that this idea is just a bit weird but is very, very weird but all of us know that there exist a much like this, the cloning. ", "I am not going to go deeper on the “cloning” I will just give the challenge to you and go distinguish the by how you understood it. ", "But on the whole if this idea would come to life then it would be very great because you will be able to live your life the way you want it too. ", "So I have said all of the things I would like to say so now I just have to leave my last line “ I am happy that finally I know now how to think sensibly!” ", "LOLhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_does_serendipity_mean http://lizbiz.wordpress.com/2007/02/02/serendipity-walking-no-deadline-no-destination/\n\nNow we are facing the second semester school year 2010-2011 for the subject Technopreneurship 2, the continuation of Technopreneurship 1. ", "We are following the SEED model as Technopreneurship 1 introduces that model, but sad to say we finished the topic Self Mastery in the SEED model in Technopreneurship 1. ", "Now in Technopreneurship 2 our objective is to come to an end of the three elements of the model.", "\n\nThe exercise two given by our instructor Mr. Randy Gamboa somewhat say that we are going to walk around somewhere and discover technopreneur idea and give some our experience or experiences. ", "At first I don’t have an idea about business or technopreneurship that I can propose and plan for the future. ", "However our instructor comes up this brilliant idea. ", "Now I have a few ideas in line in for technology. ", "In pass day I never thought that I can passed by in somewhere in Buhangin road at NHC, I see some student claiming or receiving their allowance coming from their parents far away in the place there are in. ", "I also have an experience that kind of situation they are facing. ", "I did some survey of other students that also doing that kind scenario. ", "They are receiving money from their parents or even guardian. ", "As I have seen regularly most student felt difficulties in finding the store or money transfer where that particular store is same from where their parents drop their allowance. ", "Then I come to a brilliant idea of building a techopreneurial business of combining all kinds of money transmitter in one stop branch. ", "In that way, students will no longer travel from different places just to find the right and specific store. ", "This is a great advantage to the side of students just like me. ", "In fact I am belong to that circumstances. ", "So, I think it can help not only for as student but also in other people who experience this kind of circumstances. ", "The nature of the business was money transfer is services to the people in line of money transferring. ", "I hope it is a global leader in worldwide money transfer services. ", "That provide a secure way to send and receive money to and from your loved ones nationwide – and hopefully it is sure that the money gets to where it’s needed quickly. ", "The variety of something such as opinion, color or style of agents and locations gives you a decision to choose one thing, person, or course of action in preference to others and convenience, with many offering extended hours so that they can send and receive money at a time that’s convenient for the user or client. ", "So why do students or even other people can choose this kind of business is that the money and services is quick, convenient to the clients, available to everyone and easy to be a member. ", "I hope so it offers an efficient and speedy way to send money throughout the country.", "\n\nAnother thing which I think of new innovative is to apply my knowledge and expertise through making my own troubleshooting enterprise. ", "Honestly speaks, I am proficient in repairing computer problems. ", "Even it is common I still suggest this kind of business because the nation of the new era has many computers the same as the fast growing population of viruses that one of the reason why our computers crash. ", "In fact I got earn my own money through looking after computer difficulties and of course to repair it. ", "I had my short studies in troubleshooting when I got in Tagum before. ", "Then I developed my skills through keep on practicing our computers at home. ", "In that way, I am proud to myself. ", "A small or big thing doesn’t matter where it is technopreneur innovation or not. ", "For as long as it uses technology as an integral and key element in the transformation of goods and services. ", "if we talk services, I also gice tutorial in troubleshooting computers so that my skills will enhance and also to my student who wants to know and want to have a background or basic in troubleshooting computers. ", "I will teach them about computer hardware troubleshooting techniques, cable testers, software diagnostic routines, POST cards, error diagnostic methods. ", "That computer hardware is the physical part of a computer and it is frequently changed as compared to the software. ", "Most computer hardware is inside the computer and cannot be seen by normal users. ", "There are a large number of the computer hardware devices including Hard disk, CD-Rom, RAM, Motherboard, Monitor, printer, peripheral devices and other devices. ", "One of the first steps in the troubleshooting is to sort out the hardware and software problems. ", "You can use the event viewer utility in the Windows operating systems to identify the nature and cause of the hardware or software problem. ", "Also you can identify the hardware problems by identifying the initial start up beeps. ", "In fact, technopreneurship is the combination of business with the help of technology. ", "Well Computer troubleshooting has many uses, the most important being making the computer system and software trouble free. ", "It is important because it is a point of view of the user as any fault. ", "Also it is significant from the underlying essential idea of range of vision of the users as any responsibility for mistakes in the computer programming might result incorrect programming results. ", "The computerization of the troubleshooting procedure might also be able to make the process more user-friendly. ", "Even that computer troubleshooting is gives emphasis of high rank for the efficient working of the system and therefore there should be regular troubleshooting processes to make the system error free. ", "So, even there are many computer shops still it will boom because almost of the people nowadays have their own laptops or either desktop. ", "From my past learning’s, I had know the importance of technopreneurship these are employment creaton, local resources, promotion of technology, capital formation and lastly promotion of an entrepreneurial culture. ", "In short, it lends great benefits in our economic status of one’s nation.", "\n\nBack to the main topic, on the day when I walk across the Barrio Obrero afternoon last week I accidentally find out about something exceptional and distinctive. ", "I formulate this idea as what I called “Palit Tayo”. ", "This is a formal agreement where money involves. ", "By definition, Palit Tayo is exchanging of what you have is going to be replace by money. ", "Just like cellular phone to money, for example if you have a cellular phone and you need emergency money because you have something to buy or to pay a dept. ", "Just see me in personal then somewhat I give money then after one month you need to return the money you borrowed with the interest, the interest is not that the same in the pawnshop if you are making “prenda”. ", "The Owner or simply describes as Pawnbrokers (collateral loan brokers) engage in short term credit. ", "This loan is made at a relatively high interest rates based purely on the intrinsic value of the collateral. ", "It means like the idea of other pawnshop but it has some different among those pawnshop. ", "Palit Tayo are participating in Civic and Religious Organization which has a mission in helping the less privilege sector of society by continuous education in Early Childhood, Earning Additional Income, and Spiritual Nourishment Programs which is vital to regain their dignity and become productive citizens of our society. ", "All I want is to help other people who need emergency money. ", "One of my objectives is to gain money too. ", "It is able to be done or understood quickly yet extremely helpful for the structured community of people. ", "Also the part timer can execute this kind of business. ", "It can also help people looking for part time jobs. ", "Nowadays we know that there are lots of people who are having a hard time managing their duties. ", "But now on my new ideas, I can help not just the people in Davao but everybody around the globe. ", "New discoveries for others to benefit in. ", "Through these new ideas I can help the people not just for me but for everybody.", "\n\nWhen I am tired of walking, walking, walking and walking I felt hungry at that time so I go to my favorite fast food chain. ", "I observed and make some orders from a food chain named “JOLLIBEE”. ", "The other term for food chain was fast food. ", "So, the customers wait for a short of time to have a meal on table. ", "Possibly an enhancement from the crews designated should not only in the way of being strict yet making it more proper in their services in the world of technology. ", "There should some enhancement needed to their services. ", "I think it could be some technological improvements to make the things more suitable and less from some annoyance. ", "It can function as fast that people demands. ", "Last time I spotted a person with physical impairments to have effort in falling line just to make some orders. ", "As a customer of the food chain, I would like to give some importance or priority to those people. ", "To improve this hassle thing, injured people should have their systematize gadget in which it was installed already in the table. ", "They are the one personally manipulate this gadget. ", "But still it needs man power to convey their invoice, order and also to get cash. ", "Interruption of other customers in falling in line, because of our senior citizen and also the person that unable to see clearly objects that are far away then the company must do something to avoid it. ", "A gadget that operated by service crew, the gadget listed the entire menu that company serve and easy to visualize to our dear senior citizen and other nearsighted person because it has power to resize the letter and picture of the menu. ", "Utilities exert much energy according to the will of the proper supervision most especially on mapping the floor. ", "It’s a bother on us as a customer to wait until the floor is dry whenever janitor get wipe on it. ", "As a use of technological development, they obliged to exploit a two in one alternative cleaner which has a map and a dryer to maintain a dry floor one at a time. ", "It has a great benefit because it doesn’t need much time to stand firm the consumer where he/she want to stay. ", "These changes don’t need to follow. ", "In terms of technology it’s an application of knowledge to human work. ", "It’s up to the company to make the progress what we need in our futuristic real-world. ", "Technopreneurship is not a product but a process of mixture in engineering the future of a person, an organization, a nation and the world. ", "Strategic directions or decision-making processes are becoming more demanding and complex.", "\n\nLast thought, the most important in business idea you have or even technopreneur idea make sure that you don’t feel the hesitation or disinclination toward your ideas because you failed, instead take that failures as a lesson for you to learn more about your business as “Guy Kawasaki” said in the presentation last meeting write a wrong and make meaning out of it. ", "Be kind, or showing courtesy, friendliness, and consideration to your personnel and staff. ", "Love them like as you love yourself because they are your key in reaching your goals and aims the key to become larger, to expand or become more developed and to be capable of developing naturally and remaining in a naturally healthy state that your business located. ", "And let them to inspire your mind for you work hardly from your heart, for your business and for them. ", "I hope one of these ideas of mine, or related to these ideas, from what I like and coming from my something hoped for, later be one of my popular and making a lot of money out of my business plans ever created. ", "And I hope the success of the business will double and boom as compared to my business plan.", "\n\nWhen I entered the depths of Information Tecnology course, thinking of going abroad and larger amount of money there was my orientation upon myself. ", "I kept to myself that no progress would I ever have when I am in Davao or Philippines because employment discrepancies. ", "Davao City is the largest city in terms of land area and just with this advantage, investors and businessperson should be convinced to invest in Davao. ", "This investment might involve technology models; through this, it might be called technopreneurship. ", "Technopreneurship is, by a large part, still entrepreneurship. ", "The difference is that technopreneurship either is involved in delivering an innovative hi-tech product or makes use of hi-tech in an innovative way to deliver its product to the consumer or both. ", "Technopreneurship is the entrepreneurship involving the technoloy itself. ", "The entrepreneurs in a technopreneurship system were called technopreneurs. ", "Technopreneur comes from 2 words Technology and Entrepreneur. ", "It means a business that is using technology as their business model. ", "This term only use by Asian countries especially Malaysia and Singapore. ", "A technopreneur distinguishes logic from tradition, tradition from prejudice, prejudice from common sense and common sense from nonsense while integrating a variety of ideas from diverse groups and disciplines. ", "The most famous of them all is, Bill Gates, who makes Microsoft a household name all over the world. ", "Steve Jobs - well known for his innovations. ", "iPod - most carried gadget by young population. ", "Look at the success of Google - brain child of Sergey Brin and Larry Page. ", "Who don't know Google? ", "These technopreneurs surely created jobs for our fathers and mothers who don’t have any income resources, for the employees who don’t have pleasing personality and currently hired employees but not satisfied with their salaries. ", "Last summer, I found a site that gives you opportunity to work in your very own time or you can work full time using only a computer and internet connection. ", "This site is the oDesk.com, it caters individuals and group work. ", "It allows you to earn dollars while you are just in your very own home, seating in front of your very own computer working as much as you want. ", "What you have worked is what you get. ", "Job vacancies were listed in a manner that you can find easily where you can find in your strength. ", "Job vacancies were categorized into web development, Software development, Networking and information systems, writing and translation, administrative support, design and multimedia, customer service, sale and marketing, and business services. ", "The administrators of the site earn their money by ads and through 10% payments each transaction made within the site.", "\n\nSometimes when I’m alone, I’d walk and walk and talk to myself. ", "I got to the point that I blame myself for doing these regretful things I’ve done. ", "Asking myself why did I do that and how do I did it. ", "I’ve hated myself that I’m a stupid fool who just do things recklessly. ", "But sometimes, my date with myself brings good things and new ideas because it is only the time that I talk with myself, it is also only the time I can innovate with myself. ", "From the descriptions and expectations from a technopreneur, I would like to see myself creating and providing jobs to others to help lower the unemployment rate especially here in Davao where I was born and make opporunities be common to the individuals. ", "Everyone experienced to be a baby that needs care and help and eventually will grow to a more mature person that even helps others to stand at their own feet. ", "Starting small but thinking big. ", "Businesses just start like that, small to medium enterprises are very common as of today making them work hand in hand. ", "Maybe someday, I can find a way in my heart to put up a business in Davao City. ", "Initially, I was thinking to go to abroad for a couple of years and make savings then put up a business here in Davao. ", "However, it never reached to the extent puting a technology-modeled business. ", "My parents are selling Construction materials like gravel, sand and harware supplies so I was just thinking to keep the legacy that my parents might pass upon to me because that is what my parents have introduced to me as a source of income. ", "However, when I was getting more involved with the style and orientation of technopreneurship, I started to ask my self on what do I do with my knowledge I gained in the University of Southeastern Philippines? ", "Will it just rust and be put aside and not be improved? ", "Through this reflection, I was able to distinguish on what must be put aside and must be done. ", "I won’t let the approximated 4 years of hardships in school, in this university be gone with the wind. ", "I might (might) be giving employment to people who are unemployed and at the same time harness my ability through exposure at the real techie world. ", "Each entrepreneur especially the technopreneurs dreams to be a successful one like Bill Gates and Steve Jobs but in every success, there is a failure behind it but instead taking failures as a failure, you can take them as steps to success. ", "Acceptance to one’s weaknesses is an asset. ", "As what i have experienced as a small-time entrepeneur, jealousy to others might drag you down. ", "Instead of focusing on your own business, you might try to destroy and imitate others. ", "I am not saying that imitating is bad but being different is something that differs them from you. ", "As what Steve Jobs said, “It is better being a pirate than joining the navy”. ", "Business expansion was also my dream for our business. ", "I want it like to be a convinience stores that it is just around the corners and beyond the corners or just have many retailers. ", "Hunger is one of the most potent forces in this world! ", "It is as powerful as death because if not satisfied, it causes fatality. ", "If well channeled, hunger brings about the desires of your heart that it drives you to achieve extra ordinary things. ", "Being a risk taker is also a factor that helps a technopreneurs progress up. ", "If Mike Markkula was not a risk taker, would you think that there would be an Apple today? ", "Or There would be iPhones and iPod? ", "Or the simplest, there would be mouse and graphical user interface?", "\n\nBack again to the techno business, it has a bit of background story why I would like to put up this business. ", "The story goes like this. ", "Last semester, which is the 2nd semester of the school year 2009-2010, our school department dean posted a status on facebook that he is hiring 5 persons for some work. ", "We just ignored it because we thought that it would not fit with our level but one day we’ve finally decided to take the offer. ", "Together with Axel, Ralph, Abigail and George, we went to Sir Val’s office for the confirmation and the nature of work. ", "The work was just encoding data from survey forms. ", "The virtual form was already made and all we did was to input some data and click some check boxes and radio boxes. ", "Each of us encoded more or less 80 survey forms, each with 13 pages I think. ", "It was a very tiring job. ", "We managed our time by studying at day then work at night till morning for 2 days and 3 nights. ", "We were so sleepy and tired but we managed and finished the job because we committed. ", "And just for that duration and time, we earned 4000 pesos each. ", "When we computed our earnings if we do this for a month approximately it would be 40,000 pesos each but our health would be deteriorated because of insufficient sleep. ", "When the job ended, we were partying because it was the first time that we earned money with our own effort and thinking about it that in just 2 days we earned 4000 each. ", "When it was already summer, I have decided to join some sites like odesk.com and freelancer.com to have job online with my most comfortable time. ", "I’ve finally come to a decision on sticking to odesk because it is user friendly and bold in terms of your earnings. ", "I’ve registered and took some capacity tests and capability tests for the employer’s preference. ", "When I completed the tests given to me, I was really excited on starting to work online. ", "I have applied to some job offerings at the said site. ", "I tried to apply on being virtual assistant, data encoder, junior programmer and other related fields but when I apply the answer is either that I am declined to work or no answer at all. ", "I am really trying to get a job for almost a month. ", "But it come to my nerves and finally quitted. ", "I observed that whenever I apply to some job, there are also professional groups and teams that offer their service at the given payment rate of the employer for the said job. ", "It’s just that when I am the employer, I would probably qualify the professionals rather than the beginners because of their work experience and professionalism. “", "Why would I settle with beginners while I can get professionals with the rate I want?”, ", "a question maybe the employers thinking in hiring. ", "It was really a discrimination but there is nothing I can do. ", "So in the end I quitted and left the site with no gains. ", "So I thought of building a freelancer site for junior programmers. ", "A site that will give more opportunities for students and starters like me. ", "I proposed it to our facilitator, Mr. Randy S. Gamboa, but it was turned down because it is already a chooks to go.", "\n\nI think, all need to do is do my best and love what am I working because doing what you like is much better than regretting of doing it. ", "Working with passion will probably have great results. ", "The only things that keep us going is thing that we love to do. ", "For an instance of a student studying BSIT in Institute of computing, he/she must be consistent and persistent towards studies, and try not to waver. ", "Keeping up a good work might be tiring because people around you puts pressure unto you and expects higher. ", "Living up to these things are tiring unless it was really your will. ", "However, keeping a good work would rather be an example to others that they might make you there standards and when all stands up, you are standing out of the crowd. ", "Be Patient with everyone, but above all be patient of yourself. ", "In these times, you shall carry all of your courage and strength to withstand the storm. ", "Don’t be uprooted from the storms, face it and feel the sweetness and blessings of your life. ", "Nothing should be perfect for it is only the time that most people turn to God. ", "Running a business is such a heavy work. ", "It comes with benefits and problems. ", "Benefits include the flexibility of time. ", "When you are the owner, you are not bound with strict working hours. ", "The income also depends on how much effort you put into it. ", "When you work harder and diligently you may achieve the goal you wanted and profit you wanted. ", "Sometime you are up and sometimes you below but someone’s fate is in their own hands. ", "But we must remember that no one can steal what we learned and gained for our future plans. ", "Sometimes life hits’ your head with a brick and you need awful tasting medicine to recover.", "\n\nTo travel around or through something on foot, that’s what we call walk. ", "First impression when I got to read and interpret the second exercise given to us by Mr. Randy Gamboa prior into Technopreneurship 2 , I was amazed, surprise or even astound to the particular directive on how we are going to do our assignment. ", "Surprise because in the first place, it’s weary to us making to the point of another assignment to encounter and to resolve this thing. ", "But I was amazed where the task doesn’t need further research and look deep into the answer without the help of our best friends Google and Yahoo! ", "Walk doesn’t matter most in this task. ", "But for me, being observant and imaginative has been test on how you ponder and dwell upon your observation. ", "No right or wrong answer in this exercise I suppose. ", "When we say walking, it’s a nature thing to people. ", "But to observe is different while you are doing something. ", "Serendipity walk is the term for that. ", "Where you have been accidentally discover of something pleasant, valuable and useful. ", "Connected to technoprneurship, there are lots and numerous ideas on how you as a technopreneur should be aware and be knowledgeable on the things around you. ", "A good technopreneur must have to consider the benefits and the advantages of his innovation towards other people. ", "Before I consider myself as a competent technopreneur I must discover and measure it first on myself.", "\n\nThe first thing I did was not to walk around but in fact I am sitting in our dining area. ", "Then I let my two twinkling eyes to see and perceive around the corner of our dining section. ", "Few seconds passed, the refrigerator grasp and hold my attention, what I did is to open it and spot what’s inside of it. ", "Then I noticed, the refrigerator is full of food and drinks. ", "However, uncooked food was been decayed and has fungus. ", "In that act I came to an idea on having an advance refrigerator with the modern technology of detecting decomposed food. ", "The refrigerator will automatically can make sound when it has been detected. ", "And the refrigerators will automatic turn on and off. ", "Turn on when there is no problems identify. ", "Of course it still needs the power of electricity in order to function it. ", "But when times it can detect rooted food and another think is when the freezer has been loaded with high percentage of ice, and then it will be off. ", "I think that’s one way on how my imaginative idea works. ", "When I got to Tagum (my home), I have my usual task to do in our house. ", "My usual work and responsibilities is to be a salesperson where I am the one who sells food in our sari-sari store. ", "As my usual personal problem to encounter is when I am no longer interested to sell due to weakened and made less active exertion. ", "In other word, I already tired! ", "Then my second idea goes like this. ", "To invent a modern sari-sari store without the service of any personnel. ", "A buyer will be the one who will select and choose his goods and a part of it is the paying area where consumers drop his payment and get his changes when needed. ", "That’s one of the big help in the fields of trade and industry.", "Having these ideas are not easy just like a blink of an eye when it comes to comprehend something. ", "What I did is to determine first the difficulties in the surroundings, from that way I can formulate your technopreneurial solution to patch things up. ", "From the above solutions on some problems in our society I can now recommend my thoughts and plan. ", "At this time, I wanna share the scenario when I walk along the street some part in Obrero. ", "My technopreneur idea was to propose a solution in solving garbage problem. ", "I just wonder why does people couldn’t throw and segregate their waste in the right place. ", "They just leave it anywhere and anytime they like. ", "So I come up with this garbage what I called “high tech rubbish bin”. ", "This is a big container where you can throw any kind of garbage and waste you have. ", "Then you put it inside the bin, this bin will automatically segregate the waste and determine whether it is biodegradable or non-biodegradable. ", "Without much trash needed across the several street and much effort to throw different kind of waste the high tech rubbish bin was been proposed. ", "Not just that! ", "If the rubbish bin verify that it is almost full, the bin will automatically turn closed and locked to prevent over loading and overflow of garbage. ", "In fact people don’t care and just be senseless with this environmental difficulty. ", "That’s why stuck waste is the preeminent reason why do floods exist. ", "Aside from the garbage issue we have currently, smoke belching cars is one of complains of most Filipinos living indoors in the city. ", "Hundreds of car travel across big streets especially in the city of Davao. ", "That’s why people have been possessed to some respiratory ailments due to the smoke and dust they exhale from cars, vehicles and tracks. ", "I discover that why not to invent a gasoline for the cars engine but without danger it bring to people when belching. ", "We have to invent the advance gasoline that will maintain the good health of the people and to be sure it is harmless to them. ", "Gasolines which not damage our Mother Earth in spite with the huge buildings constructed. ", "The other technopreneur idea I got is when I visited once the Agdao Public Market. ", "As usual, wet market really looks crowded and congested especially inside. ", "Waste from peels of fruits and vegetables and even rooted meats are found. ", "Several problems also are from dishonest seller or vendor who lies to sell old kinds of products. ", "To help the consumer, I got the answer to their common problems, they should have this hand held device which can detect and identify fresh or rooted meats and fish. ", "This advance technology will just place behind the product then it will show on what percentage a meat is fresh or not. ", "This will alleviate the consumer to avoid buying unwanted ones, without regret in paying right amount but gaining diseases from what they bought. ", "After strolling around the Agdao Market, we have to leave and ride “multicab” back to the boarding house. ", "Another thing I noticed is when we are riding in the multicab numerous passengers trying to insert their selves even the availability is already small. ", "Unfortunately, two old people have their short argue because of the space. ", "In that time, I came to idea of having a built in small drawer where passengers will just simply drop his/her bills. ", "The drawer will establish how far a passenger is from. ", "When the commuter pays and needed a change, the drawer will automatically will display the changes when needed. ", "In this case, commuter who plans not to pay will be detected. ", "Crimes will be avoided; in fact wanted people can be distinguishing when passengers got inside the car. ", "In addition to preventing crimes, a simply coat is my new technopreneurial idea. ", "This is not simply a coat to wear. ", "People with the high ranks and position just like a lawyer and judge can secure their life with the help of wearing this soft black coat. ", "This black coat is a bullet proof. ", "Yes! ", "It is. ", "No one can think that this can block any kind of gunshots. ", "In this matter, preeminent person with the death treats in their life can avoid deathtraps. ", "I have this idea also of gel. ", "What is gel about? ", "A usual looked like a gel. ", "Ops. ", "It’s not what you think of gel having in your hair but a gel with the chemicals it have. ", "So where should we put his gel? ", "It is put into things maid of metal. ", "Once you will apply this gel in a material thing maid in metal, few seconds later the metal can breakdown and split into pieces. ", "So where did this gel help for? ", "In many things like cutting a metal, you will not anymore visit some blacksmith to cut the unwanted metal things you have. ", "But this will not harm to people. ", "Anything that this gel can accidentally apply are secure, but except for the things which are made of metal. ", "Why did I came to these several idea? ", "To recap what is technopreneur, it is the use of technology as an integral and key element in the transformation of goods or services. ", "In short technopreneurship is the combination of business with the help of technology. ", "We also have the learned importance of Technopreneurship, these are employment creation, local resources, decentralization and diversification of business, promotion technology, capital formation and lastly promotion of an entrepeneurial culture. ", "In other words, the Technopreneurship lend a great advantage in our economic status if are able enough and the right capabilities handling a business but considering the fact that we are one of the least and lower country. ", "So how should we implement with these things? ", "Even foods and personal needs of people are harder to attain and not enough in supporting by the government.", "\n\nA technopreneur is an entrepreneur who is technology savvy, creative, innovative, dynamic, dares to be different and take to the unexplored path. ", "That’s according to an article. ", "They take challenges and strive to lead their life with greater success. ", "They don't fear to fail. ", "Being one of that is a pleasure to me. ", "A good technopreneur must have to take failure as a learning experience. ", "Of course failures are just an element and stimulator on to the technopreneur person to look things differently and strive for the next challenge. ", "Technoprenuers continuously go through an organic process of continual improvement and always try to redefine the dynamic digital economy. ", "Technology and entrepreneurial skills are driving many economies to prosperity. ", "In other words it will help the economic status of a country. ", "Especially these times that we have job inflation rate and based on statistics, here in Philippines, we have 13,000,000 people jobless. ", "Yes, but sad to say, it is the reality. ", "Most of the fresh graduates we have is unemployed. ", "In that case their learning’s are not applied and most of that is there is possibilities that jobless person is close to some bad inducement like drugs and smoking. ", "In this way when you have to start up business, you could hire your fellowmen as your employees and you can give job to them. ", "So you help yourself to have a financial freedom and at the same time, you help other people. ", "The most famous of them all is, Bill Gates, who makes Microsoft a household name all over the world. ", "Steve Jobs - well known for his innovations. ", "iPod - most carried gadget by young population. ", "Look at the success of Google - brain child of Sergey Brin and Larry Page. ", "Imagine billions of internet users used and take advantage of the Technology and entrepreneurial skills are driving many economies to prosperity. ", "The most famous of them all is, Bill Gates, who makes Microsoft a household name all over the world. ", "Steve Jobs - well known for his innovations. ", "iPod - most carried gadget by young population. ", "Look at the success of Google - brain child of Sergey Brin and Larry Page. ", "Imagine indefinite numbers of internet users used and take advantage of the product made and innovate by those deemed industrial stars. ", "I think most of the above mentioned ideas of mine are futuristic and unbelievable to think if it possible. ", "But being a technopreneur should advance in thinking or should I say imaginative in his own way. ", "He/she is capable of innovating new things. ", "Just like big names in industry. ", "Bill Gates! ", "Steve Jobs! ", "Count the names of entrepreneurs who started Oracle! ", "Youtube! ", "Facebook! ", "As I’ve read a site that persons behind this famous social sites are not ready to technopreneur. ", "And if I am going to add my names in line with them, I also have what it takes to be a technopreneur.", "\n\nNowadays, it is truly proven that our society has already engaging in the innovation of technology through Technopreneur businesses. ", "I myself have seen the changes that it has bring to our lives. ", "We become sociable and materialistic in a reasonable way. ", "I can say that the innovation of technology in our lives bring also together the changes unto the countrymen. ", "Almost all of the people now are craving to have innovative things that make they prove that they belong to the new generation. ", "Not just materially, but also in the field of businesses. ", "We seen cross by cross businesses that using technology as their asset and somehow to enable appeared they business to the people as interested and mesmerizing. ", "It really noticeable that almost all of the businesses now are engaging in the latest innovations of technology in either big and small and even as well as in start up businesses.", "\n\nTo enable to have an idea of any unique start up techno based businesses, you must consider the things that already exist to your world or any other things that suits to answer the current problems and issues in the society. ", "The ability of providing of ideas will never as easy as just thinking of games but rather providing ideas that will give changes to the nation and advert things innovative ones. ", "Since the idea is to discover Technopreneur ideas, I come up to the discovery of things that I can use in everyday of my life; not just for my own sake but also to the goodness of my whole men folk. ", "While I’m walking and trying to discover new things, I was so eager to have it so because somehow it may lead e to discover new faces of thoughts and impression.", "\n\nAs I walk around the city, I noticed the sneak movement of some grocery stores and any other establishments that offers goods and services to the people. ", "So I got to realized that a certain device must be needed to answer the all time problems in terms of grocery services. ", "I am thinking of an innovated customized grocery cart for the customers. ", "This kind of cart has a sensor application that detects the items wherein all of those available items are already have sensor add that can be useful in identifying the amount of each products or items. ", "The cart itself has a working calculation for providing total amount for the items that is entered in the cart. ", "These carts are designed to have a built-in monitor and money receiver wherein enables the customer to enter his or her money in to the cart. ", "The cart has the ability to calculate the total balance that the customer must pay. ", "And as well as providing calculations for making changes for the customer’s money entered into the innovated cart. ", "When we say of security, I was thinking deeply how to insure that the items will be bought and not be stolen by anybody. ", "So I come to explore of something that would avoid the scenario. ", "So the idea of having a limited span of measurement came into my mind, which was a detected sensor that could identify that the cart will no longer across outside the grocery. ", "All in all, this kind of cart works as all in one inside of the grocery center. ", "The grocery will no longer need to have a clerk or a cashier to do the works of entertaining the customer as well as providing security to the establishment.", "\n\nAs I walk across the road, I’ve seen different faces of businesses and different natures with each different tactics of the businesses that suits the idea of Technopreneurship. ", "It’s pretty amazing seeing our society jive together with the motion of technology. ", "First, I started to notice the food establishments and even some cafeterias. ", "Almost all of the food establishments now are all bringing out the same innovation through offering to their valued customers a free internet connection which is commonly known to us as WIFI – the Wireless Fidelity. ", "So I decided to do come up an idea of using Wi-Fi in a different way. ", "I think that Wi-Fi will help the students and any other people that is always using USB or the Universal Serial Bus. ", "Since the use of USB is for saving data and information from computers and laptops. ", "I can to think to use it in other way with the use of Wi-Fi. ", "In the view of the fact that the idea of today is to make the world go round in a fastest way, as a result of the analysis; the idea of presenting a USB WiFi detector comes unto me. ", "This kind of USB has the ability to have connected in anything that has the application of WIFI. ", "Instead of plugging the USB into USB ports to transfer data, I think of using WIFI in demonstrating the action. ", "The information will be able to transfer into USBs via WIFI. ", "I think of it as the answer for making transfer faster in its different manner.", "\n\nAfter looking through the ideas I’ve come up, I was fascinated on the things that amazed me while walking through across the corner. ", "I have seen how Technopreneurship lead the way to innovations and make a great change to the society. ", "I realized that the things exist nowadays really gave a countless deviations, ups and downs to the moving nation. ", "Below are the things I noticed while having the serendipity walk, here are the existing ideas of the businesses that help much to the community and individuals to work in a speedily as possible.", "\n\nFist in the list is one of the most considerable now a days as a primary needs of the people in the society to communicate faster as it could which is the Mobile Phones or most common to us as Cell phones. ", "Everywhere you look at now, you see one particular thing that a person might have on his or her hand which is the Mobile Phones. ", "Currently at this time of generation, almost all of the people living in the society have Phones for communication purposes and leisure as well. ", "Way back to a couple of years, people are just using Phones as the way of communication via long distance calls, and then here comes the text session of cell phones. ", "As what my mom said, at their time cell phones are so expensive to have for. ", "Just through imagining the load that needed by the mobile phones to work and be activated; as what she had said, you can only load for cards unlike now that as low as 15 pesos, you already have it. ", "The innovation of cell phones was culminated by different Mobile Phones retailers such as Nokia, Samsung, LG, Sony Ericson, MY Phones and many more. ", "Truly the kind of business they have has the quality of Technopreneurship. ", "Coined from the site Mphone.com the idea that the latest mobile phone handsets of today provide a wide range of services and technology that allows the user to be as interactive as possible with the global community. ", "These new mobile technologies offer the user accessibility to the worldwide web via WiFi connectivity, download and transfer large amounts of data via high speed connectivity and find a location via satellite with mobile Global Positioning Systems (GPS) devices. ", "All of the Mobile Phones related businesses do provide innovative phones having many applications which is useful to mankind. ", "Next was the most common and luxurious asset of hotels which is the hi-tech comfort rooms. ", "When I got to IBM Company at Quezon City manila that is the first time I experience the hi-tech and innovative style of comfort room. ", "Frankly saying that I was really exceptionally amazed by what I’ve seen and experienced. ", "That was the first time I go to use the most thing that they always been telling to me.", "\n\nWhile walking through the street of I was amazed when I saw a car that has an advertising tactic through advertising they products via online. ", "It was really exceptional in a great feeling that almost all of the people now divert its businesses advertisement over the internet which is truly advisable to do with. ", "As well as in malls, before the selling of broadband internet kit is done through just showing it to the people regardless of the fact that if it truly works properly in accordance to what they were saying about it. ", "Nowadays, the Technopreneurship idea comes to the retailers of broad bands comes to sell their products through presenting to the customer first what their products can do for. ", "They market internet broadband by telling other people that it really works as what is expected to. ", "Well in fact, the marketing selling tactic of broad band’s now is by let other people use in on actual and let them feel the products and let them conclude that it really works. ", "I once experienced that one when I got to go in one of the malls here in Davao City. ", "The setting was they try to approach people by initiating the movement of presenting available laptops for you to used with while checking their products if it really works. ", "They make use of the customer itself t has the proof that their broad band’s is really work good. ", "They used technology as an integral and a key element in the transmission and transformation of goods or services.", "\n\nIn general, just by looking through the ideas we see each day that could definitely affects the lives of ours would be conclude as the working proof that high-tech and entrepreneurial skills are driving our economy back to prosperity. ", "As what stated by Manuel Cereijo in his article “Technprenuership” that Technopreneurship-merging technology prowess and entrepreneurial skills- is the real source of power in today’s knowledge-based economy. ", "A Technopreneur distinguishes logic from tradition, tradition from prejudice, prejudice from common sense and common sense from nonsense while integrating a variety of ideas from diverse groups and disciplines. ", "He added that the strategic offers of businesses of today are jiving to strategic directions or decision-making processes are becoming more demanding and complex. ", "I can perfectly say that as time goes by and innovations moves in a very fast way, it would be far to our society to move in a more frequent way and be a living people that use technology in almost all of the daily routines we have.", "\n\nJust looking only on the things and techno-based businesses that currently happening now, the future society is started to be shape. ", "According to the Wikipedia.com, the Society investigates how social, economic and technological developments are shaping the future. ", "This only implies that the society seeks to help individuals, organizations, and communities observe, understand and respond to social change appropriately and investigates the benign effects of applying anticipatory thinking to society. ", "It will prove that the Society takes no official position on what the future may or should be like. ", "Instead it seeks to provide a neutral forum for exploring possible, probable, and preferable futures.", "\n\nOur instructor gave us a task to walk around somewhere and discover technopreneur ideas. ", "Have a nice walk, observe and scrutinize everything that catches your interest , in this way we could discover technopreneur ideas or business by walking we could observe the things and problems in our society today. ", "These days many of the businesses use technology as their medium in giving services and products to their clients or customers. ", "Such us in this particular pawnshop they use computer, internet and software that functions according to the requirements of the business. ", "In their software I observe that if their staff input a certain amount of money and other information about the sender of the money in the software and through internet the information is send to the different branches so the receiver can get it anywhere. ", "By using internet the main branch would know if one of their staff did some errors and they do have CCtv cameras for security purposes. ", "I find this business system very interesting because even if your business does have many branches around the country you can still monitor it. ", "Aside from this pawnshop there are a lot of growing businesses here in the country that uses the aid of technology and these are call centers, cell phone centers, gadget shops, computer shops, restaurants that uses computer to organized their customers’ orders and now do have online orderings. ", "People investing in this kind of business have greater possibility of success but to be successful you also need a big amount of effort. ", "Effort to monitor your business well, do not be afraid to take risks in applying new ideas or technology to make your business more productive than ever. ", "In Davao City many business that are occurring do applied technology in providing services like as I have mentioned above call centers such as Sutherland, cell phone centers like Samsung, Nokia, Cherry Mobile and many more, and computer and computer parts shop such as the famous CD-R King. ", "Most of the photo studios now are using new technologies in editing photos, videos and developing copies of pictures made easier and faster. ", "I also observe that even the small medium enterprises mainly applies technology in their business such as computer services which includes encoding, printing burning copies to CDs or DVDs they also do photo editing, photocopy services, and internet cafes. ", "With the use technology these small businesses earned a good amount of money. ", "These only prove that technology does help the society to minimize poverty and can uplift the economic level of the country .Technology provide new business opportunities and new jobs for the people. ", "In order for a business to be successful there are several things to be considered. ", "As what I have learned in building a business you should know what you love to do just like others said find what you love, what you are best at or the things that you do extremely well and the things that you do not like or irritants. ", "By knowing this three you will distinguish what are the things that you might need in and you might not need in building your own business. ", "To be a competitive businessman you must be focused in running your business, know your goals and your visions. ", "In this way you will have a guideline and you will be inspired to reach those objectives. ", "Business is a very serious matter that requires a lot of attention, time, money and effort. ", "You must grow your network do not stay in your comfort zone; do not be contended on what you have now and do not settle on those people that you are comfortable to be with. ", "Try to reach out and mingle with others and do not be afraid to approach people that caught your interest or the people you as a prospect investor to your business. ", "Another thing , in making a business put on your mind that you made this business not out of money but you made it for the betterment of life or the society because if your business do have meanings such us for the benefit of life then making lots of money is next. ", "Businesses do have its own natures and without a doubt this natures are obviously seen according to the services or products that they offered to their clients. ", "As what I have notice most business do have parallel type of services and products that are offered. ", "Yes, most of the businesses do have similarities in rendering their services. ", "However, even though the services are somewhat alike they make sure that there are still differences in giving their services. ", "It is better to have a unique set of products and offered services. ", "So, how does technopreneurial business help the growth of our society and what it can contribute? ", "When a particular technopreneurial business boost up, several investors would be running and put up their investments, which factually more money to e us or in the society and more jobs for the community. ", "And if all of these things continue imagine what it can do to help our folks and our nation.", "\n\nDiscovering technopreneur ideas\n\nBy observing the surroundings I have come with an idea of having my own technoprenuerial business or by developing your small business into a technology based business. ", "In building a new technoprenuerial business, as I observed in DEVCON most of the product and services that they are offering are for social networking such blogs and following topics through pictures and some other cool internet stuffs. ", "I also come up in an idea of developing the service of our small business by using computer and internet. ", "Make an online “office” where the client can see their balance accounts, scheduled releases and other stuff so that they will always be reminded on their accountabilities. ", "And the owner also can monitor the business even if he is at the house or somewhere. ", "I am also planning to make an online catering service. ", "Nowadays people think that going outside and seek for some restaurant to cater their needs are somewhat hassle. ", "You cannot canvas as many restaurants as you can because if you think of it you need to walk around the city the find that certain restaurant or catering services that would provide what exactly you need. ", "Here in the online catering service you can search restaurants that offer catering services as many as you can. ", "Here you can canvas for cheaper catering services without hassle. ", "The client can pay through the internet or visit the area. ", "For now these are the ideas that come across my mind. ", "I hope that as I walk I could trip over or stumble more technopreneurial ideas that could benefit the society.[justify]\n\nLast edited by Genne Zareth Fernandez on Fri Dec 03, 2010 10:43 pm; edited 1 time in total\n\nDuring our previous discussion, we were asked to generate unique and productive ideas to be implemented in business concepts considering the relevance of technology. ", "I found it quite hard to imagine the type of business I would really love to be involved in. ", "But, I was greatly inspired to what Steve Jobs said which gave emphasis in the assertion and pursuance to the things you are interested at.", "\n\nI thought of internet surfing as one the activities I would absolutely love to do daily. ", "Also, there was one time when the computer units in an internet café cannot meet or does not have the resources required for me to accomplish my home works. ", "I shall have to do browsing, downloading, and installing every time I seat in front of an internet connected station unit. ", "Another thing is that, it is quite a hassle transferring, copying and retrieving files through my USB flash disk. ", "And!! ", "It keeps my computer prone to worms and viruses. ", "I cannot have the 100% assurance that my computer is safe though it is protected by an anti virus.", "\n\nIn connection to this, I would like to have a business which only has to provide a number of UTP cables, a computer unit for the server and, of course, an Internet service provider. ", "The client units are the portable computers owned by the costumers. ", "It may appear so typical but it costs lesser since it is the maintenance and the purchasing of computers made it expensive (especially for us students) to afford a long hours of browsing the net in an Internet cafe.", "\n\nThis is an innovation of the most frequently visited place of the students which is the internet café. ", "The environment and some of the standard operating procedures are typically just as those we commonly witness.", "\n\nNature of Business (and Advantages / Benefits):\n\n• Affordable\n\nIt costs us not that much because building the business would surely cost less too. ", "It only has to provide a number of UTP cables, a computer unit for the server and, of course, an Internet service provider. ", "The client units are the portable computers owned by the costumers.", "\n\n• Convenient\n\nWe cannot deny the fact that our personal computers do have richer resources since we maintain it according to what we need and want in our own ways. ", "So, we are familiar on the customized areas. ", "Also, it does not require us hours of browsing, downloading, and installing every time we seat in front of an internet connected station unit.• Time Saving\n\nYou do not have to transfer your files to the other computer units when you have to submit an assignment to your professor online because you can do it directly to your personal computer.", "\n\n• You are the administrator\n\nOf course, you are the one who customize your unit. ", "So, it is up to you whether or not you will take the risk of browsing, downloading, and installing files.", "\n\n• Typical\n\nThe standard operating procedures (including the log in / log out, payment systems and procedures) are just close to the typical environment of an Internet Café. ", "In relation to this, the costumers can easily adopt to its flow and transaction(s) they would probably engage in.", "\n\nTarget Clients\n\n• Students\n\nSince it is affordable, this would primarily address to the financial problems of students (considering that we are only given a budgeted amount of allowance. ", "hehe). ", "Also, it is convenient. ", "As a student (who owns a laptop, of course and an IT student DAW), I would rather prefer using my resources if I were to be asked. ", "Together with convenience is a corresponding time saving opportunity.", "\n\n• Employees\n\nEmployees often times keep confidential files. ", "So, I think it would be much better if they are the administrator of their computer unit so that they will not be restricted to open any type of files and decrypt or encrypt them.", "\n\nBeneficiaries:\n\n• Students• Employees• Government• Venture Capitalist\n\nTechnopreneurship:\n\nTo fully understand what technopreneurship is, here are some excerpts from the opinions and ideas of known authors and the ordinary people also. ", "I am hoping that this will certainly help you (or should I say “us”) to guide your way towards a better entrepreneur of the computer era.", "\n\nTechnopreneurship is not a product but a process of synthesis in engineering the future of a person, an organization, a nation and the world. ", "Strategic directions or decision-making processes are becoming more demanding and complex. ", "This requires universities, and in site professional development programs and training to produce strategic thinkers who will have skills to succeed in a rapidly changing global environment.", "\n\nA technoprenuer is an entrepreneur who is technology savvy, creative, innovative, dynamic, dares to be different and take the unexplored path, and very passionate about their work. ", "They take challenges and strive to lead their life with greater success. ", "They don't fear to fail. ", "They take failure as a learning experience, a stimulator to look things differently and stride for next challenge. ", "Technoprenuers continuously go through an organic process of continual improvement and always try to redefine the dynamic digital economy.", "Technopreneurship is not a product but a process of synthesis in engineering the future of a person, an organization, a nation and the world. ", "In a digital, knowledge based society, strategic directions or decision-making processes will be demanding and complex. ", "This requires tertiary level and professional development programs and training to produce strategic thinkers who will have the skills to succeed in a dynamically changing global environment. ", "Traditional educational programs, however, lack the methodology to transform today's students into creative, innovative, visionary global leaders who understand the importance of technopreneurship.", "Reference: http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/369728/what_is_technopreneurship.html?cat=3\n\nBusiness ProposalA business proposal is a written offer from a seller to a prospective buyer. ", "Business proposals are often a key step in the complex sales process--i.e., whenever a buyer considers more than price in a purchase.", "Newman, Larry. ", "Shipley Associates Proposal Guide,Reference: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_proposal\n\nHow to Write a Business Proposal\n\nWhen you can hardly find ways on how to generate great business ideas, think of who your costumers could probably be and ask them. ", "They say, they are the best critics. ", "Why? ", "It is because they give you a clue on how to please them since they are interested in buying your products or availing your services. ", "They are the ones who will give you the solutions ahead of time regarding the possible conflicts and problems which your business may encounter. ", "Think more about them, not yourself or your personal interests. ", "As they say, “the costumer is always right”.", "\n\nGenerating Business Ideas\n\n• Finding vs Generating Business Ideas\n\nFinding something that's unique, that you can create yourself and that people will pay for is difficult, but it's the only reliable, long-term way to make money on the Net. ", "Take my word for it.", "\n\nIf you're like most people, small business ideas don't just \"pop\" into your head while relaxing in front of the TV, so let's start with some research...\n\n• What People Buy Online\n\nA small business just can't sell hard goods at competitive prices - in most cases anyway. ", "But with original electronic goods your small business can compete because production cost is almost zero. ", "You set the price.", "\n\n• Aligning Your Ideas With Key Human Needs\n\nAlways mould small business ideas around a key human needs. ", "Security, for example, is a key human need - and because insurance companies provide security, they're in business.", "\n\n• The Rules For Small Business Ideas\n\no The quality must be beyond question.o It must be unique.o There should be an EXISTING demand for ito It must be user-friendlyo It must be legalo It has to be credibleo It should support repeat-business\n\nIt isn't the first time that our professor asked us to do this \"serendipity walk\" as they call it. ", "In our techno 1, we were tasked with a similar objective in our first assignment. ", "We were made to visit or walk by some of the famous fastfood chains in the city to observe its operations and come up with suggestions or other improvements that can be brought about with the help of tchnology. ", "If my memory serves me right, what I suggested that time was a system that would help the fastfood chain to efficiently manage and keep track of the flow of the customers inside its premises. ", "The nature of that system goes like this:\n\nWhenever a customer enters the food chain, instead of looking for available seats to occupy, which brings so much hassle especially in big food chains, he can just view through an LCD screen above the cashier's area or anywhere that is easily seen a list of the available seats inside the establishment. ", "With this, the customer could get rid of wasting time roaming around to find a niche and won't be delayed in attending to his blabbing digestive system. ", "Then, when the customer has finally settled down in his table, he will find a button below or at the edge of the table that if pressed, would indicate to the system that the seat is already occupied and the seat number or table number would then be eliminated in the list of available seat numbers reflected on the LCD screen. ", "After the customer has finished his food and decides to depart the food chain, he can then press another button that would inform the system that the seat number is now available and it is then reflected in the screen. ", "And that's it. ", "I know it was a bit simple but I believe that could effectively boost the customer's satisfaction and could improve the food chain's level of accomodation to its customers.", "\n\nThat was the result of my walk before. ", "Back when I still didn't have the basic and vital knowledge about the ins and outs, the do's and don'ts of technopreneurship. ", "But, now that I have already finished Techno 1, I am supposed to have better understanding and knowledge about how to deal with techno businesses and come up with ideas that could boast brilliance and would offer innovation that could make a difference right? ", "But, ironically my \"serendipity walk 2.0\" didn't brought me the success I was expecting. ", "Here's the detailed story about that.", "\n\nOne afternoon of Tuesday last week, fresh from an exhausting sleepless night caused by another \"cramming effort\" in making my essay for Techno 2 and Project Management subjects, I went to the mall to buy a notebook (a writing notebook not the digital one) for my Physics 1 subject(I'm 3rd year now and I still have Physics 1! ", "That speaks of how incredibly dumb I am). ", "When I entered the mall, the thought of the serendipity walk immediately entered my mind (because I promised to myself not to cram again to make this assignment). ", "So, as I walked and took my path to the bookstore, I was carefully observant of what could be possible ideas I could think of relating to technopreneurship. ", "Perhaps I wasn't really in the right mood because I have already reached the bookstore, bought what I came for, and head my way back home, and still no brilliant or even non-brilliant ideas spurted out. ", "Being the optimist that I am, I thought that maybe some other day, when the perfect mood strikes and when I am at the climax of my most intellectual self, I could possibly and definitely formulate a feasible idea. \"", "I did it before, why not now\", I convinced myself. ", "So, I head out of the mall, but the weather seems to prevent me from going home. ", "Suddenly, the rain was pouring outside so I was stranded inside the mall. ", "This caused me to think that maybe that was the start of a serendipitous moment. ", "Maybe it was destiny taking over so that I could stay a little longer in the mall and extend my search for that golden idea.", "\n\nSo, I toured the mall, from foot to head. ", "Just like Magellan who voyaged around the world to look for that precious spices, I embarked into an expedition in search for a golden idea. ", "I walked around the first to the last floor, with eyes rolling all over observing every establishment, every food stand, restaurant, services, etc. ", "Then I went back from the 4th to the ground floor just as observant as I am when I was escalating. ", "But, still, my efforts were all in vain. ", "No idea came up. ", "And just like Magellan, I went home defeated and frustrated (oh, wait! ", "I forgot Magellan didn't manage to go home).", "\n\nLater on, I realized that that's why it is called serendipity walk because it is something that is brought about by accident or an unforeseen circumstance. ", "On that note, I have figured out that maybe I just don't need to pressure myself to look for that idea because sometimes things come when you least expect them to do so. ", "Or, maybe I need a literal accident, like falling from the fourth floor of the mall or be hit by a speeding taxi and stuffs like that. ", "So, I finally went home, after the rain has subsided a bit.", "\n\nAfter my Physics class, which ended late in the evening, I went to my dorm. ", "It was a very excruciating day. ", "I was seriously longing for a place to sleep on on that instance. ", "And, when I finally had the luxury to rest my overheating engine in my room, thoughts of that technopreneur idea continued to lurk inside my head. ", "I have this very uncomforting symptoms of insomnia whenever I am at the dorm. ", "Even though I am dead tired, I always couldn't readily fall asleep. ", "So, my mind continued wandering around.", "\n\nThen pooof!", "\n\n(It became Coco Crunch!)", "\n\nFinally! ", "a sensible idea came up. ", "And it brought a mixture of happiness and irritation to me. ", "Happiness because finally I have my idea to start building on, and irritation because for all the 24 hours available in a day, why would that idea choose to come in a moment wherein I am trying to battle the effects of an insomnia and I am so dead tired. ", "I guess serendipity really lived up to its name. ", "So, I had no choice but to continue brainstorming with myself, because I was also afraid I might forgot that idea if I'll wait for the next sun to shine. ", "Now, this is what I came up with, if you have a problem with this idea, then it is your problem not mine, so better try to solve it on your own too. ", "In the first place, what our professor told us to do was to TRY to come up with a technopreneur idea. ", "So, here is my try.", "\n\nThis idea was brought about by my tendency to be less-motivated at times. ", "Well, I am usually a passion-filled and enthusiastic individual but sometimes I can't help but fade. ", "Whenever I read about motivational quotes or phrases or stories I always reflect and always promise to myself that I would make those motivations as my guide and inspiration as I go on in my daily life. ", "But then, after a few days, I tend to forget those motivations and inspirations. ", "In result, I resort to being my old self again. ", "An example of this was when I read about the inspiring commencement address of Steve Jobs in Stanford University. ", "It was so inspirational and motivational that it brought me chills and goosebumps as I read it. ", "And there was one part there that really hit me.", "\n\n\"Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life. ", "Don’t be trapped by dogma - which is living with the results of other people’s thinking. ", "Don’t let the noise of others’ opinions drown out your own inner voice. ", "And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. ", "They somehow already know what you truly want to become. ", "Everything else is secondary.\"", "\n\nThis line of Jobs' speech was somewhat tailor-made for me. ", "I am really the paradigm of this situation. ", "I have stated in my post in Techno 1 about my reflection on Steve Jobs' speech. ", "Here is an excerpt of the post.", "\n\n\"Another moral value I learned from the commencement address is to never let anyone’s voice cloud or overwhelm my own. ", "Never shall I be living someone else’s life anymore. ", "I admit I am a victim of this kind of situations. ", "I always tend to live by the standards of others causing me to be tentative in unleashing my inner voice and potential. ", "But now I have come to realize that my time is too limited to dwell on things that do not do me any good at all. ", "Now must be the dawn of change. ", "A change that I need in order for me to survive the fast approaching real life; the life after school.\"", "\n\n\"An example is this: whenever a professor asks a question and I know deep inside I have an answer, regardless of whether it’s right or wrong, I just keep mum. ", "Never finding the push to raise my hand and recite my answer because I am afraid of the consequences. ", "I am afraid that I might get it wrong and my classmates might make me a laughingstock. ", "All sorts of pessimistic thoughts just go gaga inside my brain. ", "Thoughts that I can’t even prove the truth value. ", "Thoughts that incapacitated my ability and limited my opportunity to learn more. ", "Thoughts that had me derailed from following my heart. ", "Now, as Steve Jobs enlightened me through his address, I am committed to strengthening my grip on whatever my heart says. ", "As what he stated in his speech, “have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. ", "They somehow already know what you truly want to become. ", "Everything else is secondary.\"", "\n\nAfter I have written this reflection, I really lived up to my writings. ", "I somewhat underwent a major overhaul in myself. ", "For a couple of days I somehow changed in accordance with that line of Steve Jobs' speech. ", "But then, after a week or so, the fire was slowly extinguishing.", "\n\nSo, my technopreneur idea concerns with finding a way to keep me motivated and to fuel the fire inside me. ", "I envisioned of designing a website that houses motivational quotes or even stories in its database and offers a feature that allows its users to have those quotes sent to their mobile phones in the specified time that the user wants. ", "It is somewhat similar to that of the \"reminder\" feature in mobile phones. ", "More so, the website also has many other features. ", "A user can post his own original quote and be rated by other users. ", "Top rated quotes are featured and the user who owns it could get popular and his quotes could very well spread around the world along his name.", "\n\nI have searched the web for anything that is implementing what I have thought of and I found this site QoutesDaddy.com . ", "They have a huge repository of quotes and they also has this feature that a user can submit a quote and be rated. ", "So, I guess my idea wasn't that innovative at all. ", "But, one feature that wasn't present in the arsenal of the site was that mobile phone sending feature. ", "I guess the site administrators have think of that already but found it difficult to implement that feature because of the cost factor and the variations of mobile service providers across the globe. ", "But it could also be a possiblity that they really haven't tapped on that idea before. ", "Who knows? ", "I have also think that if I build a site similar to that plus the mobile sending feature that will start on catering just the local mobile networks in the country, I think it could be possible. ", "With the country being hailed as the texting capital of the world, I think that idea could be fairly feasible.", "\n\nLast edited by michael anthony jandayan on Tue Nov 30, 2010 4:32 pm; edited 3 times in total\n\nBusiness ideas come in different and random opportunities and there are also different kinds of business opportunities. ", "Now we are told to do an activity that will test a certain ability of ours that is a key of being a successful technopreneur, this activity is to test our observation in the environment and this is a part of the environment mastery. ", "Environment mastery is another key to being an effective and successful technopreneur, for as being a business man and an IT inclined individual does not only mean that we have to come up with something to make money from but also need to create something to solve problems in the community or even problems of ordinary people. ", "I mentioned problem solving because as they say problems are good business opportunities.", "So the activity that we are doing that is related to environment mastery is like this: we are asked by our facilitator to walk around town and observe the surroundings, the people around, and everything. ", "We call it the serendipity walk, walking around wandering somewhere by our selves. ", "I usually walk around town by myself so doing the activity is not that difficult because I’m already used to it. ", "Serendipity walking actually helped me come up with several ideas, it also helped me see more on the things of the surroundings, and it made me more observant. ", "On some of my works before I have observed several situations that seems a bit of a problem, and I thought it could use some of the help of the technology. ", "There was this time when I was in a grocery store with my friends, they were all in line to the cashier for them to pay for their goods. ", "While waiting for them I walked around the store and looked at some stuff, and then I saw one of the employees working there. ", "He was attaching price stickers or price tags to a box of a certain product using a price gun. ", "As he finished attaching the tags to all the items in the box he then proceeded to the other box, but the content of that box was a different product. ", "The guy took another price gun, he also brought a folder and inside it is a list of all the items and its corresponding prices. ", "That guy then checked for the product’s price and then manually set the price gun for the right price of the product. ", "The problem was that setting the price was manual and there are a huge number of different products in a grocery store and even the same products vary on their prices depending on the size or whatever. ", "It needs more effort and it’s quite tiresome for the employee, so I thought why not make it a little more faster using technology. ", "As I know a department store uses a database for all the cashier counters where all the information about all the products, including their prices, is saved. ", "I thought why not put a bar code scanner and a mini screen in a price gun, with this you can scan any item and the price will be prompted, the price gun will have a WiFi detector or Bluetooth that will allow it to request product data from the database. ", "The user will then have the option to set the price to be printed on the tag or sticker. ", "With this the work will be doubled and be faster than the manual, the price gun will also serve two different purposes, it can work as a price scanner or price verifier because there also times when there are item with no price tags and the customer will have to ask the employees. ", "Of course the employees cannot memorize all of the information of all the items.", "When I presented this idea to our facilitator he said that the device already existed that it’s already been used on some malls around the country. ", "Too bad that it does not happen to be an original idea from me but my ideas don’t end there. ", "There was also another business idea that came into my mind, a techno business idea. ", "I am actually a member of a school club that does cosplays, so as cosplayers we do most of our props and add several details to our costumes. ", "So we always look for materials to use for our props and costumes. ", "One of the places that I always go to is the textile departments of all the malls and other places. ", "I also happen to pass on some of the embroidery shops in town. ", "Embroidery shops offer embroidery services like patches of different styles and designs, example of these services are simple letters embroidered to a shirt, handkerchief, or a baseball cap. ", "What I notice on those shops are huge sewing machines, at least that’s what I thought it was but it was actually the machine they use to do the embroideries. ", "It is attached to a computer where the designs are programmed and then it will be used for machine commands, and above is a tablet with many different threads of different colors placed on it. ", "So whatever the chosen color it the machine will just pick the thread to use, but I see some problems in it that might need an aid of a new technology. ", "The problem with it is that the machine is too big, it needs a huge amount of space and it is not easy to move it. ", "Plus the threads look a bit messy being placed above the machine, it might get dirty due to dusts and although it can hold several colors of thread it is still limited because there are hundreds of kinds of colors. ", "What if the color that the user wants is not included on the threads placed above? ", "Then he needs to remove some threads and replace it with the colors he needs for the meantime. ", "Although the embroidery will be done by the computer the process of replacing threads and the area needed for the machine is somehow not convenient. ", "The idea that I have formulated which I think could solve this little problem is a simple concept of a sewing machine and an ink jet printer combined together. ", "I know that on this day there are already electric sewing machines with computers attached to them, and these machines can be carried around easily by a single person. ", "These types of machine has automatic features for sewing, offering the user many choices o what type of stitch to use, commands to select a thread to use from the available ones, and even give the convenience of threading a needle automatically. ", "It has enormous number of automatic features, but what I would like to add to it is a little device that acts like an ink jet printer. ", "What this printer will do is that it will provide the user all the colors that we could imagine, the selection of the color will be done using the mini computer screen attached to the device. ", "The machine will now need only one color of thread, which is white, and if you wish to use a different color you can select from the color scale and then the color will be printed on the thread, thus giving the thread a different color. ", "With this the user will no longer have the inconvenience of changing one color of thread to another, and all the colors will now be available as long as there is ink on the machine. ", "The machine is mobile and can be carried around by a single person and it will not need a large space, you can place on tables or any plain surface.", "My next idea is a little bit more ambitious. ", "It came to me every time I pass on sewers and canals around town, especially around our campus. ", "There are big canals that we could see but every time it rains its always flooding, the canals are blocked with garbage and other stuffs that prevent the water to flow the way it should. ", "So I thought why not make use of technology? ", "I thought maybe we could create a device that will check if the canals or sewers are already blocked and if it is it must be cleaned immediately. ", "The device will be place under the water, what it will do is that it will test the speed of the flowing water. ", "It the water flows slower than its usual speed it will mean that there is something that’s blocking the canal. ", "The device will then send an alarm or message to the barangay office informing the people that the canal needs to be cleaned. ", "This process will decrease the rate of having floods in the city. ", "I know it is quite ambitious but it would really help solve something that has been happening around us.", "Those are the techno business that I have thought of at times when I was walking around town, it might seem ambitious but those are the things that I could imagine that will be contributions of technology to the world today.", "\n\nI was roaming around downtown here in our city hoping I will be getting a head bump resulting to an idea. ", "But it resulted to me making stupid ones. ", "Making Bangkerohan an online market, what gives?Anyways, all I can see are pollution, rallying people, over-priced things and a lot of awful things. ", "I remembered once, when I was younger (I know I’m still young, just a little younger), I thought of something like if there is a way of generating ozone gases. ", "But I guess generating those ozone gases isn’t really something, lessening the carbon dioxide would be much important. ", "Trees are the best way to get rid of it but I don’t think much of the higher ups care less about that. ", "Another fact is, when they finally made something that would lessen global warming, they sell it for a high price. ", "Well, that is the sad truth I can see. ", "Anyways, what I got in my head before to prevent global warming is a machine that would just simply blow ozone gases. ", "I should have known before that it is not really that easy. ", "I guess in our current technology today, that is not available yet. ", "Or maybe no one mind because they are busy digging for oils. ", "Anyhows, I guess I should think a better version. ", "What if there are particles that have the ability to absorb carbon dioxide or green house gases to be more specific. ", "We just sprinkle them in the skies and let gravity do the job. ", "It might sound good if it is as simple as that but I guess it would be something like an acid rain. ", "The dirt in the skies go down to earth and would mess around the earth instead. ", "That sounds dangerous. ", "It also reminds me about lahar. ", "If we can only get trees in the sky, I guess that would be very useful. ", "But I know that would not be that easy. ", "We can’t even plant many trees in the land, how much more in the air? ", "Geeh... reminds me about the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, a literal one. ", "I guess some other else got a better idea in them. ", "What can I do, I am no environmentalist. ", "I haven’t even got a good background in chemistry.", "In other news… I really wish Space Burger would have a website. ", "Although, I know websites for restaurants are kinda’ old idea but Space Burger still doesn’t have one anyways. ", "Let’s give them a chance, they also got the rights for it, you know?Oww.. right. ", "It reminds me of the idea I thought last semester, a map of Davao City with all the businesses, except for the sari-sari store or somewhat like. ", "This way you can easily search for products you like. ", "Example, you want to buy a diamond ring worth less than Php 50,000.00. ", "The map, or should I give it a name, “Business Browser”, will be able to give you the location of the stores that sells diamond ring for Php. ", "50,000.00. ", "in the case that the store provides an online ordering, the Business Browser would also give you that ability. ", "I think that can be a cool way of easing the problem of I don’t know what’s the term for that. ", "Well, the point is, you won’t be having problems in looking for a product you want to buy that much anymore. ", "Another feature I recently thought about it is a decision support capabilities. ", "The decision support is for aspiring entrepreneurs to be able to see information if it would be good to put up business in a certain area of the city. ", "There will be a population counter and it has a lot of use. ", "Store owners can just simply register in the site so their businesses will be registered in the Business Browser. ", "He can then be able to edit the information of his store; its products, specifically. ", "The owner can register all the products he sells for the obvious reason of product search. ", "Well, the Business Browser might be vandalized and that is a possibility. ", "Its developer should be able to check those stores for verifications. ", "So, generally, the Business Browser is not just for shoppers but also for businessmen.", "Another thing I have thought of is “Why do motorcycles can not run in reverse?” ", "I am not a mechanic but I’m sure their engines can do that. ", "So I generated an idea of making a six-wheeled motor cycle. ", "It sounds scientific-fiction but who cares. ", "Now, why does it have six wheels in it? ", "My idea is saying that when the motorcycle wants to run forward, two wheels at the back will be lowered while one in front. ", "Otherwise, when going reverse, two wheels in front and one wheel at the back will be lowered, the rest will be raised. ", "Well, it would look cool and also fun. ", "Why need six wheels? ", "I guess it can be done by four or even three. ", "The purpose for it is for professional six-wheel motorcyclist can instantly turn around and run backwards while running forward fast. ", "I’m watching too much movies again! ", "Anyways, the vehicle would drift or power slide which will turn the vehicle 180 degrees and in that position, it can instantly switch the direction of its whatever term for that (the direction of its run thingy) and there, instant reverse. … ", "It does sound senseless, anyways. ", "I guess that would only be useful for movies and rich people. … ", "When you are running reverse, you can shoot the enemies at your back… that might be a cool vehicle for police. ", "And also criminals, terrorists and whoever wants a cool way of getting away. ", "Imagine if there would be police chase caught on TV like that… looks good for me.", "I just heard my classmates talking about touchpads, and then I joke, “Touchpad for blinds”. ", "Sherwin told me I am smart. ", "Ehh??? ", "He said what if there are keyboards for the blind. ", "But I said there already are things like that, or I thought so. ", "Good thing there already is. ", "But what about touchscreen for blinds? ", "Blind people seems to be years behind when it comes to technology. ", "I guess they deserved something like that. ", "Also, the sense of touch is one of the senses blind people relies on the most. ", "They use stick or whatever that is called for navigating in the streets, isn’t that touching? ", "That sounds funny, “touching”, like dramatic shows. ", "Anyways, why can’t we give them touchscreen support? ", "I don’t know how it would be done, though. ", "This idea just reminds me about the sixth sense device. ", "Instead of the stick, the sixth sense devices just have a blind man support for alerting the blind person about what’s in front of him. ", "I guess, not just the front, what about the back? ", "I think that’s not impossible. ", "Sixth sense devices already got and are specialized with image recognition ability, so that’s cool. ", "The sixth sense devices will be the eyes of the blind. ", "But I think its creator already got the idea of that. ", "Who knows?So… I once went to McDonald’s and buy a hot fudge. ", "I was looking around to find something that could lead me to a business idea… and I got nothing. ", "But now I just remembered the idea of my classmate before, a conveyor thing. ", "The conveyor will be the medium of delivery of the foods to the customers, like in a sushi restaurant. ", "Now, McDonald’s is a medium to large sized food chain. ", "What if the customers are the one being conveyed? … ", "I guess that won’t be a good idea. ", "The customers might get nauseous. ", "Hehehe. ", "Stupid me. ", "I guess the conveyor would just be up to the food for restaurants.", "I remembered, I also got in to a electronics shop to buy a CMOS battery. ", "I saw there a buzzer and they also got square ACDC or I guess it was an interactive battery. ", "The clerk sounded the buzzer and the kid beside us said it was cool. ", "I was just silent but I was also entertained by the buzzer. ", "Silly me. ", "So anyways, the sound of the buzzer is one of the most irritating sounds for us. ", "What can we add up to it? ", "I am sure that it could be a good use for disrupting something. ", "Like in a hostage drama, you sound a buzzer to irritate the ears of the hostage taker giving the authorities chance to intercept him if they weren’t affected by the irritating sound. ", "Hey, that sounds familiar. ", "It’s like what I saw in movies, they make the police feel painful in their ears by a disturbing noise. ", "I guess movies can be useful…Well, I once mentioned before. ", "Technology makes human inhuman. ", "I am still wondering on how to make a technology to reverse that side effect. ", "Due to technology these days, more and more people won’t believe in God. ", "Many people are giving efforts on using technology to deliver the message of God but I guess it’s not that effective. ", "People who are already hooked up with God are the only ones that seemed to be benefitting to it. ", "Those people are already good with believing to God so we should think less about them for now. ", "What matter more are those people who don’t. ", "What now? ", "Technology is dominating against the people faith as we speak. ", "Not just that, something else other than God. ", "Like humans’ attitude for example. ", "They are acting like machines. ", "Machines don’t have conscience and slow but surely, our conscience is being erased by technology. ", "We should think of a way of preventing that to happen.", "Anyhows, they said our country is years behind when it comes to technology. ", "The only technology I can think of that is on time for our country is the information technology. ", "But… we are years behind with internet connectivity or should I say speed. ", "Anyways, while walking anywhere my foot takes me, I kinda’ realized, I am looking at Jurassic technologies. ", "Geez… so how am I going to think for good technopreneur idea with this? ", "The ideas I might generate now might be already available outside our country. ", "I don’t even know the latest trends these days. ", "We don’t even know other new technologies they put in our city, like the sensors in the road. ", "I wouldn’t know that if it weren’t because of our field trip.", "Anyways, I really hate dispatchers, the ones that say the route of a jeepney. ", "I guess I already mentioned that before. ", "So now, what if they make a bus stop or jeep stop that would do it for them? ", "The jeep would just stop in front of it and the computer within that stop automatically recognize the jeep’s route and using its speakers, it would be the one to shout out the jeep’s route. ", "Well, thieves might steal the machine or kids might destroy it and that is another problem. ", "The ones who would be interested for that will inherit that problem.", "There are a lot of street children these days, I saw them sleeping in the streets. ", "And I remember the capsule hotel for travelers. ", "Then, later the revolving parking spaces I saw in the movies in the industrialized countries. ", "So, why not make a privatized internet café who would use revolving set of cubicles for a cool private surfing. ", "That would look funny anyways. ", "But that technology could save spaces. ", "Hhhmmm… It would also be costly, though. ", "I hope that that technology could bring up some new ideas in conserving the space. ", "The bigger space we need the more trees we will need to cut. ", "And that would really be bad. ", "Come to think of it, what if there is an anti-illegal logging sensors scattered in a conserved forest??? ", "That would be useful, right?So, I guess that is all I can think of when I roam around this city. ", "My ideas might have been lame but at least I tried.", "\n\nFirst is what do serendipity walk mean and how would it affect the things and work we will be doing in the future in which it can help us to create and make a project or plane that would be successful and appropriate for us who would put up something according to the things we love and like? ", "Serendipity is a propensity for making fortunate discoveries while looking for something unrelated.", "\n\n“One aspect of Walpole's original definition of serendipity that is often missed in modern discussions of the word is the \"sagacity\" of being able to link together apparently innocuous facts to come to a valuable conclusion. ", "Thus, while some scientists and inventors are reluctant about reporting accidental discoveries, others openly admit its role; in fact serendipity is a major component of scientific discoveries and inventions. ", "According to M.K. Stoskopf \"it should be recognized that serendipitous discoveries are of significant value in the advancement of science and often present the foundation for important intellectual leaps of understanding\".", "\n\nMost authors, who have studied scientific serendipity both in a historical, as well as in an epistemological point of view, agree that a prepared and open mind is required on the part of the scientist or inventor to detect the importance of information revealed accidentally. ", "This is the reason why most of the related accidental discoveries occur in the field of specialization of the scientist. ", "About this, Albert Hofmann, the Swiss chemist who discovered LSD properties by unintentionally ingesting it at his lab, wrote.", "\n\nIt is true that my discovery of LSD was a chance discovery, but it was the outcome of planned experiments and these experiments took place in the framework of systematic pharmaceutical, chemical research. ", "It could better be described as serendipity.", "The French scientist Louis Pasteur also famously said: \"In the fields of observation chance favors only the prepared mind.\" ", "This is often rendered as \"Chance favors the prepared mind.\" ", "William Shakespeare expressed the same sentiment 250 years earlier in act 4 of his play Henry V: \"All things are ready if our minds be so.\"", "\n\nM. E. Graebner describes serendipitous value in the context of the acquisition of a business as \"windfalls that were not anticipated by the buyer prior to the deal\": i.e., unexpected advantages or benefits incurred due to positive synergy effects of the merger. ", "Ikujiro Nonaka (1991,p. ", "94 November-December issue of HBR) points out that the serendipitous quality of innovation is highly recognized by managers and links the success of Japanese enterprises to their ability to create knowledge not by processing information but rather by \"tapping the tacit and often highly subjective insights, intuitions, and hunches of individual employees and making those insights available for testing and use by the company as a whole\".", "\n\nSerendipity is a key concept in Competitive Intelligence because it is one of the tools for avoiding Blind Spots; Stories of accidental discovery in exploration abound, of course, because the aim of exploration is to find new things and places. ", "The principle of serendipity applies here, however, when the explorer had one aim in mind and found another unexpectedly. ", "In addition, discoveries have been made by people simply attempting to reach a known destination but who departed from the customary or intended route for a variety of reasons. ", "Some classical cases were discoveries of the Americas by explorers with other aims.”", "\n\nfile:///E:/Encyclopedia%20on%20Serendipity.htm\n\nIn this exercise all of us was amazed on how serendipity walks can be applied into things we are working on and be doing in the future, perhaps plans or future vision may come up just like a blink of an eye you may have something in mind that had just came up in no where. ", "I have experienced several thoughts of things that just came up while walking and moaning around that had made my thinking go all over again on how would a place look like after a renovation on machines and technology in all the things I am seeing that technopreneur may be applied when I had the Technopreneur 1.", "\n\nI saw a movie on TED.com that had amazed me on how he had imagine things that are beyond imaginatively by people who would not be able to understand what he was thinking by that time he made history out of just a simple thought of “what if” he made great things out of simple things that could be easily seen in all places here on earth it was a “mouse” in which he had discovered a gadget in which I cannot seem to find a word to portray the whole machine he had invented over a single mind of his. ", "Who would imagine that one individual could capture a picture or scene just by using his own hands, play games on a bond paper, or make a Google search on the wall. ", "How much more to say he can call just by using his own hands, Isn’t it incredible?", "\n\nSo as just the day goes by, it was the month of November we haven’t pass any business proposal yet when a certain thought came up while I was walking, my experience in the cemetery in our City was “All Saints Day” I woke up early in the morning and thought what would I be doing in this day? ", "Still we haven’t had a good idea that would really be appreciated by our facilitator, and because it was “All saints Day” we visited our love ones who had passed away in the afternoon. ", "While watching the people that are so busy on, trying to find where are their love ones tombstone is, or how they would be able to specify the exact location over thousands of tombstones that are in the cemetery for they had forgotten it over the years of not visiting their love ones. ", "I was just watching them moving around going there, then back and fort to the familiar place where they had last visited it. ", "All was mixed up because of the tents that are closing and blocking the way and covering the tombstones that are supposedly not to be occupied by other people for them to be easily seen and found by their love ones, their was once a family asked if there is a tombstone in the said tent just over it lowering down their flowers to see if that was the exact place, when I came up with an idea just by watching around all the people having their love ones graveyard being cleaned and decorated.", "\n\nWhat if this whole place would be fully operated by a Database? ", "All the bodies that would be buried would have a semi Bio-data of their own just important matters that would be useful on their status of life before and after they had died. ", "It may be much more easier and would fixed all the things in the cemetery including the alphabetical structure of all the family names that would simplify all the things they would be needing in the future all will be stored on a Database and kept for important purposes and usage on the future. ", "And a machine that would operate on updating all the people who had been buried in the cemetery for the thought that all things wouldn’t be mixed up. ", "Nor do they would be lost again on finding their love ones burial place. ", "And would maintain also for the cleaning and maintenance of the place for it to be called a holy place for the people we loved who had passed away. ", "More on over it would appraise the things like security and time management for the people who would reserve a place in which they would like their love ones to be accompanied in a single place for visiting and many purposes.", "\n\nIn the process of serendipity I also give myself a space and time to see things in a different globe – there can be a heightening of all the senses because I could wander without a plan nor have things without making anything just by doing serendipity walk all I have to do is lower up my thinking skills and dreaming vision towards the other side of creativity… I could use radars that tunes in new opportunities just like in Technopreneur 1 on having a business proposal that would go beyond limits of expectations of others that technology could have.", "\n\n“Daydreaming is a great example of serendipitying in your conscious and unconscious – misty wanderings that have all sorts of images and sounds – sometime becoming a crystal idea – sometimes one of those moments.”", "\n\nCreativity demands serendipitying. ", "I developed a model of creativity years ago after working with artists and other creative people. ", "I termed the phrase ‘foraging’ to describe the serendipity experience of wandering that happens at the beginning and thru a creative process. ", "It’s a kind of walk (sometime physical) thru ideas and images and fragments of sound – everything that could somehow spark a creative idea or theme for an exhibition or sound for a symphony is foraged. ", "A kind of musing on connections and disconnections of your thoughts has correlations on things you may see, think and dream of.", "\n\nAnd you can bring the serendipity experience to places you think you already know. ", "Wander your street, your city, your workplace as if you’ve never been there before… wander into conversations with people you know and let go of an agenda or a perception or an expectation. ", "Decide to wander the known with a specific intensity – try and only hear women’s voices or see shades of blue or the scent of certain food. ", "See where that leads you.", "\n\nNow, because you are not only an attractive but also an intelligent and perceptive reader, you have lept ahead of me in your serendipitying – and are now exploring how to serendipity in other ways:-\n\nSerendipity wandering online – it’s not called the web for nothing. ", "I love what happens when I allow myself to serendipity the web – new ideas, new people, and old ideas in new ways …connections.", "\n\nSerendipity senses- how about a serendipity wandering through smells, tastes and sounds – yum. ", "Improve jazz is sound serendipity.", "\n\nSerendipity in a library – the wonderful wanderings and unexpected treasures of serendipity in a library give me immense pleasure. ", "Same thing happens when I wander a wine shop or market.", "\n\nSerendipity body wander – see and sense yourself and (if you have one) your partner in serendipity wanders – a new journey with no destination or deadline.", "\n\nSerendipity connections & conversations – my favorite thing in the whole world is the wonderful serendipities of conversations with people – you just never know where you’ll end up… what will scare you … provoke you… bring tears of laughter. ", "I’m always interested in the potential serendipity of connections with other people.", "\n\nSerendipity spirit wander – what if you went for a wander into other spirituality’s and ways of thought without any preconceptions? ", "I was once asked to give 3 workshops for women on spirituality in mining towns in Oz. ", "At that time I was flabbergasted to be asked as I didn’t see myself as a ‘spiritual’ person. ", "As part of my own learning I went on serendipity and asked women to introduce me to other women who had been on spiritual journeys so I could meet them and interview them – talk about wandering into the unexpected. ", "I met a feminist catholic nun; a witch; a Buddhist nun; women were on a whole range of spiritual journeys. ", "It was more than eye opening – and my spiritual serendipitying continues today.", "\n\nSerendipity Ballinamore – to some people, my move 2 months ago to this wee town appears to have little rhymes or reason. ", "For me, it’s a major serendipity wander and I’m enjoying the walk.", "\n\nAn interesting paradox is that even within a plan we can serendipity – listen to the ‘tug’; be open to the unexpected; wander our imagination … and still stay focused on our goal or dream … or maybe let go of that dream for a new one as a result of a serendipity walk.", "\n\nThere are a lot of places I walk every day. ", "In each day, I see places where technology that stores use in their business and technology is one of their tools for their sell their merchandise. ", "One of the technologies they use is the cashier machine where they can monitor their daily earning and they can distribute receipts to their customers. ", "These technologies can help them in their productivity and help them in their service for their customers. ", "Technology also helps establishments in terms of their security, there are x-ray machines nowadays that can even see thoroughly your body without any clothing and there are tiny cameras that can record every movement of a certain person. ", "Even in the streets technology is of a big help, many of us may wonder why does roads have hexagonal marks right before the traffic lights, but those hexagonal marks are very helpful in handling traffic jams and controlling vehicles. ", "Under those marks are weight sensitive materials that helps count the vehicles and helps the machine count the seconds to that is necessary for the traffic light. ", "These interesting technologies are of great help to the society and thus it needs not to be ignored. ", "Another form of technology that is used to sell your merchandise is through the use of the internet. ", "The internet is a very powerful tool for almost everything. ", "The internet is a very powerful tool for learning, a good means to meet friends, and you can even book reservations in hotels. ", "Technology nowadays is vastly growing and they help make the living of each individual a lot easier.", "\n\nBut how about contributing something for the industry? ", "Have you ever think of something like that? ", "I guess not, most of us are thinking of going abroad and work and earn there. ", "Even one of my relatives encourages me to go abroad and enjoy my youth before I get married. ", "One of my titas was able to marry an engineer who were like her, a fan of adventure and was able to travel a lot of places in the world, not just in Asia but in different parts of the world. ", "I for one have think that way too, but it all changed and I was inspired when Sir Randy Gamboa said that he wanted to fabricate an Information Technology industry here in the Philippines. ", "The main reason why most of the Davaowenyos go out of Davao and work somewhere else is because of the unavailability of the industry. ", "Like what I have said a while ago, technology is something that should not be ignored. ", "I find it a noble task to be one of the people who take courage to develop that industry here in Davao. ", "I wanted to one of the people who will take courage to establish that industry and be marked in the history that someone like me has been able to do something for my homeland. ", "That is why I find this task very challenging, and to tell you honestly I have little idea of how am I to accomplish this. ", "This time I have to be very creative and imaginative so that I will be able to accomplish this task.", "\n\nIt might be common for the students of the University of Southeastern Philippines to walk in Victoria Plaza, and it is normal for us to see things normally as they are, but it is not normal for every student to think of a business that would make Victoria Plaza a place where people should go. ", "It is like the Krispy Kreme doughnuts that were born in SM Mall of Asia, it was famous because of its scrumptious doughnuts. ", "I wanted to think of something that would be good for Victoria Plaza. ", "I remembered one of the videos I watched after the Covenant Orientation, it was downloaded by one of our leaders and friend named Ivan Andrei Paster. ", "The title of the video was ENTREPBUFF fifth session titled “follow your heart, not your wallet and the money will follow.” ", "The title itself tells much of the content of the video. ", "It served as the eye opener for me since it helped me stuck into my mind and heart the common thought that do what you love for you to become productive. ", "Because of that video it encourages me to find harder the things that I really love. ", "When I think of the things that I love, I always come up with visual art. ", "Maybe it is the thing that my heart really likes.", "\n\nI will build up a business related to visual arts. ", "Victoria Plaza may not be the place for some people but it will be if it catches the attention of the people. ", "They say that visual art catches most of the attention of the people and I suppose that is what Victoria Plaza needs. ", "I will first offer this business to the manager, and if it does not work, then I will start through having my own booth at Victoria Plaza and give my service at an affordable prize, I can see that there are a lot of people that needs the service of digital artists for telecommunications purposes. ", "Most of the people that need digital visual art pay too much for a single video, and I will offer it for a lesser price. ", "It might sound very daring and defying because it sounds very cheap and the product might not be good. ", "But I will show the public that my products are a lot better than that of those who sells their services in very high price. ", "I remembered the story of Kevin Rose. ", "My father is a fan of reading and I guess he made a subscription to readers digest and reads it all from cover to cover. ", "Whenever he found something that would catch our attention, he would encourage us to read it, and it became our topic for our talk. ", "One of those topics we had was the entrepreneur Kevin Rose. ", "Kevin rose is the maker of dig.com which google.com found a potential to it and offered him two hundred million dollars ($200,000,000) to sell it to them. ", "He said in one of his interviews that if ever people do not like your business, then remove it from your site, remake it, and post it again, if ever the same thing happens, then remove it again, remake it again and post it again until you catch the peoples taste and people would appreciate it and it will sell. ", "I was amazed how google.com found the potential of the business. ", "Kevin Rose’s website content is only headlines from different news webcasting and post it, if you like the headline, then you dig it, if you do not like the headline then you burry it. ", "Up until now I do not find the sense of the business how it hit the industry, but I am sure that it was a hit because google.com found the potential of it. ", "It was really great that they were able to do it that way. ", "I was also amazed at how he started when he was in his youth, he said he was one of the nerds of their school and talk with the other nerds and they talk nerd stuffs and the like. ", "He had good grades and even challenged himself by asking his mother to buy him a computer, if ever he had bad grades he said that he promised that his mom could talk the keyboard and confiscate it and he could get it back only if he gets better grades the next time. ", "Whenever his grades were up, he always chains the keyboard of his computer so that his mother could not take it, it was funny, but he never gets bad grades. ", "I wish I would be as courageous as him and establish my own business.", "\n\nWhen I was walking in Victoria Plaza, I would say that they are lacking of advertising techniques that would catch the attention of the people, I would suggest that they should be able to develop their advertising techniques. ", "Digital graphics is one of the things that would give a good impact for Victoria Plaza and that place would be legend. ", "Another is the renovation of the place; they should be able to develop the place because I see it very cheap. ", "Honestly Victoria Plaza’s interior design is very cheap looking place. ", "The place is not well landscaped and who would come to a place where people see it cheap? ", "The design does not fully utilize the space and it is very dirty. ", "The content or the stores of Victoria Plaza is also not that inviting, they should have had stores like Mango, Giordano, and the likes so that people would come back and would tell their friends. ", "I find it that the interior design of the place is also a very big factor for the place to be inviting. ", "They should have had modern designs and should have utilized their parking lot. ", "They should have had underground parking lot to save space or like the Gaisano Mall where they had 4 storey car parks. ", "If they have utilized the place and have gathered more stores and made sure that the stores that are inside are inviting, and then they would be able to gather more and more customers. ", "They should also invest in the development of information technology products since there are a lot of people who are really after those things.", "\n\nI also have an idea about having my own business in Victoria. ", "As what most people do, they always sit near the carousel or near the pen house and wait for something or for someone. ", "I would suggest they should lend one place where people can sleep or rest like having a capsule like place where they can listen to music or sleep. ", "There would also be a place where they can only sit and wait for someone. ", "A combination of a hotel and a mall would be a great idea, thus aside from those capsules where people can sleep, and for people who wanted more private and more comfortable rooms, where they wanted a hotel, then they have found what they need. ", "I see it very effective and inviting to tourists. ", "Part of my observation is the lights of Victoria Plaza; their lights are somehow yellowish or something. ", "I prefer whiter lights and whiter paints so that it is more inviting. ", "They should also develop more storeys for their building and invite more investors. ", "They should also develop their movie theaters; they should have 3D theaters because it is what people wanted to watch. ", "Having a casino inside the mall is also being a great idea. ", "There are a lot of people who wanted to go to casinos and since there are a hotel inside it, and then it would be more convenient and more interesting. ", "There are a lot to develop in Victoria Plaza and all the management needs is to invest for it. ", "They should choose the stores that they put inside, and they should also be investing to advertising. ", "Say for example, how about having a large 20 foot by 18 foot LED TV in front of the mall showcasing what is inside or advertising other products. ", "Their advertisements would good since there are a lot of vehicles that passes Bajada High Way every day and since it is fascinating, there would be large number of people who would like to spend some time looking at it. ", "The outer design should be painted with light grey and dark blue so that it would be catching and there should be lights showcasing the name of the mall. ", "Then they should also change the name of Victoria Plaza into something more catchy and easy to remember. ", "They should develop also a place where people can hang out like a pool alongside a acoustic bar or something so that there would be a lot of people who would come for an overnight swimming or parties would be held in that place. ", "In reality there are a lot more to develop as long as the store is willing to invest. ", "But I am willing to give my service and be part of that development because I know that it is indeed a good investment.", "\n\nTry to walk around somewhere and discover technopreneur idea ...your experience(s) .. at least 2000 wordsWe were given a task to walk around somewhere and discover technopreneur idea and reflect our experiences. ", "To start my reflection lets discuss what is serendipity? ", "From an article that I have read in the internet serendipity is a propensity for making fortunate discoveries while looking for something unrelated and it’s either the accidental discovery of something pleasant, valuable, or useful or a natural gift for making pleasant, valuable, or useful discoveries by accident. ", "Finding a fiver on the pavement is a serendipitous event. ", "Not only is the term applied to the faculty of making fortunate discoveries by accident, it is also used where a series of three, or \"hat trick\", is similarly an outcome. ", "A serendipitous result is one characterized by serendipity. ", "Someone who has a habit of finding things by serendipity is a sere dipper, while a person, who acknowledges, believes, and hopes in serendipity is a serendipitist. ", "In the process of serendipity we also give ourselves the space and time to see things in a different light there can be a heightening of all the senses because we’re wandering without a plan and we use radar that tunes in new opportunities. ", "Daydreaming is a great example of serendipitying in your conscious and unconscious misty wanderings that have all sorts of images and sounds sometime becoming a crystal idea sometimes one of those moments. ", "And you can bring the serendipity experience to places you think you already know. ", "Wander your street, your city, your workplace as if you’ve never been there before. ", "Wander into conversations with people you know and let go of an agenda or a perception or an expectation. ", "Decide to wander the known with a specific intensity. ", "Try and only hear women’s voices or see shades of blue or the scent of certain food. ", "See where that leads you. ", "Now, let’s discuss what is serendipity walk? ", "A serendipity walk is a technique used when wanting to resolve a problem. ", "The trick of the walk is to not actually think consciously about solving the problem, and more often than not, by being in a relaxed state, the answer presents itself. ", "Again, this is something we have always been doing. ", "When there are major problems faced, it is often a good practice to stop thinking about it, and then do something that has nothing to do with solving the problem, let's say exercise, go and have dinner, and more often than not, the solution present itself when one is in a relaxed mode. ", "We know so little on how much our mind works and the present research indicate we use less than 5% of our brain's capacity. ", "The attempts to understand our mind working on the subconscious state has slowly been making progress and what the scientists are beginning to realize is that there is so much to know more about our subconscious that relate to our conscious thinking and actions. ", "What they do know is that both the subconscious and the conscious thinking are related to each other and with more research; we hopefully get to use more of our mind and brain.", "\n\nWhen I was walking around our place I let myself wander around without any preplans, lists, agendas, and see what happens or where I end up. ", "Also, I just let myself not think of what ifs, should, buts and wandering into the unexpected place. ", "Allowing myself to let go of constraints for a moment and then see where serendipity takes me. ", "Just give your brain a rest and let your intuition and imagination lead you. ", "So, now we know what is serendipity and serendipity walk means lets proceed to my experiences upon walking around somewhere in our place. ", "In our place there are lots of business establishments were developed because of the reason we are in the center of the city here in Davao City, Philippines were business transactions occurs. ", "Lots of business establishments you can see and discover here in our place just like in printing and photocopy business, tarpaulin making, computer accessories shops and internet cafes, entrepreneurial businesses and more other techno businesses that are established in other cities and countries. ", "Other types of computer business \"opportunities\" such as personalized books or certificates would give you a legitimate product to sell. ", "But the companies promoting such opportunities tend to exaggerate the income potential and underplay the amount of time, effort, marketing dollars and skills needed to turn the opportunity into a profit-making business. ", "Thus, while you might be able to make some money selling personalized books, if personalized books are all that you sell, you may find that the profit you clear after accounting for all of your costs (including the cost of your own labor), is nowhere near the high income implied by the ads. ", "Although business opportunities offer less support than franchises, this could be an advantage for you if you thrive on freedom. ", "Typically, you won't be obligated to follow the strict specifications and detailed program that franchisees must follow. ", "With most business opportunities, you would simply buy a set of equipment or materials, and then you can operate the business any way and under any name you want. ", "There are no ongoing royalties in most cases, and no trademark rights are sold. ", "So, I came up an idea of having a technopreneur business that applies all the services in all the businesses that I've encounter upon walking around somewhere in our place. ", "That's why in this kind of technopreneur business all the services in other establishments are offered here in one single technopreneur establishment and even it can give business opportunities to all the unemployed people that has the business skills to work in this kind of business. ", "Now a days people are aware of out new technologies so in this technopreneur business will help the clients to be aware of the kind of items we sell and even the services that we can give to the clients. ", "Also, this kind of business showcase all the latest techno gadgets that you can see in other countries that this business that offer to the techno people that loves to have those new gadgets. ", "To summarize all the idea that I came up serendipity walk has the big impact to myself because of it has the purpose to discover such ideas you cant imagine that you can apply to your business that you would like to established. ", "Just set your self free and don't mind the ifs, should and buts the you are thinking when you are undergoing in a serendipity walk.", "\n\n...live like you will die tomorrow, learn live you will live forever...\n\nHmmmf. . ", ".In our Technopreneurship 2 we are tasked to walk and think of something that can contribute to our community. ", "So I do walked and think something and it comes to my mind my many imaginations when I saw different things in my surroundings. ", "I've come up to an idea to have a hand held device that could help me as well as other people that are also suffering to this kind of illness, the what I called \"Avatar\". ", "This device can detect your body pressure whether it is low or high. ", "It case of problems or complications this device will beep so that the person would know the right time for taking the medicine! ", "Then also, if the patient ate the prohibited foods it would warn him or her! ", "So in this connection, I won't worry because I know myself would have this device. ", "I know that even without me or the other people will be warned.", "Idea!!", "\n\nEveryday I'm going to school I felt glad because I knew i could learned something, another learning that would enhance my human being, as a person! ", "But every time our teacher/s would give an assignment for us to research I really hate it not because of assignments but it's because some of the topics is \"wala dri wala didto\" lol. ", "So I've come up to this technopreneurship idea. ", "My other problem was when I was in school. ", "I really find it hard to search in the internet especially in our major. ", "Probably, that was more on coding so if I were to decide another techno business I would prefer to have an \"Online Researching Lead\". ", "This proposal is a researching sites or engine that would provide the needs of the users especially when it’s difficult to find. ", "It will serves as the link between the user and the things they want to search.", "Home Schooling, Supplemental Education, Distance Education, Online Tutoring, One-on-one teaching, or Virtual Learning; by whatever name you call it, Educational Tutoring through internet has now emerged as a new medium of instruction utilizing the infinite scope of information and communication technology that has transformed today's approach to education and teaching. ", "The only thing you need to avail the same is computer systems with internet connection especially I think most of students though haven’t have computer units internet cafes are accessible anywhere so there is no reason this business cannot be accesses. ", "An educational site will be emerged as student's problem solving site where the students can register themselves and get help to solve their problems related to the studies. ", "Payments are made through PayPal; in short there would be a corresponding amount to the services chosen by the customer. ", "Tutors have to register on these kinds of sites where students can search them and take help from them to solve their problems. ", "The good thing for this is that tutors also can be a teleworker. ", "You don't necessarily have to come to the office to do the tutorial services, in short this would be a very big help for those who wants to have part time jobs. ", "No need to worry for teleworkers across the country for the payment of their services would be sent through PayPal also. ", "The tutors would post the ad for their class on the site; students who want to take online class have to register themselves for the class. ", "You can choose a class by considering the name of the tutor and the subject and topic in which they are facing problems. ", "These online classes are also available face to face (with a particular location or the main office for face to face tutorial) and any student in between can ask tutor regarding doubts in the class. ", "These sites are school students helping site which are there to provide. ", "I do not know if you are familiar with the term virtual assistance. ", "As you move around the 'net, you'll see a variety of definitions about what Virtual Assistance is, and what Vas (Virtual assistants) do. ", "It's up to you to decide which definition you want to embrace. ", "One definition is that a VA is anyone who provides any sort of assistance to another person or business without having to be physically present in the client's location. ", "That definition has a VA providing administrative and personal support, across the board, in long-term and collaborative relationships. ", "So, a VA is a person who supports a client, across the board, administratively and personally without being geographically present in the client's location.", "As we were asked to generate a business proposal individually. ", "I’d like to say that I’m not a business person and that I’m having difficulties on how to plan and start a good business. ", "And come to think of it, it’s just a proposal but it’s seems like having a cherry-bomb inside my head. ", "Well, I’m good at observing others businesses and their behaviors and how they have raised their business from scratched into larger business. ", "And I do appreciate them and myself for appreciating them. ", "I know that having a business is not all about the money, not just the money that matters but its effects to the costumers. ", "So now let us proceed with the techno related business I would wish to have if I ever given the chance. ", "Since I love teaching, and have a little experience on tutoring kids I would want to have a tutorial business whether it would be internet based tutorial or face to face. ", "The nature of the business would be web based where we can offer tutorial services even though you are far across the country or outside the country and a main outlet in the heart of the city where they could avail the actual tutorial services. ", "every student faces some kind of problem in his student life that he wants to get resolved with the help of parents or teachers. ", "But sometimes, parents are not able to solve the problem and teachers are not available after school time to help students. ", "Tutoring services are provided to the students by their parents to sort out problems in their studies. ", "In traditional tutoring services, students either go to place where tutor takes class or tutor comes to the student’s place to teach him. ", "The tutorial class is face to face class between student and teacher where there can be maximum 7-9 students in a class. ", "At times, tutor offers their services to single student at a time but they charge a little more for the same service.", "I think someone already thought of these ideas but I don’t know. ", "I haven’t seen anyone or anything that is similar to my ideas and discoveries. ", "Here in Davao there are only few technology that can be found. ", "Not like when we had our trip in Manila, we saw a lot of techie things for the first time and learned lots and lots of stuffs. ", "And thanks to Guy Kawasaki’s talk he made me realize that there are so much thing you can discover to help the people. ", "From his talk he made me think that in order for my device or invention to be catchy I need to make it a need. ", "And for it to be possible I should make my ideas from my daily problems. ", "To the things that I want to solve. ", "So that from now on every time I find or encounter problems instead on thinking of something else I think first of what could I do to lessen these problems. ", "Because what differentiates a technopreneur from any other businessman is the way a technopreneur operates his business. ", "His business is generally marked with a high growth potential and high leverage of knowledge and intellectual property. ", "What is more, he always has a viable exit mechanism. ", "Before, my idea was an errand man business. ", "I was thinking of something that can help people with their everyday tasks, something that can assist them in what they doWe know so little on how much our mind works and the present research indicate we use less than 5% of our brain's capacity. ", "The attempts to understand our mind working on the subconscious state has slowly been making progress and what the scientists are beginning to realize is that there is so much to know more about our subconscious that relate to our conscious thinking and actions. ", "What they do know is that both the subconscious and the conscious thinking are related to each other and with more research; we hopefully get to use more of our mind and brain. ", "Flash drives and pen drives are USB storage devices based on flash memory. ", "It is primarily used in memory cards, USB flash drives, MP3 players and solid-state drives for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products. ", "It is a specific type of EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) that is erased and programmed in large blocks; in early flash the entire chip had to be erased at once. ", "Flash memory costs far less than byte-programmable EEPROM and therefore has become the dominant technology wherever a significant amount of non-volatile, solid state storage is needed. ", "Example applications include PDAs (personal digital assistants), laptop computers, digital audio players, digital cameras and mobile phones. ", "It has also gained popularity in console video game hardware, where it is often used instead of EEPROMs or battery-powered static RAM (SRAM) for game save data.", "Since flash memory is non-volatile, no power is needed to maintain the information stored in the chip. ", "In addition, flash memory offers fast read access times (although not as fast as volatile DRAM memory used for main memory in PCs) and better kinetic shock resistance than hard disks. ", "These characteristics explain the popularity of flash memory in portable devices. ", "Another feature of flash memory is that when packaged in a \"memory card,\" it is extremely durable, being able to withstand intense pressure, extremes of temperature, and even immersion in water. ", "The necklace will have enough storage for it to store the details of the person wearing it. ", "It’s a kind of walk you will surely remember. ", "Creativity demands serendipitying. ", "I developed a model of creativity years ago after working with artists and other creative people. ", "I termed the phrase ‘foraging’ to describe the serendipity experience of wandering that happens at the beginning ( and thru) a creative process. ", "It’s a kind of walk (sometime physical) thru ideas and images and fragments of sound – everything that could somehow spark a creative idea or theme for an exhibition or sound for a symphony is foraged. ", "A kind of musing on connections and disconnections. ", "Wander your street, your city, your workplace as if you’ve never been there before… wander into conversations with people you know and let go of an agenda or a perception or an expectation. ", "Decide to wander the known with a specific intensity – try and only hear women’s voices or see shades of blue or the scent of certain food. ", "As long as my main objective is to help our country, I will not quit on thinking other ideas that will surely make our community prosper. ", "I will just walk and walk and walk. ", "And I believe that along that path I can find a one of a kind stone that will help rebuild the economy of our community. ", "To succeed your business needs to be constantly evolving. ", "Read it every day. ", "Become goal-oriented. ", "List all of the things you want to accomplish in business and in your personal life. ", "Being your own boss gives you independence and the potential to earn an uncapped income. ", "It provides you with greater flexibility for exercising your passions and talents. ", "The business opportunity must fit in with your skills, experience and personality type. ", "There is little hope of success if you do not have the appropriate expertise.", "And so I made this imagination become true." ]

