Datasets:

tomekkorbak

/

pii-pile-chunk3-900000-950000

like 0

[ "The 18-year-old son of human rights lawyer Wang Yu (pictured) has again been stopped from leaving China. ", "Photo: Reuters" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.009523809523809525, 0.07142857142857142 ]

[ "Pasadena Transit\n\nPasadena Transit, formerly known as Pasadena Area Rapid Transit System (ARTS), is a city-operated local bus service in Pasadena, California, United States. ", "It was formed in 1994 coinciding with the kickoff of the World Cup at the Rose Bowl as a free service of the City of Pasadena. ", "In 2003, fares were introduced. ", "In December 2015, the agency changed its name to Pasadena Transit.", "\n\nFixed-route service \nPasadena Transit consists of 8 routes in the City of Pasadena. ", "All routes connect with the Metro Gold Line. ", "Effective July 1, 2018, service is operated seven days a week, with the exception of six major holidays, (New Year's Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day (July 4), Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day). ", " TAP cards are accepted when transferring to another Pasadena Transit bus or to another Metro Bus or the Gold Line as well as Foothill Transit (Line 187).", "\n\nRoute overview \n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|-\n!", "rowspan=2 style=\"width:5%;\"|Route\n!", "rowspan=2 style=\"width:8%;\"|Direction\n!", "colspan=2 style=\"width:34%;\"|Terminals\n!", "rowspan=2 style=\"width:16%;\"|via\n!", "rowspan=2 style=\"width:8%;\"|Days of Operation \n!", "rowspan=2 style=\"width:9%;\"|Schedule Information\n|-\n! ", "style=\"width:17%;\"|Westbound / Northbound\n! ", "style=\"width:17%;\"|Eastbound / Southbound\n|-\n|align=\"center\"|<div id=10>10\n|West / East\n|Old PasadenaGreen Street and Orange Grove Boulevard\n|Allen Station\n|Green Street, Del Mar Boulevard, Allen Street, Colorado Boulevard\n|Weekdays, Saturdays\n|Schedule\n|-\n|align=\"center\"|<div id=20>20\n|Clockwise / Counter-clockwise\n|colspan=2|Altadena Fair Oaks Avenue and Woodbury Road\n|Woodbury Road, Lake Avenue, California Boulevard, Fair Oaks Avenue\n|Weekdays, Saturdays\n|Schedule\n|-\n|align=\"center\"|<div id=31><div id=32>31\n|rowspan=2|West / East\n|rowspan=2|AltadenaFair Oaks Avenue and Woodbury Road\n|rowspan=2|Sierra Madre Villa Station\n|Washington Boulevard, Altadena Drive\n|rowspan=2|Weekdays, Saturdays\n|rowspan=2|Schedule\n|-\n|align=\"center\"| 32\n|Washington Boulevard, New York Avenue\n|-\n|align=\"center\"|<div id=40>40\n|West / East\n|Old PasadenaRaymond Street and Holly Street\n|Sierra Madre Villa Station\n|Villa Street, Orange Grove Boulevard, Rosemead Boulevard\n|Weekdays, Saturdays\n|Schedule\n|-\n|rowspan=2 align=\"center\"|<div id=51>51\n|rowspan=2|North / South\n|Art Center College of DesignNorth Campus\n|Fillmore Station\n|Fair Oaks Avenue, Raymond Avenue, Seco Street, Linda Vista Street\n|Weekdays\n|rowspan=2|Schedule\n|-\n|Rose Bowl\n|Memorial Park Station |Fair Oaks Avenue, Raymond Avenue, Seco Street\n|Saturdays\n|-\n|align=\"center\"|<div id=52>52|North \n|Art Center College of Design / JPL \n|\n|Fair Oaks Avenue, Raymond Avenue, Seco Street, Oak Grove Drive\n|Weekdays peak periods \n|Schedule\n|-\n|align=\"center\"|<div id=60>60|West / East\n|Pasadena City College|Hastings RanchSierra Madre Boulevard and Michillinda Avenue\n|Del Mar Boulevard, San Gabriel Boulevard, Foothill Boulevard\n|Weekdays peak periods\n|Schedule\n|}\n\n Notes \n\nFuture Development\nThe Pasadena-Altadena Regional Trolley System''' is a recently proposed heritage streetcar system that would connect Altadena, Downtown, and Pasadena City College. ", "No dates for this proposal have been set.", "\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\nGold Line (Los Angeles Metro)\n\nCategory:Transportation in Pasadena, California\nCategory:Bus transportation in California\nCategory:Public transportation in Los Angeles County, California\nCategory:Altadena, California\nCategory:San Gabriel Valley" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0.011627906976744186, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0.015207131620346093, 0, 0 ]

[ "Color generation and refractive index sensing using diffraction from 2D silicon nanowire arrays.", "\nTunable structural color generation from vertical silicon nanowires arranged in different square lattices is demonstrated. ", "The generated colors are adjustable using well-defined Bragg diffraction theory, and only depend on the lattice spacing and angles of incidence. ", "Vivid colors spanning from bright red to blue are easily achieved. ", "In keeping with this, a single square lattice of silicon nanowires is also able to produce different colors spanning the entire visible range. ", "It is also shown that the 2D gratings also have a third grating direction when rotated 45 degrees. ", "These simple and elegant solutions to color generation from silicon are used to demonstrate a cost-effective refractive index sensor. ", "The sensor works by measuring color changes resulting from changes in the refractive index of the medium surrounding the nanowires using a trichromatic RGB decomposition. ", "Moreover, the sensor produces linear responses in the trichromatic decomposition values versus the surrounding medium index. ", "An index resolution of 10(-4) is achieved by performing basic image processing on the collected images, without the need for a laser or a spectrometer. ", "Spectral analysis enables an increase in the index resolution of the sensor to a value of 10(-6) , with a sensitivity of 400 nm/RIU." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Pluralism has found a home among the people of God. ", "While pluralism — the acceptance of nonbiblical ideas and practices as compatible with biblical faith and life — is not a new phenomenon, its persistence in church history and the pervasiveness of …Read More\n\n“Doubt” is to a Christian apologist what “choke” is to a professional athlete and “block” to a best-selling novelist. ", "You expect Michael Jordan to score with seconds on the clock and Tom Clancy to write as deadlines approach. ", "And C …Read More\n\nThe roots of Christian doctrine extend back to God’s revelation in the Old and New Testaments. ", "In the early centuries of the church, apologists defended Christian beliefs. ", "Ecumenical councils affirmed the Trinity and theologians fleshed out these beliefs.", "\nTrue …Read More\n\nEver since the New Testament epistles were written, Christians have received advice on how to live the Christian life. ", "How much should we pray? ", "What progress can we expect to make in achieving biblical holiness in this life? ", "Is perfection …Read More\n\nThe founders of the first Presbyterian seminary in America wanted it to be synonymous with Reformed theology. ", "They intended Princeton Seminary to produce pastors and scholars sound in doctrine, fervent in piety, and committed to defending traditional Calvinism.", "\nBenjamin B …Read More\n\nThe Princeton Theology was an attempt to maintain Reformed theology and experience in America during the nineteenth and the opening decades of the twentieth centuries. ", "The men at Princeton staunchly defended the objective elements in the Christian faith against the …Read More" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0.005208333333333333, 0 ]

[ "So they either a) just typed “Best football stadium ever” into Google Image Search and went with the first thing they saw, or b) watched Auburn-Georgia and thought that using the stadium where the guy won the game with nothing short of spidey-sense would thematically consistent or something.", "\n\nEither way, yes indeed, that’s Jordan-Hare Stadium housing that giant marching spider in the first of the Twitter teaser things the Amazing Spider-Man 2 folks are doing leading up to the big trailer that will debut during the Super Bowl.", "\n\nKinda neato.", "\n\nh/t Ragan Cole\n\nRelated: Auburn fans at ’73 Georgia game unwitting extras in 70s exploitation flick?", "\n\n…\n\nKeep Reading:\n\n* Auburn student Caleb Hyles’ insane cover of ‘Let It Go’ from Disney’s ‘Frozen’ goes viral\n\n* Foy Information Desk swamped with calls for days as phone number goes viral\n\n* Alabama Shakes Brittany Howard: ‘I’m an Auburn fan.’", "\n\n* The sexy Auburn grad student in ‘House’\n\n* Wall Street Journal says Auburn football worth millions more than Alabama football\n\n* Auburn professor 4th hottest in the country\n\n* Auburn students vandalize Jacks restaurant ’cause it looked too Bama\n\n\n\nLike us on Facebook. ", "Follow us on Twitter. ", "Want to advertise? ", "Spare a dollar?" