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According to the latest quarterly assessment of partisanship by the Gallup Poll, just 34 percent of Americans are Democrats and only 28 percent are Republicans. This represents slightly less partisanship than Gallup found in 1992, when the Ross Perot presidential candidacy racked up almost 19 percent of the popular vote. That year, 34 percent of Americans were Democrats and 29 percent Republicans. ADVERTISEMENT Even more interesting than the Gallup organization’s counting of partisans is their overlooked question regarding the need for a third party. Since 2003, Gallup has periodically asked Americans whether the two parties “do an adequate job of representing the American public” or whether they do such a poor job that “a third major party is needed.” The percentage backing a third party has fluctuated between 40 percent and 58 percent. That’s a sizable dissent from the classic notion that we are a two-party political system. This deeply ingrained and persistent dissent from the two-party monopoly may be the best explanation that realignment isn’t occurring, despite Obama’s popularity. There are other impediments, too. Theories of realignment almost always hinge on either there being a realigning issue or the movement of a particular segment of voters to a new party. Lately, there has been no issue that cuts across party lines in a manner to disrupt traditional partisan loyalties. Since the South shifted to the Republicans, signaling the last realignment, nothing much has happened to change the partisan picture. The only other harbinger of realignment can be the rise of third parties and independent candidacies that might eventually morph into a party. The latter is such a long shot, of course, that it almost never happens. So we are left with episodic independent candidacies that perpetuate dealignment, one race at a time. The most interesting independent candidacies these days are a factor in blocking any chances for a Democratic realignment. Independent candidates running for governor in several Northeastern states are taking votes mostly away from Democrat front-runners. But Republicans could also suffer from dealignment. I’m already thinking that Ron Paul is hatching various alternative schemes that could make 2012 another 1992, when Ross Perot’s insurgent campaign cost George H.W. Bush his reelection. Recently, Paul installed one of his high priestesses, Debra Medina, in the Texas gubernatorial race, adding to the field that is already too crowded with Rick Perry and Kay Bailey Hutchison. So why would Paul do this? He may be currying favor with Rick Perry. Perry probably benefits by having another female in the race, to rob a few feminist votes from Hutchison. So if Perry prevails because of Paul’s sidekick, the Texas governor will owe the doctor favors in case he runs for president in 2012 as a Republican. But who knows? Perry, the secessionist, could join Dr. Paul in an even more probable scenario. My better guess is that the Medina candidacy is a Paul stunt to justify his leaving the Republican Party in 2011 to run a Perot-style campaign for president. When Paul gets nothing and Hutchison wins, Dr. Paul will snort that this proves again that the Republicans are not sufficiently conservative, providing him with the moral justification to head out on his own. In many ways, this makes a lot more sense than Paul running as a Republican. David Hill is a member of the research faculty at Auburn University and has been a Republican pollster since 1984.
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The gases in air, such as especially oxygen and nitrogen, are of great industrial importance, especially in the fields of papermaking or glassmaking. One of the non-cryogenic techniques used for producing these gases is the technique called "PSA" (standing for Pressure Swing Adsorption), which technique covers not only the strictly speaking PSA processes, but also the similar processes such as the VSA (Vacuum Swing Adsorption) and the MPSA (Mixed Pressure Swing Adsorption) processes. According to this PSA technique, when the gas mixture to be separated is air and the component to be recovered is oxygen, the oxygen is separated from the gas mixture by means of preferential adsorption of at least the nitrogen on a material preferentially adsorbing at least nitrogen and subjected to given pressure cycles in the separation zone. The oxygen, not being adsorbed or only slightly so, is recovered as output from the separation zone; in general, this has a purity greater than 90%, or even greater than 93%. More generally, a PSA process for the non-cryogenic separation of a gas mixture comprising a first component that is preferentially adsorbed on an adsorbent material and a second component less preferentially adsorbed on the adsorbent material than the first component, for the purpose of producing the second component, comprises, in a cyclic manner: a step of preferential adsorption of at least the first component on the adsorbent material at an adsorption pressure called "high pressure", with recovery of at least some of the second component thus produced; PA1 a step of desorption of the first component, thus trapped by the adsorbent, at a desorption pressure below the adsorption pressure, called "low pressure"; PA1 a step of recompression of the separation zone comprising the adsorbent, by going from the low pressure to the high pressure. PA1 DP.sub.0 is the difference between the extreme pressures in nominal operation; PA1 T.sub.c is the cycle time or duration (in seconds) PA1 d is the time (in seconds) during which there is no production; and PA1 Y is the duration (in seconds) of the reduced-operation dead time. PA1 at least one feed step of feed duration (TA), which comprises at least one introduction of the gas stream to be separated into at least one adsorber; PA1 at least one production step, which comprises at least one recovery of a stream of gas produced at a prefixed production pressure (PP) and with a prefixed nominal production output (DN); and PA1 at least one pumping step of pumping duration (TP), which comprises at least one extraction of a gas stream from at least one adsorber; PA1 on the one hand, a setting of the nominal durations TA.sub.0 and TP.sub.0 so as to obtain a set production output/pressure/purity combination; and PA1 on the other hand, a control of the TA/TP pair so as to maintain, particularly under the best economic conditions, the purity/pressure pair for any output of gas consumed or actual output (DR) less than or equal to a nominal gas output (DN). PA1 TA: the feed duration, that is to say the time during which the gas mixture to be treated is brought into contact with a bed of adsorbent; PA1 TB: the pumping duration, that is to say the time during which the residual gas is removed from the adsorbent bed; PA1 DN: the nominal output of the unit; PA1 PP: the minimum pressure of the production gas; PA1 PG: the purity of the production gas; PA1 the indices 0 indicate the values taken by these variables under the initial setting conditions of the PSA unit. PA1 the effective feed duration (TA) is controlled as a function of the actual production pressure (PP) and the ratio (TP/TA) of the effective pumping duration to the effective feed duration is controlled as a function of the ratio (DR/DN) of the actual production output to the nominal production output; PA1 the effective pumping duration (TP) is furthermore controlled so as to maintain a set purity (PG) of the gas produced; PA1 during the feed step of initial feed duration (TA.sub.0), at least a first dead time of a first dead time duration (X) is introduced such that the actual feed duration (TA) is equal to TA.sub.0 -X; PA1 during the pumping step of initial pumping duration (TP.sub.0), at least a second dead time of a second dead time duration (Y) is introduced so that the effective pumping duration (TP) is equal to TP.sub.0 -Y; PA1 a third dead time having a third dead time duration (Z) is optionally introduced into each cycle; PA1 the feed duration (TA) is between 5 and 60 seconds, preferably between 10 and 40 seconds; PA1 the pumping duration (TP) is between 5 and 60 seconds, preferably between 10 and 40 seconds; PA1 the prefixed production pressure (PP) is between 10.sup.5 and 10.sup.7 Pa, preferably between 10.sup.5 and 10.sup.6 Pa; PA1 the gas stream to be separated comprises nitrogen and at least one less polar gaseous component, especially oxygen and/or hydrogen, and preferably the gas stream is air, the first gaseous component being nitrogen and the second gaseous component being oxygen, the air being, within the context of the present invention, the air contained inside a building or a heated or unheated enclosure, or the outside air, that is to say under atmospheric conditions, taken as it is or optionally pretreated; PA1 the first gaseous component is nitrogen and the second gaseous component is oxygen, and an oxygen-rich gas stream, that is to say comprising in general at least 90% oxygen, is produced; PA1 the high adsorption pressure is between 10.sup.5 Pa and 10.sup.7 Pa, preferably about 10.sup.5 Pa to 10.sup.6 Pa, and/or the low desorption pressure is between 10.sup.4 Pa and 10.sup.6 Pa, preferably about 10.sup.4 Pa to 10.sup.5 Pa; PA1 the feed temperature is between 10.degree. C. and 80.degree. C., preferably between 25.degree. C. and 60.degree. C. However, it is known that the efficiency of separation of a gas mixture, such as air, depends on many parameters, especially the high pressure, the low pressure, the type of adsorbent material used and the affinity of the latter for the components to be separated, the composition of the gas mixture to be separated, the adsorption temperature of the mixture to be separated, the size of the adsorbent particles, the composition of these particles and the temperature gradient established inside the bed of adsorbent. Currently, zeolites are the adsorbents most used in PSA processes. The zeolite particles usually contain monovalent, divalent and/or trivalent metal cations, for example cations of alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, transition metals and/or lanthanides, these cations being incorporated during the synthesis of the zeolite particles and/or inserted subsequently using an ion-exchange technique, that is to say, in general, by bringing the unexchanged or raw zeolite particles into contact with a solution of one or more metal salts comprising the cation or cations to be incorporated into the zeolitic structure and subsequently recovering the particles of exchanged zeolite, that is to say of zeolite containing a given amount of metal cations. By way of example, mention may be made of zeolites of type X or LSX (Low Silica X) containing more than 80%, or even more than 90%, of metal cations such as, especially, lithium, calcium and/or zinc cations. Such zeolites are especially described in documents EP-A-486,384, EP-A-606,848, EP-A-589,391, EP-A-589,406, EP-A-548,755, EP-A-109,063 and EP-A-760,248. However, a recurrent concern in gas production using the PSA process, and in particular the VSA process, is to be able to offer the customer or the site using the gas produced, such as a combustion furnace for example, various combinations of production output and production pressure depending on the requirements and/or needs specific to this customer or this user site, and to do so by means of a standard PSA, particularly VSA, apparatus or unit installed on the site. In other words, to be able, beyond a chosen nominal operating point of the PSA unit, to optimally adapt to the fluctuations in demand by the customer or the user site, so as to guarantee acceptable performance and an acceptable production cost from an industrial standpoint, despite the fluctuations in demand. To do this, it is common practice to control the PSA or VSA unit so as to be able to obtain the combinations of production output and production pressure that are desired by the customer. There is considerable teaching in the prior art concerning the control of PSA, particularly VSA, processes which make it possible to respond, at a given industrial unit, to changes in production gas consumption without inordinately affecting the overall energy consumption of the process. Thus, a first known type of control is based on the introduction of a dead time, of constant or variable duration, into the production cycle, as described especially in documents EP-A-458,350 and EP-A-819,463. During this dead time, the adsorbers are isolated, the machines operating with no load, and the intended objective is therefore to improve the energy consumption which, in the absence of this dead time, would be degraded in direct proportion to the reduction in the output consumed. However, it turns out that this type of control allows specific energy degradation during reduced operation of the PSA, particularly VSA, unit to be limited only very partially. Thus, for a production of 50% of the nominal output of a VSA unit, the specific energy is degraded by more than 30% compared with the nominal value. Furthermore, for batch production processes, especially in the case of a VSA unit having one or two adsorbers, there is necessarily a reduction in the pressure of the production gas output by the VSA, which must be compensated for by additional compression downstream of the unit. In other words, the pressure variation DP in the production capacity is, for batch production units, for example of the MPSA type, such that: ##EQU1## where: In other words, in most cases, this type of control with introduction of dead time may not be sufficient by itself to maintain a perfectly constant service, especially for a fixed purity and a fixed pressure of the oxygen produced and whatever the output consumed, and therefore assumes that a second control be carried out downstream of the PSA or VSA unit, for example by means of a compressor. An alternative solution involves decreasing the feed rate of the PSA or VSA unit, that is to say reducing the amount of material injected into the system during the adsorption phase of the sieve bed. This may be achieved either by modifying the feed duration, as described by documents FR 97/16086 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,019, or by adjusting the aperture of an adsorber recompression valve, as recommended by document U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,056. Although this solution is quite often preferable to the previous one in terms of energy consumption, given that it makes it possible, in certain cases, to maintain a constant specific energy up to 85% of the nominal output, as described by FR 97/16086, it does have in particular the disadvantage of leading to an obligatory reduction in the pressure of the production gas since the high pressure of the pressure cycle is necessarily lowered. In addition, as in the case of the first control method, this second solution may not be sufficient to maintain a constant service. This is because it has been found that reduced operation, for example at 85% of the nominal output, leads to a drop in production pressure of 12,000 Pa. Other documents recommend, conversely, specifically controlling the low pressure by modifying the gas streams during the cycle. In this regard, mention may be made of document EP-A-0,689,862. However, the latter solution is quite complex to implement and often requires additional control means, compared with the previous variants, and, moreover, for units with positive-displacement machines, results in a modification to the high pressure of the cycle and therefore to the production pressure. Furthermore, it seems that no system or process for controlling a PSA or VSA unit allowing the pressure of the gas delivered to be marginally adjusted, either in order to follow an occasional fluctuation in the needs of the customer or the consumer site, or in order to meet various minimum production pressure requirements, for example for various applications of the gas thus produced, with a single range of standard units, has hitherto been described.