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[ "## [1.15.3](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/compare/v1.15.2...v1.15.3) (2019-10-31)\n\n## [1.15.2](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/compare/v1.15.1...v1.15.2) (2019-10-31)\n\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* **syntax:** highlight 'subscription' operation ([c0dd623](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/c0dd623))\n\n## [1.15.1](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/compare/v1.15.0...v1.15.1) (2019-08-07)\n\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* **windows:** fix plugin not working with remote extn pack ([7fd0579](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/7fd0579))\n\n# [1.15.0](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/compare/v1.14.2...v1.15.0) (2019-07-13)\n\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* handle null cases and enable typescript strict mode ([3cfb535](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/3cfb535))\n\n\n### Features\n\n* **server:** add custom node runtime support ([19ccf02](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/19ccf02))\n\n## [1.14.2](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/compare/v1.14.1...v1.14.2) (2019-07-08)\n\n\n### Performance Improvements\n\n* **workspaces:** only send workspace documents req to server ([22c331b](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/22c331b))\n\n## [1.14.1](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/compare/v1.14.0...v1.14.1) (2019-07-05)\n\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* **syntax:** support interpolations in ruby ([34bb681](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/34bb681))\n\n# [1.14.0](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/compare/v1.13.2...v1.14.0) (2019-07-04)\n\n\n### Features\n\n* add json5 syntax highlighting to gqlconfig ([5f0826b](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/5f0826b))\n* add multi-root workspaces support Closes [#33](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/issues/33) ([af8fe1d](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/af8fe1d))\n\n## [1.13.2](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/compare/v1.13.1...v1.13.2) (2019-06-05)\n\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* **syntax:** designate graphql blocks in feature files ([836149a](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/836149a))\n\n## [1.13.1](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/compare/v1.13.0...v1.13.1) (2019-04-17)\n\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* **client:** fix crash when editor is undefined ([6f73919](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/6f73919))\n* **client:** remove unneeded debug options ([f1a453d](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/f1a453d))\n* **client:** show status item for more languages ([a68c775](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/a68c775))\n* **client:** upgrade some dependencies ([fc9b58b](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/fc9b58b))\n\n# [1.13.0](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/compare/v1.12.1...v1.13.0) (2018-12-24)\n\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* **status-bar:** fix colours for different states ([525985d](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/525985d))\n* **release:** fix release config ([a59253c](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/a59253c))\n* **syntax:** highlight directives on interfaces. ", "Closes [#112](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/issues/112) ([df16a1c](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/df16a1c))\n* **status-bar:** show status-bar item for more languages ([d11c6da](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/d11c6da))\n* **ux:** show statusbar item even when output panel is focussed ([94faecf](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/94faecf))\n* **ux:** stop focussing output panel when clicking statusbar item ([c8b73f4](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/c8b73f4))\n\n\n### Features\n\n* **syntax:** add support for graphql_ppx in reason ([8d275f5](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/8d275f5))\n\n<a name=\"1.12.1\"></a>\n## [1.12.1](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/compare/v1.12.0...v1.12.1) (2018-07-29)\n\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* **syntax:** fix blockstring description syntax, add some sample files ([d836051](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/d836051))\n\n<a name=\"1.12.0\"></a>\n# [1.12.0](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/compare/v1.11.0...v1.12.0) (2018-06-07)\n\n\n### Features\n\n* **syntax:** add highlighting for markdown fenced codeblocks ([96904e5](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/96904e5))\n* **syntax:** add support for reason ([26b6bd1](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/26b6bd1))\n\n<a name=\"1.11.0\"></a>\n# [1.11.0](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/compare/v1.10.3...v1.11.0) (2018-05-04)\n\n\n### Features\n\n* **syntax:** add support for auto-closing pairs & surrounding pairs ([6934c67](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/6934c67))\n\n<a name=\"1.10.3\"></a>\n## [1.10.3](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/compare/v1.10.2...v1.10.3) (2018-05-04)\n\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* **syntax:** highlight '&' for combining multiple interfaces ([1b32f23](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/1b32f23))\n\n<a name=\"1.10.2\"></a>\n## [1.10.2](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/compare/v1.10.1...v1.10.2) (2018-05-02)\n\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* **release:** fix changelogs generation on release ([fc6051f](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/commit/fc6051f))\n\n<hr>\n\n### Notice\nDue to some intermediate changes in the build process,\nthe changelogs from 1.10.1 till 1.0.1 are only hosted on the releases page of the github repo: [https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/releases](https://github.com/kumarharsh/graphql-for-vscode/releases).", "\n\n### 1.0.0\n### Improved syntax highlighting in injected grammars\nAlso, refactored code and bumped the version to 1.0.0\n\n### 0.4.0\n### Go to Definition, Autocomplete & Schema Validation!", "\nTo use the syntax highlighting in your JS projects, you'll need to change your file's syntax to Javascript React, because this [doesn't work with Javascript Babel right now](https://github.com/dzannotti/vscode-babel/issues/6).", "\n\n### 0.3.0\n### Graphql syntax highlighting within JS/JSX/TS/TSX\nTo use the syntax highlighting in your JS projects, you'll need to change your file's syntax to Javascript React, because this [doesn't work with Javascript Babel right now](https://github.com/dzannotti/vscode-babel/issues/6).", "\n\n### Improved syntax highlighting\nThe previous syntax highlighing was a little flaky and rather complex to maintain. ", "This one is based off the [atom plugin](https://github.com/gandm/language-graphql-lb) by @gandm, and works much better and handles some cases which were not done previously.", "\n\n### 0.2.2\nFixed enum syntax highlighting\n\n### 0.2.1\nFixed some syntax highlights\n\n### 0.1.1\nReleased as 0.2.0 due to excitement. ", "Will be careful.", "\n\n### 0.1.0\nExtension released.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0009829435730352998, 0.0015529387164860964, 0.0013857081066817045, 0.0006234602187760174, 0.0006785441073589027, 0.0013331547379493713, 0.0006155789596959949, 0.0010086389956995845, 0.0006674283067695796, 0.0007597875664941967, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Field of the Invention\nThis invention pertains to machines employing multiple vanes rotatibly mounted in a cylinder with the vanes positioned in rotation by an off center rotor. ", "The space between the vanes and the variable distance between the rotor and the cylinder vary from near zero at the tangent point to a maximum 180.degree. ", "opposite the tangent point. ", "The device creates a series of varying volumes which may be utilized as a compressor, pump, or a motor with suitable selection of porting means.", "\nDescription of Prior Art\nNumerous vaned pumps, compressors, and engines have been developed and patented. ", "A common limitation of the prior art is the limited number of vanes. ", "Previous designs result normally in a three or four vaned configuration. ", "Such configuration limits torque and efficiency when the prior art devices are utilized as expansion motors." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.0007346688071265817, 0.0006485598860308528, 0.0008030211902223527, 0.0005464113201014698, 0.0005588631029240787, 0.0006215545581653714, 0.0005656316643580794, 0.0006331565091386437 ]

[ "7, x: 3}. ", "Give prob of picking 3 s.\n35/816\nWhat is prob of picking 1 f and 1 h when two letters picked without replacement from {h: 3, f: 7}?", "\n7/15\nThree letters picked without replacement from {f: 6, e: 13}. ", "What is prob of picking 1 f and 2 e?", "\n156/323\nCalculate prob of picking 2 z and 1 m when three letters picked without replacement from {z: 5, m: 5, s: 2}.", "\n5/22\nThree letters picked without replacement from lhbbwihiiwwiwwwi. ", "What is prob of picking 1 i, 1 b, and 1 w?", "\n3/28\nCalculate prob of picking 1 u and 3 k when four letters picked without replacement from kuhykkukhyuhy.", "\n12/715\nWhat is prob of picking 2 e when two letters picked without replacement from nengengnmmeqngeehenm?", "\n3/38\nFour letters picked without replacement from {a: 5, t: 2, l: 4, r: 7}. ", "What is prob of picking 1 l, 1 a, 1 r, and 1 t?", "\n14/153\nWhat is prob of picking 1 o and 2 i when three letters picked without replacement from oiiiioiiioi?", "\n28/55\nFour letters picked without replacement from gwmmgfgfmhl. ", "What is prob of picking 2 l, 1 h, and 1 g?", "\n0\nFour letters picked without replacement from {l: 3, g: 4, p: 1, v: 6, b: 4, s: 1}. ", "What is prob of picking 2 b, 1 v, and 1 p?", "\n3/323\nWhat is prob of picking 2 t when two letters picked without replacement from {t: 9, a: 11}?", "\n18/95\nThree letters picked without replacement from eopooee. ", "Give prob of picking 1 p, 1 e, and 1 o.\n9/35\nWhat is prob of picking 1 y and 1 q when two letters picked without replacement from yqqqqqqyyyqqy?", "\n20/39\nFour letters picked without replacement from {a: 6, j: 12}. ", "Give prob of picking 4 j.\n11/68\nCalculate prob of picking 3 s when three letters picked without replacement from {o: 3, s: 11}.", "\n165/364\nCalculate prob of picking 4 m when four letters picked without replacement from {s: 1, m: 18}.", "\n15/19\nCalculate prob of picking 3 v and 1 c when four letters picked without replacement from cccvvcccvvvccvvc.", "\n9/52\nWhat is prob of picking 1 u, 2 d, and 1 w when four letters picked without replacement from {p: 2, w: 1, u: 2, o: 5, d: 6}?", "\n3/182\nWhat is prob of picking 2 i, 1 z, and 1 n when four letters picked without replacement from iiiiihiiihinznniihh?", "\n55/1292\nTwo letters picked without replacement from quuqvuuqquxvuvsw. ", "What is prob of picking 2 u?", "\n1/8\nWhat is prob of picking 2 u when two letters picked without replacement from zuuuzzuuhzuuhuuzuuz?", "\n55/171\nWhat is prob of picking 1 y and 3 m when four letters picked without replacement from {y: 10, g: 1, m: 7}?", "\n35/306\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {w: 1, i: 1, v: 1, r: 1, e: 1}. ", "Give prob of picking 1 w and 1 r.\n1/10\nFour letters picked without replacement from wnwwwwnwnw. ", "What is prob of picking 3 n and 1 w?", "\n1/30\nCalculate prob of picking 2 y, 1 t, and 1 l when four letters picked without replacement from yyyyhyvhlyhythyhjhyv.", "\n12/1615\nFour letters picked without replacement from {x: 1, f: 3, i: 1, j: 11, b: 3}. ", "What is prob of picking 3 b and 1 x?", "\n1/3876\nCalculate prob of picking 2 f when two letters picked without replacement from fhhffha.", "\n1/7\nCalculate prob of picking 2 y and 1 i when three letters picked without replacement from {i: 1, a: 1, n: 2, b: 1, y: 1, w: 1}.", "\n0\nWhat is prob of picking 4 s when four letters picked without replacement from uuusuuuususssusuuus?", "\n35/3876\nWhat is prob of picking 1 q and 2 p when three letters picked without replacement from qpqp?", "\n1/2\nCalculate prob of picking 1 a and 2 c when three letters picked without replacement from abbybbkbbkkccb.", "\n1/364\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {z: 1, e: 1, h: 1, i: 2, r: 3, q: 3}. ", "What is prob of picking 1 q and 1 z?", "\n3/55\nFour letters picked without replacement from sttssssss. ", "Give prob of picking 4 s.\n5/18\nWhat is prob of picking 1 j, 1 r, and 2 a when four letters picked without replacement from {j: 2, d: 13, a: 3, r: 2}?", "\n4/1615\nFour letters picked without replacement from rqiruqrrqiri. ", "Give prob of picking 1 q and 3 i.\n1/165\nThree letters picked without replacement from agaavadaa. ", "Give prob of picking 2 a and 1 v.\n5/28\nCalculate prob of picking 1 l and 1 o when two letters picked without replacement from {r: 2, o: 2, l: 1, u: 4, v: 1}.", "\n2/45\nWhat is prob of picking 3 m when three letters picked without replacement from kkmkmkkkmkkkmk?", "\n1/91\nTwo letters picked without replacement from rirdyyyrpyya. ", "Give prob of picking 1 p and 1 r.\n1/22\nCalculate prob of picking 4 g when four letters picked without replacement from {g: 11, l: 2, c: 6}.", "\n55/646\nWhat is prob of picking 1 m and 1 v when two letters picked without replacement from mfoqqvoofvfmo?", "\n2/39\nWhat is prob of picking 2 u when two letters picked without replacement from uiiiu?", "\n1/10\nThree letters picked without replacement from {l: 6, h: 13}. ", "Give prob of picking 2 h and 1 l.\n156/323\nThree letters picked without replacement from {e: 2, j: 2, d: 1, h: 1}. ", "What is prob of picking 2 e and 1 j?", "\n1/10\nFour letters picked without replacement from {s: 5, n: 3, h: 1, m: 1, i: 5}. ", "Give prob of picking 1 h and 3 s.\n2/273\nThree letters picked without replacement from {r: 1, x: 2, u: 2, a: 1, y: 1}. ", "What is prob of picking 1 r, 1 x, and 1 a?", "\n2/35\nFour letters picked without replacement from {m: 3, c: 11}. ", "What is prob of picking 1 m and 3 c?", "\n45/91\nWhat is prob of picking 1 m, 1 s, and 1 p when three letters picked without replacement from {s: 1, f: 1, p: 1, h: 1, x: 2, m: 2}?", "\n1/28\nThree letters picked without replacement from ppppdddppppdd. ", "What is prob of picking 1 d and 2 p?", "\n70/143\nTwo letters picked without replacement from ibfiffbnf. ", "What is prob of picking 1 f and 1 n?", "\n1/9\nThree letters picked without replacement from zzvjznzjzznjzjrcr. ", "Give prob of picking 1 z, 1 n, and 1 v.\n7/340\nCalculate prob of picking 2 d when two letters picked without replacement from mddddddddmmdddddddm.", "\n35/57\nThree letters picked without replacement from {r: 4, j: 3}. ", "Give prob of picking 3 r.\n4/35\nFour letters picked without replacement from {i: 2, q: 5, z: 2, g: 1, k: 2, w: 2}. ", "What is prob of picking 1 w, 2 i, and 1 k?", "\n4/1001\nWhat is prob of picking 1 v and 1 a when two letters picked without replacement from {i: 2, v: 4, a: 3}?", "\n1/3\nWhat is prob of picking 2 p and 1 b when three letters picked without replacement from {b: 2, p: 8}?", "\n7/15\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {y: 5, s: 8, j: 2}. ", "Give prob of picking 1 j and 1 s.\n16/105\nThree letters picked without replacement from {d: 2, n: 3, j: 3, i: 2, f: 5}. ", "Give prob of picking 2 j and 1 i.\n6/455\nFour letters picked without replacement from uvvvouvhvhhhu. ", "What is prob of picking 1 o, 1 h, and 2 u?", "\n12/715\nFour letters picked without replacement from {e: 1, d: 4, w: 2}. ", "What is prob of picking 2 d and 2 w?", "\n6/35\nFour letters picked without replacement from {s: 6}. ", "What is prob of picking 4 s?", "\n1\nThree letters picked without replacement from nnlnckcclnnccnccnkn. ", "Give prob of picking 1 l, 1 n, and 1 k.\n32/969\nCalculate prob of picking 2 j when two letters picked without replacement from jfefpgffeppjfppe.", "\n1/120\nTwo letters picked without replacement from wawwwwwwawwww. ", "Give prob of picking 2 w.\n55/78\nWhat is prob of picking 1 b, 1 f, and 1 t when three letters picked without replacement from {t: 5, r: 1, b: 7, f: 1}?", "\n5/52\nWhat is prob of picking 1 m and 1 g when two letters picked without replacement from {g: 1, t: 2, m: 1, d: 1}?", "\n1/10\nCalculate prob of picking 2 t when two letters picked without replacement from iittkkittktttk.", "\n3/13\nCalculate prob of picking 2 h when two letters picked without replacement from {h: 10, z: 9}.", "\n5/19\nTwo letters picked without replacement from zffffffffzeffzzzf. ", "What is prob of picking 1 z and 1 f?", "\n55/136\nCalculate prob of picking 4 k when four letters picked without replacement from {k: 5, n: 1, o: 14}.", "\n1/969\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {a: 1, z: 3, s: 2, p: 4, y: 2}. ", "Give prob of picking 1 p and 1 y.\n4/33\nThree letters picked without replacement from {h: 4, e: 7}. ", "What is prob of picking 2 e and 1 h?", "\n28/55\nThree letters picked without replacement from {m: 1, w: 1, x: 1, o: 1, f: 1}. ", "What is prob of picking 1 x, 1 o, and 1 w?", "\n1/10\nWhat is prob of picking 1 a and 3 h when four letters picked without replacement from {h: 2, a: 4}?", "\n0\nCalculate prob of picking 1 a and 1 v when two letters picked without replacement from vwvavavwwavvwvavahw.", "\n40/171\nWhat" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Q:\n\nComo criptografar e descriptografar dados em MD5 utilizando C#?", "\n\nComo fazer criptografias MD5 com C# de um texto ou arquivo? ", "\nE uma vez já criptografado, como descriptografar?", "\n\nA:\n\nMD5 não é reversível, ou seja, só é possível criar o hash (ou, como você disse, criptografar) e comparar com outro hash. ", "Se forem iguais, a senha digitada é considerada a mesma.", "\nSegue um exemplo:\npublic static string GerarHashMd5(string input)\n{\n MD5 md5Hash = MD5.Create();\n // Converter a String para array de bytes, que é como a biblioteca trabalha.", "\n byte[] data = md5Hash.", "ComputeHash(Encoding.", "UTF8.GetBytes(input));\n\n // Cria-se um StringBuilder para recompôr a string.", "\n StringBuilder sBuilder = new StringBuilder();\n\n // Loop para formatar cada byte como uma String em hexadecimal\n for (int i = 0; i < data.", "Length; i++)\n {\n sBuilder.", "Append(data[i].ToString(\"x2\"));\n }\n\n return sBuilder.", "ToString();\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "[The significance of a carotid bruit. ", "The preliminary experience of the OPI program. ", "The Obiettivo prevenzione ictus (Stroke Prevention Objective)].", "\nCarotid bruit has been correlated to occlusive atherosclerotic carotid disease and cerebrovascular ischemic disease, based on selected series or small population cohorts. ", "The OPI programme has been accomplished to investigate the prevalence of carotid lesions in a population aged 45 to 75 and resident in the USSL (Sanitary District) n. 69, Lombardia. ", "To establish the frequency of carotid bruit in an unselected population and the correlation of this sign to the internal carotid lesion. ", "In this paper 16,379 people of both sexes are considered: all underwent physical examination, oriented to vascular problems, and C.W. Doppler ultrasound examination, from 1990 to March, 31st 1992. ", "A further examination completed with color flow imaging was carried out for subjects showing either carotid bruit, or C.W. Doppler alterations, history of cerebrovascular disorders, previous vascular operations, concomitant extracarotid vascular occlusive diseases. ", "Carotid kinking has been considered as \"carotid lesion\", for its attitude to cause flow alterations fitting to carotid bruit. ", "The prevalence of carotid bruit in the considered population was 3.7%, a total of 806 carotid bruits in 612 subjects. ", "Male to female ratio was 0.69. ", "A strong correlation of bruit to age was recorded (p < 10(-6)): subjects over 70 years old have a five-fold probability to harbor carotid bruit than younger people (45 to 50 years old). ", "Likewise hypertensive people have a two-fold probability of carotid bruit than normotensive (p < 10(-6)). ", "Only 302 carotid lesions (36%) of the 864 found showed bruit, while 539 (64%) did not. ", "Among the 31,917 unaffected carotids 504 (1.6%) had bruit and 31,413 had not (98.4%); sensitivity of bruit to carotid lesion was 35.9%, and specificity 98.4%. ", "The probability for carotids with bruit to be affected with lesion (stenosis, occlusion or kinking) is approximately 35 times as high as for carotids without bruit (odds ratio = 34.9). ", "Notwithstanding its low sensitivity, that prevents its use as a simple screening test for carotid lesion, the high specificity of carotid bruit makes it possible to separate a group at elevated risk of harboring carotid lesion. ", "The absence of bruit does not rule out the presence of carotid lesion. ", "A strong correlation to age and hypertension has been proved. ", "Carotid bruit must be considered as a risk factor for carotid lesion, not a means to make diagnosis." ]

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[ "Enkephalin production by the corpus luteum.", "\nIn search of Early pregnancy factors, on the base of Kentsin, the sole molecule embryo-specific, we detected the presence of Enkephalin in the Mouse ovary, in Bovine and Human corpus luteum. ", "In the Mouse the Met-Enkephalin release by the ovary seems to be stimulated by the oviduct in presence of the embryo. ", "In vitro Met enkephalin release by Bovine Corpus luteum is about 0.5 to 1. ", "pMole/mg of fresh tissue/24 Hours. ", "This release is not increased in presence of trophoblastic tissue. ", "The content of the fresh tissue is between 0.7 and 1.9 picomoles par gram of Human tissue, and 0.9 picomoles for Bovine tissue. ", "We determine the presence of Leu-Enkephalin and Met-Enkephalin Arg-Gly-Leu. ", "The ratios observed confirm a ProEnkephalin A expression in the Ovary. ", "The roles of these opioid peptides is discussed in term of ovum transport, Granulosa cell physiology and Early pregnancy factors." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "our partners\n\nWith headquarters in Berlin and a network of 229 missions abroad, the Federal Foreign Office maintains Germany’s relations with other countries as well as with international and supra-national organizations. ", "This work concerns much more than just political contacts among governments and parliaments. ", "Because Germany and German society are enmeshed in ever-growing international networks, the Federal Foreign Office promotes intensive interaction and exchange with the world in the fields of business, culture, science and technology, the environment and development issues.", "\n\nThe Robert Bosch Stiftung is one of the major German foundations associated with a private company and has managed the philanthropic bequest of company founder Robert Bosch for over 50 years. ", "Indeed it was his entrepreneurial vision, political farsightedness, moral fortitude and charitable initiatives that set the standards for the work of the Robert Bosch Stiftung.", "\n\nThe European Cultural Foundation (ECF) initiates and supports cultural expression and interaction that empower people to realise a shared future in Europe. ", "This organization links inspirational people and ideas to cultural policymaking, both in local communities and on the European political stage.", "\n\nOperated by:\n\nMitOst promotes cultural exchange and active citizenship in Europe and its neighbouring regions. ", "With 1.400 members in 40 different countries as well as with various partners the organisation is a part of a dynamic European network. ", "MitOst organises international programmes and projects and serve as a platform for new forms of social engagement and projects. ", "The annual International MitOst Festival brings this network together.", "\n\nInsha Osvita is a special phenomenon in civil educational space. ", "On the one hand, it is aan NGO operating on national level in Ukraine and deals with quality management of non-formal education and adult education. ", "On the other hand, it is an international trainers association which implements educational programs for youth and specializes in using innovation in non-formal education." ]

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[ "How does the tool work\n\nGenderGap.", "AFRICA isn’t designed to give breakdowns for each industry: it instead captures the average gender gap across all sectors within a country. ", "Gender gap here represents the gap between men and women in pay.", "\n\nCountry resources and opportunities are not equally distributed between women and men, causing the gender pay gap. ", "Even though qualified women are coming out of the education system, many industries are failing to hire, retain and promote them, losing out on a wealth of capacity.", "\n\nThe report measures gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in countries, rather than the availability of resources and opportunities.", "\n\nAccording to the report, men are under-represented in education, health and welfare, while women are under-represented in engineering, manufacturing and construction, as well as information and communications technology. ", "Regardless of the number of women entering these professions, men hold more leadership - and well-paying - positions.", "\n\nThe gender pay gap is a culmination of many factors, creating a glass ceiling that prevents women from exercising equal economic rights.", "\n\nThe WEF report quantifies the magnitude of gender disparities, noting that some regions should expect to see their gender gaps narrow faster than others. ", "Sub-Saharan Africa is due to achieve parity in 79 years, while projections for North Africa suggest closing the gaps will take more than 129 years.", "\n\nThe data used in this tool can be found for each country in the Global Gender Gap Report, 2017 from page 58.", "\n\nGender gaps affect society as a whole and have severe social and economic consequences. ", "As Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chair of the World Economic Forum, said “When women and girls are not integrated—as both beneficiary and shaper—the global community loses out on skills, ideas and perspectives that are critical for addressing global challenges and harnessing new opportunities.”", "\n\nNote: Statistics on Burundi are not captured in this tool.", "\n\nGenderGap.", "AFRICA is a tool designed to help users calculate the gender pay gap in any African country.", "\n\nThe tool uses Estimated Earned Income data from the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2018. ", "The calculator isn’t designed to give breakdowns for each industry: it instead captures the average gender gap across all sectors within a country. ", "Gender Gap here represents the gap between men and women in pay." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Secretary Pompeo’s Meeting With Uighur Muslims Impacted by Human Rights Crisis in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of China\n\nSecretary of State Michael R. Pompeo met yesterday with Mihrigul Tursun, a Uighur Muslim who survived horrific conditions and abuse in a Chinese internment camp in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. ", "Secretary Pompeo also met with three other members of the Uighur Muslim community: Gulchehra Hoja, Ferkat Jawdat, and Arfat Erkin, whose relatives have been detained in the camps or criminally sentenced by Chinese authorities. ", "These individuals’ family members are among the more than one million Uighurs, ethnic Kazakhs, and members of other Muslim minority groups whom the Chinese government has detained in internment camps since April 2017. ", "The Secretary commended their bravery in speaking out about China’s abuses, and pledged U.S. support to end China’s campaign of repression against Islam and other religions.", "\n\nThese survivors’ stories are just a few of among hundreds of other stories from survivors of China’s repressive campaign in Xinjiang. ", "They speak for the million or more voices in Xinjiang who are unable to speak for themselves, move freely, think for themselves, and undertake even the most basic practices of their religion. ", "The Department of State’s 2018 Human Rights Report on China detailed abuses in these camps, such as torture, repressive surveillance measures, homestays and forcible service of pork and alcohol by Chinese government officials in Muslim homes, confiscations of Qurans, and instances of sexual abuse and death. ", "We call on the Chinese government to release immediately these individuals’ family members and all others arbitrarily detained in the camps.", "\n\nThe Department of State’s 2018 Human Rights Report on China detailed abuses in these camps, such as torture, repressive surveillance measures, homestays and forcible service of pork and alcohol by Chinese government officials in Muslim homes, confiscations of Qurans, and instances of sexual abuse and death. ", "We call on the Chinese government to release immediately these individuals’ family members and all others arbitrarily detained in the camps.", "\n\nSource …" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAre accidentals in the key signature and measure additive?", "\n\nIf I have a flat for a note in the key signature, and then in a bar the same note with an flat symbol, does that mean the note is \"double flatted\"?", "\nFor example in the key of D Minor with hash one flat (B♭):\nThis means that all B's are actually B♭'s.", "\nBut if I have a B♭ in a bar , does that mean it's actually B♭♭ (A)?", "\nAnother example:\n\nHere it is the third note that has a flat by itself as well as in the key signature.", "\n\nA:\n\nNo, it is still a B♭ as the accidentals in the key signature and measure are never additive. ", "The flat is just reminding you that the B is flat. ", "This is known as a courtesy accidental and is typically done if the previous measure uses a B that was different then the one in the key signature or if there was a different quality of B used in the measure it is used to cancel out the other quality. ", "\nIn the key D minor, if you were ascending from A to D, a typical melody would be A, B, C♯, D. If you were descending in the next measure back to A, your melody would be D, C, B♭, A. It would be typical to remind you the C is natural and B is flat.", "\nIn your example, the flat is to show you the 9th of the chord is flat even thought it is in the key signature. ", "Also, the chord is wrong since a D(b9) has an F♯ in it instead of an F, so the chord is actually a Dm(b9).", "\n\nA:\n\nThe accidental ♭ does not combine with the ♭ in the key signature to produce a double-flat. ", " Rather, the accidental is redundant. ", " The easiest interpretation rule is that any accidental overrides whatever is in the key signature.", "\nThe term for such usage is courtesy accidental:\n\nAlthough a barline is nowadays understood to cancel the effect of an accidental (except for a tied note), often publishers will use a courtesy accidental (also referred to as a cautionary accidental or a reminder accidental) as a reminder of the correct pitch if the same note occurs in the following measure. ", "This usage varies, although a few situations are construed to require a courtesy accidental, such as\n\nwhen the first note of a measure had an accidental applied to it in the previous measure\nafter a tie carries an accidental across a barline, when the same note appears again in the subsequent measure.", "\n\nA:\n\nNo it indicates B flat. ", "Usually the flat is cancelling a natural (or sharp) earlier in the measure. ", " Even if it's not cancelling, it has only been included by the editor to improve the readability of the passage.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Tonga Cricket Association\n\nTonga Cricket Association is the official governing body of the sport of cricket in Tonga. ", "Its current headquarters is in Nukualofa, Tonga. ", "Tonga Cricket Association was Tonga's representative at the International Cricket Council (ICC) and was an affiliate member and has been a member of that body since 2000. ", "It is also a member of the East Asia-Pacific Cricket Council. ", "The ICC has suspended the Tonga Cricket Association in September 2013 because it failed to obey ICC rules and regulations despite being warned.", "\n\nExternal links\nCricinfo-Tonga\n\nCategory:Cricket administration" ]

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[ "Activist, anarchist, social commentator and political organizer, scott crow has over three decades of experience working across communities in order to foster liberation, autonomy, resistance to oppression, and self-direction. ", "Summarizing his work does little compared to seeing what he has done; take a moment and check out his website. ", "In sharp comparison to many philosophers, theorists, and academic radicals, crow develops his theory by synthesizing lived experience with texts, ideas, and ideologies drawn from multiple disciplines. ", "Lived experiences that help remove real world oppressions have priority. ", "Essentialisms and academic code talking do not.", "\n\nWhile Gramsci’s notion of organic intellectuals is perhaps one way to frame the kind of thinking and work that crow does, another is along the public intellectual lines of Edward Said. ", "At a more fundamental level, crow’s social and political work is centered on praxis: the only meaningful theories are those that lead to actions, whether personal or group. ", "As such, they are the only ones worth pursuing. ", "In and of itself, this positions crow mostly outside the scope or interest of many academic researchers, theoriticians, or practitioners. ", "While many academics are interested in potential, possibility, or thought experiments, crow wants to focus on shifting and improving material experience for others if possible.", "\n\nIn his work as an activist, writer, and engaged intellectual, crow has encountered, collaborated, and participated with academic researchers and their projects. ", "While some have value, either short term for the development of new radical intellectuals or documenting social movements, other projects and efforts have been parasitic, exploitative, dismissive, or condescending. ", "The piece’s point is not to denigrate the honest, intentional, and purposeful work of academics who are also activists, radicals, and movement members. ", "Instead, as an outsider, crow can help academic activists understand some of the problematic tensions involved with researching radical social movements and people. ", "Additionally, he can help us identify where and how our methods, assumptions, and behaviors continue to reflect and express colonialist, extractive, and elitist practices.", "\n\nIf social or poltical academic research and work is going to be relevant to more than themselves and their community of scholars, academics need to look to experienced activists from multiple cultures and communities and ask what their theories are, how they were developed, and then attribute the results—often after decades of costly financially, physically, and emotionally struggles—to those who have helped developed them. ", "As crow indicates in the interview, it appears that many academics seem to be more interested in harvesting or extracting interesting content to pad their papers or support their theories and claims than they are in behaving in equitable, liberatory, and ethical ways. ", "In other words, some scholars thieve from movements, convert into academic capital, and seek individual gain while ignoring, obfuscating, or denying that the majority of the labor was done by working people, working activists, who had few to none of the protections afforded many academic researchers.", "\n\nAn additional goal of this interview is to work to center and platform the voice of an activist and theorist who offers radical and revolutionary visions of how our world could change and why we need to change. ", "Quite possibly we, as academics, might stop trying to prescribe or define how social change should take place, or what the best means are, and instead listen to what communities are asking for, provide as much support and resources as we and our institutions can, and then continue to revise our views and understanding based on the lived experience of oppressed communities as well as our own experiences.", "\n\nWould you discuss your view on, your relationship with, theory?", "\n\nI grew up working class poor, and I have always worked for, and through, the developmental ideas that I have created whether it was art, business or politcs. ", "I’ve always muddled through ideas and experiences, even if I didn’t have the answers. ", "I was driven by questions towards a true praxis – action, reflection, and then action. ", "A synthesis of theory and action- with warts and all.", "\n\nEven though what I have been developing can be considered non-traditional and possibly very impoverished “theory.” ", "I have been consciously reflecting and building on all of these ideas for decades – taking disparate ideas and putting them together novelly, and framing it in a language for that speaks to us all in developing new synthesis of old histories and thoughts. ", "It’s been a fucking lot of practical work, not just theoretical. ", "My theories have ONLY come out of practical applications and a lifetime of mistakes I am always learning from.", "\n\nStokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture) used to say, just do the organizing work first and then later you can develop the theories around it. ", "I would add that all of us at some levels engage in activities that aren’t completely thought out, then later we construct the narratives about how, why and what ways we engaged or reflected on them. ", "And of course adding a lot of learned lessons along the way. ", "My experiences through cooperatives, business, music, activism and organizing have echoed that. ", "An interviewer recently told me, “You know, you’re a very American anarchist, the way you look at these ideas.” ", "It is true, because that is what I know, because that’s what I am raised and lived in and there is still validity in that praxis. ", "I understand when I talk about this it’s from my limited world view.", "\n\nWhat’s your experience been with academics?", "\n\nFor the last nine years I’ve been interviewed by a lot of academics of all types, which for me was a crash course on learning about academic subculture and institutions. ", "It’s been ironic since I’m a high school dropout. ", "I didn’t know shit about any of this insular world before, like how tenure , chair-ships or fucking any of it worked! ", "Adjunct professor? ", "These are words that were never-ever in my vocabulary because it didn’t intersect in my life with meaning or context except as an outsider who read journal articles and books until the last decade.", "\n\nBut now, because of those interviews and meeting so many more people in those fields, when I became serious about writing, all of a sudden real writers or academics wanted to talk to me! (", "laughs) I was meeting people who were getting their PhDs or Master’s, or whatever. ", "I’ve probably been interviewed 30 times for academic thesis- often as an anonymous source- I found out later which was very frustrating, but also cited as a source too.", "\n\nWould you be interested in discussing the periIs of academic parasitism in the field of anarchy or anarchism?", "\n\nI think that some people approach the engagements in a more parasitic way. ", "It’s all about extraction and arranging of information for them based on others’ ideas, work and lives. ", "I’ve found it in all research disciplines including wide ranging subjects like: anarchy, animal rights, radical environmentalism, decentralized disaster relief, activism, guns and violence, or other leftist kind of subjects. ", "The overall approaches by aspiring or tenured academics are very parasitic and less than helpful. ", "I say this even if I have seen some really good analysis or history pieces come out of these methods. ", "I can only think of a handful of examples where if I didn’t fight for recognition of my ideas and work that the academics would claim as their own. ", "I think Dr. David Pellow’s book’ Total Liberation’ or Dr. John P. Clarks ‘ The Impossible Community’ are pretty watershed in being transparent and letting people have their own voices and recognizing the contributions. ", "And I’m not just saying that because I appear in these books. ", "Had I not been in them I’d still think they were both watershed books in these approaches in lookng at the other voices in them.", "\n\nThe part I have a problem is when a student or researcher is doing that ethnographic survey or whatever, and they fucking interview me and they use my work as a longtime organizer, as a thinker, as a philosopher or any of those things, and don’t quote me or cite my writing. ", "They don’t give proper credit, but they just say “an activist said,” or “this is what an anarchist was thinking about this,” or some other vagaries in the descriptions.", "\n\nI’m like, fuck that! ", "I developed this – it’s my life’s work, this is my life, you’re just going to school to create yourself. ", "It’s infuriating, you know. ", "Or, if they barely even cite what they’ve taken from my books, essays or interviews. ", "It’s not just because I think I’m so personally important, but I think that it becomes dishonest. ", "It erases the person, and how they got to those ideas. ", "It’s kind of a neo-colonial mentality. ", "I know marginalized people have had this critique, rightly so, for decades too. ", "I am in no way unique in this treatment, but I continually engage within some academic subcultures so I continually see it repeated. ", "It’s definitely a more ethically challenged part of academia.", "\n\nWhat do you think that does to other people who are doing the same kind of work? ", "Do you see this as a form of – is this theft, is it laziness? ", "Does it incentivize, dis-incentivize activism? ", "I’m just curious what some of the impacts are on people who look at this, or they witness this going on.", "\n\nI think it can be OK if you’re doing ethnographic studies or mapping, and you don’t want to quote new or low-level activsts, or someone just beginning in what they do, because they haven’t developed their work, or analysis,-unless it’s around something that happens to have significance or immediate impact on others-that might be open to circumstance that need the reflections of that particular time; for example, writings right after a disaster or major event. ", "But if you’re talking to people who have been around for 10, 20, or 30 years, or have written literature and you don’t quote their work, you would never do that with anybody else! ", "If it was Ursula Le Guin or someone like that, you would quote her! ", "You’re not just saying that “this American writer thought this one time.”", "\n\nAgain, not seeing all activists, communities or societies as resources to be extracted, or not seeing every activist’s engagements on the same levels, I think are steps towards moving past the colonizing mentality. ", "It’s a beginning to recognize that there are different levels of engagement and expression in it. ", "Sadly I’m not the only person that has this discontent with it. ", "I’ve had other friends-and of course read lots of essays critiquing these problems in academia from anarchist academics who want to challenge these issues; it’s still a problem for other activists who may not be published in their work, but they’ve written a few things or made videos instead, and they have developed analysis and praxis from decades of engagements that they often don’t get credit for in journals and papers.", "\n\nThe other piece that I want to bring up is the disrespect of people’s time often happens-from either lack of experience or unrealistic expectations of the researchers, or because they only see the subject as a resource for their research: which makes us almost disposable as subjects. ", "I’ve done hundreds of interviews in the last 35 years, so when I see a list of interview questions I have a pretty good idea how long it could take from experience, but most people don’t. ", "Too often I see researchers thinking ‘ I’m gathering my theoretical work, so I want to get as much information as I can.’ ", "So they end up asking a lot of irrelevant questions or going down series of questions far outside of the scope of the initial project only to use a paragraph or a sentence from the multi-hour interview.", "\n\nBut my time-and other interview subjects’- is valuable, even if only to us. ", "These days to take three or four hours I would need to see deeper value in the research to block the time out. ", "But if they don’t even ask me or even say ‘Hey, I think I’m unrealistic in my research goals…”\n\nAll of this is to remind researchers and academics that these realities of extraction and not of giving credit rooted in others’ lives, works, or ideas to make their own academic careers is unethical at the least, but is largely theft and erasure of us developing valid theories outside the towers of academia at the least.", "\n\nDo you think these issues are inherent, or isolated within academia?", "\n\nI think it’s inherent. ", "It’s the model. ", "I think it’s more institutional, backed up by the rules of academia, but it’s also cultural, it’s transmitted and reinforced subtly by deep channels already carved out in the past, so others follow the same paths. ", "I wouldn’t blame individual researchers; I think it’s the cultural model to produce within academia specifically. ", "And if I could note this is funny to talk to me, because I’m totally outside of this world except for this one little space where I intersect with it as a subject. ", "I fully understand that to get their degrees to get tenure, to get professorships, academics and professors have to publish; which is the crux of it all. ", "It’s ironic to me that while many academics are developing novel or innovative theories they are not using novel or even liberatory approaches to their research. ", "Instead, they’re using capitalist models of seemingly efficient information extraction and perpetuating the social orders they may be writing about challenging in social or political movements.", "\n\nCould you talk about other approaches to developing theory, other ways to use language when doing theory?", "\n\nOne easy step is to stop using the obfuscated words, the internal language that happens within academia that is fucking just outside of the rest of the world. ", "Of all the subcultures I’ve paid attention to, academia is literally littered with such a subcultural, ossified language. ", "Everybody tries to pile on more complicated phrasings and concepts to impress their peers, to sound more legitimate or because ‘them’s the rules.’ ", "All of which are bad ideas for perpetuating bad ideas as far as I’m concerned. ", "There are far more words than necessary to explain everything in these papers. ", "And secretly I think everyone in it knows, but just continues anyway. ", "But the reason I hate the language is because it has no connection to any reality outside of that academic subculture of obscure journals. ", "It has no relevance to everyday people. ", "Those theories don’t mean a fucking thing to me or anybody around me, or to people like my mom or the brother and sister on the block, nobody! ", "And that is the biggest issue I have with it all, is that it’s in-and-of for itself. ", "You know, it’s like the whole culture sets it up, the extraction, and just so it can self-perpetuate without giving back or supporting those who are written about.", "\n\nI would credit people within the Institute for Anarchist Studies, like Lara and Paul Messersmith — Glavin and Kevin Van Meter — for helping me with recognizing this part about the isolation from the rest of social movements that comes from obfuscation of language in academia, and to really think about it and differentiate liberatory approaches to research. ", "The IAS really helped me think about having theory that has practical application to it, whether you’ve done the actions first and you develop a body of theory around it, or whether you develop theories and you put it into actions. ", "But the recognition that almost all social or political theories need to have practical and concrete understanding and outcomes for real people or situations. ", "It can’t just be in an academic’s head in an institution somewhere or locked away in unaccessible papers.", "\n\nI can, for example, sit around all day and theorize whether we’re part of a computer simulation-which seems to be really big in pop science philosophy these days. ", "Sure it’s fun, but that doesn’t have anything to do with feeding people, stopping oppression, or trying to build towards a greater sense of autonomous and resilient, networked communities. ", "It doesn’t change anyone’s material life in any real or meaningful way, yet academics and philosophers are building careers on ideas that have no application. ", "There is a place for that type of imaginative thinking that has no practical impacts, yet, and it’s needed, but it can’t be the overarching method across all disciplines-especially ones that involve social or political philosophies.", "\n\nWe should demand more from researchers and academics, to shift the culture away from appropriation , and obfuscation of peoples’ lives for the researchers own academic gains, but to express them in realities that are supportive and build power for others, and to make them available for everyone to gain insight and shared knowledge from. ", "To me those are steps towards academic theories, processes, and approaches that are liberatory.", "\n\nInterview & introduction by Luther Blissett" ]