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.003424657534246575, 0.0041841004184100415, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.014652014652014652, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Application of thrombelastography/thromboelastometry to veterinary medicine.", "\nThrombelastograph analyzers are point-of-care hemostatic analyzers that provide global assessment of the hemostatic process. ", "Thrombelastography (TEG) detects and provides a continuous recording of the changes in the viscoelastic properties of whole blood from initial clot formation through fibinolysis. ", "TEG has been validated for use in dogs, horses, and cats. ", "Hemostasis research using TEG has focused on test validation, alterations of TEG tracings in animals with naturally occurring diseases, and the use of TEG for monitoring various therapeutic modalities. ", "This article reviews TEG methodology and terminology, including potential sources of preanalytical and analytical errors, the correlation between TEG and other routine hemostatic assays, and current clinical applications of TEG, with emphasis on veterinary medical practice. ", "Data suggest that TEG may be a sensitive and useful adjunctive tool for evaluating an animal with an underlying coagulopathy, including hypercoagulability and hypocoagulability. ", "Additional prospective studies are needed to (1) correlate TEG tracing patterns with a clinical predisposition for bleeding or thrombosis in various disease states and (2) determine whether monitoring and treating hemostatic disorders based on TEG tracings improve clinical outcome." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0.00558659217877095, 0.017241379310344827, 0.01485148514851485, 0.01090909090909091, 0.0056179775280898875, 0.0070921985815602835 ]

[ "The Impact of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes on Chronic Liver Disease.", "\nThe growing global epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has led to the increasing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. ", "In addition, the presence of obesity and T2DM has been shown to increase the likelihood of adverse outcomes in patients with chronic liver disease. ", "In a study by Harris et al., ", "a combination of obesity and T2DM was associated with an increased risk for higher liver stiffness, as measured by transient elastography. ", "It is possible that public health and clinical intervention targeting these components of metabolic syndrome can lead to improved outcomes of subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and other chronic liver diseases." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0.006756756756756757, 0.034482758620689655, 0.007194244604316547, 0 ]

[ "[Value of the assay of pleural carcinoembryonic antigen for the diagnosis of neoplastic pleurisy. ", "Correlation with plasma levels and anatomopathological results].", "\nThe authors specify the contribution of pleural carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay in the diagnosis of malignant pleuritis by comparing it to plasma concentrations and pathologic findings. ", "45 patients with pleuritis were studied. ", "Etiology was malignant in 15 and non-malignant in 27. ", "Analysis of results shows that a pleural CEA concentration above 5 ng/ml is very suggestive of malignancy. ", "Determination of the pleural CEA/plasmatic CEA ratio provides no additional information compared to pleural CEA assay alone." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0.005208333333333333, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0.024193548387096774 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to rearrange UITableView with custom cells?", "\n\nI have a table view with custom cells. ", "The cells are filled with my data.", "\nNow I want to enable the user to rearrange the rows. ", "I have implemented the methods, but while dragging to reorder the cell, I can see it shows like it is trying to do but cannot move anywhere. ", "It moves like 10 pixel as if it will do the rearrange but goes back to its position. ", "How to reorder the rows with custom cell?", "\n- (void)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView commitEditingStyle:(UITableViewCellEditingStyle)editingStyle forRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath \n{\n if (editingStyle == UITableViewCellEditingStyleDelete) \n {\n [self.dataSource removeObjectAtIndex:indexPath.row];\n [tableView reloadData];\n }\n}\n\n-(UITableViewCellEditingStyle)tableView:(UITableView*)tableView editingStyleForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath*)indexPath \n{\n if (self.mytableView.editing) \n {\n return UITableViewCellEditingStyleDelete;\n }\n return UITableViewCellEditingStyleNone;\n}\n\n-(BOOL)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView canEditRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath \n{\n return YES;\n}\n\n-(BOOL)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView canMoveRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath \n{\n return YES; \n}\n\n-(void)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView moveRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)sourceIndexPath toIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)destinationIndexPath \n{\n id stringToMove = [self.dataSource objectAtIndex:sourceIndexPath.row];\n\n [self.dataSource removeObjectAtIndex:sourceIndexPath.row];\n\n [self.dataSource insertObject:stringToMove atIndex:destinationIndexPath.row];\n}\n\n-(NSIndexPath *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView targetIndexPathForMoveFromRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)sourceIndexPath toProposedIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)proposedDestinationIndexPath \n{\n if (proposedDestinationIndexPath.section !", "= sourceIndexPath.section) \n {\n return sourceIndexPath;\n }\n return proposedDestinationIndexPath;\n}\n\nA:\n\nI know this is old but I will still answer it. ", "The issue here is with your tableView: targetIndexPathForMoveFromRowAtIndexPath: toProposedIndexPath: method (your last method)\nYour logic is preventing any moving from happening. ", "Your if-statement:\nif (proposedDestinationIndexPath.section !", "= sourceIndexPath.section)\n\nis saying if the desired location (the location the user wants to bring the cell) is not my current location, then return my current location (so do not move the cell). ", "Otherwise, if my desired location (the new location I want to go) is my current location then return the desired location (which is actually my current location).", "\nI hope that makes sense, so basically you are saying that no matter what, make sure every cell always remains in its current location. ", "To fix this, either remove this method (this is not needed unless there are moves that are illegal) or switch your two return statements, so:\n-(NSIndexPath *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView \ntargetIndexPathForMoveFromRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)sourceIndexPath \n toProposedIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)proposedDestinationIndexPath {\n\n if (proposedDestinationIndexPath.section !", "= sourceIndexPath.section) {\n return proposedDestinationIndexPath;\n }\n return sourceIndexPath;\n}\n\nIn fact, the only method required to allow re-arranging is: tableView: moveRowAtIndexPath: toIndexPath:. ", "So again, unless you want specific behavior out of the other methods you can save some code and just remove most of them (especially since in this situation you are mainly just implementing the defaults).", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "While staying in Jetavana the Buddha told this story about the bhikkhu Upananda the Sakyan. ", "Upananda had forsaken the virtues of contentment and had become extremely greedy.", "\n\nAt the beginning of the rains retreat he tried two or three monasteries, leaving an umbrella or a shoe at one and a water pot or a walking stick at another, but actually staying at yet another.", "\n\nAs he began the retreat in a rural monastery, he exhorted his fellow bhikkhus, as if he were making the moon rise in the sky, saying, \"Bhikkhus must live contentedly!\"", "\n\nHe praised contentment with bare necessities and expounded on the nobility of having few wants. ", "Swayed by his eloquence, the other bhikkhus threw away their fine robes and vessels and began wearing robes of rags and using rough clay pots.", "\n\nUpananda collected all the choice items and kept them in his own lodging. ", "When the rains retreat was over, he filled a cart and set out for Jetavana. ", "On the way he came to a forest monastery. ", "He stopped behind the monastery and wrapped his feet with creepers.", "\n\nSaying to himself, \"Surely there's something to be gotten here,\" he entered the monastery. ", "He found two old bhikkhus who had spent the retreat there and had received two coarse cloaks and one fine blanket. ", "The two were pleased to see Upananda.", "\n\n\"Sir,\" they said, \"we cannot divide these things. ", "We are having an argument about them and would be very grateful if you would divide them between us.