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'No' to cheap transport for Wellington students Wellington students will continue to struggle with the cost of getting to class, after the council's inaction to create cheaper tertiary transport fares. Councillor Sue Kedgley is extremely disappointed after her bid to include a 25 per cent discount in the Greater Wellington Regional Council annual plan failed. The amendment was proposed after an oral submission yesterday from Victoria University's Students' Association, who also presented a petition with 3,500 signatures. As one of New Zealand's student cities, the Students' Association says transport costs in the capital compete against a 40 per cent student concession in Auckland and free transport for students in Palmerston North. Members of the Victoria University Students' Association submit a bid for a student discounts in Wellington at the Greater Wellington Regional Council annual plan meeting. Source: Sue Kedgley / Facebook
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Archbishop of Canterbury’s Easter Sermon Last night, at Harty church, on the tip of Sheppey, with the wind howling, lit by candles, warmed by one another, we celebrated the light of Christ that, full of joy and hope, we carry into a world of fear and darkness. In the shadow of Brussels, with the memory of Srebeniza, hope can seem far far away. People here will feel hope has faded because of illness, bereavement, unemployment, money worries, family breakdown. When hope fails, fear draws close, and whispers sly deceits in our minds. On Easter Day hope decisively overcame fear and Christians are called to be witnesses to the hope that is found only in Jesus Christ. Fear is reasonable, a normal human reaction. This week has shocked all of us, and risks causing us to act fearfully, to see a world in which fear triumphs. Easter proclaims to us in flesh and blood that fear and death and terror are not the last words. God has spoken life, hope and purpose. Terror speaks of a world at war with itself, of Faiths at each others’ throats. Jesus Christ reaches out not in exclusion but in embrace. This is the feast of the victory of God, and we celebrate in the midst of darkness, by our worship and praise shining an unquenchable light. That is the light the women encountered as, full of sorrow and despair, they went to the tomb. They had watched Jesus, whom they had accompanied from Galilee, arrested, tried and executed, in the space of a few hours. All expectation was betrayed, all achievement obliterated by the evil acts of powerful and indifferent rulers. When the whole stream of events flows the wrong way then it is hard to endure, hard to trust the victory of God. That is the reality for so many. There is a sense of the emptiness of life, of a spiral of decline. Life may get better occasionally, but only to get worse. Darkness falls, the morning may come, but then another night. So it was for the women who had endured everything with Jesus. They had seen miracles. They had shared his rejection and his hardships. They had walked the roads with him. They had experienced Palm Sunday and the cleansing of the Temple. Bright dawn had broken, new hope blossomed. Now it was gone. Many will identify with that. It is not only through events that there is temptation to cynical despair, losing sight of the reality of purpose and achievement which is the gift of God’s creation. Economically, things go up and down. One problem may be overcome but others rush in to fill the gap. Whether it is as individuals seeking to hold on to jobs, or as Governments seeking to make things better, the pressure never diminishes, the problems queue up to present themselves. Then God steps in at that first Easter and the world changes. The news of Easter isn’t about the cycles of life, of how spring follows winter. There is nothing natural about resurrection. At Easter God is completely disrupting the pattern of life and death. Resurrection is an act of God. Like all acts of God it asks us questions. “Why do you look for the living among the dead?” The women had no categories for what they were part of. Imagine if those who built this cathedral more than 800 years ago were to be given a smart phone, or see an airplane fly through the sky or be taken to the cinema to see a film… They would have nothing in their experience to help them comprehend what was going on. The women obey the normal rules of life and death. They find a God-shaped event that opens the door to a new world of hope, hope that is outside of ourselves, not based on our own capacities or capabilities but on God. They carried to the tomb the spices to embalm his dead body. But they didn’t need them. I wonder what kind of things we are carrying this Easter Sunday that we don’t need to carry, because Jesus is alive? To all of us in every time and place and fear and situation, Easter day proclaims that God who raises the dead is more real, more powerful than anything we encounter. “Who is this for?” The primary witnesses of Easter are those who are marginal in the culture, on the very edges of society of that day – women, the poor. Given the importance that we in society give to celebrity endorsements this is a little disconcerting. The resurrection of Jesus is for all people everywhere, most of all for the poor, the despairing, the forgotten and abandoned. Resurrection life is springing up all over this world. In Burundi three weeks ago Caroline and I arrived at a smallish, fairly makeshift church in a poor area, packed to the doors. Inside we heard testimony of the suffering of the local people in the violence that had prevailed there – one who’d been shot, another beaten, many threatened. Each morning bodies were found in ditches. I did what I have learned is the best thing to do when among followers of Jesus Christ, however bad their circumstances, whether in that church or in a refugee camp the next day, and spoke about Jesus Christ, alive. Because it was Jesus Christ that was being spoken about and it was being translated. Quiet fell, broken later by rifle fire and grenades. At the end, we sang again, and the place lifted in worship, drums playing, people dancing. This was Christianity, living out Easter hope in the face of darkness, unquenched, unquenchable. In Sittingbourne deanery there is a community bank where children come in and learn how to save; a food bank, people come in for soup and bread at lunch. This was a church building more used today than at any time since it was built. Easter is good news for the poor, for those on the edge. Easter is good news for governments and leaders, stretched and struggling in the face of infinite need, who see no way forward that avoids disappointment, no way that is safe. Easter is news that says God rules; we all may find hope and courage. “Will you be a witness to this? This hope wasn’t just for the women….. they had to run to tell others. Their witness was rejected, as ours often will be. Yet they persevered and because God is behind all this it spread, was believed, changed the whole world. In our Acts reading Peter witnesses to it to Cornelius miles away and years later. Every single Christian is invited, commanded, compelled to witness that Jesus is alive. In Isaiah the vision is even wider – this is about the whole world changing – a new creation for the world. It gets no bigger than this. We are witnesses to this now, now when witness is more needed than ever. Jesus is alive. Hope is unleashed on the world. We are not left hopeless, despairing and lost. Instead there has been a miracle of God in the place of death. Our future isn’t simply the product of our past. The risen Jesus has recreated all things. On Sheppey last night, in the storm, here today in grandeur, in Burundi, facing war, in Brussels, living with terror, in the Balkans, looking for reconciliation, at home or in hospital or prison, struggling with a myriad of fears – there is the same news. For all of us, at the empty tomb is hope. Uncontainable hope. We are its witnesses, go and tell. Comments i appreciate much of what was said,and believe it, but I feel sad that there was no mention beyond Brussels of terrorists attacks. Yes, he mentioned Sheppey, Burundi, the Balkans, but not the other attacks in the middle East. I do not think it was intentional, but it does reflect our cultures focus on Europe as the center of concern while not giving equal weight to actions in the Middle East. I am thankful this Easter week for the fact that my family has been blessed by having a resurrected Christ centered local parish Priest, Diocesan Bishop, Presiding Bishop and Archbishop of Canterbury. This has not always been the case. The Episcopal “road” has been a hard, painful one for the last eight years but now their is hope and light.
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package main import ( "bytes" "crypto/tls" "crypto/x509" "fmt" "io/ioutil" "log" "github.com/Shopify/sarama" "github.com/buger/goreplay/proto" ) // KafkaConfig should contains required information to // build producers. type InputKafkaConfig struct { producer sarama.AsyncProducer consumer sarama.Consumer Host string `json:"input-kafka-host"` Topic string `json:"input-kafka-topic"` UseJSON bool `json:"input-kafka-json-format"` } type OutputKafkaConfig struct { producer sarama.AsyncProducer consumer sarama.Consumer Host string `json:"output-kafka-host"` Topic string `json:"output-kafka-topic"` UseJSON bool `json:"output-kafka-json-format"` } // KafkaTLSConfig should contains TLS certificates for connecting to secured Kafka clusters type KafkaTLSConfig struct { CACert string `json:"kafka-tls-ca-cert"` clientCert string `json:"kafka-tls-client-cert"` clientKey string `json:"kafka-tls-client-key"` } // KafkaMessage should contains catched request information that should be // passed as Json to Apache Kafka. type KafkaMessage struct { ReqURL string `json:"Req_URL"` ReqType string `json:"Req_Type"` ReqID string `json:"Req_ID"` ReqTs string `json:"Req_Ts"` ReqMethod string `json:"Req_Method"` ReqBody string `json:"Req_Body,omitempty"` ReqHeaders map[string]string `json:"Req_Headers,omitempty"` } // NewTLSConfig loads TLS certificates func NewTLSConfig(clientCertFile, clientKeyFile, caCertFile string) (*tls.Config, error) { tlsConfig := tls.Config{} // Load client cert cert, err := tls.LoadX509KeyPair(clientCertFile, clientKeyFile) if err != nil { return &tlsConfig, err } tlsConfig.Certificates = []tls.Certificate{cert} // Load CA cert caCert, err := ioutil.ReadFile(caCertFile) if err != nil { return &tlsConfig, err } caCertPool := x509.NewCertPool() caCertPool.AppendCertsFromPEM(caCert) tlsConfig.RootCAs = caCertPool return &tlsConfig, err } // NewKafkaConfig returns Kafka config with or without TLS func NewKafkaConfig(tlsConfig *KafkaTLSConfig) *sarama.Config { config := sarama.NewConfig() // Configuration options go here if (tlsConfig != nil) && (tlsConfig.CACert != "") && (tlsConfig.clientCert != "") && (tlsConfig.clientKey != "") { config.Net.TLS.Enable = true tlsConfig, err := NewTLSConfig(tlsConfig.clientCert, tlsConfig.clientKey, tlsConfig.CACert) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } config.Net.TLS.Config = tlsConfig } return config } // Dump returns the given request in its HTTP/1.x wire // representation. func (m KafkaMessage) Dump() ([]byte, error) { var b bytes.Buffer b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %s\n", m.ReqType, m.ReqID, m.ReqTs)) b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("%s %s HTTP/1.1", m.ReqMethod, m.ReqURL)) b.Write(proto.CRLF) for key, value := range m.ReqHeaders { b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", key, value)) b.Write(proto.CRLF) } b.Write(proto.CRLF) b.WriteString(m.ReqBody) return b.Bytes(), nil }
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Active microrheology of networks composed of semiflexible polymers: theory and comparison with simulations. Based on the results of our computer simulation [Ter-Oganessian et al., Phys. Rev. E 72, 041510 (2005)], we have developed a theoretical description of the motion of a bead, embedded in a network of semiflexible polymers (filaments) and responding to an applied force. The theory reveals the existence of an osmotic restoring force, generated by the piling up of filaments in front of the moving bead and first deduced through computer simulations. The theory predicts that the bead displacement scales like x approximately t(alpha) with time, where alpha = (1/2) in an intermediate-time regime and alpha = 1 in a long-time regime. It also predicts that the compliance varies with a concentration like c(4/3) in agreement with experiment.
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It might seem like old news by now, but Nadal wouldn’t have it any other way, as he continues to run the gamut through the rest of the tennis field on clay. Rafa inched one step closer to a record 11th Barcelona Open title by defeating David Goffin 6-4, 6-0 in the semifinals on Saturday. The first set started off competitively, finding Nadal getting broken on his first service game and getting down 2-0. The lead was short-lived though, as Nadal was able to hold his serve and then break Goffin back to tie it up at 2-2. Goffin found success serving wide out to Nadal and coming into the net. He kept it close with some aggressive returns, but it was the physical and mental pressure from Nadal that was the difference. Serving at 4-5 in the first set, Goffin had 4 unforced errors to give the set to the current number one. Goffin made some adjustments in the 2nd set but it was not to the number 10 seed’s advantage. Nadal’s physicality proved too much and the unforced errors began to pile up for Goffin to allow Nadal to finish off the Belgian. With winning in straight sets, Rafa has now won an astounding 44 straight sets on clay, and this victory gives him his 400th career win on clay, good for 4th all time. Nadal finds himself in his 113th final and will be going for a record 55th title on the red soil. Nadal next faces Stefanos Tsitsipas of Greece, who took out Pablo Carreño Busta in the other semifinal to avoid setting up an all Spanish final. 19 year old Tsitsipas is the first Greek to make it to any ATP final since Nicholas Kalogeropoulos in 1973. Nadal and Tsitsipas are scheduled to play the final on Sunday. Featured image credit: DNAIndia.com Photo credit: Rolex Monte-Carlo Masters
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Q: Excel VBA macro looping "Save As" increases file size? I am working with 3 separate Excel files. One (File D.xlsx) has the data, that I'll store into an array. One (File M.xlsm) has the macro, which performs some calculation on the data. One (File T.xlsx) is a template of 16 sheets -3 cols x 1300 rows each- where a final array is inserted cell by cell (no Range assignment, if it matters). Once I am done populating the template, I "Save As" and then overwrite it with the next series of data, then "Save As", and so on. The problem is that it adds 200 Kb each run, and I need to have 150 of those final files, meaning that the last will be 30 Mb bigger than the template, without having anything different in terms of content. I already tried: To save it without specifying the extension in the filename - no change. To save it as binary - same problem just in smaller scale (+10 kb per run). To disable autorecovery for the workbook - no change. To disable/enable updating, status bar, events, etc - no change. To only insert the values <> 0 - no change. For q = 1 To UBound(arrTotals, 2) Step 3 For n = 1 To UBound(arrTotals, 1) wbTEM.Worksheets(wsN).Cells(n, q).Value = arrTotals(n, q) wbTEM.Worksheets(wsN).Cells(n, q + 1).Value = arrTotals(n, q + 1) wbTEM.Worksheets(wsN).Cells(n, q + 2).Value = arrTotals(n, q + 2) Next n If (q + 2) Mod 48 = 0 Then wbTEM.SaveAs FileName:=pathx & arrNames(wbN) & ".xlsb", FileFormat:=50 End If Next q The array of results is an array of Doubles, but we're not talking of astronomical data and anyway the values are more or less the same, so I would expect to have all the files the same size, not consistently increasing their size. A: The issue is that the Excel file where you add data is not cleaned as expected. So the number of rows of your file increase.