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[ "\n959 A.2d 973 (2008)\nCOM.", "\nv.\nSCOTT.", "\nNo. ", "2576 EDA 2007.", "\nSuperior Court of Pennsylvania.", "\nAugust 1, 2008.", "\nAffirmed.", "\n" ]

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[ "I’ve been a Scrabble player my whole life. ", "I’ve had a perpetual Scrabble competition going on with my mum for 50 years.", "\n\nOn the International Space Station, our psychologist encourages lots of little habits to help keep us sane. ", "One of these is Scrabble – they recognise that games are fundamental for peace of mind.", "\n\nOur Scrabble board had Velcro on the back, as did each alphabet piece. ", "Everything on the inside of a spaceship has Velcro on it.", "\n\nThe Scrabble board was attached to the ceiling in the same place that we ate our meals. ", "So once you’ve heated up your bag of mash and you’re squeezing it in to your mouth, you can be working on your next word.", "\n\nThe beauty of a spaceship is that if you lose a piece you only have to wait until it turns up in the filter. ", "Everything is pulled towards the airflow – even us astronauts, which is why we have to be tied down when we sleep.", "\n\nSome of our Scrabble games would last months, because we were so busy. ", "Boredom isn’t an issue in space. ", "There is mission control in Germany, Russia, Houston, Montreal and Japan and they are all scheduling your day, for the entire time you are up there. ", "If you do have three or four spare minutes, you watch the UK go by – it takes a minute to cross it. ", "If you’ve got 10 minutes, you could cross the US, or fly through the northern lights.", "\n\nThere is never a shortage of things to do. ", "It’s an over-saturated life, where you occasionally get the time to play Scrabble.", "\n\nAn Astronaut’s Guide to Life, by Chris Hadfield, £8.99, published by Macmillan" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDistribution with finite support.", "\n\nIf $f \\in\\mathcal D′(\\Bbb R^n)$, is a distribution and support of this\n distribution is a set of finite points in $\\Bbb R^n$. Can anyone tell\n me that what will be the general form of this distribution?", "\n\nI will appreciate if you can give any insight or idea about it.", "\n\nA:\n\nhttp://www-math.mit.edu/~katrin/teach/18.155/delta.pdf\nThey are finite linear combinations of delta functions and their derivatives.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "(function(){\n\n // Copyright (c) 2005 Tom Wu\n // All Rights Reserved.", "\n // See \"LICENSE\" for details.", "\n\n // Basic JavaScript BN library - subset useful for RSA encryption.", "\n\n // Bits per digit\n var dbits;\n\n // JavaScript engine analysis\n var canary = 0xdeadbeefcafe;\n var j_lm = ((canary&0xffffff)==0xefcafe);\n\n // (public) Constructor\n function BigInteger(a,b,c) {\n if(a !", "= null)\n if(\"number\" == typeof a) this.fromNumber(a,b,c);\n else if(b == null && \"string\" !", "= typeof a) this.fromString(a,256);\n else this.fromString(a,b);\n }\n\n // return new, unset BigInteger\n function nbi() { return new BigInteger(null); }\n\n // am: Compute w_j += (x*this_i), propagate carries,\n // c is initial carry, returns final carry.", "\n // c < 3*dvalue, x < 2*dvalue, this_i < dvalue\n // We need to select the fastest one that works in this environment.", "\n\n // am1: use a single mult and divide to get the high bits,\n // max digit bits should be 26 because\n // max internal value = 2*dvalue^2-2*dvalue (< 2^53)\n function am1(i,x,w,j,c,n) {\n while(--n >= 0) {\n var v = x*this[i++]+w[j]+c;\n c = Math.floor(v/0x4000000);\n w[j++] = v&0x3ffffff;\n }\n return c;\n }\n // am2 avoids a big mult-and-extract completely.", "\n // Max digit bits should be <= 30 because we do bitwise ops\n // on values up to 2*hdvalue^2-hdvalue-1 (< 2^31)\n function am2(i,x,w,j,c,n) {\n var xl = x&0x7fff, xh = x>>15;\n while(--n >= 0) {\n var l = this[i]&0x7fff;\n var h = this[i++]>>15;\n var m = xh*l+h*xl;\n l = xl*l+((m&0x7fff)<<15)+w[j]+(c&0x3fffffff);\n c = (l>>>30)+(m>>>15)+xh*h+(c>>>30);\n w[j++] = l&0x3fffffff;\n }\n return c;\n }\n // Alternately, set max digit bits to 28 since some\n // browsers slow down when dealing with 32-bit numbers.", "\n function am3(i,x,w,j,c,n) {\n var xl = x&0x3fff, xh = x>>14;\n while(--n >= 0) {\n var l = this[i]&0x3fff;\n var h = this[i++]>>14;\n var m = xh*l+h*xl;\n l = xl*l+((m&0x3fff)<<14)+w[j]+c;\n c = (l>>28)+(m>>14)+xh*h;\n w[j++] = l&0xfffffff;\n }\n return c;\n }\n var inBrowser = typeof navigator !", "== \"undefined\";\n if(inBrowser && j_lm && (navigator.appName == \"Microsoft Internet Explorer\")) {\n BigInteger.prototype.am = am2;\n dbits = 30;\n }\n else if(inBrowser && j_lm && (navigator.appName !", "= \"Netscape\")) {\n BigInteger.prototype.am = am1;\n dbits = 26;\n }\n else { // Mozilla/Netscape seems to prefer am3\n BigInteger.prototype.am = am3;\n dbits = 28;\n }\n\n BigInteger.prototype.", "DB = dbits;\n BigInteger.prototype.", "DM = ((1<<dbits)-1);\n BigInteger.prototype.", "DV = (1<<dbits);\n\n var BI_FP = 52;\n BigInteger.prototype.", "FV = Math.pow(2,BI_FP);\n BigInteger.prototype.", "F1 = BI_FP-dbits;\n BigInteger.prototype.", "F2 = 2*dbits-BI_FP;\n\n // Digit conversions\n var BI_RM = \"0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\";\n var BI_RC = new Array();\n var rr,vv;\n rr = \"0\".charCodeAt(0);\n for(vv = 0; vv <= 9; ++vv) BI_RC[rr++] = vv;\n rr = \"a\".charCodeAt(0);\n for(vv = 10; vv < 36; ++vv) BI_RC[rr++] = vv;\n rr = \"A\".charCodeAt(0);\n for(vv = 10; vv < 36; ++vv) BI_RC[rr++] = vv;\n\n function int2char(n) { return BI_RM.charAt(n); }\n function intAt(s,i) {\n var c = BI_RC[s.charCodeAt(i)];\n return (c==null)?-1:c;\n }\n\n // (protected) copy this to r\n function bnpCopyTo(r) {\n for(var i = this.t-1; i >= 0; --i) r[i] = this[i];\n r.t = this.t;\n r.s = this.s;\n }\n\n // (protected) set from integer value x, -DV <= x < DV\n function bnpFromInt(x) {\n this.t = 1;\n this.s = (x<0)?-1:0;\n if(x > 0) this[0] = x;\n else if(x < -1) this[0] = x+this.", "DV;\n else this.t = 0;\n }\n\n // return bigint initialized to value\n function nbv(i) { var r = nbi(); r.fromInt(i); return r; }\n\n // (protected) set from string and radix\n function bnpFromString(s,b) {\n var k;\n if(b == 16) k = 4;\n else if(b == 8) k = 3;\n else if(b == 256) k = 8; // byte array\n else if(b == 2) k = 1;\n else if(b == 32) k = 5;\n else if(b == 4) k = 2;\n else { this.fromRadix(s,b); return; }\n this.t = 0;\n this.s = 0;\n var i = s.length, mi = false, sh = 0;\n while(--i >= 0) {\n var x = (k==8)?s[i]&0xff:intAt(s,i);\n if(x < 0) {\n if(s.charAt(i) == \"-\") mi = true;\n continue;\n }\n mi = false;\n if(sh == 0)\n this[this.t++] = x;\n else if(sh+k > this.", "DB) {\n this[this.t-1] |= (x&((1<<(this.", "DB-sh))-1))<<sh;\n this[this.t++] = (x>>(this.", "DB-sh));\n }\n else\n this[this.t-1] |= x<<sh;\n sh += k;\n if(sh >= this.", "DB) sh -= this.", "DB;\n }\n if(k == 8 && (s[0]&0x80) !", "= 0) {\n this.s = -1;\n if(sh > 0) this[this.t-1] |= ((1<<(this.", "DB-sh))-1)<<sh;\n }\n this.clamp();\n if(mi) BigInteger.", "ZERO.subTo(this,this);\n }\n\n // (protected) clamp off excess high words\n function bnpClamp() {\n var c = this.s&this.", "DM;\n while(this.t > 0 && this[this.t-1] == c) --this.t;\n }\n\n // (public) return string representation in given radix\n function bnToString(b) {\n if(this.s < 0) return \"-\"+this.negate().toString(b);\n var k;\n if(b == 16) k = 4;\n else if(b == 8) k = 3;\n else if(b == 2) k = 1;\n else if(b == 32) k = 5;\n else if(b == 4) k = 2;\n else return this.toRadix(b);\n var km = (1<<k)-1, d, m = false, r = \"\", i = this.t;\n var p = this.", "DB-(i*this.", "DB)%k;\n if(i-- > 0) {\n if(p < this.", "DB && (d = this[i]>>p) > 0) { m = true; r = int2char(d); }\n while(i >= 0) {\n if(p < k) {\n d = (this[i]&((1<<p)-1))<<(k-p);\n d |= this[--i]>>(p+=this.", "DB-k);\n }\n else {\n d = (this[i]>>(p-=k))&km;\n if(p <= 0) { p += this.", "DB; --i; }\n }\n if(d > 0) m = true;\n if(m) r += int2char(d);\n }\n }\n return m?r:\"0\";\n }\n\n // (public) -this\n function bnNegate() { var r = nbi(); BigInteger.", "ZERO.subTo(this,r); return r; }\n\n // (public) |this|\n function bnAbs() { return (this.s<0)?this.negate():this; }\n\n // (public) return + if this > a, - if this < a, 0 if equal\n function bnCompareTo(a) {\n var r = this.s-a.s;\n if(r !", "= 0) return r;\n var i = this.t;\n r = i-a.t;\n if(r !", "= 0) return (this.s<0)?-r:r;\n while(--i >= 0) if((r=this[i]-a[i]) !", "= 0) return r;\n return 0;\n }\n\n // returns bit length of the integer x\n function nbits(x) {\n var r = 1, t;\n if((t=x>>>16) !", "= 0) { x = t; r += 16; }\n if((t=x>>8) !", "= 0) { x = t; r += 8; }\n if((t=x>>4) !", "= 0) { x = t; r += 4; }\n if((t=x>>2) !", "= 0) { x = t; r += 2; }\n if((t=x>>1) !", "= 0) { x = t; r += 1; }\n return r;\n }\n\n // (public) return the number of bits in \"this\"\n function bnBitLength() {\n if(this.t <= 0) return 0;\n return this.", "DB*(this.t-1)+nbits(this[this.t-1]^(this.s&this.", "DM));\n }\n\n // (protected) r = this << n*DB\n function bnpDLShiftTo(n,r) {\n var i;\n for(i = this.t-1; i >= 0; --i) r[i+n] = this[i];\n for(i = n-1; i >= 0; --i) r[i] = 0;\n r.t = this.t+n;\n r.s = this.s;\n }\n\n // (protected) r = this >> n*DB\n function bnpDRShiftTo(n,r) {\n for(var i = n; i < this.t; ++i) r[i-n] = this[i];\n r.t = Math.max(this.t-n,0);\n r.s = this.s;\n }\n\n // (protected) r = this << n\n function bnpLShiftTo(n,r) {\n var bs = n%this.", "DB;\n var cbs = this.", "DB-bs;\n var bm = (1<<cbs)-1;\n var ds = Math.floor(n/this.", "DB), c = (this.s<<bs)&this.", "DM, i;\n for(i = this.t-1; i >= 0; --i) {\n r[i+ds+1] = (this[i]>>cbs)|c;\n c = (this[i]&bm)<<bs;\n }\n for(i = ds-1; i >= 0; --i) r[i] = 0;\n r[ds] = c;\n r.t = this.t+ds+1;\n r.s = this.s;\n r.clamp();\n }\n\n // (protected) r = this >> n\n function bnpRShiftTo(n,r) {\n r.s = this.s;\n var ds = Math.floor(n/this.", "DB);\n if(ds >= this.t) { r.t = 0; return; }\n var bs = n%this.", "DB;\n var cbs = this.", "DB-bs;\n var bm = (1<<bs)-1;\n r[0] = this[ds]>>bs;\n for(var i = ds+1; i < this.t; ++i) {\n r[i-ds-1] |= (this[i]&bm)<<cbs;\n r[i-ds] = this[i]>>bs;\n }\n if(bs > 0) r[this.t-ds-1] |= (this.s&bm)<<cbs;\n r.t = this.t-ds;\n r.clamp();\n }\n\n // (protected) r = this - a\n function bnpSubTo(a,r) {\n var i = 0, c = 0, m = Math.min(a.t,this.t);\n while(i < m) {\n c += this[i]-a[i];\n r[i++] = c&this.", "DM;\n c >>= this.", "DB;\n }\n if(a.t < this.t) {\n c -= a.s;\n while(i < this.t) {\n c += this[i];\n r[i++] = c&this.", "DM;\n c >>= this.", "DB;\n }\n c += this.s;\n }\n else {\n c += this.s;\n while(i < a.t) {\n c -= a[i];\n r[i++] = c&this.", "DM;\n c >>= this.", "DB;\n }\n c -= a.s;\n }\n r.s = (c<0)?-1:0;\n if(c < -1) r[i++] = this.", "DV+c;\n else if(c > 0) r[i++] = c;\n r.t = i;\n r.clamp();\n }\n\n // (protected) r = this * a, r !", "= this,a (HAC 14.12)\n // \"this\" should be the larger one if appropriate.", "\n function bnpMultiplyTo(a,r) {\n var x = this.abs(), y = a.abs();\n var i = x.t;\n r.t = i+y.t;\n while(--i >= 0) r[i] = 0;\n for(i = 0; i < y.t; ++i) r[i+x.t] = x.am(0,y[i],r,i,0,x.t);\n r.s = 0;\n r.clamp();\n if(this.s !", "= a.s) BigInteger.", "ZERO.subTo(r,r);\n }\n\n // (protected) r = this^2, r !", "= this (HAC 14.16)\n function bnpSquareTo(r) {\n var x = this.abs();\n var i = r.t = 2*x.t;\n while(--i >= 0) r[i] = 0;\n for(i = 0; i < x.t-1; ++i) {\n var c = x.am(i,x[i],r,2*i,0,1);\n if((r[i+x.t]+=x.am(i+1,2*x[i],r,2*i+1,c,x.t-i-1)) >= x.DV) {\n r[i+x.t] -= x.DV;\n r[i+x.t+1] = 1;\n }\n }\n if(r.t > 0) r[r.t-1] += x.am(i,x[i],r,2*i,0,1);\n r.s = 0;\n r.clamp();\n }\n\n // (protected) divide this by m, quotient and remainder to q, r (HAC 14.20)\n // r !", "= q, this !", "= m. q or r may be null.", "\n function bnpDivRemTo(m,q,r) {\n var pm = m.abs();\n if(pm.t <= 0) return;\n var pt = this.abs();\n if(pt.t < pm.t) {\n if(q !", "= null) q.fromInt(0);\n if(r !", "= null) this.copyTo(r);\n return;\n }\n if(r == null) r = nbi();\n var y = nbi(), ts = this.s, ms = m.s;\n var nsh = this.", "DB-nbits(pm[pm.t-1]); // normalize modulus\n if(nsh > 0) { pm.lShiftTo(nsh,y); pt.lShiftTo(nsh,r); }\n else { pm.copyTo(y); pt.copyTo(r); }\n var ys = y.t;\n var y0 = y[ys-1];\n if(y0 == 0) return;\n var yt = y0*(1<<this.", "F1)+((ys>1)?y[ys-2]>>this.", "F2:0);\n var d1 = this.", "FV/yt, d2 = (1<<this.", "F1)/yt, e = 1<<this.", "F2;\n var i = r.t, j = i-ys, t = (q==null)?nbi():q;\n y.dlShiftTo(j,t);\n if(r.compareTo(t) >= 0) {\n r[r.t++] = 1;\n r.subTo(t,r);\n }\n BigInteger.", "ONE.dlShiftTo(ys,t);\n t.subTo(y,y); // \"negative\" y so we can replace sub with am later\n while(y.t < ys) y[y.t++] = 0;\n while(--j >= 0) {\n // Estimate quotient digit\n var qd = (r[--i]==y0)?this.", "DM:Math.floor(r[i]*d1+(r[i-1]+e)*d2);\n if((r[i]+=y.am(0,qd,r,j,0,ys)) < qd) { // Try it out\n y.dlShiftTo(j,t);\n r.subTo(t,r);\n while(r[i] < --qd) r.subTo(t,r);\n }\n }\n if(q !", "= null) {\n r.drShiftTo(ys,q);\n if(ts !", "= ms) BigInteger.", "ZERO.subTo(q,q);\n }\n r.t = ys;\n r.clamp();\n if(nsh > 0) r.rShiftTo(nsh,r); // Denormalize remainder\n if(ts < 0) BigInteger.", "ZERO.subTo(r,r);\n }\n\n // (public) this mod a\n function bnMod(a) {\n var r = nbi();\n this.abs().divRemTo(a,null,r);\n if(this.s < 0 && r.compareTo(BigInteger.", "ZERO) > 0) a.subTo(r,r);\n return r;\n }\n\n // Modular reduction using \"classic\" algorithm\n function Classic(m) { this.m = m; }\n function cConvert(x) {\n if(x.s < 0 || x.compareTo(this.m) >= 0) return x.mod(this.m);\n else return x;\n }\n function cRevert(x) { return x; }\n function cReduce(x) { x.divRemTo(this.m,null,x); }\n function cMulTo(x,y,r) { x.multiplyTo(y,r); this.reduce(r); }\n function cSqrTo(x,r) { x.squareTo(r); this.reduce(r); }\n\n Classic.prototype.convert = cConvert;\n Classic.prototype.revert = cRevert;\n Classic.prototype.reduce = cReduce;\n Classic.prototype.mulTo = cMulTo;\n Classic.prototype.sqrTo = cSqrTo;\n\n // (protected) return \"-1/this % 2^DB\"; useful for Mont. reduction\n // justification:\n // xy == 1 (mod m)\n // xy = 1+km\n // xy(2-xy) = (1+km)(1-km)\n // x[y(2-xy)] = 1-k^2m^2\n // x[y(2-xy)] == 1 (mod m^2)\n // if y is 1/x mod m, then y(2-xy) is 1/x mod m^2\n // should reduce x and y(2-xy) by m^2 at each step to keep size bounded.", "\n // JS multiply \"overflows\" differently from C/C++, so care is needed here.", "\n function bnpInvDigit() {\n if(this.t < 1) return 0;\n var x = this[0];\n if((x&1) == 0) return 0;\n var y = x&3; // y == 1/x mod 2^2\n y = (y*(2-(x&0xf)*y))&0xf; // y == 1/x mod 2^4\n y = (y*(2-(x&0xff)*y))&0xff; // y == 1/x mod 2^8\n y = (y*(2-(((x&0xffff)*y)&0xffff)))&0xffff; // y == 1/x mod 2^16\n // last step - calculate inverse mod DV directly;\n // assumes 16 < DB <= 32 and assumes ability to handle 48-bit ints\n y = (y*(2-x*y%this.", "DV))%this.", "DV; // y == 1/x mod 2^dbits\n // we really want the negative inverse, and -DV < y < DV\n return (y>0)?this.", "DV-y:-y;\n }\n\n // Montgomery reduction\n function Montgomery(m) {\n this.m = m;\n this.mp = m.invDigit();\n this.mpl = this.mp&0x7fff;\n this.mph = this.mp>>15;\n this.um = (1<<(m.", "DB-15))-1;\n this.mt2 = 2*m.t;\n }\n\n // xR mod m\n function montConvert(x) {\n var r = nbi();\n x.abs().dlShiftTo(this.m.t,r);\n r.divRemTo(this.m,null,r);\n if(x.s < 0 && r.compareTo(BigInteger.", "ZERO) > 0) this.m.subTo(r,r);\n return r;\n }\n\n // x/R mod m\n function montRevert(x) {\n var r = nbi();\n x.copyTo(r);\n this.reduce(r);\n return r;\n }\n\n // x = x/R mod m (HAC 14.32)\n function montReduce(x) {\n while(x.t <= this.mt2) // pad x so am has enough room later\n x[x.t++] = 0;\n for(var i = 0; i < this.m.t; ++i) {\n // faster way of calculating u0 = x[i]*mp mod DV\n var j = x[i]&0x7fff;\n var u0 = (j*this.mpl+(((j*this.mph+(x[i]>>15)*this.mpl)&this.um)<<15))&x.", "DM;\n // use am to combine the multiply-shift-add into one call\n j = i+this.m.t;\n x[j] += this.m.am(0,u0,x,i,0,this.m.t);\n // propagate carry\n while(x[j] >= x.DV) { x[j] -= x.DV; x[++j]++; }\n }\n x.clamp();\n x.drShiftTo(this.m.t,x);\n if(x.compareTo(this.m) >= 0) x.subTo(this.m,x);\n }\n\n // r = \"x^2/R mod m\"; x !", "= r\n function montSqrTo(x,r) { x.squareTo(r); this.reduce(r); }\n\n // r = \"xy/R mod m\"; x,y !", "= r\n function montMulTo(x,y,r) { x.multiplyTo(y,r); this.reduce(r); }\n\n Montgomery.prototype.convert = montConvert;\n Montgomery.prototype.revert = montRevert;\n Montgomery.prototype.reduce = montReduce;\n Montgomery.prototype.mulTo = montMulTo;\n Montgomery.prototype.sqrTo = montSqrTo;\n\n // (protected) true iff this is even\n function bnpIsEven() { return ((this.t>0)?(this[0]&1):this.s) == 0; }\n\n // (protected) this^e, e < 2^32, doing sqr and mul with \"r\" (HAC 14.79)\n function bnpExp(e,z) {\n if(e > 0xffffffff || e < 1) return BigInteger.", "ONE;\n var r = nbi(), r2 = nbi(), g = z.convert(this), i = nbits(e)-1;\n g.copyTo(r);\n while(--i >= 0) {\n z.sqrTo(r,r2);\n if((e&(1<<i)) > 0) z.mulTo(r2,g,r);\n else { var t = r; r = r2; r2 = t; }\n }\n return z.revert(r);\n }\n\n // (public) this^e % m, 0 <= e < 2^32\n function bnModPowInt(e,m) {\n var z;\n if(e < 256 || m.isEven()) z = new Classic(m); else z = new Montgomery(m);\n return this.exp(e,z);\n }\n\n // protected\n BigInteger.prototype.copyTo = bnpCopyTo;\n BigInteger.prototype.fromInt = bnpFromInt;\n BigInteger.prototype.fromString = bnpFromString;\n BigInteger.prototype.clamp = bnpClamp;\n BigInteger.prototype.dlShiftTo = bnpDLShiftTo;\n BigInteger.prototype.drShiftTo = bnpDRShiftTo;\n BigInteger.prototype.lShiftTo = bnpLShiftTo;\n BigInteger.prototype.rShiftTo = bnpRShiftTo;\n BigInteger.prototype.subTo = bnpSubTo;\n BigInteger.prototype.multiplyTo = bnpMultiplyTo;\n BigInteger.prototype.squareTo = bnpSquareTo;\n BigInteger.prototype.divRemTo = bnpDivRemTo;\n BigInteger.prototype.invDigit = bnpInvDigit;\n BigInteger.prototype.isEven = bnpIsEven;\n BigInteger.prototype.exp = bnpExp;\n\n // public\n BigInteger.prototype.toString = bnToString;\n BigInteger.prototype.negate = bnNegate;\n BigInteger.prototype.abs = bnAbs;\n BigInteger.prototype.compareTo = bnCompareTo;\n BigInteger.prototype.bitLength = bnBitLength;\n BigInteger.prototype.mod = bnMod;\n BigInteger.prototype.modPowInt = bnModPowInt;\n\n // \"constants\"\n BigInteger.", "ZERO = nbv(0);\n BigInteger.", "ONE = nbv(1);\n\n // Copyright (c) 2005-2009 Tom Wu\n // All Rights Reserved.", "\n // See \"LICENSE\" for details.", "\n\n // Extended JavaScript BN functions, required for RSA private ops.", "\n\n // Version 1.1: new BigInteger(\"0\", 10) returns \"proper\" zero\n // Version 1.2: square() API, isProbablePrime fix\n\n // (public)\n function bnClone() { var r = nbi(); this.copyTo(r); return r; }\n\n // (public) return value as integer\n function bnIntValue() {\n if(this.s < 0) {\n if(this.t == 1) return this[0]-this.", "DV;\n else if(this.t == 0) return -1;\n }\n else if(this.t == 1) return this[0];\n else if(this.t == 0) return 0;\n // assumes 16 < DB < 32\n return ((this[1]&((1<<(32-this.", "DB))-1))<<this.", "DB)|this[0];\n }\n\n // (public) return value as byte\n function bnByteValue() { return (this.t==0)?this.s:(this[0]<<24)>>24; }\n\n // (public) return value as short (assumes DB>=16)\n function bnShortValue() { return (this.t==0)?this.s:(this[0]<<16)>>16; }\n\n // (protected) return x s.t. ", "r^x < DV\n function bnpChunkSize(r) { return Math.floor(Math.", "LN2*this.", "DB/Math.log(r)); }\n\n // (public) 0 if this == 0, 1 if this > 0\n function bnSigNum() {\n if(this.s < 0) return -1;\n else if(this.t <= 0 || (this.t == 1 && this[0] <= 0)) return 0;\n else return 1;\n }\n\n // (protected) convert to radix string\n function bnpToRadix(b) {\n if(b == null) b = 10;\n if(this.signum() == 0 || b < 2 || b > 36) return \"0\";\n var cs = this.chunkSize(b);\n var a = Math.pow(b,cs);\n var d = nbv(a), y = nbi(), z = nbi(), r = \"\";\n this.divRemTo(d,y,z);\n while(y.signum() > 0) {\n r = (a+z.intValue()).toString(b).substr(1) + r;\n y.divRemTo(d,y,z);\n }\n return z.intValue().toString(b) + r;\n }\n\n // (protected) convert from radix string\n function bnpFromRadix(s,b) {\n this.fromInt(0);\n if(b == null) b = 10;\n var cs = this.chunkSize(b);\n var d = Math.pow(b,cs), mi = false, j = 0, w = 0;\n for(var i = 0; i < s.length; ++i) {\n var x = intAt(s,i);\n if(x < 0) {\n if(s.charAt(i) == \"-\" && this.signum() == 0) mi = true;\n continue;\n }\n w = b*w+x;\n if(++j >= cs) {\n this.dMultiply(d);\n this.dAddOffset(w,0);\n j = 0;\n w = 0;\n }\n }\n if(j > 0) {\n this.dMultiply(Math.pow(b,j));\n this.dAddOffset(w,0);\n }\n if(mi) BigInteger.", "ZERO.subTo(this,this);\n }\n\n // (protected) alternate constructor\n function bnpFromNumber(a,b,c) {\n if(\"number\" == typeof b) {\n // new BigInteger(int,int,RNG)\n if(a < 2) this.fromInt(1);\n else {\n this.fromNumber(a,c);\n if(!this.testBit(a-1))\t// force MSB set\n this.bitwiseTo(BigInteger.", "ONE.shiftLeft(a-1),op_or,this);\n if(this.isEven()) this.dAddOffset(1,0); // force odd\n while(!this.isProbablePrime(b)) {\n this.dAddOffset(2,0);\n if(this.bitLength() > a) this.subTo(BigInteger.", "ONE.shiftLeft(a-1),this);\n }\n }\n }\n else {\n // new BigInteger(int,RNG)\n var x = new Array(), t = a&7;\n x.length = (a>>3)+1;\n b.nextBytes(x);\n if(t > 0) x[0] &= ((1<<t)-1); else x[0] = 0;\n this.fromString(x,256);\n }\n }\n\n // (public) convert to bigendian byte array\n function bnToByteArray() {\n var i = this.t, r = new Array();\n r[0] = this.s;\n var p = this.", "DB-(i*this.", "DB)%8, d, k = 0;\n if(i-- > 0) {\n if(p < this.", "DB && (d = this[i]>>p) !", "= (this.s&this.", "DM)>>p)\n r[k++] = d|(this.s<<(this.", "DB-p));\n while(i >= 0) {\n if(p < 8) {\n d = (this[i]&((1<<p)-1))<<(8-p);\n d |= this[--i]>>(p+=this.", "DB-8);\n }\n else {\n d = (this[i]>>(p-=8))&0xff;\n if(p <= 0) { p += this.", "DB; --i; }\n }\n if((d&0x80) !", "= 0) d |= -256;\n if(k == 0 && (this.s&0x80) !", "= (d&0x80)) ++k;\n if(k > 0 || d !", "= this.s) r[k++] = d;\n }\n }\n return r;\n }\n\n function bnEquals(a) { return(this.compareTo(a)==0); }\n function bnMin(a) { return(this.compareTo(a)<0)?this:a; }\n function bnMax(a) { return(this.compareTo(a)>0)?this:a; }\n\n // (protected) r = this op a (bitwise)\n function bnpBitwiseTo(a,op,r) {\n var i, f, m = Math.min(a.t,this.t);\n for(i = 0; i < m; ++i) r[i] = op(this[i],a[i]);\n if(a.t < this.t) {\n f = a.s&this.", "DM;\n for(i = m; i < this.t; ++i) r[i] = op(this[i],f);\n r.t = this.t;\n }\n else {\n f = this.s&this.", "DM;\n for(i = m; i < a.t; ++i) r[i] = op(f,a[i]);\n r.t = a.t;\n }\n r.s = op(this.s,a.s);\n r.clamp();\n }\n\n // (public) this & a\n function op_and(x,y) { return x&y; }\n function bnAnd(a) { var r = nbi(); this.bitwiseTo(a,op_and,r); return r; }\n\n // (public) this | a\n function op_or(x,y) { return x|y; }\n function bnOr(a) { var r = nbi(); this.bitwiseTo(a,op_or,r); return r; }\n\n // (public) this ^ a\n function op_xor(x,y) { return x^y; }\n function bnXor(a) { var r = nbi(); this.bitwiseTo(a,op_xor,r); return r; }\n\n // (public) this & ~a\n function op_andnot(x,y) { return x&~y; }\n function bnAndNot(a) { var r = nbi(); this.bitwiseTo(a,op_andnot,r); return r; }\n\n // (public) ~this\n function bnNot() {\n var r = nbi();\n for(var i = 0; i < this.t; ++i) r[i] = this.", "DM&~this[i];\n r.t = this.t;\n r.s = ~this.s;\n return r;\n }\n\n // (public) this << n\n function bnShiftLeft(n) {\n var r = nbi();\n if(n < 0) this.rShiftTo(-n,r); else this.lShiftTo(n,r);\n return r;\n }\n\n // (public) this >> n\n function bnShiftRight(n) {\n var r = nbi();\n if(n < 0) this.lShiftTo(-n,r); else this.rShiftTo(n,r);\n return r;\n }\n\n // return index of lowest 1-bit in x, x < 2^31\n function lbit(x) {\n if(x == 0) return -1;\n var r = 0;\n if((x&0xffff) == 0) { x >>= 16; r += 16; }\n if((x&0xff) == 0) { x >>= 8; r += 8; }\n if((x&0xf) == 0) { x >>= 4; r += 4; }\n if((x&3) == 0) { x >>= 2; r += 2; }\n if((x&1) == 0) ++r;\n return r;\n }\n\n // (public) returns index of lowest 1-bit (or -1 if none)\n function bnGetLowestSetBit() {\n for(var i = 0; i < this.t; ++i)\n if(this[i] !", "= 0) return i*this.", "DB+lbit(this[i]);\n if(this.s < 0) return this.t*this.", "DB;\n return -1;\n }\n\n // return number of 1 bits in x\n function cbit(x) {\n var r = 0;\n while(x !", "= 0) { x &= x-1; ++r; }\n return r;\n }\n\n // (public) return number of set bits\n function bnBitCount() {\n var r = 0, x = this.s&this.", "DM;\n for(var i = 0; i < this.t; ++i) r += cbit(this[i]^x);\n return r;\n }\n\n // (public) true iff nth bit is set\n function bnTestBit(n) {\n var j = Math.floor(n/this.", "DB);\n if(j >= this.t) return(this.s!=0);\n return((this[j]&(1<<(n%this.", "DB)))!=0);\n }\n\n // (protected) this op (1<<n)\n function bnpChangeBit(n,op) {\n var r = BigInteger.", "ONE.shiftLeft(n);\n this.bitwiseTo(r,op,r);\n return r;\n }\n\n // (public) this | (1<<n)\n function bnSetBit(n) { return this.changeBit(n,op_or); }\n\n // (public) this & ~(1<<n)\n function bnClearBit(n) { return this.changeBit(n,op_andnot); }\n\n // (public) this ^ (1<<n)\n function bnFlipBit(n) { return this.changeBit(n,op_xor); }\n\n // (protected) r = this + a\n function bnpAddTo(a,r) {\n var i = 0, c = 0, m = Math.min(a.t,this.t);\n while(i < m) {\n c += this[i]+a[i];\n r[i++] = c&this.", "DM;\n c >>= this.", "DB;\n }\n if(a.t < this.t) {\n c += a.s;\n while(i < this.t) {\n c += this[i];\n r[i++] = c&this.", "DM;\n c >>= this.", "DB;\n }\n c += this.s;\n }\n else {\n c += this.s;\n while(i < a.t) {\n c += a[i];\n r[i++] = c&this.", "DM;\n c >>= this.", "DB;\n }\n c += a.s;\n }\n r.s = (c<0)?-1:0;\n if(c > 0) r[i++] = c;\n else if(c < -1) r[i++] = this.", "DV+c;\n r.t = i;\n r.clamp();\n }\n\n // (public) this + a\n function bnAdd(a) { var r = nbi(); this.addTo(a,r); return r; }\n\n // (public) this - a\n function bnSubtract(a) { var r = nbi(); this.subTo(a,r); return r; }\n\n // (public) this * a\n function bnMultiply(a) { var r = nbi(); this.multiplyTo(a,r); return r; }\n\n // (public) this^2\n function bnSquare() { var r = nbi(); this.squareTo(r); return r; }\n\n // (public) this / a\n function bnDivide(a) { var r = nbi(); this.divRemTo(a,r,null); return r; }\n\n // (public) this % a\n function bnRemainder(a) { var r = nbi(); this.divRemTo(a,null,r); return r; }\n\n // (public) [this/a,this%a]\n function bnDivideAndRemainder(a) {\n var q = nbi(), r = nbi();\n this.divRemTo(a,q,r);\n return new Array(q,r);\n }\n\n // (protected) this *= n, this >= 0, 1 < n < DV\n function bnpDMultiply(n) {\n this[this.t] = this.am(0,n-1,this,0,0,this.t);\n ++this.t;\n this.clamp();\n }\n\n // (protected) this += n << w words, this >= 0\n function bnpDAddOffset(n,w) {\n if(n == 0) return;\n while(this.t <= w) this[this.t++] = 0;\n this[w] += n;\n while(this[w] >= this.", "DV) {\n this[w] -= this.", "DV;\n if(++w >= this.t) this[this.t++] = 0;\n ++this[w];\n }\n }\n\n // A \"null\" reducer\n function NullExp() {}\n function nNop(x) { return x; }\n function nMulTo(x,y,r) { x.multiplyTo(y,r); }\n function nSqrTo(x,r) { x.squareTo(r); }\n\n NullExp.prototype.convert = nNop;\n NullExp.prototype.revert = nNop;\n NullExp.prototype.mulTo = nMulTo;\n NullExp.prototype.sqrTo = nSqrTo;\n\n // (public) this^e\n function bnPow(e) { return this.exp(e,new NullExp()); }\n\n // (protected) r = lower n words of \"this * a\", a.t <= n\n // \"this\" should be the larger one if appropriate.", "\n function bnpMultiplyLowerTo(a,n,r) {\n var i = Math.min(this.t+a.t,n);\n r.s = 0; // assumes a,this >= 0\n r.t = i;\n while(i > 0) r[--i] = 0;\n var j;\n for(j = r.t-this.t; i < j; ++i) r[i+this.t] = this.am(0,a[i],r,i,0,this.t);\n for(j = Math.min(a.t,n); i < j; ++i) this.am(0,a[i],r,i,0,n-i);\n r.clamp();\n }\n\n // (protected) r = \"this * a\" without lower n words, n > 0\n // \"this\" should be the larger one if appropriate.", "\n function bnpMultiplyUpperTo(a,n,r) {\n --n;\n var i = r.t = this.t+a.t-n;\n r.s = 0; // assumes a,this >= 0\n while(--i >= 0) r[i] = 0;\n for(i = Math.max(n-this.t,0); i < a.t; ++i)\n r[this.t+i-n] = this.am(n-i,a[i],r,0,0,this.t+i-n);\n r.clamp();\n r.drShiftTo(1,r);\n }\n\n // Barrett modular reduction\n function Barrett(m) {\n // setup Barrett\n this.r2 = nbi();\n this.q3 = nbi();\n BigInteger.", "ONE.dlShiftTo(2*m.t,this.r2);\n this.mu = this.r2.divide(m);\n this.m = m;\n }\n\n function barrettConvert(x) {\n if(x.s < 0 || x.t > 2*this.m.t) return x.mod(this.m);\n else if(x.compareTo(this.m) < 0) return x;\n else { var r = nbi(); x.copyTo(r); this.reduce(r); return r; }\n }\n\n function barrettRevert(x) { return x; }\n\n // x = x mod m (HAC 14.42)\n function barrettReduce(x) {\n x.drShiftTo(this.m.t-1,this.r2);\n if(x.t > this.m.t+1) { x.t = this.m.t+1; x.clamp(); }\n this.mu.multiplyUpperTo(this.r2,this.m.t+1,this.q3);\n this.m.multiplyLowerTo(this.q3,this.m.t+1,this.r2);\n while(x.compareTo(this.r2) < 0) x.dAddOffset(1,this.m.t+1);\n x.subTo(this.r2,x);\n while(x.compareTo(this.m) >= 0) x.subTo(this.m,x);\n }\n\n // r = x^2 mod m; x !", "= r\n function barrettSqrTo(x,r) { x.squareTo(r); this.reduce(r); }\n\n // r = x*y mod m; x,y !", "= r\n function barrettMulTo(x,y,r) { x.multiplyTo(y,r); this.reduce(r); }\n\n Barrett.prototype.convert = barrettConvert;\n Barrett.prototype.revert = barrettRevert;\n Barrett.prototype.reduce = barrettReduce;\n Barrett.prototype.mulTo = barrettMulTo;\n Barrett.prototype.sqrTo = barrettSqrTo;\n\n // (public) this^e % m (HAC 14.85)\n function bnModPow(e,m) {\n var i = e.bitLength(), k, r = nbv(1), z;\n if(i <= 0) return r;\n else if(i < 18) k = 1;\n else if(i < 48) k = 3;\n else if(i < 144) k = 4;\n else if(i < 768) k = 5;\n else k = 6;\n if(i < 8)\n z = new Classic(m);\n else if(m.isEven())\n z = new Barrett(m);\n else\n z = new Montgomery(m);\n\n // precomputation\n var g = new Array(), n = 3, k1 = k-1, km = (1<<k)-1;\n g[1] = z.convert(this);\n if(k > 1) {\n var g2 = nbi();\n z.sqrTo(g[1],g2);\n while(n <= km) {\n g[n] = nbi();\n z.mulTo(g2,g[n-2],g[n]);\n n += 2;\n }\n }\n\n var j = e.t-1, w, is1 = true, r2 = nbi(), t;\n i = nbits(e[j])-1;\n while(j >= 0) {\n if(i >= k1) w = (e[j]>>(i-k1))&km;\n else {\n w = (e[j]&((1<<(i+1))-1))<<(k1-i);\n if(j > 0) w |= e[j-1]>>(this.", "DB+i-k1);\n }\n\n n = k;\n while((w&1) == 0) { w >>= 1; --n; }\n if((i -= n) < 0) { i += this.", "DB; --j; }\n if(is1) {\t// ret == 1, don't bother squaring or multiplying it\n g[w].copyTo(r);\n is1 = false;\n }\n else {\n while(n > 1) { z.sqrTo(r,r2); z.sqrTo(r2,r); n -= 2; }\n if(n > 0) z.sqrTo(r,r2); else { t = r; r = r2; r2 = t; }\n z.mulTo(r2,g[w],r);\n }\n\n while(j >= 0 && (e[j]&(1<<i)) == 0) {\n z.sqrTo(r,r2); t = r; r = r2; r2 = t;\n if(--i < 0) { i = this.", "DB-1; --j; }\n }\n }\n return z.revert(r);\n }\n\n // (public) gcd(this,a) (HAC 14.54)\n function bnGCD(a) {\n var x = (this.s<0)?this.negate():this.clone();\n var y = (a.s<0)?a.negate():a.clone();\n if(x.compareTo(y) < 0) { var t = x; x = y; y = t; }\n var i = x.getLowestSetBit(), g = y.getLowestSetBit();\n if(g < 0) return x;\n if(i < g) g = i;\n if(g > 0) {\n x.rShiftTo(g,x);\n y.rShiftTo(g,y);\n }\n while(x.signum() > 0) {\n if((i = x.getLowestSetBit()) > 0) x.rShiftTo(i,x);\n if((i = y.getLowestSetBit()) > 0) y.rShiftTo(i,y);\n if(x.compareTo(y) >= 0) {\n x.subTo(y,x);\n x.rShiftTo(1,x);\n }\n else {\n y.subTo(x,y);\n y.rShiftTo(1,y);\n }\n }\n if(g > 0) y.lShiftTo(g,y);\n return y;\n }\n\n // (protected) this % n, n < 2^26\n function bnpModInt(n) {\n if(n <= 0) return 0;\n var d = this.", "DV%n, r = (this.s<0)?n-1:0;\n if(this.t > 0)\n if(d == 0) r = this[0]%n;\n else for(var i = this.t-1; i >= 0; --i) r = (d*r+this[i])%n;\n return r;\n }\n\n // (public) 1/this % m (HAC 14.61)\n function bnModInverse(m) {\n var ac = m.isEven();\n if((this.isEven() && ac) || m.signum() == 0) return BigInteger.", "ZERO;\n var u = m.clone(), v = this.clone();\n var a = nbv(1), b = nbv(0), c = nbv(0), d = nbv(1);\n while(u.signum() !", "= 0) {\n while(u.isEven()) {\n u.rShiftTo(1,u);\n if(ac) {\n if(!a.isEven() || !", "b.isEven()) { a.addTo(this,a); b.subTo(m,b); }\n a.rShiftTo(1,a);\n }\n else if(!b.isEven()) b.subTo(m,b);\n b.rShiftTo(1,b);\n }\n while(v.isEven()) {\n v.rShiftTo(1,v);\n if(ac) {\n if(!c.isEven() || !", "d.isEven()) { c.addTo(this,c); d.subTo(m,d); }\n c.rShiftTo(1,c);\n }\n else if(!d.isEven()) d.subTo(m,d);\n d.rShiftTo(1,d);\n }\n if(u.compareTo(v) >= 0) {\n u.subTo(v,u);\n if(ac) a.subTo(c,a);\n b.subTo(d,b);\n }\n else {\n v.subTo(u,v);\n if(ac) c.subTo(a,c);\n d.subTo(b,d);\n }\n }\n if(v.compareTo(BigInteger.", "ONE) !", "= 0) return BigInteger.", "ZERO;\n if(d.compareTo(m) >= 0) return d.subtract(m);\n if(d.signum() < 0) d.addTo(m,d); else return d;\n if(d.signum() < 0) return d.add(m); else return d;\n }\n\n var lowprimes = [2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,59,61,67,71,73,79,83,89,97,101,103,107,109,113,127,131,137,139,149,151,157,163,167,173,179,181,191,193,197,199,211,223,227,229,233,239,241,251,257,263,269,271,277,281,283,293,307,311,313,317,331,337,347,349,353,359,367,373,379,383,389,397,401,409,419,421,431,433,439,443,449,457,461,463,467,479,487,491,499,503,509,521,523,541,547,557,563,569,571,577,587,593,599,601,607,613,617,619,631,641,643,647,653,659,661,673,677,683,691,701,709,719,727,733,739,743,751,757,761,769,773,787,797,809,811,821,823,827,829,839,853,857,859,863,877,881,883,887,907,911,919,929,937,941,947,953,967,971,977,983,991,997];\n var lplim = (1<<26)/lowprimes[lowprimes.length-1];\n\n // (public) test primality with certainty >= 1-.5^t\n function bnIsProbablePrime(t) {\n var i, x = this.abs();\n if(x.t == 1 && x[0] <= lowprimes[lowprimes.length-1]) {\n for(i = 0; i < lowprimes.length; ++i)\n if(x[0] == lowprimes[i]) return true;\n return false;\n }\n if(x.isEven()) return false;\n i = 1;\n while(i < lowprimes.length) {\n var m = lowprimes[i], j = i+1;\n while(j < lowprimes.length && m < lplim) m *= lowprimes[j++];\n m = x.modInt(m);\n while(i < j) if(m%lowprimes[i++] == 0) return false;\n }\n return x.millerRabin(t);\n }\n\n // (protected) true if probably prime (HAC 4.24, Miller-Rabin)\n function bnpMillerRabin(t) {\n var n1 = this.subtract(BigInteger.", "ONE);\n var k = n1.getLowestSetBit();\n if(k <= 0) return false;\n var r = n1.shiftRight(k);\n t = (t+1)>>1;\n if(t > lowprimes.length) t = lowprimes.length;\n var a = nbi();\n for(var i = 0; i < t; ++i) {\n //Pick bases at random, instead of starting at 2\n a.fromInt(lowprimes[Math.floor(Math.random()*lowprimes.length)]);\n var y = a.modPow(r,this);\n if(y.compareTo(BigInteger.", "ONE) !", "= 0 && y.compareTo(n1) !", "= 0) {\n var j = 1;\n while(j++ < k && y.compareTo(n1) !", "= 0) {\n y = y.modPowInt(2,this);\n if(y.compareTo(BigInteger.", "ONE) == 0) return false;\n }\n if(y.compareTo(n1) !", "= 0) return false;\n }\n }\n return true;\n }\n\n // protected\n BigInteger.prototype.chunkSize = bnpChunkSize;\n BigInteger.prototype.toRadix = bnpToRadix;\n BigInteger.prototype.fromRadix = bnpFromRadix;\n BigInteger.prototype.fromNumber = bnpFromNumber;\n BigInteger.prototype.bitwiseTo = bnpBitwiseTo;\n BigInteger.prototype.changeBit = bnpChangeBit;\n BigInteger.prototype.addTo = bnpAddTo;\n BigInteger.prototype.dMultiply = bnpDMultiply;\n BigInteger.prototype.dAddOffset = bnpDAddOffset;\n BigInteger.prototype.multiplyLowerTo = bnpMultiplyLowerTo;\n BigInteger.prototype.multiplyUpperTo = bnpMultiplyUpperTo;\n BigInteger.prototype.modInt = bnpModInt;\n BigInteger.prototype.millerRabin = bnpMillerRabin;\n\n // public\n BigInteger.prototype.clone = bnClone;\n BigInteger.prototype.intValue = bnIntValue;\n BigInteger.prototype.byteValue = bnByteValue;\n BigInteger.prototype.shortValue = bnShortValue;\n BigInteger.prototype.signum = bnSigNum;\n BigInteger.prototype.toByteArray = bnToByteArray;\n BigInteger.prototype.equals = bnEquals;\n BigInteger.prototype.min = bnMin;\n BigInteger.prototype.max = bnMax;\n BigInteger.prototype.and = bnAnd;\n BigInteger.prototype.or = bnOr;\n BigInteger.prototype.xor = bnXor;\n BigInteger.prototype.andNot = bnAndNot;\n BigInteger.prototype.not = bnNot;\n BigInteger.prototype.shiftLeft = bnShiftLeft;\n BigInteger.prototype.shiftRight = bnShiftRight;\n BigInteger.prototype.getLowestSetBit = bnGetLowestSetBit;\n BigInteger.prototype.bitCount = bnBitCount;\n BigInteger.prototype.testBit = bnTestBit;\n BigInteger.prototype.setBit = bnSetBit;\n BigInteger.prototype.clearBit = bnClearBit;\n BigInteger.prototype.flipBit = bnFlipBit;\n BigInteger.prototype.add = bnAdd;\n BigInteger.prototype.subtract = bnSubtract;\n BigInteger.prototype.multiply = bnMultiply;\n BigInteger.prototype.divide = bnDivide;\n BigInteger.prototype.remainder = bnRemainder;\n BigInteger.prototype.divideAndRemainder = bnDivideAndRemainder;\n BigInteger.prototype.modPow = bnModPow;\n BigInteger.prototype.modInverse = bnModInverse;\n BigInteger.prototype.pow = bnPow;\n BigInteger.prototype.gcd = bnGCD;\n BigInteger.prototype.isProbablePrime = bnIsProbablePrime;\n\n // JSBN-specific extension\n BigInteger.prototype.square = bnSquare;\n\n // Expose the Barrett function\n BigInteger.prototype.", "Barrett = Barrett\n\n // BigInteger interfaces not implemented in jsbn:\n\n // BigInteger(int signum, byte[] magnitude)\n // double doubleValue()\n // float floatValue()\n // int hashCode()\n // long longValue()\n // static BigInteger valueOf(long val)\n\n\t// Random number generator - requires a PRNG backend, e.g. prng4.js\n\n\t// For best results, put code like\n\t// <body onClick='rng_seed_time();' onKeyPress='rng_seed_time();'>\n\t// in your main HTML document.", "\n\n\tvar rng_state;\n\tvar rng_pool;\n\tvar rng_pptr;\n\n\t// Mix in a 32-bit integer into the pool\n\tfunction rng_seed_int(x) {\n\t rng_pool[rng_pptr++] ^= x & 255;\n\t rng_pool[rng_pptr++] ^= (x >> 8) & 255;\n\t rng_pool[rng_pptr++] ^= (x >> 16) & 255;\n\t rng_pool[rng_pptr++] ^= (x >> 24) & 255;\n\t if(rng_pptr >= rng_psize) rng_pptr -= rng_psize;\n\t}\n\n\t// Mix in the current time (w/milliseconds) into the pool\n\tfunction rng_seed_time() {\n\t rng_seed_int(new Date().getTime());\n\t}\n\n\t// Initialize the pool with junk if needed.", "\n\tif(rng_pool == null) {\n\t rng_pool = new Array();\n\t rng_pptr = 0;\n\t var t;\n\t if(typeof window !", "== \"undefined\" && window.crypto) {\n\t\tif (window.crypto.getRandomValues) {\n\t\t // Use webcrypto if available\n\t\t var ua = new Uint8Array(32);\n\t\t window.crypto.getRandomValues(ua);\n\t\t for(t = 0; t < 32; ++t)\n\t\t\trng_pool[rng_pptr++] = ua[t];\n\t\t}\n\t\telse if(navigator.appName == \"Netscape\" && navigator.appVersion < \"5\") {\n\t\t // Extract entropy (256 bits) from NS4 RNG if available\n\t\t var z = window.crypto.random(32);\n\t\t for(t = 0; t < z.length; ++t)\n\t\t\trng_pool[rng_pptr++] = z.charCodeAt(t) & 255;\n\t\t}\n\t }\n\t while(rng_pptr < rng_psize) { // extract some randomness from Math.random()\n\t\tt = Math.floor(65536 * Math.random());\n\t\trng_pool[rng_pptr++] = t >>> 8;\n\t\trng_pool[rng_pptr++] = t & 255;\n\t }\n\t rng_pptr = 0;\n\t rng_seed_time();\n\t //rng_seed_int(window.screenX);\n\t //rng_seed_int(window.screenY);\n\t}\n\n\tfunction rng_get_byte() {\n\t if(rng_state == null) {\n\t\trng_seed_time();\n\t\trng_state = prng_newstate();\n\t\trng_state.init(rng_pool);\n\t\tfor(rng_pptr = 0; rng_pptr < rng_pool.length; ++rng_pptr)\n\t\t rng_pool[rng_pptr] = 0;\n\t\trng_pptr = 0;\n\t\t//rng_pool = null;\n\t }\n\t // TODO: allow reseeding after first request\n\t return rng_state.next();\n\t}\n\n\tfunction rng_get_bytes(ba) {\n\t var i;\n\t for(i = 0; i < ba.length; ++i) ba[i] = rng_get_byte();\n\t}\n\n\tfunction SecureRandom() {}\n\n\tSecureRandom.prototype.nextBytes = rng_get_bytes;\n\n\t// prng4.js - uses Arcfour as a PRNG\n\n\tfunction Arcfour() {\n\t this.i = 0;\n\t this.j = 0;\n\t this.", "S = new Array();\n\t}\n\n\t// Initialize arcfour context from key, an array of ints, each from [0..255]\n\tfunction ARC4init(key) {\n\t var i, j, t;\n\t for(i = 0; i < 256; ++i)\n\t\tthis.", "S[i] = i;\n\t j = 0;\n\t for(i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {\n\t\tj = (j + this.", "S[i] + key[i % key.length]) & 255;\n\t\tt = this.", "S[i];\n\t\tthis.", "S[i] = this.", "S[j];\n\t\tthis.", "S[j] = t;\n\t }\n\t this.i = 0;\n\t this.j = 0;\n\t}\n\n\tfunction ARC4next() {\n\t var t;\n\t this.i = (this.i + 1) & 255;\n\t this.j = (this.j + this.", "S[this.i]) & 255;\n\t t = this.", "S[this.i];\n\t this.", "S[this.i] = this.", "S[this.j];\n\t this.", "S[this.j] = t;\n\t return this.", "S[(t + this.", "S[this.i]) & 255];\n\t}\n\n\tArcfour.prototype.init = ARC4init;\n\tArcfour.prototype.next = ARC4next;\n\n\t// Plug in your RNG constructor here\n\tfunction prng_newstate() {\n\t return new Arcfour();\n\t}\n\n\t// Pool size must be a multiple of 4 and greater than 32.", "\n\t// An array of bytes the size of the pool will be passed to init()\n\tvar rng_psize = 256;\n\n if (typeof exports !", "== 'undefined') {\n exports = module.exports = {\n\t\t\tBigInteger: BigInteger,\n\t\t\tSecureRandom: SecureRandom,\n\t\t};\n } else {\n this.", "BigInteger = BigInteger;\n this.", "SecureRandom = SecureRandom;\n }\n\n}).call(this);\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Baseball Essay Sample\n\nEach of us knows the USA as a country with a huge number of national customs and traditions, including related to sports ones. ", "Many of them have their roots deep in history, got over many changes and were influenced by different factors and aspects, so they become those that the whole world has become accustomed to witnessing. ", "One of them – baseball – can rightfully be considered as American national symbol. ", "Quite often, while watching American movies or reading books, we can observe Americans love and cherish this sport, support it and develop it in every possible way. ", "Why did baseball become the property of the USA and how did it influence American culture?", "\n\nThe USA is the most multinational country in the world. ", "Therefore many native traditions are intertwined with the customs of other nations. ", "Thus, modern baseball has its roots elements of cricket, rounders and other similar games. ", "The considered date of birth of baseball is June 19, 1846, when Alexander Cartwright, a New York citizen, and his friends came up with the rules of the game and held the first match. ", "Over the following years, baseball began to gain popularity – adults and children all over the country played with a ball and a bit and this sport took up most of the military’s free time in the 60s during the Civil War. ", "The influence of baseball of the nineteenth century was characterized as “The very symbol, the outward and visible expression of the drive, and push, and rush and struggle of the raging, tearing, booming the nineteenth century!” (", "Twain)\n\nIn a way, it can be argued that baseball, with its heat of passion and style, symbolizes the entire American people and simultaneously influences both favorably, but grows mercantile qualities, but let’s look at the advantages and disadvantages of these phenomena. ", "First, any sport is helpful for each person and the excitement Americans have to this game helps them not to forget about physical activities altogether. ", "Almost every American family has an element of baseball equipment at home: a ball, a bit or a form, and in every tenth family, at least one family member attends classes or practices baseball regularly. ", "Against the background of the problems of Americans with overweight and lack of activity, such statistics look positive. ", "By the way, the connection between a real American and baseball was described as “Whoever wants to know the heart and mind of America had better learn baseball, the rules, and the reality of the game” (Barzun 32). ", "Secondly, unfortunately, baseball becomes quite profitable as a business. ", "A significant push for its development on the territory of the country was given precisely by people’s desire for profit: 25 years after the first ever played baseball game, a professional team appeared in the USA, whose members got money for the games, which gave them an additional motivation to win.", "\n\nAnd the result didn’t take a long time to wait! “", "The Cincinnati Red Pants” team gave out an unprecedented winning streak and, accordingly, brought real income to its owners. ", "According to the chain reaction, new professional teams began to appear all over the country, and then even a whole league. ", "All in all the baseball business began to thrive. ", "It’s a known fact (or a stereotype) that Americans are people who love and know how to have fun and also earn money on it. ", "Each of us knows the world-famous city of Las Vegas, which thanks to its entertainment brings an enormous amount of money to Nevada’s and America’s budgets. ", "Comparing the facts, it becomes evident that the development of baseball influenced whole generations of Americans, veiled teach them to earn on the show. ", "Thirdly, aspects such as entertainment, wrestling, passion, and team spirit have all influenced the famous American spirit. ", "It is an abstract concept that doesn’t have a precise explanation, but each of us knows that a real American (again, maybe it’s a stereotype?) ", "is proud, independent, fights for his/her future and will do everything to achieve his/her goal. ", "This characteristic is closely related to the typical American team sports (soccer, basketball, baseball), isn’t it?", "\n\nThe influence of baseball on American culture cannot be estimated more or less accurately. ", "Each of us is associating this sport with the United States because every American protects and respects the traditions of his/her people. ", "Having existed for more than 150 years, it continues to retain the typical American character, having a parallel with the baseball fans – strong, independent, struggle for victory and a craved for entertainment. ", "It was such both good and bad influence that this sport had on the last generations of Americans, but much more important is how it will affect the future ones, cause one thing is clear: Americans will never forget this sport.", "\n\nEven a real baseball fan may have trouble writing a baseball essay. ", "One of our expert writers wrote this sample to help you. ", "Remember one thing – you can’t copy this text and submit it to your instructor, as you may be accused of plagiarism. ", "Instead, read the sources listed in the works cited section, borrow the ideas the author presents in the text, and use the sample as a model.", "\n\nIf you enjoyed reading our sample essay on baseball, you can order a similar paper on our website. ", "All you need to do is fill in the details in the order form and choose the writer to get a completely original paper by the due date. ", "We have a strong team of experts who will gladly do this paper for you. ", "The sooner you make the order, the lower the price will be. ", "Our service works 24/7, so you can make an order right now!" ]

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[ "Laptop versions of these cards may work, but are not supported. ", "These chipsets are the only ones that will run this game. ", "For the most up-to-date minimum requirement listings, please visit the FAQ on our support website\n\n2012 Ubisoft Entertainment. ", "All Rights Reserved. ", "Assassin’s Creed, Ubisoft, and the Ubisoft logo are trademarks of Ubisoft Entertainment in the US and/or other countries." ]

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[ "NADH inhibition and NAD activation of Escherichia coli lipoamide dehydrogenase catalyzing the NADH-lipoamide reaction.", "\nA unique form of inhibition by NADH and partial reversal by NAD+ has been demonstrated with Escherichia coli lipoamide dehydrogenase. ", "Substrate inhibition by NADH is consistent with its reduction of the active two-electron reduced enzyme intermediate to the inactive four-electron reduced form. ", "NAD+ partially overcomes this inhibition by mass action reversal of this reduction. ", "NAD+ activation is only partial since the presence of both NAD+ and NADH forces the accumulation of two binary enzyme-pyridine nucleotide complexes. ", "These are intermediates in the two-electron to four-electron reduction of the enzyme and thus are not on the catalytic pathway. ", "NAD+ is also shown to inhibit by binding to the oxidized enzyme to give a dead-end complex. ", "From the steady state rate equations, it is apparent that the degree of inhibition will depend on the oxidation-reduction potential for two- to four-electron reduction of the enzyme. ", "Thus, the wide variation in the severity of NADH inhibition between the E. coli and pig heart enzymes is explained by quantitative differences in the basic lipoamide dehydrogenase mechanism. ", "A possible physiological role for this type of inhibition as a mechanism of control in E. coli is discussed." ]

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[ "Batterystuff.com is the leading provider of replacement 1986 Ultranautics 800cc ALL Personal Watercraft batteries. ", "No one in the industry can match our wide selection and superior customer service. ", "Whatever your need, we have the replacement batteries that will meet your expectations" ]

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[ "Rajbari Government High School\n\nRajbari Government High School () is a secondary school in Rajbari, Bangladesh. ", "It was founded in 1892.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:High schools in Bangladesh\nCategory:Rajbari District\nCategory:1892 establishments in British India\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 1892" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nget index value from string representing array jquery\n\ngiven string is\nvar strg = \"RoomItemsQuantity[items][1][itemId]\"\n\nI'm having the above string value.", "How can i get itemId from the string.", "\nvar index = strg.lastIndexOf(\"[\");\nvar fnstrg = strg.substr(index+1);\nvar fnstrg = fnstrg.replace(\"]\",\"\");\n\nI've done like this is there any easiest way to do this? ", "\nthanks,\n\nA:\n\nThis code...\nvar arr = \"RoomItemsQuantity[items][1][itemId]\".replace(/]/g, \"\").split(\"[\")\n\nWill result in an array like this:\n[\"RoomItemsQuantity\", \"items\", \"1\", \"itemId\"]\n\nThen...\narr[arr.length - 1]\n\nWill give you what you want.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The Champions League semifinal has a big referee for a big occasion.", "\n\nUEFA has appointed Turkish referee Cuneyt Çakir to officiate the first match of the European Cup semifinal clash between Manchester City and Real Madrid, which will take place at Etihad Stadium on Tuesday. ", "This will be Çakir's seventh UCL assignment in the 2015/16 season.", "\n\nThe 39-year-old is one of the best referees in the world. ", "A FIFA official for over 10 years, Çakir has climbed the ranks and is usually assigned to the biggest matches, including the Champions League Final between Barcelona and Juventus last season. ", "Çakir has a great reputation for being a fair official who knows how to manage a difficult, high-pressure match.", "\n\nBoth teams involved in this Tuesday's clash have already played European matches officiated by the Turkish: City had two games in the Europa League in 2010 and 2012, with two wins and a total of 16 cards handed out. ", "Real Madrid played four European fixtures under Çakir's watch, all in the Champions League, with 3 wins and one draw, with 13 total cards being shown.", "\n\nSo the takeaways is: both teams have success with the Turkish, and we might see plenty of bookings if the game gets intense and physical. ", "Should be fun." ]