\"", "\n\nUpananda quickly agreed. ", "He gave a coarse robe to each of them and took the blanket for himself. \"", "This falls to me for knowing the rules of discipline,\" he said, and went away.", "\n\nThose elders, who loved the blanket, went with him to Jetavana and explained the matter to the senior monks who knew the rules. \"", "Is it right,\" they asked, \"for those who know the rules to take so much away from us in this way?\"", "\n\nWhen the bhikkhus saw the pile of robes and bowls which Upananda had brought, they said, \"Sir, you must have great merit to have gained so much food and so many robes.\"", "\n\n\"Sirs,\" he protested, \"where is my merit?\" ", "Then he proceeded to tell them exactly how he had gained everything.", "\n\nIn the Hall of Truth the bhikkhus said to each other, \"Upananda the Sakyan is very covetous and greedy.\"", "\n\nWhen the Buddha heard about it, he said, \"Bhikkhus, Upananda's deeds are not suited for progress. ", "A bhikkhu should act suitably himself before he preaches to others about progress.", "\n\nAs for Upananda,\" he added, \"this is not the first time that he has been covetous. ", "In the past, too, he plundered others' property in the same way.\" ", "Then he told this story.", "\n\nLong, long ago, when Brahmadatta was reigning in Baranasi, there was a jackal named Mayavi who had taken a mate and lived near a riverbank. ", "One day his wife said to him, \"Husband, I suddenly feel a very strong craving for fresh redfish.\"", "\n\n\"All right, my dear,\" he said. \"", "Just wait, and I'll bring you some.\" ", "Then he went to the river, wrapped his feet in creepers, and crept along the bank.", "\n\nNot far from that place, two otters, named Gambhiracari and Anutiracari, were standing on the bank looking for fish. ", "At that moment, Gambhiracari saw a great redfish. ", "He jumped into the water and grabbed it by the tail.", "\n\nThe fish was strong and swam away, dragging the otter with him. ", "Gambhiracari called to his friend, \"Quick! ", "Come and help me, Anutiracari! ", "This enormous fish will be enough for both of us.\"", "\n\nRushing to help him, Anutiracari shouted, \"How lucky you are, Gambhiracari! ", "And strong, too! ", "Hold the fish as tight as you can, and like a garuda[3] lifting a snake, I'll snatch him from the water.\"", "\n\nThen the two together hauled and pushed the redfish onto the riverbank, laid him down, and killed him.", "\n\n\"You have caught a great fish,\" Anutiracari said. \"", "Please divide it.\"", "\n\n\"No,\" protested Gambhiracari. \"", "I could not have caught it without your help. ", "You must divide it.\"", "\n\nIn this way the two of them quarreled, both refusing to divide the fish. ", "At last they sat down with the fish lying in front of them. ", "As soon as they had sat down, the jackal emerged from his hiding place and approached them.", "\n\nThe otters saluted him and said, \"Welcome, friend! ", "Please help us. ", "Together we have caught this redfish, but we cannot decide how to divide it between us. ", "Please cut it fairly and give us each an equal part.\"", "\n\n\"Certainly,\" the jackal answered. \"", "I have settled many cases such as this, and I have always acted fairly, maintaining peace and friendship between the parties.\"", "\n\nThen, as cleanly as if he had a butcher's knife, he bit the fish into three pieces. \"", "Anutiracari, take the tail,\" he said. \"", "And you, Gambhiracari, keep the head! ", "Eat your shares without quarreling. ", "The middle part will be my payment for settling your dispute.\" ", "In a flash he grabbed the plump middle portion of the fish and ran off.", "\n\nThe two otters sat stunned as though they had lost a purse of a thousand pieces of silver.", "\n\n\"What fools we are!\" ", "they cried. \"", "If we had not argued over this fish, it would have been enough for a delicious feast for us both. ", "But now the jackal has taken the fish and left us with no more than the bony head and tail!\"", "\n\nThe jackal was very proud of himself as he carried the redfish to his wife. ", "When she saw him coming, she saluted him, and cried, \"My lord, how happy I am to see you with such a prize! ", "You are like a king who has just conquered a neighboring kingdom. ", "How did you manage to catch this fish? ", "You can't swim.\"", "\n\nMayavi placed the fish before his wife and explained: \"Strife causes weakness and decay. ", "Because of strife, the otters lost their prize, and I, Mayavi, brought it home to you.\"", "\n\nA tree-spirit dwelling nearby who had observed all this added, \"So it is among men as well. ", "When strife arises and men seek an arbiter, the arbiter gains the upper hand. ", "They lose their wealth, but the king grows richer still.\"", "\n\nAfter the lesson, the Buddha explained: \"At that time the jackal was Upananda, the otters were the two old monks, and I myself was the tree-spirit who witnessed the scene.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.021739130434782608, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0.02, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01680672268907563, 0.02, 0, 0, 0.046511627906976744, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218 ]

[ "1.. Introduction {#S0001}\n================\n\nThe death of a child is a devastating event and is considered to be the most severe kind of loss (Kersting, Brahler, Glaesmer, & Wagner, [2011](#CIT0016); Newson, Boelen, Hek, Hofman, & Tiemeier, [2011](#CIT0032)). ", "Previous research has found that bereaved parents may experience mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, insomnia, prolonged grief disorder (PGD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicidal behaviours (Harper, O'Connor, & O'Carroll, [2014](#CIT0014); Lannen, Wolfe, Prigerson, Onelov, & Kreicbergs, [2008](#CIT0018); Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg, & Hong, [2008](#CIT0038)). ", "The loss of a child is also associated with worse physical health problems in the long term (Lannen et al., [", "2008](#CIT0018)). ", "In China, many families have only one child. ", "If parents lose their only child in adulthood this may further impact the feeling of loss as bearing another child is not possible. ", "Previous research has demonstrated that Chinese parents who lost their only child present with significant symptoms of anxiety, depression and PTSD as well as significant impairments in physical and social areas compared to non-bereaved counterparts (Cao, Yang, & Wang, [2018](#CIT0006); Yin et al., [", "2018](#CIT0056); Zheng, Lawson, & Anderson Head, [2017](#CIT0058)).", "\n\nLosing a loved one may affect people differently, and post-loss outcomes vary. ", "Different patterns of post-loss outcomes can be identified by using person-centred statistical techniques. ", "Previous research has used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify groups of individuals based on the symptoms or symptom clusters of PGD, PTSD and/or depression, e.g. a resilient class, a predominately PGD or PTSD class and a combined PGD/PTSD or PGD/depression or PGD/PTSD/depression class (Boelen, Reijntjes, Aaam, & Smid, [2016](#CIT0003); Boelen, Spuij, & Reijntjes, [2017](#CIT0004); Djelantik, Smid, Kleber, & Boelen, [2017](#CIT0011); Lenferink, De Keijser, Smid, Djelantik, & Boelen, [2017](#CIT0020); Maccallum & Bryant, [2018](#CIT0025); Nickerson et al., [", "2014](#CIT0033)). ", "To our knowledge, only one research project has examined the latent groups among bereaved parents and reported that bereaved parents can be categorised into three different subgroups (i.e. a high growth group, a moderate growth group and a low growth group) based on positive psychological outcomes (i.e. post-traumatic growth). ", "Additionally, very limited research examined whether subgroups can be distinguished in terms of both negative and positive psychological outcomes among bereaved people (Zhou, Yu, Tang, Wang, & Killikelly, [2018](#CIT0059)). ", "Moreover, subjective physical health, which is often thought to reflect psychological adaption, has rarely been examined among bereaved people (Spahni, Morselli, Perrig-Chiello, & Bennett, [2015](#CIT0042)). ", "The identification of heterogenous subgroups on the basis of physical, negative and positive psychological health outcomes are of scientific and clinical relevance. ", "It could deepen our understanding about the heterogeneity of negative and positive post-loss outcomes among bereaved people, and identify target groups with different physical and psychological reactions. ", "This could help develop tailored professional interventions for each group.", "\n\nFurthermore, after identifying different subgroups of bereaved parents, the next task was to identify the possible predictive factors of each subgroup. ", "This may indicate key directions for policy development and the provision of psychosocial interventions for this population. ", "After the death of a child, support from a partner seems to play an important role in the recovery. ", "Researchers proposed that