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<?xml version="1.0" ?><!DOCTYPE TS><TS language="it" version="2.1"> <context> <name>CanvasGridView</name> <message> <location filename="../view/canvasgridview.cpp" line="2482"/> <source>Icon size</source> <translation>Dimensione icone</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../view/canvasgridview.cpp" line="2488"/> <source>Auto merge</source> <translation>Organizza automaticamente</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../view/canvasgridview.cpp" line="2503"/> <source>Auto arrange</source> <translation>Disponi automaticamente</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../view/canvasgridview.cpp" line="2559"/> <source>Set Wallpaper</source> <translation>Imposta sfondo</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../view/canvasgridview.cpp" line="2561"/> <source>Wallpaper and Screensaver</source> <translation>Sfondi e screensaver</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../view/canvasgridview.cpp" line="2642"/> <source>Properties</source> <translation>Proprietà</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../view/canvasgridview.cpp" line="2543"/> <source>Display Settings</source> <translation>Impostazioni visualizzazione</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../view/canvasgridview.cpp" line="2552"/> <source>Corner Settings</source> <translation>Impostazioni angoli di navigazione</translation> </message> </context> <context> <name>DesktopItemDelegate</name> <message> <location filename="../view/desktopitemdelegate.cpp" line="40"/> <source>Tiny</source> <translation>Molto piccole</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../view/desktopitemdelegate.cpp" line="41"/> <source>Small</source> <translation>Piccole</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../view/desktopitemdelegate.cpp" line="42"/> <source>Medium</source> <translation>Medie</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../view/desktopitemdelegate.cpp" line="43"/> <source>Large</source> <translation>Grandi</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../view/desktopitemdelegate.cpp" line="44"/> <source>Super large</source> <translation>Molto grandi</translation> </message> </context> <context> <name>DesktopMain</name> <message> <location filename="../main.cpp" line="131"/> <source>Desktop</source> <translation>Desktop</translation> </message> </context> <context> <name>Frame</name> <message> <location filename="../../dde-wallpaper-chooser/frame.cpp" line="450"/> <source>Wallpaper Slideshow</source> <translation>Slideshow sfondi</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../../dde-wallpaper-chooser/frame.cpp" line="482"/> <source>When login</source> <translation>Al Login</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../../dde-wallpaper-chooser/frame.cpp" line="484"/> <source>When wakeup</source> <translation>Al risveglio</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../../dde-wallpaper-chooser/frame.cpp" line="528"/> <source>Require a password on wakeup</source> <translation>Richiedi la password per risvegliare</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../../dde-wallpaper-chooser/frame.cpp" line="558"/> <source>Never</source> <translation>Mai</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../../dde-wallpaper-chooser/frame.cpp" line="559"/> <source>Wait:</source> <translation>Attesa: </translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../../dde-wallpaper-chooser/frame.cpp" line="592"/> <source>Wallpaper</source> <translation>Sfondi</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../../dde-wallpaper-chooser/frame.cpp" line="593"/> <source>Screensaver</source> <translation>Screensaver</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../../dde-wallpaper-chooser/frame.cpp" line="666"/> <source>Only desktop</source> <translation>Solo desktop</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../../dde-wallpaper-chooser/frame.cpp" line="667"/> <source>Only lock screen</source> <translation>Solo Lockscreen</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../../dde-wallpaper-chooser/frame.cpp" line="695"/> <source>Apply</source> <translation>Applica</translation> </message> </context> <context> <name>ZoneMainWindow</name> <message> <location filename="../../dde-zone/mainwindow.cpp" line="55"/> <source>Fast Screen Off</source> <translation>Fast Screen Disabilitato</translation> </message> <message> <source>Control Center</source> <translation type="vanished">Control Center</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../../dde-zone/mainwindow.cpp" line="55"/> <source>All Windows</source> <translation>Tutte le finestre</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../../dde-zone/mainwindow.cpp" line="55"/> <source>Launcher</source> <translation>Launcher</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../../dde-zone/mainwindow.cpp" line="55"/> <source>Desktop</source> <translation>Desktop</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../../dde-zone/mainwindow.cpp" line="55"/> <source>None</source> <translation>Nessuna</translation> </message> <message> <location filename="../../dde-zone/mainwindow.cpp" line="58"/> <source>Close Window</source> <translation>Chiudi finestra</translation> </message> </context> </TS>
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The present invention relates to an improvement to a system for testing a data processing unit which is made up of several functional members. The large number of components used in a computer poses a complex problem when it is a question of detecting and locating faults which may occur in the computer. Two types of possible faults are generally distinguished; namely "permanent" faults which may be detected at any time subsequent to their appearance, and transient so-called "intermittent," faults which appear and disappear at least once during the time when the member or component from which the type of fault in question originates is operating. Fault detection is generally accomplished by means of detectors for detecting functional errors which are located at the outputs of the various functional members of a computer and in particular of a data processing unit. The localization of these detectors being known, the faulty functional member is located by means of information transmitted to an associated test system, which may include a maintenance panel fitted with a display screen. By a better approach of the actual behaviour of the faulty member, by using a test routine for example, it is then possible to locate the group or groups of components which are at the source of the error which has been detected. Among the intermittent fault which may occur in a data processing unit, the main ones are those due to noise or any other transitory phenomenon such as mechanical vibration. Of functional error detectors, the best known are parity checking devices which supply a bit-combination having a predetermined value when no error exists. After the parity of the data introduced into a functional member and the parity of the data extracted from this same member have been checked, a comparison between the two parities makes it possible to establish whether an error second occured in the member in question. In order to make use of the error detection carried out by means of the parities, various processes may then be used to establish whether the ault is a permanent one and to locate the fault in a functional member or in a component within the member. Certain known processes also allow some intermittent faults to be detected at the functional member level. It is for example possible to cause a processing operation to be repeated in a functional member which has been found to be defective by feeding back the same data into the member in question, so as to see whether the error will re-occur. If the error is detected for a ssecond time the fault is assumed to be permanent and a routine is put in hand. on the other hand, if the error is no longer apparent after the repetition, data continues to be processed in the unit in question. It will be realised that this procedure constitutes only a means of detecting certain intermittent faults, but not one of locating them at the level of the component responsible. Furthermore, the time spent in repeating certain processing operations may be considerable in the case of intermittent faults which recur with great frequency and the time taken in processing may be considerably prolonged by numerous repetitons before an intermittent fault can be considered sufficiently serious for it to be necessary to stop the unit and call in a trouble-shouter. To overcome the drawbacks certain processes consist in establishing whether a functional member is or is not being used during a given processing cycle. If an error is detected in a member in active use an error routine is carried out in the conventional way. If a member is not being used, a test word is fed into it to see whether it is faulty. If it does show a fault, a waiting cycle is initiated so that test data can again be fed to the said member and the continued presence of the fault can be checked for in this way. If the fault is still present, an error routine is carried out. If repetition fails to show up an error, the waiting cycle is cancelled and processing continues. In this way, since the test is carried out when the member is not being used, the error is detected before any data is processed by the said member and this allows any error to be detected before the data is mutilated. This process offers the advantages of advance detection, a particular feature of which is that it allows circuits to be re-structured before any processing takes place in the various members. This prevents the processing unit in question being used despite the fact that it is not working properly. The drawback of this process is that it does not allow certain troublesome intermittent faults to be detected in time. In effect, when a member is checked before it is put into operation, it often happens that an intermittent fault will only make its appearance after the test cycle for the said member has ended, that is to say while processing is under way. In the latter event, a process of this type has the same shortcomings as those mentioned before. To prevent intermittent faults from causing excessive disruption in a processing operation which is to be carried out, it is important that they should be capable of detection at any time, that is to say, not only before processing is carried out but also while it is going on, and they should also be capable of being located very quickly. An integrated test system such as that described in U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 450,936 entitled "Testing System for testing a Data Processing Unit," which was filed by the present Applicants on Mar. 13, 1974, makes possible a very swift reaction when a fault occurs while data is being processed and allows the unit in question to be tested both when it is put into operation and also at any other time when an error is detected in the unit. With such a system, the instruction for the test to be carried out may come either from another part of the computer in which the unit to be tested is included (such as from another processing unit for example) or from a maintenance station. With tests automatically controlled and carried out quickly, it is possible to detect many faults which persist for a time which, in comparison with the time to carry out a test, is sufficiently long to enable the fault to be exactly located. When it is intermittent faults that are concerned, it becomes more difficult to detect them and especially to locate them. In effect, an intermittent fault may occur with a little frequency, in which case there is no reason why it should prevent the processing unit from remaining available to a user as long as the fault in question fails to make an appearance. On the other hand an intermittent fault may occur with a great frequency, in which case it is unthinkable to continue with a processing operation which gives false results. Finally, an intermittent fault may make a very brief appearance which, fleeting though it is, may disrupt the processing operation which is underway and falsify its result. In this latter case it is also necessary to be able to identify the fault. It might be thought than an intermittent fault is detectable and can be located when the time for which it is present is at least equal to the duration of the test sequence which needs to be carried out to test the member in question. However this condition is not sufficient. In fact the time at which the fault appears during the test sequence which is carried out to detect and locate it is important also. If, for example, an intermittent fault appears only at the end of a test sequence, even if it is detected, the time for which it manifests itself is too short within the said sequence to provide enough symptoms to locate the fault. Similarly, if an intermittent fault appears after a test sequence has begun, all the symptoms necessary to identify the fault may still not be gathered when the sequence is continued to its conclusion. One of the objects of the present invention is to enable the testing of at least one functional member of a data processing unit to be initiated immediately after an error is detected when the said unit is processing. Another object of the invention is to enable tests to be carried out in a data processing unit until a fault makes an appearance. Another object of the invention is to enable tests performed on at least one functional member of a data processing unit to be repeated. Another object of the invention is to enable the testing of the various functional members of a data processing unit through respective test sequences each having a time duration which is short in comparison with that of the foreseeable intermittent faults liable to disrupt data processing operations.
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New Brunswick Route 4 Route 4 is a long provincial highway located entirely in York County, New Brunswick, Canada. The highway begins on the Saint Croix – Vanceboro Bridge between the cities of Vanceboro, Maine and Saint Croix, and travels east to an interchange with Route 3 in Thomaston Corner. Route description Route 4 begins on the Saint Croix – Vanceboro Bridge over the Saint Croix River, which serves as both the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick and the border between the Eastern Time Zone and Atlantic Time Zone, traveling east through the customs station. Exiting Saint Croix, the highway crosses Route 630 as it begins to parallel a rail line belonging to the New Brunswick Southern Railway through rural York County. The highway is surrounded by woodlands until entering the Village of McAdam, where it serves as the main road through town, changing its name three times (Vanceboro Road, Saunders Road, and finally, Harvey Road). The highway turns more northerly through town then turns to the south before straightening out more in a more northeasterly direction again, entering more woodlands. Route 4 traverses the small community of Christie Ridge before terminating at an intersection with Route 3 in Thomaston Corner. History Between McAdam and St. Croix, Route 4 follows the bed of one of New Brunswick's first railways, a wooden line built by a lumberman named Todd who wanted to transport his logs to the Saint Croix River. The line was deemed surplus with the construction of the parallel European and North American Railway in the late 1860s, immediately to the south, and it was later converted to a road. Major intersections References 004 004
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Ursane-type triterpenoids from the roots of Rosa multiflora with their anti-inflammatory activity. Nine ursane-type triterpenoids including three new ones 2α, 19α-dihydroxyurs-3-O-acetyltormentic acid (1), 1α, 2α, 3α, 20β-tetrahydroxyurs -13(18)-en-28-oic acid (2), and 2α, 3α, 20β, 24-tetrahydroxyurs-13(18)-en-28-oic acid (3) were isolated from the roots of Rosa multiflora. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, including NMR, MS, and IR spectroscopic analyses data. All the isolates were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and the results showed that compounds 1-9 displayed moderate inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 24.7 to 86.2 μM compared with the postitive control Amino guanidine (IC50 4.3 μM). [Formula: see text].
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We argue that polygyny creates a social imbalance where few, economically well-off men marry many wives and many poor men marry late or never. By definition, polygyny produces what we refer to as “excess men.” In order to gain material wealth, excess men are likely to raid, plunder, and rob neighboring ethnic groups. We test this hypothesis with georeferenced data on polygyny and intergroup conflict in rural Africa and find strong support. Drawing on Afrobarometer survey data, we explore the underlying mechanisms and find that young men who belong to polygynous groups feel that they are treated more unequally and are readier to use violence in comparison to those belonging to monogamous groups. Our article makes an important contribution to the peace, conflict, and development literature by emphasizing a fundamental aspect of human life: marriage and family. Social institutions have long been a focal point in the analysis and explanation of intrastate peace and conflict. While state institutions have been studied to a large extent in this context, the internal norms, traditional institutions, and customary laws of ethnic groups have not yet received much attention. Key institutions that influence the social order of ethnic groups are marriage and family. In most societies, the family is the smallest social entity that shapes the everyday life of people (Weber [1922] 1980, xvii). The family typically fulfills reproductive, social, economic, and prestige functions (Becker 1993; Murdock 1949; Hudson and Matfess 2017). We argue in this article that the type of marriage institution practiced by an ethnic group, monogamy or polygyny, affects the likelihood of members of that group attacking neighboring groups. By definition, polygyny creates a social imbalance: while some men marry several wives, rear many children, and have large families, other men marry late in life or not at all. A common pattern is that marriage is confined to economically well-off men in the highest tiers of society, leaving economically deprived men unwed (Irons 1983; Mesquida and Wiener 1999; McDermott 2018). We refer to the latter as excess men. In traditional rural societies where social norms make a man’s reputation dependent on, among other things, the size of his family, excess men fail to meet basic criteria for attaining social prestige (Henrich, Boyd, and Richerson 2012, 657; Hudson and Matfess 2017, 12). However, in our understanding, excess men will not accept the fate of remaining bachelors. According to Hans Morgenthau, propagation is one of the main drivers of any political action ([1948] 1985, 39). Since economic resources are key to getting married and starting a family, excess men have incentives to acquire these resources. When legitimate sources of income are unavailable or insufficient, excess men become “risk-takers” (Barash 2016, 30): crime, theft, violence, and raids become viable options. Excess men in rural areas who strive to conform to the social norms that derive from marriage and family therefore have two basic choices: to steal from, plunder, and raid one’s own group or to do the same to another group. Since ethnic groups often function as extended families and have established mechanisms to monitor and sanction misbehavior (cf. Fearon and Laitin 1996), excess men will be more likely to raid other groups than their own. Following this reasoning, we expect that polygyny does not necessarily increase intragroup violence but rather heightens the risk of violence for neighboring ethnic groups. In our analysis, we examine whether the extent of borders shared with polygynous ethnic groups increases a group’s risk of experiencing intergroup violence. Specifically, we create a risk profile for each ethnic group that measures the percentage of total border shared with polygynous neighbors. Building on the growing literature that analyses the long-term effect of historical institutions and politics (e.g., De Juan and Koos 2019; Wig 2016; Michalopoulos and Papaioannou 2016; Nunn and Wantchekon 2011; Nunn 2008), we rely on precolonial data on ethnic groups’ mode of marriage—which has been shown to correlate with current polygyny rates (Dalton and Leung 2014)—to predict contemporary violent conflict events between ethnic groups in rural Africa. Using a set of pretreatment exogenous geographical and historical variables that could have affected both the prevalence of polygyny and intergroup conflict (e.g., ancient wars, slave trade, and malaria prevalence), we show robust evidence that for groups with higher percentages of shared boundaries with polygynous groups, the number of violent events increases substantively, a finding which supports our hypothesis. In a second step, we employ a pooled sample of Afrobarometer survey data to better understand the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. We are able to demonstrate that childless young men who belong to polygynous ethnic groups feel that they are treated more unequally and regard violence more frequently as a justified means to achieve their goals in comparison to their peers in monogamous groups. This lends support for our proposed mechanism, which suggests that excess men are the linkage between polygyny and intergroup violence. In addition to our contribution to the literature on the long-term effects of historical institutions, we provide a substantially refined theoretical argument and improved empirical test to the literature on family institutions and violent conflict, an aspect that has not received adequate attention. Additionally, we complement the literature on local-level and communal conflicts (e.g., Eck 2014; Fjelde and von Uexkull 2012; Varshney 2003; Tajima 2013; Fearon and Laitin 2000). Analysis Our outcome variable counts the number of intergroup conflict events per total ethnic group territory (Hypothesis 1a) and those within a twenty-five kilometer buffer along the group’s border to its neighboring group (Hypothesis 1b). As Figure 4 has shown, these count variables are overdispersed. Therefore, we use a negative binomial model with robust standard errors clustered at the country level and we include country fixed effects to account for unobserved heterogeneity. In Table 1, we test Hypothesis 1a using both ACLED and UCDP-GED. We focus first on the discussion of the main variables and then highlight some control variables. Columns 1 and 3 show the parsimonious models including our main explanatory variable polygynous neighbors, the polygyny status of the observed group, and land area and population size of the ethnic group.13 As expected by Hypothesis 1a, a higher share of common borders with polygynous neighbors has a positive and statistically significant effect on the likelihood of intergroup conflict. Columns 2 and 4 show our main specification, in which we control for pretreatment exogenous geographic and historical variables. Essentially, the effect of polygynous neighbors remains robust to the parsimonious model. These results lend support to Hypothesis 1a, which suggests that a higher percentage of shared borders with polygynous groups increase an observed group’s conflict risk. Table 1. Polygynous Neighboring Groups and Intergroup Conflict Events. View larger version To assess Hypothesis 1b, Table 2 shows the results when we limit our outcome variable to conflicts within a twenty-five kilometer distance from group boundaries. We argue that excess men on raids have a tactical advantage in villages in the outer regions of neighboring groups’ territories, which lie closer to their own homelands. As in Table 1, columns 1 and 3 show the parsimonious models and columns 3 and 4 our main specification. We see an essentially similar pattern at work: sharing more borders with polygynous neighboring groups increases the number of conflicts for an observed group. While the results