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[ "“Again, not much flavor for a chocolate tea. ", "Strawberries too. ", "Really no flavor here for me… I don’t know… it seems like there should be a specific steep temperature and time for...”\nRead full tasting note\n\nAgain, not much flavor for a chocolate tea. ", "Strawberries too. ", "Really no flavor here for me… I don’t know… it seems like there should be a specific steep temperature and time for each tea, and each tea is different. ", "I try not to pour just boiled water on any tea, because I think it might “burn” the flavor out of a tea." ]

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[ "Danske Islands\n\nDanske Islands, ; meaning 'Danish Islands', is an island group of the Greenland Sea, NE Greenland. ", "The islands are uninhabited. ", "\nAdministratively they belong to the Northeast Greenland National Park.", "\n\nName conflict\nThis island group was named by John Haller during the 1956–1958 Expedition to East Greenland led by Lauge Koch, to pay tribute to the work of the 1906–08 Denmark expedition.", "\n\nPreviously the Duke of Orléans in 1905 had given the name \"Îles Françaises\" to an island group further north, approximating to the position of the present Franske Islands. ", "A few years later the 1906–08 Denmark expedition had transferred the name \"Franske Islands\" to that position, corresponding to the northernmost islands the Duke of Orléans Arctic Expedition could have seen.", "\n\nA number of maps, such as the World Aeronautical Charts of 1952, among others, retain the outdated names for this island group located further south —\"Franske Islands\" or Îles Françaises.", "\n\nGeography\nThe Danske Islands lie off the southern part of Jokel Bay, northwest of Île-de-France. ", "The Franske Islands lie to the north, and Gamma Island to the southwest. ", "\n\nStorøen is one of the largest islands of the group. ", "Rabbit Ears Island is a well-known island because of its shape.", "\n\nSee also\nList of islands of Greenland\nEclogite\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Uninhabited islands of Greenland" ]

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[ "Posted 5 years ago on Aug. 3, 2012, 8:39 p.m. EST by PeterKropotkin\n(1050)\nfrom Oakland, CA\nThis content is user submitted and not an official statement\n\nThe latest employment report (for July 2012) from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in Washington documents the utter failure of the political establishment to respond effectively to the crisis that began in December 2007. ", "Unemployment remains over 8 %, more than 50% higher than it was in 2007. ", "The U-6 figure published by the BLS that adds to these unemployed the numbers of marginal workers (those who gave up looking for work) and the part-timers who want full-time work has returned to 15% of the labor force, nearly 20 million Americans.", "\n\nPerhaps the most important statistic was the 1.7 per cent increase in average wages for US workers over the last year. ", "That is significantly below the rate of price inflation over the same year period. ", "In other words, wages of US workers bought fewer goods and services than a year ago. ", "Given that workers are also reducing their debts (banks are refusing to lend to them), this means that the demand for goods and services is shrinking. ", "That means less demand for workers. ", "And that reinforces the persistence of economic crisis. ", "Obama and Romney will blame each other while Republicans and Democrats manage to do nothing significant.", "\n\nPersistent crisis condemns workers to suffer falling real wages. ", "That, in fact, is the actual “solution” capitalism produces for its own crises. ", "Eventually, real wages may decline far enough that capitalists will see profit in resuming significant hiring. ", "But real wages have not yet fallen far enough for them despite 5 years of crisis. ", "So the system condemns most people to wait, watching their standards of living decline.", "\n\nThus the social devastation of long-term economic crises (lost homes, lost skills, depressed workers, deepened anxiety, interrupted or ended educations, broken families and households) accumulates alongside their colossal wastes (tools and equipment in offices, stores, and factories gathering dust and rust). ", "The questions that haunt every corner of US society: (1) how long will the people tolerate this crisis and the system that imposes it and (2) what political forms will the end of that toleration take?", "\n\nI'd really be suprised if we are not in ressecion by next year or sooner. ", "Especially with the drought and rising food prices along with higher gas prices. ", "The question is how bad will it get? ", "I predict pretty bad." ]

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[ "\n924 F.Supp. ", "964 (1996)\nDale MEYER d/b/a Wagner Livestock Sales Company, Plaintiff,\nv.\nNORWEST BANK IOWA, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, Defendant.", "\nNo. ", "CV 94-4079.", "\nUnited States District Court, D. South Dakota, Southern Division.", "\nApril 12, 1996.", "\n*965 *966 David L. Reinschmidt, Munger & Reinschmidt, Sioux City, IA, Paul M. Bengford, Martin, SD, for Plaintiff.", "\nVance R.C. Goldammer, Gary J. Pashby, Boyce, Murphy Law Firm, Sioux Falls, SD, for Defendant.", "\n\nMEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER\nPIERSOL, District Judge.", "\nThis suit involved two checks written by cattle buyer Don Foreman to a sale barn, Wagner Livestock Market. ", "The checks were dishonored by Foreman's bank, Norwest Bank Iowa. ", "Wagner Livestock brought suit against Norwest alleging conversion due to the setoff of the funds in Foreman's account against the debt owed Norwest. ", "A jury found for Wagner Livestock and awarded damages in the amount of $216,518.30. ", "Defendant Norwest Bank now moves for Judgment as a Matter of Law pursuant to Fed. ", "R.Civ.", "P. 50(b). ", "Doc. ", "52. ", "Plaintiff resists the motion.[1] Doc. ", "56 & 57.", "\n*967 A motion for judgment as a matter of law may be made at any time prior to submission of the case to the jury. ", "Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 50(a)(1). ", "The same motion may be renewed within ten days after entry of judgment. ", "Rule 50(b). ", "The Court denied Norwest's motion for judgment as a matter of law made at the close of presentation of evidence. ", "Judgment in this case was entered August 10, 1995. ", "Norwest's renewed motion was timely filed August 18, 1995.", "\nThe Eighth Circuit recently commented, \"There is some uncertainty whether federal courts should apply state law standards or federal law standards to motions for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict in diversity cases.\" ", "McKnight v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 36 F.3d 1396, 1400 n. 2 (8th Cir. ", "1994). ", "The federal law standard is that a motion for judgment as a matter of law presents a legal question to the district court, which is \"whether there is sufficient evidence to support a jury verdict.\" ", "McKnight, 36 F.3d at 1400. ", "A more complete description of the analysis is found in Chicago Title Ins. ", "Co. v. Resolution Trust Corp.:\nThe motion can be granted \"if, under the governing law, there can be but one reasonable conclusion as to the verdict.\" ", "If reasonable minds could differ about the import of the evidence, the motion should be denied. ", "We affirm a jury verdict unless, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, we conclude that a reasonable jury could have not found for that party.", "\n53 F.3d 899, 904 (8th Cir.1995). ", "The standard in South Dakota is somewhat different. ", "A motion for judgment as a matter of law relates back to a motion for a directed verdict, and is reviewed against the \"same standard.\" ", "Olson v. Judd, 534 N.W.2d 850, 852 (S.D.1995). ", "When deciding either a motion for judgment as a matter of law or for a directed verdict in South Dakota,\nwe view the evidence in a light that is most favorable to the non-moving party and give that party the benefit of all reasonable inferences that fairly can be drawn from the evidence. ", "When viewed in this light, if there is any substantial evidence to sustain the cause of action or defense, it must be submitted to the finder of fact.", "\nId. Furthermore, a jury verdict \"will not be set aside except in extreme cases....\" Treib v. Kern, 513 N.W.2d 908, 911 (S.D. 1994) (citations omitted). ", "Although the standards are similar, and although both parties cite the Court to the federal standard rather than to South Dakota's law, the Court believes it is the better practice to apply the South Dakota standard in a diversity case to which the Court has applied South Dakota law. ", "See, i.e., Burk v. Emmick, 637 F.2d 1172, 1177 (8th Cir.1980) (citing Iowa law as the standard when affirming jury verdict). ", "In the present case, the result would be the same under either the federal or the state standard.", "\nThe jury returned a verdict in favor of Plaintiff on the issue of conversion. ", "In order to recover under a theory of conversion, Plaintiff was required to prove the following elements:\n(1) That Wagner Livestock had an ownership interest or possessory right in Foreman's deposits;\n(2) That Wagner Livestock's ownership or possessory right in Foreman's deposits was greater than that of Norwest;\n(3) That Norwest's exercise of dominion or control over the deposits was inconsistent with, and in derogation of, Wagner Livestock's possessory rights in the deposits; and\n(4) That Wagner Livestock was damaged.", "\nDoc. ", "45 & 46 at Jury Instruction #11 (citing In re Estate of Bearbower, 426 N.W.2d 392, 394 (Iowa 1988); Rensch v. Riddle's Diamonds of Rapid City, 393 N.W.2d 269, 271 (S.D.1986); Rapid Sewing Center, Inc. v. Sanders, 79 S.D. 373, 112 N.W.2d 233, 236 (1961)).", "\nConsidering elements 1 through 3 for conversion in reverse order, in this instance, *968 the act of setting off the funds in Foreman's account was the act by which the bank exercised control over the deposits, allegedly in derogation of Wagner Livestock's possessory rights in those deposits. ", "The jury was instructed that the right to setoff is generally permitted by statute and specifically permitted by the terms applicable to the business deposit account Don Foreman established at Norwest Bank in 1987.[2] Doc. ", "45, Jury Instruction # 16. ", "The jury was further instructed that a bank loses the ability to setoff funds in a customer's account when the bank fails to act in good faith in setting off the account.[3]Id. ", "The evidence regarding *969 what Norwest actually knew about Foreman's cattle buying operation operation was such that reasonable minds could differ. ", "The weight of the evidence was that, with the exception of the disappearance of the cattle in Foreman's feedlot that were the Bank's security, the Bank was well appraised of Foreman's operation and how he was operating on a float and with advances on payments by IBP. ", "The issue was, therefore, properly submitted to the jury. ", "However, looking at the testimony in the light most favorable to Wagner Livestock, the non-moving party, there was sufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict that the funds in Foreman's account had been converted through an improper setoff.", "\nThe second element of conversion, as defined by the Court, is the need to demonstrate that the plaintiff's ownership or possessory rights in the deposits was greater than that of the defendant. ", "This element is analyzed by reference to the Uniform Commercial Code, as adopted in South Dakota. ", "See S.D.C.L. chapter 57A. Norwest argues that Plaintiff failed to prove an ownership interest or possessory right in the deposit account, or that Defendant's interest in the deposit account is superior to Plaintiff's interest in that account. ", "However, it is well-settled that the rights of an unsecured cash seller of goods already delivered to a buyer are subordinate to those of a holder of a secured interest in the same goods if the holder of the secured interest acts in good faith. ", "S.D.C.L. § 57A-2-403; Burk, 637 F.2d at 1174 (stating rule in case involving cash sale of cattle and dishonor of buyer's check by secured Bank); Matter of Samuels & Co., 526 F.2d 1238, 1243 (5th Cir.) (", "stating rule in case involving cash sale of cattle to packing house (buyer) and claim of secured creditor and sellers to packaged meat), cert. ", "denied, 429 U.S. 834, 97 S.Ct. ", "98, 50 L.Ed.2d 99 (1976); Iola State Bank v. Bolan, 235 Kan. 175, 679 P.2d 720, 729 (1984) (stating rule in case involving cash sale of grain and dishonor of buyer's check by secured Bank). ", "Norwest, as a secured creditor, has rights in the cattle and their proceeds superior to those of Wagner Livestock unless Wagner Livestock can prove that Norwest did not act in good faith.", "\nTo satisfy the first element of conversion, as defined by the Court, Wagner Livestock must prove that it had an ownership interest or possessory right in Foreman's deposits. ", "Rights in the deposit is proved by demonstrating a relationship between the proceeds from the cattle sold to Don Foreman on February 1 and 8, 1994, and the funds in Foreman's account at Norwest. ", "The evidence showed that Foreman wrote two checks to Wagner Livestock which were dishonored: a check for $246,048.13 on February 1, 1994, and one for $73,777.57 on February 8, 1994. ", "At the close of evidence in this case, the Court determined that the evidence traced only $216,518.30 in proceeds from Wagner Livestock to Don Foreman to IBP to Norwest Bank. ", "Trial Ex. ", "150 & 151. ", "The damage figures submitted to the jury were, therefore, limited to that amount. ", "Doc. ", "45, Jury Instruction # 18. ", "Whether Wagner Livestock must also trace those proceeds out of Foreman's account to prove which funds were actually used in the setoff is the issue for this motion for judgment as a matter of law.", "\nNorwest argues that Wagner Livestock must prove that the funds traced to Norwest remained in the Foreman account and were available for setoff on February 11, 1994, the date of the alleged conversion.[4] Norwest urges this Court to find that South Dakota would apply the \"lowest intermediate balance\" rule to trace the proceeds in this case. ", "In order to trace identifiable proceeds through a commingled bank account, some courts have used common law tracing rules such as the \"lowest intermediate *970 balance\" rule.[5] The lowest intermediate balance rule is a legal construct used to recover commingled funds in bankruptcies, trusts, forfeitures and secured transactions. ", "4 L. King, Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 541.13 (1993); Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 202, Comment J (1959); In re Columbia Gas Systems, Inc., 997 F.2d 1039 (3d Cir. ", "1993) (using lowest intermediate balance rule to trace funds held by owner of natural gas pipeline and determined to be held in trust rather than property of bankruptcy estate); Harley-Davidson Motor Co. v. Bank of New England, 897 F.2d 611 (1st Cir.1990) (discussing use of lowest intermediate balance rule to trace proceeds from sale of secured collateral); First Wisc. ", "Financial Corp. v. Yamaguchi, 812 F.2d 370 (7th Cir.1987) (discussing lowest intermediate balance rule as one method of tracing funds to establish liability of guarantor); United States v. Banco Cafetero Panama, 797 F.2d 1154, 1159 (2d Cir.1986) (discussing use of lowest intermediate balance rule and burden of proof in drug proceeds forfeiture cases). ", "The rule presumes that \"any payments made [from the commingled account] were from other than the funds in which another had a legally recognized interest.\" ", "Universal C.I.T. Credit Corp. v. Farmers Bank of Portageville, 358 F.Supp. ", "317, 325 (E.D.Mo.1973). ", "In addition, the rule presumes:\nWhere, however, after the commingling, all the money is withdrawn, the trust fund is treated as lost, even though later deposits are made into the account. ", "Should the amount on deposit be reduced below the amount of the trust fund not depleted, the claimant is entitled to the lowest intermediate balance in the account.", "\nConnecticut General Life Ins. ", "Co. v. Universal Ins. ", "Co., 838 F.2d 612, 619 (1st Cir.1988).", "\nThe Court declines to apply the lowest intermediate balance rule to this case. ", "Procedurally, Defendant did not make or preserve its position on this argument. ", "Defendant did not file a proposed instruction, or request an instruction, on the lowest intermediate balance rule ten (10) working days *971 before trial, as the Court requires. ", "See this Court's Order dated June 20, 1995, Doc. ", "29 at ¶ 3. ", "The issue was not raised until the instructions were being settled at the close of evidence.", "\nEven if the issue had been timely raised, the Court would decline to follow the rule in the absence of any authority that such is the law in South Dakota. ", "Defendant has cited no authority to the Court to support the argument that the lowest intermediate balance rule would be applied in South Dakota, and the Court was unable to locate any case in which South Dakota has applied the rule. ", "In fact, the Court finds that the lowest intermediate balance rule is inconsistent with South Dakota statute and case law setting out liability and damages for conversion, as instructed by the Court. ", "Doc. ", "45, Jury Instruction ## 11 & 18; S.D.C.L. § 21-3-3. ", "To apply the rule would be adding another element to the South Dakota law of conversion by specifying a separate and artificial method for determining damages for some types of converted property.[6]\nFurthermore, even if South Dakota would apply the lowest intermediate balance rule to trace proceeds, the Court is doubtful that it could be applied under these facts. ", "The Court earlier identified at least four situations where tracing commingled proceeds has been necessary: bankruptcy, trust accounts, secured transactions[7] and forfeitures. ", "This case obviously only implicates secured transactions. ", "However, while Norwest argued it held a security interest in Foreman's cattle, the jury found, based on this Court's Instruction No. ", "12, that Norwest's lack of good faith defeated any claim of Norwest that it had a superior right to the cattle or the proceeds from the sale of the cattle because of its security interest. ", "Doc. ", "45, Jury Instruction # 12. ", "Consequently, Norwest's security interest did not attach to any proceeds that made their way into Foreman's account.", "\nWagner Livestock moves for prejudgment interest from February 11, 1994, the date that Foreman's account was closed, until the date of entry of judgment, August 10, 1995. ", "Doc. ", "68. ", "Wagner Livestock demanded pre- and post-judgment interest on the conversion count in its complaint. ", "Doc. ", "1 at Ex. ", "B. Wagner Livestock argues that prejudgment interest pursuant to S.D.C.L. § 21-1-13.1 is mandatory and \"not discretionary in any sense.\" ", "Doc. ", "70 at 5. ", "The wording of § 21-1-13.1 is that \"any person entitled to recover damages ... is entitled to recover interest....\" S.D.C.L. § 21-1-13.1 (1995) (emphasis added). ", "The language of the applicable South Dakota interest statute, S.D.C.L. § 21-1-13.1, does on its face appear to be mandatory. ", "The South Dakota Supreme Court recently approved an award of interest under § 21-1-13.1 and stated:\nSouth Dakota allows prejudgment interest only when the \"exact amount of damages is known or readily ascertainable.\" ", "City of Sioux Falls v. Kelley, 513 N.W.2d 97, 112 (S.D.1994). ", "When damages are determined by the trier of fact, it is within the trial court's discretion to make such an award. *", "972 Fanning v. Iversen, 535 N.W.2d 770 (S.D. 1995). ", "The first sentence quoted is based on the previous statute, S.D.C.L. § 21-1-11, which, under the provisions of § 21-1-13.2, is not applicable to actions commenced after July 1, 1990. ", "The substance of neither sentence in the above quotation is in S.D.C.L. § 21-1-13.1. ", "However, following the holding of the South Dakota Supreme Court, since the present damages of $216,518.30 were determined by the trier of fact, it is in the trial court's discretion to award interest. ", "That the exact amount of damages was not known or ascertainable until trial is shown by the damages claimed by Plaintiff, Doc. ", "1 at Ex. ", "B, and the Court's damages instruction and the verdict returned. ", "See Doc. ", "45, Jury Instruction # 18; Doc. ", "47. ", "It should also be noted that S.D.C.L. § 21-1-13.1 provides for interest from the day that the loss occurred — in this case the time of the conversion which was the date that Foreman's account was setoff by Norwest. ", "Prejudgment interest in this case is awarded at the Category B rate specified in S.D.C.L. § 54-3-16, which is 12% through June 30, 1994, and 10% beginning July 1, 1994, up to and including the date of the verdict, August 9, 1995. ", "Accordingly,\nIT IS ORDERED:\n(1) That Plaintiff's Motion to Strike Defendant's Reply Brief, Doc. ", "61, is denied.", "\n(2) That Defendant's Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law, Doc. ", "52, is denied. ", "Judgment is granted for Dale Meyer, d/b/a Wagner Livestock Market, and against Norwest Bank Iowa in the amount of $216,518.30 as found by the jury.", "\n(3) That Defendant's Objection to Plaintiff's Bill of Costs, Doc. ", "60, is sustained and the following items in Plaintiff's Bill of Costs are not allowed:\n(a) The deposition of Donald Foreman taken May 24, 1994 in the amount of $176.00.", "\n(b) The deposition of Mike Rickert taken July 29, 1994, in the amount of $47.70.", "\n(c) The deposition of Thomas Cleveland taken March 23, 1995, in the amount of $76.10.", "\n(d) The depositions of Brent Wilber, Robert Gagne, and Gail Fisher taken June 20, 1995, in the amount of $136.60.", "\n(e) In-house copies in the amount of $286.81. ", "The Court does allow $237.22 in copying costs.", "\n(4) Plaintiff's Motion for Entry of Prejudgment Interest, Doc. ", "68, is granted, and prejudgment interest in the amount of $33,990.36 is allowed.", "\nNOTES\n[1] Plaintiff moves to strike Defendant's reply brief on the grounds that it was not filed within ten (10) days as required by Local Rule 7.2. ", "Doc. ", "61. ", "Defendant responds that the reply was timely and cites the Court to Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 6(a) & (3). ", "Doc. ", "62. ", "Because the reply brief was due within ten (10) days, Rule 6(a) applies and intermediate Saturdays, Sundays and holidays are excluded. ", "Three (3) extra days are allowed for service by mail. ", "Rule 6(e). ", "Defendant's reply brief was timely filed and Plaintiff's motion to strike is denied.", "\n[2] The Court notes that South Dakota has been characterized as following an \"equitable\" rule with regard to setoff, in that it permits setoff only when \"a bank lacks knowledge that the deposited sums belongs to a third person and lacks knowledge of facts necessitating further inquiry\" and it has changed its position or has superior equities. ", "Annotation, Bank's Right to Apply Third Person's Funds, Deposited in Debtor's Name, on Debtor's Obligation, 8 A.L.R.3d 235 (1966). ", "Shotwell v. Sioux Falls Savings Bank, 34 S.D. 109, 147 N.W. 288 (1914), involved the defendant bank set off funds held by the plaintiff, a grain elevator operator, and received from the sale of a third party's grain. ", "In Shotwell, the South Dakota Supreme Court affirmed a bank's right to offset funds \"to secure overdrafts and debts owing\" but held that anyone depositing funds belonging to a third person in his or her own name, holds those funds in trust. ", "Id. at 290-91. ", "Accordingly, the court held that a \"bank had no right, legally or equitably, to be paid out of this or any other fund not belonging to [the owner of the account.]\" ", "Id. at 291. ", "Shotwell further held that a bank is not \"put upon inquiry to ascertain the true ownership of a fund of such character, where there is nothing to fairly give notice of the source from which the fund was received, or that the fund does not belong to the depositor or payer[.]\" ", "Id. at 290. ", "In this case, the Court instructed the jury:\n\nA bank loses the ability to setoff funds in a customer's account when the bank fails to act in good faith in setting off the account.... Good faith is a subjective standard which depends upon what Norwest actually knew....\nDoc. ", "45, Jury Instruction # 16. ", "Norwest's knowledge that the funds in Foreman's account belonged to various sale barns as the proceeds from Foreman's resale of cattle purchased with funds from the same account, was demonstrated by testimony that Norwest had full knowledge that Don Foreman was a order buyer, that Foreman used a single account for his banking transactions, and that Norwest permitted Foreman to float checks so long as there were sufficient numbers of cattle in Foreman's feedlot to secure his substantial debt to the bank. ", "Other courts have held that the same type of information about a customer puts the bank on notice \"of its duty to inquire into the possible trust nature of the deposit and the deposit's true ownership before it could apply such deposit to an overdraft or debt of the account holder.\" ", "Blackwell Livestock Auction, Inc. v. Community Bank of Shidler, Okla., 864 P.2d 1297, 1299 (Okla.App.1993). ", "See also South Central Livestock Dealers, Inc. v. Security State Bank of Hedley, Texas, 614 F.2d 1056, 1059 (5th Cir.1980) (applying Texas' codification of principle); Iola State Bank v. Bolan, 235 Kan. 175, 679 P.2d 720, 732 (1984) (finding bank had actual knowledge of purchaser's methods and could not setoff his funds as they belonged to third parties).", "\nAs a final comment, the Court notes that the recent cases holding that a bank cannot off set funds in an account which it knows or should know belong to a third party, were decided well after the jurisdictions adopted the Uniform Commercial Code. ", "Similarly, Shotwell was decided in 1914 and South Dakota adopted the U.C.C. in 1966. ", "There is no indication from the case law that the rule of Shotwell has been superseded by the adoption of the U.C.C. See South Central Livestock Dealers, Inc. v. Security State Bank of Hedley, Texas, 551 F.2d 1346, 1349-50 (5th Cir. ", "1977) (holding that the rule of law in a case similar to Shotwell and decided in 1923 was not overruled by subsequent adoption of the U.C.C. in Texas). ", "See also Blackwell Livestock Auction, 864 P.2d at 1299 (citing 1927 case law).", "\n[3] The jury was instructed that good faith is \"honesty in fact.\" ", "Doc. ", "45 at Jury Instruction # 14. ", "Plaintiff baldly states, \"We know that the jury determined that Norwest lacked good faith,\" Doc. ", "57 at 8, while Defendant argues that the testimony merely established negligent conduct and that negligence is not bad faith, Doc. ", "58 at 10. ", "The jury answered \"yes\" to a general verdict form asking \"Has it been proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Defendant, Norwest Bank of Sioux City, has committed unlawful conversion as claimed by Wagner Livestock Sales Company?\" ", "Doc. ", "47. ", "Although there was no special verdict form, the jury was required to find that the Bank did not act in good faith in order to find that Norwest did not have superior rights in the cattle or proceeds subject to Norwest's security agreement with Foreman. ", "Doc. ", "45, Jury Instructions # 12, 13. ", "Given the conflicting testimony from Mike Rickert, the loan officer in charge of Don Foreman's account; Don Vaudt, Rickert's supervisor; and Don Foreman regarding what the bank knew about Foreman's operation, either parties' interpretation of the evidence and verdict is supported. ", "The testimony and documentation presented by both parties was such that \"reasonable minds could differ about the import of the evidence.\" ", "The issue of good faith was properly submitted to the jury. ", "The jury's finding that Wagner Livestock's rights in the cattle or proceeds is superior to Norwest's rights is supported by substantial evidence from the conflicting evidence that was presented.", "\n[4] The Court has reviewed portions of the reporter's notes of the closing arguments. ", "Norwest argued the facts which would result from the application of the lowest intermediate balance rule to the jury during closing. ", "It is apparent from the verdict that the jury did not apply the rule. ", "Doc. ", "47.", "\n[5] Applying the lowest intermediate balance rule in this case, it appears that, except for one deposit in the amount of $6008.18 made on February 8, 1994, none of the proceeds traced from Foreman's sale of the cattle purchased from Wagner Livestock remained in Foreman's account at the time of setoff.", "\n\n\n\n Date Deposits into Balance in Foreman\n Foreman Account Account\n2-1-94 $152,000.00 $381,675.92\n2-4-94 27,510.12 (191,298.77)\n2-8-94 31,000.00 211,893.43\n2-9-94 ---- (648,462.33)\n — account\n2-11-94 6,008.18 closed —\n\nTrial Ex. ", "23, 150 & 151. ", "With the exception of the $6008.18 deposit on February 11, because of the overdraft on February 9, all of the proceeds traceable from Wagner Livestock to Foreman to IBP to Norwest were paid out of Foreman's account before the account was closed and the funds remaining in it offset on February 11, 1994. ", "Norwest argues that Wagner Livestock, therefore, only had rights in $6008.18 of the funds used to set off Foreman's debt.", "\nChronologically, the evidence showed:\n\n\n2-1-94 Foreman purchased 288 head of cattle\n from Wagner Livestock\n2-1-94 IBP advanced Foreman $152,000.00\n on 2-1-94 purchase\n2-1-94 Foreman deposited $152,000.00 into\n his account at Norwest\n2-1-94 IBP killed 50 head from the 2-1-94\n purchase\n2-2-94 IBP killed 155 head from the 2-1-94\n purchase\n2-4-94 IBP paid Foreman $27,510.12 as balance\n owed on 2-1-94 purchase\n2-8-94 Foreman purchased 87 head of cattle\n from Wagner Livestock\n2-8-94 IBP advanced Foreman $31,000.00 on\n 2-8-94 purchase\n2-8-94 Foreman deposited $31,000.00 into his\n account at Norwest\n2-9-94 IBP killed 44 head from 2-8-94 purchase\n2-11-94 IBP paid Foreman 6008.18 as balance\n owed on 2-8-94 purchase\n2-11-94 Foreman deposited $6008.18 into his\n account at Norwest\n2-11-94 Norwest placed legal hold on Foreman's\n account*\n\nTrial Ex. ", "23, 150 & 151.", "\n* In attempting to ascertain the order of events on February 11, it appears from a handwritten note on the bottom of the legal hold notice, the notice was faxed at 4:20 pm on February 11, 1994. ", "Exhibit 151 contains the front of Foreman's deposit slip for February 11 listing the $6008.18 check from IBP. ", "The back of that deposit slip which would have a time-date stamp on it was not admitted into evidence. ", "Exhibit 151.", "\n[6] South Dakota's damage statute for the tort of conversion states:\n\nThe detriment caused by the wrongful conversion of personal property is presumed to be:\n(1) The value of the property at the time of the conversion, with the interest from that time;\n(2) ... [T]he highest market value off the property at any time between the conversion and the verdict, without interest, at the option of the injured party;\n(3) A fair compensation for the time and money properly expended in pursuit of the property.", "\nS.D.C.L. § 21-3-3 (1987).", "\n[7] In support of its argument, Wagner Livestock implies that the lowest intermediate balance rule is not applicable to commingled proceeds from the sale of secured collateral. ", "Doc. ", "57 at 20. ", "The Court finds that the lowest intermediate balance rule is applicable to tracing commingled funds in secured transactions. ", "See Harley-Davidson Motor Co. v. Bank of New England, 897 F.2d 611 (1st Cir.1990) (discussing use of lowest intermediate balance rule to trace proceeds from sale of secured collateral); Universal C.I.T. Credit Corp. v. Farmer's Bank of Portageville, 358 F.Supp. ", "317, 325 (E.D.Mo.1973) (using lowest intermediate balance to trace funds from sale of secured collateral); B. Clark, The Law of Secured Transactions Under the Uniform Commercial Code ¶ 10.3 (1980).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Naturally Occurring Peptides from Rana temporaria: Antimicrobial Properties and More.", "\nThe extensive search for alternative therapeutics against microbial pathogens has led to the discovery of cationic peptides as new anti-infectives with a novel mode of action. ", "Particular interest has been devoted to small linear peptides that can be efficiently made by chemical synthesis at competitive costs. ", "The most promising originate from a large family of short, naturally occurring peptides found in the skin of amphibia of Rana genus, i.e. the temporins. ", "This review is mainly focused on the recent structure-function studies of the earliest known temporin isoforms (TA, TB and TL) and their potential clinical role as novel antimicrobial agents. ", "The development of novel antibiotics is an urgent public health concern due to the increased resistance of microorganisms to conventional antibiotics, particularly in the hospital setting." ]

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[ "Roles of inner blood-retinal barrier organic anion transporter 3 in the vitreous/retina-to-blood efflux transport of p-aminohippuric acid, benzylpenicillin, and 6-mercaptopurine.", "\nThe purpose of the present study was to characterize rat organic anion transporter (Oat) 3 (Oat3, Slc22a8) in the efflux transport at the inner blood-retinal barrier (BRB). ", "Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that rat (r) Oat3 mRNA is expressed in retinal vascular endothelial cells (RVECs), but not rOat1 and rOat2 mRNA. ", "The expression of Oat3 in the retina and human cultured retinal endothelial cells was further confirmed by Western blot analysis. ", "Immunohistochemical staining in RVECs showed that rOat3 is colocalized with glucose transporter 1, but not P-glycoprotein, suggesting that rOat3 is possibly located at the abluminal membrane of the RVEC. ", "The contribution of rOat3 to the efflux of [(3)H]p-aminohippuric acid ([(3)H]PAH), [(3)H]benzylpenicillin ([(3)H]PCG), and [(14)C]6-mercaptopurine ([(14)C]6-MP), substrates of rOat3, from the vitreous humor/retina to the circulating blood across the inner BRB was evaluated using the microdialysis method. [(", "3)H]PAH, [(3)H]PCG, [(14)C]6-MP, and [(14)C] or [(3)H]d-mannitol, a bulk flow marker, were biexponentially eliminated from the vitreous humor after vitreous bolus injection. ", "The elimination rate constant of [(3)H]PAH, [(3)H]PCG, and [(14)C]6-MP during the terminal phase was approximately 2-fold greater than that of d-mannitol. ", "This efflux transport was reduced in the retinal presence of probenecid, PAH, and PCG, whereas it was not inhibited by digoxin. ", "In conclusion, rOat3 is expressed at the inner BRB and involved in the vitreous humor/retina-to-blood transport of PAH, PCG, and 6-MP. ", "This transport system is one mechanism to limit the retinal distribution of PAH, PCG, and 6-MP." ]

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[ "A group of scientists, designers and architects is developing over the next 100 years a spacecraft that will allow humans to live permanently in space, even though they'll never live to see it.", "\n\n\"It's a worldship, which means that basically is a fully self-sustaining spacecraft that has a complex ecosystem, that has simulated gravity, a propulsion mechanism to allow it to orient and move through space, and ultimately a habitat for humans so that we can live up there,\" said CBC science columnist Torah Kachur in an interview with CBC Radio's Homestretch.", "\n\nShe said the ultimate goal is to continue human space exploration and settlement in space.", "\n\nCBC science columnist Torah Kachur\n\n\"But also if there was to be some sort apocalypse — some sort of nuclear war, some sort of flood, meteorite coming down to rain down on us — this would be our little lifeboat.\"", "\n\nThe project was started last year by Icarus Interstellar, a non-profit foundation started in Alaska with the goal of sending humans on space journeys between the stars by 2100.", "\n\nThe ship envisioned by the group, which has members around the world but mainly in the U.S. and Europe, is a giant cylinder about 20 kilometres long and five kilometres in diameter that could support 50 to 500 people.", "\n\nCylinder full of soil\n\nOne of the key components will be a habitat that can sustain life and grow food in space. ", "That component is the responsibility of Project Persephone, led by Rachel Armstrong, a professor at the University of Greenwich in the U.K.\n\nShe is developing a synthetic soil that could support plants, microbes, and other things necessary for a self-sustaining ecosystem in space.", "\n\n\"Essentially it's about growing an ecology there that isn't just something that's been ripped up off the Earth, but has been grown specifically for that particular environment,\" Armstrong told Kachur.", "\n\nHumans would live in underground burrows in the soil, connected by tunnels and passageways.", "\n\nScientists have proposed sending just 50 or 100 people to begin with, to leave room for them to reproduce. ", "Kachur said there has also been talk of sending up a \"seed ship\" with sperm, eggs and embryos that could be grown in artificial wombs – a technology that isn't close to reality yet.", "\n\nOther challenges faced by the project include figuring out a way to propel and steer a ship that big through space.", "\n\nAnd over its 100-year lifetime, the project could cost billions or trillions of dollars, Kachur said.", "\n\nIn any case, is it crazy to think we can live on a starship in 100 years? ", "Kachur asked Armstrong that question, and she didn't think so.", "\n\n\"The 100-year mark is really an acknowledgement that in the next phase in astronautical exploration,\" Armstrong said, \"That, you know, we'll need to up our game and think even bigger than the way that we're thinking now.\"" ]

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[ "Once again, question marks surround Jeremy Corbyn’s leadership. ", "This is not new. ", "While I was at 10 Downing Street, with the small but significant possibility of a sudden Corbyn departure, we spent some time exploring the electoral impact of who might come next. ", "To work out who might put up the best fight and how best to counter them, I discussed potential candidates in focus groups, played videos to voters, and polled frontbenchers’ perceived attributes. ", "The most consistently effective potential leader? ", "Shadow chancellor, John McDonnell.", "\n\nThis may seem surprising – and as a Conservative it was a painful discovery. ", "But he ‘focus grouped’ remarkably well. ", "Voters described him as 'strong', that he 'knows what he is doing' and that he understands the economy. ", "When I played interview footage, including to those who do not know who he is before the session, respondents nodded along, seeing him as confident and competent.", "\n\nThis competence matters. ", "Jeremy Corbyn’s deep unpopularity is not because of his past and his links to unsavoury characters. ", "His background did not register with voters in the 2017 general election, nor does it now.", "\n\nInstead, voters dislike Corbyn because they think he is fundamentally a bit useless. ", "Time after time, they have seen him struggle to control his party, fail to take clear positions, and handle Brexit haplessly.", "\n\nPeople view McDonnell differently. ", "He might have the same, if not more, disconcerting past. ", "But whereas Corbyn is described as the ‘wet rag’, McDonnell is the ‘bank manager’ with a strong grip.", "\n\nLabour also has to work out how to manage its base. ", "Unlike the Conservative core vote, which is mostly homogenous, Labour’s splits into two groups. ", "At No. ", "10, we called these ‘Labour’s Left’ – younger, Remain voters, heavily left-leaning and socially liberal – and ‘Labour’s Working Class’ – older, inner city Leave voters who tend to be in unskilled work or on social benefits.", "\n\nA Labour leader needs to be able to excite and mobilise the former group, while also keeping the latter on side. ", "Many of ‘Labour’s Left’ voted Remain, and they certainly want a leader who argues strongly for staying in the EU. ", "But they also want someone who takes a radical and unapologetically left-wing approach to policy at home. ", "In numerical terms, it was politicians on the Corbynite wing of Labour, not the moderates, who scored best across these two groups.", "\n\nIt is worth remembering too that the charge that a party is 'radical' is a net positive with core and swing voters alike. ", "This is an electorate desperate for change, who look around and see other people benefitting while they feel they work hard and do not get rewarded.", "\n\nOne thing is for sure. ", "Jeremy Corbyn is a busted flush. ", "His ratings are at historic lows. ", "Minds are made up. ", "His closest advisers are abandoning him. ", "It is hard to see how he recovers enough in any general election campaign.", "\n\nBut people underestimate his right-hand man at their peril. ", "If the appeal of Corbyn is over, do not assume the allure of Corbynism is. ", "John McDonnell is a key proponent of that form of politics. ", "And certainly when I was doing the Conservative party’s polling, it was McDonnell I was most scared of.", "\n\nJames Johnson was senior research and strategy adviser to the prime minister 2016-19" ]

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[ "California Gov. Jerry Brown (D) signed a sweeping new climate change bill on Thursday, codifying one of the country’s strongest greenhouse gas emissions goals.", "\n\nThe legislation would require California to cut its emissions by at least 40 percent, from 1990 levels, by 2030 and make new investments in climate change mitigation efforts.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nLegislative leaders passed the bill in August, with Democrats hailing it as a way to reduce the state’s carbon emissions and help make an impact on climate change.", "\n\nRepublicans opposed the bill, saying it would hurt businesses and ratepayers and give too much powers to state regulators. ", "They say trying to cut electricity-sector emissions will raise energy prices and hurt low-income and minority communities especially hard.", "\n\nBut Brown hailed the new law on Thursday.", "\n\n“What we’re doing here is far-sighted, as well as far-reaching,” Brown said at a Los Angeles signing ceremony, the LA Times reports. “", "California is doing something that no other state has done.”", "\n\nThe new law builds on a 2006 effort to reduce emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. ", "Brown’s office said the state is on track to reach that mark, and that the new law will help California reach its goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent from 1990 levels by 2050.", "\n\nThe law does little to change the state’s cap-and-trade emissions trading system. ", "That program is facing legal challenges and hasn’t raised nearly as much money as the state had previously expected it to.", "\n\nLawmakers didn’t touch the program this year, and Brown has said he might try putting the matter before voters in 2018 if progress isn’t made soon." ]