subjective spousal support could provide a protective role and reduce psychological distress when encountering a traumatic event (Cox, Buhr, Owen, & Davidson, [2016](#CIT0009); Stapleton et al., [", "2012](#CIT0043)). ", "Some research also found that satisfaction with the marital relationship could encourage the healing process for bereaved parents (Lang, Gottlieb, & Amsel, [1996](#CIT0017); Wijngaards-De Meij et al., [", "2007](#CIT0051)). ", "In addition, community institutions, self-help groups and non-profit organizations provide a space for bereaved parents to share their loss experience and look for comfort, and thus help the bereaved parents recover (Cacciatore, [2010](#CIT0005); Pan, Liu, Li, & Kwok, [2016](#CIT0036)). ", "Online self-help groups provide a space for bereaved people to share their emotions with people who have also lost their loved ones, and to acquire some knowledge on how to cope with grief (Chapple & Ziebland, [2011](#CIT0007); Liu, [2014](#CIT0022); Swartwood, Veach, Kuhne, Lee, & Ji, [2011](#CIT0044)). ", "In China, offline support groups organize activities for bereaved parents and provide support when needed (Fang, [2013](#CIT0012)), and community institutions provide material and emotional support to this population, such as organizing get-togethers on holidays, visiting bereaved parents or providing practical help when needed. ", "These different institutions or groups provide various kinds of support for this population, while it remains unknown whether there are differences among the effect of support provided by the different types of institutions or groups. ", "As a preliminary exploration, the present study examined the associations between recruitment channels (community institutions, online self-help groups and offline non-profit organizations) and each subgroup of bereaved parents.", "\n\nOverall, the present study aimed to (a) identify different subgroups of Chinese bereaved parents who lost their only child based on physical as well as negative and positive psychological outcomes (i.e. physical health, depression, PGD, PTSD and post-traumatic growth) and (b) investigate the discriminating variables among these subgroups in terms of quality of spousal relationship and recruitment channels.", "\n\n2.. Method {#S0002}\n==========\n\n2.1.. Participants and procedures {#S0002-S2001}\n---------------------------------\n\nThe data presented here is part of the project 'Constructing a Psychological Aiding System for Chinese Bereaved Parents Who Lost Their Only Child Based on a Popular-Based Survey' conducted in 2017. ", "The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Normal University. ", "Bereaved parents who lost their only child when they were over 49 years old (according to Chinese government's official definition) were recruited via community institutions (e.g. some neighbourhood committees) (*N* = 207), offline support groups (e.g. non-profit organizations) (*N* = 160) and online self-help groups (*N* = 169). ", "Inclusion criteria included that the bereaved parents had only one biological child and had no living child at present. ", "Individuals with serious mental disorders or physical illness or who failed to complete the questionnaires were excluded. ", "Data was collected between April 2017 and January 2018. ", "Trained research assistants conducted the survey via interview online or in person and provided necessary support when asking about sensitive items. ", "Written informed consent was obtained prior to data collection. ", "Total sample size was 536. ", "Descriptive data of the total sample is presented in [Table 1](#T0001).10.1080/20008198.2018.1544026-T0001Table 1.Socio-demographic, loss-related characteristics, quality of spousal relationship and recruitment channels.", " Total sample (*N* = 536)Socio-demographic information  Age of parents; mean (SD)60.46 (6.89) Gender; female336 (62.7%)Place of residence   Village156 (29.1%)  Town55 (10.3%)  City274 (51.1%)Marriage status   Divorced or separated77 (14.4%)  Widowed75 (14.0%)  Marriage or remarriage376 (70.1%)Educational background   Primary school144 (26.8%)  Middle or high school336 (62.7%)  Above college36 (6.7%) Monthly income; mean (SD)1845.67 (1297.24) Religious faith51 (9.5%)Loss-related variables  Age of the child; mean (SD)25.21 (7.92) Gender; female159 (29.7%) Cause of death; accident392 (73.1%) Time since loss; mean (SD)9.50 (7.12) Having a grandchild148 (27.6%) Quality of spousal relationship; mean (SD)3.25 (0.88)Recruiting channels  Community institutions207 Offline support groups160 Online self-help groups169[^1]\n\n2.2.. Measures {#S0002-S2002}\n--------------\n\n### 2.2.1.. Indicators {#S0002-S2002-S3001}\n\nPhysical health was assessed by the six items of physical component summary of the short form 12 (SF-12 PCS; Ware, Kosinski, & Keller, [1996](#CIT0048)). ", "The score of each item was transferred into standardized value according to the standard scoring system (Ware, Keller, & Kosinski, [1995](#CIT0049)). ", "Total scores of the six items was calculated by summing the standardized values of the six items and then adding 56.57706, with higher values representing better physical health. ", "In order to be consistent with the other three negative psychological indicators (i.e. higher values representing worse mental or physical health), the average scores of the standardized values of the six items were calculated and converted into positive values, with higher values representing worse physical health. ", "The SF-12 had good validity and reliability among Chinese elders (Xiao & Kuang, [2014](#CIT0053)). ", "Cronbach's α of the six items was 0.893 in the current study.", "\n\nDepression symptoms were assessed by the 13-item depression subscale of the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90; Derogatis, Lipman, & Covi, [1977](#CIT0010)). ", "SCL-90 is a five-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely). ", "Previous research indicated that this subscale was acceptable for screening depression (Aben, Verhey, Lousberg, Lodder, & Honig, [2002](#CIT0001)). ", "Average values of the 13 items were calculated. ", "SCL-90 was shown to have good reliability and validity among Chinese older people, and people with scores above 39 are considered to have severe depression (Chen & Li, [2003](#CIT0008)). ", "Cronbach's α of the depression subscale in the current study was 0.897.", "\n\nProlonged grief symptoms were measured by the 11 items representing criteria for PGD (Prigerson et al., [", "2009](#CIT0037)). ", "One item assesses separation distress, nine items are related to cognitive, emotional and behavioural reactions (e.g. difficulties accepting the loss, avoidance, and anger), and one item measures the functional impairment. ", "A 5-point scoring system is used (1 = never, 5 = always). ", "Average values of the 10 items excluding the functional impairment item were calculated. ", "The diagnostic criteria for PGD include: (1) the 'longing' item should be rated above 3; (2) at least five of the nine cognitive emotional behavioural items should be rated above 3; (3) grief symptoms should last for over six months; (4) significant functional impairments in social, occupational or other important areas are reported (Prigerson et al., [", "2009](#CIT0037)). ", "The prolonged grief disorder scale was proved to have good validity and reliability among bereaved Chinese (Yi, Gao, Wu, Tang, & Li, [2016](#CIT0055)). ", "Cronbach's α of the 10 items in the current study was 0.896.", "\n\nPost-traumatic stress symptoms were assessed by the 17-item post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-civilian version (PCL-C), and a 5-point scoring system was employed ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely) (Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, [1994](#CIT0050)). ", "Average values of the 17 items were calculated. ", "The scale was shown to have good reliability and validity among Chinese (Wu, Chan, & Yiu, [2008](#CIT0052); Yang, Yang, Liu, & Yang, [2007](#CIT0054)). ", "The cut-off of 50 provides good diagnostic sensitivity and specificity (Liu et al., [", "2010](#CIT0023)). ", "Cronbach's α of the scale in the current study was 0.934.", "\n\nPost-traumatic growth was assessed by the 21-item self-report post-traumatic growth inventory (PTGI). ", "This scale is designed to measure positive psychological change after trauma (Tedeschi & Calhoun, [1996](#CIT0046)). ", "Items were rated on a 6-point scale ranging from 0 ('not at all') to 5 ('very strongly'). ", "Previous Chinese researchers deleted item 18 ('I have a stronger religious faith'), as it is not applicable in Chinese sample (Wang, Chen, Wang, & Liu, [2011](#CIT0047); Zhang et al., [", "2016](#CIT0057)). ", "Average scores of the remaining 20 items were calculated. ", "Cronbach's α of the 20 items in the present data was 0.914.", "\n\n### 2.2.2.. Predictors {#S0002-S2002-S3002}\n\nQuality of spousal