are supportive of our general theoretical argument, the regression coefficients of polygynous neighbors are similar to Table 1. We examine the substantive effects below. Table 2. Polygynous Neighboring Groups and Intergroup Conflict Events in 50 km Buffer Zone. View larger version Apart from our main variable, a few other variables are noteworthy. For instance, in all models using the ACLED sample, we see that when an observed group is polygynous, the effect is negative and statistically significant. Monogamous groups are therefore more likely than polygynous groups to experience violent events on their territories. We did not formulate prior expectations on the effect of an observed group’s mode of marriage and can therefore only propose a tentative explanation. As an addition to our main theoretical argument, an observed group’s mode of marriage may proxy a target selection mechanism. Excess men that result from polygynous groups are easily mobilized for offensive acts but should also increase defensive capabilities of their group. However, monogamous groups should not produce excess men and thereby the pool of mobilized defenders should be smaller. These fighting capabilities may matter greatly for excess men’s strategic considerations of whom to attack. When the pool of defenders in monogamous groups is smaller than in polygynous ones, attacking excess men should rationally choose the easier target: monogamous groups. Consequently, monogamous groups should be attacked more often and thus experience higher levels of violence. Nevertheless, we believe that this aspect requires more in-depth research to be understood more comprehensively. The other control variables have the expected effect direction and significance. Land area and population size increase the number of conflict events. The indicator for slave exports has a consistent negative effect in the ACLED sample, which reflects previous findings arguing that areas affected by the slave trade and the resulting reduction of men in these societies reduced the pressure on the marriage market (Dalton and Leung 2014). Apart from the statistical significance, the results of our main models 2 and 4 in Tables 1 and 2 are substantively meaningful. We use these four models to compute the predicted number of events by varying the values of our explanatory variable polygynous neighbors from its minimum 0 to its maximum 1. Each of the panels in Figure 5 shows that an increase in shared borders with polygynous groups increases the predicted number of intergroup conflict events significantly. Moving from 0 percent to 100 percent shared border with polygynous groups increases the predicted number of intergroup conflict events by about 300% from less than two events to almost eight in panel (A). The pattern is similar in the other three panels, albeit the effect strength is somewhat smaller, in particular when using the UCDP-GED data. While the pattern holds for conflicts in border regions (Hypothesis 1b), we do not find a stronger effect and thus do not find support for Hypothesis 1b. Although the absolute number of predicted events appears small, the effects are massive in magnitude for both hypotheses. Remember that violent-event data particularly for rural areas—not so much for cities—typically suffer from underreporting bias (cf. Eck 2012; Weidmann 2016). We therefore assume to underestimate the effect. It is furthermore important to note that the substantive effect occurs not only when we compare the extremes of having no (0) to only (1) polygynous neighbors but also with more moderate in-between ranges. Download Open in new tab Download in PowerPoint In sum, we find robust support for Hypothesis 1a, which suggests that a larger share of polygynous neighbors increases the number of conflict events between ethnic groups. The effect of polygynous neighbors on conflicts in the border regions (Hypothesis 1b) is of comparable magnitude, but not stronger. Bringing this result back to our research question, we can say that polygyny is associated with higher levels of intergroup conflict. Robustness Tests Next, we perform a number of robustness checks to minimize the risk of model and specification dependence. First, we exchange country-level fixed effects against region-level fixed effects and add spatial lags of the outcome variable on the left-hand side of the model. This model reflects our main intuition that states (i.e., country fixed effects) can be conceptualized as posttreatment variables (see King, Keohane, and Verba 1994, 182). Table A2 shows that the results remain almost identical. Importantly, our explanatory variable polygynous neighbors retains its positive effect and is highly significant both in the UCDP-GED and in the ACLED sample. Second, we take a closer look at our outcome variable and exclude events that could potentially reflect intragroup fighting and not intergroup conflict. To do so, we manually exclude UCDP-GED events in which ethnic subgroups are mentioned to fight against each other. The number of UCDP-GED events decreases by 111 from 3,085 to 2,974. In the ACLED sample, we excluded 378 events in which both conflict actors have the same name. This reduced the number of events from 4,985 to 4,607 events. We employ the same specification as in the main results presented above. The coefficient of the polygynous neighbors variable remains robust in both samples UCDP-GED and ACLED (Table A3). Third, we use different specifications for our explanatory variable. In a first step, we rely on the EA’s initial coding of the polygyny variable, which includes an intermediate category for “limited or occasional polygyny.” Table A4 in the Online Appendix shows the results when using the ACLED data (model 1) and the UCDP-GED data (model 2). There are now two border variables. The variable polygynous neighbors: limited expresses the percentage of border shared with groups that practice “limited or occasional” polygyny. The variable polygynous neighbors: general is identical to the one used in the main analysis. Model 1 shows that while the limited polygyny variable is positive and insignificant, the general polygyny variable has a stronger effect on the number of conflict events than in the main model. Model 2 uses the UCDP-GED data and shows a similar pattern. This result supports our suspicion that it is general and widely practiced polygyny that results in intergroup conflict. Fourth, in Table A5, we use state-based conflict events on the group’s territory as the outcome variable. We include these two models to demonstrate that polygyny is not related to state-based conflict as argued in our theory. We exclude the polygynous neighbors variable since this measure has no theoretical relationship or conceptual relevance to violence between an ethnic group and the state. If anything, in the spirit of Kanazawa (2009) and Gleditsch et al.’s (2011) work, we believe that polygyny can additionally create youth bulges that serve as a recruitment pool for rebel groups or government forces in civil wars. However, this does not seem to be the case since the variable observed group: polygynous is not significant. Fifth, we preprocess the data with the coarsened exact matching (CEM) algorithm to remove observations without common empirical support. Blackwell et al. (2009) have shown that CEM reduces model and specification dependence and thereby improves causal inference. The detailed approach of applying the CEM procedure is described in the Online Appendix before the presentation of the results in Table A6. The results confirm our main findings, although the CEM procedure significantly reduces our sample size. The effect of our explanatory variable polygynous neighbors is statistically significant at 1 percent. Sixth, we additionally test political (polity level and change) and economic variables (GDP growth) used in standard civil war models as well as measures for legal polygamy, polygamy provisions in customary law, and a women’s rights indicator from the data used by Gleditsch et al. (2011) on the basis of the WomanStats Project (Caprioli et al. 2009). In Table A7, we present the results which show that our explanatory variable polygynous neighbors remains statistically significant. Note that our sample is reduced from 805 to 761 observations due to missing data. These tests demonstrate that even with the inclusion of posttreatment political, economic, and legal variables, our hypothesis holds. Finally, we use the number of polygynous neighboring groups instead of the percentage of shared border with polygynous neighboring groups as explanatory variable. The number of polygynous neighbors ranges from 0 to 19 with a mean value of 4.2 and a standard deviation of 2.5. Table A8 reports the results in the same regression setup as in the main table. The results strongly support our previous findings. The number of polygynous neighbors is statistically significant at 1 percent and 5 percent (models 1 and 2) and 1 percent (models 3 and 4), respectively. The other variables retain their effect direction and statistical significance. Mechanism: Frustration and Aggression among Excess Men In the previous section, we have performed an analysis at the ethnic group level and established a link between polygyny and intergroup conflict. Next, we provide evidence on the suggested mechanism linking polygyny and conflict between ethnic groups: the role of excess men. Specifically, we rely on individual-level evidence from a pooled sample of Afrobarometer surveys, which we matched with our polygyny measure. We have argued that polygyny produces excess men who are disadvantaged in competing as viable partners on the marriage “market,” largely because they lack the financial means to compete with better-off men. We further argued that this inability leads to frustration because the expectations and social pressure on men to start a family and produce offspring are supposedly particularly high in such traditional polygynous social environments. We should therefore observe that young men without family in polygynous ethnic groups perceive more inequality than their peers in monogamous ethnic groups where the competition on the marriage market is by definition much less fierce. Since gaining resources through stealing, raiding, and plundering in neighboring ethnic groups allows excess men to increase the financial competitiveness on the marriage “market,” we should also observe that men in polygynous societies are somewhat more inclined to accept violence as a legitimate means. We test the mechanism using data from the 2005 Afrobarometer. In this version of the Afrobarometer, Nunn and Wantchekon (2011) have matched the ethnic group names of Murdock’s EA with those respondents reported in the Afrobarometer. We match our polygyny dummy variable to the ethnic groups to distinguish between respondents who belong to monogamous or polygynous ethnic groups. The fully merged sample of the Afrobarometer includes 25,397 respondents from eighteen countries. These countries reflect a bias in the sense that these are rather stable countries (e.g., Benin, Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique) and exclude African conflict hotspots such as the DR Congo, Sudan, South Sudan, or Chad. However, we believe that traces of our mechanisms should be independent of the political context. In order to test our assumptions, we limit the Afrobarometer sample to those we believe are most severely affected, young men below 40 years without children (excess men).14 Furthermore, we employed placebo tests on two further samples where we would not expect a similar effect: (a) for men above 40 years and (b) for women. We have identified two questions in the Afrobarometer that tap into aspects that we believe are indicative of a frustration–aggression mechanism, which we propose to link to polygyny and conflict. These questions reflect perceptions of inequality and a justification to use violence. In Figure 6, we show the predicted values for the two questions depending on whether a respondent belongs to a polygynous group (1) or not (0).15 The underlying regression models are presented in Table A9 in the Online Appendix.16 The left panels show the results for men below 40 years without children (excess men), the central panels for men above 40 years, and the right panels for women. The upper row shows the predicted values for the degree to which people feel treated unequally under the law (Q53D).17 Higher values indicate higher perceptions of inequality. Young childless men in polygynous societies are significantly more likely to report higher perceived inequality than their peers belonging to monogamous groups. For men above 40 years, we do not find this effect. Women in polygynous groups also report perceptions of inequality, which we believe resonates with the notion of gender inequality associated with polygyny (cf. McDermott and Cowden 2018; Hudson et al. 2010). Download Open in new tab Download in PowerPoint The lower row shows the results for the question on whether people see the use of violence as a justified means for their cause (Q51), where higher values indicate agreement. While young men below 40 years without children (excess men) are significantly more likely to view violence as justified, our placebo groups of men above 40 years and women do not share this perspective. This result supports our initial argument that excess men are an important link between polygyny and conflict and not a broader societal disposition toward violence. For males above the age of 40, we do not find any statistically significant difference in the two survey items between polygynous and monogamous groups. Next to other possible explanations, such as age, this could be argued to add to the self-sustainability of polygyny as a sticky institution. Thereby, one could speculate that polygynous males will likely be more supportive of transmitting the marriage institution of polygyny to the next generation (McDermott and Cowden 2018; Hudson 2018). In sum, the results provide individual-level evidence that excess men hold views compatible with a disposition to theft, crime, and raids. These results provide suggestive support for our mechanisms that young, childless men in polygynous societies are under social pressure to perform. They perceive this pressure as unequal and unfair and that, more broadly, they evince a greater readiness to exert to violence than their peers in monogamous groups. We acknowledge that these questions are very general and do not really point toward violence against neighboring ethnic groups. However, given the data constraints and the usual noise in survey data, we believe these findings lend additional powerful evidence to our theoretical argument that polygyny produces excess men which in turn contribute to intergroup violence experienced between neighboring ethnic groups. Conclusion We have argued that, by definition, polygyny creates a social imbalance where a few, usually well-off, men marry many wives and many, usually poor, men marry late or never. Polygyny therefore systematically creates a surplus of young, poor, unmarried men: excess men. Since marriage, family, and offspring are often the social metrics according to which the value of a man is assessed in traditional societies, excess men seek alternatives to become viable mates. In traditional and particularly rural settings, the ethnic group is perceived as the extended family, which leads excess men to abstain from turning against their kin; however, they have an incentive to pursue violent economic ventures (e.g., theft, crime, raids) in neighboring groups. From a security perspective, polygyny is not a problem for the polygynous group itself but rather for its neighbors. Being surrounded by many polygynous groups increases the risk of intergroup violence. To examine this theory, we have applied georeferenced data on polygyny for more than 800 African ethnic groups and combined these with violent-event data. We have used a set of exogenous geographic and precolonial controls and report a strong effect of polygyny on conflict—that is, we find robust support for this theory. By exploiting Afrobarometer survey data, we find additional individual-level evidence for our proposed underlying mechanism that respondents who belong to polygynous ethnic groups hold more problematic views on perceived fairness, the obedience to the rule of law, and the readiness to use violence. Our article contributes to several research strands and should therefore be of interest to a wide audience of scholars. First of all, it emphasizes the importance of the institutions of marriage and family and their role in social order, peace, and conflict. Our study substantially improves the only two existing quantitative studies with conflicting findings on polygyny and conflict in several ways. We view polygyny as a local dynamic that affects local violence. We also use more coherent, expansive, and reliable data and engage in elaborate reliability tests using alternative data sources. We provide a more sensible model specification, taking into account the geographic and historical determinants that have affected the emergence of polygyny in the first place. Second, our article contributes to the small but growing literature on low-intensity community-level conflict (e.g., Eck 2014; Varshney 2003; Fjelde and von Uexkull 2012; Raleigh 2010). This research strand has significantly increased our understanding of conflict processes worldwide, also because local violent events frequently spur larger conflicts (Brass 1997). Due to this, we stress that the type of conflict analyzed should be carefully chosen on the basis of theoretical considerations. We disagree, for instance, that large-scale civil wars are driven by polygyny as a “first law” (Kanazawa 2009). Third, this study contributes to the literature on the long-term effects of historical institutions. As we have theorized and demonstrated, polygyny can be understood as a “sticky” institution that is still at work in today’s societies in Africa (Dalton and Leung 2014). In this sense, our article adheres to the spirit of recent seminal studies examining the long-term effects of traditional institutions (Wig 2016; Michalopoulos and Papaioannou 2013), precolonial nation states (De Juan and Koos 2019), the slave trade (Nunn 2008; Nunn and Wantchekon 2011), the Berlin Conference (Michalopoulos and Papaioannou 2016), and ancient wars (Besley and Reynal-Querol 2014). With regard to its practical relevance, our article provides insights for humanitarian and development agencies. We are aware that polygyny does not explain all conflicts, but we believe that our study provides systematic support for anecdotal examples where polygyny and conflict are widespread—for instance, in South Sudan, the DR Congo (Verweijen 2017), Nigeria, and even Western countries (Rauch 2006). While our analysis focuses on Africa, we believe that the operating principles and societal implications of polygyny are—with few exceptions—universally problematic as they create a cohort of society that has always been associated with trouble around the world: excess men. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, Katharina Holzinger, Valerie M. Hudson, Tobias Ide, Alexander de Juan, and Stephen Nemeth, four anonymous reviewers, as well as participants at the annual meetings of American Political Science Association (APSA 2017), the European Political Science Association, the German Political Science Association (DVPW 2017), the International Studies Association (ISA 2018), and a research colloquium at the University of Essex for their helpful comments. All errors are our own. Declaration of Conflicting Interests The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Financial support from the German Research Foundation (DFG Grants HO 1811/10-1 and KO 5170/1-1) is gratefully acknowledged. ORCID iD Carlo Koos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1259-7495 Supplemental Material Supplemental material for this article is available online. Notes 1. Gleditsch et al. (2011) furthermore substantiate the nonreplicability by arguing that misogyny, rather than polygyny, is the mechanism driving political violence, which they test at the state level. Although a broader set of gender-based discrimination may be a source of political violence (see, e.g., Melander 2005; Hudson et al. 2010), we do not believe that polygyny—which can be regarded as part of misogynistic practices—and a general concept of misogyny adhere to the same underlying mechanism with regard to local conflict. In other words, misogyny and polygyny cannot be seen as competing hypotheses when studying intergroup conflicts at the local level. 2. Another explanation of the emergence of polygyny is economic, that is, as the result of income inequality and female subsistence contributions (see White and Burton 1988, 872, for an overview). 3. Dalton and Leung (2014) arrive at their results by analyzing forty-five DHS surveys in twenty-five African countries between 1990 and 2010. They use a question which asks married female respondents whether they have a co-wife to calculate current polygyny rates at the ethnic group level specified by Nunn’s and Wantchekon’s (2011) EA map. 4. This does not mean that these marriages are voluntary unions. For a discussion on female choice in polygynous societies, see the third and fourth chapter of Barash (2016). 5. For a comparative assessment of socioeconomic inequality, hierarchy, and polygyny, see Betzig (1986). 6. For the Kisama and Bomvana, there are two entries (name=KISAMA and v107=BOMVANA). 7. For a description of the coding of the variable, see Online Appendix Section 2. 8. We provide robustness checks using the three-scale variable (monogamy, limited polygyny, and general polygyny) in Table A4 in the Online Appendix. The results are robust. 9. To produce the maps, we used the georeferenced group borders used in Nunn and Wantchekon (2011). These are available at http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/nunn/files/murdock_shapefile.zip. 10. If a group borders the sea, a lake, or uninhabited territory (i.e., West Saharan Desert, Libyan Desert), we exclude these border segments from the denominator. 11. One favorable feature of ACLED is that its categories—in particular communal militia activity—resonate well with our hypothesized effect on local intergroup violence. Relatedly, ACLED also includes nonlethal violent events, which also speaks to our theory. Adversely, ACLED has been criticized to incorporate an urban bias (Eck 2012, 132), a problem we can address as we exclude events in urban areas. Conversely, UCDP-GED is argued to be superior to ACLED because the media sources of UCDP-GED are more consistent by focusing on major international media outlets. 12. Specifically, for the ACLED sample, we use the INTERACTION variable, which classifies each event according to prespecified actor interactions. We are interested only in those events which involve ethnic militias but exclude any political or rebel-based organizations. We use only the following interaction values: 40—sole communal militia action, 44—communal militia versus communal militia, 47—communal militia versus civilians. Furthermore, we restrict our sample to events where (1) the spatial location quality (GEO_PRECIS) is exact or (2) part of a region. We exclude (3) less precise events. From the UCDP-GED, we include only events which have been categorized as nonstate conflict (type_of_violence = 2) and events whose location (where_precise) was either (1) exactly identified or (2) identified within a twenty-five kilometer radius [“region” = “Africa” AND “type_of_violence” = 2 AND (“where_precise” = 1 OR “where_precise” = 2)]. 13. All tables are produced using estout (Jann 2005, 2007). 14. Unfortunately, these Afrobarometer surveys do not include questions on whether a respondent is married, but we believe that having no children is a reasonable indicator of being married or not in many African societies. 15. Figure A1 shows the first differences between members of polygynous and monogamous groups, and the results are robust to those in Figure 6. 16. We use a linear model with robust standard errors and control for age, age2, education, assets, and a dummy for urban/rural residence. 17. Afrobarometer Merged Round 3 Codebook, 2005, http://www.afrobarometer.org/data/merged-round-3-codebook-18-countries-2005.