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[ "The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) on Tuesday released its “retirements to watch list” of potential GOP targets ahead of the 2020 election cycle.", "\n\nThe House Democrats’ campaign arm is releasing customized digital ads for each of the 19 Republican incumbents’ districts — many of which saw tough reelection contests during 2018.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nThe list of lawmakers includes GOP Reps. ", "Don Young Donald (Don) Edwin YoungFlorida Democrat introduces bill to recognize Puerto Rico statehood referendum House Democratic campaign leader predicts bigger majority Young wins Alaska GOP House primary MORE (R-Alaska), David Schweikert David SchweikertHouse Democratic campaign leader predicts bigger majority Democrat Hiral Tipirneni wins Ariz. primary to challenge Rep. David Schweikert Ethics watchdog finds 'substantial' evidence of improper spending by Rep. Sanford Bishop MORE (Ariz.), Duncan Hunter Duncan HunterDCCC reserves new ad buys in competitive districts, adds new members to 'Red to Blue' program Wife of former Rep. Duncan Hunter sentenced to 8 months of home confinement Harris endorses Democrat in tight California House race MORE (Calif.), Ross Spano Vincent (Ross) Ross SpanoThe Hill's Morning Report - Jill Biden urges country to embrace her husband Rep. Ross Spano loses Florida GOP primary amid campaign finance scrutiny The Hill's Convention Report: Democrats gear up for Day Two of convention MORE (Fla.), Vern Buchanan Vernon Gale BuchananMORE (Fla.), Rob Woodall William (Rob) Robert WoodallHouse Democrats' campaign arm reserves .6M in ads in competitive districts Hispanic Caucus campaign arm endorses slate of non-Hispanic candidates Democrats go big on diversity with new House recruits MORE (Ga.) – who already announced he plans to retire next cycle — Susan Brooks Susan Wiant BrooksThe Hill's Morning Report - Sponsored by Facebook - Trump, GOP allies prepare for SCOTUS nomination this week The Hill's Morning Report - Sponsored by Facebook - Washington on edge amid SCOTUS vacancy House Democrats' campaign arm reserves .6M in ads in competitive districts MORE (Ind.), Fred Upton Frederick (Fred) Stephen UptonOn Paycheck Protection Program, streamlined forgiveness is key Hispanic Caucus campaign arm endorses slate of non-Hispanic candidates Progressives soaring after big primary night MORE (Mich.), Ann Wagner Ann Louise WagnerHouse Suburban Caucus advances congressional pandemic response DCCC reserves new ad buys in competitive districts, adds new members to 'Red to Blue' program Hispanic Caucus campaign arm endorses slate of non-Hispanic candidates MORE (Mo.), Chris Smith Christopher (Chris) Henry SmithChina sanctioning Rubio, Cruz in retaliatory move over Hong Kong China sanctions Cruz, Rubio, others over Xinjiang legislation New Jersey incumbents steamroll progressive challengers in primaries MORE (N.J.), Pete King Peter (Pete) KingTrump holds private funeral service for brother Robert Trump at White House Cheney clashes with Trump Coronavirus Report: The Hill's Steve Clemons interviews Rep. Sean Patrick Maloney MORE (N.Y.), John Katko John Michael KatkoThis week: House returns for pre-election sprint Hillicon Valley: Simulated cyberattack success | New bill for election security funding | Amazon could be liable for defective products Lawmakers introduce bill to help election officials address cyber vulnerabilities MORE (N.Y.), Chris Collins Christopher (Chris) Carl CollinsConspicuous by their absence from the Republican Convention NY Republican Chris Jacobs wins special election to replace Chris Collins 5 things to watch in Tuesday's primaries MORE (N.Y.), Steve Chabot Steven (Steve) Joseph ChabotCentrist Democrats 'strongly considering' discharge petition on GOP PPP bill Lawmakers call for expanded AI role in education, business to remain competitive The Hill's Morning Report - Sponsored by The Air Line Pilots Association - Pence lauds Harris as 'experienced debater'; Trump, Biden diverge over debate prep MORE (Ohio), Michael McCaul Michael Thomas McCaulHouse passes legislation to crack down on business with companies that utilize China's forced labor House Republicans blame Chinese cover-up for coronavirus pandemic Engel subpoenas US global media chief Michael Pack MORE (Texas), Pete Olson Peter (Pete) Graham OlsonShakespeare Theatre Company goes virtual for 'Will on the Hill...or Won't They?' ", "The time for HELP is now: Senate should pass bill to expedite recovery following natural disasters House Democrats reserve airtime for voters of color in Texas MORE (Texas), Kenny Marchant Kenny Ewell MarchantHouse Ethics panel recommends ,000 fine for Rep. Schweikert's campaign finance violations Candace Valenzuela wins Texas runoff to replace retiring Rep. Marchant Ethics Committee reviewing Rep. Sanford Bishop's campaign spending MORE (Texas), John Carter John Rice CarterDonna Imam wins Democratic runoff to face Rep. John Carter House panel advances bill banning construction on bases with Confederate names Democrats see victory in Trump culture war MORE (Texas) and Jaime Herrera Beutler Jaime Lynn Herrera BeutlerCentrist Democrats 'strongly considering' discharge petition on GOP PPP bill This week: House returns for pre-election sprint GOP Rep. Jaime Herrera Beutler advances in Washington primary MORE (Wash.).", "\n\nThe DCCC noted that retirements played a key role in Democrats winning back the House majority during last year’s midterms, adding that just six of the 16 members placed on last cycle’s list remain in their positions.", "\n\n“Whether it’s waking up each morning to read the President’s tweets that they’ll be answering for or slowly coming to the realization that they aren’t in control any more, we expect to see a steady stream of frustrated Washington Republicans heading for the exits,” DCCC Communications Director Jared Smith said in a statement.", "\n\n“Retirements played a major role as Democrats won back the House last year and, in 2020, we expect Republican retirements to aid our effort to expand the Democratic House Majority.”" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDifferent env variables for testing and development in nodejs\n\nI'm developing a nodejs api in my free time, and I'm trying to implement testing now. ", "I'm currently loading my environment variables from a .env file (loaded using dotenv), which include the DB_URI, DB_USER and DB_PASSWORD for my development mongodb database.", "\nNow, I would like to create a separate database for testing however I don't know how would I load different variables to connect to the testing database instead of the development database. ", "I deploy to Heroku where I have different environment variables so that's covered just fine.", "\nI've tried to find online for some answers for best practices, but I have been unable to. ", "I thought of creating a different .env file, however that's not recommended according to https://www.npmjs.com/package/dotenv.", "\nOther resources recommended recommended hard coding the specific variables I needed in the package.json script. ", "However the script would be huge if I had to change all the variables needed to connect to a different database.", "\nCan I get some help understanding how I should do this?", "\nThanks!", "\nPS: In case it's needed, I'm using mocha + supertest for my tests.", "\n\nA:\n\nIn your .env file, add variables for each environment:\nDB_URI_DEVELOPMENT=\"https://someuri.com\"\nDB_USER_DEVELOPMENT=someuser\nDB_PASSWORD_DEVELOPMENT=somepassword\n\nDB_URI_TEST=\"https://otheruri.com\"\nDB_USER_TEST=otheruser\nDB_PASSWORD_TEST=otherpassword\n\nStart the application in development:\nNODE_ENV=development node server.js\n\nor in test:\nNODE_ENV=test node server.js\n\nAccess the environment variables for this environment:\n// don't try to load .env file on Heroku\nif (process.env.", "NODE_ENV !", "== 'production') {\n require('dotenv').config()\n}\n\n// get the current environment\nvar env = process.env.", "NODE_ENV\n\n// convert to uppercase\nvar envString = env.toUpperCase()\n\n// access the environment variables for this environment\nvar dbUri = process.env['DB_URI_' + envString]\nvar dbUser = process.env['DB_USER_' + envString]\nvar dbPassword = process.env['DB_PASSWORD_' + envString]\n\nHope that helps!", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nApplication in Android Market not compatible with device\n\nI've upload my application to Android Market, but my developer's device is not compatible with it.", "\nIs there a way to know what happens and what is missing?", "\n\nA:\n\nAnother issue (apart from screen density/size) might be permissions.", "\nIf you include a permission (e.g. Camera) and your device does not have a camera then the market will tell you, that the app isn't compatible even if the camera is not an essential part of your app. ", "you can avoid this by declaring the feature \"not required\". ", "See the box on the right of this page.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nGradle error Android Resource linking Failed\n\nSo everything was working perfectly, and as i went and edited some .xml files and built the project, now i am getting a gradle error that says :\n\nAndroid resource linking failed Output: \n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\layout\\activity_app_setup.xml:19:\n error: resource drawable/toolbarbackground (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/toolbarbackground) not found.", "\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\layout\\content_main.xml:20:\n error: resource drawable/toolbarbackground (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/toolbarbackground) not found.", "\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\layout\\content_main.xml:34:\n error: resource drawable/menu (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/menu) not found.", "\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\layout\\dialog_layout.xml:9:\n error: resource drawable/dialog_item (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/dialog_item) not found.", "\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\layout\\dialog_layout.xml:17:\n error: resource drawable/programmer (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/programmer) not found.", "\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\layout\\dialog_layout.xml:37:\n error: resource drawable/dialog_item (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/dialog_item) not found.", "\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\layout\\dialog_layout.xml:45:\n error: resource drawable/youtube (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/youtube) not found.", "\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\layout\\dialog_layout.xml:65:\n error: resource drawable/dialog_item (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/dialog_item) not found.", "\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\layout\\dialog_layout.xml:73:\n error: resource drawable/meeting (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/meeting) not found.", "\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\layout\\fragment_code.xml:15:\n error: resource drawable/tagbackground (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/tagbackground) not found.", "\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\layout\\tag_layout.xml:12:\n error: resource drawable/tagbackground (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/tagbackground) not found.", "\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\layout\\video_layout.xml:17:\n error: resource drawable/play (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/play) not found.", "\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\menu\\activity_main_drawer.xml:7:\n error: resource drawable/download (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/download) not found.", "\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\menu\\activity_main_drawer.xml:15:\n error: resource drawable/settings (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/settings) not found.", "\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\menu\\activity_main_drawer.xml:19:\n error: resource drawable/report (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/report) not found.", "\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\src\\main\\res\\menu\\activity_main_drawer.xml:27:\n error: resource drawable/ic_menu_share (aka\n com.femindharamshi.spa:drawable/ic_menu_share) not found. ", "error:\n failed linking file resources.", "\nCommand: C:\\Users\\Femin\n Dharamshi.gradle\\caches\\transforms-1\\files-1.1\\aapt2-3.2.1-4818971-windows.jar\\d614b8b16e66b30fe0890919a84f61db\\aapt2-3.2.1-4818971-windows\\aapt2.exe\n link -I\\\n C:\\Users\\Femin Dharamshi\\AppData\\Local\\Android\\Sdk\\platforms\\android-28\\android.jar\\\n --manifest\\\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\build\\intermediates\\merged_manifests\\debug\\processDebugManifest\\merged\\AndroidManifest.xml\\\n -o\\\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\build\\intermediates\\processed_res\\debug\\processDebugResources\\out\\resources-debug.ap_\\\n -R\\\n @H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\build\\intermediates\\incremental\\processDebugResources\\resources-list-for-resources-debug.ap_.txt\\\n --auto-add-overlay\\\n --java\\\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\build\\generated\\not_namespaced_r_class_sources\\debug\\processDebugResources\\r\\\n --custom-package\\\n com.femindharamshi.spa\\\n -0\\\n apk\\\n --output-text-symbols\\\n H:\\AndroidProjects\\Codify\\app\\build\\intermediates\\symbols\\debug\\R.txt\\\n --no-version-vectors Daemon: AAPT2 aapt2-3.2.1-4818971-windows Daemon #0\n\nBut i have not editing any xml files that would cause this issue and as you can clearly see in the screen shot, all the files are present which Android Studio tells \"not found\"\nWhat is causing this abrupt problem and how can i resolve it ?", "\nI check all my implementation libraries were up to date and non of the solutions online helped!", "\nEDIT: I transferred all the files from drawable folder to drawable-v24 folder and it solved the issue. ", "I really cannot understand what caused this issue as everything was working perfectly before and suddenly this problem also it weirdly solved by transferring the files, but before it didnt give a problem if they were in the drawable folder\n\nA:\n\nI have just had a very similiar problem.", "\nCheck if you can locate the resource file 'R' in one of the java subfolders of your project. ", "It sounds as if the location of the resourc file cannot be determined. ", "If you cant locate it, it might be deleted off and that may be the reason why there is a linking error. ", "In my case it got deleted when I created a Google Maps activity.", "\nIf you cannot locate it: Try: Build -> Clean Project That cleans the gradle file\nAlternatively: File->Invalidate Caches Then sync the project with gradle files\nGive these a go and see if it changes anything. ", "It may restore the resource file. ", "If it doesnt, I would suggest creating a new project and copying and pasting the code from the 'old' project into the new one. ", "This way you can make sure the resource file is restored and it should eliminate the linking error. ", "You'd have to create all xml files and java classes again, but depending on the size of your project it might be faster than trying to restore the resource file.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Histopathological study on bone changes induced by recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in rats.", "\nHistopathological bone changes were examined in growing rats intravenously administered with high doses (100 and 1000 micrograms/kg/day) of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF) for 28 days. ", "The changes were observed in the region where physiological bone resorption actively occurs in the growth phase, that is the trabeculae of metaphyseal spongy bone and the endosteum region of diaphyseal compact bone. ", "Histologically, the changes involved accelerated osteoclastic bone resorption and osteogenesis due to intramembranous ossification. ", "While osteoclastic bone resorption was observed in almost all lesions, about half of which were accompanied by osteogenesis. ", "Bone changes which appeared after administration of rG-CSF were characterized by frequent occurrence at the site of highly osteoclastic activity and by initial osteoclastic resorption followed by osteogenesis due to intramembranous ossification. ", "These results suggest that the main action of rG-CSF on bone may be an acceleration of osteoclastic bone resorption." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "1. ", "Technical Field\nExample embodiments relate to a track-and-hold circuit, and more particularly to a track-and-hold circuit including a bootstrapped clock generator.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nFolding analog-to-digital converters are widely used in communication systems because they offer the advantages of high resolution, relatively low power consumption and relatively small size. ", "Sample-and-hold circuits or track-and-hold circuits may be employed in the folding analog-to-digital converters to sample and hold input signals, such as analog signals. ", "Recently, bootstrapped track-and-hold circuits have become popular for sampling input signals that have high resolution.", "\nIn conventional bootstrapped track-and-hold circuits, the level of the boosting voltage, which indicates the voltage at a boost node connected to a boost capacitor, is generally higher than the level of the power supply voltage. ", "For this reason, additional protection circuits are required for protecting other elements used in the conventional bootstrapped track-and-hold circuits, and thus, the structure of conventional bootstrapped track-and-hold circuits can be quite complex." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Q:\n\nansible-playbook trying to print debug strings without success\n\nI try to run an ansible task within a playbook which should print out simple messages using the debug-module. ", "This is my playbook configuration:\n ---\n 2\n 3 - name: s3 handller\n 4 connection: local\n 5 gather_facts: false\n 6 hosts: localhost\n 7 tasks:\n 8\n 9 - name: Display the config\n 10 - debug:\n 11 msg: \"Hello you\"\n 12\n 13 - name: Display env vars\n 14 - debug:\n 15 msg:\"{{ lookup('env','HOME') }} is an environment variable\"\n 16\n\nOn startup I get the following error message:\nansible-playbook create_s3.yml\nERROR! ", "Syntax Error while loading YAML.", "\n mapping values are not allowed here\n\nThe error appears to have been in '/home/user/create_s3.yml': line 10, column 16, but may\nbe elsewhere in the file depending on the exact syntax problem.", "\n\nThe offending line appears to be:\n\n - name: Display the config\n - debug:\n ^ here\n\nA:\n\nIf you label your task, the hyphen in front of the module name ( - debug: ) is not allowed. ", "You can see it in the fifth example at https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/modules/debug_module.html\nThe error message \n\nmapping values are not allowed here\n\nindicates that no other list item is allowed under - name:\nSo you can fix this with the following adaption:\n 9 - name: Display the config\n10 debug:\n11 msg: \"Hello you\"\n\nAlso please note the required indentation of the msg: field - YAML relies on indentations and is very strict.", "\nI hope I could help you.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "The Department of Health and Human Services today published a new\n\nregulation broadening protections for health care providers who refuse\n\nto provide health care services based on religious or moral grounds.", "\n\nThe new regulations, which have been widely denounced by women’s health\n\ngroups, physicians’ groups, members of Congress, President-Elect Obama, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and by over 200,000 individual commenters filing opposition to the regulations,\n\nexpand the definition of health care providers protected by provider\n\nconscience regulation and allow dissenting providers to refuse to refer\n\npatients for treatment in addition to refusing treatment itself.", "\n\nThe administration made almost no substantive changes to the regulation following the period of public comment, says Adam Sonfield, senior public policy associate at the Guttmacher Institute. \"", "The 200,000 comments in opposition to the rule they dismiss,\" says Sonfield. \"", "They pretend to respond directly to them, but they actually don’t.\" ", "The only major substantive change the administration made to the rule is to expand the definition of the workforce the rule applies to — for instance, it now includes contractors.", "\n\nAn early, leaked draft version of the regulation specifically\n\nsuggested that providers who consider hormonal birth control to be an\n\nabortifacient should not have to prescribe it or refer patients for its\n\nprescription. ", "The regulation relied on arcane, non-medical definitions\n\nof pregnancy to suggest that the belief that pregnancy begins at\n\nfertilization is valid and that, a hormonal contraceptive, which\n\nanti-choicers claim block implantation of a fertilized egg, is\n\ntantamount to abortion. ", "The second, released draft, now published,\n\ndoes not conflate contraception with abortion, but in its broad scope\n\nnonetheless provides protections for providers who would like to\n\ndo just that. \"", "The regulation confirms what we feared,\" says Marilyn Keefe of the National Partnership for Women & Families. \"", "HHS\n\nrefused to allay any of the concerns raised in earlier iterations. ", "Contraception\n\nclearly remains a target.\"", "\n\nSex. ", "Abortion. ", "Parenthood. ", "Power. ", "The latest news, delivered straight to your inbox. ", "SUBSCRIBE\n\nOne of the rule’s more disturbing provisions is the announcement that Title X family planning funding will now be open to grantees who refuse to counsel women on the availability of abortion. ", "Title X has always required that when a woman tests positive for pregnancy, she must be counseled on all of her options, including abortion, and given referrals based on what her expressed interest. ", "The regulations state that Title X funding will be granted \"non-discriminatorily\" to applicants, including those who refuse to provide counseling and referral for abortion.", "\n\nAdditionally, the rule fails to make clear whether health care centers that do intend to provide unbiased options counseling can even ask potential employees whether they are comfortable\n\nparticipating in an abortion procedure or counseling a woman about her\n\noptions, Roger Evans, director of litigation at Planned Parenthood, acknowledged today.", "\n\nMoral objection, meanwhile, is not strictly limited to religious belief\n\n— it can mean any personal moral commitment, which is a much broader\n\nprotection than \"traditional conscience clauses,\" says Jessica Arons, of the Center for American Progress.", "\n\nThe rule must now be submitted to both the Government Accountability\n\nOffice and both houses of Congress. ", "Congress has a period of time to\n\nreview the rule (and because of the timing of the rule’s publication,\n\nthis period will stretch into the 111th Congress), during which time a\n\nmotion to disprove can be introduced. ", "If the motion to disprove is\n\npassed by both houses of Congress and signed by the President, the rule\n\ncannot be enforced or defended in court. ", "Using the Congressional Review Act in this way to invalidate the\n\nregulation, however, would be \"controversial,\" says Matt Madia, of OMB\n\nWatch. ", "A motion to disprove has to see an up-or-down vote; it can’t be\n\nattached to appropriations bills or other must-pass legislation.", "\n\n\"Everyone has to go on record on the issue, and there’s no way to fudge\n\nit,\" says Madia.", "\n\nIf this avenue fails, Congress\n\ncould refuse to appropriate funds for implementation of the rule, or\n\nCongress could pass the legislation introduced by Sens. ", "Hillary Clinton\n\nand Patty Murray that would prohibit HHS from implementing the\n\nregulation.", "\n\nFinally, the new administration could begin a new round of rule-making, perhaps the most time-consuming option." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "###### KEY MESSAGES\n\nWhat is already known about this subject?", "\n=========================================\n\n- Previous studies have suggested that statin pre-treatment prevents contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN).", "\n\n- However, single randomized trials are limited in their number of patients, and there is still a lack of conclusive evidence on statin pre-treatment to prevent CIN.", "\n\nWhat does this study add?", "\n=========================\n\n- This meta-analysis of nine randomized trials demonstrated that statin pre-treatment leads to significant reduction in CIN in patients undergoing coronary angiography, and is independent of renal impairment, type of contrast used, and concomitant N-acetyl cysteine therapy.", "\n\nHow might this impact on clinical practice?", "\n===========================================\n\n- Our findings suggest strong consideration of statin pre-treatment in all patients who are planned for diagnostic and interventional procedures involving contrast-media administration.", "\n\n- This meta-analysis sets a platform for future pharmacological guidelines and clinical trials, as well as highlights the need for trials studying statin's efficacy in other non-cardiac contrast procedures such as radiological imaging.", "\n\nIntroduction {#s1}\n============\n\nContrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) or contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is the third most common cause of acute renal injury in the hospital setting.[@R1] [@R2] CIN is defined as an increase of serum creatinine of 0.5 mg/dL or a 25% relative increase in creatinine at 48 h after contrast exposure.[@R3] CIN has been associated with poor short-term and long-term outcomes.[@R4] Patients who develop CIN are predisposed to a greater risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the long term.[@R5] This condition is also associated with increased morbidity, lengthened hospital stays and increased healthcare costs.[@R6] Therefore, increasing efforts have been made to identify effective preventive strategies for CIN. ", "The best approach to prevent CIN remains unclear. ", "Current recommendations only include adequate preparatory hydration.[@R7] There is still a lack of conclusive evidence in other strategies such as administration of *N*-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an antioxidant, sodium bicarbonate-based hydration and consideration of the type of contrast used.[@R3]\n\nThe pathophysiology of CIN involves renal vasoconstriction, inflammation and oxidative stress.[@R8] These mechanisms have led to the proposed use of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, otherwise known as statins, for the prevention of CIN.", "\n\nThere have been multiple randomised controlled trials (RCTs) performed to evaluate the efficacy of statin pretreatment in the prevention of CIN, with earlier trials failing to strongly demonstrate the beneficial effects of statin. ", "Multiple meta-analyses have examined the role of statin pretreatment, but they had limited, variable and conflicting conclusions given the limited number of RCTs performed.[@R9] Recently, the results of two large RCTs were published,[@R13] [@R14] adding more data into the existing pool and possibly providing new insights into the efficacy of statin to prevent contrast-nephropathy.", "\n\nWe therefore conducted a meta-analysis of RCTs to further evaluate the efficacy of statin pretreatment for prevention of CIN, as well as to ascertain its effectiveness in various patient subgroups.", "\n\nMethods {#s2}\n=======\n\nSearch strategy {#s2a}\n---------------\n\nA systematic literature review was planned and performed using methods specified in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic review. ", "Both controlled vocabulary terms (eg, MeSH) and key words were used to search the following databases for articles related to the role of statins in preventing or ameliorating CIN: MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov. ", "Literature searches were completed in March, 2014. ", "The complete MEDLINE/PubMed Search strategy, on which the other database searches were also built, is available in online supplementary appendix A. Reference lists of citations to the ultimately included articles were also searched for articles that would meet inclusion criteria, as was the grey literature, including the websites of national and international nephrology societies.", "\n\nStudy selection, data extraction and quality assessment {#s2b}\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nOur prespecified inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) randomised controlled trials, (2) treatment arm containing any of the available statins alone or with NAC, (3) control arm containing placebo or NAC, (4) both arms administer NAC if the study incorporated NAC, (5) intravenous or intra-arterial iodinated contrast medium. ", "Our primary outcome was the development of contrast-induced nephropathy, defined as an absolute increase of serum creatinine of 0.5 mg/dL or an increase in baseline serum creatinine level of 25% within 24 h to 5 days after exposure to contrast medium or serum Cystatin concentration \\>10% within 24 h after exposure to contrast medium.[@R15] Secondary outcome measurement was the need for dialysis within 24 h to 5 days after contrast medium exposure.", "\n\nTwo independent reviewers performed the study selection (NS, JL). ", "In case of disagreements, a third reviewer (CH) cast the deciding vote. ", "Titles and abstracts of retrieved references were screened for inclusion and full texts of potential articles were further analysed to see if they met inclusion criteria. ", "Case reports, letters, systematic reviews/meta-analyses and data published in the form of abstracts without peer-reviewed publication of the manuscripts were excluded. ", "Articles not in English were not automatically excluded though four non-English articles were ultimately excluded due to the absence of adequate translation. ", "Both individuals who collected the data used the following study specific characteristics, including study name, sample size of treatment group and control group per intention to treat analysis, event number and rate in both the treatment group and control group, statistical effect estimates used in the individual studies, type of statin used, statin protocol used, hydration protocol, NAC use, type and amount of contrast medium used, procedures which patients underwent, inclusion and exclusion criteria of individual studies, CIN definition prespecified in individual studies, rate of adverse events in treatment group and control group, and baseline patient characteristics each study including presence of diabetes, history of statin use and degree of renal impairment. ", "Quality assessment was judged on allocation concealment, randomisation, blinding, completion of follow-up and intention-to-treat analysis.[@R16] Study quality was assessed following the pattern of PRISMA guidelines and explanation.[@R17] Attempts were made to contact the corresponding authors of included studies for any additional information, which was deemed relevant to this meta-analysis.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#s2c}\n--------------------\n\nStatistical analyses were performed using Review Manager V.5.2.9 software (available from The Cochrane Collaboration). ", "A study or trial level pooled analysis of the included RCT's was performed to evaluate the effect of pretreatment with statin on prevention of CIN. ", "The analysis was performed according to the intention-to-treat strategy. ", "Mantel Haenszel risk ratio (MH RR) with 95% CI was calculated. ", "The χ^2^ statistic was calculated and a formal test of heterogeneity was conducted. ", "The I^2^ index was used to summarise the proportion of the total variability in the estimates due to between-study variation. ", "We regarded I^2^ of less than 25%, 25--50% and \\>50% as low, moderate, and high amounts of heterogeneity, respectively.[@R18] Random-effects model rather than the fixed-effects model was used to assess the overall estimate.[@R19] We assessed for potential publication bias by using the funnel plots of SE of RR versus RR.[@R20] Subgroup analysis was conducted based on renal impairment of participants, type of contrast medium (iodixanol (iso-osmolar contrast) or non-iodixanol (low-osmolar contrast)), history of diabetes mellitus (with or without diabetes mellitus), type of statin used (atorvastatin or rosuvastatin), and the addition of NAC (with or without NAC). ", "We also analysed the relative risk of acute renal failure requiring dialysis. ", "All the tests were two tailed and a p value less than 0.05 was regarded as significant in this meta-analysis.", "\n\nResults {#s3}\n=======\n\nBaseline characteristics {#s3a}\n------------------------\n\nA total of 2173 potentially relevant citations were identified. [", "Figure 1](#OPENHRT2014000127F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows our search strategy, which yielded nine randomised controlled trials with 5143 patients.[@R13] [@R14] [@R21] A total 2559 patients were randomised to receive statins, and 2584 patients to receive the placebo or NAC alone.", "\n\n{#OPENHRT2014000127F1}\n\nPatient characteristics and interventions {#s3b}\n-----------------------------------------\n\n[Tables 1--](#OPENHRT2014000127TB1){ref-type=\"table\"}[](#OPENHRT2014000127TB2){ref-type=\"table\"}[3](#OPENHRT2014000127TB3){ref-type=\"table\"} summarise the characteristics of the nine included RCTs. [", "Table 4](#OPENHRT2014000127TB4){ref-type=\"table\"} displays the quality assessment of the included studies.", "\n\n###### \n\nGeneral characteristics of included studies\n\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Study (reference) Sample size (N) Definition of CIN Time of definition Events (n) Renal function defining inclusion or exclusion \n --------------------------- ----------------- ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ --------------- ------------------------------------------------ ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Acikel *et al*[@R21] 80 80 Increase in S Cr or serum Cystatin C or GFR Within 48 h 0 1 Exclusion: CRF requiring dialysis and/or mod-severe decrease in GFR \\<60 mL/min/1.73 m^2^\n\n Han *et al*[@R13] 1498 1500 S Cr ≥0.5 mg/dL or 25% above baseline Within 72 h 34 58 Inclusion: Stage 2 or stage 3 CKD\\\n Exclusion: Stage 0,1,4 or 5 CKD\n\n Jo *et al*[@R26] 118 118 Increase of either ≥25% or 0.5 mg/dL in S Cr  Within 48 h 3 4 Inclusion: Cr.", "Cl \\<60 mL/min or baseline S Cr ≥1.1 mg/dL\n\n Leoncini *et al*^14^ 252 252 S Cr ≥0.5 mg/dL or ≥25% above baseline Within 72 h 17 38 Exclusion: ARF or ESRD requiring dialysis or S Cr ≥3 mg/dL\n\n Li *et al*[@R27] 78 83 S Cr \\>0.5 mg/dL or 25% above baseline Within 24 h 2 13 Exclusion: h/o renal dysfunction, patient on dialysis treatment\n\n Ozhan *et al*[@R25] 60 70 Increase in S Cr \\>0.5  mg/dL or \\>25% from baseline Within 48 h 2 7 Exclusion: (e)GFR \\<70 mL/min or pre-procedural\\\n S Cr \\>1.5 mg/dL\n\n Patti *et al*[@R24] 120 121 Increase in S Cr ≥0.5 mg/dL or 25% from baseline Within 48 h 6 16 Exclusion: Renal failure with S Cr \\>3 mg/dL\n\n Quintavalle *et al*[@R23] 202 208 Increase \\>10% of S Cystatin C level Within 24 h 9 37 Inclusion: Estimated GFR \\<60 mL/min/1.73 m^2^. Patients with dialysis were excluded\n\n Toso *et al*[@R22] 151 152  Increase of S Cr ≥0.5 mg/dL Within 5 days 15 16 Inclusion: Baseline Cr Cl \\<60 mL/min (CGF)\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nARF, acute renal failure; CIN, contrast-induced nephropathy; CKD, chronic kidney disease; Cr.", "Cl, creatinine clearance; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; S Cr, serum creatinine.", "\n\n###### \n\nProtocol characteristics of included studies\n\n Study (reference) Statin type Statin protocol Control Contrast agent Median contrast volume, mL Procedure Hydration procedure \n --------------------------- -------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------- ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Acikel *et al*[@R21] Atorvastatin 40 mg/day atorvastatin started 3 days before CAG and continued for 48 h after procedure Placebo Iohexol 105 103 CAG IV 0.9% NaCl at 1 mL/kg/h starting 4 h before and continuing until 24 h after CM exposure\n Han *et al*[@R13] Rosuvastatin 10 mg/day rosuvastatin for 5 days (2 days before and 3 days after procedure) Placebo Iodixanol 120 110 Coronary/peripheral arterial angiography with or without percutaneous intervention IV 0 .9% NaCl at 1 mL/kg/h started 12 h before and continued for 24 h CM administration\n Jo *et al*[@R26] Simvastatin 160 mg total, 40 mg orally q 12 h starting evening before and ending morning after the procedure Placebo Iodixanol 173±99.3 190.9±133.5 CAG IV 0.45% NaCl at 1 mg/kg/h for 12 h before and 12 h after the procedure\n Leoncini *et al*[@R14] Rosuvastatin 40 mg rosuvastatin on admission, followed by 20 mg/day plus 1200 mg NAC twice daily from the day before through the day after angiography Placebo plus 1200 mg NAC twice daily from the day before through the day after angiography Iodixanol 183±80 172±72 CAG±PCI IV 0.9% NaCl at 1 mL/kg/h for 12 h before and after procedure\n Li *et al*[@R27] Atorvastatin High-dose atorvastatin 80 mg prior to procedure and 40 mg every day thereafter Placebo Iopromide 100±25.9 103.6±26.2 CAG and PCI IV 0.9% NaCl at 1 mL/kg/h before the procedure and for 12 h after the procedure\n Ozhan *et al*[@R25] Atorvastatin High-dose atorvastatin 80 mg plus 600 mg NAC twice daily in 1st day followed by 80 mg atorvastatin for 2 days after procedure plus 600 mg NAC twice daily in 1st day followed by 80 mg atorvastatin for 2 days after procedure Iopamidol 97±7 93±6 CAG IV 0.9% NaCl 1000 mL infusion during 6 h after procedure\n Patti *et al*[@R24] Atorvastatin 80 mg atorvastatin 12 h before intervention with another 40 mg 2-h preprocedure, after procedure everyone put on 40 mg/day Placebo Iobitridol 209±72 213±13 PCI IV 0.9% NaCl at 1 mL/kg/h for 12 h before and 12 h after intervention\n Quintavalle *et al*[@R23] Atorvastatin 80 mg atorvastatin within 24 h before CM exposure plus NAC 1200 mg twice daily, orally the day before and day of CM administration Placebo plus NAC 1200 mg twice daily, orally the day before and day of CM administration Iodixanol 177±74 184±78 CAG±PCI NaHCO~3~ sol. ", "154 meq/L in dextrose and water at 3 mL/kg/h at 1 h before CM injection and at 1 mL/kg/h during CM exposure and 6 h post-CM exposure\n Toso *et al*[@R22] Atorvastatin 80 mg/day atorvastatin for 48 h before and 48 h after CM administration plus oral NAC 1200 mg twice daily from the day before to a day after procedure Placebo plus oral NAC 1200 mg twice daily from the day before to a day after procedure Iodixanol 151±95 164±99 CAG±PCI IV 0 .9% NaCl at 1 mL/kg/h for 12 h before and after procedure\n\nCAG, coronary angiography; CM, contrast media; IV, intravenous; NAC, *N*-acetyl cysteine; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.", "\n\n###### \n\nClinical characteristics of the included studies\n\n Study (reference) Mean age (years) Males (n) Diabetes Mellitus (n) Baseline creatinine (mg/dL)\\* \n --------------------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------------------- ------------------------------- ------ ------ ------------------- -------------------\n Acikel *et al*[@R21] 58.7±8.5 60.8±10.8 51 51 19 20 0.84±0.14 0.85±0.16\n Han *et al*[@R13] 61.45±8.64 61.44±8.64 963 991 1498 1500 1.1±0.25 1.0±0.23\n Jo *et al*[@R26] 65.0±9.3 66.1±8.2 91 88 35 29 1.29±0.42 1.25±0.37\n Leoncini *et al*[@R14] 66.2±12.4 66.1±13.5 166 165 50 57 0.95±0.27 0.96±0.28\n Li *et al*[@R27] 66.3±7.4 65.4±7.2 58 64 21 24 0.93±0.13 0.93±0.13\n Ozhan *et al*[@R25] 54±10 55±8 27 40 9 12 0.88±0.20 0.88±0.19\n Patti *et al*[@R24] 65±11 66±10 91 96 36 32 1.04±0.32 1.04±0.22\n Quintavalle *et al*[@R23] 70±6 70±8 103 120 89 80 1.32 (0.96--1.62) 1.29 (0.88--1.61)\n Toso *et al*[@R22] 75±8 76±7 104 92 31 33 1.20±0.35 1.18±0.33\n\n\\*Baseline creatinine in Quintavalle is given in median and all other values as mean.", "\n\n###### \n\nQuality assessment of included randomised clinical trials\n\n Study AC R Blinding Analysis FU completion Similar base I/E criteria\n --------------------------- ---- --- ---------- ---------- --------------- -------------- --------------\n Acikel *et al*[@R21] UC Y UC UC Y Y Y\n Han *et al*[@R13] UC Y UC ITT Y Y Y\n Jo *et al*[@R26] Y Y DB ITT Y Y Y\n Leoncini *et al*[@R14] UC Y UC UC Y Y Y\n Li *et al*[@R27] Y Y BD UC Y Y Y\n Ozhan *et al*[@R25] UC Y UC UC Y Y Y\n Patti *et al*[@R24] Y Y DB PP Y Y Y\n Quintavalle *et al*[@R23] Y Y SB ITT Y Y Y\n Toso *et al*[@R22] UC Y UC UC Y Y Y\n\nAC, Allocation concealment; DB, double blind; FU, follow-up; I/E criteria, inclusion and exclusion criteria; ITT, intention-to-treat; PP, per-protocol; R, randomisation UC, unclear; Y, specified.", "\n\nAmong the nine RCTs, Jo *et al*[@R26] used 40 mg of simvastatin as a treatment arm against placebo while six other studies[@R21] [@R27] used atorvastatin; 80 mg atorvastatin was used in five studies[@R22] and 40 mg was used in one study.[@R21] Two recent trials used rosuvastatin in different doses, with Han *et al*[@R13] using 10 mg and Leoncini *et al*[@R14] using 40 mg. ", "Both studies showed significant beneficial effect of statin pretreatment. ", "In terms of contrast medium, four studies[@R21] [@R24] [@R25] [@R27] used non-ionic low-osmolar contrast medium and the rest of the studies[@R13] [@R14] [@R23] [@R26] used non-ionic iso-osmolar contrast medium.", "\n\nThe contrast procedure performed were percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in two studies,[@R24] [@R27] coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary in three studies,[@R14] [@R22] [@R23] coronary angiography only in three studies,[@R21] [@R25] [@R26] and coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention or peripheral arterial angiography in one study.[@R13]\n\nThe majority of the studies used serum creatinine increase of \\>0.5 mg/dL within 24 h to 5 days as their definition of CIN with exception of two studies.[@R21] [@R23] Quintavalle *et al*[@R23] used serum Cystatin C increase (10%) within 24 h of contrast medium administration and Acikel *et al*[@R21] used combination of serum creatinine, Cystatin C and glomerular filtration rate as the definition for CIN.", "\n\nThe hydration protocol with normal saline was standard in all the studies along with the use of NAC in four studies.[@R14] [@R22] [@R23] [@R25]\n\nOne similarity among all the studies was the inclusion of patients with diabetes in both arms of the RCTs. ", "Of the nine studies, six studies[@R13] [@R14] [@R22] [@R26] had patients with chronic kidney disease with creatinine clearance \\<60 mL/min or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) \\<60 mL/min/1.73 m^2^ and two studies[@R21] [@R25] excluded patients with GFR \\<70 mL/min/1.73 m^2^. Li *et al*[@R27] also excluded patients with history of renal dysfunction.", "\n\nThe primary end point of eight out of the nine studies was CIN, defined as an increase in serum creatinine by more than 25% or 0.5 mg/dL within 3 days, or serum Cystatin concentration \\>10% within 24 h of the administration of contrast medium in the absence of alternative explanations.[@R28] In the Jo *et al*[@R26] study, change in serum creatinine level was the primary end point and incidence of CIN was the secondary end point.", "\n\nOutcomes {#s3c}\n--------\n\nBased on pooled estimates across the nine randomised controlled trials, there was a significant benefit associated with statin treatment (MH-RR=0.47, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.64, p\\<0.00001). ", "Thus, statin use, irrespective of type of statin, has a beneficial role in preventing CIN. ", "We drew our conclusions using the random-effects model for this analysis given the clinical and methodological heterogeneity of the RCTs included in the meta-analysis.[@R19]\n\nThe Forest plot in [figure 2](#OPENHRT2014000127F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the results of studies pooled in the meta-analysis.", "\n\n{#OPENHRT2014000127F2}\n\nThere was moderate heterogeneity among the studies using random method (I^2^=29%, χ^2^=11.24, df=8, p=0.19). ", "The I^2^ measure was used to quantify heterogeneity as it is independent of the number of studies in the meta-analysis and has better power as compared to using the χ^2^ method.[@R29] [@R30]\n\nSensitivity analysis measured the effect of individual studies on the summary effect size. ", "It showed that the summary effect was statistically significant (MH-RR=0.40, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.59, p\\<0.00001, benefit by 7%). ", "After removing studies by Ozhan *et al*,[@R25] Toso *et al*,[@R22] Jo *et al*[@R26] study and Acikel *et al*,[@R21] the statistical significance improved. ", "Publication bias was assessed by Funnel plot ([figure 3](#OPENHRT2014000127F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) with SE of log RR against RR. ", "It shows the symmetrical distribution of the plot around the summary effect size showing no publication bias.", "\n\n{#OPENHRT2014000127F3}\n\nSubgroup analysis {#s3d}\n-----------------\n\nThere is clinical and methodological diversity in the studies included in this meta-analysis. ", "This issue was addressed by using subgroup analysis as prespecified in the methods section.", "\n\n### Renal impairment {#s3d1}\n\nOut of nine clinical trials, six studies[@R13] [@R14] [@R22] [@R26] included patients with pre-existing renal impairment. ", "Among them, two[@R14] [@R24] have patients with normal renal function and the other five[@R13] [@R22] [@R23] [@R26] (8, 9, 12, 16) included only patients without renal impairment at the baseline. ", "Ozhan *et al*[@R21] [@R25] excluded patients with GFR \\<70 min/mL/1.73 m^2^. The definition of pre-existing renal impairment among the trials was not consistent. ", "Four studies[@R14] [@R22] [@R24] [@R26] included patients with serum creatinine clearance \\<60 mL/min; and the remaining trials[@R13] [@R23] only included GFR \\>60 mL/min/1.73 m^2^. Therefore, our study defined renal impairment as GFR \\<60 mL/min/1.73 m^2^ or creatinine clearance \\<60 mL/min, excluding patients on dialysis.", "\n\nIn our subgroup analysis, we found that statins significantly reduced the risk of CIN in patientswith or without renal impairment ([figure 4](#OPENHRT2014000127F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In patients with renal impairment, statin reduced CIN risk by 54% (MH-RR=0.46, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.72, p=0.0008). ", "In patients without renal impairment, statin reduced the CIN risk by 55% (MH-RR=0.42, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.63, p\\<0.0001). ", "There was no statistically significant difference in the degree of beneficial effect of statin on CIN prevention between both groups (p=0.79).", "\n\n{#OPENHRT2014000127F4}\n\n### Acute renal failure requiring dialysis in statin versus control group {#s3d2}\n\nOut of nine RCTs, four trials[@R13] [@R14] [@R22] [@R26] defined the number of patients who developed acute renal failure requiring dialysis. ", "In Toso *et al*[@R22] and Jo *et al*[@R26] trials, the statin groups had no patients developing acute renal failure requiring dialysis, whereas the control groups had one event each. ", "In two trials,[@R14] [@R13] there were two events of acute renal failure requiring dialysis in the control group compared to none in the statin group. ", "We analysed the relative risk of this major adverse event in the studies mentioned above, but it was not statistically significant (MH-RR=0.25, 95% CI 0.05 to 1.21, p=0.09).", "\n\nQuintavalle *et al*[@R23] described the need for chronic dialysis in eight patients without differentiating its occurrence in either statin group or control group, from a total of 37 major events in 402 patients.", "\n\n### Low-osmolar versus iso-osmolar contrast media {#s3d3}\n\nThe CIN prevention effect of statin therapy was also found to be independent of the type of contrast medium used ([figure 5](#OPENHRT2014000127F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Statin use significantly decreased the incidence of CIN by 48% in groups of patient who received iso-osmolar contrast (MH-RR=0.52, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.79, p=0.002) and 64% in low-osmolar contrast (MH-RR=0.31, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.60, p=0.0006). ", "There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the degree of statin\\'s CIN prevention effect (p=0.19).", "\n\n{#OPENHRT2014000127F5}\n\n### Concomitant pretreatment with NAC {#s3d4}\n\nAmong the nine RTC trials, four of the trials used NAC as a part of the study protocol in both treatment arm and control arm. ", "Statin\\'s CIN prevention effect was found to be independent of NAC use ([figure 6](#OPENHRT2014000127F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In patients without concurrent NAC therapy, statin reduced the risk of CIN by 49% (MH-RR=0.51, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.73, p=0.0002). ", "In patients who received NAC, statin reduced the risk of CIN by 54% (MH-RR=0.46, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.83, p=0.01). ", "The efficacy of statins in prevention of CIN between both groups was not statistically different (p=0.74).", "\n\n{#OPENHRT2014000127F6}\n\n### Statin type (comparison between atorvastatin and rosuvastatin) {#s3d5}\n\nFrom the nine RCT, there were six studies that used atorvastatin and two newer trials Han *et al*[@R13] and Leoncini *et al*[@R14] used rosuvastatin. ", "The beneficial effect of statin was seen in patients who received atorvastatin (MH-RR=0.38, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.71, p=0.002) as well as patients who received rosuvastatin (MH-RR=0.53, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.74, p=0.0002; [figure 7](#OPENHRT2014000127F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#OPENHRT2014000127F7}\n\n### Diabetes status {#s3d6}\n\nIn our subgroup analysis, we compared the outcome of interest (CIN) based on diabetes mellitus status ([figure 8](#OPENHRT2014000127F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The risk reduction of CIN in patients with diabetes was 39% (MH-RR=0.61, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.86, p=0.005), and in patients without diabetes was 39% (MH=RR=0.61, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.13, p=0.11). ", "However, the difference in risk reduction of CIN was not statistically significant between both groups (p=0.99).", "\n\n{#OPENHRT2014000127F8}\n\nDiscussion {#s4}\n==========\n\nThis meta-analysis based on nine randomised controlled trials demonstrates that administration of statin therapy has a statistically significant benefit of preventing CIN among patients undergoing interventional procedures requiring contrast media when compared to placebo or NAC. ", "In addition, both rosuvastatin and atorvastatin has shown statistically beneficial role in preventing CIN.", "\n\nCIN is a recognised complication after contrast media administration during interventional procedures. ", "The beneficial effect of statins on CIN prevention may be explained by multiple mechanisms. ", "After exposure to contrast medium, there is a short period of vasodilation followed by intense renal vasoconstriction. ", "Various molecules, including angiotensin, appear to be involved in the mechanism of this renal hypoperfusion.[@R31] Statins down-regulate angiotensin receptors and decrease endothelin synthesis, and therefore may prevent renal hypoperfusion and ischaemia.[@R32] Contrast medium may also cause direct damage to tubular cells facilitated by oxygen-free radicals, proinflammatory cytokines and complement activation, leading to protein precipitates, which causes tubular obstruction.[@R31] Statins have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as tendency to reduce endothelin secretion, which may be the mechanism for the CIN prevention effect of statins.[@R33] [@R34]\n\nOur present study adds to the current literature by suggesting that statins prevent CIN even in patients with pre-existing renal impairment. ", "Previous studies and meta-analysis were not able to find any CIN preventive effect of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease.[@R9] [@R22] [@R26] [@R35] This is most likely because of the smaller sample size of patients being studied and analysed. ", "We included a total of 1330 patients with renal impairment in our subgroup analysis of the CIN prevention effect of statins. ", "This is concordant with other studies showing the beneficial effects of statins in patients with CKD.[@R36] [@R37] However, given that most of our included trials have excluded patients with GFR \\<30, it remains unclear if statins will be beneficial in reducing CI-AKI in patients with CKD stage 4 or 5. ", "We also found that there were more patients who developed CIN, who eventually required dialysis in the control group as compared to the group who received statin therapy (six out of 2022 vs none out of 2019), although conclusions from this observation cannot be made due to incomplete reporting of ultimate progression to haemodialysis from several of the studies.", "\n\nOur analysis also showed that the CIN preventive effect of statins is seen in patients receiving iso-osmolar or low-osmolar contrast. ", "This finding is in keeping with the 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines,[@R2] which recommend both options of contrast (low-osmolal or iso-osmolar) without a precedence of one over the other.[@R38] Looking at the absolute reduction of CIN in our analysis, low-osmolar contrast had a lower incidence of CIN. ", "However, this absolute reduction of CIN might be attributed to the reduced average amount of contrast used when compared to iso-osmolar contrast.", "\n\nRisk factors for CIN include CKD, use of first generation hyperosmolal ionic contrast agents, hypovolemia, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use, renal transplantation and heart failure.[@R39]\n\nIn our subgroup analysis, we found the CIN prevention effect of statins was independent of the use of NAC. ", "It has been previously suggested that statins would not benefit patients who had been premedicated with NAC, with the hypothesis that both statins and NAC act on similar pathways.[@R9] Our findings suggest that patients may benefit from administration of statins regardless of whether they were planned to receive NAC or not.", "\n\nWe also found that the beneficial effects of statins were seen equally in patients that were treated with high-dose atorvastatin and rosuvastatin. ", "Definitive conclusions regarding the superiority of one of the two mentioned statins over the other cannot be made. ", "The question of whether simvastatin exerts the same CIN prevention effect remains unclear, especially when the RCTs using simvastatins are limited. ", "In Jo *et al*,[@R26] simvastatin did not show a statistical significant decrease risk of CIN. ", "This raises the question on the role of statin potency in the mechanism of CIN prevention.", "\n\nOur study yielded a significant result in statin\\'s CIN prevention efficacy in patients with diabetes. ", "Our non-significant result in patients with no diabetes is most likely due to inadequate sample size in the group with no diabetes, as our subgroup analysis included 3228 patients with diabetes and only 914 patients without diabetes. ", "Supporting this theory is that both groups were found to have similar RRs of 0.61.", "\n\nThere are several limitations in this meta-analysis. ", "First, during the analysis, we found that most of the randomised controlled trials of statin use as prevention of CIN were performed in patients undergoing coronary angiography or PCI. ", "We are unaware of randomised trials examining statin use for the prevention of CIN outside of cardiovascular angiography. ", "Given likely pre-existing use in this patient cohort, the finding of statin benefit is unlikely to have large clinical implication. ", "There clearly exists a need to repeat these trials in patients who are likely to be statin naïve, undergoing iodinated contrast exposure for non-cardiovascular imaging procedures such as CT scan.", "\n\nSecond, the studies analysed the CIN prevention effect of statins with a total of three types of statins, at varied doses, for different duration of treatment. ", "The latest two studies used rosuvastatin for 12 h prior to the procedure, and were continued for 12 and 24 h in each study, respectively. ", "These variations in treatment protocols may have lead to different effects in prevention of CIN. ", "Third, the definition of CIN was not the same in all the studies and varied in the amount of absolute increase of creatinine and under different predetermined post-procedural time period.", "\n\nConclusion {#s5}\n==========\n\nThe results of this meta-analysis suggest that statin pretreatment reduces the incidence of CIN, and is independent presence of renal impairment, of the type of contrast used and concomitant NAC therapy. ", "Further studies are needed to determine the appropriate statin pretreatment regimen, including the type, dosing and duration of statin pretreatment. ", "Our study sets a platform for future pharmacological guidelines and clinical trials, as well as highlights the need for trials studying statin\\'s efficacy in other non-cardiac contrast procedures such as radiological imaging.", "\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\n###### Web supplement\n\n**Contributors:** NS, JZL and JJH were involved in integration of data and drafting of manuscript. ", "SWL took part in revision of the manuscript and integration of data. ", "CH was involved in systematic search of the literature. ", "AP took part in integration of data and revision of manuscript. ", "PS took part in revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. ", "KSL was involved in conception and design, revising critically for important intellectual content and final approval of the manuscript.", "\n\n**Funding:** This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.", "\n\n**Competing interests:** None.", "\n\n**Provenance and peer review:** Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.", "\n\n**Data sharing statement:** No additional data are available.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Zebrafish Differentially Process Color across Visual Space to Match Natural Scenes.", "\nAnimal eyes have evolved to process behaviorally important visual information, but how retinas deal with statistical asymmetries in visual space remains poorly understood. ", "Using hyperspectral imaging in the field, in vivo 2-photon imaging of retinal neurons, and anatomy, here we show that larval zebrafish use a highly anisotropic retina to asymmetrically survey their natural visual world. ", "First, different neurons dominate different parts of the eye and are linked to a systematic shift in inner retinal function: above the animal, there is little color in nature, and retinal circuits are largely achromatic. ", "Conversely, the lower visual field and horizon are color rich and are predominately surveyed by chromatic and color-opponent circuits that are spectrally matched to the dominant chromatic axes in nature. ", "Second, in the horizontal and lower visual field, bipolar cell terminals encoding achromatic and color-opponent visual features are systematically arranged into distinct layers of the inner retina. ", "Third, above the frontal horizon, a high-gain UV system piggybacks onto retinal circuits, likely to support prey capture." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Lumbar muscle inflammation alters spinally mediated locomotor recovery induced by training in a mouse model of complete spinal cord injury.", "\nLocomotor networks after spinal cord injury (SCI) are shaped by training-activated proprioceptive and cutaneous inputs. ", "Nociception from injured tissues may alter these changes but has largely been overlooked. ", "The objective of the present study was to ascertain whether lumbar muscle inflammation hinders locomotion recovery in a mouse model of complete SCI. ", "Lower limb kinematics during treadmill training was assessed before and after complete SCI at T8 (2, 7, 14, 21 and 28days post-injury). ", "Locomotor recovery was compared in 4 groups of CD1 mice: control spinal mice; spinal mice with daily locomotor training; spinal mice with lumbar muscle inflammation (Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) injection); and spinal mice with locomotor training and CFA. ", "On day 28, H-reflex excitability and its inhibition at high-frequency stimulation (frequency-dependent depression: FDD) were compared between groups, all of which showed locomotor recovery. ", "Recovery was enhanced by training, whereas lumbar muscle inflammation hindered these effects (knee angular excursion and paw drag: p's<0.05). ", "In addition, lumbar muscle inflammation impaired hind limb coupling during locomotion (p<0.05) throughout recovery. ", "Also, H-reflex disinhibition was prevented by training, with or without CFA injection (p's<0.05). ", "Altogether, these results indicate that back muscle inflammation modulates spinally mediated locomotor recovery in mice with complete SCI, in part, by reducing adaptive changes induced by training." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\"Uno spiacevole equivoco nella comunicazione tra medico e familiari sulle condizioni cliniche della paziente ricoverata al Santissima Annunziata di Sassari\". ", "Così l'azienda ospedaliero sanitaria di Sassari in merito alla vicenda della donna di 80 anni data per morta ma ancora viva e sulla quale è stata aperta una verifica (\"audit\") interna.", "\n\n\"Per questo ci scusiamo con la famiglia della signora che ora si trova ricoverata in gravi condizioni nel reparto di Rianimazione\", spiega il direttore sanitario dell'Aou di Sassari Nicolò Orrù che precisa: \"nessuna richiesta di donazione è mai stata fatta alla famiglia\". ", "Piuttosto sarebbe stato un \"fraintendimento\": \"l'ipotesi prospettata dal medico del reparto, che ha comunicato con la famiglia, è stata presa come un dato di fatto\". \"", "Come prevede la procedura, infatti - spiega l'Aou in una nota - la richiesta di disponibilità alla donazione può essere fatta soltanto in presenza di una diagnosi di morte cerebrale. ", "Che non si è mai verificata\"\n\nLA STORIA - A Uri, il paesino dell'hinterland sassarese in cui vive, avantieri le campane avevano già suonato a morte. ", "E i familiari, ormai rassegnati, si erano già accordati col parroco per celebrare il funerale. ", "Tutto pronto: bara acquistata e trafila burocratica conclusa per il loculo. ", "Solo che la donna di 80 anni protagonista di questa singolare vicenda è ancora viva: è in condizioni gravi, ricoverata nel reparto di Rianimazione dell'ospedale Santissima Annunziata di Sassari, ma ancora lotta e la sua prognosi è riservata.", "\n\nLunedì mattina la figlia l'ha trovata nel bagno di casa, in terra, in stato di semi-incoscienza, colpita da un ictus. ", "L'anziana è stata trasportata in ospedale a bordo di un'ambulanza dell'associazione di volontariato e ricoverata in terapia d'urgenza. ", "Qualche ora dopo i parenti sono tornati in ospedale per sapere le sue condizioni. \"", "È morta cerebralmente, ormai non c'è più nulla da fare - avrebbe detto loro un medico del reparto - Se volete potete firmare l'autorizzazione all'espianto degli organi\", sarebbe stato il suggerimento.", "\n\nAddolorati, hanno firmato e hanno acconsentito all'espianto delle cornee. ", "Rientrati in paese, si sono dedicati ai preparativi per il funerale della congiunta. ", "Ma ieri mattina, tornati in ospedale, hanno scoperto che la vecchina è ancora viva: trasferita in Rianimazione, dove si trova tutt'ora, grave ma ancora viva.", "\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Determination of cetylpyridinium chloride and tetracaine hydrochloride in buccal tablets by RP-HPLC.", "\nThe HPLC method for simultaneous determination of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), tetracaine hydrochloride (TTC) in Xipiluan buccal tablets was developed and validated. ", "The HPLC method was performed on a CN column (150 x 4.6 mm i.d., ", "5 microm particle size); the mobile phase was methanol-tetramethylammonium hydroxide (20 mM)-potassium dihydrogen phosphate (3 mM) (90:10:3, v/v/v) (pH* 5.0), pumped at a flow rate 1.5 ml min(-1). ", "The UV detector was set at 230 nm. ", "The retention time for CPC and TTC was 3.52 and 3.10 min, respectively. ", "Calibration curves were linear (r=0.9999, n=6) in the range of 5-2000 microg ml(-1) for CPC and 1-500 microg ml(-1) for TTC. ", "Limit of detection and quantitation for CPC was 0.033 and 0.11 microg ml(-1), for TTC were 0.0056 and 0.019 microg ml(-1). ", "The R.S.D. of repeatability and intermediate precision for CPC and TTC were less than 2.0%." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ " \n\n\nFiled 12/11/14 In re E.C. CA5\n\n\n\n\n NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS\nCalifornia Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for\npublication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). ", "This opinion has not been certified for publication\nor ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.", "\n\n\n\n\n IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA\n FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT\n\nIn re E.C., a Minor.", "\n\nM.C., F069227\n\n Petitioner and Respondent, (Super. ", "Ct. ", "No. ", "AT-3381)\n\n v. OPINION\n\nU.C.,\n\n Objector and Appellant.", "\n\n\n\n THE COURT*\n APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kern County. ", "John D.\nOgelsby, Judge.", "\n Carolyn S. Hurley, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Objector and\nAppellant.", "\n No appearance for Petitioner and Respondent.", "\n\n -ooOoo-  \n\n                                                            \n* Before Hill, P. J., Levy, J. and Detjen, J.\n\n \n\f \n\n\n\n U.C. (father) appeals the judgment declaring his minor daughter, E.C. (the child),\nfree from his custody and control (Fam. ", "Code,1 § 7822), upon the petition brought by her\nmother, M.C. (mother). ", "On appeal, father contends that the evidence was insufficient to\nshow he left the child with the intent to abandon her within the meaning of section 7822,\nand the trial court abused its discretion in granting mother’s petition because it was not\nshown that terminating his parental rights was in the child’s best interests. ", "We disagree\nwith his contentions and affirm the judgment.", "\n FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND\n In 2005, the child was born in Bakersfield. ", "Father spent some time with the child\nbefore he left Bakersfield and moved to Mexico, where he lived between 2006 and 2009.", "\n In 2008, while father was living in Mexico, mother obtained a judgment awarding\nher sole legal and physical custody of the child. ", "After father returned from Mexico, he\nsaw the child once at the child’s maternal great grandmother’s house around July 4, 2009,\nwhen mother was in the hospital giving birth to one of the child’s half-siblings.", "\n Father was incarcerated from December 2010 until December 2011. ", "He made no\nchild support payments until he got a steady job in January 2013, at which time his\npaychecks were garnished to pay his past support obligation.2\n In September 2013, mother petitioned to terminate father’s parental rights and to\ndeclare the child free from father’s custody and control under section 7822.", "\n On November 13, 2013, the family court services investigator filed a report\nrecommending that the trial court grant mother’s petition. ", "According to the report,\nmother currently lived with the child, mother’s significant other, J.A., and the child’s two\n\n\n\n                                                            \n1 All further statutory references are to the Family Code unless otherwise specified.", "\n2 At trial, father testified mother “took [him] off” child support around January 2013, and\nthe amounts being deducted from his paycheck were for “back pay” he owed.", "\n 2\n \n\f \n\n\n\nhalf-siblings. ", "The child was aware of who father was but had no recollection of him and\nregarded J.A. as her father.", "\n Mother told the investigator she and J.A. had been in a relationship since 2008,\nwhen the child was three years old. ", "Mother and J.A. had two children together, a four-\nyear-old boy and a two-year-old girl. ", "In 2011, mother earned a Bachelor of Arts degree\nand was currently employed as a fraud investigator with a credit union.", "\n Mother reported the child had expressed confusion about having a different last\nname than her half-siblings and wanted to drop father’s last name from her legal name. ", "It\nwas mother and J.A.’s intention, once they were married, for J.A. to adopt the child.", "\nMother noted she had been cautious about the amount of information she had given to the\nchild about father, explaining the child was doing so well emotionally and academically,\nmother did not want to cause any disruptions.", "\n According to mother, father had made no effort to contact mother or see the child\nin more than five years, he made no attempt to modify the existing custody order, and he\nhad not provided any form of support for the child.", "\n Father appeared in court on November 15, 2013, the court appointed counsel, and\ncontinued the hearing to January 2014. ", "In January, the court continued the hearing to\nMarch, and ordered the investigator to file a supplemental report.", "\n The investigator interviewed father on March 7, 2014. ", "Father reported that he was\nunaware of the family court proceeding, which took place on April 21, 2008, in which\nmother was awarded sole legal and physical custody of the child as he was residing in\nMexico at the time. ", "According to father, he believed he and mother were still in a long-\ndistance dating relationship and was surprised by the family court proceeding.", "\n The investigator questioned father as to why he did not file for visitation in the\nfamily court upon his return to the United States. ", "Father replied that he believed he was\nunsuitable to have the child around him at that time but now was on the right path, noting\n 3\n \n\f \n\n\n\nhe was gainfully employed and had no parole violations since his release from jail in\nDecember 2011. ", "Father told the investigator he had planned to file to modify the custody\norder, but mother filed the abandonment proceeding before he was able to do so.", "\n The matter came on for trial on March 14, 2014. ", "On direct examination, mother\ntestified to the lack of contact from father and his failure to exercise visitation rights and\npay child support.", "\n On cross-examination by father’s counsel, mother admitted she wanted father to\nhave little or no contact with the child, and that she had done nothing to foster contact or\nestablish a relationship between them. ", "Mother did not contact father or his family to let\nthem know the address where she had been living the past five years, nor did she give\nfather her phone number. ", "Mother indicated in a court filing that she wanted her address\nto be kept confidential because she did not want him to know where she was living.", "\n Although she was aware his family went to Mexico every summer, mother did not\nknow father was in Mexico with his sick father in 2008, when mother obtained sole legal\nand physical custody of the child. ", "Because mother did not know where father was at the\ntime, she tried to publish notice of the custody proceedings.", "\n After mother obtained sole custody of the child, she had some contact with\nfather’s family and would hear how father was doing, mainly through father’s mother and\nsister. ", "Mother never received any Christmas gifts from father for the child and she was\nnot aware of father’s mother (the paternal grandmother) attempting to call her in 2013.", "\n Mother did not give her address to father’s sister, who helped babysit the child\nwhen mother was going to college. ", "Mother acknowledged that father’s sister sent her a\nmessage on Facebook but testified “that was years ago.”", "\n Father’s sister testified that the last time she saw the child was around three years\nago, when the child was five years old. ", "When asked if she made any efforts to contact\nmother regarding visitation with the child, father’s sister testified that, “[a]t the beginning\n 4\n \n\f \n\n\n\nwhere my brother wasn’t here,” she and the paternal grandmother would try to call\nmother. ", "However, mother would not answer whenever they called, so they would “bug”\nmother’s mother (maternal grandmother) who eventually “wouldn’t answer either.” ", "The\nlast time father’s sister and the paternal grandmother tried to call the maternal\ngrandmother to get in touch with the child was around three years ago.", "\n When father’s counsel asked father’s sister whether they made any attempts to\nfind mother between January 2013 and September 2013, father’s sister testified that she\nand the paternal grandmother always used to call the maternal grandmother on the child’s\nbirthday and on Christmas to try to speak to the child. ", "However, because the maternal\ngrandmother would not answer their phone calls, “we actually stopped because I think it\nwasn’t even worth it if she wasn’t going to let [the child] see us or us to talk to her.”", "\n Father’s counsel then asked father’s sister if father had ever requested that she\nhelp him to locate mother. ", "She responded: “Through Facebook. ", "I think I texted her one\ntime through Facebook, but she never answered me back.” ", "When asked how many times\nshe tried to contact mother in 2013, father’s sister testified: “To tell you the truth,\nprobably like one time because that was the only time. ", "When I texted her through\nFacebook, she never texted me back so I really never tried it again because she wouldn’t\neven text back or send me a message back.”", "\n Father testified that he had known mother since they were 13 years old, but he did\nnot know where she currently lived. ", "He never received any messages from mother telling\nhim where she was living. ", "Father wanted to have a relationship with the child and paid\nchild support, which was deducted from his paycheck.", "\n When father’s counsel asked father to describe the efforts he made to find mother\nbetween January 1, 2013 and September 13, 2013, father testified he “only went twice to\nher grandma’s house,” once at the beginning of the year and once in May. When asked if\nhe made any inquiries into the child’s location, father testified: “Yeah. ", "I did once and\n 5\n \n\f \n\n\n\nthen they told me they don’t talk to her no more” and “they don’t know where she stay\nat.” ", "When asked if he thought he had “exhausted all attempts” to locate the child, father\ntestified: “No. ", "I think I could have tried harder.”", "\n Father did not return to Bakersfield during the three-year period when he was\nliving in Mexico between 2006 and 2009. ", "When father’s counsel asked him why he went\nto Mexico, father responded: “I was there when my dad—and I guess I just stayed\nthere.” ", "Father used to give money to the paternal grandmother to give to the child. ", "The\nlast item he asked the paternal grandmother to buy for the child was a doll in 2010.", "\nFather thought the child received the doll.", "\n During cross-examination by the child’s counsel, father acknowledged he told the\ninvestigator he did not contact the child when he got back from Mexico because he\nbelieved he was unsuitable to have his daughter around him. ", "Father explained he did not\nhave a job, he was drinking a lot, and he was not responsible. ", "When father left for\nMexico in 2006, he and mother used to talk on a weekly basis until she moved in with her\nboyfriend. ", "Father was unable to recall when mother moved in with her boyfriend or how\nlong father and mother kept in touch after father moved to Mexico.", "\n After listening to the argument of counsel regarding whether the evidence\nestablished father had abandoned the child and terminating his parental rights was in the\nchild’s best interests, the trial court ruled as follows:\n\n “Having heard the evidence at the trial, argument of counsel, and reviewed\n and read and considered the Family Court Services investigation report as\n well as supplemental investigation report, the Court will grant the petition.", "\n And I think [mother’s counsel] has articulated the issue very well. ", "One,\n that the mother has no obligation to seek out the father who has clearly\n abandoned the child for returning to Mexico for a substantial period of time\n and upon his return, based upon the Family Court Services investigator’s\n report, spent a substantial time in custody and did not provide in any direct\n fashion for support. ", "The mother does not have an obligation to seek out,\n under these circumstances, to facilitate the father’s visitation and the Court\n\n 6\n \n\f \n\n\n finds that there’s been no frustration by her part. ", "She’s simply gone on\n with her life and obviously that is something that this Court finds to be\n appropriate under these circumstances.”", "\n\n DISCUSSION\n Father’s contentions on appeal essentially challenge the sufficiency of the\nevidence to show that he left the child with the intent to abandon her within the meaning\nof section 7822, and that terminating his parental rights was in the child’s best interests.", "\nFor reasons discussed below, we reject father’s challenge.", "\n A. Applicable legal Standards\n “Under section 7822, a court may declare a child free from a parent’s custody and\ncontrol if the parent has abandoned the child. ", "Abandonment occurs when a ‘parent has\nleft the child in the care and custody of the other parent for a period of one year without\nany provision for the child’s support, or without communication from the parent, with the\nintent on the part of the parent to abandon the child.’ (§ ", "7822, subd. (", "a), italics added.)", "\nThus, a section 7822 proceeding is appropriate where ‘three main elements’ are met: ‘(1)\nthe child must have been left with another; (2) without provision for support or without\ncommunication from ... his parent[] for a period of one year; and (3) all of such acts are\nsubject to the qualification that they must have been done “with the intent on the part of\nsuch parent ... to abandon [the child].”’ [", "Citation.] ‘", "The ... failure to provide support, or\nfailure to communicate is presumptive evidence of the intent to abandon. ", "If the parent ...\nha[s] made only token efforts to support or communicate with the child, the court may\ndeclare the child abandoned by the parent ....’ (§ 7822, subd. (", "b).)” (", "Adoption of Allison\nC. (2008) 164 Cal.", "App.4th 1004, 1010, fn. ", "omitted.)", "\n If the court finds abandonment, then it must consider the child’s best interests\nbefore deciding whether to terminate parental rights. (", "Neumann v. Melgar (2004) 121\nCal.", "App.4th 152, 156.) ", "The best interests of the child are paramount in interpreting and\nimplementing the statutory scheme for terminating parental rights. (", "Id. at p. 162.)", "\n 7\n \n\f \n\n\n\nSection 7890 provides that the “court shall consider the wishes of the child, bearing in\nmind the age of the child, and shall act in the best interest of the child.”", "\n This court applies a substantial evidence standard of review to the trial court’s\nfindings, keeping in mind that in a section 7822 proceeding, all of the trial court’s\nfindings must be made by clear and convincing evidence. (§ ", "7821; In re Amy A. (2005)\n132 Cal.", "App.4th 63, 67 (Amy A.).) ", "We cannot consider the credibility of witnesses,\nattempt to resolve conflicts in the evidence, or weigh the evidence. ", "Instead, we draw all\nreasonable inferences in support of the findings, view the record favorably to the trial\ncourt’s order, and affirm the order even if there is substantial evidence supporting a\ncontrary finding. (", "Sheila S. v. Superior Court (2000) 84 Cal.", "App.4th 872, 880; In re\nBaby Boy L. (1994) 24 Cal.", "App.4th 596, 610.) ", "When two or more inferences can be\nreasonably deduced from the facts, the reviewing court is without power to substitute its\ndeductions for those of the trial court. ", "The direct evidence of one witness is sufficient to\nprove a fact. (", "Evid. ", "Code, § 411.)", "\n B. Analysis\n Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment, we conclude the\nrecord discloses substantial evidence supporting the trial court’s implicit findings that\nfather left the child with the requisite intent to abandon the child within the meaning of\nsection 7822. ", "Father’s trial testimony established that he voluntarily left the child with\nmother when he went to Mexico in 2006, and that, sometime during his inexplicably\nextended stay, he became aware mother had obtained a judgment awarding her sole\ncustody of the child and had started a relationship with another man, after which time,\ncontact between father and mother ceased. ", "Despite father’s apparent awareness of the\ncustody order and that he could seek modification of the order and request visitation,\nfather testified to making a conscious decision not to file for visitation upon his return\n\n\n 8\n \n\f \n\n\n\nfrom Mexico in 2010, because he did not think he was suitable to be around the child at\nthat time.", "\n Although father claimed to the investigator that he later planned to file for\nmodification of the custody order because he now felt he was on the right path, citing the\ncircumstances that he had no parole violations since his release from jail in December\n2011, and that he had found gainful employment, father presented no explanation as to\nwhat prevented him from filing for modification of the custody order and requesting\nvisitation during the time period between his release from jail in December 2011 and\nSeptember 2013, when mother filed the section 7822 petition. ", "Father did not present any\nevidence or claim (as he now does on appeal) that he delayed filing because he\nreasonably thought he would be able to establish contact with the child without court\nintervention in light of the fact that he had known mother and her family since they were\nteenagers, and that when he finally realized court intervention was necessary it was too\nlate because mother had already filed her petition. ", "This theory of why father did not file\nfor modification of the custody order was not presented to the trial court and we see no\nsupport for it in the record. ", "Indeed, the circumstances that mother obtained sole custody\nof the child, began a new relationship, and stopped communicating with father prior to\nhis return from Mexico in 2010, tend to contradict father’s assertion that it would be\nreasonable for him to think that mother would be amenable to letting him see the child\nwithout him needing to file for visitation, when he finally considered himself ready to\nhave a relationship with the child.", "\n The record also provides no support for father argument that mother’s alleged\nconcealment of the child effectively prevented him from communicating with the child\nduring the statutory period before she filed the petition and that, therefore, the\npresumption he intended to abandon the child, which would otherwise arise under section\n7822, subdivision (b), was inapplicable. ", "The facts here do now show concealment by\n 9\n \n\f \n\n\n\nmother but support the trial court’s conclusion that mother had simply moved on with her\nlife. ", "Like the trial court, we are aware of no legal authority obliging mother to make\nactive efforts to seek out father and facilitate contact between him and the child after\nfather voluntarily left the child and moved to another country for three years and\npurposefully decided not to file for visitation with the child upon his return. ", "If father had\nobtained a visitation order (which he apparently knew he was entitled to do) and mother\nhad thereafter failed to produce the child for visits, than we would be faced with a\ndifferent situation. ", "But that is not what happened here.", "\n In any event, father presented no evidence of specific attempts by him to\ncommunicate with the child, which were directly frustrated by mother alleged conduct of\nconcealing the child. ", "At trial, father testified the “only” attempts he made to find the\nchild in 2013, consisted of him going twice to the child’s maternal great grandmother’s\nhouse.3 He also made some limited inquiries about the child to mother’s relatives, who\nindicated they did not have any current information. ", "Although father complains mother\ndid not provide him with her address or phone number, father never testified that he\nactually tried to look up this information and was unable to find it, or that his failure to\nfile for modification of the custody order or visitation was due to his not having mother’s\naddress. ", "It appears from the record father was subject to an enforceable child support\norder and therefore he presumably knew which court had jurisdiction over the custody\nmatter. ", "Therefore, despite his suggestions to the contrary, the record does not establish\nthat mother’s concealment of her contact information was the cause of father’s failure to\ncommunicate or make contact with the child during the statutory period.", "\n\n\n                                                            \n3 On appeal, father faults mother for not responding to his visits to her grandmother’s\nhouse in 2013, but there was no evidence mother was aware of these visits. ", "Rather, it appears\nthe last such visit of which mother was aware occurred around July 4, 2009, when she was in the\nhospital giving birth to her son.", "\n 10\n \n\f \n\n\n\n Father unconvincingly suggests his sister’s testimony established that mother\nthwarted his active attempts to communicate with the child in the year leading up to the\nfiling of the petition. ", "Father’s sister primarily testified to efforts made by her and the\npaternal grandmother to contact the child by calling the maternal grandmother during the\nperiod when father was living in Mexico. ", "According to her testimony, she and the\npaternal grandmother gave up trying to contact the child three years earlier due to the\nlack of response to their phone calls. ", "Although father’s sister testified that she sent\nmother a single Facebook message on father’s behalf, the evidence did not conclusively\nestablish that the message was sent in 2013, as father suggests on appeal. ", "Mother\ntestified she received a Facebook message from father’s sister “years ago” and father’s\nsister did not specifically testify that she sent the message in 2013, but simply repeated\nthat she only contacted mother one time on Facebook when father’s counsel attempted to\nelicit testimony addressing a specific timeframe in 2013. ", "To the extent the testimony of\nmother and father’s sister conflict regarding the timing of the Facebook message, the\napplicable standard of review requires us to construe the testimony in favor of the\nconclusion that father left the child with the intent to abandon her, and made only token\nefforts to communicate with her.", "\n In arguing this conclusion was unsupported by substantial evidence, father cites\nAmy A., supra, 132 Cal.", "App.4th 63, and In re Jacklyn F. (2003) 114 Cal.", "App.4th 747\n(Jacklyn F.) as instructive. ", "In Jacklyn F., the facts were that the grandparents had filed a\nguardianship petition, when the child had been in their care for only three days. ", "The\nchild’s mother unsuccessfully contested the guardianship proceedings. ", "The court stated\nthat only the guardianship petition was granted, the child’s custody was “a matter of\njudicial decree, not abandonment,” (id. at p. 756) and that the mother in that case had\nadequately shown an intent to retain a parental role, such as by sending the child “‘stacks’\nof letters,” through the therapist for the child, and where there was confusion about her\n 11\n \n\f \n\n\n\nvisitation rights. (", "Ibid.) ", "This conduct did not amount to showing her intent was to leave\nthe child, although under different circumstances, there might be some possibility that a\nparent who stayed away from a child even after court intervention, might be found to\nhave “left” the child, within the meaning of section 7822. (", "Jacklyn F., at p. 756.)", "\n In Amy A., supra, 132 Cal.", "App.4th 63, the court concluded such “different …\ncircumstances” were present. (", "Id. at p. 70.) ", "Amy A. involved circumstances in which the\nfamily court awarded custody of the child to the mother and allowed the father reasonable\nvisitation. (", "Id. at p. 66.) ", "However, the father did not appear during the divorce\nproceedings, nor subsequently seek modification of the custody orders, nor make efforts\nto visit, nor attempt to act as a parent. ", "This court concluded that his “repeated inaction in\nthe face of the custody order provides substantial evidence that he voluntarily surrendered\nhis parental role and thus ‘left’ [the child] within the meaning of section 7822.” (", "Amy A.,\nsupra, at p. 70.)", "\n In suggesting this case is more like Jacklyn F. than Amy A., father relies on a\nskewed interpretation of the facts. ", "It is essentially father’s interpretation that when he\nwent to Mexico to tend to his sick father, mother opportunistically obtained a judgment\nawarding her sole custody of the child and thereafter concealed the child from father\nwhile he earnestly searched for her, realizing too late court intervention would be\nnecessary to establish contact with the child. ", "For reasons already discussed, the evidence\nbelow does not support the factual scenario suggested by father’s argument. ", "Even though\nthe facts here are not identical to those in Amy A., we similarly conclude that father’s\nrepeated inaction in the face of a known custody order dating back to 2008, provided\nsubstantial evidence that father voluntarily left the child within the meaning section 7822,\nand his failure to communicate with the child for the statutory period constituted\npresumptive evidence he intended to abandon the child. ", "The presumption was not\novercome by mother’s alleged concealment of the child or the minimal efforts to find the\n 12\n \n\f \n\n\n\nchild described by father’s testimony or by his relatives’ past efforts to make contact with\nthe child.", "\n Finally, we reject father’s contention that the court erred in granting mother’s\npetition under section 7822, because it was not shown to be in the child’s best interests to\nterminate his parental rights in accordance with the purpose of the statute. ", "Section 7800\nprovides: “The purpose of this part is to serve the welfare and best interest of a child by\nproviding the stability and security of an adoptive home when those conditions are\notherwise missing from the child’s life.” ", "Relying on the reference to “adoptive home” in\nsection 7800, father asserts that “without commitment from the Mother’s boyfriend to\nfirst marry the mother, and second to adopt E.C., it was an abuse of discretion to\nterminate parental rights of this father who desired to support and have contact with his\ndaughter.” ", "Thus, father appears to be contending it is an abuse of discretion for a court to\nterminate parental rights under section 7822, when there is no evidence of a pending\nstepparent adoption. ", "This is not the law.", "\n In In re Marcel N. (1991) 235 Cal.", "App.3d 1007 (Marcel N.), where a mother\nsought to terminate the parental rights of her ex-husband over their two minor children\npursuant to former Civil Code section 232, the predecessor statute to section 7822 (In re\nJ.W. (2002) 29 Cal.4th 200, 204), claiming he had abandoned the children for more than\none year. ", "Former Civil Code section 232 stated the same standards for termination as\nthose at issue here, and stated the same “‘adoptive home’” purpose as in the present\nsection 7800. (", "Marcel N., at p. 1011.) ", "In Marcel N., the former husband argued the\njuvenile court had no jurisdiction to proceed because there were no adoptions pending.", "\n The court in Marcel N., quoting the California Supreme Court’s construction of\nformer Civil Code section 232 in a parental termination case regarding foster children,\ndetermined that one parent’s rights could be terminated upon proper petition by the other\nparent in the absence of an “‘adopting parent waiting in the wings.’” (", "Marcel N., supra,\n 13\n \n\f \n\n\n\n235 Cal.", "App.3d at pp. ", "1011-1012, quoting In re Laura F. (1983) 33 Cal.3d 826, 838\n(Laura F.).)4 The court noted that while the stated purpose of the subject provisions was\nto permit terminations where adoption was the goal, it did not prohibit such proceedings\nfor other purposes. (", "Marcel N., at pp. ", "1011-1013.) ", "The court also pointed out that “if\nread literally, ... proceedings could never be used to terminate the parental rights of one\nparent if the second parent was providing a stable and secure home for a child” and could\nraise obvious equal protection problems regarding the comparative ability of remarried\nand single mothers to pursue the termination of a father’s parental rights. (", "Id. at p. 1013;\nsee also In re Randi D. (1989) 209 Cal.", "App.3d 624, 628 [majority holding former Civ.", "\nCode provision “contemplates severance of the parental right ... without reference to\nwhether or not adoption proceedings are pending”].)", "\n Here, there was substantial evidence supporting the trial court’s implicit finding\nthat termination of father’s parental rights was in the child’s best interests. ", "Although\nmother and J.A. were not married, they had been together since 2008, the majority of the\nchild’s young life, and they had two children together. ", "There was no indication mother\nand J.A. had done anything other than create a stable home life for the child and her two\nhalf-siblings. ", "The child was reportedly doing well both emotionally and academically.", "\nAlthough the child knew who father was, she had no recollection of him, regarded J.A. as\nher father, and desired to have father’s last name removed from her legal name. ", "There is\nno indication in the record that the child ever wished to see father and father’s inaction\nrespecting the longstanding order granting mother sole legal and physical custody of the\n\n                                                            \n4 The California Supreme Court found that, despite former Civil Code section 232’s same\nreference to “adoptive home” in its statement of purpose, there was no authority “for the\nproposition that termination is improper unless there is an adopting parent waiting in the wings.", "\nThe statute itself imposes no duty on the superior court to make an express finding as to the\nprospects for adoption of a particular child.” (", "Laura F., supra, 33 Cal.3d at p. 838, fn. ", "omitted.)", "\n \n\n 14\n \n\f \n\n\n\nchild, without any provision for visitation by father, was inconsistent with his stated\ndesire to have a relationship with the child. ", "We find there is substantial evidence to\nsupport the trial court’s findings and the judgment freeing the child from father’s custody\nand control.", "\n DISPOSITION\n The judgment is affirmed.", "\n \n\n\n\n\n 15\n \n\f" ]

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[ "Yes, the add and remove cases do share the same basic loop and thelocking, but the compiler can inline and then CSE some of the end resultanyway. ", "And splitting it up makes the code way easier to follow,and makes it clearer exactly what the semantics are.", "\n\nIn particular, we must make sure that the FASYNC flag in file->f_flagsexactly matches the state of \"is this file on any fasync list\", sincenot only is that flag visible to user space (F_GETFL), but we also usethat flag to check whether we need to remove any fasync entries on fileclose.", "\n\nWe got that wrong for the case of a mixed use of file locking (whichtries to remove any fasync entries for file leases) and fasync.", "\n\nSplitting the function up also makes it possible to do some futureoptimizations without making the function even messier. ", "In particular,since the FASYNC flag has to match the state of \"is this on a list\", wecan do the following future optimizations:\n\n- on remove, we don't even need to get the locks and traverse the list if FASYNC isn't set, since we can know a priori that there is no point (this is effectively the same optimization that we already do in __fput() wrt removing fasync on file close)\n\n- on add, we can use the FASYNC flag to decide whether we are changing an existing entry or need to allocate a new one.", "\n\n/*- * fasync_helper() is used by almost all character device drivers- * to set up the fasync queue. ", "It returns negative on error, 0 if it did- * no changes and positive if it added/deleted the entry.+ * Remove a fasync entry. ", "If successfully removed, return+ * positive and clear the FASYNC flag. ", "If no entry exists,+ * do nothing and return 0.+ *+ * NOTE! ", "It is very important that the FASYNC flag always+ * match the state \"is the filp on a fasync list\".+ *+ * We always take the 'filp->f_lock', in since fasync_lock+ * needs to be irq-safe. *", "/-int fasync_helper(int fd, struct file * filp, int on, struct fasync_struct **fapp)+static int fasync_remove_entry(struct file *filp, struct fasync_struct **fapp) { struct fasync_struct *fa, **fp;- struct fasync_struct *new = NULL; int result = 0;\n\n+/*+ * fasync_helper() is used by almost all character device drivers+ * to set up the fasync queue, and for regular files by the file+ * lease code. ", "It returns negative on error, 0 if it did no changes+ * and positive if it added/deleted the entry.+ */+int fasync_helper(int fd, struct file * filp, int on, struct fasync_struct **fapp)+{+ if (!", "on)+ return fasync_remove_entry(filp, fapp);+ return fasync_add_entry(fd, filp, fapp);+}+ EXPORT_SYMBOL(fasync_helper);" ]

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[ "Getty Images\n\nFor the third time this season, Lamar Jackson tossed five touchdown passes in leading the Baltimore Ravens to victory.", "\n\nAnd he set a league rushing record in the process as well.", "\n\nJackson’s five touchdowns were all to different receivers as Baltimore outclassed the New York Jets in a 42-21 blowout win on Thursday night to improve to 12-2 on the year. ", "The win also clinched the AFC North crown for the Ravens.", "\n\nJackson finished the night completing 15 of 23 passes for 212 yards and a passer rating of 134.4. ", "Jackson also rushed for 86 yards on eight carries as he blew by Michael Vick for the most rushing yards in a single season by a quarterback in league history. ", "The previous record was 1,039 in 2006.", "\n\nJackson becomes just the sixth quarterback to have at least three games in the same season with at least five touchdowns passes in a game, per Pro Football Reference. ", "Three of the previous five won the league MVP award that season with Peyton Manning in 2004, Tom Brady in 2007 and Cam Newton in 2015 earning the award. ", "Daunte Culpepper was beaten out by Manning in 2004 and Drew Brees was beaten out by Aaron Rodgers in 2011.", "\n\nMark Ingram was the recipient of one of Jackson’s touchdown throws and scored a rushing touchdown as well as part of 76 yards on 13 carries for the Ravens. ", "Miles Boykin, Mark Andrews, Marquise Brown and Seth Roberts also caught touchdowns from Jackson, who was able to take a seat on the bench in the fourth quarter as Robert Griffin III finished the game.", "\n\nThe Ravens scored on each of their first three possessions of the night.. Ingram’s 6-yard touchdown run was followed by a 5-yard touchdown pass from Jackson to Boykin as Baltimore built the early 14-0 lead. ", "Jamison Crowder would score on a 4-yard touchdown pass from Sam Darnold to get the Jets on the board, but the Ravens would answer immediately as Jackson connected with Andrews for a 1-yard touchdown in grabbing a 21-7 advantage.", "\n\nA 24-yard touchdown pass to Brown and a 33-yard pass to Roberts in the third quarter pushed the game well out of reach.", "\n\nTarell Basham blocked a punt that was recovered by B.J. Bello for a touchdown by the Jets to close the gap to 35-13 after a missed extra point. ", "Ingram than added the 10-yard receiving touchdown from Jackson to cap the probable MVP’s evening.", "\n\nDarnold would connect with Crowder for a second time from 18 yards out to set the 42-21 final after a successful two-point try.", "\n\nDarnold completed 18 of 32 passes for 218 yards with two touchdowns and an interception. ", "Crowder finished with six catches for 90 yards and two scores." ]