relationship (1 = very poor, 2 = poor, 3 = good, 4 = very good) and recruitment channels (0 = offline support groups, 1 = community institutions, 2 = online self-help groups) were included as predictors in the analyses. ", "The socio-demographic characteristics (i.e. age, gender, place of residence, marital status, educational background, family monthly income per capita \\[in RMB\\] and religious faith), and loss-related variables (i.e. age of the deceased, gender of the deceased, cause of death \\[0 = chronic disease, 1 = accident including traffic accident, natural disaster, sudden disease, murder, suicide and others\\], time since loss \\[in years\\] and grandchild) were included as control variables.", "\n\n2.3.. Analysis {#S0002-S2003}\n--------------\n\nA series of Latent Profile analyses (LPAs) were conducted to examine the patterns amongst physical and psychological outcomes by using Mplus version 7.11 (Muthén & Muthén, [2013](#CIT0030)). ", "In order to identify the optimal number of profiles, a series of indices were used, including Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), Sample-Size Adjusted Bayesian Information Criterion (SS-BIC) and Vuong-Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio test (LMR-LRT). ", "Lower values on the AIC, BIC and SS-BIC reflect a better-fitting model. ", "Higher entropy values reflect a clearer delineation between profiles. ", "The LMR-LRT was used to compare two successive profile models, and a significant LMR-LRT indicates the k-profile solution was the more parsimonious solution compared to the k-1-profile solution (Nylund, Asparouhov, & Muthén, [2007](#CIT0034)).", "\n\nThe second step aimed to examine whether total scores of the five indicators and prevalence of depression, PTSD and PGD differed significantly between the subgroups. ", "The auxiliary facility of the Mplus was used by adding each variable separately into the model as distal outcomes (Lanza, Tan, & Bray, [2013](#CIT0019)). ", "This method estimates simultaneously the profiles as a latent variable and the differences of distal variables between the estimated profiles. ", "Differences of each distal variable among the latent profiles are tested using an over Wald test and pairwise comparisons.", "\n\nIn order to identify the predictive effects of quality of spousal relationship and recruitment channels in best distinguishing different profiles, a three-step approach (multinomial regression analysis) was conducted by using group membership as the dependent variable (Asparouhov & Muthén, [2014](#CIT0002)). ", "Quality of spousal relationship and recruitment channels were included as covariates while forming subgroups, at the same time controlling socio-demographic and loss-related variables.", "\n\n3.. Results {#S0003}\n===========\n\n3.1.. Latent profile analysis {#S0003-S2001}\n-----------------------------\n\nSix models with 1--6 profiles were estimated. ", "The goodness-of-fit indexes are presented in [Table 2](#T0002). ", "Models with two to six profiles promoted a distinct decrease of the AIC, BIC and SS-BIC, with the lowest value for the six-profile model, implying six or more latent profiles. ", "The LMR-LRT was significant for the three-profile model, which meant that the three-profile model was better than the two-profile model. ", "The non-significant LMR-LRT value of the four-profile model indicated that the four-profile model did not have a better fit compared to the three-profile model. ", "Therefore, we chose the three-profile model.10.1080/20008198.2018.1544026-T0002Table 2.Goodness-of-fit statistics for 1 to 6 class solutions.", "No. ", "of groupsLoglikelihoodFree parameterAICBICSS-BICEntropyLMR-LRT*p*1−3801.30107622.607665.447633.70   2−3301.89166635.786704.326653.530.94998.820.0013−3046.04226136.086230.336160.490.95511.700.0014−3005.21286066.416186.376097.480.8881.670.345−2932.08345932.176077.835969.900.91146.240.0016−2904.83405889.676061.035934.060.9154.500.16[^2]\n\nAs shown in [Figure 1](#F0001), the three-profile model presents a severity-based gradient of physical and psychological health. ", "A small subgroup (28.5%) named as the 'resilient' subgroup was characterized by low levels of physical impairment and negative and positive psychological outcomes (i.e. depression, PGD, PTSD, post-traumatic growth). ", "The next subgroup (63.1%) was described as the 'coping' subgroup, which presented moderate levels of physical impairment, negative psychological outcomes as well as the highest levels of post-traumatic growth. ", "The third subgroup (8.4%) which was termed as the 'dysfunctional' group was characterized by high levels of physical impairment and negative psychological outcomes as well as lower levels of post-traumatic growth, accounting for the remaining 8.8% of the sample.10.1080/20008198.2018.1544026-F0001Figure 1.Uncentered means of the three latent profile model of Chinese bereaved parents who lost their only child.", "PGD = Prolonged Grief Disorder; PTSD = Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; PTG = Post-Traumatic Growth.", "\n\n3.2.. Differences in levels of each indicator and diagnostic information of depression, PGD and PTSD between the subgroups {#S0003-S2002}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n[Table 3](#T0003) presents average total scores of each indicator and diagnostic information of depression, PGD and PTSD of each subgroup and the overall sample. ", "Levels of physical functional impairments, depression, PGD and PTSD were highest for the 'dysfunctional' subgroup and lowest for the 'resilient' subgroup. ", "Levels of post-traumatic growth were significantly higher in the 'coping' subgroup than in the 'resilient' and 'dysfunctional' subgroups.10.1080/20008198.2018.1544026-T0003Table 3.Means, standard deviations and diagnostic information for each latent group per the three-profile solution.", " Total sample\\\n(*N* = 536)Resilient\\\n(*n* = 153)Coping\\\n(*n* = 338)Dysfunctional (*n* = 45)Wald's test approx. *", "χ^2^*Physical health      Mean score (SE)34.98 (0.54)42.85 (1.04)33.09 (0.61)22.83 (1.28)151.09\\*\\*\\*Depression      Mean score (SE)36.43 (0.44)24.66 (0.45)39.24 (0.32)54.83 (1.07)1044.07\\*\\*\\* Probable diagnosis (39 cut-off score)236 (44.0%)4 (2.6%)189 (55.9%)43 (95.6%)10273.16\\*\\*\\*PGD      Mean score (SE)31.17 (0.38)19.40 (0.32)34.73 (0.27)44.23 (0.80)1739.79\\*\\*\\* Probable diagnosis (algorithm)87 (16.2%)0 (0.0%)52 (15.4%)35 (77.8%)174.33\\*\\*\\*PTSD      Mean score (SE)46.20 (0.59)29.84 (0.57)49.91 (0.37)73.24 (1.27)1394.85\\*\\*\\* Probable diagnosis (50 cut-off score)200 (37.3%)3 (2.0%)152 (45.0%)45 (100.0%)3796.73\\*\\*\\*PTG      Mean score (SE)56.80 (0.71)44.85 (1.07)63.21 (0.76)50.15 (3.43)193.93\\*\\*\\* THREE DIAGNOSIS (depression, PTSD, PGD)67 (12.5%)0 (0.0%)33 (9.8%)34 (75.6%)254.26\\*\\*\\*[^3]10.1080/20008198.2018.1544026-T0004Table 4.Three-step approach predicting group membership and summary of the beta coefficients of the different predictor per group after controlling socio-demographic and loss-related variables.", " Coping vs. resilient Dysfunctional vs. resilient  *BSE (B)*95% CI*pBSE (B)*95% CI*p*Spousal relationship−0.630.22(−1.06, −0.20)0.005−1.040.29(−1.61, −0.47)\\< 0.001Recruiting channels         Community institutions2.550.37(1.82, 3.28)\\< 0.0014.830.97(2.92, 6.74)\\< 0.001 Online self-help groups3.480.42(2.65, 4.31)\\< 0.0013.301.12(1.10, 5.50)0.003[^4]\n\nIn terms of the diagnostic information of depression, PGD and PTSD, the 'dysfunctional' subgroup had the highest proportion of individuals who reached the diagnostic criteria of each disorder as well as the comorbid three disorders, while the 'resilient' subgroup had the lowest proportion.", "\n\n3.3.. Three-step approach {#S0003-S2003}\n-------------------------\n\nQuality of spousal relationship was significantly associated with group membership, with the 'dysfunctional' and 'coping' groups having less satisfaction with the spousal relationship than the 'resilient' group ([Table 4](#T0004)). ", "Recruitment from the community institutions and online self-help groups (vs. offline support groups) were associated with the membership of the 'dysfunctional' and 'coping' subgroups ([Table 4](#T0004)).", "\n\n4.. Discussion {#S0004}\n==============\n\nIn the current study, we employed LPA in a sample of Chinese bereaved parents who lost their only child and found distinct profiles of physical and psychological outcomes in terms of physical health, depression, PGD, PTSD and post-traumatic growth. ", "Three latent subgroups were identified, i.e. the 'resilient' subgroup was characterized by low levels of all physical and psychological outcomes (even post-traumatic growth), the 'coping' subgroup characterized by moderate levels of physical impairments, negative psychological outcomes and high levels of post-traumatic growth, and the 'dysfunctional' subgroup characterized by high levels of physical impairments, negative psychological