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Q: feature matching + homography I have followed the tutorials on opencv in python. I am using OpenCV 3.2 and Python 3.6.1. The code was written like this: import cv2 import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt MIN_MATCH_COUNT = 10 img1 = cv2.imread('test.jpg',0) img2 = cv2.imread('hanapin_mo.jpg',0) sift = cv2.xfeatures2d.SIFT_create() kp1, des1 = sift.detectAndCompute(img1,None) kp2, des2 = sift.detectAndCompute(img2,None) FLANN_INDEX_KDTREE = 1 index_params = dict(algorithm = FLANN_INDEX_KDTREE, trees = 5) search_params = dict(checks = 50) flann = cv2.FlannBasedMatcher(index_params, search_params) matches = flann.knnMatch(des1, des2, k = 2) good = [] for m,n in matches: if m.distance <0.7*n.distance: good.append(m) if len(good)>MIN_MATCH_COUNT: src_pts = np.float32([ kp1[m.queryIdx].pt for m in good ]).reshape(-1,1,2) dst_pts = np.float32([ kp2[m.trainIdx].pt for m in good ]).reshape(-1,1,2) M, mask = cv2.findHomography(src_pts, dst_pts, cv2.RANSAC, 5.0) matchesMask = mask.ravel().tolist() h,w,d = img1.shape pts = np.float32([ [0,0],[0,h-1],[w-1,h-1],[w-1,0] ]).reshape(-1,1,2) dst = cv2.perspectiveTransform(pts,M) img2 = cv2.polylines(img2,[np.int32(dst)], True, 255, 3, cv2.LINE_AA) else: print("Not enough matches are found - {}/{}".format(len(good), MIN_MATCH_COUNT) ) matchesMask = None draw_params = dict(matchColor = (0,250,0), singlePointColor = None, matchesMask = matchesMask, flags = 2) img3 = cv2.drawMatchesKnn(img1, kp1, img2, kp2, good, None, **draw_params) plt.imshow(img3, 'gray'),plt.show() As I run the module, an error occured: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/Users/Albert Eli Reyes/Desktop/SIFT/SIFT.py", line 35, in h,w,d = img1.shape ValueError: not enough values to unpack (expected 3, got 2) h,w,d = img1.shape pts = np.float32([ [0,0],[0,h-1],[w-1,h-1],[w-1,0] ]).reshape(-1,1,2) dst = cv2.perspectiveTransform(pts,M) img2 = cv2.polylines(img2,[np.int32(dst)], True, 255, 3, cv2.LINE_AA) What does it mean when it says "not enough values to unpack"? And what should I do to make it run? A: Shape function outputs a tuple of two values only. You are trying to get three values whereas the function returns two values only h,w = img1.shape The above would work
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A Safe Place: The Blue Ridge Pregnancy Center From the front, it just looked like an unassuming one-story house, except for the driveway large enough to hold painted lines for multiple parking spaces. Walking up the front steps, the heavy glass paned doors become evident as well. What would be the living room, however, is richly decorated and warmly colored, with a bright oil paint mural stretching across the far wall at the other end of the room. “That oil painting of the Garden of Eden, symbolizing God as the Creator of Life, was done by two E.C. Glass High School students, and the play box that surrounds the children’s play area was built by an Eagle Scout for one of his projects,” Blue Ridge Pregnancy Center (BRPC) Executive Director Lori Meetre said. She then walks down the hallway leading to various decorated sitting rooms, small and intimate, meant for frank, yet confidential discussions of life-changing topics. “This is where we meet with clients to talk with them about circumstances in life, options for their pregnancy and most importantly about the gospel. We share the gospel with all of our clients because we believe that no matter what a woman’s crisis Jesus is her greatest need.” Meetre said. As you walk further through the building, however, there are many more rooms than expected, some of them, like the Mommy and Me Boutique, filled to bursting with practical resources for Moms including maternity clothes, baby clothes, diapers, wipes, formula and any number of items children need through age two. Anything that has been donated to the Center is made available to the women who participate in “Parenting and Life Skills” which teaches skills for parenting and life. The Center offers Bible studies, parenting classes and ongoing peer counseling as part of the PLS program. The unfinished basement has been transformed into a cozy meeting space by a local Sunday School class. “This is for the parenting groups as we watch videos in the class curriculum. This room was made to make more space upstairs for meetings with crisis clients,” Meetre said. BRPC was established in 1999 thanks to “a combined effort by Lynchburg-area Christians who were concerned with the need for a ‘crisis center’ that would provide a pro-life alternative to women with unplanned pregnancies,” according to their website. The Center has approximately 115 volunteers, which include peer counselors. There are a myriad of ways for people who are passionate about life to get involved, according to Development Director Stephanie McBride. The ministry gets a steady stream of volunteers and donors throughout the year, many of them from various church groups and local organizations as well as many of Liberty students. “People can donate in three ways, with their time, money or talent,” McBride said. The Center relies entirely on donations and grants, none of their funding is received from the government. The Center specifically features free pregnancy testing and counseling, free limited obstetrical ultrasound, parenting and life skills programs, prayer and evangelical ministries, abstinence training and referrals to other community resources. “All of our services are free and confidential however, we are not a full service medical facility so we do refer to an outside medical practice for further care throughout their pregnancy,” Meetre said. Although BRPC educates their clients on all of their options — adoption, abortion and parenting, they never advocate or refer for abortions. “We do not in any case make abortion referrals. We will educate them on the abortion procedure, risks and consequences, but we do not make any referrals. We do refer clients to places such as the Liberty Godparent Home as well as other adoption agencies,” Meetre said. “One of the things we are most blessed with is our ultrasound capability. Although the services we offer are limited, studies show that when women are able to see an ultrasound image of their unborn child that 80 percent will choose life for their baby,” Meetre said. The Center also offers a men’s ministry for the men in their client’s lives. “The man in the relationship is half of the equation and he plays an important part in what a woman will decide, ” Meetre said. The Center is working on establishing mens’ bible study groups, and they currently offer one-on-one peer counseling for men. “It’s one thing for a woman to give advice to a man about what being a Christian man really looks like, but it makes more of an impact when they hear it from another man,” she said. The ministry also offers a post-abortion ministry for women struggling with psychological and emotional issues after abortion, whether it is 3 days or 30 years after the fact. “People argue that women do not suffer any consequences to abortion, but many do experience symptoms that are similar to post-traumatic stress disorder, including nightmares, flashbacks, uncontrolled anger and substance abuse,” Meetre said. For more information about the Center, how to become involved or scheduling a tour, please contact Stephanie McBride at (434) 528-9750 or visit their website at blueridgepc.org. “We offer compassionate care and accurate information. It is our goal to educate women on all aspects of abortion and pregnancy. When a woman has a crisis pregnancy, she has three options – abortions, adoption and parenting, and we educate them on all of those options,” Metree said. “I just want women to know that they have a safe place to come and gain godly counsel in a time of crisis.”
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Cartilage tympanoplasty methods: proposal of a classification. The 23 known cartilage tympanoplasty methods to reconstruct the eardrum are classified in six main groups. Each method is briefly defined, described, and illustrated: Cartilage tympanoplasty with palisades, stripes, and slices. The eardrum is reconstructed by several, various, full-thickness pieces of cartilage with attached perichondrium on the ear canal side. In this group six different methods are described. Cartilage tympanoplasty with foils, thin plates, and thick plates, not covered with the perichondrium. In this group four methods are included. GROUP C: Tympanoplasty with cartilage-perichondrium composite island grafts. The perichondrium flap suspends or fixates the cartilage. In this group four methods are included. GROUP D: Tympanoplasty with special total pars tensa cartilage-perichondrium composite grafts. All three methods are used to close a total perforation, but differ from each. Three special methods are included in this group. GROUP E: Cartilage-perichondrium composite island grafts tympanoplasty for anterior, inferior, and subtotal perforations. Two on-lay and two underlay methods are included.GROUP F: Special cartilage tympanoplasty methods: The cartilage disc is placed under the perforation, the perichondrium onto the denuded eardrum remnant.
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Q: Symfony FOSUserBundle - Create custom repository to persist users I am using FOSUserBundle to be able to manage users in a symfony2 project. Since using container is not recommended my question is how can I extend the FOSUserBundle to be able to create a custom save method like this, for example: class UserRepository extends EntityRepository { public function registration(array $data) { // example only $userManager = $this->container->get('fos_user.user_manager'); //$em = $this->container->get('doctrine')->getEntityManager(); //$userUtils = $this->container->get('fos_user.util.token_generator'); $user = $userManager->createUser(); $user->setFirstName($data['first_name']); $user->setLastName($data['last_name']); $user->setEmail($data['user_email']); $user->setUsername($data['user_email']); $user->setPlainPassword($data['user_password']); $user->setEnabled(false); $user->setConfirmationToken($userUtils->generateToken()); $user->addRole('ROLE_USER'); $em->persist($user); $em->flush(); } Would it be smart to pass the $userManager and $userUtils objects in the controller when using the method? A: I think the better is to override the FosUser Controller Action (Register for example) and put your code in a specific service. The symfony2 doc give a great sample: http://symfony.com/doc/current/cookbook/bundles/inheritance.html
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Ranking the NBA’s best owners If you don’t know by now, here’s professional sports’ worst kept secret: the biggest competitive advantage to any team is ownership. Likewise, it is easily the team’s biggest downfall too. Players, coaches, and management all come and go. The owners usually last until they pass away. Here I will rank the owners in the NBA. As you will quickly see, there is a trend between success and good ownership. Here is part one, the best owners in the league. Mark Cuban, Dallas Mavericks– Cuban has always been willing to spend his money. He is a very involved and enthused owner. The recent sexual allegations from last summer are certainly a problem if Cuban’s prior knowledge is revealed, but until then, he is the league’s top owner. Peter Holt, San Antonio Spurs– Five championships in 15-year window. Everyone credits Gregg Popovich and Tim Duncan for the Spurs’ successes, and rightfully so, but Holt has given all of the power to these individuals instead of selfishly taking it for himself. Paul Allen, Portland Trailblazers (Rest in Peace)- In 30 years as owner, the Blazers made the playoffs in 23 of those seasons, including two trips to the Finals. Allen is one of the most respected owners in league history. Steve Ballmer, Los Angeles Clippers– Ballmer is a very proactive owner and he gives a crap. That’s all you need to know about his work as owner. Joe Lacob and Peter Guber will have some important decisions to make when contracts will need to be renewed. Photo by; Kyle Terada-USA TODAY Sports Joe Lacob, Golden State Warriors– It’s hard to look past “light-years ahead” comments, but you cannot deny Lacob’s drive and willingness to pay the bills for a team well over the luxury tax. Oh, not to mention, three titles in the last four years. Micky Arison, Miami Heat– Three championships in the last twelve years speaks for itself. Micky is docked for waiving beloved role-player Mike Miller from the back-to-back champs in 2013. This famously really ticked off LeBron James, who left the following season. Wyc Grousbeck, Boston Celtics– One championship won and one of the best organizations in professional sports. Josh Harris, Philadelphia 76ers– A very involved owner. It seems Philadelphia is making the right decisions. I don’t put much blame on Harris for the Hinkie and Colangelo fiascos. Gail Miller, Utah Jazz– Widow of Larry, Gail has continued a sustained level of success for an excellent franchise. Jeanie Buss, Los Angeles Lakers– Heir to the great Dr. Buss (let’s forget about Jim’s stint). So far, so good. Larry Tanenbaum, Toronto Raptors– Chairman of the Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, Tanenbaum stays out of the spotlight for the most part. However, he has never hesitated to back management in whatever direction they wish to go. Dan Gilbert, Cleveland Cavaliers– Dan spends the cash, we know that from LeBron’s last four years in Cleveland. But Gilbert goes through management and coaches like the money he spends. Herb Simon, Indiana Pacers– Simon has stuck with Indiana through the thick and thin. Robert Pera, Memphis Grizzlies– Why is Chris Wallace still the Grizzlies general manager? Edens/Lasry, Milwaukee Bucks– It’s really too soon to say if they are good or bad.
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Wednesday, July 20, 2011 A Darkling Beetle, Lagria hirta A conspicuous little beetle, with an abdomen that looks all the world like a miniature kiwi fruit, Lagria hirta is most commonly found in sandy places in Ireland, but can be found throughout the country. While the larvae eat detritus, the adults can be found feeding on a variety of flowers such as umbellifers and Compositae (1). L. hirta has a univoltine life cycle, that is it produces just one brood per year. Adults are present for only a short time in summer, whereas the larval stage extends from autumn to spring (2). This adherence to univoltism has been shown to be due in part to larval diapause (or dormancy) (3). It was shown under laboratory conditions that larvae did not pupate if kept at constant temperature. Pupation was only achieved if larvae were reared at 15-20°C, followed by a three moth chilling period of 5°C. Follow us on Twitter Follow by Email About Me We at the 21stcenturynaturalist hope to engage and provoke interest with our natural history based blogs. All images featured in this blog are copyrighted to 21stcenturynaturalist. Please email us at 21stcenturynaturalists@gmail.com if you wish to use any images.
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The inducers 1,3-diaminopropane and spermidine cause the reprogramming of metabolism in Penicillium chrysogenum, leading to multiple vesicles and penicillin overproduction. In this article we studied the differential protein abundance of Penicillium chrysogenum in response to either 1,3-diaminopropane (1,3-DAP) or spermidine, which behave as inducers of the penicillin production process. Proteins were resolved in 2-DE gels and identified by tandem MS spectrometry. Both inducers produced largely identical changes in the proteome, suggesting that they may be interconverted and act by the same mechanism. The addition of either 1,3-DAP or spermidine led to the overrepresentation of the last enzyme of the penicillin pathway, isopenicillin N acyltransferase (IAT). A modified form of the IAT protein was newly detected in the polyamine-supplemented cultures. Both inducers produced a rearrangement of the proteome resulting in an overrepresentation of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of valine and other precursors (e.g. coenzyme A) of penicillin. Interestingly, two enzymes of the homogentisate pathway involved in the degradation of phenylacetic acid (a well-known precursor of benzylpenicillin) were reduced following the addition of either of these two inducers, allowing an increase of the phenylacetic acid availability. Both inducers produced also an increase in the intracellular content of vesicles that derived to vacuoles in late stages and promoted sporulation of P. chrysogenum in solid medium. The analysis of global protein changes produced in response to polyamines 1,3-DAP and spermidine provides a valuable information for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the production of penicillin. This represents useful information to improve the production of this antibiotic and many other bioactive secondary metabolites not only in P. chrysogenum, but in other filamentous fungi as well.