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[ "The method relates to a method for the provision of data via a pilot channel of a radio communication system, especially a mobile radio system, and also to components of such a radio communication system for implementing the method.", "\nA steadily increasing number of different radio communication systems, by way of example only the systems according to the known standards GSM, IS-95, UMTS, CIMA2000, WLAN, WiMAX are mentioned, means that terminals as user terminals are supporting an ever greater number of these systems and/or standards. ", "Because of this, a user using such a terminal is enabled to access communication networks in a variety of ways. ", "Furthermore, operators of radio communication systems are increasingly providing systems with different standards to their customers, which offers the possibility of roaming between these different systems.", "\nAll this can, however, lead to the disadvantage that because of the large number of available systems, which also generally operate in different system-specific frequency bands or access physically different resources in another manner, the period for establishing a connection through a terminal is increased. ", "If a user, for example, wants to use a high data rate service, e.g. video streaming, a service of this kind can potentially be provided by different systems. ", "Provided no specific system was selected in advance by the user or his terminal, contact to various systems takes place by the terminal during the establishment of the connection. ", "The terminal in this case preferably attempts to first receive signals from different systems, for example systems of the same operator, and then selects a system suitable for the selected service.", "\nEspecially if the terminal is brought into service at a location at which it previously had absolutely no connection to a system and therefore cannot make use of empirical values, for example if the user is using his terminal after flying to a foreign country, there is the added factor of not knowing with which local operator the home operator has made a roaming agreement to enable customers to have reduced connection charges, which creates difficulties or extends the access time. ", "In this case, a local system or local operator is offered to the user several times with the user having to decide whether or not a connection should take place.", "\nTo clearly arrange the growing number of systems or access possibilities for users or their terminals, it was proposed in document “Global Pilot Mechanism, Tdoc SMG2 UMTS 52/97, ETSI STC SMG2 UMTS adhoc, 8.-10. ", "April 1997, Lulea, Schweden, p. 1 and 2 amongst others, to introduce a unified global pilot channel (global pilot channel) on a unified frequency channel or unified frequency spectrum. ", "Information on respective locally available radio access technologies (radio access technology indicator) and pointers (spectral pointers) to their spectral position is to be transmitted as access possibilities on a global pilot channel of this kind. ", "Furthermore, a terminal can select a suitable, or supported, radio access technology as an access possibility for establishing a radio interface and also access same. ", "Radio access technologies in this case, for example, mean systems with different standards, such as GSM and UMTS, which operate in different frequency bands. ", "According to the aforementioned document, the transmission of the pilot channel should take place either by the operator himself, who would have to correspondingly also transmit information on competing operators, or else information on a national body, (not specified in more detail), for example a regulating body.", "\nSuch a pilot channel, which is also known as a cognitive pilot channel (CPC) or common pilot channel, is therefore a special radio-supported communication channel which announces information data as data on the available radio systems. ", "A pilot channel of this kind is especially proposed for cognitive or reconfigurable radio interface devices, which, e.g. support concepts such as a flexible spectrum management or a dynamic spectrum allocation. ", "Terminals with such reconfigurable radio interface devices are increasingly interesting from the point of view of the very large number of different radio communication systems which can change with respect to a spatially moving terminal, both over time as well as relative to the momentary location. ", "In such cases, it would be impractical and time-consuming for a terminal to scan the radio spectrum for available access possibilities.", "\nFrom E2R-Project (see) http://e2r2.motlabs.com/), a concept with a cognitive/common pilot channel is known that announces information data regarding available radio systems. ", "However, apart from the general basic concept of a cognitive pilot channel of this kind for announcing information data on available radio systems, and possibly also for providing configuration information or configuration software for enabling the configuration of a reconfigurable radio interface device, no detailed information is given.", "\nFrom the former European Patent Application EP 05027892.8, a concept with a 3-stage cognitive pilot channel is known which is focused on how the operator organizes a common pilot channel in order to show the use of a spectrum with respect to various radio access technologies, especially of any operators, as access possibilities. ", "However, the given possibilities are also limited.", "\nFrom DE 199 20 587 C2, a non-generic construction and a continuous updating of a radio field database by measured data, which is recorded during a communication phase, is known, with the mobile station as a terminal being linked to available measured data and this information being linked to locating information and this information then being passed to a suitable interface in a network element belonging to the fixed network infrastructure and being evaluated. ", "Such measured data processed by the radio network infrastructure is held ready by same to be called up, in order to enable a mobile terminal outside of communication phases to also be located. ", "However, no reference to pilot channels can be seen in this case." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "/* crypto/rand/randtest.c */\n/* Copyright (C) 1995-1998 Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)\n * All rights reserved.", "\n *\n * This package is an SSL implementation written\n * by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com).", "\n * The implementation was written so as to conform with Netscapes SSL.", "\n * \n * This library is free for commercial and non-commercial use as long as\n * the following conditions are aheared to. ", " The following conditions\n * apply to all code found in this distribution, be it the RC4, RSA,\n * lhash, DES, etc., ", "code; not just the SSL code. ", " The SSL documentation\n * included with this distribution is covered by the same copyright terms\n * except that the holder is Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).", "\n * \n * Copyright remains Eric Young's, and as such any Copyright notices in\n * the code are not to be removed.", "\n * If this package is used in a product, Eric Young should be given attribution\n * as the author of the parts of the library used.", "\n * This can be in the form of a textual message at program startup or\n * in documentation (online or textual) provided with the package.", "\n * \n * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions\n * are met:\n * 1. ", "Redistributions of source code must retain the copyright\n * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n * 2. ", "Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright\n * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the\n * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.", "\n * 3. ", "All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software\n * must display the following acknowledgement:\n * \"This product includes cryptographic software written by\n * Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)\"\n * The word 'cryptographic' can be left out if the rouines from the library\n * being used are not cryptographic related :-).", "\n * 4. ", "If you include any Windows specific code (or a derivative thereof) from \n * the apps directory (application code) you must include an acknowledgement:\n * \"This product includes software written by Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com)\"\n * \n * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND\n * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE\n * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE\n * ARE DISCLAIMED. ", " IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE\n * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL\n * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS\n * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)\n * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT\n * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY\n * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF\n * SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n * \n * The licence and distribution terms for any publically available version or\n * derivative of this code cannot be changed. ", " i.e. this code cannot simply be\n * copied and put under another distribution licence\n * [including the GNU Public Licence.]", "\n */\n\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <openssl/rand.h>\n\n#include \"../e_os.h\"\n\n/* some FIPS 140-1 random number test */\n/* some simple tests */\n\nint main(int argc,char **argv)\n\t{\n\tunsigned char buf[2500];\n\tint i,j,k,s,sign,nsign,err=0;\n\tunsigned long n1;\n\tunsigned long n2[16];\n\tunsigned long runs[2][34];\n\t/*double d; */\n\tlong d;\n\n\ti = RAND_pseudo_bytes(buf,2500);\n\tif (i < 0)\n\t\t{\n\t\tprintf (\"init failed, the rand method is not properly installed\\n\");\n\t\terr++;\n\t\tgoto err;\n\t\t}\n\n\tn1=0;\n\tfor (i=0; i<16; i++) n2[i]=0;\n\tfor (i=0; i<34; i++) runs[0][i]=runs[1][i]=0;\n\n\t/* test 1 and 2 */\n\tsign=0;\n\tnsign=0;\n\tfor (i=0; i<2500; i++)\n\t\t{\n\t\tj=buf[i];\n\n\t\tn2[j&0x0f]++;\n\t\tn2[(j>>4)&0x0f]++;\n\n\t\tfor (k=0; k<8; k++)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\ts=(j&0x01);\n\t\t\tif (s == sign)\n\t\t\t\tnsign++;\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tif (nsign > 34) nsign=34;\n\t\t\t\tif (nsign !", "= 0)\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\truns[sign][nsign-1]++;\n\t\t\t\t\tif (nsign > 6)\n\t\t\t\t\t\truns[sign][5]++;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\tsign=s;\n\t\t\t\tnsign=1;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\tif (s) n1++;\n\t\t\tj>>=1;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\tif (nsign > 34) nsign=34;\n\t\tif (nsign !", "= 0) runs[sign][nsign-1]++;\n\n\t/* test 1 */\n\tif (!((", "9654 < n1) && (n1 < 10346)))\n\t\t{\n\t\tprintf(\"test 1 failed, X=%lu\\n\",n1);\n\t\terr++;\n\t\t}\n\tprintf(\"test 1 done\\n\");\n\n\t/* test 2 */\n#ifdef undef\n\td=0;\n\tfor (i=0; i<16; i++)\n\t\td+=n2[i]*n2[i];\n\td=d*16.0/5000.0-5000.0;\n\tif (!((", "1.03 < d) && (d < 57.4)))\n\t\t{\n\t\tprintf(\"test 2 failed, X=%.2f\\n\",d);\n\t\terr++;\n\t\t}\n#endif\n\td=0;\n\tfor (i=0; i<16; i++)\n\t\td+=n2[i]*n2[i];\n\td=(d*8)/25-500000;\n\tif (!((", "103 < d) && (d < 5740)))\n\t\t{\n\t\tprintf(\"test 2 failed, X=%ld.%02ld\\n\",d/100L,d%100L);\n\t\terr++;\n\t\t}\n\tprintf(\"test 2 done\\n\");\n\n\t/* test 3 */\n\tfor (i=0; i<2; i++)\n\t\t{\n\t\tif (!((", "2267 < runs[i][0]) && (runs[i][0] < 2733)))\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\tprintf(\"test 3 failed, bit=%d run=%d num=%lu\\n\",\n\t\t\t\ti,1,runs[i][0]);\n\t\t\terr++;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\tif (!((", "1079 < runs[i][1]) && (runs[i][1] < 1421)))\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\tprintf(\"test 3 failed, bit=%d run=%d num=%lu\\n\",\n\t\t\t\ti,2,runs[i][1]);\n\t\t\terr++;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\tif (!(( ", "502 < runs[i][2]) && (runs[i][2] < 748)))\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\tprintf(\"test 3 failed, bit=%d run=%d num=%lu\\n\",\n\t\t\t\ti,3,runs[i][2]);\n\t\t\terr++;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\tif (!(( ", "223 < runs[i][3]) && (runs[i][3] < 402)))\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\tprintf(\"test 3 failed, bit=%d run=%d num=%lu\\n\",\n\t\t\t\ti,4,runs[i][3]);\n\t\t\terr++;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\tif (!(( ", " 90 < runs[i][4]) && (runs[i][4] < 223)))\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\tprintf(\"test 3 failed, bit=%d run=%d num=%lu\\n\",\n\t\t\t\ti,5,runs[i][4]);\n\t\t\terr++;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\tif (!(( ", " 90 < runs[i][5]) && (runs[i][5] < 223)))\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\tprintf(\"test 3 failed, bit=%d run=%d num=%lu\\n\",\n\t\t\t\ti,6,runs[i][5]);\n\t\t\terr++;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\tprintf(\"test 3 done\\n\");\n\t\n\t/* test 4 */\n\tif (runs[0][33] !", "= 0)\n\t\t{\n\t\tprintf(\"test 4 failed, bit=%d run=%d num=%lu\\n\",\n\t\t\t0,34,runs[0][33]);\n\t\terr++;\n\t\t}\n\tif (runs[1][33] !", "= 0)\n\t\t{\n\t\tprintf(\"test 4 failed, bit=%d run=%d num=%lu\\n\",\n\t\t\t1,34,runs[1][33]);\n\t\terr++;\n\t\t}\n\tprintf(\"test 4 done\\n\");\n err:\n\terr=((err)?1:0);\n#ifdef OPENSSL_SYS_NETWARE\n if (err) printf(\"ERROR: %d\\n\", err);\n#endif\n\tEXIT(err);\n\treturn(err);\n\t}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "OverDrive would like to use cookies to store information on your computer to improve your user experience at our Website. ", "One of the cookies we use is critical for certain aspects of the site to operate and has already been set. ", "You may delete and block all cookies from this site, but this could affect certain features or services of the site. ", "To find out more about the cookies we use and how to delete them, click here to see our Privacy Policy.", "\n\nIt's been thirty days, two hours, and seventeen minutes since Calder left Lily standing on the shores of Lake Superior. ", "Not that she's counting. ", "And when Calder does return, it's not quite the reunion Lily hoped for. ", "Especially after she lets her father in on a huge secret: he, like Calder, is a merman. ", "Obsessed with his new identity, Lily's dad monopolizes Calder's time as the two of them spend every day in the water, leaving Lily behind.", "\n\nThen dead bodies start washing ashore. ", "Calder blames his mermaid sisters, but Lily fears her father has embraced the merman's natural need to kill. ", "As the body count grows, everyone is pointing fingers. ", "Lily doesn't know what to believe--only that whoever's responsible is sure to strike again. . . .", "\n\n\"Deep Betrayal is as suspenseful as it is sexy. ", "You'll want to catch this one!\"--MaryJanice Davidson, New York Times bestselling author of the Undead series\n\nIt's been thirty days, two hours, and seventeen minutes since Calder left Lily standing on the shores of Lake Superior. ", "Not that she's counting. ", "And when Calder does return, it's not quite the reunion Lily hoped for. ", "Especially after she lets her father in on a huge secret: he, like Calder, is a merman. ", "Obsessed with his new identity, Lily's dad monopolizes Calder's time as the two of them spend every day in the water, leaving Lily behind.", "\n\nThen dead bodies start washing ashore. ", "Calder blames his mermaid sisters, but Lily fears her father has embraced the merman's natural need to kill. ", "As the body count grows, everyone is pointing fingers. ", "Lily doesn't know what to believe--only that whoever's responsible is sure to strike again. . . .", "\n\n\"Deep Betrayal is as suspenseful as it is sexy. ", "You'll want to catch this one!\"--MaryJanice Davidson, New York Times bestselling author of the Undead series\n\nAvailable formats-\n\nEdition-\n\nSubjects-\n\nLanguages:-\n\nCopies-\n\nAvailable:\n\n1\n\nLibrary copies:\n\n2\n\nLevels-\n\nATOS:\n\nLexile:\n\nInterest Level:\n\nReading Level:\n\nDue to publisher restrictions the library cannot purchase additional copies of this title, and we apologize if there is a long waiting list. ", "Be sure to check for other copies, because there may be other editions available.", "\n\nDue to publisher restrictions the library cannot purchase additional copies of this title, and we apologize if there is a long waiting list. ", "Be sure to check for other copies, because there may be other editions available.", "\n\nAbout the Author-\n\nANNE GREENWOOD BROWN grew up sailing the Apostle Islands on Lake Superior, leaning over the rail and wondering, with a lake that big, that ancient, what amazing thing might flash by. ", "Now she knows. ", "Deep Betrayal is the sequel to Lies Beneath.", "\n\nTitle Information+\n\nPublisher\n\nRandom House Children's Books\n\nKindle Book\n\nFile size:\n\n(unknown) KB\n\nISBN:\n\nRelease date:\n\nMar 12, 2013\n\nOverDrive Read\n\nFile size:\n\n(unknown) KB\n\nISBN:\n\nRelease date:\n\nMar 12, 2013\n\nEPUB eBook\n\nFile size:\n\n2165 KB\n\nISBN:\n\n9780375989094\n\nRelease date:\n\nMar 12, 2013\n\nDigital Rights Information+\n\nCopyright Protection (DRM) required by the Publisher may be applied to this title to limit or prohibit printing or copying. ", "File sharing or redistribution is prohibited. ", "Your rights to access this material expire at the end of the lending period. ", "Please see Important Notice about Copyrighted Materials for terms applicable to this content.", "\n\nClicking on the 'Buy It Now' link will cause you to leave the library download platform website. ", "The content of the retail website is not controlled by the library. ", "Please be aware that the website does not have the same privacy policy as the library or its service providers.", "\n\nYou will be prompted to sign into your library account on the next page.", "\n\nIf this is your first time selecting “Send to NOOK,” you will then be taken to a Barnes & Noble page to sign into (or create) your NOOK account. ", "You should only have to sign into your NOOK account once to link it to your library account. ", "After this one-time step, periodicals will be automatically sent to your NOOK account when you select \"Send to NOOK.\"", "\n\nThe first time you select “Send to NOOK,” you will be taken to a Barnes & Noble page to sign into (or create) your NOOK account. ", "You should only have to sign into your NOOK account once to link it to your library account. ", "After this one-time step, periodicals will be automatically sent to your NOOK account when you select \"Send to NOOK.\"", "\n\nYou can read periodicals on any NOOK tablet or in the free NOOK reading app for iOS, Android or Windows 8." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "LOGISTICS\n\nVanguard catches the tide with patrol vessel launch\n\nTime and tide wait for no man, it is said, so specialist heavy lift and abnormal load transport solutions company Vanguard ensured precision timing for the jacking and lifting of a 310 tonne patrol vessel fromthe Damen shipyard to the synchrolift at the Victoria and Albert Waterfront precinct of Cape Town harbour in October.", "\n\n“Missing the optimal launch time of 04.30 am on a Friday morning could have meant a 28-day delay before thenext opportunity, so there was no lee-way for any hold-ups or errors,” said project engineer Roland Cumings, who worked with the team fromVanguard’s Cape Town branch on thecontract.", "\n\nAt over 50 metres long, the vessel was jacked from its cradle at the shipyard and transported by Vanguard’s 22 axle self-propelled modular trailer configuration over a distance of about five kilometres to the port. ", "These self-propelled modular trailer configurations have the capacity to carry over 1,000 tonnes, are well suited for load-in and load-out barging operations and are steered remotely by an experienced operator.", "\n\n“As the waterfront area has grown and developed, it has become busier and more built up, creating certain challenges for the movement of abnormal loads,” said Cumings. ", "Having planned meticulously for this project, we were able to guide the remotely-operated trailer without a hitch to thedestination.”", "\n\nAfter loading the vessel at the shipyard during the Wednesday, it was moved to a holding area that night to accommodate traffic and cause as little disruption as possible. ", "Thetransporting began mid-morning onthe Thursday, and by the afternoon was installed on the bogeys at thesynchrolift, ready for the tide in theearly hours of the Friday morning. ", "Thesynchrolift, situated at the Albert Basin, lowered the vessel into thewater on a platform with nine pairs of synchronous, steel wire rope winches along the support jetties.", "\n\n“The five days that our Cape Town branch spent to engineer the solution required by Damen ensured that all specialised equipment was mobilised on time and every detail of theoperation was planned,” he said. “", "It allowed us to confidently meet thestrict two-day deadline for this important contract.”", "\n\nVanguard’s expertise and familiaritywith the environment also contributed to the success of the operation; thecompany has previously moved vessels in the Cape Town port, the heaviest weighing over 600 tonnes." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "// Copyright David Abrahams 2003.", "\r\n// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (", "See\r\n// accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at\r\n// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\r\n#ifndef PREFIX_DWA2003531_HPP\r\n# define PREFIX_DWA2003531_HPP\r\n\r\n// The rule is that <Python.h> must be included before any system\r\n// headers (so it can get control over some awful macros).", "\r\n// Unfortunately, Boost.", "Python needs to #include <limits.h> first, at\r\n// least... but this gets us as close as possible.", "\r\n\r\n# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>\r\n# include <boost/python/detail/config.hpp>\r\n\r\n#endif // PREFIX_DWA2003531_HPP\r\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "The Orioles have reportedly lost Wei-Yin Chen and Gerardo Parra to the Marlins and Rockies, respectively.", "\n\nOrioles manager Buck Showalter was asked just before noon Tuesday at the team's pitching minicamp in Sarasota, Fla., if he thought it was odd that none of the club’s six free agents had actually signed with other teams.", "\n\n“I bet that changes,” Showalter said. “", "What do you think?”", "\n\nAbout an hour later, it did. ", "According to multiple reports, the Miami Marlins came to terms with left-hander Wei-Yin Chen on a five-year contract worth around $80 million, plus a sixth-year vesting option at about $16 million and a contract opt-out after two seasons. ", "Not long after, outfielder Gerardo Parra reportedly agreed to a three-year deal with the Colorado Rockies.", "\n\nThe reported terms for Chen, which are agreed to but are subject to passing a physical, represent a huge jump in the contract that brought the 30-year-old Taiwanese pitcher to Baltimore. ", "His initial contract, a three-year deal with a fourth-year option that paid him about $15.5 million, was a bargain.", "\n\nChen was the Orioles’ most consistent starter over the past two years. ", "In 2015, he pitched 191 1/3 innings with a 3.34 ERA. ", "Over four seasons with the Orioles, he was 46-32 with a 3.72 ERA, but the Orioles didn't seem to show much interest in bringing him back.", "\n\nOrioles manager Buck Showalter hasn’t spoken to free agent first baseman Chris Davis recently — such discussions are now between team executives and his agent, Scott Boras — but he doesn’t expect a quick resolution to the free agency saga that seems to be plugging up the hitters market and his...\n\n“He did a good job for us,” Orioles executive vice president Dan Duquette said. “", "I’m glad we signed him when we did.”", "\n\nBecause Chen declined a qualifying offer that would have kept him in Baltimore one more season for $15.8 million, the Orioles get a compensatory pick in this year’s draft between the first and second rounds.", "\n\nFoxSports.com first reported the Chen agreement, then moments later, a Venezuelan newspaper reporter tweeted that Parra had agreed to a deal with the Rockies. ", "Parra’s contract is worth $27.5 million, according to reports.", "\n\nParra was in the middle of a career year with the Milwaukee Brewers, batting .328/.369/.517 and nearing his career high with nine home runs in 100 games, when the Orioles sent right-hander Zach Davies the other way to acquire him at the nonwaiver trade deadline on July 31.", "\n\nParra’s performance in Baltimore didn’t do much to raise the quality of the Orioles’ corner-outfield play , a position where they struggled all year. ", "Parra hit .237/.268/.357 with five home runs in 55 games with the Orioles, and had just seven extra-base hits in September and October as the team slunk to an 81-81 record.", "\n\nParra joins a Rockies team that also features fellow Venezuelan outfielder Carlos Gonzalez, and he tweeted a picture of the two playing together in the World Baseball Classic shortly after the news broke.", "\n\nWith reliever Darren O’Day re-signed to a four-year, $31 million contract and catcher Matt Wieters accepting a $15.8 million qualifying offer this offseason, Tuesday’s signings remove all but two of the Orioles’ free agents from the market.", "\n\nFirst baseman Chris Davis and outfielder Steve Pearce are the only two free agents from the Orioles’ 2015 roster remaining without teams for 2016." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nVB.Net: Escape singles quotes in query string that uses a variable with single quotes\n\nA few of the records that my program is processing are creating a record in the log table that reads: \ninstruments: Incorrect syntax near 's'. ", "Unclosed quotation mark after the character string ')))'.", "\nThe code uses an inline query that concatenates the value of a string variable to the WHERE clause in the SELECT and SubQueries.", "\nCode: \nSQL = \"SELECT instrument_id, description, sub_category_of, meta_instrument\" _\n& \" FROM instruments \" _\n& \" WHERE (instrument_id IN \" _\n& \" (SELECT instrument_id \" _\n & \"FROM instruments \" _\n & \"WHERE (description = '\" & strn & \"'))) \" _\n & \"OR (instrument_id IN \" _\n & \" (SELECT sub_category_of \" _\n & \" FROM instruments AS instruments_1 \" _\n & \" WHERE (description = '\" & strn & \"'))) \" _\n & \"OR (instrument_id IN \" _\n & \" (SELECT meta_instrument \" _\n & \" FROM instruments AS instruments_1 \" _\n & \" WHERE (description = '\" & strn & \"')))\"\n\nThe actual query that gets executed against sql server:\nSELECT instrument_id, description, sub_category_of, meta_instrument _\nFROM instrument_ref \n WHERE (instrument_id IN \n(SELECT instrument_id\n FROM instruments\n WHERE (description = 'Women's Choir'))) \n OR (instrument_id IN \n (SELECT sub_category_of\n FROM instruments AS instruments_1\n WHERE (description = 'Women's Choir')))\n OR (instrument_id IN\n (SELECT meta_instrument\n FROM instruments AS instruments_1\n WHERE (description = 'Women's Choir')))\n\nI would like to ask for help in how the single quote can be handled so that this error can be corrected. ", "Do I escape it in the 'strn' variable, or do I do it inside the inline query?", "\nThank you much.", "\n\nA:\n\nAs suggested, use parameters:\nSQL = \"SELECT instrument_id, description, sub_category_of, meta_instrument\" _\n& \" FROM instruments \" _\n& \" WHERE (instrument_id IN \" _\n& \" (SELECT instrument_id \" _\n & \"FROM instruments \" _\n & \"WHERE (description = @description))) \" _\n & \"OR (instrument_id IN \" _\n & \" (SELECT sub_category_of \" _\n & \" FROM instruments AS instruments_1 \" ... etc\n\nThen, when you construct the SqlCommand object with this SQL, use the command object's \".Parameters.", "AddWithValue()\" method to add a parameter called \"@description\" and the appropriate value.", "\nThis, by the way, prevents someone from causing havoc by entering a description of \"; drop table instruments;\".", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Effect of preopsonization on phagocytosis of Haemophilus influenzae.", "\nBecause bacteria are known to persist in middle ear effusions for extended periods of time despite the presence of increasing titers of specific antibody in both sera and middle ear fluids in humans, we examined the ability of postinfection serum to opsonize Haemophilus influenzae (nontypable and type b) for phagocytosis by middle ear macrophages in chinchillas. ", "Our data indicated that preopsonization of both strains of H influenzae enhanced phagocytosis by macrophages recruited to the middle ear following intrabullar instillation of keyhole limpet hemocyanin. ", "Both the total number of bacteria ingested and the percentage of macrophages phagocytizing were significantly greater in the presence of postinfection serum than preinfection serum for all animals tested." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Pernicious anemia in blacks. ", "A study of 64 patients from Washington, D. C., and Johannesburg, South Africa.", "\nIn a collaborative study from Washington, D. C., and Johannesburg, South Africa, the clinical, laboratory, and immunologic features of 64 black patients (25 male, 39 female) who had pernicious anemia were studied. ", "Mean age at diagnosis was 53 +/- 20 years (mean +/- SD); 29.6% of the patients were under 40 years of age, and 14% were 30 years of age or younger. ", "This suggests that there may be an earlier age of onset of pernicious anemia amongst blacks than the reported age incidence in whites. ", "Serum anti-intrinsic factor blocking antibodies were found in 25 of 37 patients tested (67.5%). ", "There was a significantly higher incidence of the antibody in women (85%) than in men (50%) (P < 0.01)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The Story of TRON depends on music as much as it does on computer-generated special effects. ", "Since 1982, music has been created in tribute to TRON and/or in the stylings of TRON. ", "In this episode, SHAZ and SHUA put some pieces of music together to tell the story of TRON.", "\n\nTEKFORCE joins the party with his own addition to the GRID, “Stuck in a Bit World” from the upcoming album The Lightcycle Chronicles. ", "You can find TEKFORCE on Twitter @teknique45 and on the album Nerdcore Emulation Station (NES) on Bandcamp.", "\n\nAlso featured in this episode is a new album covering the original Wendy Carlos soundtrack with a guitar-rich twist. ", "STEMAGE released the album PRIORITY ONE: The Music of Tron last summer. ", "Some of the tracks from this album have been heard on previous episodes of TRON: Decoding the Grid. ", "Check out STEMAGE on Twitter and pick up the album on iTunes.", "\n\nContact us at podcast@TechnoRetroDads.com, tweeting to @TRON_DTG, or leave a voicemail at (209) 878-7323. ", "Don’t forget to let Disney know how much you appreciated the series and that you want more.", "\n\nThe Uprising has just begun, and even though TRON: Uprising has yet to return for a second season, USERS and PROGRAMS are talking about the possibilities all over the GRID. ", "This episode of TRON: Decoding the Grid is totally devoted to communications received via the I/O TOWER from listeners.", "\n\nThis week, ASTRAICA from UNITED TRON ARMY is back to talk about an idea for another animated TRON series to continue the story we saw in TRON: Uprising. ", "KingJ has submitted a thorough story treatment for a possible (and plausible) series set during and after the events of TRON: Legacy called, TRON: Resurrection. ", "This story treatment is worth reading and discussing, and we do both!", "\n\nPlus, some questions came to our friend Santiago from Spain when he was rewatching “Terminal” again. ", "It just goes to show you that this series bears repeat views and allows you to see new things every time. ", "JAMIE answers our call for technical assistance in dealing with Santiago’s questions.", "\n\nYou can join in the fun on TRON: Decoding the Grid by contacting us at podcast@TechnoRetroDads.com, tweeting to @TRON_DTG, or leaving a voicemail at (209) 878-7323. ", "Don’t forget to let Disney know how much you appreciated the series and that you want more." ]

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[ "<!", "DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n <meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text/html; charset=UTF-8\">\n <script>\n /**\n * Because browsers that implement requestAnimationFrame may not execute\n * animation functions while a window is not displayed (e.g. in a hidden\n * iframe as in these tests), we mask the native implementations here. ", " The\n * native requestAnimationFrame functionality is tested in Util.html and\n * in PanZoom.html (where a popup is opened before panning). ", " The panTo tests\n * here will test the fallback setTimeout implementation for animation.", "\n */\n window.requestAnimationFrame = \n window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame =\n window.mozRequestAnimationFrame =\n window.oRequestAnimationFrame =\n window.msRequestAnimationFrame = null;\n </script>\n <script src=\"../OLLoader.js\"></script>\n <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n\n var map, layer;\n function setUp() {\n layer = new OpenLayers.", "Layer.", "UTFGrid({\n url: \"../data/utfgrid/world_utfgrid/${z}/${x}/${y}.json\",\n isBaseLayer: true, \n utfgridResolution: 4\n });\n map = new OpenLayers.", "Map({\n div: \"map\",\n projection: \"EPSG:900913\",\n layers: [layer],\n center: [0, 0],\n zoom: 1,\n tileManager: null\n });\n }\n \n function tearDown() {\n map.destroy();\n map = null;\n layer = null;\n }\n\n function test_constructor(t) {\n t.plan(4);\n \n var layer = new OpenLayers.", "Layer.", "UTFGrid({\n name: \"foo\",\n url: \"path/to/tiles/${z}/${x}/${y}\",\n utfgridResolution: 8\n });\n t.ok(layer instanceof OpenLayers.", "Layer.", "UTFGrid, \"utfgrid instance\");\n t.eq(layer.name, \"foo\", \"layer name\");\n t.eq(layer.url, \"path/to/tiles/${z}/${x}/${y}\", \"layer url\");\n t.eq(layer.utfgridResolution, 8, \"layer utfgridResolution\");\n\n layer.destroy();\n\n }\n\n function test_createBackBuffer(t) {\n t.plan(1);\n setUp();\n\n var got;\n try {\n got = layer.createBackBuffer();\n } catch (e) {\n got = e;\n } finally {\n tearDown();\n }\n t.eq(got, undefined, \"createBackBuffer returns undefined\");\n }\n \n function test_clone(t) {\n t.plan(3);\n setUp();\n \n var clone = layer.clone();\n t.ok(layer instanceof OpenLayers.", "Layer.", "UTFGrid, \"utfgrid instance\");\n t.eq(layer.url, \"../data/utfgrid/world_utfgrid/${z}/${x}/${y}.json\", \"layer url\");\n t.eq(layer.utfgridResolution, 4, \"layer utfgridResolution\");\n clone.destroy();\n \n tearDown();\n }\n \n function test_getFeatureInfo(t) {\n t.plan(2);\n setUp();\n \n // wait for tile loading to finish\n t.delay_call(0.5, function() {\n var loc = new OpenLayers.", "LonLat(-110, 45).transform(\"EPSG:4326\", \"EPSG:900913\");\n var info = layer.getFeatureInfo(loc);\n \n t.eq(info.id, \"207\", \"feature id\");\n t.eq(info.data, {POP2005: 299846449, NAME: \"United States\"}, \"feature data\");\n \n tearDown();\n });\n \n }\n\n function test_getFeatureId(t) {\n t.plan(2);\n setUp();\n\n // wait for tile loading to finish\n t.delay_call(0.5, function() {\n var ca = new OpenLayers.", "LonLat(-110, 55).transform(\"EPSG:4326\", \"EPSG:900913\");\n var ru = new OpenLayers.", "LonLat(90, 75).transform(\"EPSG:4326\", \"EPSG:900913\");\n \n t.eq(layer.getFeatureId(ca), \"24\", \"feature id for ca\");\n t.eq(layer.getFeatureId(ru), \"245\", \"feature id for ru\");\n \n tearDown();\n });\n \n }\n\n </script>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div id=\"map\" style=\"height: 256px; width: 512px\"></div>\n</body>\n</html>\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Pseudotumor syndrome associated with antiphospholipid antibodies and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.", "\nAntiphospholipid antibodies have been recognized as a marker for an increased risk of thrombosis, including cerebral venous thrombosis. ", "This is a clinical study of three patients who presented with features of raised intracranial tension. ", "Investigations revealed normal CT of brain and CSF examination in two patients. ", "MRI of brain revealed dural venous sinus thrombosis in all the patients and positive antiphospholipid antibodies in the blood. ", "All patients recovered with anticoagulant therapy. ", "Antiphospholipid antibodies should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pseudotumor syndrome related to cerebral venous thrombosis." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Je n’atten… pas que… lève toi\n\nWhile the poet begs Rome’s walls to talk to him, the walls in the streets of Arles sported many messages, some of them obstructed by noise – ripped off, painted over, gone enigmatic. ", "I was fascinated by the layers, by the idea that someone left a trace, only to be obstructed after a while…" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Seriously Limited Edition- #11: I reserved serial numbers 1-20 for immediate family with the exception of this one. ", "Get the 11th pair of Charlie V Shades off the line with the #11 Serial Number and a Certificate of Validation; one Case cradled inside a sturdy Out Box, one Wipe Cloth, one Microfiber Draw String Pouch; one Tee AND one Cap. ", "After the campaign ends, you will receive a survey to choose Lens color, Frame style, men's or women's Shirt, size & color.(caps are one size fits all).", "\n\nLess" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Software Listing of Author : \"Jgsoft Associates\"\n\nAnalyseSpider is a powerful Web Log File Analyzer tool with a wealth of analysis to help you optimize your site.", "This tool can also help you to see if your Web site promotion is paying off, when you should update your Web site.", "Here you can see which search engines have found your site and check if they have spidered all your pages.", "It uses an internal IP mapping technology that identifies a visitor's geographical region by their IP address.", "\nWho can use Analyse Spider?", "\nAny person or entity who has a Web Site and wants to see:\n1>Who visited your site\n2>How many visitors came to your site\n3>Which HTML pages are being visited\n4>Where your visitors came from e.g. geographic region\n5>Which files/directories they accessed\n6>Which files are downloaded, how often and what is the bandwidth\n7>What pages are most...\n\nDisk Genius was formerly known as Partition Guru which is an all-in-one solution for disk partition management, data recovery and disk repairing. ", "It can recover lost files from partition, backup and restore partition table, clone partition or clone ...\n\nIt is quite difficult to find any computer users nowadays who do not need to use the web, for any purpose. ", "Whether it is for education or entertainment, the web is your best resource. ", "You also need to use various online services for banking, ...\n\nNowadays, a majority of PC users resort to digital image editing once in a while. ", "It may be required for retouching image captured in smart phones or for creating an album in Facebook. ", "For some people, tinkering with digital images is a pastime too. ...", "\n\nPC security has become a tricky and complicated subject both for home users and network supervisors, with complexity and risk factors multiplying over the years. ", "Using a single antivirus app may not be enough anymore. ", "That explains why many users ...\n\nNearly every PC users need to take screenshots from time to time, whether it is for personal or professional needs. ", "While using the basic Windows screenshot capture method is available, it is not adequate for everyone. ", "When you want to capture ...\n\nDealing with various types of data efficiently holds the key to success in any computing task. ", "Apart from generating new data and modifying existing files, it becomes necessary to delete existing files at times. ", "While most users resort to using ...\n\nUsing the Internet has become a necessity for a majority of people, including those who do not use a PC regularly. ", "To browse web, stream video or download online content, people often resort to using various third party apps. ", "For example, using ..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "C.J. Kershner, one of Far Cry 4’s writers, has said that the game’s story will be more sympathetic in the upcoming title, and he has implied that feedback on Far Cry 3’s Jason Brody is one of the reasons behind this change.", "\n\nAccording to Kershner, people misunderstood the premise of Far Cry 3. ", "He alleges that it was taken at face value, and that players failed to see that the game was open to interpretation. ", "In other words, many took the “white-guy-saves-island” plot too seriously, and didn’t realize that we were being told a story through the eyes of a 25-year old. ", "The idea was to make us question whether Brody was imagining the events in his head or if they were actually happening. ", "Kershner said:\n\nA lot of people found Jason Brody problematic. ", "He was seen as a white savior, a kind of millennial dude bro.", "\n\nFar Cry 4’s protagonist, Ajay Ghale, is a Kyrat native who returns to his exotic Himalayan country to fulfill his mother’s dying wish.", "\n\nI don’t know about anyone else, but I thought it was quite obvious that Far Cry 3’s story was exaggerated and was open to interpretation. ", "I’m quite surprised that it was misunderstood!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Aprendemos que son y como funcionan los funciones en Bash. ", "Dichas funciones se pueden utilizar dentro de scripts de Bash o bien configurarlas en las variables de entorno de nuestro sistema, similar a los alias. ", "Añadiendo la función generalmente en el fichero .bashrc\n\n\n\n¿Qué es una función en Bash?", "\n\nUna función Bash es esencialmente un conjunto de comandos que se pueden llamar varias veces. ", "El propósito de una función es ayudarnos a hacer que nuestros scripts de bash sean más legibles, y evitar escribir el mismo código una y otra vez.", "\n\nEn comparación con la mayoría de los lenguajes de programación, las funciones de Bash son bastante limitadas. ", "En este tutorial cubriremos los conceptos básicos de las funciones de Bash y mostraremos cómo usarlas en sus scripts de shell.", "\n\nDeclarar una función en Bash\n\nUna función en Bash se puede declarar de diferentes maneras.", "\n\nEl primer formato comienza con el nombre de la función seguido de paréntesis. ", "Este es el formato preferido y más utilizado. ", "1 2 3 function_name ( ) { commands } function_name () { commands } O bien: 1 function_name ( ) { commands; } function_name () { commands; } El segundo formato comienza con la palabra de función reservada seguida del nombre de la función. ", "1 2 3 function function_name { commands } function function_name { commands } O bien, en una sola línea: 1 function function_name { commands; } function function_name { commands; }\n\nRespecto a las funciones, debemos tener en cuenta los siguientes puntos:\n\nLa lista de comandos entre llaves {} es el cuerpo de la función. ", "Las llaves que rodean el cuerpo de la función deben estar separadas del cuerpo por espacios o líneas nuevas.", "\n\nDefinir una función no la ejecuta. ", "Para invocar una función en Bash, debemos utilizar el nombre de la función. ", "Los comandos entre las llaves se ejecutan siempre que se llama a la función en el script de shell.", "\n\nLa definición de la función se debe colocar antes de cualquier llamada a la función.", "\n\nCuando se usan funciones de una sola línea “compactadas”, con un punto y coma “;” debe seguir el último comando en la función.", "\n\nSiempre debemos tratar de mantener los nombres de las funciones descriptivas.", "\n\nAl respecto de estos puntos, podemos observar este ejemplo:\n\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 #!", "/bin/bash Hola_mundo ( ) { echo 'hola, mundo' } hola_mundo #!", "/bin/bash Hola_mundo () { echo 'hola, mundo' } hola_mundo\n\nAnalicemos el script anterior:\n\nEn la línea 3 definimos el nombre de la función. ", "Y la abrimos mediante el símbolo {\n\nLa línea 4 es el cuerpo de la función. ", "Puede contener múltiples comandos.", "\n\nCerramos la función con el símbolo }\n\nEn la última línea ejecutamos la función.", "\n\nAl ejecutarla imprimirá el texto hola, mundo\n\nAlcance de las variables\n\nLas variables globales son variables a las que se puede acceder desde cualquier parte del script, independientemente del alcance. ", "En Bash, todas las variables por defecto se definen como globales, incluso si se declaran dentro de la función.", "\n\nLas variables locales se pueden declarar dentro del cuerpo de la función con la palabra clave local y se pueden usar solo dentro de esa función. ", "Puede tener variables locales con el mismo nombre en diferentes funciones.", "\n\nPara ilustrar mejor cómo funciona el alcance de las variables en Bash, veamos un ejemplo, en el script variables_scope.sh\n\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 #!", "/bin/bash var1 = 'A' var2 = 'B' my_function ( ) { local var1 = 'C' var2 = 'D' echo \"Dentro de la función: var1: $var1 , var2: $var2 \" } echo \"Antes de ejecutar la función: var1: $var1 , var2: $var2 \" my_function echo \"Después de ejecutar la función: var1: $var1 , var2: $var2 \" #!", "/bin/bash var1='A' var2='B' my_function () { local var1='C' var2='D' echo \"Dentro de la función: var1: $var1, var2: $var2\" } echo \"Antes de ejecutar la función: var1: $var1, var2: $var2\" my_function echo \"Después de ejecutar la función: var1: $var1, var2: $var2\"\n\nEl script comienza definiendo dos variables globales var1 y var2. ", "Luego, una función que establece una variable local var1 y modifica la variable global var2.", "\n\nSi ejecuta el script, debería ver la siguiente salida:\n\n1 2 3 4 [ david @ servcentos bin ] $ . / ", "variables_scope.sh Antes de ejecutar la función: var1: A, var2: B Dentro de la función: var1: C, var2: D Después de ejecutar la función: var1: A, var2: D [david@servcentos bin]$ ./variables_scope.sh Antes de ejecutar la función: var1: A, var2: B Dentro de la función: var1: C, var2: D Después de ejecutar la función: var1: A, var2: D\n\nDe la salida anterior, podemos concluir que:\n\nSi establece una variable local dentro del cuerpo de la función con el mismo nombre que una variable global existente, tendrá prioridad sobre la variable global\n\nLas variables globales se pueden cambiar desde dentro de la función.", "\n\nValores de retorno\n\nA diferencia de las funciones en lenguajes de programación “reales”, las funciones Bash no nos permiten devolver un valor cuando se le llama. ", "Cuando se completa una función de bash, su valor de retorno es el estado de la última instrucción ejecutada en la función, 0 para el éxito y un número decimal distinto de cero en el rango de 1 a 255 para el fallo.", "\n\nEl estado de retorno se puede especificar utilizando la palabra clave return y se asigna a la variable $? . ", "La declaración de retorno termina la función. ", "Puedes considerarlo como el estado de salida de la función.", "\n\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 #!", "/bin/bash my_function ( ) { echo \"mismo resultado\" return 55 } my_function echo $? #!", "/bin/bash my_function () { echo \"mismo resultado\" return 55 } my_function echo $?", "\n\nCon la salida:\n\n1 2 mismo resultado 55 mismo resultado 55\n\nPara devolver un valor arbitrario de una función, necesitamos usar otros métodos. ", "La opción más sencilla es asignar el resultado de la función a una variable global:\n\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 #!", "/bin/bash my_function ( ) { func_result = \"mismo resultado\" } my_function echo $func_result #!", "/bin/bash my_function () { func_result=\"mismo resultado\" } my_function echo $func_result\n\nOtra opción mejor para devolver un valor de una función es enviar el valor a stdout usando echo o printf como se muestra a continuación:\n\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 #!", "/bin/bash my_function ( ) { local func_result = \"mismo resultado\" echo \" $func_result \" } func_result = \" $(my_function) \" echo $func_result #!", "/bin/bash my_function () { local func_result=\"mismo resultado\" echo \"$func_result\" } func_result=\"$(my_function)\" echo $func_result\n\nEn lugar de simplemente ejecutar la función que imprimirá el mensaje a la salida estándar, estamos asignando a la variable func_result usando el mecanismo $ (). ", "Usando este método, la variable func_result contiene el resultado de la función.", "\n\nPasando argumentos a funciones en Bash\n\nPara pasar cualquier número de argumentos a la función Bash, simplemente debemos colocarlos justo después del nombre de la función, separados por un espacio. ", "Se recomienda citar los argumentos para evitar la distorsión de un argumento con espacios en él.", "\n\nLos parámetros pasados son $1, $2, $3 ... $n , correspondientes a la posición del parámetro después del nombre de la función.", "\n\n, correspondientes a la posición del parámetro después del nombre de la función. ", "La variable $0 está reservada para el nombre de la función.", "\n\nestá reservada para el nombre de la función. ", "La variable $# contiene el número de parámetros / argumentos posicionales pasados a la función.", "\n\ncontiene el número de parámetros / argumentos posicionales pasados a la función. ", "La variable $* o $@ contiene todos los parámetros / argumentos posicionales pasados a la función.", "\n\nVeamos un ejemplo al respecto:\n\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 #!", "/bin/bash greeting ( ) { echo \"Hola $1\" } greeting \"Jose\" #!", "/bin/bash greeting () { echo \"Hola $1\" } greeting \"Jose\"\n\nCon el resultado:\n\n1 Hola Jose Hola Jose\n\nConclusiones\n\nHemos visto como trabajan las funciones en Bash. ", "En cualquier caso, se trata de una mera introducción.", "\n\nNOTA: El artículo es una adaptación al castellano de la entrada publicada en Linuxsize.com – Bash Functions" ]

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[ "Break Through Barriers\n\nA Holistic Approach to Business and Sales with Lori Bestler\n\nRecently I had the pleasure of being interviewed by Ursula Mentjes. ", "She is an amazing Speaker, Sales Expert, Sales Coach, and #1 Amazon Bestselling Author, who transforms the way Sales Professionals and Entrepreneurs think about selling so they can double or triple their sales this year!", "\n\nI was asked to talk about how I learned the powerful way that my thoughts affect everything about my life. ", "My story goes deep into my inspiring successes and moving struggles such as ADHD, Eating Disorders, Dislocated Worker, Divorce, Single Parenting, including the health challenges that I faced as a result of the stress I had experienced.", "\n\nAfter our interview Ursula wrote an insightful article on stress which I am sharing below.", "\n\nA Holistic Approach to Business and Sales with Lori Bestler\n\nBy Ursula Mentjes | September 4, 2017\n\nIf you’ve been around for a while, you’ve likely read or heard me speak about the incredible power that intentional thinking can have on your success and life satisfaction. ", "I teach that when you believe that you can, you actually can – and do – succeed, just because of shifting your thoughts and beliefs.", "\n\nBut you see, it goes both ways – because your thoughts influence everything about your life – the good and the bad.", "\n\nHave you ever been burned out? ", "I mean really burned out? ", "Perhaps you’ve even found yourself in a place where you’re seeking professional help and even medications to help you manage the extreme stress you’re under. ", "Don’t get me wrong – these can be great resources for those that require them, but let’s take a step back and evaluate stress for a moment.", "\n\nWe all know that stress is bad for us. ", "For example:\n\nStress raises cortisol levels\n\nStress interferes with sleep\n\nStress causes cravings\n\nStress causes depression\n\nAnd there is even evidence to say that stress causes cancer.", "\n\nIt’s not new news that stress is no good for us! ", "But most people today live with some level of unmanaged stress. ", "And yet, here is the key: nearly all of that stress is caused by thoughts.", "\n\nYes, thoughts.", "\n\nYou see, our bodies have the very real ability to react – even chronically – to the negative thoughts in our lives. ", "For instance, if you suddenly found yourself face to face with a dangerous predator, your mind would immediately process the information, and cause your body to react with the fight or flight response to help you survive.", "\n\nWhen you reflect on your day and you say, “That situation stressed me out,” what you’re saying is that the situation at hand “caused you” to think stressful and negative thoughts.", "\n\nBut I ask you: can situations, people, or anything else really force us to think anything?", "\n\nYour mind – and in turn, body – will simply respond to the messages you give them. ", "And fortunately, they react to the good ones too. ", "If our thoughts have the ability to do the damage listed above, imagine the level of health and success they can give you.", "\n\nSo how can you take your thoughts – and turn them from stress and burnout toward health and wealth?", "\n\nLori's advice to someone experiencing burnout? ", "Take deep breaths. ", "You see, as you reduce your physical stress, the mind begins to clear as well. ", "The two are inextricably linked. ", "Take care of one, and you invariably take care of the other. ", "And once your head is clear, you’ll know how to intentionally rearrange your toxic thoughts.", "\n\nHere’s another way to look at it:\n\nAre you stressed? ", "Good!", "\n\nThat means you know you need to make a change – and you know that the change starts with the intentional thoughts you choose allow into your mind.", "\n\nSpecial FREE Offers From Lori\n\nLori offers a no cost 45-60 Minute Rapid Results phone consultation where you will learn more about yourself and discover if you qualify for her program. ", "Lori only works with 8 prequalified clients a month, and if qualify, she will explain how her program can help you more quickly reach your goals and dreams. ", "Simply contact her at http://www.mindscapesunlimited.com/contact-us.html and mention no cost consultation.", "\n\nShe also offers two free audios; one is a 10 minute meditative audio where you will feel more refreshed and alert afterward. ", "This audio is available for free on her website when you sign up for her newsletter. ", "The second audio is self-hypnosis where you will be empowered and guided in ways to attract greater abundance while feeling incredibly relaxed and refreshed. ", "This one is available at https://soundcloud.com/strategic-mind-coach/free-hynosis-session .", "\n\nAbout Lori\n\nLori Bestler is founder and owner of the Mindscapes Unlimited Mind Coaching Center, Rethinking Reality Retreats for Women, the Strategic Mind System of Success™, and the Rapid Results-Mind Empowerment Coaching program™ and audio series™.", "\n\nFor over 30 years, Lori has transformed thousands of professional men and women’s lives as an award winning motivational speaker, retreat facilitator and mind empowerment coach utilizing her holistic approaches and transformational coaching style. ", "She is an influential change agent and intuitive guide specializing in empowering busy minded professionals and entrepreneurs ready to break down their inner barriers and begin living the extraordinary life they know they are capable of creating. ", "Lori’s passion is to bring the latest cutting-edge stress-reduction, esteem building and performance-enhancing methods to millions of people, enabling them to experience greater success. ", "Ms. Bestler’s commitment to the health, wealth and well-being of the busy minded population has made her a sought after speaker and coach. ", "She has been interviewed on numerous radio programs such as The Business Forum, World Talk Radio-Change Your Thoughts, Change Your Life Program, The Prosperity Student and Going Solo Network. ", "She has also been featured in The Edge Holistic Magazine, and on North Metro TV." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to prototype extend the document object in IE9?", "\n\nI want to override the native document.write function so I'm doing this:\nHTMLDocument.prototype.write = function(arg) {\n alert('Do Something!');", "\n};\n\nThis works in every browser except IE9 where it throws the following error:\n'HTMLDocument' is undefined\nIt even works in IE 8. ", "How to extend the document object in IE9?", "\n\nA:\n\nApparently, somewhere before IE 9 was about to be published HTMLDocument was replaced with Document and it was like this in IE 10 as well. ", "However, in IE 11 both objects are back and following returns true:\nDocument.prototype.write === HTMLDocument.prototype.write\n\neven though Document and HTMLDocument reference different objects. ", "So to do what you want for IE 9 and IE 10 (I didn't check IE 8 behavior) you could do something like:\nDocument.prototype.write = function(arg) {\n alert('Do Something!');", "\n};\n\n" ]

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[ "Frankfurt Christmas Market, Birmingham\n\nThe Frankfurt Christmas Market and Craft Market is an annual outdoor Christmas market and craft fair held in central Birmingham, England. ", "The market started in 2001 with 24 stalls and has expanded every year. ", "It opens in mid November and continues until late December, closing just before Christmas.", "\n\nThe Christmas Market and Craft Fair is located in Centenary Square, Chamberlain Square, New Street, and Victoria Square. ", "It is the largest such market outside Germany and Austria, attracting over 3.1 million visitors in 2010, over 5 million visitors in 2011, almost 5 million visitors in 2013 and over 5.5 million visitors in 2014. ", "German food and drink such as Bratwurst and Glühwein are available.", "\n\nOn 15 November 2018, after an inspection by Birmingham City Council's environmental health officials, twenty of the market's food stalls were ordered to improve hygiene . ", "Two further stalls were summarily closed for failing to display mandatory allergen advice. ", "When reinspected on 20 November, all the stalls were found to meet the required standards.", "\n\nThe market is affiliated with the Frankfurt Christmas Market in the city of Frankfurt, one of the oldest such markets in Germany (dating from 1393), hence the name. ", "Birmingham is twinned with Frankfurt.", "\n\nSee also\n List of Christmas markets\n\nReferences\n\nExternal\n\n Frankfurt Christmas Market and Craft Market, Birmingham City Council\n \n\nCategory:2001 establishments in England\nCategory:Recurring events established in 2001\nCategory:Christmas markets\nCategory:Culture in Birmingham, West Midlands\nCategory:Annual events in England\nCategory:Events in Birmingham, West Midlands\nCategory:Economy of Birmingham, West Midlands\nCategory:Food markets in the United Kingdom\nCategory:Retail markets in England\nCategory:Crafts" ]

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[ "olve 3 - 2 = -n for n.\n-1\nSolve -5 = -4*f + 11 for f.\n4\nSolve g + 135 = -26*g for g.\n-5\nSolve -14*k - 28 = -21*k for k.\n4\nSolve -19*h - 840 = 65*h for h.\n-10\nSolve -42*x - 32*x + 74 = 0 for x.\n1\nSolve 3*j + 16 = 7 for j.\n-3\nSolve 0*c - 2 = -c for c.\n2\nSolve -120*y = -127*y - 42 for y.\n-6\nSolve -49 = 8*a - 73 for a.\n3\nSolve -5*f = -1 + 16 for f.\n-3\nSolve -7*j + 4*j = -15 for j.\n5\nSolve -5*n + 8 - 23 = 0 for n.\n-3\nSolve 0 = 5*h + 77 - 52 for h.\n-5\nSolve -5*n + 0*n = -5 for n.\n1\nSolve 83 - 47 = -6*a for a.\n-6\nSolve 24 - 32 = -x for x.\n8\nSolve 33*z = 2*z - 217 for z.\n-7\nSolve 10*r + 37 + 3 = 0 for r.\n-4\nSolve 11 = -3*b - 4 for b.\n-5\nSolve 0 = 875*v - 873*v + 2 for v.\n-1\nSolve -97*h = -115*h - 108 for h.\n-6\nSolve 44*j - 182 = -138 for j.\n1\nSolve -246 + 258 = -3*a for a.\n-4\nSolve -45*i + 42 = -183 for i.\n5\nSolve 0 = -134*x - 25*x + 1431 for x.\n9\nSolve -51 + 46 = -l for l.\n5\nSolve -34 = -p - 32 for p.\n2\nSolve -174*b = -180*b + 30 for b.\n5\nSolve -23*p + 88 = -p for p.\n4\nSolve 31 - 63 = -8*j for j.\n4\nSolve -3*m - m = -6*m for m.\n0\nSolve 0 = 45*p + 56 + 34 for p.\n-2\nSolve -468*m = -482*m - 14 for m.\n-1\nSolve 5*s = 13*s for s.\n0\nSolve 58*l - 54*l = -4 for l.\n-1\nSolve -5850 = 12*f - 5850 for f.\n0\nSolve 0 = -36*l + 45*l + 36 for l.\n-4\nSolve 6*n + 78 = 72 for n.\n-1\nSolve -3*r - 3 = -9 for r.\n2\nSolve -7*t + 64 = -6 for t.\n10\nSolve -8*a = 4*a for a.\n0\nSolve 2*r - 143 + 139 = 0 for r.\n2\nSolve -299 = -2*o - 285 for o.\n7\nSolve -15 = -o - 10 for o.\n5\nSolve -28 = -28*p + 14*p for p.\n2\nSolve 56*g - 72 = 74*g for g.\n-4\nSolve 6 = 12*p - 66 for p.\n6\nSolve -3*m + 16*m = 13 for m.\n1\nSolve 9 = 69*b + 147 for b.\n-2\nSolve m = 131 - 126 for m.\n5\nSolve 22*o + 61*o = -166 for o.\n-2\nSolve -119 = 5*n - 139 for n.\n4\nSolve -59*i = -61*i + 2 for i.\n1\nSolve 8*g - 34 + 10 = 0 for g.\n3\nSolve 8*k - 51 = 5 for k.\n7\nSolve -11*m + 12 = -5*m for m.\n2\nSolve 0 = 12*z - 16 - 44 for z.\n5\nSolve -3*n = 4*n - 21 for n.\n3\nSolve -28*f + 23 = -61 for f.\n3\nSolve -42*h - 88*h = 130 for h.\n-1\nSolve 0*b + 2*b - 2 = 0 for b.\n1\nSolve -23 + 9 = -2*c for c.\n7\nSolve -2*s + 8 = 6 for s.\n1\nSolve -3639 = 16*o - 3527 for o.\n-7\nSolve 71*a = 79*a + 24 for a.\n-3\nSolve -387*c + 399*c - 60 = 0 for c.\n5\nSolve 50*s = -242 + 592 for s.\n7\nSolve -5 = 11*r - 6*r for r.\n-1\nSolve 2*o - 3*o = 2 for o.\n-2\nSolve 108*w = 98*w - 40 for w.\n-4\nSolve 20 = d + 15 for d.\n5\nSolve 54*y - 15 = 57*y for y.\n-5\nSolve 1457 + 215 = 209*o for o.\n8\nSolve 2*u = -5*u - 2*u for u.\n0\nSolve -1 = -8*b + 7 for b.\n1\nSolve 3*c - 18 = -12 for c.\n2\nSolve 0 = -346*n + 338*n + 56 for n.\n7\nSolve -9*r + 2*r = -0*r for r.\n0\nSolve -68*d + 72*d = 12 for d.\n3\nSolve 0*d = 10*d + 10 for d.\n-1\nSolve 200 = 53*q - 171 for q.\n7\nSolve 78 - 43 = 7*l for l.\n5\nSolve 27*c + 13*c - 80 = 0 for c.\n2\nSolve 0 = 54*r - 399 - 33 for r.\n8\nSolve 4*h + 3 = -17 for h.\n-5\nSolve 0 = -3*a + 23 - 8 for a.\n5\nSolve 16 = 7*g - 5 for g.\n3\nSolve 0 = -26*r + 388 - 258 for r.\n5\nSolve -26 = 6*o - 8 for o.\n-3\nSolve m = -3*m - 8 for m.\n-2\nSolve -67*b + 6 = -69*b for b.\n-3\nSolve -67 = 2*d - 73 for d.\n3\nSolve 11*y = -15*y - 26 for y.\n-1\nSolve 28 = -6*i + 4 for i.\n-4\nSolve 372 = 76*r + 904 for r.\n-7\nSolve 65*m - 70*m + 25 = 0 for m.\n5\nSolve 17 = 7*q + 24 for q.\n-1\nSolve 9 + 31 = 20*o for o.\n2\nSolve -1005*b - 96 = -981*b for b.\n-4\nSolve -41*w + 117*w - 304 = 0 for w.\n4\nSolve 0 = -4*f + 43 - 63 for f.\n-5\nSolve 109*n = 126*n - 85 for n.\n5\nSolve 285*f = 283*f + 12 for f.\n6\nSolve 5*v = -1 + 26 for v.\n5\nSolve -1757 + 1761 = 2*n for n.\n2\nSolve 0 = -9*b + 2467 - 2539 for b.\n-8\nSolve 0 = -1060*q + 1065*q - 15 for q.\n3\nSolve -4*j - 52 = -40 for j.\n-3\nSolve 406*c = 404*c + 2 for c.\n1\nSolve 5*q = -12*q for q.\n0\nSolve -39*k = -52*k for k.\n0\nSolve -17*n - 24 - 44 = 0 for n.\n-4\nSolve 0 = -i + 72 - 67 for i.\n5\nSolve 18*a - 36 = 9*a for a.\n4\nSolve 17 = 7*n - 18 for n.\n5\nSolve 13*w - 36 = 31*w for w.\n-2\nSolve 6*o - 11*o = 10 for o.\n-2\nSolve 11*m + 6 = 9*m for m.\n-3\nSolve -13 = 3*z - 4 for z.\n-3\nSolve -67*n + 20 = -63*n for n.\n5\nSolve 92*o - 80*o - 24 = 0 for o.\n2\nSolve 13*x - 54 = -14*x for x.\n2\nSolve -3*u - 13 = -13 for u.\n0\nSolve -197*h = -190*h for h.\n0\nSolve -19*i - 374 = -431 for i.\n3\nSolve 11 = -3*m - 8*m for m.\n-1\nSolve 64*d + 107*d = 1026 for d.\n6\nSolve q - 5*q + 20 = 0 for q.\n5\nSolve 0*l - 3*l = 3 for l.\n-1\nSolve -4*x = 18*x for x.\n0\nSolve 238 = 2*m + 250 for m.\n-6\nSolve -31*h = -33*h + 10 for h.\n5\nSolve 0 = 54*i + 702 - 540 for i.\n-3\nSolve -3*v - 2 - 7 = 0 for v.\n-3\nSolve -r = -17*r - 32 for r.\n-2\nSolve 20*w - 27*w = -28 for w.\n4\nSolve -889 + 949 = -12*w for w.\n-5\nSolve -q + 2 = -3 for q.\n5\nSolve -7 - 3 = 5*t for t.\n-2\nSolve 16*c - 11*c = 0 for c.\n0\nSolve 0 = 263*t - 247*t - 16 for t.\n1\nSolve 7*r = 11*r + 24 for r.\n-6\nSolve 58*o = -277 - 71 for o.\n-6\nSolve 208 = 6*y + 226 for y.\n-3\nSolve 86*x - 90*x = -16 for x.\n4\nSolve -3*w + 5*w - 6 = 0 for w.\n3\nSolve -30*q - 10 = 50 for q.\n-2\nSolve 11 = 42*d - 73 for d.\n2\nSolve -115*z + 60 = -95*z for z.\n3\nSolve -7*b - 154 = -182 for b.\n4\nSolve 73*l - 69*l = -4 for l.\n-1\nSolve 9*l + 14 = 41 for l.\n3\nSolve -6*y - 16 = -4 for y.\n-2\nSolve -501*d = -505*d - 40 for d.\n-10\nSolve 0 = 5*v - 6*v - 4 for v.\n-4\nSolve -18*n = 14*n + 96 for n.\n-3\nSolve 0 = 37*f - 40*f - 9 for f.\n-3\nSolve 2869*o = 2866*o + 3 for o.\n1\nSolve -19*u = -33*u + 14 for u.\n1\nSolve -79*m - 110 = -57*m for m.\n-5\nSolve -14*h = -65*h + 510 for h.\n10\nSolve -250*d + 14 = -264*d for d.\n-1\nSolve -90 + 321 = 33*s for s.\n7\nSolve -7*o + 36 - 71 = 0 for o.\n-5\nSolve -79*s + 73*s + 24 = 0 for s.\n4\nSolve -4 - 2 = 2*p for p.\n-3\nSolve 38 = -4*x + 23*x for x.\n2\nSolve -96*k = -97*k - 1 for k.\n-1\nSolve -307 = -38*l - 3 for l.\n8\nSolve 23*s = 14*s - 9 for s.\n-1\nSolve -571*x = -552*x - 19 for x.\n1\nSolve 146 = -4*z + 162 for z.\n4\nSolve 0 = 10*l + 57 + 3 for l.\n-6\nSolve 5*q + 13 = 23 for q.\n2\nSolve -4 = 77*m - 73*m for m.\n-1\nSolve -116*q + 113*q - 9 = 0 for q.\n-3\nSolve -4*y = -24*y - 40 for y.\n-2\nSolve -5*v + 0 - 20 = 0 for v.\n-4\nSolve 0 = -34*i - 23 - 11 for i.\n-1\nSolve 109*g = 104*g for g.\n0\nSolve 6 = 48*y + 54 for y.\n-1\nSolve g + 36 = 37 for g.\n1\nSolve -37*v - 245 = -72*v for v.\n7\nSolve 9*b - 315 = -26*b for b.\n9\nSolve 39 - 7 = -8*a for a.\n-4\nSolve 2*t + 8*t = 9*t for t.\n0\nSolve -6*x = -4 + 34 for x.\n-5\nSolve 10*n - 10 = 15*n for n.\n-2\nSolve 356*r - 367*r - 55 = 0 for r.\n-5\nSolve -201*l + 195*l + 42 = 0 for l.\n7\nSolve -8 + 43 = -7*n for n.\n-5\nSolve 96*q = 41*q + 110 for q.\n2\nSolve -1 = 2*q - 15 for q.\n7\nSolve 5*z - 2 + 27 = 0 for z.\n-5\nSolve -11*v - 132 = -33*v for v.\n6\nSolve -112*h = -99*h + 52 for h.\n-4\nSolve 7*i = -19 - 16 for i.\n-5\nSolve 29 - 128 = -33*x for x.\n3\nSolve -120*c + 116*c = 8 for c.\n-2\nSolve 10*r + 68 = -7*r for r.\n-4\nSolve 4*d - 6 + 2 = 0 for d.\n1\nSolve 102*r = 110*r - 48 for r.\n6\nSolve 14*u - 99 = -15 for u.\n6\nSolve -11*o + 15*o + 16 = 0 for o.\n-4\nSolve 9 = -4*h + 13 for h.\n1\nSolve 203 - 159 = 11*u for u.\n4\nSolve -6*n - 3 - 9 = 0 for n.\n-2\nSolve 101*x - 87*x = -112 for x.\n-8\nSolve 0 = -4*k + 5 + 15 for k.\n5\nSolve 7*n - 2 = 9*n for n.\n-1\nSolve -2*b - 7*b - 36 = 0 for b.\n-4\nSolve -16*d = 49 + 31 for d.\n-5\nSolve 263*p = 235*p - 140 for p.\n-5\nSolve 0 = 9*c - 92*c - 166 for c.\n-2\nSolve 6*d + 173 - 143 = 0 for d.\n-5\nSolve 66 = 130*b - 141*b for b.\n-6\nSolve -4*g + 48 = 36 for g.\n3\nSolve -288 = -38*q + 2*q for q.\n8\nSolve -160*k + 162*k = 0 for k.\n0\nSolve -172 = -11*w - 238 for w.\n-6\nSolve 0 = -95*m + 101*m - 30 for m.\n5\nSolve -r = -6*r - 15 for r.\n-3\nSolve 207 = -7*k + 193 for k.\n-2\nSolve -13 + 77 = -32*f for f.\n-2\nSolve 0 = -c + 10*c - 9 for c.\n1\nSolve -j - 6 + 2 = 0 for j.\n-4\nSolve -7*s = -2319 + 2382 for s.\n-9\nSolve i + 8*i = -2*i for i.\n0\nSolve 14*s = 5*s for s.\n0\nSolve 5*t + 6 - 1 = 0 for t.\n-1\nSolve -10*y = 16*y + 156 for y.\n-6\nSolve 2*o = -o + 3 for o.\n1\nSolve -103*h = -69*h - 102 for h.\n3\nSolve 0 = 5*a + 12*a - 51 for a.\n3\nSolve -16 - 6 = 11*q for q.\n-2\nSolve -10 = 8*x + 14 for x.\n-3\nSolve 55*r + 294 = -36 for r.\n-6\nSolve 24 = -6*v + 12 for v.\n-2\nSolve -127*v + 15 = -124*v for v.\n5\nSolve -10*w - 4 = -9*w for w.\n-4\nSolve 0 = -6*m - 43 + 13 for m.\n-5\nSolve -21*i = -24*i - 12 for i.\n-4\nSolve -148*x + 156*x + 24 = 0 for x.\n-3\nSolve -27*o = -31*o - 16 for o.\n-4\nSolve 0 = 67*q - 62*q + 25 for q.\n-5\nSolve -11*q - 45 = -23 for q.\n-2\nSolve 124 - 112 = -4*m for m.\n-3\nSolve -22*z - 28 = -15*z for z.\n-4\nSolve 1605*d - 16" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "NBA live has actually gotten on the marketplace because 1995. ", "It's a game initially launched by the EA sports. ", "Over a million individuals across the globe enjoy this enjoyment but still, uncertainties arise whether NBA live mobile game readies or otherwise? ", "In case you liked this information along with you would want to get details with regards to https://www.expressonly.com/nba-live-mobile i implore you to go to our site. ", "Why there are so many gamers playing this game?", "\n\nThe game's popularity is undeniable, actually, kids of every ages are playing it, especially those who are basketball fans. ", "The mobile app, which can be downloaded in almost all smart devices, enables its players to link and take on their friends and family free of cost. ", "Most likely, this is just what made it prominent to begin with; it sustains both iOS and also Android gadgets. ", "Therefore, anybody who has a sport and non-sport background could place their practical it.", "\n\nWhat Makes NBA Live Exciting?", "\n\nBoth professional athletes and non-athletes will certainly gain from this game. ", "My website :: click here The live events are planned to harness the gamer's basketball abilities. ", "NBA live is an avenue for gamers to boost their abilities by taking care of numerous difficulties. ", "New techniques and techniques will be encountered while playing this game, thus, making it a lot more interesting. ", "At the same time, non-sports individuals could additionally take advantage of this video gaming system to boost their capabilities in sporting activities.", "However in addition to this, NBA live has a lot to use and it addresses why there are many players playing this game. ", "The live and also real-time experience it produced enables the gamer to build his own group. ", "The game's scorecard will be displayed usually so the gamer will certainly be updated with his progress once in a while. ", "Exactly what makes it more amazing is that the scores can be presented on the gamer's social media sites accounts, such as WhatsApp, Facebook, etc. ", "It resembles playing in the court, with the celebrity players, and satisfying your dream to become an NBA celebrity.", "\n\nBut the exhilaration doesn't stop there! ", "As the game proceeds and the degree enhances, the gamers acquire certain benefits to their baskets. ", "Additionally, the digital basketball game also offers tips on the best ways to boost your basketball ability. ", "Keeping that being claimed, striving professional athletes need to make use of this to obtain themselves ready prior to entering the basketball court. ", "Nevertheless, non-sportsmen of NBA live were offered the chance to unlock their special capabilities via the team they have created within the game. ", "Additionally, they have established competitiveness as well as sportsmanship every time they take on their loved ones.", "\n\nAs a whole, the game is liked by people of all nationalities and also ages; it's one of the mobile games that has actually obtained a lot of awards. ", "Yet to guarantee that you will maximize your video gaming experience, you must ensure a steady Web link initially as a sluggish network will just affect the entire game. ", "Next, you should approve NBA live's terms and conditions to start playing the game. ", "At the same time, there are tutorials discovered online that could aid you enhance your methods and also your basketball skills. ", "It might take a bit for you to become proficient at it however be sure to discover methods as well as methods to win the game.", "\n\nNBA Live mobile is really a basketball simulation game for your mobile unit. ", "It is known as the most authentically competitive basketball game on the planet and functions as a platform for fans of the NBA to join with the NBA through live gaming events. ", "It has a rating of 4. ", "5 stars and over 10 million downloads in the Google Play store alone. ", "Listed here are a number of tips and secrets to help you master NBA Live (more about buy NBA live coins infomations) mobile.", "\n\nConstructing your team\n\nBack in NBA Live, just about every one of the dunks and lay ups you attempt will probably be obstructed in the match. ", "As a result of that, it's imperative that you set an awesome shot in your own team. ", "Focus with finding team associates with good rate levels. ", "Strive for a rate level of approximately 80.", "\n\nAdhere to some fundamental plan\n\nAt the least once you are farming to get coins, you need to think about employing a very simple strategy. ", "An essential three step procedure that normally is effective from the CPU is extending down, scoring a 3 pointer, and glancing out. ", "Attempt to prevent the paint when achieving so.", "\n\nThe controlsNBA Live mobile offers players together with 5 key controls besides movement. ", "These controls are obstructing, guarding, departure, driving, and shooting. ", "Below is just a list for each alternative.", "\n\nBlocking: Blocking can be employed while the ball is within the ownership of the opposing team. ", "It needs to be employed to obstruct your competitors shots.", "\n\nGuarding: Just like blocking, the alternative to shield exists when the ball is in the possession of your rival team. ", "It is used to stop passes to other players on the team.", "\n\nPassing: Passing is only available when you have the ball and is the option to pass the ball to another player on your team.", "\n\nDriving: Driving is the choice to spin your player. ", "It is only available when your team has possession of the ball.", "\n\nShooting: Much like driving and passing, shooting can also be only available when your team has the ball. ", "Shooting gives the player the option to attempt to score.", "\n\nMoves and execution\n\nThere are many moves that you can use to boost your gaming experience along with score.", "\n\nSpin Move: This only works when you are moving and have a defender moving towards you. ", "With good timing and good speed, press the \" drive \" button . ", "The spin move helps you to get by defenders.", "\n\nHookshot: With your back to the basket, drive in with PF or C and press the \" shoot \" button.", "\n\nSteals: When on the defensive, press the \" guard \" button to attempt to steal the ball by reaching in. ", "Do not be hesitant to press \" guard \" repeatedly as fouls are rarely called.", "\n\nFade-Aways: (This time I want show you some great things about www.expressonly.com,don't hesitate to just click here.) ", "When you have a reasonable amount of space, dribble towards the baseline and press the \" shoot \" button. ", "If you attempt to do this on the sideline, know that the shot will have a decreased chance of working.", "\n\nConclusion\n\nNBA Live mobile is an incredibly addicting game even for people who are new to the sport of basketball. ", "While it may seem like the controls and concepts are not noobie friendly, they are easy to learn and enhancing your play is easier than you think. ", "It is all about knowing the layout and understanding the turf of the game. ", "Even as an intermediate or expert, it is important to have a basic, simple strategy for playing . ", "With all of its features, NBA Live may become your favorite mobile game." ]

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[ "\"Kaum De Heere\" is about Indira Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards who assassinated her.", "\n\nThe Delhi High Court has allowed the release of Punjabi film \"Kaum De Heere\", based on the assassination of former prime minister Indira Gandhi, which was slated to be released in August 2014. ", "It set aside the Central Board of Film Certification's earlier order withdrawing movie's certification for public screening.", "\n\nReferring to a Supreme Court verdict, Justice Vibhu Bakhru said once an expert body has considered the impact of a film on the public and has cleared the film, it is no excuse to say that there may be a law and order situation.", "\n\n\"The reliance placed by the respondents upon Section 6(1) of the Cinematograph Act, is wholly misplaced. ", "First of all, the said provision to the extent that it enables the Central Government to exercise revisional powers in respect of the decisions rendered by CBFC, has been held to be unconstitutional. ", "Second, even if Section 6(1) of the Act was operative, the respondents had not followed the procedure as contemplated therein. ", "The petitioner was not granted any opportunity to represent its views before the direction was issued,\" the high court said.", "\n\nThe movie was initially granted ''A'' certification but later the movie was barred from release in India by the government.", "\n\nProducers of the film had challenged CBFC and Film Certification Appellate Tribunal's orders, by which the film's certification was withdrawn. ", "They had contended the censor board \"had no factual or legal basis for withdrawal of certificate\" after granting it.", "\n\nThe Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and CBFC had said the withdrawal of certification was done according to the provisions of the Cinematograph Act, 1952 and on the orders of the central government.", "\n\nSenior advocate Colin Gonsalves, appearing for the petitioner, had challenged the orders saying that the Chairperson of CBFC had no power to review and cancel the certificate that was issued by CBFC.", "\n\nHe contended that the said certification was issued by CBFC after the Revising Committee had viewed the feature film on two occasions.", "\n\nThe senior lawyer submitted that the feature film did not violate any guidelines and withdrawal of certification was violative of Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India.", "\n\nThe CBFC, however, submitted that the central government had the power under Section 6(2) of the Cinematograph Act, 1952 to direct that a film, which has been granted certification, be deemed to be an uncertified film in any part or the whole of India." ]

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[ "At WonderCon this weekend, I had a fun time covering the Walt Disney Animation Studios and Disney Television Animation: Careers at Disney Animation panel with Camille Eden (Manager, Recruitment), Matt Roberts (Artistic Recruiter), and Brooke Keesling (Director, Talent Development) who shared some of the different creative roles that help make animated films and television shows. ", "The discussion was moderated by Disney animator Darrin Butters, who worked on Big Hero 6 and Frozen, and offered a behind-the-scenes look at this amazing art form. ", "The panel began with a short screening showcasing Disney Studios’ most popular film and television animation and ended with an audience Q&A.\n\nThe panelists talked about the different approaches of each studio; what it’s like working within a vertical studio where everything is done in-house; the development process in the studio pipeline; the collaborative, fast-paced, and fun working environment; how art and technology are combined; how everyone working at Disney contributes to the process; the importance of staying true to the vision of the entire organization; why they want applicants with a strong sense of appeal, aesthetics, and storytelling; their training program and internship opportunities; what they look for in an applicant’s portfolio; the best entry-level positions for recent college grads; and the importance of peer support and honest feedback." ]