outcomes and low levels of post-traumatic growth. ", "Quality of spousal relationship and recruitment channels predicted group membership.", "\n\nThe 'resilient' subgroup, which accounted for 29% of the sample, reported low levels of all physical and psychological outcomes including post-traumatic growth. ", "People in this subgroup seem to be able to manage their distress and return to their previous level of functioning (O'Leary & Ickovics, [1994](#CIT0035)). ", "Evidently, few individuals in this group reached the diagnostic criteria for depression, PTSD and PGD, 3%, 2% and 0%, respectively. ", "This finding is consistent with previous research that demonstrates that some bereaved parents could still maintain general physical and psychological health and exhibit resilience in their recovery even after undergoing an extremely traumatic event (Djelantik et al., [", "2017](#CIT0011); Lenferink et al., [", "2017](#CIT0020); Spahni et al., [", "2015](#CIT0042); Zhou et al., [", "2018](#CIT0059)).", "\n\nThe 'coping' subgroup, which comprised the majority of the sample (63%), reported moderate levels of physical functional impairments and negative psychological outcomes as well as high levels of post-traumatic growth. ", "People who reached the diagnostic criteria of depression, PTSD and PGD were 56%, 45% and 15%, respectively, which is higher than for those who have experienced other kinds of loss (e.g. disease loss, traumatic loss, violent loss, partner loss; He et al., [", "2014](#CIT0015); Lundorff, Holmgren, Zachariae, Farver-Vestergaard, & O'Connor, [2017](#CIT0024); Melham et al., [", "2001](#CIT0029); Nakajima, Masaya, Akemi, & Takako, [2012](#CIT0031); Schaal, Elbert, & Neuner, [2009](#CIT0039)). ", "This implies that the 'coping' subgroup of this sample may present with more severe psychological symptoms compared to bereaved people who experience other kinds of loss. ", "At the same time, levels of post-traumatic growth in the 'coping' subgroup were the highest among the three subgroups. ", "This result is also consistent with previous research which showed an inverted U-shaped curvilinear relationship between post-traumatic growth and PTSD or stress responses (Mccaslin et al., [", "2009](#CIT0028); Shakespeare-Finch & Lurie-Beck, [2014](#CIT0040); Taku, Tedeschi, & Cann, [2015](#CIT0045)), indicating that there might be an optimal level of emotional distress which can facilitate the development of post-traumatic growth. ", "Less emotional distress may be insufficient to stimulate growth, and excessive emotional distress may impede the development of growth. ", "Overall, people in this subgroup not only experience strong emotional distress but also try to reconstruct meaning, find new directions for their life and readapt to the future life without a child. ", "This reminds us that, when providing psychological interventions for people in this subgroup, their potential for growth should be considered and incorporated into the intervention.", "\n\nThe 'dysfunctional' subgroup, which constituted 9% of the sample, reported high levels of physical functional impairments and negative psychological outcomes as well as low levels of post-traumatic growth: 96% reached the diagnostic criteria for depression, all of them reached the diagnostic criteria for PTSD, 78% reached the diagnostic criterion for PGD and 76% reached the diagnostic criteria for all three disorders. ", "Additionally, people in this subgroup had lower levels of post-traumatic growth compared to the 'coping' subgroup, and it's possible that the intense emotional distress impedes their ability to reconstruct the meaning in their life and gain growth from the loss. ", "This is the group with the highest distress and lowest growth, and people in this group should be given special management. ", "Services such as medical assistance, daily life support and psychological aids should be provided to this group.", "\n\nOverall, the present study showed divergent findings from previous research by revealing a severity-based gradient for the three subgroups. ", "Previous research reported that subgroups of bereaved people were distinguished by the dominance of particular symptom profiles (e.g. predominantly PGD and comorbid symptom clusters such as PGD/PTSD or PGD/PTSD/depression; Djelantik et al., [", "2017](#CIT0011); Lenferink et al., [", "2017](#CIT0020)). ", "The inclusion of post-traumatic growth instead of only negative symptoms could contribute to the profile of classification. ", "However, results from repeated LPA analyses by only including three negative psychological symptoms in the same data also showed a severity-based gradient. ", "Other reasons may explain the divergence of the current findings, for example, differences in methodology and the nature of the sample. ", "Previous research which analysed the latent class of bereaved people based on the symptoms or symptom clusters of PGD, PTSD or depression in refugees, disaster-bereaved individuals and other general bereaved people (Boelen et al., [", "2016](#CIT0003); Djelantik et al., [", "2017](#CIT0011); Lenferink et al., [", "2017](#CIT0020); Maccallum & Bryant, [2018](#CIT0025); Nickerson et al., [", "2014](#CIT0033)), while the present study analysed all individuals average scores of each indicator among a sample of parents, average age of 60 years, bereaved by losing their only child. ", "Thus, the current study's method and sample is important to note when comparing study findings.", "\n\nQuality of the spousal relationship could predict group membership, as the 'resilient' group had the most satisfied spousal relationship and the 'dysfunctional' group had the least satisfied spousal relationship ratings. ", "This finding supports previous research that more marital satisfaction or marital closeness mitigated the negative effects of bereaved parents (Song, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg, & Hong, [2010](#CIT0041); Wijngaards-De Meij et al., [", "2007](#CIT0051)). ", "A satisfied spousal relationship may imply that the bereaved parents can share their emotions, be understood more easily and obtain the greatest support and strength (Fu et al., [", "2018](#CIT0013)). ", "Despite this, the mechanism of marital quality on coping with the loss and the intervention methods to improve marital quality for bereaved parents need to be explored further.", "\n\nRecruitment channels were related to group membership. ", "People who were recruited from the community institutions and online self-help groups tended to be classified into the 'dysfunctional' and 'coping' subgroups compared to those from the offline support groups. ", "This demonstrated that bereaved parents in the offline support groups had better physical and psychological health than those in the community institutions and online self-help groups. ", "Although all of the three kinds of groups provide support for bereaved parents in different forms, the effect varies. ", "There might be several possible reasons. ", "Previous research found that whether the bereaved participate in the group actively could have an influence on the results (Lieberman & Videka‐Sherman, [1986](#CIT0021); Maton, [1988](#CIT0027)). ", "For example, as we know from our practical work, although many bereaved parents join the online self-help groups, only few interact with others actively. ", "Besides, the nature of the service provided by different support groups may have an influence on the results, and it might be possible that non-profit organizations (i.e. offline-support groups) which are targeted at bereaved parents have more professional workers and can provide more professional service than online self-help groups and community institutions. ", "Future research need to assess the nature of the service provided by these support groups as well as how often bereaved parents take part in the activities in order to clarify the characteristics of bereaved people recruited from different support groups (Swartwood et al., [", "2011](#CIT0044)).", "\n\nA limitation of the present study is the cross-sectional data, as this provides no information about the stability of the identified patterns over time. ", "Future studies could validate the outcomes and determinants of physical and psychological consequences by using a longitudinal design. ", "Second, more risk and protective factors (e.g. coping strategies, intrapersonal resources, social support and cognitions about losing an only child) could be examined in order to provide suggestions for interventions. ", "Third, the diagnostic criteria for the depression, PTSD and PGD employed in the current study seem outdated. ", "New criteria, such as the new ICD-11 PGD symptom criterion, should be used in the future (Maciejewski, Maercker, Boelen, & Prigerson, [2016](#CIT0026)). ", "Finally, further research which explores the differences between only child loss and bereavement in multiple child families in China could provide