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Delaney Masterson has famous parents and a reality TV show, but she's not the wild-child celebrity the paparazzi have painted her to be. Until an old boyfriend releases a private video, and her name becomes every comedian's favorite punch line. To escape the media, she sneaks away to Bell Harbor, Michigan... during the worst winter in fifty years. Adventure show cameraman Grant Connelly has stayed away from Bell Harbor until a family obligation converges with a spontaneous career decision. When bad weather, missing money, honky-tonk musicians, and Elvis impersonators throw Grant and Delaney together on an unexpected road trip, can they weather the storm? Everyone in Bell Harbor thinks career-minded plastic surgeon Evelyn Rhoades needs a husband. Everyone, that is, except for Evelyn...sort of. Even if she did want a husband (which she doesn't...most of the time), she'd never let something as intangible as fate determine who she marries. No, if she's going to find someone to spend her life with, she'll do it scientifically: with a carefully crafted list of criteria and an Internet dating site. But when intoxicated, law-breaking Tyler Connelly crashes into her life by way of a stolen Jet Ski, unruly emotions defy common sense. Sure, he's sexy, charming, and determined to win Evelyn's affection, but all evidence points to him being the worst possible choice. He's too young for her. Too irresponsible. Too underemployed. And, oh yeah, he's her patient. But Tyler knows firsthand how the best-laid plans can crumble under the weight of destiny. Now all he needs to do is to teach Evelyn that, in matters of the heart, love often supersedes logic. Wall Street Journal bestselling author Tracy Brogan is back with a sweet, hilarious series about family, forgiveness, and what it means to go back home. Emily Callaghan never expected to spend another summer on Wenniway Island. Yet here she is, back in her quaint northern Michigan hometown of Trillium Bay, divorced, flat broke, and dragging along her precocious twelve-year-old. It’s a simple arrangement: Emily, a house flipper, will renovate one of her grandmother’s rental properties in exchange for a much-needed loan. Once a wild child, the reformed Emily also hopes to remodel her reputation and show her family she’s all grown up. But coming home is never simple. Emily’s dad is more distant than ever. Her younger sister is dating a much older man, and Emily’s worried it’s a mistake. The cottage remodel grows increasingly daunting. And then there’s handsome out-of-towner Ryan Taggert… Ryan has his own family drama. A smart, ambitious land developer, he’s come to Wenniway to rescue his father from the grips of a new girlfriend and protect their family business. But he’s quickly distracted by gorgeous, witty Emily Callaghan. There’s no denying the attraction between Emily and Ryan. But will their conflicting interests destroy any chance at love? Or will Emily finally get the chance to rebuild her life—and repair her heart? "Not since Nora Roberts has anyone been able to write a big family romance series with every book as good as the last. Bella Andre never disappoints." Revolving Bookcase Reviews Millions of readers around the world have fallen in love with Bella Andre’s New York Times and USA Today bestselling contemporary romances about the Sullivans! BOOK DESCRIPTION: Dylan Sullivan, a renowned boat builder, has spent his entire life sailing around the world. But while he’s always enjoyed the freedom of the ocean, when Grace Adrian shows up at his Seattle boathouse to interview him for a magazine, it’s love at first sight. Love for both Grace and her ten-month-old son, Mason, with whom Dylan has an immediate bond. And every moment they spend together makes Dylan more and more certain that a love like theirs is worth risking everything for. A year and a half ago, Grace’s entire world turned upside down. Not only did she learn that she was pregnant, she also found out that she was nothing but a dirty little secret to her boyfriend and his elite Washington D.C. family. Since then, Grace has been rebuilding her life in Seattle, giving one hundred percent of her attention to her son and her freelance writing career. Believing she can never risk her heart—or her son’s—again, especially to a man like Dylan who could sail away at any moment, Grace tries desperately to guard her heart from the charismatic and sexy sailor. For as sweet and protective as Dylan is during the day, at night when one incredibly hot kiss turns into so much more, Grace simply can’t find a way to keep from tumbling into his arms again and again. But can she ever learn to trust in love again? I LOVE HOW YOU LOVE ME is part of Bella Andre's #1 bestselling series about The Sullivans. While it can easily be read as a stand-alone story, you'll likely enjoy reading the other books, too. THE SULLIVANS: The Look of Love From This Moment On Can't Help Falling In Love I Only Have Eyes For You If You Were Mine Let Me Be The One Come A Little Bit Closer Always On My Mind Kissing Under The Mistletoe One Perfect Night The Way You Look Tonight It Must Be Your Love Just To Be With You I Love How You Love Me All I Ever Need Is You Now That I've Found You Since I Fell For You THE MAVERICK BILLIONAIRES: Breathless In Love Reckless In Love Fearless In Love THE MORRISONS: Kiss Me Like This Tempt Me Like This Love Me Like This REVIEWS: "I am in love with the Sullivans. If you are looking for something sweet and sexy then this series is absolutely perfect for you. They are all amazing!" ~ Reading, Eating & Dreaming Reviews "Addictions come in all shapes and sizes, but nothing feels as indulgent and irresistible to me as a new Bella Andre book." ~ Natasha Is A Book Junkie Reviews "Bella Andre writes warm, sexy contemporary romance that always gives me a much needed pick me up. Reading one of her books is truly a pleasure." Maya Banks, NYT Bestselling Author "The perfect combination of sexy heat and tender heart." Barbara Freethy, #1 NYT Bestselling Author ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Bella Andre's New York Times and USA Today bestselling novels have been #1 bestsellers around the world and she has sold more than 5 million books so far! Known for "sensual, empowered stories enveloped in heady romance" (Publishers Weekly), her books have been Cosmopolitan Magazine "Red Hot Reads" twice and have been translated into ten languages. She also writes "sweet" contemporary romances as Lucy Kevin. There are more than 50,000 5 star reviews for Bella Andre's books on Goodreads! From the New York Times bestselling author of It Happened One Wedding comes a novel about a man and a woman whose summer is about to get very, very hot... Divorce lawyer Victoria Slade has seen enough unhappy endings to swear off marriage forever. That doesn't mean she's opposed to casual dating—just not with her cocky new neighbor, who is as gorgeous and tempting as he is off-limits. But once she agrees to take on his sister's case, she's as determined to win as ever—even if that means teaming up with Ford.... Investigative journalist Ford Dixon is bent on finding the man who got his sister pregnant and left her high and dry. He's willing to partner with Victoria, despite the fact that the beautiful brunette gets under his skin like no other woman. He might not be looking to settle down, but there's no denying the scorching attraction between them. Still, the more time he spends with Victoria, the more he realizes that the one woman as skeptical about love as he is might be the only woman he could really fall for… "If you need a great read to throw in your beach bag, make sure Suddenly One Summer is one of your choices." --USA Today From the Paperback edition. To build a future, sometimes you have to tear down the past . . . . Chicago event planner Libby Hamilton can turn any bland setting into a dramatic venue — but when she abruptly loses her job, and her fair-weather boyfriend moves to another state, Libby suddenly finds herself back in the tiny town she grew up in. Worse than that, her father wants help transforming an old schoolhouse into a vintage ice cream parlor and Libby must trade in her power suits for power tools.Widowed restoration specialist Tom Murphy can rebuild just about anything — except the shattered relationship he shares with his teenaged daughter. Hired by Libby's father, Tom isn't interested in sharing the details of his personal life with beautiful, spunky Libby. He just wants to get the job done. But she is tenacious — and sexy — and it doesn't take long before she breaks down his walls, builds up his hope, and gets a hold on his heart that won't let go. #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • The much-anticipated conclusion to Debbie Macomber’s beloved Rose Harbor series, set in the picturesque town of Cedar Cove, Sweet Tomorrows is a vibrant and poignant novel of letting go of fear, following your heart, and embracing the future—come what may. Nine months ago, Mark Taylor abruptly left Cedar Cove on a perilous mission to right a wrong from his past. Though Mark finally confessed his love for her, innkeeper Jo Marie Rose is unsure if he’s ever coming back. The Rose Harbor Inn barely seems the same without Mark, but Jo Marie can’t bear to lose herself in grief once more. Determined to move forward, she begins dating again, and finds companionship when she takes on a boarder who is starting a new chapter herself. Recovering from a twice-broken heart, Emily Gaffney, a young teacher, is staying at the inn while she looks for a home of her own. Having given up on marriage, Emily dreams of adopting children someday. She has her eye on one house in particular—with room for kids. Although Emily’s inquiries about the house are rudely rebuffed, her rocky start with the owner eventually blossoms into a friendship. But when the relationship verges on something more, Emily will have to rethink what she truly wants and the chances she’s willing to take. The inn seems to be working its magic again—Emily opening herself up to love, Jo Marie moving on—until Jo Marie receives shocking news. With Debbie Macomber’s trademark charm and wisdom, Sweet Tomorrows brings to a close the journeys of cherished characters who feel like old friends. Macomber has created an enchanting place in the Rose Harbor Inn that readers will never forget. Praise for Sweet Tomorrows “Macomber fans will leave the Rose Harbor Inn with warm memories of healing, hope, and enduring love.”—Kirkus Reviews “Overflowing with the poignancy, sweetness, conflicts and romance for which Debbie Macomber is famous, Sweet Tomorrows captivates from beginning to end.”—Book Reporter “Macomber manages to infuse her trademark humor in a more somber story that focuses on love, loss and faith. . . . This one will appeal to those looking for more mature heroines and a good, clean romance.”—RT Book Reviews “There’s a reason why Debbie Macomber is a #1 New York Times bestselling author and with Sweet Tomorrows, we get another dose of women’s fiction perfection. . . . In the nooks and crannies of small-town life, we’ll find significance, beauty, and love.”—Heroes and Heartbreakers “Fans will enjoy this final installment of the Rose Harbor series as they see Jo Marie’s story finally come to an end.”—Library Journal THE CLASSIC NOVEL FROM THE NOBEL PRIZE-WINNING TONI MORRISON It is the mid-1800s and as slavery looks to be coming to an end, Sethe is haunted by the violent trauma it wrought on her former enslaved life at Sweet Home, Kentucky. Her dead baby daughter, whose tombstone bears the single word, Beloved, returns as a spectre to punish her mother, but also to elicit her love. Told with heart-stopping clarity, melding horror and beauty, Beloved is Toni Morrison’s enduring masterpiece. Winner of the PEN/Saul Bellow award for achievement in American fiction The Road is the astonishing post-apocalyptic novel by Cormac McCarthy, and winner of the Pulitzer Prize. A father and his young son walk alone through burned America, heading slowly for the coast. Nothing moves in the ravaged landscape save the ash on the wind. They have nothing but a pistol to defend themselves against the men who stalk the road, the clothes they are wearing, a cart of scavenged food - and each other. The Tempest has been writing in one form or another for most of life. You can find so many inspiration from The Tempest also informative, and entertaining. Click DOWNLOAD or Read Online button to get full The Tempest book for free. Thirteen years ago, Vivi LeBrun was sketching a rooster and eating Oreos when she first met—and fell for—her friend's brother, David St. James. Since then, her love for David has only intensified thanks to years of friendship with his family, who rescued her from a lonely, tumultuous childhood. As she travels to Block Island to vacation with the St. James siblings, Vivi daydreams about reuniting with David, hoping he'll finally see her as his soul mate. After his mother's death, David distanced himself from his siblings, determined to hide a devastating family secret. Now, he's brought a new girlfriend along to his homecoming—one who's pushing for a serious commitment. The last thing he needs on his growing list of problems is his budding attraction to Vivi. With tensions running high, David's behavior triggers a series of events that might cost him the love he's always taken for granted and Vivi the only real family she's ever known. Act out Othello's tragic story of vengeance and betrayal! Iago is angry at Othello for not promoting him, so he schemes to ruin Othello's life with his lies, ruining his own in the process. The six roles in this script match different reading levels, enabling teachers to use differentiation and English language learner strategies in their instruction. These strategies allow all students to engage in the same activity, regardless of their current reading level. All students can feel successful and can gain confidence in their reading fluency. Students can also practice reading aloud, interacting cooperatively, and using expressive voices and gestures while performing the story together. An accompanying poem and song give readers additional resources to practice fluency in an engaging way. This dynamic script is the perfect tool for a classroom of varied readers! Described by Rabindranath Tagore as ‘revelations of my true self’, the poems and songs of Gitanjali established the writer’s literary talent worldwide. They include eloquent sonnets such as the famous ‘Where the mind is without fear’, intense explorations of love, faith and nature (‘Light, oh where is the light?’) and tender evocations of childhood (‘When my play was with thee’). In this new translation to mark Tagore’s one-hundred-and-fiftieth birth anniversary, William Radice renders with beauty and precision the poetic rhythm and intensity of the Bengali originals. In his arrangement of Tagore’s original sequence of poems alongside his translations, Radice restores to Gitanjali the structure, style and conception that were hidden by W. B. Yeats’s edition of 1912, making this book a magnificent addition to the Tagore library. Winner of the 2003 Pulitizer Prize for Drama . . . there are many kinds of light. The light of fires. The light of stars. The light that reflects off rivers. Light that penetrates through cracks. Then there’s the type of light that reflects off the skin. —Nilo Cruz, Anna in the Tropics This lush romantic drama depicts a family of cigar makers whose loves and lives are played out against the backdrop of America in the midst of the Depression. Set in Ybor City (Tampa) in 1930, Cruz imagines the catalytic effect the arrival of a new "lector" (who reads Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina to the workers as they toil in the cigar factory) has on a Cuban-American family. Cruz celebrates the search for identity in a new land. "The words of Nilo Cruz waft from the stage like a scented breeze. They sparkle and prickle and swirl, enveloping those who listen in both specific place and time . . . and in timeless passions that touch us all. In Anna in the Tropics, the world premiere work he created for Coral Gables’ intimate New Theatre, Cruz claims his place as a storyteller of intricate craftsmanship and poetic power."—Miami Herald Nilo Cruz is a young Cuban-American playwright whose work has been produced widely around the United States including the Public Theater (New York, NY), South Coast Repertory (Costa Mesa, CA), Magic Theatre (San Francisco, CA), Oregon Shakespeare Festival, McCarter Theater (Princeton, NJ) and New Theatre (Coral Gables, FL). His other plays include Night Train to Bolina, Two Sisters and a Piano, Hortensia and the Museum of Dreams, among others. Anna in the Tropics also won the Steinberg Award for Best New Play. Mr. Cruz teaches playwriting at Yale University and lives in New York City. Three best friends met every Tuesday for twenty-six years. And then they stopped. From the author of the bestselling Sweeney Sisters Series comes a novel of friendship, family, and hope. When new next-door neighbors Georgia, Midge, and Lula first assembled on Georgia's porch in Charleston for sweet tea, they couldn't have known their gathering was the beginning of a treasured tradition. For twenty-six years they have met on Tuesdays at four o'clock, watching the seasons change and their children grow up, supporting each other in good times and in bad. With their ambitions as different as their personalities, these best friends anticipate many more years of tea time. And then, one Tuesday, Georgia shares news that brings their long-standing social hour to an abrupt halt. And that's only the beginning as unraveling secrets threaten to alter their friendship forever. One glance was all it took... I'm a cheater. I'm a liar. My whole life is a mess. I love a man. No, I love two men... I think. One makes love to me. The other sets me on fire. One is my rock. The other is my kryptonite. I'm broken, lost, and disgusted with myself. But I can't stop. This is my story. My broken love story.