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[ "Pool Repairs\n\nGet Your Pool Fixed and Start Swimming Again Today!", "\n\nA great pool is like a vacation right in your own backyard. ", "Nothing is more enjoyable on a hot day that being able to step out your door and into the cooling waters of a beautiful swimming pool.", "\n\nA broken pool on the other hand is like having a polluted pond adjacent to your house, and nothing is more disappointing when you just want to cool off with a refreshing swim.", "\n\nAt Clean Out Pool Service, we understand how much you cherish your pool. ", "That's why we serve Tulare County with terrific pool repair services. ", "Our team of experienced pool specialists are eager to restore your pool back to proper working order, so you and the kids can swim again.", "\n\nSome of our repair services include:\n\nFilters\n\nPump & motors\n\nCleaners\n\nLights\n\nHeaters\n\nSpas\n\nRegardless of the problem with your pool, you can always count on Clean Out Pool Service to provide you with prompt efficient service that will ensure your pool is restored to proper working order." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Do dogs (Canis familiaris) show contagious yawning?", "\nWe report an experimental investigation into whether domesticated dogs display contagious yawning. ", "Fifteen dogs were shown video clips of (1) humans and (2) dogs displaying yawns and open-mouth expressions (not yawns) to investigate whether dogs showed contagious yawning to either of these social stimuli. ", "Only one dog performed significantly more yawns during or shortly after viewing yawning videos than to the open-mouth videos, and most of these yawns occurred to the human videos. ", "No dogs showed significantly more yawning to the open-mouth videos (human or dog). ", "The percentage of dogs showing contagious yawning was less than chimpanzees and humans showing this behavior, and considerably less than a recently published report investigating this behavior in dogs (Joly-Mascheroni et al. ", "in Biol Lett 4:446-448, 2008)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "---\nabstract: '\\[LPH96\\]201.663+1.643, a diffuse H[ii]{} region, has been reported to be a candidate for emission from rapidly spinning dust grains. ", "Here we present Cosmic Background Imager (CBI) observations at $26-36$ GHz that show no evidence for significant anomalous emission. ", "The spectral index within the CBI band, and between CBI and Effelsberg data at 1.4/2.7 GHz, is consistent with optically thin free-free emission. ", "The best-fitting temperature spectral index from 2.7 to 31 GHz, $\\beta=-2.06 \\pm 0.03$, is close to the theoretical value, $\\beta=-2.12$ for $T_{e}=9100$ K. We place an upper limit of $24\\%~(2\\sigma)$ for excess emission at 31 GHz as seen in a $6\\arcmin$ FWHM beam. ", "Current spinning dust models are not a good fit to the spectrum of LPH96. ", "No polarized emission is detected in the CBI data with an upper limit of $2\\%$ on the polarization fraction.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'C. Dickinson, S. Casassus, J. L. Pineda, T. J. Pearson, A. C. S. Readhead and R. D. Davies'\nbibliography:\n- 'refs.bib'\ntitle: 'An upper limit on anomalous dust emission at 31 GHz in the diffuse cloud \\[LPH96\\]201.663+1.643'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nTo extract precise cosmological information from high-sensitivity cosmic microwave background (CMB) data, the Galactic foregrounds must be accurately known over a wide frequency range. ", "Galactic radiation, which comprises 3 well-known components (synchrotron, free-free and vibrational dust), is the most important on angular scales $\\gtrsim\n1\\arcdeg$. However, many authors have detected an additional “anomalous” component in the frequency range $\\sim 10-60$ GHz whose origin is still not understood. ", "The anomalous emission, first detected in the COBE-DMR maps at 31- and 53-GHz, was initially thought to be due to free-free emission owing to its correlation with FIR maps and its spectral index [@Kogut96a; @Kogut96b]. ", "It soon became clear that free-free emission could not account for this “excess” due to the lack of [$\\alpha$]{} emission. ", "Observations of the NCP region at 14.5- and 32-GHz [@Leitch97] clearly show the anomalous emission and the tight correlation with $100~\\mu$m maps. ", "Since then, anomalous emission has been detected by a number of authors [@deOliveira-Costa02; @deOliveira-Costa04; @Banday03; @Lagache03; @Finkbeiner04a; @Finkbeiner04b; @Casassus04; @Watson05; @Davies06] but still little is known about the physical mechanism that produces it. ", "Candidates include spinning dust grains [@Draine98a; @Draine98b], magnetic dust emission [@Draine99], flat-spectrum synchrotron [@Bennett03b] and free-free emission from very hot electrons [@Leitch97].", "\n\nThe first targeted search for spinning dust emission from individual objects was carried out by [@Finkbeiner02]. ", "Using the Green Bank 140ft telescope, with a resolution of $6 \\arcmin$, they made scans of 10 dust clouds to look for the spectral signature of spinning dust grains i.e. a sharp rise from low frequencies up to a peak at $\\sim\n20$ GHz. ", "They saw a rise in the flux density over the frequency range $5-10$ GHz for 2 objects: \\[LPH96\\]201.663+1.643 (henceforth LPH96) and LDN1622, both strongly correlated with FIR maps. ", "The spectrum of LDN1622 appears to fit a spinning dust model remarkably well, a result that has recently been confirmed with CBI data at 31 GHz [@Casassus06]. ", "LPH96 is the brighter of the two clouds and is classed as a diffuse  region [@Lockman96].", "\n\nIn §\\[sec:cbi\\] we present CBI total intensity and polarization observations of LPH96 in the range $26-36$ GHz. ", "The mapping capability of CBI provides an angular resolution $\\sim 6\\arcmin$ (similar to Green Bank observations). ", "In §\\[sec:radio\\_maps\\] we compare low frequency radio maps at 1.4 and 2.7 GHz with CBI data at 31 GHz, both in the image and Fourier planes. §", "\\[sec:gb\\_fir\\] discusses the Green Bank data of [@Finkbeiner02] and the correlations with the $100~\\mu$m dust template. ", "Discussion and conclusions are given in §\\[sec:discussion\\].", "\n\nCBI data {#sec:cbi}\n========\n\nThe Cosmic Background Imager (CBI) is a 13-element interferometer situated on the high altitude Chajnantor site in Chile. ", "In a compact configuration, baseline lengths range from 1.0m to 4.0m corresponding to angular scales between $\\sim 6\\arcmin$ and $\\sim 30\\arcmin$. The CBI covers the frequency range $26-36$ GHz in 10 1 GHz channels. ", "Observations of LPH96 (RA(J2000)=06:36:40, DEC(J2000)=+10:46:28) were taken on the nights of 15,17 and 19 November 2002 with a combined integration time of $\\sim 3000$ s. Each receiver measures either left (L) or right (R) circular polarization, thus each baseline measures either total intensity (LL or RR) or polarization (LR or RL), which are combined in the $u,v$-plane to give Stokes $I,Q,U$. We assume that circular polarization, $V=0$. A longer integration of $\\sim 3600$ s was made in total intensity mode (all receivers measuring L only) on 14 January 2003.", "\n\nThe data were reduced using similar routines to those used for CMB data [@Pearson03; @Readhead04a; @Readhead04b]. ", "Each 8-min integration on source was accompanied by a trail field, separated by 8 mins in RA, observed at the same hour angle for subtraction of ground-spillover. ", "The overall absolute calibration scale is tied to a Jupiter temperature of $T_{\\rm J}=(147.3 \\pm 1.8)$ K [@Readhead04a]. ", "Secondary calibrators (Tau-A, Jupiter, 3C274) were used to estimate a further uncertainty of $\\sim 2\\%$ in the gains on a given night. ", "We therefore assign a total calibration uncertainty of $3\\%$.\n\nThe final CBI CLEANed total intensity map is shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:cbi\\_map\\]. ", "The excellent $u,v$ coverage provides robust mapping of both compact and extended emission on scales up to $\\sim\n30\\arcmin$ within the primary beam of $45\\arcmin.2$ FWHM at 31 GHz. ", "The peak flux density at 31 GHz is $1.79$ Jy/beam centered on LPH96 but with some extended emission, mainly to the NW with a deconvolved angular size of $\\sim 20\\arcmin$. The noise level is $\\approx 10$ mJy/beam. ", "Low level extended emission is also detected outside the FWHM of the primary beam, particularly to the SE of LPH96. ", "Two elliptical Gaussians can account for the majority of the flux in the CLEANed map with an integrated flux density (after correcting for the primary beam) of $7.57 \\pm 0.4$ Jy and residual rms of $\\approx 30$ mJy. ", "The 2 components are 4.1 Jy centered on the peak of LPH96 with a deconvolved angular size of $9\\arcmin.7 \\times\n6\\arcmin.3$ and an extended component with angular size $20\\arcmin.2\n\\times 17\\arcmin.0$ containing 3.5 Jy. ", "By splitting the bands into low and high frequencies, maps at 28.5 and 33.5 GHz were produced. ", "However, due to the different $u,v$ coverage, the maps have different resolution and spatial scales making it difficult to compare the flux densities of extended sources. ", "Nonetheless, the peak flux density in a restored $6\\arcmin$ FWHM beam was 1.75 and 1.71 Jy/beam at 28.5 and 33.5 GHz, respectively. ", "This implies a flux spectral index[^1] $\\alpha =-0.14\\pm 0.19$ over this range.", "\n\nThe polarization mapping capability of the CBI has been demonstrated from deep CMB observations [@Cartwright05; @Readhead04b; @Sievers05]. ", "The Stokes $Q$ and $U$ images of LPH96 have a r.m.s. ", "noise level of $\\sim 14$ mJy/beam, with a synthesized beam of $7\\arcmin.9 \\times 6\\arcmin.5$ (FWHM). ", "No significant polarization is detected above the noise from this region on these angular scales. ", "From the noise-corrected polarization intensity map we place a $3 \\sigma$ upper limit on the polarization intensity of 34 mJy. ", "This corresponds to a polarization fraction upper limit of $2\\%$ of the peak. ", "For the extended emission to the NW, with a brightness of $\\sim 0.2$ Jy/beam, the upper limit increases to $\\approx 10\\%$.\n\nComparison with low frequency radio maps {#sec:radio_maps}\n========================================\n\nAt lower frequencies, the all-sky surveys at 408 MHz (Haslam et al. ", "1982), 1420 MHz (Reich & Reich 1986) and 2326 MHz (Jonas et al. ", "1998) do not have sufficient angular resolutions ($51\\arcmin$, $35\\arcmin$ and $20\\arcmin$ FWHM, respectively) to allow a reliable comparison with CBI data. ", "Instead we use data from the Effelsberg 100-m telescope at 1408 MHz [@Reich97] and 2695 MHz [@Fuerst90]. ", "The data[^2] are fully-sampled background subtracted continuum maps with beams of FWHM $9\\arcmin.4$ and $4\\arcmin.3$ respectively. ", "The 1.4 GHz map has a peak brightness temperature $T_{b}=6.88$ K and LPH96 is almost unresolved (Fig.", " \\[fig:multi\\_maps\\]a). ", "The 2.7 GHz map (Fig.", " \\[fig:multi\\_maps\\]b) has a peak $T_{b}=3.38$ K and shows the extension to the NW detected in the CBI image. ", "After smoothing to a common resolution of $9\\arcmin.4$, the peak brightness at 2.7 GHz is $T_{b}=1.86$ K, which corresponds to a temperature spectral index $\\beta_{1.4}^{2.7}=-2.02 \\pm 0.11$ (we assume a calibration uncertainty of 5% in the Effelsberg data).", "\n\nTo allow a comparison with CBI data, the 2.7 GHz map is “observed” with the CBI $u,v$ coverage. ", "This involves sampling the fourier transform of the 2.7 GHz map after multiplying the image by the CBI primary beam (and also making a correction for the smoothing due to the Effelsberg beam). ", "The CLEANed image of the 2.7 GHz simulated map is shown as contours in Fig.", " \\[fig:multi\\_maps\\]b. ", "The image is a good match to the CBI map with a peak flux density of $2.06 \\pm\n0.10$ Jy/beam and an integrated flux density for the LPH96 region of $7.6 \\pm 0.4$ Jy. ", "The peak flux densities at 2.7 and 31 GHz in the CBI beam correspond to a flux density spectral index $\\alpha=-0.06 \\pm\n0.03$.\n\nWe also compare data in the Fourier plane by simulating the CBI observation given an input map (as in the image analysis), but comparing the visibilities directly. ", "This allows direct comparison of CBI data with multi-frequency maps without the problems of deconvolution and incomplete $u,v$ coverage. ", "The noise in each visibility can be treated as independent so we can simply compute the slope of the best-fitting linear relationship between the visibilities at the two frequencies. ", "The Pearson’s correlation coefficient, $P=0.93$, indicates a strong correlation between CBI data and the $2.7$ GHz map. ", "The fitted slopes from 31 GHz to 1.4 and 2.7 GHz are $2.06\\pm 0.12$ mK/K and $7.13 \\pm 0.42$ mK/K respectively. ", "This corresponds to spectral indices of $\\beta_{1.4}^{31}=-2.00\\pm 0.04$ and $\\beta_{2.7}^{31}=-2.02\\pm 0.04$. The slopes for each CBI channel can be calculated in the same way, but are less useful since each frequency samples different regions of the $u,v$-plane. ", "Nevertheless, for correlations with the 2.7 GHz data, we get $\\beta=-2.19 \\pm 0.14$ over the range $26-36$ GHz, in agreement with the image analysis.", "\n\nComparison with Green Bank data and FIR maps {#sec:gb_fir}\n============================================\n\nThe Green Bank data presented by [@Finkbeiner02] consist of $48\\arcmin$ long scans at 5,8.25 and 9.75 GHz, smoothed to a resolution $6\\arcmin$ FWHM. ", "The scans were chopped at $12\\arcmin$ and a smooth baseline subtracted to remove ground (sidelobe) and atmospheric contamination. ", "This makes it difficult to obtain accurate flux densities for extended structures.", "\n\nHowever, [@Finkbeiner02] do find a tight correlation with the [@Schlegel98] $100~\\mu$m dust map which can be used to estimate the flux density. ", "If the emissivity is constant within a given region, this allows comparison of data with different resolutions and/or observing strategies. ", "The temperature-corrected $100~\\mu$m dust map is shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:multi\\_maps\\]c with a peak brightness of 479 MJy/sr at $6\\arcmin.1$ resolution. ", "The averaged emissivities from [@Finkbeiner02], referenced to the $100~\\mu$m map, are $2770.5 \\pm\n13.8$, $1361.0 \\pm 48.0$ and $1262.5 \\pm 49.5~\\mu$K/(MJy/sr) at 5, 8,25 and 9.75 GHz, respectively. ", "The Pearson’s correlation was $P=0.91$ indicating the overall similarity between the radio and $100~\\mu$m data. ", "The dust map was scaled with these values and observed with the CBI beam. ", "For a restored CLEAN beam of $6\\arcmin$ (FWHM), the peak flux densities were $1.97 \\pm 0.23$, $2.64 \\pm 0.10$, $3.38 \\pm 0.14$ Jy at 5, 8.25 and 9.75 GHz, respectively.", "\n\nTo test whether there is a significant variation in $100~\\mu$m-referenced emissivity between extended and compact emission (which would invalidate the comparison), the correlation coefficient was calculated within a restricted $u,v$-range corresponding to either small or large angular scales. ", "The correlation coefficient at 31 GHz was $41.6 \\pm 1.2~\\mu$K/(MJy/sr) and did not change significantly ($\\lesssim 5\\%$) for angular scales between $6\\arcmin$ and $30\\arcmin$. Joint cross-correlations with multiple maps were not attempted since the structure in the radio and FIR maps is similar and would not allow a reliable separation of components.", "\n\nDiscussion and conclusions {#sec:discussion}\n==========================\n\nTo quantify the contribution of dust emission at GHz frequencies, the free-free emission must be accurately known. ", "The analysis of [@Finkbeiner02] relied on [$\\alpha$]{} data to place limits on the amount of free-free radiation, which was found to be dominant at 5 GHz. ", "However, the effects of dust extinction can clearly be seen in the [$\\alpha$]{} map [@Gaustad01] shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:multi\\_maps\\]d. ", "LPH96 is visible at a level of $\\sim\n250$ R. For optically thin emission at 2.7 GHz, and assuming a typical electron temperature of $T_{e}\\sim 7000-10000$ K, the [$\\alpha$]{}-to-free-free conversion is $\\approx 1~$mK/R [@Dickinson03]. ", "The measured electron temperature from radio recombination lines (RRL) is $T_{e}=9100$ K [@Shaver83]. ", "This would predict 0.25 K of free-free emission based on [$\\alpha$]{} intensities and would require an absorption factor of $> 10$ to match the radio flux density. ", "Making predictions based on [$\\alpha$]{} are therefore unreliable. ", "Observations of RRLs provide a complementary and clean method of separating the free-free thermal emission, without the effects of dust absorption. [", "@Lockman96] measure a H126$\\alpha$ line temperature for LPH96 of $T_{L}=(24 \\pm 2.6)$ mK at $9\\arcmin$ resolution. ", "Assuming optically thin emission in local thermodynamic equilibrium, for $T_{e}=9100$ K, this would predict $4.9\\pm 0.5$ K of free-free emission at 1.4 GHz in a $9\\arcmin$ beam. ", "This implies that the radiation at 2.7 GHz remains optically thin down to at least 1.4 GHz, thus allowing reliable extrapolation from 2.7 GHz to higher frequencies. ", "There is low-level extended emission to the SE of LPH96 that has a similar spectrum suggesting that the emission in this entire region is dominated by optically thin free-free emission. ", "The WMAP data[^3] [@Bennett03a], smoothed to $1\\arcdeg$ resolution, have a spectral index $\\alpha=-0.22 \\pm 0.14$ over the range $20-40$ GHz. ", "A detailed comparison of WMAP data and CBI data is not attempted due to the mismatch of resolutions.", "\n\nThe spectrum of LPH96, in terms of the flux density within a $6\\arcmin$ (FWHM) Gaussian beam centered on LPH96, is shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:spectrum\\]; $1.98 \\pm 0.10$ Jy at 2.7 GHz and $1.71 \\pm\n0.05$ Jy at 31 GHz. ", "The Green Bank points were estimated by calculating the flux density in the $6\\arcmin$ CBI beam of the $100~\\mu$m map scaled by the factors as measured by [@Finkbeiner02] (see §\\[sec:gb\\_fir\\]). ", "The gray shaded area shows the allowed range for the free-free model based on extrapolating from 2.7 GHz using $-0.02< \\alpha <-0.12$. The range is based on the flattest derived spectral index ($\\alpha=-0.02$) and the theoretical value ($\\alpha=-0.12$); the best-fitting value from the image analysis, $\\alpha=-0.06 \\pm 0.03$, is in the middle of this range. ", "The 5 GHz point is close to the free-free model, but at $8-10$ GHz, the Green Bank data show a significant excess that cannot be reconciled with the 2.7 and 31 GHz data points. ", "A spinning dust model for the Warm Neutral Medium [@Draine98b], scaled in amplitude to fit the Green Bank data, is depicted in Fig.", " \\[fig:spectrum\\]. ", "From this, one would expect to see considerable emission in the $26-36$ GHz CBI band, well above the free-free emission, which is not seen. ", "It is interesting to note that the Galactic plane survey of [@Langston02] at 8.35 GHz ($11\\arcmin.167$ beam) detected LPH96 with a peak flux density of 3.69 Jy and integrated flux density of 6.74 Jy. ", "But no detection was made at 14.35 GHz ($8\\arcmin$ beam), with a detection limit of 2.5 Jy. ", "Given the spectral rise observed from $5-10$ GHz, one would expect $\\approx 5$ Jy at 14.35 GHz.", "\n\nIf the spectrum is indeed increasing from 5 to 10 GHz, then the lack of anomalous emission at CBI frequencies suggests that either i) current spinning dust models are not a good fit for this particular cloud or ii) the emission is due to another mechanism. [", "@McCullough02] have suggested that the rising spectrum could occur if there was a dense optically thick ultracompact H[ii]{} region within the cloud, which would exhibit a rising spectrum ($\\alpha \\approx 2$) with a flux density in the range $1.6-4.4$ Jy at 15 GHz. ", "High resolution data are required to definitively rule out this model, but it is unlikely given the CBI flux density.[^4]\n\nFrom the image analysis, we can constrain the non-free-free contribution at 31 GHz by subtracting the free-free model based on the extrapolation of 2.7 GHz data. ", "A spectral index $\\alpha=0.06\\pm 0.03$ accounts for essentially all the emission seen at 31 GHz and is close to the canonical value of $\\alpha=-0.1$ for free-free emission at GHz frequencies. ", "Adopting the theoretical value, $\\alpha=-0.12$ for $T_{e}=9100$ K, the predicted flux density at 31 GHz in a $6\\arcmin$ beam becomes $1.48 \\pm 0.07$ Jy. ", "This leaves $0.23 \\pm 0.09$ Jy, or $14\\%$ of the total 31 GHz flux density, that could be due to an additional anomalous component. ", "At this level the dust emissivity would be $\\approx 6~\\mu$K/(MJy/sr), within the range observed at high latitudes (e.g. [@Banday03]). ", "It is therefore possible that there is a non-negligible anomalous dust component in this H[ii]{} region that is not detected because of the much brighter thermal emission. ", "Given the sensitivity to the assumed spectral index, we do not claim a significant detection of anomalous emission at 31 GHz. ", "We place an upper limit 0.41 Jy ($2\\sigma$) on the anomalous emission at 31 GHz in a $6\\arcmin$ beam, which corresponds to $24\\%$ of the total flux density.", "\n\nThe lack of polarization seen in the CBI data are consistent with free-free emission. ", "If $14\\%$ of the emission at 31 GHz was indeed anomalous, then the polarization of this component is $\\sim 10\\%$ ($2\\sigma$). ", "This largely rules out emission from aligned grains of strongly magnetic material that is expected to be highly polarized [@Draine99].", "\n\nMore data are required to clarify the origin(s) of the anomalous emission, both at high and low Galactic latitudes, and to investigate the conditions in which it occurs. ", "For LPH96, data in the range $5-20$ GHz are required to investigate further the anomalous emission reported by [@Finkbeiner02]. ", "A detailed understanding of anomalous/spinning dust emission will be important for modeling and removal of CMB foregrounds at frequencies $\\lesssim 100$ GHz, particularly if they exhibit significant polarization.", "\n\n{width=\"40.00000%\"}\n\n(a)  {width=\"20.00000%\"} (b)  {width=\"20.00000%\"} (c)  {width=\"20.00000%\"} (d)  {width=\"20.00000%\"}\n\n{width=\"50.00000%\"}\n\n[^1]: The temperature spectral index $\\beta$ is related to the flux density spectral index $\\alpha$ by $\\beta = \\alpha -2$ in the Rayleigh-Jeans limit.", "\n\n[^2]: The Effelsberg survey data were downloaded from the MPIfR sampler survey website: http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/survey.html\n\n[^3]: WMAP all-sky maps available from http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/.\n\n[^4]: D. Finkbeiner et al. (", "priv. ", "comm) have recently re-observed LPH96 using the 100m Green Bank Telescope (GBT) in the frequency range $5-18$ GHz. ", "They could not reproduce the rising spectrum as seen with the 140ft telescope.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Q:\n\nConvert multilevel dictionary into a network graph in Python\n\nI am stuck with a strange issue. ", "I am reading data from a CSV file and converting it into a multi-level dictionary.", "\nCSV Format: I have a total of 1,500 rows in my CSV file, see the format below.", "\n1-103rd Street,1-96th Street,2327.416174\n1-116th Street–Columbia University,1-Cathedral Parkway–110th Street,2327.416174\n1-125th Street,1-116th Street–Columbia University,2327.416174\n1-137th Street–City College,1-125th Street,2327.416174\n1-145th Street,1-137th Street–City College,2327.416174\n1-14th Street,1-Christopher Street–Sheridan Square,2327.416174\n\nIn the above file, the first column denotes a source station, the second column denotes a destination station, and the third column provides the distance between them.", "\nI will have to apply Dijkstra's Algorithm to find the shortest distance between two stations, and for that I need to convert the whole CSV file into a weighted graph, in which each station is a node and the distance between them is the weight of the edge.", "\nMy approach:\nFirst I am reading each row from the CSV file and converting it into a multi-level dictionary. ", "I am getting a proper dictionary for this. ", "Below is my code.", "\nmy_dict = {}\n\nwith open('final_subway_data.csv') as f_input:\n for row in csv.reader(f_input):\n my_dict[row[0]] = {row[1]: row[2]}\n\nNow I need to convert this newly created dictionary into a graph in order to apply Dijkstra's Algorithm. ", "For that I am using this code:\nG = nx.from_dict_of_dicts(my_dict)\n\nBut I am getting an error saying \"TypeError: Input graph is not a networkx graph type\".", "\nPlease help me. ", "How can I convert the whole CSV file into a graph so I can apply Dijkstra's Algorithm to find a shortest distance between any two stations.", "\n\nA:\n\nI'm not super familiar with NetworkX, but I'd do the following using pandas and nx.from_pandas_dataframe().", "\nimport pandas as pd\nimport networkx as nx\n\ndf = pd.read_csv('csvpath.csv', names=['origin', 'dest', 'dist'])\n\ng = nx.from_pandas_dataframe(df, source='origin', target='dest', edge_attr='dist')\n\ng['1-103rd Street']['1-96th Street']['dest']\n# 2327.416174\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'There has been much debate over whether or not one could explain the observed acceleration of the Universe with inhomogeneous cosmological models, such as the spherically-symmetric Lemaître-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) models. ", "It has been claimed that the central observer in these models can observe a local acceleration, which would contradict general theorems. ", "We resolve the contradiction by noting that many of the models that have been explored contain a weak singularity at the location of the observer which makes them unphysical. ", "In the absence of this singularity, we show that LTB models must have a positive central deceleration parameter $q_{0}$, in agreement with the general theorems. ", "We also show that it is possible to achieve a negative apparent deceleration parameter at nonzero redshifts in LTB models that do not contain this singularity. ", "However, we find other singularities that tend to arise in LTB models when attempting to match luminosity distance data, and these generally limit the range of redshifts for which these models can mimic observations of an accelerating Universe. ", "Exceptional models do exist that can extend to arbitrarily large redshift without encountering these pathologies, and we show how these may be constructed. ", "These special models exhibit regions with negative effective equation of state parameter, which may fall below negative one, but we have failed to find any singularity-free models that agree with observations. ", "Moreover, models based on dust-filled LTB metrics probably fail to reproduce observed properties of large scale structure.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'R. Ali Vanderveld'\n- 'Éanna É. Flanagan'\n- Ira Wasserman\ntitle: 'Mimicking dark energy with Lemaître-Tolman-Bondi models: weak central singularities and critical points'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe Universe appears to be expanding at an accelerating rate. ", "This has been deduced from luminosity distance measurements of Type Ia supernovae, which appear dimmer than one would expect based on general relativity without a cosmological constant [@Riess; @Perlmutter], and from measurements of the current matter density $\\Omega_{M}\\approx 0.27$, which is too small to close the Universe as required by cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) observations [@Bennett]. ", "Many explanations for this discrepancy have been put forward, most entailing a modification of general relativity on cosmological scales or the addition of a new field with exotic properties, called “dark energy\"; for reviews, see [@Peebles; @Carroll].", "\n\nHowever, there have also been attempts to explain this seemingly anomalous cosmic acceleration as a consequence of inhomogeneity rather than modified gravity or dark energy. ", "Many recent papers have claimed that superhorizon density perturbations, left over from inflation, could backreact and drive the acceleration of our local universe [@Kolb1; @Barausse]. ", "Problems with this argument have been pointed out [@Flanagan; @Geshnizjani; @Hirata; @Rasanen1], and it does not appear to be a plausible alternative.", "\n\nIn this paper we will only consider subhorizon perturbations, which have also been considered as a possible way to obtain an accelerating universe. ", "Kolb [*et al.*]{} ", "use second order perturbation theory [@Kolb2; @Kolb3] to suggest that density perturbations could backreact to cause accelerated expansion without the need to introduce any form of dark energy, which is an appealing prospect. ", "Räsänen [@Rasanen2] and Notari [@Notari] had earlier explored this claim by looking at average expansion parameters in order to argue that we could measure acceleration due to this effect. ", "In opposition to this, Siegel and Fry [@Siegel] and Ishibashi and Wald [@Ishibashi] have argued that our universe is very accurately described with a Newtonianly perturbed Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric, and, treated as such, it does not permit accelerated expansion due to perturbations.", "\n\nSince it has proven to be quite complicated to analyze the full three-dimensional backreaction problem analyzed by Kolb [*et al.*]{}, ", "a useful class of models to explore are the spherically-symmetric, yet inhomogeneous, Lemaître-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) [@Bondi] cosmological models, containing only cold dark matter, or “dust\", and wherein it is often, but not always, assumed that we live at the symmetry center. ", "In this way, we can confront the simpler and more general question: Are there any models based on general relativity and cold dark matter which can match the observations? ", "We cannot completely adress this question with LTB models, which are unrealistic since they place us near the center of the Universe, but these models are nevertheless useful toy models to address this general question. ", "More specifically, in the LTB models we can ask if a centrally located observer can mistakenly interpret astronomical observations of redshifts and luminosity distances as requiring acceleration of the expansion of the Universe. ", "We find that the answer is “yes\", and this implies that the mechanism studied by Kolb [*et al.*]{} ", "is somewhat more plausible and requires more study.", "\n\nOther papers have used LTB models in analyzing whether or not subhorizon perturbations could backreact and drive accelerated expansion. ", "Nambu [*et al.*]{} ", "take averages to find effective expansion parameters of specific illustrative example models [@Nambu], Moffat looks at examples [@Moffat], Mansouri constructs a model that consists of a local LTB patch which is embedded into a background FRW spacetime [@Mansouri], and Chuang [*et al.*]{} ", "numerically produce examples of LTB models with apparent acceleration [@CGH]. ", "Alnes [*et al.*]{} [", "@Alnes1] argue against acceleration, but only by looking at a class of example models.", "\n\nIt has been claimed that it is possible to find LTB cosmological models that have $q_{0}<0$, where $q_{0}\\equiv q(z=0)$ is the deceleration parameter measured by the central observer. ", "However, there are general theorems that prohibit such behavior [@Flanagan; @Hirata]. ", "In Section II, we will first give a general review of LTB models and then we will discuss this contradiction and its resolution: there is a local singularity at the symmetry center of models with $q_{0}<0$, corresponding to a non-vanishing radial central density gradient and divergent second derivatives of the density. ", "We will prove that excluding this singularity will necessarily lead to a positive value for $q_{0}$. This singularity is not taken into account in any of the above papers, and most of them look at models which are singular at the center [@Nambu; @Moffat; @Mansouri; @CGH].", "\n\nWe will also show that it is possible to construct models without a central singularity in which one would measure negative deceleration parameters $q(z)$, and therefore would measure regions of acceleration, at nonzero redshifts $z$. We will do this by choosing the LTB model and computing the resulting luminosity distance and ultimately $q(z)$; we call this the “forward problem\". ", "As we discuss in Section II below, LTB models are characterized by two free functions of radius $r$, a bang time function $t_0(r)$ and an energy function $E(r)$. We focus on LTB models with zero energy functions but non-zero bang time functions, because we do not expect the former to produce acceleration. ", "This is because, as we will show, the energy function is associated with the growing mode of linear theory, whereas the bang time function is associated with the shrinking mode.", "\n\nIn Section III, we will explore the “inverse problem\", where one chooses the luminosity distance as a function of redshift and then attempts to find a corresponding LTB model, which may or may not exist. ", "Here, too, we only consider $E(r)=0$. We show that there are numerous pitfalls to this method, as other singular behaviors arise which generally limit the range of redshifts for which this class of models could reproduce the observed supernova data. ", "For a given luminosity distance $D_{L}(z)\\equiv r_{FRW}(z)(1+z)$, there is a critical redshift $\\zc$ where $d\\ln r_{FRW}(z)/d\\ln(1+z)=1$. For almost all choices of $D_{L}(z)$, any attempt to find a corresponding zero energy LTB model will fail at some redshift smaller than $\\zc$ when a singularity is encountered. ", "There are exceptions which pass through a “critical point\" at $z=\\zc$, the simple FRW model being one obvious example of such a “transcritical\" solution. ", "We show how others may be constructed. ", "These models show redshift domains with enhanced deceleration as well as acceleration, but do not appear to be consistent with observational data on $D_{L}(z)$.\n\nSeveral papers have already computed how the dependence of the luminosity distance on redshift is distorted in LTB models due to purely radial inhomogeneities, and have claimed that we could be tricked into thinking that we are in a homogenous accelerating universe when we are really in a dust-dominated inhomogeneous universe [@Mustapha; @Sugiura; @Celerier; @INN]. ", "However, this claim has not until now been correctly justified, since all previous papers neglected the central singularity and the critical point.", "\n\nThe Forward Problem\n===================\n\nLemaître-Tolman-Bondi Models\n----------------------------\n\nUsing the notation of Célérier [@Celerier], the LTB spacetime [@Bondi] has the line element ds\\^[2]{}=-dt\\^[2]{}+dr\\^[2]{}+R\\^[2]{}(r,t)(d\\^[2]{}+\\^[2]{}d\\^[2]{}) where primes denote derivatives with respect to the radial coordinate $r$, and $E(r)$ is a free function, called the “energy function\". ", "We define the function $k(r)$ by $k(r)\\equiv-2E(r)/r^2$. If $k(r)=0$, the Einstein equations admit the solution R(r,t)=(6G)\\^[1/3]{}r\\^[2/3]{} , \\[Rflat\\] where $t_{0}(r)$ is another free function, often referred to as the “bang time\" function, and $\\tilde{\\rho}$ is a fixed parameter. ", "If $k(r)<0$ for all $r$, we have the parametric solution R&=&(u-1)\\\nt-t\\_[0]{}(r)&=&(u-u) , \\[para1\\] and if $k(r)>0$ for all $r$, we have the solution R&=&(1-u)\\\nt-t\\_[0]{}(r)&=&(u-u) . ", "\\[para2\\] These are Eqs.", " (18), (19), and (20) of Célérier [@Celerier], but specialized to the choice $M(r) = 4 \\pi r^3 \\tilde{\\rho}/3$ by choosing the radius coordinate appropriately, where $M(r)$ is the mass function used by Célérier, and where $\\tilde{\\rho}$ is a constant. [", "^1] The energy density of the matter in these models is given by (r,t)= . ", "\\[density\\] We define $\\rho_0(t) = \\rho(0,t)$ to be the central density, and from Eqs.", " (\\[Rflat\\])-(\\[para2\\]) we find \\_0(t)= . ", "\\[triplestar\\] Throughout this paper we will restrict attention to an observer located at $r=0$ and at $t=t_o$, where $t_o$ is the observation time, not to be confused with the bang time $t_0(r)$. We also choose units such that $\\tilde{\\rho} = \\rho_0(t_o)$, and we choose the origin of time such that $t_0(0)=0$. A light ray directed radially inward follows the null geodesic dt=-dr \\[null\\] and has a redshift given by =(1+z) \\[redshift\\] where overdots denote partial derivatives with respect to time and where $t(r)$ is evaluated along light rays that are moving radially inward according to Eq.", " (\\[null\\]). ", "Equations (\\[density\\]) and (\\[redshift\\]) give us two important restrictions on the derivatives of $R(r,t)$: (i) in order for the density to remain finite, we require $R'>0$, which excludes shell-crossing, and (ii) in order to have a monotonically increasing $z(r)$, we require $\\dot{R}'>0$.\n\nThe luminosity distance measured by the observer at $r=0$ and at $t=t_o$ is given by [@Celerier] D\\_[L]{}(z)=(1+z)\\^[2]{}R , \\[lum\\] where $z$ and $R$ are evaluated along the radially-inward moving light ray. ", "It is not obvious how to define the deceleration parameter in an inhomogeneous cosmology, and Hirata and Seljak [@Hirata] explore several definitions. ", "In this paper, we restrict our attention to the deceleration parameter that would be obtained from measurements of luminosity distances and redshifts assuming a spatially flat FRW cosmology. [", "^2] We can deduce the effective Hubble expansion rate $H(z)$ of the flat FRW model which would yield the same luminosity distances by inverting the FRW relation D\\_[L]{}(z)=(1+z)\\^[z]{}\\_[0]{} to find H(z)=\\^[-1]{} . ", "\\[hubble\\] We can then calculate the associated deceleration parameter q(z)=-1+ \\[decel\\] and the effective equation of state parameter (z)= . ", "If we know $t_{0}(r)$ and $E(r)$, then we can find $R(r,t)$ very simply by using the appropriate solution above, chosen from Eqs.", " (\\[Rflat\\]), (\\[para1\\]), and (\\[para2\\]). ", "We then solve the differential equations (\\[null\\]) and (\\[redshift\\]) to find $t(z)$ and $r(z)$, starting from the initial conditions $r=0$ and $t=t_o$. We insert these $t(z)$ and $r(z)$ into the right hand side of Eq.", " (\\[lum\\]) to obtain $D_{L}(z)$, and then use Eqs.", " (\\[hubble\\]) and (\\[decel\\]) to find $H(z)$ and $q(z)$. We will use this procedure later in this section with a class of models as an illustrative example.", "\n\nThe Weak Singularity at $r=0$\n-----------------------------\n\nThere have been many claims that there exist LTB cosmological models in which $q_{0}\\equiv q(z=0)<0$ [@Nambu; @Moffat; @Mansouri; @CGH; @Mustapha; @Sugiura; @Celerier; @INN]. ", "For example, Iguchi [*et al.*]{} [", "@INN] look at two different classes of LTB models: (i) models with $k(r)=0$ and a pure “BigBang time inhomogeneity\" and (ii) models with $t_{0}(r)=0$ and a pure “curvature inhomogeneity\". ", "In either case, they try to reproduce the luminosity distance function of a flat FRW universe with a matter density $\\Omega_{M}=0.3$ and a cosmological constant density $\\Omega_{\\Lambda}=0.7$, namely D\\_[L]{}(z)=\\^[z]{}\\_[0]{} . ", "\\[FRW\\] They appear to be successful up until they find $R'<0$ or $\\dot{R}'<0$ at a redshift $z\\sim 1$ (we will discuss these pathologies in the next section). ", "Thus, they appear to successfully find models where $q_{0}<0$.\n\nOn the other hand, the local expansions of Flanagan [@Flanagan] and of Hirata and Seljak [@Hirata] show that $q_{0}$ is constrained to be positive for arbitrary inhomogeneous dust-dominated cosmologies that are not necessarily spherically-symmetric. ", "In particular, Flanagan expands the luminosity distance as D\\_[L]{}=A(,)z+B(,)z\\^[2]{}+[O]{}(z\\^[3]{}) , where $\\theta$ and $\\phi$ are spherical polar coordinates as measured in the local Lorentz frame of the observer. ", "He then defines the central deceleration parameter as q\\_[0]{}1-2H\\_[0]{}\\^[-2]{}A\\^[-3]{}B , where angle brackets denote averages over $\\theta$ and $\\phi$, and $H_0=\\langle A^{-1}\\rangle$. Using local Taylor series expansions and assuming that the pressure is zero, he finds q\\_[0]{}=+where $\\sigma_{\\alpha\\beta}$ and $\\omega_{\\alpha\\beta}$ are the shear and vorticity tensors. ", "The first term of this expression is obviously positive, and the terms in the brackets vanish in LTB models by spherical symmetry. ", "Thus there is a contradiction: general theorems prove that $q_{0}$ is positive in these inhomogeneous models, whereas the analysis of specific examples appears to show that it is possible to construct models in which $q_{0}$ can be negative. ", "Here we present the resolution of this contradiction, that there exists a weak local singularity which is excluded at the start from the computations of Flanagan and Hirata and Seljak, but which is present in models giving $q_{0}<0$. We will show that the exclusion of this singularity inevitably leads to models with a positive $q_{0}$.\n\nWe expand the density (\\[density\\]) to second order in $r$ as (r,t)=\\_[0]{}(t)+\\_[1]{}(t)r+\\_[2]{}(t)r\\^[2]{}+[O]{}(r\\^[3]{}) . ", "\\[rhoexp\\] The weak singularity occurs when $\\rho_{1}(t)$ is nonzero, in which case the gravitational field is singular since $\\Box {\\cal R}\\to\\infty$ as $r\\to 0$, where ${\\cal R}$ is the Ricci scalar. ", "In other words, second derivatives of the density diverge at the origin, independent of where observers may be located. ", "This is true both in flat spacetime and in the curved LTB metric when we have a density profile of the form (\\[rhoexp\\]). ", "The singularity is weak according to the classification scheme of the literature on general relativity [@Tipler]. ", "This singularity is excluded from the start in the analyses of Flanagan [@Flanagan] and Hirata and Seljak [@Hirata] which assume that the metric is smooth.", "\n\nWe now determine the conditions for a weak singularity to occur. ", "We define the variable a(r,t)= ; \\[plus\\] this is analogous to the FRW scale factor $a(t)$, in the sense the metric takes the form ds\\^[2]{}=-dt\\^[2]{}+a\\^[2]{}(r,t){dr\\^[2]{}+r\\^[2]{}(d\\^[2]{}+\\^[2]{}d\\^[2]{})} . ", "We expand this function as a(r,t)= a\\_[0]{}(t)+a\\_[1]{}(t)r+a\\_[2]{}(t)r\\^[2]{}+[O]{}(r\\^[3]{}) . ", "\\[artexp\\] Comparing this to the formula (\\[Rflat\\]) for $R(r,t)$, we find for the zeroth order expansion coefficient a\\_0(t)=\\^[1/3]{}t\\^[2/3]{} . ", "\\[doublestar\\] We define $H_{0}=\\dot{a}_0(t_o)/a_0(t_o)$, and our choice of units above imply $a_0(t_o)=1$. Using Eqs.", " (\\[plus\\]) and (\\[artexp\\]) in the expression (\\[density\\]) for the density gives (r,t)=-4r+[O]{}(r\\^2) . ", "Since $a_0(t)\\neq 0$ by Eq.", " (\\[doublestar\\]), we see that having a non-singular model requires $a_1(t)=0$, or equivalently $R''(r=0,t)=0$.\n\nIt is straightforward to see that if $a_{1}=0$, then $q_{0}\\geq 0$, and that if $a_{1}(t)\\neq 0$, then $q_{0}$ may be positive or negative. ", "Note that the observer’s measurement of $q_0$ from the data does not depend on the observer’s prior assumptions about spatial curvature, and so the following analysis of $q_0$ is sufficiently general and applies for arbitrary $k(r)$. If $a_{1}(t)=0$, then the angular size distance is $R(r,t)=ra_0(t)+\nr^3a_2(t)+{\\cal O}(r^4)$, where $r$ and $t$ are evaluated along the path followed by a radially directed light ray. ", "Evaluating the redshift for such a ray gives to lowest order $z=H_0r+{\\cal O}(r^2)$. Thus, the angular size distance is unaffected by density gradients up to terms of order $z^3$. In other words, the standard expansion of the angular size distance $R\\equiv D_{A}$ to order $z^2$, H\\_0D\\_A(z)=z-[12]{}z\\^2(3+q\\_0)+[O]{}(z\\^[3]{}) , \\[asd\\] is completely determined by the evolution of the uniformly dense core region of the expanding spherically symmetric model, where the density is $\\rho_0(t)=\\rho_0(t_o)/a_0^3(t)$ from Eqs.", " (\\[triplestar\\]) and (\\[doublestar\\]), which is the density of dust expanding with scale factor $a_0(t)$. Therefore, the effective values of $q_0$ for such a model must lie in the same range as are found for exactly uniform, dust dominated FRW models: $q_0\\geq 0$.\n\nWe can gain further physical insight into the behavior of LTB models near $r=0$ by expanding the field equations in $r$, assuming (see Eq.", " (\\[artexp\\])) a(r,t)=a\\_[0]{}(t)+a\\_[n]{}(t)r\\^[n]{}+… , \\[aexp\\] and correspondingly k(r)=k\\_[0]{}+k\\_[n]{}r\\^[n]{}+… ; \\[kexp\\] we show in Appendix \\[proof2\\] that $a_1(t)=0$ corresponds to having $k_1=0$ via a direct analysis of the LTB solutions. ", "Thus, for non-singular models, $n=2$ is the leading order correction to strict homogeneity near the center. ", "The field equations are given in Bondi [@Bondi], and in our notation his Eq.", " (24) is ([R(r,t)t]{})\\^2 -[4G\\_0(t\\_[o]{}) r\\^33R(r,t)]{}=-[12]{}k(r)r\\^2 . ", "Substituting $R(r,t)=ra(r,t)$ we find ([a(r,t)t]{})\\^2= [8G\\_0(t\\_[o]{})3a(r,t)]{}-k(r) . ", "Using the expansions (\\[aexp\\]) and (\\[kexp\\]) and equating like powers of $r$, we find a\\_0\\^2&=&[8G\\_0(t\\_[o]{})3a\\_0]{}-k\\_0 +H\\_0\\^2(1-\\_0)\\\n2a\\_0a\\_n&=&-[8G\\_0(t\\_[o]{}) a\\_n3a\\_0\\^2]{}-k\\_n =-[H\\_0\\^2\\_0 a\\_na\\_0\\^2]{}-k\\_n . ", "\\[lbteqns\\] The first of Eqs.", " (\\[lbteqns\\]) is exactly the same as the Friedmann equation for the scale factor $a_0(t)$ in a universe with arbitrary spatial curvature, subject to the single physical requirement $\\Omega_0\\geq 0$. To solve the second equation, notice that $\\ddot a_0=-H_0^2\\Omega_0/2a_0^2$, so rewrite it as a\\_0a\\_n-a\\_0 a\\_n=a\\_0\\^2[ddt]{}( [a\\_na\\_0]{})=-[k\\_n2]{} , which has the solution a\\_n(t)=Ca\\_0-[k\\_na\\_02]{}\\_[0]{}\\^t[dt’a\\_0\\^2(t’)]{} , \\[atwosoln\\] where $C$ is a constant. ", "Let us define $\\delta_n(t)=a_n(t)/a_0(t)$; then Eq.", " (\\[atwosoln\\]) becomes \\_n(t)=CH(t)-[k\\_nH(t)2]{}\\_[0]{}\\^t[dt’H\\^2(t’)a\\_0\\^2(t’)]{} =CH(t)-[k\\_nH(t)2]{}\\_[a\\_0(0)]{}\\^[a\\_0(t)]{}[da\\_0H\\^3(a\\_0)a\\_0\\^3]{} , \\[deltwosoln\\] where H=H\\_0 . ", "Comparing with results in Peebles [@Peebles2], we see that the first term of Eq.", " (\\[deltwosoln\\]) is just the shrinking mode of linear theory, and the second is the growing mode. ", "The amplitude $C$ of the shrinking mode is related to the bang time function by $t_0(r)=-Cr^n+\\ldots$, and the growing mode amplitude $k_n$ is related to the lowest order energy perturbation $k_{n}r^{n}$. Note that this approximate solution holds for $a_{n}r^{n}<<a_{0}(t)$, i.e. for $0<r^{n}<<1/\\delta_{n}$.\n\nWe have shown that for $n\\geq 2$, the central value of $q_{0}$ is greater than or equal to zero. ", "We now compare with the mildly singular case with $n=1$. The evolutions of $a_{0}(t)$ and $a_{1}(t)$ are governed by Eqs.", " (\\[lbteqns\\]) and (\\[atwosoln\\]). ", "For this case, the low $z$ expansion of $D_A(z)$ depends on $a_1(t_o)$ and $k_1$, and the effective value of $q_0$ near the origin becomes, from Eqs.", " (\\[plus\\]), (\\[asd\\]), and (\\[aexp\\]), q\\_[0]{}= [12]{}\\_0-[2a\\_1(t\\_0)H\\_0]{}+[a\\_1(t\\_0)H\\_0\\^2]{} =[12]{}\\_0-[a\\_1(t\\_0)H\\_0]{}(2+[\\_02]{}) -[k\\_12H\\_0\\^2]{} . ", "This is no longer constrained to be positive.", "\n\nIn Appendix \\[proof2\\], we show directly from the solutions to the Einstein equations, Eqs.", " (\\[Rflat\\]), (\\[para1\\]), and (\\[para2\\]), that we must have both $t'_0(0)=0$ and $k'(0)=0$ in order to have a non-singular model, and if this is true then $q_0$ cannot be negative. ", "In Appendix \\[INNmodels\\] we use this to show that the models of Iguchi [*et al.*]{} ", "have weak central singularities.", "\n\nAchieving a Negative Apparent Deceleration Parameter at Nonzero Redshifts\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAlthough models that have been previously analyzed contain central singularities, it is still possible to construct LTB models without such a singularity for which the effective deceleration parameter $q(z)$, as defined in Eq.", " (\\[decel\\]), is negative for some nonzero redshifts. ", "Here we explore a class of zero energy LTB models with a bang time function $t_{0}(r)$ that is quadratic near $r=0$, and therefore non-singular there.", "\n\nIn a zero energy LTB model, we have dt=-R’(r,t)dr \\[time\\] and therefore we can get the equation for $t(r)$ along light rays that we observe from supernovae. ", "Also, $z$ is a function of $r$ via Eq.", " (\\[redshift\\]), specialized to $k(r)=0$, and we get $z$ as a function of $r$ only by using our solution for $t(r)$ along the rays. ", "The bang time function is chosen such that it will (i) approach a constant for large $r$, so as to have a uniform density for large redshifts, and (ii) have no terms linear in $r$, so as to avoid a singularity at the center. ", "Thus we integrate Eqs.", " (\\[redshift\\]) and (\\[time\\]) with the bang time function choice t\\_[0]{}(r)=- \\[bangtime\\] where $\\lambda$ and $D$ are dimensionless parameters, $r_c=\\left[6\\pi G\\rho_0(t_o)\\right]^{-1/2}$, and we choose units where $r_c=1$. We choose the initial conditions at the center, $t(r=0)=1$ and $z(r=0)=0$, and we integrate from the center outward.", "\n\nFigure \\[quad\\] displays results for the effective $q(z)$ that we calculate from the above model using Eqs.", " (\\[lum\\]), (\\[hubble\\]), and (\\[decel\\]) for various values of $\\lambda$ and $D$, namely $(\\lambda, D) = (0.094, 0.14),~(0.20, 0.29),~(0.46, 0.62),~(0.75, 0.91)$, and $(1.0, 1.2)$. We choose values of $\\lambda$ and $D$ for which the minimum value of $q(z)$ that is attained is approximately $-1$. As we can see, although all the models are forced to have $q(z=0)=1/2$, it is nevertheless possible for the deceleration parameter to become negative at nonzero redshifts, as we find a region of $q(z)<0$ for $z\\alt 1$.\n\nIn order to reproduce the current luminosity distance data, we want $q(z)$ to quickly fall to from $q(0)=1/2$ to $q(z)\\approx-1$ and then stay at that value until a redshift $z\\sim 1$. In Fig.", " \\[models\\] we plot several quantities that encapsulate some of the characteristics of the functions $q(z)$, which are useful for assesing the feasibility of reproducing luminosity distance data. ", "We define $\\Delta z_{neg}$ to be the width, in redshift, of the region where $q$ is negative, and $\\Delta z_{q<-1}$ to be the width of the region where $q$ is below negative one. ", "We also found that the large redshift behavior is unstable in these models: $q$ blows up as we eventually approach the initial singularity. ", "As an approximate measure of the location of this divergence, we define $z_{max}$ to be the redshift at which $q(z)$ exceeds 3. ", "Ideally, we want $\\Delta z_{neg}\\sim 1$, $\\Delta z_{q<-1}=0$, and $z_{max}\\rightarrow\\infty$. From Fig.", " \\[models\\], it does not appear as though this model can reproduce the data well, although it is conceivable that one could construct a model which gives more realistic results. ", "We see that by increasing $D$, we also increase the size of the region with negative $q(z)$, which makes the model more phenomenologically viable; however, by increasing $D$, we also decrease $z_{max}$ and thus make the model less physically reasonable.", "\n\nThe Inverse Problem\n===================\n\nUnfortunately, it is highly unlikely that one could guess a bang time function $t_{0}(r)$ that would yield the experimentally measured luminosity distance $D_{L}(z)$. A better approach would be to solve the inverse problem: given the appropriate $D_{L}(z)$, work backwards to try to find the corresponding $t_{0}(r)$, which may or may not exist. ", "This approach has been taken before, but without avoiding the central singularity [@INN], as is shown in Appendix \\[INNmodels\\]. ", "Models based on selected $D_{L}(z)$ generally break down at $z\\sim 1$ upon encountering some pathology. ", "We explore and clarify the possible pathologies below.", "\n\nGeneral Properties\n------------------\n\nIn the LTB metric, the angular size distance is given by D\\_A(r,t)=R(r,t)=rT\\^2(r,t) , where $T\\equiv[t-t_{0}(r)]^{1/3}$. Here we have specialized to units where $6\\pi G\\rho_0(t_o)=1$. We also define the equivalent FRW radial coordinate to be (z)(1+z)D\\_[A]{}(z) , in terms of which we have rT\\^2(1+z)=(z)= . ", "\\[frw\\] Suppose we are given $\\rfrw(z)$, and therefore $D_{L}(z)$ and $D_A(z)$, and from this we wish to find the corresponding zero energy LTB model.", "\n\nThe equations defining our flat LTB model with bang time function may be written in the form =-+(-) \\[alg1\\] and =(+) . ", "\\[alg2\\] Multiply Eq.", " (\\[alg1\\]) by $2/T$ and then add to Eq.", " (\\[alg2\\]) to find = ; we can also combine Eqs.", " (\\[alg1\\]) and (\\[alg2\\]) such that we eliminate $dt_{0}/dr$ altogether to find +(-1)=(r-) . ", "Defining $X\\equiv T^2(1+z)$, these equations can recast into =[(/X\\^[3/2]{}-1)(3/2-/X\\^[3/2]{})]{} \\[Xeqn\\] and =[3X\\^[3/2]{}2(1+z)\\^[3/2]{}(3/2-/X\\^[3/2]{})]{}  . ", "\\[tzzeqn\\] In the spatially flat, dust-dominated FRW model, $X=1$ and $\\rfrw(z)=3[1-1/\\sqrt{1+z}]$.\n\nGiven $\\rfrw(z)$, Eq.", " (\\[Xeqn\\]) is a first order ordinary differential equation for $X(z)$. It becomes singular when =[32]{} ; \\[critpt\\] for a flat, dust-dominated FRW model, this occurs when $z=5/4$. Solutions $z=\\zc$ of Eq.", " (\\[critpt\\]), if these exist, are critical points of differential equation (\\[Xeqn\\]). ", "Near the critical point,   and  . ", "Transcritical solutions, which are non-singular at the critical point, are possible provided that $(1+z)d\\ln\\rfrw/dz=1$ at the critical point. ", "We discuss these solutions in more detail below. ", "Clearly, the spatially-flat, dust-dominated FRW model is one special transcritical solution. ", "For a general choice of $\\rfrw(z)$, however, the conditions for passing smoothly through the critical point will not be generically satisfied, and both $d\\ln X/dz$ and $dt_0/dz$ will diverge there. ", "This suggests that a flat LTB model with a bang time function can only mimic a generic $\\rfrw(z)$ up to some limiting redshift below $\\zc$, where ()-[ddz]{}\\_[z=]{}=0 . ", "\\[zcdef\\] We shall argue below that only the special class of transcritical solutions can extend to infinite redshift.", "\n\nFor exploring characteristics of the solutions, it proves useful to define the new variable V1-[23X\\^[3/2]{}]{} . ", "\\[newvars\\] Substituting Eq.", " (\\[newvars\\]) into Eq.", " (\\[Xeqn\\]) gives, after some algebra, &=&[(1-4V+V\\^2)2V(1+z)]{}-[(1-V)\\^22V]{}[ddz]{}\\\n&=&[(1+V\\^2)2V]{}-[21+z]{}+[ddz]{} . ", "\\[Veqn\\] For a flat, dust-dominated FRW model, $V_{FRW}=3-2\\sqrt{1+z}$, and substituting this $V(z)$ into the right hand side of Eq.", " (\\[Veqn\\]) yields $dV_{FRW}/dz=-1/\\sqrt{1+z}$. Near $z=0$, we have seen that flat LTB models resemble flat, dust-dominated FRW models, so d/dz=z\\^[-1]{}\\[1-[12]{}(1+ q(0))z+…\\]=z\\^[-1]{}(1-[3z/4]{}+…) , and therefore V(z)1-z+[z\\^24]{}-[z\\^38]{}+…  \\[vsmallz\\] for $z\\ll 1$. The first term in the small-$z$ expansion of $V(z)$ that can deviate from Eq.", " (\\[vsmallz\\]) is of order $z^4$.\n\nAt sufficiently small $z$, we expect $V(z)$ to decrease. ", "There are three possible classes of solutions to Eq.", " (\\[Veqn\\]): (i) solutions that decrease from $V(0)=1$ to some constant $\\vinfty<1$ as $z\\to\\infty$, without crossing the critical point at $V=0$; (ii) solutions that decrease until a redshift $z=z_{0}<\\zc$, where they terminate; and (iii) transcritical solutions that pass through the critical point smoothly. ", "We examine these three classes in turn. ", "In our considerations, we keep $\\rfrw(z)$ general, with the provisos that the model tends to $q=1/2$ at both $z\\to 0$ and $z\\to\\infty$. The former is dictated by the character of LTB models free of central singularities, whereas the latter must be true of any phenomenologically viable model. ", "In particular, then, we assume that $H\\approx {2\\over 3}\\OF(1+z)^{3/2}$ at large $z$, where $\\Omega_{\\rm FRW}<1$. Therefore $\\rfrw(z)\\to\\rfinfty$ as $z\\to\\infty$, where $\\rfinfty$ is a constant.", "\n\nConsider first solutions that decrease toward $V_\\infty$ asymptotically. ", "At large values of $z$, Eq.", " (\\[Veqn\\]) becomes && [1-4+\\^22(1+z)]{} -[(1-)\\^22]{}[ddz]{}\\\n&& [1-4+\\^22(1+z)]{} -[3(1-)\\^24(1+z)\\^[3/2]{}]{} . ", "\\[vassone\\] The first term on the right hand side of Eq.", " (\\[vassone\\]) is negative as long as $\\vinfty>V_0\\equiv 2-\\sqrt{3}\\approx 0.27$, and it dominates the second term. ", "But $V(z)\\sim -\\ln(1+z)$ in that case, and this diverges. ", "Thus, we can only have $\\vinfty=V_0$. In that case, we let $V(z)=V_0+u(z)$ at large $z$, and find -[u(2-)(1+z)]{} -[3(-1)\\^24(2-)(1+z)\\^[3/2]{}]{} , which has the general solution u(z)=[C(1+z)\\^[/(2-)]{}]{} -[3(-1)\\^22(3-2)]{} , where $C$ is a constant. ", "Although $u(z)\\to 0$ as $z\\to\\infty$, it approaches zero from below, not from above, which contradicts our basic assumption. ", "Thus, solutions that simply decrease toward constant $V(z)>0$ asymptotically do not exist. ", "Conceivably, there can be solutions that decrease to a minimum and then increase toward $V_0$ asymptotically. ", "For these, however, $V(z)$ will be double valued. ", "It then follows that $X=T^2(1+z)$ must be double valued, since $\\rfrw\\sqrt{1+z}$ is monotonically increasing, and such behavior could be pathological. ", "More generally, we shall see below that solutions that avoid $V=0$ must terminate at $z=\\zc$ in order to avoid other physical pathologies. ", "Thus, a solution “on track” to a minimum value $V_{\\rm min}>0$, and on to $V_{0}$ asymptotically, might end at finite redshift.", "\n\nNext, consider solutions that reach $V=0$ at $z=z_0<\\zc$ and end there. ", "Near $V=0$, Eq.", " (\\[Veqn\\]) is approximately  , \\[vnearzip\\] where $\\kfrw(z)=(1+z)^{-1}-d\\ln\\rfrw/dz$, as in Eq.", " (\\[zcdef\\]). ", "Note that since $z_0<\\zc$, $\\kfrw(z_0)<0$ as well. ", "The solution to Eq.(\\[vnearzip\\]) is $V(z)\\approx\\sqrt{-\\kfrw(z_0)(z_0-z)}$, which terminates at $z=z_{0}$.\n\nIn order to reach the critical point, we must have (z)0 all the way up to the critical point, with equality holding at $z=\\zc$ for the transcritical solution. ", "For a transcritical solution to exist, we must be able to expand (z)= Qz+[O]{}(z\\^2) \\[Kexpand\\] near the critical redshift, $\\zc$, where $\\Delta z=z-\\zc$ and $Q>0$. For a flat, dust-filled FRW model, we have $\\zc=5/4$ and $Q=8/27$. Using this linear approximation, we find from Eq.", " (\\[Veqn\\]) that $V=k\\Delta z+{\\cal O}(\\Delta z^2)$, where the slope $k<0$ is the solution to k\\^2+[k1+]{}-[Q2]{}=0 . ", "That is, we need the negative root k=-[12(1+)]{}-[12]{} . ", "\\[ksoln\\] For a flat, dust-filled FRW model, we find $k=-2/3$. This is clearly a transcritical solution.", "\n\nWe can turn the above analysis into a test of whether a candidate for $\\rfrw(z)$ that agrees with observations can be represented by a transcritical, zero energy LTB model. ", "First, for the candidate model, it is possible to find $\\zc$ and $Q$ algebraically; we can find $\\zc$ using Eq.", " (\\[zcdef\\]), by requiring that $\\kfrw(\\zc)=0$, and we can find $Q=dK_{FRW}/dz\\vert_{z=\\zc}$, cf.", " Eq.", " (\\[Kexpand\\]). ", "Next, find $k$ given $Q$ and $\\zc$ from Eq.", " (\\[ksoln\\]) and use this value of $k$ to integrate Eq.", " (\\[Veqn\\]) back toward $z=0$. If the solution satisfies Eq.", " (\\[vsmallz\\]) as $z\\to 0$, then it is an acceptable transcritical solution.", "\n\nThere are other disasters that may befall the solution for general $\\rfrw(z)$, and some of these may even afflict transcritical solutions. ", "Eq.", " (\\[tzzeqn\\]) may be rewritten as =[23(1+z)(1-V)]{} . ", "\\[newtzz\\] As we have noted before, $dt_0/dz$ diverges at $V=0$ for generic $\\rfrw(z)$, but for transcritical solutions, =[2()3(1+)]{}([Qk]{}+[11+]{})+[O]{}(z) near the critical point, which is finite, so this potential disaster is avoided. ", "In particular, for a flat, dust-filled FRW model with $Q=8/27$ and $k=-2/3$ at $\\zc=5/4$, we see that $Q/k+{1/(1+\\zc)}=0$, which is consistent with $t_0(z)=0$ for all redshifts.", "\n\nWe must check for two other possible disasters, for solutions that are transcritical or not. ", "As mentioned in the previous section, physical regions in any solution must have a positive, finite $R'=\\partial R/\\partial r$ and $dr/dz$. We find &=&\\[3(1-V)\\]\\^[1/3]{}([21+z]{})\\^[2/3]{}\\\n[drdz]{}&=&\\^[1/3]{}{ ([1-V2V]{})+1} . ", "\\[disasters\\] Note that we have $\\dot R'\\propto (dr/dz)^{-1}$, and thus a finite, positive $dr/dz$ implies that $\\dot R'>0$. These equations are evaluated along the path of a light ray directed radially inward. ", "The requirement $\\partial R/\\partial r>0$ along the light ray is a necessary but not sufficient condition for an acceptable model. ", "The more general requirement is that $\\partial R/\\partial r>0$ at all $(r,t)$, a global condition that is much harder to satisfy; but in general, from Eq.", " (\\[Rflat\\]), this will be satisfied for models with $t_0(r)$ decreasing monotonically. ", "From the first of Eqs.", " (\\[disasters\\]), we note that $\\partial R/\\partial r\\to 0$ at $z=\\zc$ for solutions that are not transcritical. ", "Solutions that terminate at $z_0<\\zc$ would not encounter this pathology. ", "Solutions of the first type described above, which decrease from $V(0)=1$ but do not cross $V=0$, would end at $z=\\zc$. For a transcritical solution, =3\\^[1/3]{}([2()1+]{})\\^[2/3]{} &gt;0 at the critical point. ", "Transcritical solutions therefore propagate right through the critical point with a positive, finite $\\partial R/\\partial\nr$. From the second of Eqs.", " (\\[disasters\\]), we see that $dr/dz$ diverges for solutions that terminate at $V=0$ and $z=z_0$. For transcritical solutions =\\^[1/3]{} (-[Qk]{}+[21+]{})&gt;0  at the critical point. ", "Beyond the critical point, transcritical solutions have $V<0$, and for reasonable $\\rfrw(z)$ with decreasing $(1+z)d\\ln\\rfrw/dz$, it seems likely that $dr/dz$ remains positive.", "\n\nFrom these general considerations, we conclude that zero energy LTB models can only mimic a given, generic $\\rfrw(z)$ – arranged, for example, to fit observations of Type Ia supernovae – for $0\\leq z\\leq z_0<\\zc$, where $\\zc$ is the solution to Eq.", " (\\[zcdef\\]). ", "There can be exceptional, transcritical models that extend to infinite $z$ without any mathematical or physical pathologies. ", "However, transcritical models are highly constrained mathematically, and may not exist for choices of $\\rfrw(z)$ that conform to phenomenological requirements. ", "The flat, dust-dominated FRW model is one transcritical solution, but it is ruled out by observations.", "\n\nManufacturing Transcritical Solutions\n-------------------------------------\n\nTo manufacture transcritical solutions, we will specify $V(\\rtil)$, where $\\rtil(z)\\equiv\\rfrw(z)\\sqrt{1+z}$, and find an equation for $\\rtil(z)$. From Eq.", " (\\[Veqn\\]) we find =[3-10V+3V\\^22(1+z)\\[2VV’+(1-V)\\^2/\\]]{} \\[rtileqn\\] where $V'(\\rtil)\\equiv dV(\\rtil)/d\\rtil$. As long as $VV'\\to 0$ near $V=0$, Eq.", " (\\[rtileqn\\]) satisfies the transcriticality condition $\\kfrw=0$ when $V=0$. As an example, suppose we assume that $V=1-k\\rtil$. Then we find $\\rtil=(2/k)(\\sqrt{1+z}-1)$ and we must choose $k=2/3$ in order to have the proper behavior at small $z$. This solution is simply equivalent to the flat, dust-filled FRW solution.", "\n\nSuperficially, the prescription is simple: specify a $V(\\rtil)$, make sure that $VV'\\to 0$ when $V=0$, and then find the corresponding $\\rtil(z)$ by integrating Eq.", " (\\[rtileqn\\]). ", "However, we know that acceptable solutions must have $d\\rtil/dz\\geq 0$ and finite; these conditions are not so easy to guarantee.", "\n\nLet us assume $V(\\rtil)=1-{2\\over 3}\\rtil f(\\rtil)$; then Eq.