additional information about the differences of physical and psychological outcomes between these types of loss.", "\n\nNotwithstanding these considerations, this study has important clinical implications. ", "The finding that there are distinctive subgroups among bereaved parents underscores the need to assess and manage post-loss reactions of bereaved parents differently. ", "For example, it may be helpful to develop a screening instrument which assesses some main post-loss reactions and helps identify the specific types of post-loss outcomes. ", "In addition, interventions tailored to the specific needs for people in different subgroups may be more effective than indiscriminate treatments. ", "Knowledge about the discriminating variables among these patterns is essential for prevention and intervention in psychosocial services. ", "For example, findings related to the predictive factors implies that more psychosocial support should be provided for bereaved parents in the community institutions and online self-help groups. ", "Findings from this study may also inform the understanding of and development of interventions for other bereaved groups or parents bereaved by losing their only child in other cultures. ", "For example, improving spousal relationship and joining offline support groups might be helpful for the physical and psychological health of bereaved people.", "\n\n5.. Conclusions {#S0005}\n===============\n\nThe current findings show that Chinese bereaved parents who lose their only child can be differentiated into a 'resilient' group, a 'coping' group and a 'dysfunctional' group. ", "Poor spousal relationship and being recruited from community institutions and online self-help groups were associated with the membership of the 'coping' or 'dysfunctional' subgroup compared to the 'resilient' subgroup. ", "Timely attention should be paid to the physical and psychological health of individuals in the 'coping' and 'dysfunctional' subgroups, and targeted social and clinical services should be provided based on characteristics of these two subgroups.", "\n\nAcknowledgments\n===============\n\nThis research was supported by the National Social Science Fund of China (Major Program 16ZDA233).", "\n\nDisclosure statement {#S0006}\n====================\n\nNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.", "\n\n[^1]: SD = Standard Deviation.", "\n\n[^2]: AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion; SS-BIC = Sample Size Adjusted BIC; LMR-LRT = Vuong-Lo-Mendell-Rubin Likelihood Ratio Test.", "\n\n[^3]: \\*\\**p* \\< .01; \\*\\*\\**p* \\< .001; SE = Standard Error; PGD = Prolonged Grief Disorder; PTSD = Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; PTG = Post-traumatic growth.", "\n\n[^4]: 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.015444015444015444, 0.01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009966777408637873, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0, 0.02640845070422535, 0, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0.004807692307692308, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.018018018018018018, 0, 0.01485148514851485, 0, 0.003472222222222222, 0.013071895424836602, 0.0030211480362537764, 0, 0, 0.0024330900243309003, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0056179775280898875, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01948051948051948, 0, 0.006756756756756757, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0028169014084507044, 0, 0.019736842105263157, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0.039473684210526314, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008368200836820083, 0.020618556701030927, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0.005952380952380952, 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.003205128205128205, 0, 0, 0, 0.017045454545454544, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0, 0, 0.004629629629629629, 0, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0.004694835680751174, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0, 0, 0.004665629860031105, 0, 0, 0.006872852233676976, 0, 0, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.007575757575757576, 0.003703703703703704, 0, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0, 0.00390625, 0.03508771929824561, 0.017391304347826087, 0, 0, 0, 0.00411522633744856, 0, 0, 0, 0.0023584905660377358, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01652892561983471, 0, 0, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0, 0, 0.008658008658008658, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0, 0.01744186046511628, 0.006134969325153374, 0.024390243902439025, 0 ]

[ "Practical and Helpful Tips: Wellness\n\nFor every medicine cabinet, the first aid kit has always been a necessity. ", "The biggest question directs to the necessity of such kit and why people need to own one. ", "Actually, what are the uses of such kits?Not every item is the facility will be needed for the intended use.", "\n\nThere is typically a large inventory required for a first aid kit. ", "It still depends on where you will store the kit. ", "You have to plan ahead of time so that your first aid kit will be complete. ", "For example if you are planning to go on a trip, things like the calamine lotion, bandages, antibiotic cream, extra batteries, and alcohol wipes would be excellent things to pack. ", "If you want to go to the beach, you need a sunscreen, aloe vera or diverse kinds of lotion to prevent getting the sunburns.", "\n\nBefore you purchase the kit, make sure that you obtained the kit through a pharmacy or store with the right environment. ", "While some children sees the kit as a toy, it must be kept away from the children. ", "If there are prescriptions that are included that can cause an allergic reaction to your family member, you have to make sure to leave a note on the medicine in order to prevent poisoning. ", "Moreover, make sure that from time to time the whole thing in the kit is clean and well within the expiry date. ", "To learned the basics of the first aid check together with the community centers and local colleges. ", "There are lot of classes available on this topic through several kinds of venues. ", "There is no harm in knowing the basics. ", "A Quick History of Kits\n\nThe first aid kit must be assembled properly. ", "First and foremost, a first aid kit must include those items needed for treating wounds, bandages of all gauze, sizes, tape, alcohol, small scissors, antiseptic solutions, bottled water, antibacterial spray or cream, or dry and clean cloths.", "\n\nThe first aid kit can make a huge difference between a minor or major injuries. ", "the kit must be ready to use and must be well-stored. ", "Typically speaking, there is a huge requirement for a first aid kit. ", "Preparing for a survival emergency situation needs contemplating a set of life challenging events as well as the consequential yet right reactions to the events." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "It should not count in any way as a bad omen that to get to the site of the butterfly release, the one aiming to repopulate a former habitat with a threatened species, you had to go through a cemetery.", "\n\nNor should an observer get too hung up on the word “release”: The big moment of freedom for the creatures in question involved a leaf, a paper clip and, if you squinted really hard, a little bit of crawling around on said leaf, newly attached to a native plant like an executive review list to a draft report.", "\n\nThis was, in other words, not a butterfly story in the sense that you might imagine butterfly stories: Glorious, winged creatures fluttering amid the foliage, the near-psychedelic patterns on their wings shimmering in the afternoon light.", "\n\nYet even without stunning visuals or aerial drama, it was a productive way to spend an afternoon. ", "Scientists from Chicago’s Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum transplanted approximately 200 Baltimore checkerspot larvae to Elgin’s Bluff Spring Fen, an extraordinary-in-Illinois nature preserve you enter via the historic, even idyllic, Bluff City Cemetery.", "\n\nOne of us in the party, the one who had neglected to put on Off, gave copious amounts of blood to a different local insect. ", "Another, our photographer, was very excited when she spotted actual adult butterflies on the pathways to the clip zones.", "\n\nBut we were the amateurs in the group. ", "The lead here was Doug Taron, and, short of hiding a pair of patterned wings beneath his Nature Museum field shirt, he had impeccable credentials for the job.", "\n\nTaron is chief curator of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the museum’s parent. ", "He helped found and directs the Illinois Butterfly Monitoring Network, which uses citizen science to keep tabs on the bellwether insect. ", "And he is president and co-steward of Friends of Bluff Spring