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718 F.Supp. 755 (1989) SISSETON-WAHPETON SIOUX TRIBE, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, and Edwin Meese, II, in his capacity as Attorney General of the United States, Defendants. Civ. No. 88-1014. United States District Court, D. South Dakota, N.D. August 3, 1989. Bertram E. Hirsch, Floral Park, N.Y., Terry L. Pechota, Rapid City, S.D., for Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe. Philip N. Hogen, U.S. Atty., Sioux Falls, S.D., Benjamin C. Flannagan, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for U.S. MEMORANDUM OPINION DONALD J. PORTER, Chief Judge. Before the Court are two consolidated *756 civil cases[1] in which the parties seek declaratory and injunctive relief. The parties are the United States of America and the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe (hereafter SWST). The SWST has established and operates a blackjack gaming operation within Indian Country. This Court takes jurisdiction pursuant to federal question jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 & 1362. I. STATEMENT OF FACTS. Over five thousand members of the SWST live on the Lake Traverse Reservation near Watertown, South Dakota. The SWST is an Indian Tribe recognized by the United States and the reservation is located in Indian Country. Within the Lake Traverse Reservation exists the Dakota Sioux Entertainment Center (hereafter Entertainment Center). At this site, the SWST currently conducts a blackjack gaming enterprise. The blackjack operation is operated under the authority of Sisseton-Wahpeton Ordinance No. 83-03A. Although the funds for the initial start-up costs were provided by an outsider from California, the enterprise is owned, operated and supervised directly by the SWST. Forty percent of the net income from the endeavor is paid to the California financier, Nix Enterprises. The blackjack venture commenced on April 15, 1988. Subsequent to May 1, 1988, the scope of the undertaking was increased. SWST blackjack tables have pot limits up to a maximum of one hundred dollars. As many as twenty tables may operate at the Entertainment Center, and non-members of the SWST are permitted to participate in the gambling. Indeed, at any given time, it is estimated that only five percent of the casino's patrons are SWST members. In addition to the blackjack operation, the Entertainment Center operates bingo and poker games. Some, but not all, of these other games were conducted prior to May 1, 1988. On October 17, 1988, Congress enacted the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA), Pub.L. No. 100-497, 102 Stat. 2467. See 25 U.S.C. §§ 2701-2721. IGRA's purpose is to provide a basis for the establishment and regulation of gaming ventures operated by Indian tribes on Indian lands.[2]See 25 U.S.C. § 2702. On November 8, 1988, the State of South Dakota amended its Constitution to allow the City of Deadwood to vote on whether to approve certain card games and other gambling activity. See Article III, § 25 of the Constitution of the State of South Dakota.[3] After subsequent *757 statutory enactments, the voters of the City of Deadwood in fact approved such gaming on April 11, 1989. See SDCL § 42-7B-1 et seq.[4] II. LAW AND ANALYSIS. IGRA defines three separate classes of gaming. 25 U.S.C. § 2703. The classes are referred to within the Act as class I, class II, and class III gaming. Class I gaming is limited to social games that are either ceremonial or have prizes limited to nominal amounts.[5] Section 4(7)(B)(i) of IGRA states that class II gaming does not include blackjack.[6] Finally, class III gaming is defined to include all gaming that does not fall within class I or II.[7] A grandfather clause exists in 25 U.S.C. § 2703(7)(C) which applies to card games operated by an Indian tribe in South Dakota on or before May 1, 1988.[8] To the extent that the nature and scope of such gaming is unchanged from that operated on or before May 1, 1988, the gaming which might otherwise be class III gaming is instead categorized as class II gaming. In the instant case, however, the SWST admits in its interrogatories that there has been an increase in the scope of the blackjack venture subsequent to May 1, 1988. See Answer to Government Interrogatory No. 13. The SWST has increased the hours of operation of its facility from eight hours per day, three days per week, to six days per week, including continuous play from 5:00 p.m., Friday evening, until 1:00 a.m., Monday morning. See SWST Statement of Undisputed Material Facts, at 1 (filed July 10, 1989). Accordingly, the Court finds that IGRA classifies the SWST blackjack venture as class III gaming. For class III gaming to comply with 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(3)(A) mandates,[9] the Indian tribe must request the state in which the gaming operation is located to enter into negotiations for the purpose of entering into a tribal-state compact. Such a compact would govern the conduct of gaming activities. The SWST has not indicated to this Court any past or present intention to pursue a tribal-state compact.[10] As a consequence, the SWST *758 blackjack enterprise fails to comply with IGRA provisions. Moreover, even if the grandfather clause operates to classify the SWST blackjack venture as class II gaming, the undertaking would still be unlawful under IGRA. This is because 25 U.S.C. § 2710(b)(1)(A) provides that class II gaming is lawful only in circumstances where such gaming is permitted of some other person, organization or entity within the state.[11] In other words, if a non-Indian within a state can engage in the particular type of gaming venture, then an Indian tribe in that state may also pursue the same endeavor. Under South Dakota law, however, the "such gaming" that is permitted is blackjack with a bet limit of five dollars. See SDCL § 42-7B-14.[12] In contrast, the SWST venture allows bet limits that are as much as one hundred dollars. Therefore, the SWST operation is a different type of gaming for statutory purposes than the gaming authorized by South Dakota for within the City of Deadwood. Indeed, the Court observes that the dollar value of the stakes is a critical variable to distinguish class I gaming from class II gaming. Thus, the SWST blackjack operation violates IGRA provisions regardless of whether it is categorized as class II or class III gaming. Given this Court's conclusion that the SWST blackjack operation violates IGRA, the question remains as to what relief is available to the United States. IGRA is a comprehensive and pervasive piece of legislation that in many respects preempts other federal laws that might apply to gaming. Where gaming is legal under IGRA provisions, other federal laws that outlaw gambling on Indian lands are preempted. In this case, however, the gaming operation violates IGRA. IGRA specifically grants jurisdiction to the United States over all criminal prosecutions of gaming violations in Indian country. 18 U.S.C. § 1166.[13] *759 Section 1166(a) provides that state laws pertaining to gambling regulation apply in Indian country as elsewhere within the state, subject only to enumerated exceptions within § 1166(c). Class III gaming in the absence of a tribal-state compact is not one of the enumerated exceptions. 18 U.S.C. § 1166(c). As a consequence, both state and federal laws regulate the gaming enterprise. Moreover, although state law is inapplicable to Class II gaming under § 1166(c)(1), federal law applies where gaming activities fail to comply with IGRA provisions. Accordingly, since the SWST venture constitutes class III gaming, the fact that it would violate state law — to-wit, SDCL § 22-25-1[14]—results in a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1166. Under 18 U.S.C. § 1166(d), the United States holds exclusive jurisdiction to prosecute such a violation. Even if the blackjack operation is categorized as class II gaming, the enterprise would still be in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1166. This is because the exception codified in 18 U.S.C. § 1166(c)(1) applies only to class I or class II gaming conducted within the legal constraints mandated by IGRA. It would be both meaningless and contradictory to take the position that gaming could be "class II" gaming if it did not meet the requirements that IGRA describes for gaming to qualify for that category. As such, gaming that does not fall within the legal boundary for class II gaming does not fall within the 18 U.S.C. § 1166(c)(1) exception. Thus, the fact that the SWST blackjack venture does not qualify for the § 1166(c)(1) exception leaves 18 U.S.C. § 1166(a) in effect. Section 1166(a) subjects, for purposes of federal law, the SWST undertaking to South Dakota prohibitions and limitations. Therefore, this Court is left with only one conclusion: the SWST blackjack enterprise is illegal under IGRA.[15] Upon all of the evidence, the Court therefore finds and concludes that the SWST blackjack venture violates IGRA. The Court hereby enters a declaratory judgment pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201 that the SWST blackjack operation violates the provisions of IGRA. See United States v. Dakota, 796 F.2d 186, 190-91 (6th Cir. 1986).[16] The SWST is hereby restrained and enjoined from continuing to operate its blackjack venture. NOTES [1] On April 15, 1988, the SWST filed a complaint (Civ. No. 88-1014) seeking a declaration that it had a legal right to establish and operate a blackjack venture. The SWST requested injunctive relief against the United States in this regard. On June 14, 1988, the United States cross-filed (Civ. No. 88-1025) for a declaration that the blackjack venture was in violation of federal law. The United States requested an injunction enjoining the SWST from continuing to operate the blackjack gaming facility. The Court issued an Order, filed August 8, 1988, that consolidated the two cases. [2] Section three of IGRA provides a "Declaration of Policy": The purpose of this Act is — (1) to provide a statutory basis for the operation of gaming by Indian tribes as a means of promoting tribal economic development, self-sufficiency, and strong tribal government; (2) to provide a statutory basis for the regulation of gaming by an Indian tribe adequate to shield it from organized crime and other corrupting influences, to ensure that the Indian tribe is the primary beneficiary of the gaming operation, and to assure that gaming is conducted fairly and honestly by both the operator and players; and (3) to declare that the establishment of independent Federal regulatory authority for gaming on Indian lands, the establishing of Federal standards for gaming on Indian lands, and the establishment of a National Indian Gaming Commission are necessary to meet congressional concerns regarding gaming and to protect such gaming as a means of generating tribal revenue. 25 U.S.C. § 2702. [3] Section 25, as amended, reads: ... Further it shall be lawful for the Legislature to authorize by law, limited card games and slot machines within the city limits of Deadwood, provided that 60% of the voters of the City of Deadwood approve legislatively authorized card games and slot machines at an election called for such purpose. The entire net Municipal proceeds of such card games and slot machines shall be devoted to the Historic Restoration and Preservation of Deadwood. South Dakota State Constitution, Article III, § 25. [4] The Constitutional amendment to Article III, § 25 authorized legislative enactment of SDCL 42-7B-1. In turn, SDCL 42-7B-1 put the question of gaming before the voters of the City of Deadwood. The commission note to SDCL § 42-7B-1 acknowledges that the voters of the City of Deadwood approved allowing limited card games by a margin of 690 in favor to 230 against. [5] Class I gaming is defined as follows: The term "class I gaming" means social games solely for prizes of minimal value or traditional forms of Indian gaming engaged in by individuals as part of, or in connection with, tribal ceremonies or celebrations. 25 U.S.C. § 2703(6). [6] The Act clearly excludes blackjack from classification as class II gaming. The provision reads: The term "class II" gaming does not include — (i) any banking card games, including baccarat, chemin de fer, or blackjack (21) ... 25 U.S.C. § 2703(7)(B)(i) (emphasis added). [7] IGRA defines "class III" gaming as "all forms of gaming that are not class I gaming or class II gaming." 25 U.S.C. § 2703(8). [8] The grandfather clause states that: Notwithstanding any other provisions of this paragraph, the term "class II gaming" includes those card games played in the State of Michigan, the State of North Dakota, the State of South Dakota, or the State of Washington, that were actually operated in such State by an Indian tribe on or before May 1, 1988, but only to the extent of the nature and scope of the card games that were actually operated by an Indian tribe in such State on or before such date.... 25 U.S.C. § 2703(7)(C) (emphasis added). [9] IGRA requires an Indian tribe that conducts class III gaming to enter into good faith negotiations to form a tribal-state compact. Section 11 of IGRA describes this requirement: Any Indian tribe having jurisdiction over the Indian lands upon which a class III gaming activity is being conducted, or is to be conducted, shall request the State in which such lands are located to enter into negotiations for the purpose of entering into a Tribal-State compact governing the conduct of gaming activities. Upon receiving such a request, the State shall negotiate with the Indian tribe in good faith to enter such a compact. 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(3)(A). [10] It is unclear what negotiations have taken place between the SWST and the State of South Dakota. The SWST has made no mention of any such negotiations in any of their papers filed with this Court. If in fact the SWST has engaged in certain negotiations to pursue a tribal-state compact, the gaming would still have to comply with the requirements of 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(1)(B). See infra footnote 11 and accompanying text. [11] The Act states that: An Indian tribe may engage in, or license and regulate, class II gaming on Indian lands within such tribe's jurisdiction, if — (A) such Indian gaming is located within a State that permits such gaming for any purpose by any person, organization, or entity (and such gaming is not otherwise specifically prohibited on Indian lands by Federal law) ... 25 U.S.C. § 2710(b)(1)(A) (emphasis added). This requirement applies in equal force to class III gaming. See 25 U.S.C. § 2710(d)(1)(B). [12] The statute specifically provides: Maximum amount of bets. The amount of a bet may not be more than five dollars on the initial bet or subsequent bet subject to the rules promulgated by the commission. SDCL § 42-7B-14. [13] The complete text of 18 U.S.C. § 1166 is as follows: § 1166. Gambling in Indian country (a) Subject to subsection (c), for purposes of Federal law, all State laws pertaining to the licensing, regulation, or prohibition of gaming, including but not limited to criminal sanctions applicable thereto, shall apply in Indian country in the same manner and to the same extent as such laws apply elsewhere in the State. (b) Whoever in Indian country is guilty of any act or omission involving gambling, whether or not conducted or sanctioned by an Indian tribe, which, although not made punishable by any enactment of Congress, would be punishable if committed or omitted within the jurisdiction of the State in which the act or omission occurred, under the laws governing the licensing, regulation, or prohibition of gambling in force at the time of such act or omission, shall be guilty of a like offense and subject to a like punishment. (c) For the purposes of this section, the term "gambling" does not include — (1) class I gaming or class II gaming regulated by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, or (2) class III gaming conducted under a Tribal-State compact approved by the Secretary of the Interior under section 11(d)(8) of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act [25 USCS § 2710(d)(8)] that is in effect. (d) The United States shall have exclusive jurisdiction over criminal prosecutions of violations of State gambling laws that are made applicable under this section to Indian country, unless an Indian tribe pursuant to a Tribal-State compact approved by the Secretary of the Interior under section 11(d)(8) of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act [25 USCS § 2710(d)(8)], or under any other provision of Federal law, has consented to the transfer to the State of criminal jurisdiction with respect to gambling on the lands of the Indian tribe. (Added October 17, 1988, P.L. 100-497, § 23, 102 Stat. 2487.) (Emphasis added). [14] SDCL § 22-25-1 provides that maintenance of a gambling establishment is a criminal offense. [15] A separate issue not presently before this Court is raised by the question of whether some other blackjack enterprise conducted by the SWST might be legal. The answer to this question would hinge upon variables such as the facility's hours of operation, maximum betting limits, and/or the existence of a tribal-state compact. [16] In Dakota, the Sixth Circuit affirmed a district court decision granting declaratory and injunctive relief. The case involved the application of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 to tribal casino gambling. Id. The Dakota case was decided prior to the Congressional enactment of IGRA.