(\\[rtileqn\\]) becomes =[(f-1)(f+3)2(1+z)\\[f(f-1)-(1-2f/3)f’\\]]{} . ", "\\[rfeqn\\] The numerator of Eq.", " (\\[rfeqn\\]) is zero when $\\rtil f(\\rtil)=1$, or $V=1/3$. If the denominator of Eq.", " (\\[rtileqn\\]) is nonzero at this point, then $d\\rtil/dz$ goes to zero, and changes sign upon crossing it. ", "Thus, we also want the denominator to vanish for an acceptable solution. ", "In other words, $V=1/3$ must be a critical point of Eq.", " (\\[rtileqn\\]): we have only succeeded in hiding the critical nature of the problem, rather than eliminating it. ", "Eq.", " (\\[rfeqn\\]) shows that to pass through this critical point we must require that $\\rtil f'=0$ when $\\rtil f=1$. Clearly, the spatially flat, dust-filled FRW model, for which $f(\\rtil)=1$, is one possibility.", "\n\nIt is also possible that the denominator of Eq.", " (\\[rfeqn\\]) vanishes, so $d\\rtil/dz\\to\\infty$ before $\\rtil f\\to 1$. This happens when f’=[f(f-1)(1-2f/3)]{} . ", "If $f'<0$ at small values of $\\rtil$, it is possible that infinite $d\\rtil/dz$ occurs before $\\rtil f\\to 1$. Since we also want $f(0)=1$ for nonsingular models, and $f(\\infty)=$ constant for models that approximate a flat FRW model with $\\Omega_M<1$ at sufficiently large redshift, we have several requirements on $f(\\rtil)$ that must be met simultaneously for a model that is acceptable mathematically. ", "Moreover, physically acceptable models must also have $\\Rp>0$ and $\\Rdotp>0$. Only a subset of such models – if any – will also be acceptable phenomenologically.", "\n\nTo examine the phenomenological properties of a candidate transcritical solution, first define the effective Hubble parameter $\\heff(z)$ via =[1(z)]{} . ", "It is straightforward to show that, normalizing so that $\\heff(0)=1$, h(z)=[32]{} \\^[-1]{}=[3\\[f(f-1)-(1-2f/3)f’\\]3(f-1) +(1-2f/3)\\^2f’]{} . ", "\\[heffdef\\] We can also calculate the effective value of the equation of state paraemter &=&[2(1+z)3]{}[dhdz]{}\\\n&=&[(f+3)(f-1)3\\[f(f-1) -(1-[23]{}f)f’\\]\\^2 \\[3(f-1)+(1-[23]{}f)\\^2 f’\\]]{}\\\n& &{f’ +(f’)\\^2\\\n& & -f”(f-1)(f+3)(1-[2f3]{}) } . ", "\\[weffdef\\] $\\heff(z)$ is the Hubble parameter that would be measured by an observer who assumes her observations are described by a spatially flat FRW model, and $\\weff(z)$ is the associated equation of state parameter. (", "A less dogmatic observer would allow for the possibility of spatial curvature.) ", "Note that Eq.", " (\\[heffdef\\]) implies that for $f'=0$, $\\heff/(1+z)^{3/2}=f={\\rm\nconstant}$. If we are interested in using LTB models to mimic a spatially flat FRW model with a mixture of dust plus cosmological constant, we shall want $f\\to \\sqrt{\\Omega_M}=\\sqrt{1-\\Omega_V}$ at large redshift, where $\\Omega_M$ and $\\Omega_V$ are the present density parameters in nonrelativistic matter and cosmological constant, respectively. ", "Moreover, $f\\to 1$ as $z\\to 0$; thus $f$ must decrease from 1 to $\\sqrt{1-\\Omega_V}$ as redshift increases to mimic observations in a FRW model of this sort.", "\n\nFor any choice of $f(\\rtil)$ tailored to pass smoothly through both $V=0$ and $\\rtil f(\\rtil)=1$, we can integrate Eq.", " (\\[rfeqn\\]) to find a transcritical solution. ", "However, such a solution still must pass the tests outlined in the previous section to extend to arbitrarily large redshifts. ", "In terms of $\\rtil$ and $f(\\rtil)$, &=&[3(h-f)2(1+z)\\^[5/2]{}f\\^2h(1-2f/3)]{}\\\n(1+z)[Rr]{}&=&[f\\^[1/3]{}(3-2h)f+2h -2fh]{}\\\n[3R’2(1+z)\\^[1/2]{}]{}&=&[3f\\^[1/3]{}(1-2f/3) 2+f/h-2f]{} . ", "\\[checkeqn\\] We reject any transcritical solution for which $dt_0/dz$ is ever positive, or $\\partial R/\\partial r$ or $\\dot R'$ change sign. [", "^3] Moreover, even if a transcritical solution is found that possesses none of the pathologies discussed above, it may not conform to observational constraints. ", "Thus, if there are any nonsingular, non-pathological LTB solutions that can also mimic the observations, they must be very exceptional indeed.", "\n\nDesigning nonsingular, nonpathological transcritical solutions is a formidable challenge. ", "Suppose that at small values of $\\rtil$, we expand $f(\\rtil)=1+f_n\\rtil^n+\\ldots$. Then we find that $h\\approx 1+f_n(1+n)\\rtil^n+\\ldots$ and $\\weff=f_nn(n+1)\n\\rtil^{n-1}+\\ldots$ near the origin, where $\\rtil\\approx\n{3\\over 2}z$. Also && f\\_nn\\^[n-1]{}\\\n(1+z) && 1 -\\\n&& 1+(h-1) . ", "We wish to tailor $f(\\rtil)$ to maintain positive values of both $\\Rp$ and $\\Rdotp$, but already near the origin $\\Rp$ and $\\Rdotp$ deviate from their flat, dust-filled FRW relationships in opposite senses. ", "Notice that to avoid the weak singularity near the origin, we need to have $n\\geq 2$. Moreover, we want to make sure that $t_0(z)$ is monotonically decreasing to avoid shell crossing. ", "Near the origin, decreasing $t_0(z)$ implies $f_n<0$.\n\nTo illustrate how difficult it is to manufacture non-pathological transcritical solutions from Eq.", " (\\[rfeqn\\]), we have considered f()=[1\\_1]{} . ", "\\[fchoice\\] The model has four parameters: $K$, $\\rtil_1$, $\\pp$, and $p$; the remaining parameter $\\rtil_2$ will be determined in terms of these four. ", "To be sure that $h$ and $\\weff$ are finite near $\\rtil f=1$, we want either $p\\equiv 2$ or $p\\geq 3$. Expanding near the origin, we find f()=[1+K(\\_1/\\_2)\\^\\_1]{} -[Kp\\_1]{}([\\_1\\_2]{})\\^[p]{} ([1\\_2\\^]{}+[1\\_1\\^]{})\\^+… ; requiring $f(0)=1$ inplies \\_2\\^=\\_1\\^([K\\_1-1]{})\\^[1/p]{} , and so we can rewrite the expansion in the form $f(\\rtil)=1+f_n\\rtil^n+\\ldots$ with f\\_n=-[Kp\\_1]{}([\\_1\\_2]{})\\^[p]{} ([1\\_2\\^]{}+[1\\_1\\^]{}) =-[p(\\_1-1)\\_1\\^[+1]{}]{} . ", "Thus, we want $\\rtil_1-1>0$ and therefore $K>0$ for $f_n<0$ and real $\\rtil_2$. At large values of $\\rtil$, $f(\\rtil)\\to \\rtil_1^{-1}[1+(-1)^pK]$ . ", "Thus, we expect models that can mimic decelerating FRW models successfully to have $\\rtil_1^{-1}[1+(-1)^pK]<1$, suggesting either large $\\rtil_1$ or odd $p$, or both. ", "Empirically, we have been unable to find any non-pathological models based on Eq.", " (\\[fchoice\\]) with these properties.", "\n\nFigure \\[figtranspub\\] shows an example of a transcritical solution with $K=1$, $\\rtil_1=1.05$, $\\pp=3$, and $p=2$. Although the figure only displays $z<1000$, we have integrated this model out to $z=10^6$ to verify that it asymptotes smoothly to a high redshift FRW model, with constant $t_0$. The left panel shows $\\rfrw(z)/\\rfrw^{(0)}(z)$ (dotted line), where $\\rfrw^{(0)}(z)$ is computed for a flat $\\Lambda$CDM FRW reference cosmology with $\\Omega_M=0.27$ and $\\Omega_\\Lambda=0.73$, $h(z)$ (short dashed line), and $\\weff(z)$ (solid line). ", "Since $h\\to 2/1.05=1.905$ at high $z$ for this model, inevitably there must be regions with $\\weff>0$; this is in the range $0.75\\lesssim z\\lesssim 3.9$, with a peak value $\\weff\n\\approx 2.13$. There are two regions of negative $\\weff$: (i) one at $0<z\\lesssim 0.75$, with minimum value $\\weff\\approx -0.98$; and (ii) an extensive regin at $z\\gtrsim 3.9$, with a minimum value $\\weff\\approx -0.292$. The right panel verifies the transcritical nature of the solution: it shows $V$ (short dashed line), $1-d\\ln\\rfrw/\nd\\ln(1+z)$ (dotted line), and $t_0$ (solid line), and the long dashed line is at $0$. The first two cross zero simultaneously, as they must for a transcritical solution, and at large redshifts, $V$ is approximately proportional to $\\sqrt{1+z}$ while $1-d\\ln\\rfrw/d\\ln(1+z)$ tends toward one. ", "For this model, $t_0(z)\\leq 0$ at all $z$, and we have also verified that it decreases monotonically. ", "In addition, we can verify that the model behaves as predicted at small redshifts: $t_0(z)\\approx\n-0.34z^3$ and $\\weff\\approx -2.7z^2$.\n\nFigure \\[transcomp\\] compares the relative distance moduli m=5.0\\_[10]{}\\[(z)/\\^[(0)]{}(z)\\] for models with $K=1$ and $(\\pp, p)=(3, 2)$ (solid line), $(\\pp, p)=(3, 4)$ (dotted line), $(\\pp, p)=(2, 2)$ (dashed line), and $(\\pp, p)=(2, 4)$ (dash-dot line), with $\\rtil_1\n=1.05$ in the lower set of curves and $\\rtil_1=1.5$ in the upper set; there is no solid line in the upper set for $(\\pp, p)=(3, 2)$ because the model is pathological. ", "For the lower set, luminous objects would appear systematically brighter than they would in the standard $\\Lambda$CDM model. ", "As $\\rtil_1$ is increased, a period of substantial acceleration is seen in the models below $z\\sim 1$, leading to the systematic brightening relative to $\\Lambda$CDM as seen in the upper set of curves. ", "In either case, the luminosity differences would be easy to discern observationally.", "\n\nThese few models illustrate several important qualitative points. ", "First, it is possible to construct non-pathological transcritical solutions that also avoid any central weak singularities. ", "Second, the model has a complicated “effective equation of state”, including regions where $\\weff<0$, but also regions where $\\weff>0$. In this case, we found a range of values $-1\\lesssim\\weff\\lesssim 2$. Finally, although it is possible to construct models that are well-behaved mathematically, these models do not generally conform to observational constraints. ", "We have not, however, excluded the possibility that transcritical models in agreement with observations may exist.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nObservations of Type Ia supernovae imply that we live in an accelerating universe, if interpreted within the framework of a homogeneous and isotropic cosmological model [@Riess; @Perlmutter; @Bennett]. ", "Some have tried to use the spherically symmetric LTB cosmological models to explain this seemingly anomalous data, as introducing a large degree of inhomogeneity can significantly distort the dependence of luminosity distance on redshift. ", "We have shown that one must take care in using these models, as they will contain a weak singularity at the symmetry center unless certain very restrictive conditions are met. ", "Realistic LTB solutions require that the first derivative of the bang time function vanish at the center, $t_{0}'(0)=0$, and also that $k'(0)=0$, where $2E(r)\\equiv-k(r)r^{2}$. Otherwise there are physical parameters, such as the density and Ricci scalar, which are not differentiable at the origin.", "\n\nWe have also shown that any LTB models without a central singularity will necessarily have a positive central deceleration parameter $q_{0}$, and thus all previously considered LTB models with $q_{0}<0$ are singular at the origin. ", "However, it is still possible to obtain a negative effective deceleration parameter for nonzero redshifts, which we have shown using as an example the model with zero energy and with the bang time function (\\[bangtime\\]), that is quadratic at small $r$. These models have regions of apparent acceleration, where $q(z)$ is negative. ", "If our goal is to reproduce luminosity distance data with a non-singular LTB model, we can try to smooth out the center appropriately and tailor the model to fit the data at modest redshifts, say $z\\geq 0.01$. This is not an easy task because there are other singular behaviors that generally occur when trying to represent a given luminosity distance function $D_{L}(z)$ with a zero energy LTB model.", "\n\nOur detailed examination of the “inverse problem\" elucidates how difficult it is to match zero energy LTB models to observed luminosity distance data. ", "We have shown that the underlying differential equations generically become singular at a critical point. ", "We have also shown that some exceptional choices of $\\rfrw=D_{L}(z)/(1+z)$ admit transcritical solutions which are smooth at the critical point $z=\\zc$, and may extend to arbitrarily high redshift, given that they do not encounter other pathologies along the way. ", "All other solutions terminate at some redshift $z_{0}<\\zc$. We have shown how transcritical solutions can be constructed via a simple procedure. ", "Although these solutions show both enhanced deceleration, seen as regions with $\\weff(z)>0$, and acceleration, seen as regions with $\\weff(z)<0$, none that we have constructed explicitly conform to observations. ", "Here we have only studied the effects of a bang time function, and did not consider the case of a non-zero energy function $E(r)$. We expect generic solutions with $E(r)\\neq 0$ to share the basic characteristics of the models studied here, namely the critical points and other singularities that we have discussed. ", "However, we cannot say for sure that there are no transcritical and nonsingular solutions with non-zero $t_{0}(r)$ and $E(r)$ that agree with observational data on $r_{FRW}(z)$, although it does not appear to be likely, as is evident from previous unsuccessful attempts to find such solutions [@INN].", "\n\nEven if it were possible to reproduce determinations of $D_{L}(z)$ from supernova data in a LTB model without dark energy, we would still be left with the task of matching all of the other cosmological data with such a model. ", "First, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe is one of our most important sources of information about the Universe, via CMBR data; Alnes [*et al.*]{} [", "@Alnes2] try to reproduce the first peak of the angular power spectrum with LTB models, and Schneider and Célérier [@Celerier2] claim to be able to account for the apparent anisotropy in the dipole and quadrupole moments with an off center observer. ", "There are further constraints on inhomogeneous models from the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect, which constrains radial velocities relative to the CMB [@Benson]. ", "However, observations of large scale structure formation may be the most difficult to reconcile. ", "These data strongly disfavor a currently dust dominated universe, as density perturbations would have grown too much without dark energy present to speed up the cosmic expansion rate and consequently retard the growth of fluctuations.", "\n\nThis research was supported in part by NSF grants AST-0307273 and PHY-0457200.", "\n\nProof of $q_0\\geq 0$ directly from LTB solutions {#proof2}\n================================================\n\nIn this appendix we show directly from the solutions (\\[Rflat\\]), (\\[para1\\]), and (\\[para2\\]) of the Einstein equations that LTB models without central singularities must have positive $q_{0}$. The zero energy solution $k(r)=0$ has a\\_1(t)R”(r=0,t)=-\\^[1/3]{}t\\_[0]{}’(0)t\\^[-1/3]{} . ", "\\[condition\\] Thus, we see that the zero energy solution requires $t_{0}'(0)=0$ in order to have no central singularity. ", "More generally, for the $k(r)>0$ solutions, we find R”(0,t)=k’(0)-t\\_[0]{}’(0)\\[pos\\] where $k_{0}\\equiv k(r=0)$ and we have defined the function $F(x)$ by 1-uF(u-u) . ", "Here $x_{0}(t)=u_{0}-\\sin u_{0}$ is the value of $x$ at the center $r=0$ at time $t$: x\\_[0]{}(t)=t . ", "Similarly, for the $k(r)<0$ solutions we find R”(0,t)=-k’(0)-t\\_[0]{}’(0)\\[neg\\] where we define the function $G(x)$ by u-1G(u-u) . ", "Since the bracketed expressions in Eqs.", " (\\[pos\\]) and (\\[neg\\]) are functions of time, $R''(r=0,t)$ will vanish at arbitrary $t$ only if $t_{0}'(0)=0$ and $k'(0)=0$, and only then can one avoid having a singularity at the symmetry center.", "\n\nThese conditions, $t_{0}'(0)=0$ and $k'(0)=0$, lead to the restriction that $q_{0}$ must be positive. ", "Célérier [@Celerier] expands the luminosity distance for small redshift and finds the second order coefficient to be D\\_[L]{}\\^[(2)]{}\\_[r=0]{}=\\_[r=0]{} , where overdots again denote partial derivatives with respect to time. ", "The deceleration parameter at $r=0$ is therefore q\\_[0]{}=1-2H\\_[0]{}D\\_[L]{}\\^[(2)]{}=\\_[r=0]{} . ", "If $R''(0,t)=0$ to avoid a singularity, we find that the last two terms in the above expression are also zero, and we obtain q\\_[0]{}=\\_[r=0]{} . ", "Since $R'(r,t)>0$ to prevent shell crossing, and $\\dot{R}^{2}$ is obviously positive, we would need to have ’(0,t)=\\_[0]{}(t)&gt;0 in order to have a negative $q_{0}$. For the $k(r)=0$ solution, ’(0,t)=-\\^[1/3]{}t\\^[-4/3]{}&lt;0  ; moreover, the $k(r)>0$ solution has ’(0,t)=-()\\^[2]{}&lt;0 , and the $k(r)<0$ solution has ’(0,t)=()\\^[2]{}&lt;0 . ", "Therefore we can conclude that, in the absence of weak central singularities, all LTB solutions have positive $q_{0}$ since $\\ddot{R}'(0,t)$ is always negative.", "\n\nModels of Iguchi, Nakamura and Nakao {#INNmodels}\n====================================\n\nIn this appendix we verify explicitly that the models with $q_0<0$ studied by Iguchi [*et al.*]{} [", "@INN] contain weak singularities. ", "For the first case in Iguchi [*et al.*]{}, ", "the pure bang time inhomogeneity, there will be no singularity if $t_{0}'(0)=0$, as shown from Eq.", " (\\[condition\\]). ", "If we expand $D_{L}(z)$ for this FRW model in a power series around $z=0$, we can compare this term by term to the expansion of the luminosity distance for a zero energy LTB model to find [@Celerier] \\_[M]{}=1+5++ \\[omegam\\] and \\_=-++ , \\[omegal\\] where $\\alpha\\equiv [6\\pi G \\rho_0(t_o)]^{1/3}$ and $\\beta\\equiv t^{1/3}$. Using the fact that $\\Omega_{M}+\\Omega_{\\Lambda}=1$, we combine Eqs.", " (\\[omegam\\]) and (\\[omegal\\]) to find t\\_[0]{}’(0)=-\\^2\\_ . ", "A nonzero $\\Omega_{\\Lambda}$ requires that $t_{0}'(0)$ is also nonzero, and hence there will be a singularity in such models.", "\n\nIguchi [*et al.*]{} ", "also look at models with $t_{0}(r)=0$ and positive $E(r)$. By combining and rearranging Eqs.", " (6) and (39) from [@Celerier], we find that =+- . ", "Plugging into this the negative $k$ solution for $R(r,t)$ and then setting $r=0$, we can find an equation for $k'(0)$. Iguchi [*et al.*]{} ", "make some simplifying definitions, wherein they set $H_{0}=G=1$ and then write everything else as a function of a parameter $\\Omega_{0}$, which they vary between 0.1 and 1. ", "They set $k_{0}=\\Omega_{0}-1$, $\\rho_{0}(t_o)=3\\Omega_{0}/8\\pi$, u\\_[0]{}= , and t(r=0)= , where $t(r)$ is evaluated along radially inward-moving light rays. ", "Plugging these in and then solving for $k'(0)$ yields k’(0)= , where it is assumed that $\\Omega_{\\Lambda}=0.7$. This shows that $k'(0)$ is only zero if $\\Omega_{0}=1$; we can see from their Fig.", " (4) that this corresponds to the uninteresting FRW dust solution $k(r)=0$ for all $r$. All of the other choices for $\\Omega_{0}$ will correspond to models with $k'(0)\\neq 0$ and a central singularity. ", "Therefore, all of the non-trivial models computed in Ref.", " [@INN] have weak singularities at $r=0$.\n\n[99]{}\n\nA. G Riess [*et al.*]{}, ", "Astron. ", "J. [**116**]{}, 1009 (1998).", "\n\nS. 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Peebles, [*The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe*]{}, 1st ed. (", "Princeton University Press, 1980), Ch. ", "10.", "\n\nH. Alnes, M. Amazguioui, and Ø. Grøn, astro-ph/0512006.", "\n\nJ. Schneider and M. N. Célérier, Astron. ", "and Astrophys. [**", "348**]{}, 25 (1999).", "\n\nB. A. Benson [*et al.*]{}, ", "Astrophys.", "J. [**592**]{}, 674 (2003).", "\n\n[^1]: Note that the mass function $M(r)$ which appears in Bondi [@Bondi], which we denote by $M_B(r)$, is related to Célérier’s $M(r)$ by $M'_B(r) = M'(r)/\\sqrt{1 + 2 E(r)}$, and so our radial coordinate specialization in Bondi’s notation is $M_B'(r) = 4 \\pi r^2 \\tilde{\\rho} / \\sqrt{1 -2 k(r) r^2}$.\n\n[^2]: More generally, an observer might fit data on $D_{L}(z)$ to FRW models with arbitrary spatial curvature, including flat ones.", "\n\n[^3]: For LTB with bang time perturbations only, $(\\partial R/\\partial r)_t=\n [t-t_0(r)]^{-1/3}[t-t_0(r)-{2\\over 3}rdt_0/dr]$, which is only zero for a shell at coordinate radius $r$ when $t-t_0(r)={2\\over 3}r dt_0(r)/dr$. If $dt_0(r)/dr<0$, this occurs before $t_0(r)$ and is therefore irrelevant. ", "As long as $dt_0(z)/dz<0$ and $\\dot R'>0$ along the light ray path, $dt_0(r)/dr<0$ and $(\\partial R/\n \\partial r)_t$ is never zero.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Q:\n\n\"Reject and Edit\" - Reviewers with oddly high \"reject\" numbers that supply similar edits afterwards?", "\n\nLooking though my edit history I came across an odd edit rejection: When I tried to find out what I should have done better and looked at the revision history I saw only one edit, which was rather similar to mine (with minor deviations).", "\nThen I noticed that the editor in question has a rather high rejection ratio (rejecting over 8 out of 10 reviewed edits) which does strike me a rather odd - of course, they might just have the bad luck of getting to review all the crap edits, or they might skip instead of appoving, but I feel those chances are slim.", "\nAll in all I got a \"Nice edit, now it's mine Yoink\" vibe here (even though there were a few points that I now agree with the editor, e.g. not changing Virtualise to Virtualize), and I wonder if there is a policy on this (i.e. is it OK to go Yoink yourself once you hit 2k Rep?), ", "because I think those things can feel rather discouraging to new editors.", "\n\nA:\n\nHmmm I was a bit harsh with this reject/edit, however it was over a year ago that this took place, nowadays I would just skip this review and focus on the really bad edits.", "\nI should have approved/improved this edit (or at least explained my rejection in the summary), if I remember rightly which there is every possibility that I don't, the rejection was caused by the changing of \"virtualise\" to \"virtualize\". ", "At the time of reviewing this I was consistently seeing edits of the forms:\n\n\"colour\" to \"color\"\n\"-ise\" to \"-ize\"\n\"-nt\" to \"-ned\"\n... (you get the picture)\n\nThe way I see it, it is not our place to force one form of English over another onto a user, regardless of whether or not we agree with the way that it was written.", "\nSorry that you ended up a victim as a result of this, like I said, nowadays I would've skipped so I can get rid of the real rubbish that's in the queue. ", "Although I stand by my high reject rate, there are a lot of bad edits and there are a lot of robo-reviewers that approve every edit they see, even when these edits clearly should be rejected, those posts are where my focus is now.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou've fixed a lot of grammar mistakes, but introduced an inconsistency (an application in the start, the application in the end), and made an unnecessary change (capital letter after colon, not needed, especially if we assume British English).", "\nThat's not good, since you should not introduce inconsistencies or make unnecessary changes.", "\nIt's entirely valid to reject the edit because of it, but preserve all the good changes you did make. ", "If he'd accepted the edit, you wouldn't know you did anything wrong. ", "And if he'd rejected it outright, the good parts would've been lost.", "\nPersonally, I think these things are too minor to reject an edit over, but that's open for debate, since if you don't reject, the editor doesn't get feedback.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "\nprint \"1..2\\n\";\n\npackage Test;\nuse strict;\n\nmy $t = 123;\n\n$t = time;\nprint \"not \" if $t == 123;\nprint \"ok 1 # $t CORE::GLOBAL is not active yet\\n\";\n\nBEGIN { *CORE::GLOBAL::time = sub { 456 } }\n\n$t = time;\nprint \"not \" if $t !", "= 456;\nprint \"ok 2 # $t CORE::GLOBAL is active\\n\";\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to use bind to pass a reference to next()?", "\n\nI am trying to generalise some module code so I can reuse a Mongoose callback function. ", "\nI need to pass in a reference to the next() function to the callback so the callback can call it if successful. ", "\nHere's what my code looks like currently:\nmodule.exports = {\n\n createUser: function (req, res, next) {\n // Make accessing the request body shorter\n var data = req.body;\n\n // Create the user\n User.create({\n email: data.email,\n password: data.password,\n gender: data.gender,\n firstname: data.firstname,\n lastname: data.lastname\n }, \n userCreatedCallback.bind(this)); // <-- this is where I want to pass in the reference to next()\n }\n};\n\nfunction userCreatedCallback(err, user) {\n if (err) {\n // Handle error\n }\n } else {\n // Create a Thing for the user\n Thing.create({\n name: user.fullname + '\\'s thing',\n createdBy: user._id\n }, function(err, thing) {\n // Call the next middleware\n next(err);\n });\n }\n};\n\nI also tried userCreatedCallback.bind({ next: next }) but this also fails. ", "The error I'm getting is:\n<project-dir>/node_modules/mongoose/node_modules/mpromise/lib/promise.js:108\n if (this.ended && !", "this.hasRejectListeners()) throw reason;\n ^\nReferenceError: next is not defined\n\nA:\n\nbind takes a context followed by a list of arguments. ", "To pass next as the first argument to the bound function, you could add it to your invocation of bind:\n// ...\nuserCreatedCallback.bind(null, next)); \n\n... and update the callback signature to support it\nfunction userCreatedCallback(next, err, user) {\n // ...\n}\n\nHowever, this reads a little strangely against node's (err, ...) continuation-passing style. ", "Using a library like async might help clean things up (more detail in an external blog post).", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Acleisanthes\n\nAcleisanthes is a genus of flowering plants in the Bougainvillea family, Nyctaginaceae. ", "There are currently 16 species. ", "The generic name is derived from the Greek words ακλειοτος (akleistos), meaning \"not closed\", and ανθος (anthos), meaning \"flower\". ", "Plants of this genus are known commonly as trumpets due to the elongated, open-ended shape of their flowers. ", "These are arid-adapted perennials with thick taproots which are usually compact and low to the ground or slightly ascending. ", "An individual plant may have cleistogamous (unopening and self-pollinating) flowers as well as opening flowers which are usually nocturnal as a water-saving adaptation and are pollinated by night-flying or crepuscular insects such as hawkmoths. ", "Flowers are usually white, sometimes yellow. ", "These plants are native to the Chihuahuan and Sonoran Deserts of Mexico and the United States.", "\n\nTaxonomy\nIn the year 2000 studies by Rachel A. Levin reclassified the members of two genera, Ammocodon and Selinocarpus, into the genus Acleisanthes.", "\n\nSelected species\nAcleisanthes acutifolia Standl. – ", "needletip trumpets\nAcleisanthes angustifolia\nAcleisanthes anisophylla A.Gray – obliqueleaf trumpets\nAcleisanthes chenopodioides\nAcleisanthes crassifolia A.Gray – Texas trumpets\nAcleisanthes diffusa\nAcleisanthes longiflora A.Gray – angel trumpets, yerba de la rabia\nAcleisanthes nevadensis (Standl.) ", "B.L.Turner – desert moonpod\nAcleisanthes obtusa (Choisy) Standl. – ", "Berlandier's trumpets\nAcleisanthes parvifolia\nAcleisanthes wrightii (A.Gray) Benth. & ", "Hook.f. ", "ex Hemsl. – ", "Wright's trumpets\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nJepson Manual Treatment - outdated\n\nCategory:Nyctaginaceae\nCategory:Caryophyllales genera" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Amazon released its open-source game engine, Lumberyard, for free this week. ", "This means extensive customization for game developers, unless they're looking to use Lumberyard to run \"life-critical or safety-critical systems,\" like medical equipment, self-driving cars, or nuclear facilities.", "\n\nLoading\n\n46 IMAGES\n\nThat's totally against the rules, according to the company's terms of service —until the zombie apocalypse comes.", "Written into Amazon's clause 57.10, those restrictions won't apply \"in the event of the occurrence of a widespread viral infection transmitted via bites or contact with bodily fluids that causes human corpses to reanimate and seek to consume living human flesh, blood, brain, or nerve tissue.", "\"The \"fall of organized civilization,\" however, must be confirmed by the United States Centers for Disease Control or its successor body.", "Thanks for looking out, Amazon.", "\n\nNicole is a freelance writer for IGN. ", "You can follow her on Twitter" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "/* Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.", "\n * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ */\n\nlet syncService = {};\nChromeUtils.import(\"resource://services-sync/service.js\", syncService);\nconst service = syncService.", "Service;\nconst { UIState } = ChromeUtils.import(\"resource://services-sync/UIState.jsm\");\n\nfunction mockState(state) {\n UIState.get = () => ({\n status: state.status,\n lastSync: new Date(),\n email: state.email,\n avatarURL: state.avatarURL,\n });\n}\n\nadd_task(async function setup() {\n let storageChangedPromised = TestUtils.topicObserved(\n \"passwordmgr-storage-changed\",\n (_, data) => data == \"addLogin\"\n );\n TEST_LOGIN1 = Services.logins.addLogin(TEST_LOGIN1);\n await storageChangedPromised;\n storageChangedPromised = TestUtils.topicObserved(\n \"passwordmgr-storage-changed\",\n (_, data) => data == \"addLogin\"\n );\n TEST_LOGIN2 = Services.logins.addLogin(TEST_LOGIN2);\n await storageChangedPromised;\n await BrowserTestUtils.openNewForegroundTab({\n gBrowser,\n url: \"about:logins\",\n });\n let getState = UIState.get;\n registerCleanupFunction(() => {\n BrowserTestUtils.removeTab(gBrowser.selectedTab);\n UIState.get = getState;\n SpecialPowers.clearUserPref(\"signon.management.page.hideMobileFooter\");\n Services.logins.removeAllLogins();\n });\n});\n\nadd_task(async function test_open_links() {\n // urlFinal is what the full link should be. ", "urlBase is what gets Footer_Menu\n // appended to it.", "\n const linkArray = [\n {\n urlFinal: \"https://example.com/android?utm_creative=Footer_Menu\",\n urlBase: \"https://example.com/android?utm_creative=\",\n pref: \"signon.management.page.mobileAndroidURL\",\n selector: \".image-play-store\",\n },\n {\n urlFinal: \"https://example.com/apple?utm_creative=Footer_Menu\",\n urlBase: \"https://example.com/apple?utm_creative=\",\n pref: \"signon.management.page.mobileAppleURL\",\n selector: \".image-app-store\",\n },\n ];\n\n for (const { urlFinal, urlBase, pref, selector } of linkArray) {\n info(\"Test on \" + urlFinal);\n const TEST_EMAIL = \"test@example.com\";\n const TEST_AVATAR_URL =\n \"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAAFCAYAAACNbyblAAAAHElEQVQI12P4//8/w38GIAXDIBKE0DHxgljNBAAO9TXL0Y4OHwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\";\n mockState({\n status: UIState.", "STATUS_SIGNED_IN,\n email: TEST_EMAIL,\n avatarURL: TEST_AVATAR_URL,\n });\n\n await SpecialPowers.pushPrefEnv({\n set: [\n [pref, urlBase],\n [\"services.sync.engine.passwords\", true],\n ],\n });\n\n Services.obs.notifyObservers(null, UIState.", "ON_UPDATE);\n\n let promiseNewTab = BrowserTestUtils.waitForNewTab(gBrowser, urlFinal);\n let browser = gBrowser.selectedBrowser;\n\n await SpecialPowers.spawn(browser, [selector], async buttonClass => {\n let footer = Cu.waiveXrays(\n content.document\n .querySelector(\"login-item\")\n .shadowRoot.querySelector(\"login-footer\")\n );\n ok(!footer.hidden, \"Footer is visible\");\n let button = footer.shadowRoot.querySelector(buttonClass);\n\n button.click();\n });\n\n info(\"waiting for new tab to get opened\");\n let newTab = await promiseNewTab;\n ok(true, \"New tab opened to \" + urlFinal);\n\n BrowserTestUtils.removeTab(newTab);\n }\n});\n\nadd_task(async function dismissFooter() {\n const TEST_EMAIL = \"test@example.com\";\n const TEST_AVATAR_URL =\n \"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAAFCAYAAACNbyblAAAAHElEQVQI12P4//8/w38GIAXDIBKE0DHxgljNBAAO9TXL0Y4OHwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\";\n mockState({\n status: UIState.", "STATUS_SIGNED_IN,\n email: TEST_EMAIL,\n avatarURL: TEST_AVATAR_URL,\n });\n await SpecialPowers.pushPrefEnv({\n set: [[\"services.sync.engine.passwords\", true]],\n });\n Services.obs.notifyObservers(null, UIState.", "ON_UPDATE);\n\n let browser = gBrowser.selectedBrowser;\n\n await SpecialPowers.spawn(browser, [], async () => {\n let footer = Cu.waiveXrays(\n content.document\n .querySelector(\"login-item\")\n .shadowRoot.querySelector(\"login-footer\")\n );\n let dismissButton = footer.shadowRoot.querySelector(\".close\");\n\n dismissButton.click();\n await ContentTaskUtils.waitForCondition(\n () => ContentTaskUtils.is_hidden(footer),\n \"Waiting for the footer to be hidden\"\n );\n ok(\n ContentTaskUtils.is_hidden(footer),\n \"Footer should be hidden after clicking dismiss button\"\n );\n });\n});\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "He's My Brother\n\n\"You're my weak spot, Sammy. ", "And I'm yours.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Recent advances help understand and improve the safety of menopausal therapies.", "\nHormone therapy (HT) remains a mainstay of treatment of vasomotor symptoms, which are among the most common and most bothersome of menopausal symptoms. ", "This review provides updates on HT and reviews newer menopausal therapies, focusing on recent safety data. ", "An interpretative review of recent medical literature was conducted using computerized databases. ", "The latest analyses from the Women's Health Initiative and other trials suggest that there is a window shortly after the onset of menopause in which HT provides optimal benefit with minimal risk. ", "Risks of breast cancer, coronary heart disease, and probable dementia increase when a progestin is included in the HT regimen, which is necessary in nonhysterectomized women to counter the proliferative effects of estrogens on the endometrium. ", "Attempts to further optimize the risk-benefit profile of menopausal therapies have led to the introduction of newer selective estrogen receptor modulators (bazedoxifene for osteoporosis, ospemifene for dyspareunia), tissue-selective estrogen complexes (conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene for vasomotor symptoms and osteoporosis), and non-HT (low-dose paroxetine for vasomotor symptoms). ", "Recent studies suggest that HT has a neutral or even beneficial effect on coronary heart disease and cognition when used in the early postmenopausal years. ", "The risk-to-benefit ratio of estrogen therapy in hysterectomized women is more favorable than that of estrogen-progestin regimens in nonhysterectomized women. ", "Conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene now provides a progestin-free option for managing vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women with an intact uterus. ", "Low-dose paroxetine may be an alternative for some women when hormonal treatments are contraindicated." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "FILE PHOTO: Russia's Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov speaks during a press conference with his Turkish counterpart Mevlut Cavusoglu in Moscow, Russia, March 14, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Sergei Karpukhin\n\nMOSCOW (Reuters) - Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov will visit Japan on March 20-21 to discuss bilateral relations and international issues including the situation on the Korean peninsula, the Russian Foreign Ministry said on Monday." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "m**6 - 3/38*m**4 + u*m**2. ", "Suppose b(z) = 0. ", "Calculate z.\n-1, 0, 2\nFactor -300/7 + 12/7*z**2 + 6/7*z**3 - 150/7*z.", "\n6*(z - 5)*(z + 2)*(z + 5)/7\nLet s = -584907 + 584910. ", "Determine u, given that -43*u + 123/4*u**s + 49/4*u**5 + 149/2*u**2 + 6 - 161/2*u**4 = 0.", "\n-1, 2/7, 1, 6\nLet g be (((-4)/(-9))/(-4))/((-35)/75). ", "Let b = 179/42 + g. Determine c, given that -6*c - 12 + 27*c**2 + b*c**5 + 3/2*c**3 - 15*c**4 = 0.", "\n-1, -2/3, 1, 2\nLet y(q) be the second derivative of 2*q**7/21 - 4*q**6/5 + 2*q**5/5 + 12*q**4 - 18*q**3 - 108*q**2 - 940*q. ", "Find s, given that y(s) = 0.", "\n-2, -1, 3\nLet q be ((-7035)/42)/67 - 9/(-6)*2. ", "Solve 0 - 39/2*v + q*v**2 = 0.", "\n0, 39\nLet u = -2183 - -2183. ", "Let r(s) be the first derivative of 0*s**3 + 2/55*s**5 + u*s**4 - 13 + 0*s + 1/33*s**6 + 0*s**2. ", "Determine h, given that r(h) = 0.", "\n-1, 0\nLet s be 0 - (-109932)/224 - (-3)/8. ", "Let i = s + -16336/35. ", "Factor 108/5*d - 14/5*d**5 - 342/5*d**3 - 54*d**2 - i*d**4 + 0.", "\n-2*d*(d + 3)**3*(7*d - 2)/5\nSuppose 19 = 5*p - 3*s, -3*p - 4*s + 0 - 6 = 0. ", "Factor 396*r**4 + 0 + 0 + 33*r**3 - 108*r - 393*r**4 + 72*r**p.", "\n3*r*(r - 1)*(r + 6)**2\nWhat is l in 16/9*l**2 - 155/9*l + 1/9*l**3 + 46/3 = 0?", "\n-23, 1, 6\nLet p be 1 - 1 - (0/2 + -2). ", "Suppose 10 = x + 5*m - 10, -p*x = -m - 29. ", "Factor -x*u + 40*u**2 - 25*u**3 + 5*u**4 + 4*u - 9*u.", "\n5*u*(u - 2)**2*(u - 1)\nLet l(y) = -8*y**5 - 38*y**4 + 266*y**3 - 892*y**2 + 1384*y - 884. ", "Let u(v) = -v**5 - v**2 - 2*v - 2. ", "Let i(r) = -l(r) + 10*u(r). ", "Solve i(q) = 0.", "\n2, 3, 8\nSuppose 0 = -5*h - 55 + 35. ", "Let x be (-29)/(-5) - (112/(-35) - h). ", "Solve -3/4*c**3 + 3/4*c**x - 3/2*c**4 + 0*c + 0 + 3/2*c**2 = 0 for c.\n-1, 0, 1, 2\nLet -36*f**2 - 2*f**4 - 70*f**2 - 377*f**2 + 16*f**3 + 5*f**4 - 64*f**3 = 0. ", "Calculate f.\n-7, 0, 23\nLet g(z) = z**2 + 2*z + 2. ", "Suppose -18 = 11*m - 2*m. ", "Let s be g(m). ", "Factor 17 + 10 + 18*y**3 - 12*y**s - 3*y**4 - 12*y**2 - 18*y.", "\n-3*(y - 3)**2*(y - 1)*(y + 1)\nWhat is o in 743*o - 902*o + 60*o**2 - 3*o**3 + 36 + 10 + 56 = 0?", "\n1, 2, 17\nLet c(n) = n**3 + n**2 - 2. ", "Let q(m) = 20*m**3 - 318*m**2 + 34*m + 264. ", "Let f(i) = 6*c(i) - q(i). ", "Find g, given that f(g) = 0.", "\n-6/7, 1, 23\nLet i(x) = -25 - 2*x + x + 36. ", "Let c be i(9). ", "Factor 4 - c - d**3 - 5*d - 2 - 4*d**2 - 2.", "\n-(d + 1)**2*(d + 2)\nLet p = -241136 + 1205683/5. ", "Factor 0 - 3/5*i**5 + 0*i**2 + 0*i + 0*i**3 + p*i**4.", "\n-3*i**4*(i - 1)/5\nLet h(j) be the first derivative of -2/3*j**3 + 1/2*j**4 + 2*j - j**2 + 111. ", "Factor h(a).", "\n2*(a - 1)**2*(a + 1)\nLet n(x) = -x**2 + 30*x. ", "Let m(a) = 12*a + 6. ", "Let k(t) = -11*t - 5. ", "Let o(v) = -6*k(v) - 5*m(v). ", "Let g(j) = -2*n(j) + 11*o(j). ", "Factor g(y).", "\n2*y*(y + 3)\nLet b = 103 - 132. ", "Let f be 7 - 0 - b/(435/(-45)). ", "Determine r, given that -42*r - f - 343/2*r**3 - 147*r**2 = 0.", "\n-2/7\nLet b(o) be the second derivative of -o**4/4 + 7*o**3/2 - 3*o**2 + 20*o. ", "Let a(p) = -6*p**2 + 41*p - 11. ", "Let k(x) = -6*a(x) + 11*b(x). ", "Factor k(z).", "\n3*z*(z - 5)\nLet k(o) be the second derivative of o**5/110 + 12*o**4/11 + 37*o**3 - 2738*o**2/11 - 59*o + 12. ", "Factor k(i).", "\n2*(i - 2)*(i + 37)**2/11\nLet o(m) be the third derivative of -m**2 + 0 - 4/33*m**3 - 1/330*m**5 + 5/132*m**4 - 86*m. ", "Factor o(u).", "\n-2*(u - 4)*(u - 1)/11\nLet w(r) be the first derivative of r**6/6 + r**5/5 - 15*r**4/4 + 23*r**3/3 - 5*r**2 - 1052. ", "Factor w(d).", "\nd*(d - 2)*(d - 1)**2*(d + 5)\nFactor -24*u**3 + 21*u**3 - 51876 - 171654*u + 63357*u - 1137*u**2 - 55287.", "\n-3*(u + 1)*(u + 189)**2\nLet h(y) be the second derivative of 14 - 1/12*y**4 - y + 1/10*y**5 + 1/30*y**6 - 1/3*y**3 + 0*y**2. ", "Factor h(x).", "\nx*(x - 1)*(x + 1)*(x + 2)\nLet h(a) be the first derivative of -121 + 1849/7*a + 43/7*a**2 + 1/21*a**3. ", "Solve h(v) = 0 for v.\n-43\nLet w(f) be the second derivative of f**4/30 - 2*f**3/3 + 9*f**2/5 - 356*f. ", "Factor w(g).", "\n2*(g - 9)*(g - 1)/5\nDetermine v so that 374*v - 5*v**2 + 406*v + 3452*v - 52*v = 0.", "\n0, 836\nSuppose 2*n - 8 = -2*c, -5*c - 2*n + 5 = -0*n. ", "Let h be 10 + ((-4)/(-8) - c)*2. ", "Factor 16 - v**4 + h*v**4 - 123*v**3 + 155*v**3 - 20*v - 12*v**2 - 28*v.", "\n4*(v - 1)*(v + 2)**2*(3*v - 1)\nLet t(y) be the third derivative of 19/8*y**4 + 0 - 120*y**2 - 37/4*y**3 + 0*y - 1/40*y**5. ", "Factor t(s).", "\n-3*(s - 37)*(s - 1)/2\nSuppose 0*d - 11*d = -1496. ", "Factor 66 + 71 + 6*p + 10*p + 64*p**2 - d.\n(8*p + 1)**2\nLet o(i) be the third derivative of -2/27*i**5 - 3*i**2 + 0*i - 2/27*i**3 + 0 - 13/108*i**4. ", "Factor o(m).", "\n-2*(4*m + 1)*(5*m + 2)/9\nLet q(n) be the third derivative of -n**7/105 - 11*n**6/30 - 58*n**5/15 - 85*n**4/6 - 25*n**3 - 847*n**2. ", "Factor q(l).", "\n-2*(l + 1)**2*(l + 5)*(l + 15)\nLet r be 4/(-26) - (-4 - 167/(-13)). ", "Let u be (r - -7)*6/(1 + -3). ", "Solve -3 + 9 - 2*v**2 - u = 0.", "\n0\nLet g(k) be the first derivative of -127 + 0*k + 1/46*k**4 - 8/23*k**3 + 0*k**2. ", "What is h in g(h) = 0?", "\n0, 12\nFactor 50*t**4 - 3155837*t**2 + 2*t**5 + 102*t**3 - 126 + 3155211*t**2 - 138 + 736*t.", "\n2*(t - 1)**3*(t + 6)*(t + 22)\nLet s(j) = -504 + 310 - 424 + 102*j - 79*j. ", "Let m be s(27). ", "Find h such that 0 + 0*h - 1/2*h**m - 1/2*h**2 = 0.", "\n-1, 0\nFactor 2*y**4 - 315*y**2 - 2*y**3 - 1617*y + y**4 - 19*y**3 + 30*y**3.", "\n3*y*(y - 11)*(y + 7)**2\nLet f be (-130)/(-13) + 644/(-69). ", "Let d(w) be the first derivative of f*w**2 - 2/27*w**3 - 10/9*w - 37. ", "Factor d(h).", "\n-2*(h - 5)*(h - 1)/9\nLet j be 2106/312*(0 - 448/(-105)). ", "Factor -3/5*c**2 - 1728/5 + j*c.", "\n-3*(c - 24)**2/5\nLet l be ((-308)/(-42) + -7)*39. ", "Let y(x) be the second derivative of -4/5*x**6 - l*x - 1/3*x**7 - 3/10*x**5 + 0*x**3 + 0 + 1/3*x**4 + 0*x**2. ", "Factor y(a).", "\n-2*a**2*(a + 1)**2*(7*a - 2)\nLet m = -717 - -724. ", "Let w be (3 - 0) + (m - 6) + -4. ", "Let 0*j + 2*j**4 + 4/3*j**5 - 16/3*j**3 + w + 2*j**2 = 0. ", "Calculate j.\n-3, 0, 1/2, 1\nSuppose -32*b**5 - 5632 - 6*b**3 + 307*b**4 + 65*b**4 - 10806*b - 330*b - 5912*b**2 + 2*b**3 = 0. ", "Calculate b.\n-2, -11/8, -1, 8\nLet b(z) be the first derivative of -z**6/30 - 3*z**5/20 + 3*z**4/4 - 5*z**3/6 + 16*z + 74. ", "Let o(n) be the first derivative of b(n). ", "Solve o(u) = 0.", "\n-5, 0, 1\nLet z(x) be the second derivative of x**6/1260 - 3*x**5/7 + 675*x**4/7 - 34*x**3 + 12*x. ", "Let g(a) be the second derivative of z(a). ", "Find b, given that g(b) = 0.", "\n90\nLet h(a) = a**3 + 11*a**2 - 3*a. ", "Let r be h(-11). ", "Let v = 35 - r. Find x, given that -30 - 3*x**3 - x**2 + x**4 + x**5 + v*x + 30 = 0.", "\n-2, -1, 0, 1\nSolve -105/4*w**2 - 9/2*w - 143/4*w**3 + 0 + 33/4*w**4 + 9/4*w**5 = 0 for w.\n-6, -1/3, 0, 3\nLet i be (-5)/10 + 54/4. ", "Suppose 2*b - 5*j - 4 = -i, 3*b + 6 = 5*j. ", "Determine y, given that -17*y**b + 4 + 13*y**3 - 4 + 4*y**4 = 0.", "\n0, 1\nLet l(p) be the first derivative of -p**6/4 - 78*p**5/5 - 1863*p**4/8 + 729*p**3 - 328. ", "Solve l(g) = 0.", "\n-27, 0, 2\nLet a = -4077 + 7337. ", "Let d = a + -16246/5. ", "Suppose -2/15 - 126/5*b**4 - 44/5*b**2 - d*b**5 - 26/15*b - 108/5*b**3 = 0. ", "Calculate b.\n-1, -1/3\nLet r be (3/12)/((-17)/(-136)). ", "Factor r*y**3 - 9*y**3 - 2*y - 3*y + 12*y**3.", "\n5*y*(y - 1)*(y + 1)\nLet n be (((-5160)/9)/43)/(2/(-3)). ", "Let c(a) be the second derivative of -1/50*a**5 + 1/30*a**4 - n*a + 0*a**3 + 0*a**2 + 0. ", "Let c(l) = 0. ", "What is l?", "\n0, 1\nLet r be (5*(-2)/4)/((1260/96)/(-21)). ", "Let f(k) be the first derivative of -30*k + 27 + 20/3*k**3 + 5/4*k**r + 5/2*k**2. ", "Factor f(v).", "\n5*(v - 1)*(v + 2)*(v + 3)\nLet r(l) = -85*l**2 + 87*l - 5. ", "Let z(a) = -87*a**2 + 90*a - 6. ", "Let f(n) = -6*r(n) + 5*z(n). ", "Factor f(g).", "\n3*g*(25*g - 24)\nLet o be 5/6*171912/16530. ", "Let 2/3*f**2 + 44/3 + o*f = 0. ", "What is f?", "\n-11, -2\nLet p(o) be the first derivative of 6*o - 11/8*o**2 - 52 + 1/12*o**3. ", "Solve p(v) = 0.", "\n3, 8\nLet n(c) = -c - 15. ", "Let i = -25 + 8. ", "Let l be n(i). ", "Factor -6*a**2 + 54*a + 3*a**l - 243 + 0*a**2.", "\n-3*(a - 9)**2\nLet v = 3259 + -3255. ", "Let f(o) be the second derivative of -1/36*o**v - 5*o + 0 + 0*o**3 + 0*o**2. ", "Let f(y) = 0. ", "What is y?", "\n0\nLet s(f) be the third derivative of -f**7/210 + 349*f**6/40 - 137809*f**5/30 + 68295*f**4/2 - 90828*f**3 - 15*f**2 + 128*f. ", "Suppose s(z) = 0. ", "Calculate z.\n1, 2, 522\nSuppose 78*a - 87*a = 12654. ", "Let f = 18284/13 + a. Factor 0 + 0*m - f*m**2 + 2/13*m**3.", "\n2*m**2*(m - 3)/13\nLet h be 1 + 1 + (-174)/(-72) - (-200)/(-50). ", "Let f(q) be the second derivative of h*q**4 + 0 - 10/3*q**3 - 11*q + 0*q**2. ", "Factor f(l).", "\n5*l*(l - 4)\nLet h(m) be the second derivative of -m**6/90 + 14*m**5/15 - 98*m**4/3 - 41*m**3/3 + 33*m - 2. ", "Let a(p) be the second derivative of h(p). ", "Factor a(c).", "\n-4*(c - 14)**2\nLet i(z) be the first derivative of -z**6/360 - z**5/3 + " ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nNon-vitamin K oral anticoagulant (NOAC) therapy has been increasingly used for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF)[@b1-vhrm-15-019] due to its proven effectiveness and safety. ", "Real-world data have confirmed Phase III trial results,[@b2-vhrm-15-019] even showing further advantages in the older population,[@b3-vhrm-15-019],[@b4-vhrm-15-019] which shows the highest risk of bleeding, as well as stroke with a worse prognosis.[@b5-vhrm-15-019] In elderly patients, NOACs seem to be more effective than and as safe as vitamin K antagonists (VKA).[@b6-vhrm-15-019] Nevertheless, real-world prospective studies in this population, including octogenarians, are still scarce. ", "On the contrary, these patients are more and more frequent in clinical practice. ", "The decision-making process to initiate them to a chronic anticoagulant therapy can be difficult due to the risk/benefit ratio.", "\n\nWe, therefore, aimed to analyze data from the local REGIstry of patients on Non-vitamin k oral Anticoagulants (REGINA) to assess the efficacy and safety of NOACs in an elderly and comorbid population, such as the one cardiologists increasingly follow in the cardiac rehabilitation setting.", "\n\nPatients and methods\n====================\n\nREGINA is a single-center, prospective, observational study that was conducted at the IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Milano, Italy. ", "The Local Ethics Committee (Comitato Etico ICS Maugeri SpA SB, Pavia) approved the study (1053CE). ", "It adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki, and each patient signed a written informed consent form.", "\n\nNVAF patients on NOAC treatment followed at our inpatient or outpatient cardiac rehabilitation clinic were consecutively enrolled from April 14, 2015 to July 31, 2016. ", "All patients were followed up to 1 year. ", "Follow-up (FU) visits were scheduled at 1, 6, and 12 months from the first NOAC dose. ", "Patients with severe cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination score \\<20), active cancer, and/or any-end stage disease and those who had undergone cardiac surgery in the previous 12 months were excluded. ", "NOAC choice was based on the knowledge and expertise of each prescriber to ensure the collection of real-life data. ", "Note that edoxaban was not available in Italy at the time of enrollment. ", "Updated international and national guidelines' recommendations and appropriate local diagnostic--therapeutic instructions were available on our institution's Intranet. ", "Periodic meetings for the discussion of clinical cases were scheduled throughout the study period.", "\n\nThe primary endpoint of the study was represented by the incidence rate of major bleeding (MB) and/or clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNMB), defined according to International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostatis (ISTH) criteria.[@b7-vhrm-15-019],[@b8-vhrm-15-019]\n\nThe secondary endpoints included the incidence of 1) stroke or systemic embolism, 2) hospitalization, 3) death, and 4) any drug-related adverse event.", "\n\nData collection\n---------------\n\nA specific electronic case report form (eCRF; Promeditec, Milan, Italy) was developed for this study. ", "On enrollment, eCRF mandatory fields included age, gender, weight, height, calculated body mass index (BMI), heart rhythm (sinus rhythm or atrial fibrillation), concurrent therapies, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS)[@b9-vhrm-15-019] to quantify the presence of comorbidities (CIRSc) and their severity (CIRSs), CHA~2~DS~2~-VASc,[@b10-vhrm-15-019] and HAS-BLED[@b11-vhrm-15-019] for all patients. ", "Each participant underwent a complete physical examination. ", "Baseline blood tests were also obtained, with hemoglobin (HGB), platelet count (PLT), serum creatinine, ALT, and AST being mandatory. ", "The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated through the Cockcroft--Gault formula.[@b12-vhrm-15-019] In the eCRF, medical history details were also recorded.", "\n\nAt each FU visit, a detailed medical history, including specific, multiple questions regarding treatment adherence and adverse effects, and a repeated physical examination were obtained. ", "The results of repeated blood tests, occurrence of death, hospitalization, undercurrent disease, and any relevant information were recorded in the eCRF.", "\n\nStatistical analyses\n--------------------\n\nBaseline characteristics are presented as percentages for categorical variables and medians (IQR) or mean ± SD for continuous variables. ", "The chi-squared test was used for univariate comparisons of categorical variables between groups. ", "The unpaired *t*-test (or Wilcoxon rank sum test when appropriate) was used for continuous variables. ", "The incidence rate of outcomes per 100 patient-years of FU and corresponding 95% CIs are presented. ", "All available FU data were used in the calculation of these rates. ", "We chose to apply on-treatment analysis to describe the safety and efficacy of NOAC treatment in this cohort of real-life patients. ", "Therefore, we calculated the incidence rates on the population available at each time point. ", "Kaplan--Meier curves were realized to describe event-free survival.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nWe consecutively enrolled 227 patients (F/M 105/122), of whom 183 (80.6%) were inpatients. ", "Only three patients dropped out at FU. ", "Patients' age was 81.6±6.1 years (range 67--95 years). ", "A large proportion of patients (59.4%) were aged ≥80 years. ", "BMI was 26±5 kg/m^2^, and eGFR was 59.27±24.12 mL/min. ", "Patients with permanent NVAF numbered 125 (55%), those with paroxysmal NVAF were 81 (35.7%), and those with persistent NVAF numbered 21 (9.3%). ", "Median CHA~2~DS~2~-VASc was 5 (IQR, 4--5) and median HAS-BLED was 4 (IQR, 3--5), thus grading this population at high risk for both stroke and bleeding. ", "Furthermore, CIRSc was 4.99±1.74 and CIRSs was 1.94±0.29, demonstrating that the enrolled population was also characterized by a very high clinical complexity. ", "The prevalence of the main comorbidities is detailed in [Table 1](#t1-vhrm-15-019){ref-type=\"table\"}, where the proportion of patients with a CIRSc \\>3 is also reported.", "\n\nNaïve patients to any type of anticoagulation numbered 96 (42.3%), while the remaining ones were switched from VKA. ", "The switch to an NOAC was proposed to all eligible patients without contraindications, such as eGFR \\<30 mL/min, mechanical valve prostheses, and surgical valve disease. ", "None of these patients refused the therapy change.", "\n\nOne-hundred and twenty-four patients (54.6%) were treated with apixaban, 45 (19.8%) with dabigatran, and 58 (25.6%) with rivaroxaban. [", "Table 2](#t2-vhrm-15-019){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the clinical details of each subgroup, that is, according to the prescribed NOAC (drug and dose).", "\n\nOverall, blood tests remained stable throughout the FU compared to baseline. ", "We observed no changes in HGB (12.2±1.7, 12±1.6, 12.4±1.6, and 12.7±1.6 g/dL, respectively), PLT (230.8±85, 222.9±85.4, 227.3±72, and 224.3±86.4×10^9^/L, respectively), ALT (21.3±13.1, 19.9±9.7, 21.3±15.1, and 19.2±5.8 units/L, respectively), AST (22.3±9.5, 20±7.9, 21.1±9.7, and 19.3±5.1 units/L, respectively), and creatinine levels (1.1±0.3, 1.06±0.4, 1.09±0.4, and 1.1±0.4 mg/dL, respectively). ", "Finally, we observed a good self-reported adherence to NOACs treatment. ", "A fully correct therapeutic scheme was followed by 92% of patients, while only 8% of patients reported having occasionally forgotten a tablet intake, never for more than two consecutive pills.", "\n\nPrimary endpoint\n----------------\n\nUpon completion of FU, MB occurred in only 10 patients, for a total incidence of 4.4% (95% CI: 1.73%--7.07%), and CRNMB occurred in 13, for a total incidence of 5.7% (95% CI: 2.68%--8.72%). ", "There was no fatal bleeding. ", "Out of ten MB cases, only one was intracranial and the patient underwent successful surgery, five were gastrointestinal, and four were urogenital. ", "Forty percent of total bleeding occurred in the first 3 months of therapy and the remaining events were evenly spaced during the remaining FU period, as shown in the Kaplan--Meier plot of [Figure 1A](#f1-vhrm-15-019){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The incidence of MB and CRNMB according to NOAC subgroups is presented in [Table 3](#t3-vhrm-15-019){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nNeither CHA^2^DS^2^-VASc nor HAS-BLED was correlated with the occurrence of MB or CRNMB.", "\n\nSecondary endpoints\n-------------------\n\nWe observed the following: 1) two embolic events, namely, a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and a minor stroke, with a total incidence of 0.88% (95% CI: -- 0.33% to 2.09%), that occurred at the ninth and fourth months of FU, respectively; 2) 69 hospitalizations (rate of 30.3% per year), of which 23 (33%) were NOAC related, while the other causes for the hospital admission were either congestive heart failure (45%) or infections (22%); all hospitalizations involved patients who had been enrolled in the study during their first hospital stay, truly representing hospital readmissions that mainly occurred in the first 3 months of FU (64% of the events), as shown in the Kaplan--Meier plot of [Figure 1B](#f1-vhrm-15-019){ref-type=\"fig\"}; 3) 20 deaths (total death rate of 8.8% per year), of which 8 were because of cardiac causes (heart failure or sudden death) and 12 were due to pneumonia, other infections, or cancer; there were no NOAC-related deaths; and 4) rare drug-related adverse events, that is, only 4 patients, all on dabigatran, complained of dyspepsia, and a switch to a different NOAC was necessary in 3 of them.", "\n\nReduced dose of NOAC\n--------------------\n\nA post hoc analysis of the data revealed that reduced dose (RD) of NOAC was used in 135 patients. ", "Among these patients, RD was appropriately selected based on the Phase III trial criteria[@b13-vhrm-15-019]--[@b15-vhrm-15-019] in 89 (66%) patients, while in the remaining patients, RD was prescribed based on clinical judgment. ", "More specifically, 40% of patients on apixaban 2.5 mg bis in die (BID) met one criterion only, mainly, the age criterion, 32% of patients on dabigatran 110 mg BID and 50% of those on rivaroxaban 15 mg quaque die had either borderline eGFR or advanced age, in addition to high CIRS. ", "Compared to the remaining population, that is, patients on full dose, those treated with an RD of apixaban were older and had lower body weight, eGFR, and HGB levels at enrollment ([Table 4](#t4-vhrm-15-019){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Regarding the endpoints, in these RD groups, MB occurred in three patients with a total incidence of 3.49% (95% CI: 1.1%--5.87%) and CRNMB occurred in four patients with a total incidence of 4.65% (95% CI: 1.91%--7.38%), while embolic events occurred in two patients with a total incidence of 1.48% (95% CI: -- 0.09% to 3.05%). ", "These two embolic events consisted of a minor stroke in a patient with fulfilled RD criteria and a TIA in another patient with borderline criteria, that is, age of 82 years and creatinine equal to 1.5 mg/dL.\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nREGINA is a single-center, prospective, observational study that enrolled an elderly population, treated with an NOAC for NVAF, mainly over 80 years old, and characterized by a high number of comorbidities and a high clinical complexity, as well as a high risk for stroke and bleeding. ", "During a 1-year FU, there were rare embolic and few bleeding complications. ", "Our data strengthen the concept that NOACs are safe and effective in the elderly, even in highly complex octogenarians.", "\n\nPhase III trials clearly demonstrated NOACs' effectiveness and safety in NVAF patients,[@b1-vhrm-15-019],[@b2-vhrm-15-019] although aged, frail, comorbid patients were represented to a lesser extent.[@b16-vhrm-15-019] In the last years, several real-world studies have confirmed the effectiveness and safety of NOACs in the elderly, although most of them were retrospective and/or based on health insurance databases.[@b17-vhrm-15-019]--[@b22-vhrm-15-019] In the present study, in a cohort of 227 patients, with an average age of 81 years and about 60% of cases aged over 80 years, who had been prospectively observed up to 1 year, there were no fatal bleedings and MB occurred in only 4.4% (95% CI: 1.73%--7.07%), of which only 1 case was intracranial and life threatening. ", "These data are in line with the results of a recent large retrospective study, which showed that compared to VKA, NOACs were associated with a lower rate of MB events.[@b22-vhrm-15-019]\n\nIn addition to old age, we must underline that the population of the present study displayed very high-risk features. ", "Indeed, all measured scores depicted a profile of high clinical complexity. ", "Given these premises, in agreement with the literature,[@b23-vhrm-15-019] nearly one-third of the patients were rehospitalized during the observational period, mainly for cardiovascular causes. ", "In keeping with several studies,[@b18-vhrm-15-019]--[@b22-vhrm-15-019] only one-third of the hospitalizations were related to bleeding events. ", "Furthermore, no deaths were related to the use of NOACs, although the overall death rate was 8.8% per year due to cardiac causes, infections, or cancer.", "\n\nIt is worth discussing that a high percentage (59%) of our population was treated with an NOAC at RD. ", "As prespecified in the \"Patients and methods\" section, in order to collect real-world data, the selection of the specific NOAC and its dosage was based on the prescribers' evaluation. ", "In 34% of these patients, the RD was chosen based on clinical judgment rather than Phase III trials' criteria[@b14-vhrm-15-019]--[@b16-vhrm-15-019] and international consensus recommendations on NOAC use.[@b24-vhrm-15-019] Previous studies[@b25-vhrm-15-019],[@b26-vhrm-15-019] have reported the use of a lower-than-recommended dose of NOACs in clinical practice. ", "Probably, the individual assessment of patients' risks for bleeding often plays a major role in guiding the choice of drug and dosage, in particular, in the elderly. ", "In fact, patients treated with RD were even more fragile than the remaining patients were, as they had lower body weight, worse eGFR, and higher CIRSc and CIRSs. ", "Not surprisingly, the only two cardioembolic events occurred in this group of patients. ", "It is known that NVAF patients with advanced age or low body weight or renal dysfunction have a higher risk of stroke and MB,[@b27-vhrm-15-019] irrespective of the chosen dosage or NOAC. ", "It has to be emphasized that inappropriate dose reduction has been associated with a higher risk for embolism,[@b28-vhrm-15-019],[@b29-vhrm-15-019] while in other studies, it did not seem to be the case.[@b26-vhrm-15-019],[@b30-vhrm-15-019] Thus, transposing the recommendations of the randomized Phase III trials to the more complex real world remains a challenge for each clinician. ", "Accordingly, the updated European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) practical guide on NOAC management,[@b24-vhrm-15-019] that is based on expert opinions, suggests dose reduction considering a number of clinical variables, not even mentioned in Phase III trials. ", "While adequate dose prescription is certainly mandatory, such appropriateness remains to be further elucidated. ", "Given the escalating complexity, we face in the daily clinical practice of geriatric patients, there is a growing need for a modern approach that integrates information from large trials and single patient's evaluation.[@b31-vhrm-15-019]\n\nLastly, we observed a good self-reported adherence to NOACs (eg, 92% compliance to the prescribed therapy) and a stability of blood tests throughout the FU period. ", "Both these findings might depend on the peculiar organization that characterizes a prospective registry, in which both careful patient management and the periodic phone calls reduce the nonadherence and allow correction of possible undercurrent factors. ", "Indeed, this might also have contributed to improve NOACs' efficacy and safety. ", "However, this is a mere speculation. ", "Since adherence was considered high and events were low, no relation could be found between them.", "\n\nA limitation of our study is the lack of a control group on VKA. ", "According to the current guidelines, NOACs are often preferred; thus, it is extremely difficult to have comparable prospective data. ", "Indeed, recent real-life studies that compared NOACs to VKAs were retrospective using the propensity score matching analysis.[@b18-vhrm-15-019],[@b22-vhrm-15-019] They showed that MB and overall bleeding episodes are less frequent in patients treated with NOACs rather than with VKA. ", "We used the results of the aforementioned studies as a landmark to draw our conclusions.", "\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nThus, despite the limited number of patients enrolled in this study, there is evidence that in a population of comorbid, clinically complex elderly NVAF patients, including octogenarians, NOACs were safe and effective. ", "These results further encourage the use of NOACs in a population that is followed by the cardiologist and that is at very high risk of disabling events. ", "There are also some clues that careful FU of elderly patients on NOAC therapy could contribute to improve their prognosis.", "\n\nWe thank Daniela Loi for her valuable help in scheduling follow-up visits for these elderly patients.", "\n\n**Disclosure**\n\nThe authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.", "\n\n{#f1-vhrm-15-019}\n\n###### \n\nPatients' clinical complexity\n\n Comorbidities n (%)\n ------------------------ ------------\n \n Hypertension 156 (68.7)\n CHF 99 (43.6)\n Diabetes 57 (25.1)\n CAD 65 (28.7)\n Previous MI 47 (20.7)\n PAD 63 (27.7)\n Previous stroke or TIA 42 (18.5)\n CIRSc \\>3 180 (79.3)\n\n**Note:** Values are expressed as n, total number, and (%), percentage.", "\n\n**Abbreviations:** CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, chronic heart failure; CIRSc, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale complexity; MI, myocardial infarction; PAD, peripheral artery disease; TIA, transient ischemic attack.", "\n\n###### \n\nPatients' clinical details according to the prescribed NOAC therapy\n\n Apixaban 2.5 mg BID (n=86) Apixaban 5 mg BID (n=35) Dabigatran 110 mg BID (n=31) Dabigatran 150 mg BID (n=14) Rivaroxaban 15 mg QD (n=18) Rivaroxaban 20 mg QD (n=40)\n -------------- ---------------------------- -------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ----------------------------- -----------------------------\n \n Age, years 84.13±5.54 75.42±7.31 81.77±5.97 72.86±5.88 81.83±7.82 76.62±10.39\n Weight, kg 69.28±15.39 76.11±13.7 67.65±12.15 76.97±17.97 64.86±9.56 73.99±13.98\n eGFR, mL/min 46.62±15.75 72.11±24.67 54.55±20.55 87.58±28.82 54.02±21.73 73.48±22.72\n\n**Note:** Values are expressed as n, total number, and mean ± SD.", "\n\n**Abbreviations:** BID, bis in die; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NOAC, non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant; QD, quaque die.", "\n\n###### \n\nOccurrence of MB and CRNMB according to the prescribed NOAC therapy\n\n NOAC MB (n=10) CRNMB (n=13)\n ----------------------- ----------- --------------\n \n Apixaban 2.5 mg BID 3 (3.49) 4 (4.65)\n Apixaban 5 mg BID 2 (5.71) 3 (8.57)\n Dabigatran 110 mg BID 1 (3.23) 2 (6.45)\n Dabigatran 150 mg BID 3 (21.43) 1(7.14)\n Rivaroxaban 15 mg QD 0 (0) 3 (16.67)\n Rivaroxaban 20 mg QD 1 (2.5) 0 (0)\n\n**Notes:** Values are expressed as n, total number, and (%), percentage.", "\n\n**Abbreviations:** BID, bis in die; CRNMB, clinically relevant non-major bleeding; MB, major bleeding; NOAC, non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant; QD, quaque die.", "\n\n###### \n\nClinical details of patients on a reduced dose of NOAC compared to those on full dose\n\n -------------- --------------------------- --------------- ---------------\n **Apixaban 2.5 mg BID** **Full dose** ***P*-value**\n \n Age, years 84.13±5.54 77.74±8.52 \\<0.001\n Weight, kg 69.28±15.39 72±13.91 0.13\n eGFR, mL/min 46.62±15.75 67.05±25.25 \\<0.001\n CIRSc 5.21±1.73 4.83±1.75 0.202\n CIRSs 2±0.31 1.91±0.29 0.109\n HGB, g/dL 11.8±1.68 12.59±1.72 \\<0.001\n \n **Dabigatran 110 mg BID** **Full dose** ***P*-value**\n \n Age, years 81.77±5.97 80±8.41 0.263\n Weight, kg 67.65±12.15 71.62±14.84 0.263\n eGFR, mL/min 54.55±20.55 60.06±24.64 0.348\n CIRSc 5.5±2.04 4.93±1.7 0.158\n CIRSs 2.01±0.31 1.94±0.3 0.234\n HGB, g/dL 11.73±0.45 11.68±1.5 0.672\n \n **Rivaroxaban 15 mg QD** **Full dose** ***P*-value**\n \n Age, years 81.83±7.82 80.11±8.16 0.367\n Weight, kg 64.86±9.56 71.65±14.8 0.062\n eGFR, mL/min 54.02±21.73 59.75±24.33 0.433\n CIRSc 5.29±1.68 4.97±1.75 0.463\n CIRSs 1.96±0.32 1.95±0.3 0.757\n HGB, g/dL 12.32±1.6 12.24±1.77 0.7\n -------------- --------------------------- --------------- ---------------\n\n**Notes:** Values are expressed as mean ± SD. *", "P*\\<0.05 was considered as significant.", "\n\n**Abbreviations:** BID, bis in die; c, complexity; CIRS, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HGB, hemoglobin; NOAC, non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant; QD, quaque die; s, severity.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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