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The waters of the Indian Ocean lap on the shores of the low lying coraline island of Denis in the outer banks or the Seychelles islands on November 24, 2009 Sea levels are rising around the world, and the latest satellite data suggests that three feet (one meter) or more is unavoidable in the next 100-200 years, NASA scientists said Wednesday. Ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are melting faster than ever, and oceans are warming and expanding much more rapidly than they have in years past. Rising seas will have "profound impacts" around the world, said Michael Freilich, director of NASA's Earth Science Division. "More than 150 million people, most of them in Asia, live within one meter of present sea level," he said. Low-lying US states such as Florida are at risk of disappearing, as are some of the world's major cities such as Singapore and Tokyo. "It may entirely eliminate some Pacific island nations," he said. There is no doubt that global coastlines will look very different in years to come, US space agency experts told reporters on a conference call to discuss the latest data on sea level rise. "Right now we have committed to probably more than three feet (one meter) of sea level rise, just based on the warming we have had so far," said Steve Nerem of the University of Colorado, Boulder and leader of NASA's sea level rise team. "It will very likely get worse in the future," he told reporters. "The biggest uncertainty is predicting how quickly the polar ice sheets will melt." There is no doubt that global coastlines will look very different in years to come, US space agency experts told reporters on a conference call to discuss the latest data on sea level rise Melting faster The last major predictions were made in 2013 by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Based on a consensus of international researchers, the IPCC said global sea levels would likely rise from one to three feet by the end of the century. Nerem said the latest satellite data suggests the higher end of that range is more likely. NASA's predictions are based on a series of altimeters that measure ocean height from space. NASA and French space agency CNES began launching satellites to measure sea level in 1992. "The instruments are so sensitive that if they were mounted on a commercial jetliner flying at 40,000 feet (1,200 meters) they could detect the bump caused by a dime lying flat on the ground," Freilich said. The world's oceans have risen an average of almost three inches (7.6 cm) since 1992, with some locations rising more than nine inches (23 cm) due to natural variation, according to these instruments, known as Topex/Poseidon, and its successors, Jason-1 and Jason-2, NASA said. The world's ocean have risen an average 7.6 cm since 1992 Much of the extra water is coming from melting ice and glaciers. Scientists are particularly concerned about the Greenland ice sheet, which shed an average of 303 gigatons of ice a year over the past decade. Also, the Antarctic ice sheet has lost an average of 118 gigatons a year. "One of the things we have learned is that the ice sheets are melting faster than we had previously suspected," said Josh Willis, oceanographer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. "Sometime in the next 20 years we will probably see faster than average sea level rise, so we have to be prepared." 'More worried' Scientists have never seen an ice sheet collapse, so the question of when sea levels will rise drastically is a major mystery. This image obtained from NASA on November 14, 2012 shows a view of Sheldon Glacier with Mount Barre in the background, seen from Ryder Bay near Rothera Research Station, Adelaide Island, Antarctica According to Tom Wagner, the cryosphere program scientist at NASA, the paleoclimate record shows that sea levels can rise as much as 10 feet (three meters) in a century or two, if the ice sheets fall apart rapidly. "We're seeing evidence that the ice sheets are waking up, but we need to understand them better before we can say we're in a new era of rapid ice loss." Eric Rignot, glaciologist at the University of California, Irvine, said that as the planet warms, there is no reason to expect that ice sheets will melt at the same pace as they did in the past. According to the laws of physics, they will deteriorate faster. And they already are. "We are not talking about futuristic scenarios," said Rignot. According to NASA's sea level rise team, it's pretty certain we are locked into at least three feet (one meter) of sea level rise, and probably more, however it is not clear when this will occur "On a personal level, the data collected over the past few years make me more concerned about the decay of the ice sheets than I was in the past," he added. "As we go on, I think we are a bit more worried about what is happening." Explore further Risk of major sea level rise in Northern Europe © 2015 AFP
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46 F.2d 766 (1931) ROBERTSON, Commissioner of Patents, v. COOPER. No. 3066. Circuit Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit. January 13, 1931. *767 T. A. Hostetler, of Washington, D. C. (Charles B. Rugg, Asst. Atty. Gen., and J. F. Mothershead, of Washington, D. C., on the brief), for appellant. A. Miller Belfield, of Chicago, Ill., and Semmes, Bowen & Semmes, of Baltimore, Md., for appellee. Before PARKER and NORTHCOTT, Circuit Judges, and McCLINTIC, District Judge. NORTHCOTT, Circuit Judge. This is a suit brought by appellee, Oswald Cooper, under section 4915 of the Revised Statutes (35 USCA § 63). Cooper filed his application for a patent for a design for a font of type on May 23, 1923. The application was serially numbered Design 6262, and the type has been designated in this suit as Cooper Black. The application was rejected by the examiner. Appeal was taken to the Examiners in Chief, who reversed the examiner. The examiner made a further search and rejected the claim on additional art. Appeal was taken to the Examiners in Chief, who affirmed the rejection of the examiner, one member dissenting. Appeal was taken to the Commissioner. In this appeal the Assistant Commissioner affirmed the decision of the Examiners in Chief. Appeal was then taken to the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, in which appeal the court affirmed the decision of the Commissioner. The opinion of that court is reported in 57 App. D. C. 353, 23 F. (2d) 774, and pages 69 et seq. of this record. Cooper then brought this suit, and the bill, as originally filed, involved design application No. 6262 only. By supplemental bill plaintiff-appellee brought before the court his applications No. 6784 and No. 10,689. The court thereafter ruled that it was without jurisdiction to consider the two applications brought in by the supplemental bill and dismissed the supplemental bill. The court below held in favor of the appellee and entered a decree authorizing appellant to issue a design patent to Cooper, from which decree this appeal was taken. The main question involved was the patentability of a font of type called the Cooper Black. The Patent Office held that the design in question was not patentable because the same, or practically the same, design of type was known and used by others in this country, and was published prior to appellee's invention, and was published and in public use more than two years prior to the filing of appellee's application. The design of the font of type as filed with the Cooper application follows: *768 A number of designs of type claimed by the appellant to be similar were shown in the record, but the Commissioner relied principally upon the type used in the word "Asbestone," admittedly printed more than two years prior to the Cooper's application. The word as printed follows: The judge below in his opinion, while admitting the great similarity in design as used in the word "Asbestone" and the design as used in the font of type upon which the application is based, apparently based his opinion upon the fact that there were comparatively a few letters in the word "Asbestone"; whereas, the application was for an entire font of type, and, therefore, could not be anticipated by the use of a few letters only. We cannot agree with this conclusion. It seems apparent to us that given even a few letters a skilled workman could construct an entire font of type of the same design, and that this, while it might involve a very high degree of skill, would not arise to the dignity of an invention. The English alphabet consists of fixed groups, such as the round letters c, e, o, C, G, O, Q, and the oblique line group, as A, V, W, X, Y, Z. Then we have the verticle line group, as E, F, H, I, L, T, i, l, m, n, r, u, and the vertical line group combined with a half loop, as B, D, P, R, b, d, p, q. Another combination is the vertical and oblique line group, as K, k, M, N. It is apparent that the design of any one of these groups would suggest to a skilled workman the design of all the others of the same group, and such a workman, having before him the word "Asbestone," could, without any inventive ingenuity whatever, by exercise of a high degree of skill only, construct the entire font of patent, and it is also apparent that such a font of type, made with the word "Asbestone" used as a model, would differ in no material respect from the font of type upon which Cooper based his application for a patent. In view of our conclusion as to the design in the word "Asbestone," we do not consider it necessary to discuss the numerous other very similar designs used in other words that were published before Cooper's application. It has long been a settled rule of patent law that "that which infringes, if later, would anticipate, if earlier." Knapp v. Morss, 150 U. S. 221-228, 14 S. Ct. 81, 84, 37 L. Ed. 1059; Miller v. Eagle Mfg. Co., 151 U. S. 186, 14 S. Ct. 310, 38 L. Ed. 121. It certainly cannot be contended that if the design of the font of type upon which Cooper based his application were patentable and had been patented, and thereafter the word "Asbestone" was being used, it would not be an infringement on the patent. The word "Asbestone" had a publication date of June 14, 1919, and the public had acquired the right to the use of this design before Cooper's application was made. As was well stated in the able brief filed on behalf of the Commissioner: "A single design patent is granted for an entire font on the theory that there is but one inventive idea running through the entire font. If, however, we take the position that one letter would not suggest the appearance of the other letter, then there should be a design patent for each letter, as the law contemplates that only one design may be covered by one patent." There is some intimation in the record that the word "Asbestone" was Cooper's design; but his own publication, disclosing a design more than two years prior to filing an application for a patent, is a disclosure which precludes the grant of a valid patent thereon. King Ventilating Co. v. St. James (D. C.) 17 F.(2d) 615, affirmed (C. C. A.) 26 F. (2d) 357. This court has held that while the judgment of Patent Office officials is not absolutely binding on the courts, it is entitled to great weight, and is to be overcome by clear proof of mistake. Gulf Smokeless Coal Co. et al. v. Sutton, Steele & Steele et al., 35 F.(2d) 433. This is obviously true, because the Patent Office has the equipment for deciding intricate and technical questions of this character, and its officials, whose conclusions are entitled to full faith and credit as the conclusions of government officials, have no interest or incentive other than to arrive at a right conclusion. It has long been settled that the true test of identity of a design is the effect of the comparison between the designs upon an ordinary observer and not upon the one skilled in that particular art. As was said by the Supreme Court in the case of Gorham Mfg. Co. v. White, 14 Wall. 511, 527, 20 L. Ed. 731: "No counterfeit bank note is so identical in appearance with the true that an experienced artist cannot discern a difference. It is said an engraver distinguishes impressions made by the same plate. Experts, therefore, are not the persons to be deceived." *769 See, also, Sagendorph v. Hughes (D. C.) 95 F. 478; Try-Me Beverage Co. v. Metropole (D. C.) 25 F.(2d) 138; Ashley v. Weeks-Numan (C. C. A.) 220 F. 899. There is grave doubt whether Cooper's design, upon which he makes the application, is ornamental so as to bring it within the statute which says that in order to be patentable it must be not only useful but also ornamental (Cooper v. Commissioner [D. C.] 38 F.(2d) 852), but in view of our conclusions as above stated we do not consider it necessary to discuss that point. It is contended on behalf of the appellee that no appeal lies from a decision in his favor in a suit of this character. We cannot agree to this contention, as appeals of this character have been considered by appellate courts, and by this court in Robertson v. General Electric Co., 32 F.(2d) 495. It is also contended on behalf of the appellee that because this appeal is being prosecuted by the Department of Justice and not by the Patent Office, the Commissioner of patents is the nominal appellant and not the real party in interest. With this we cannot agree, as it is clearly apparent that the Department of Justice is the proper agent through which the appeal should be prosecuted. A question is raised as to allowance for the traveling expenses incurred by counsel for the Commissioner in attending to the taking of depositions on behalf of the plaintiff in California. The time and place of the taking of the depositions was fixed and notice given the Patent Office, by appellee, and the Commissioner thought it advisable to have some one present who was familiar with Patent Office procedure. An attorney was sent from Washington to attend the taking of the depositions. The language of the statute (section 4915, supra) is as follows: "In all cases, where there is no opposing party, a copy of the bill shall be served on the commissioner; and all the expenses of the proceeding shall be paid by the applicant, whether the final decision is in his favor or not." The judge below, seemingly upon the ground that the allowance of expenses might lead to serious abuses, refused to pay the expenses of the attorney to California, and held that the word "expenses" in the statute practically meant "costs." We cannot concur in this conclusion. The evident intention of Congress in the use of the word "expenses" was to include more than that which is ordinarily included in the word "costs." The applicant fixed the time and place of the taking of the depositions, the government was clearly entitled to be represented by some one familiar with patent office procedure, and the allowance should have been made by the learned judge below. The courts may be relied upon to prevent any abuse of this interpretation of the statute, which is, to our minds, clearly what Congress intended when it used the word "expenses." Having in mind that tender consideration which should be given always to inventive genius, we are nevertheless forced to the conclusion that the action of the trial judge was erroneous. The decree of the court below is reversed, and the case remanded with instruction to enter a decree dismissing the bill for want of equity. Reversed and remanded.
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As you might already read in the NetBeans weekly newsletter, I also updated the Code outline plugin this week. This plugin shows the document content in miniature at the right gutter of the editor. Some of you know that feature from “Sublime Text” editor. This implementation is a bit simpler. A highly requested feature was the support of dark themes. And now it’s supported. The basic text color and the background color of the editor is used. You can also check the “Darkening” option, which lowers the brightness of the code outside of the viewport. Try it! Other improvements: You can define the font-size, but I propose to use single-digit font-sizes. The display quality has also been improved by applying anti-aliasing. The plugin is already available from the plugin dialog within your NetBeans IDE 8+. Or it can by downloaded manually from the plugin page at [1] and github [2]. Please file issues/enhancement at [2]. I also like to merge your pull-requests for further improvements! Happy coding with NetBeans!
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[Tomographic study of the intra-abdominal digestive tract. Contributions of percutaneous echography and scanner in daily practice]. Endoscopy and radiological imaging are complementary. However the gastro-intestinal tract is routinely being imaged in CT and ultrasound, often performed for other indications. When an abnormality is discovered, several questions have to be addressed. Is the lesion due to a bowel abnormality? When bowel wall thickening is present, is it due to poor opacification or is it due to inflammation or tumor? Circumferential symmetrical thickening is more in favor of an inflammatory lesion, while focal asymmetrical thickening is more in favor of a neoplastic lesion. Inflammatory and lymphomatous lesion can have similar appearances. Guidelines to aid in diagnostic interpretation of gastrointestinal lesions are discussed, including features of appendicitis and obstruction.
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Simulated aged performance on the embedded figures test. According to Labouvie-Vief (1985) the predominant explanatory mechanism for performance decline among the elderly incorporates a regression-oriented view of cognitive development: The present study tested the hypothesis that age-related performance decline may be explained by the quantitative changes in lower-level visual functions, such as those due to preretinal aging, which preclude the expression of intact cognitive (qualitative) processes. Thirty undergraduate female volunteers (18 to 25 years) viewed the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) under three conditions: no-filter viewing, .6 neutral-density filter viewing, and simulated-aged (yellow-filter plus .5 neutral-density filter) viewing. A one-way ANOVA revealed significant viewing condition effects for the number of items solved, the number of errors, and time-to-solution. Significant linear trends were found for levels of luminous transmittance. Results supported the hypothesis that preretinal aging appears to degrade EFT performance.
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Mr and Mrs Fotu were employed by another cleaning company at Taylors College in Auckland when Crest was awarded that contract in March this year. Under Part 6A, the Fotus were entitled to transfer their employment to Crest and carry on as usual. But Crest refused to take the couple on as employees, on grounds that the previous employer had not provided certain details about the Fotus. Taking the case to the Authority, the Fotus heard there was only one condition of transfer required, that the couple clearly state their wish to work for Crest. The Fotus had done this on March 5, the Authority said. "I find that in the circumstances of this case there was nothing to make the transfer unworkable or prevent Crest from employing the Fotus." The Authority said the married couple gave evidence of the humiliation, loss of dignity and injury to feelings they suffered from losing their jobs. "Half their family income was lost, causing them to be stretched financially, and they also felt embarrassment through having to borrow money from family members to pay for financial commitments which had been undertaken on the basis of their ongoing employment." The Fotus were "entirely blameless" for the situation, the Authority said. Crest managing director Grant McLauchlan held the firm belief that part 6A of the ERA was a roadblock to business confidence and growth. He launched a site last week called "vulnerable minister", targeting Minister of Labour Kate Wilkinson. The website came after three years of lobbying the Government to change part 6A of the ERA. McLauchlan said the legislation was ambiguous and needed clarity and that his company were finding out the day before it took over a new contract. A spokeswoman for Wilkinson told the Herald the minister was considering the review of part 6A as part of a raft of improvements to the ERA. "These are now going through the Cabinet process and will be announced once Cabinet has made final decisions." Part 6A of the ERA 2000 was created to provide protection to certain employees if, "as a result of a proposed restructuring, their work is to be performed by another person". The Act covered industries such as cleaning, and food and laundry services, which were subject to frequent contract changes which leave employees vulnerable to restructuring or redundancy.
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