Fen, a citizen group that works to preserve and restore the Cook County Forest Preserve District wetland.", "\n\nIndeed, Taron moved to Elgin to be close to the fen, according to a 2013 Tribune story on the preserve.", "\n\nThe butterfly, a mid-sized species with the black and orange coloring of the family herald of the British Lords Baltimore was more than imperiled in that location, it turned out. ", "2012 was the last year Baltimore checkerspots were spotted there, Taron said last week.", "\n\nThe cause of their local demise was some combination of unusual weather patterns and a habitat burn, he said.", "\n\nSo the goal on this outing was to give the animal a head start on “overwintering,” the process that lets summer’s caterpillars become next spring’s butterflies and, it is hoped, the basis of a stable population going forward.", "\n\nBack at the museum in Lincoln Park — which maintains an expansive indoor butterfly garden attraction — Taron and colleagues had been tending some 750 Baltimore checkerspot larvae, the result of harvesting a handful of females from a DuPage County site a few miles away from Bluff Spring, where they remain plentiful.", "\n\nThe majority of the caterpillars will stay at the museum, which will attempt to bring them through chrysalis stage into butterfly-dom there.", "\n\n“We’re hedging our bets here,” Taron said.", "\n\nOn the hike to the first wintering site, easily a half mile in, we surprised a group of a different species, silvery checkerspots, who flitted away in what looked like a group tizzy but was probably perfectly rational butterfly behavior.", "\n\nWhen they gather like that, “the males are imbibing salts out of the moist mud here,” said Allen Lawrance, the academy’s associate curator of entomology. “", "It’s called ‘puddling.’ ", "And whenever there’s a big group like that, it’s a ‘puddle club.’ ”", "\n\n“That would qualify,” said Taron, who was holding the precious cargo, four paper cups containing leaves and larvae inside an ordinary clear plastic box.", "\n\n“It’s not very high-tech,” Lawrance said.", "\n\nOur path wasn’t a walkway so much as a slightly less overgrown area through the coneflowers and the cylindric blazing stars, the grasses, the wicket sedges. ", "And soon enough, we plunged off the path and toward a spot Taron and Lawrance had already chosen, very near to the marshy area that gives the preserve its name.", "\n\n“When the adults come out, they’ll just be able to fly right over to the wetland,” said Taron. “", "They’re wetland specialists. ", "They require these rare remnant habitats.”", "\n\nThe two took turns hammering lengths of rebar into the soil, then slipped the four corners of a pop-up mesh enclosure around the rods.", "\n\nTaron leaned into the enclosure’s open side, pulled a leaf bearing larvae out of one of the cups and paper-clipped it to a roughly 2-foot-high plant. ", "About 2 millimeters long now, the caterpillars will get to an inch-and-a-half pretty quickly, he said.", "\n\n“They will crawl onto this and they will set up shop there,” Taron said, and they will begin spinning protective cocoons around themselves in preparation for wintering in pupa form toward the plant’s base. “", "The idea here is we want them to do the work. ", "We want them to decide where to settle down.”", "\n\nHe reached out to Lawrance for another paper clip, like a surgeon calling for a medical instrument, attached the last leaf in the first batch, and then zipped the enclosure shut for protection from predators.", "\n\n“Ta da!” ", "he said.", "\n\nAt the second site, the process was similar, but even quicker because they had already put the mesh prophylactic in place. ", "Lawrance used his phone to mark the GPS coordinates, and they gathered up their supplies and we hiked back into the cemetery, where the cars were parked.", "\n\nThey will keep feeding the caterpillars in the lab, which the scientists also want to introduce into the fen as adults.", "\n\n“We’re not wanting all of our eggs in one basket,” Taron said.", "\n\nAs for the new Bluff Spring Fen denizens, he’ll visit probably a couple of times before winter to make sure everything seems to be doing OK, Taron explained. ", "But the process should pretty much take care of itself.", "\n\n“We’re kind of stepping back and letting them do their thing,” he said." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003968253968253968, 0, 0, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0.012195121951219513, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.005988023952095809, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0, 0.0031446540880503146, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.0125, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004784688995215311, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006535947712418301, 0, 0.015625, 0.00625, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nIs providing only minimal contact details bad for freelance designers?", "\n\nIf a freelance designer is re-branding, is it bad to use a minimalist approach to providing contact detail - email, phone etc?", "\nExample:\nI hardly ever do phone calls unless it's for a conference and at best use a phone for a webinar. ", " That said I really see no purpose to give out my number and since my main means of communication is by email or IM I would think an approach with a logo and site address sufficient.", "\n\nThat said is it bad to assume in re-branding that people would go to the site to fill out a contact form?", "\nWould it be good to counter the phone number with an email address on the stationery?", "\nDoes the exclusion of classic elements in brand design effect marketing to an older audience?", "\n\nA:\n\nThat said is it bad to assume in re-branding that people would go to\n the site to fill out a contact form?", "\n\nYes. ", "I have found it a mistake to assume the preferred method of communication from any client. ", "I have clients that I've never personally spoken to and everything is handled via email. ", "I have clients who will send an email then call to see if I got the email and explain. ", "I have other clients that only call with new work. ", "They are fine with email chains about existing projects, but for new projects, they always call first.", "\n\nWould it be good to counter the phone number with an email address on\n the stationary?", "\n\nBoth is preferred. ", "Playing of your first question, it's a good idea to provide both. ", "Most new clients who discover me call, they don't email. ", "They want to gage my reactions and attitude (which can't be done in email). ", "It's all about personal removal. ", "A phone call is one step away from a face to face meeting. ", "An email is two steps. ", "Some clients want the closer connections and won't really consider anyone forcing them into more detached communication. ", "I have gained a few decent clients who started by sending me an email. ", "The initial email was more to see if I was still working and available, then they wanted to call. ", "Most new clients who strictly email me, and are not interested in a phone conversation, are simply price shopping and not interested in actually proceeding with work, at least in my experience. ", "\n\nDoes the exclusion of classic elements in brand design effect\n marketing to an older audience?", "\n\nYes. ", "Absolutely. ", "People in business are busy. ", "Always. ", "What can often be conveyed in a 10 minute phone call can take 3 days of emails back and forth to sort out. ", "Often the quickest form of communication is desired by clients (at least the ones I deal with).", "\nYou don't want to put hurdles in front of clients. ", "If a client prefers to call, they should clearly see a number to call. ", "If a client prefers to email, they should clearly see an email address. ", "\nI have never gained any client via the contact form on my web site. ", "Ever. ", "It's there, easy to use, and functions, but clients don't bother with it. ", "Of course, I don't really market my site as a form of client acquisition. ", "The contact form on my site is there because it's \"expected\" as a part of any web site. ", "I rely heavily on word-of-mouth referrals for business. ", "Knock wood, so far that's worked better than any web site.", "\nAll that being posted, I do not use Skype or any instant messenger. ", "That is to say I have them installed and can launch them at a clients request, but I don't just let the process run in the background allowing anyone to ping me at any time. ", "I know many like to include a Skype or IM number for branding. ", "I've always found any IM to be more troublesome and only used by clients that I'm not very interested in acquiring. ", "Busy business owners, with money to spend, are not using Skype and IM applications to vet contractors/freelancers in my experience.", "\nI've always felt there are 4 mandatory things for stationary...\n\nName\nPhone\nEmail\nAddress (if you wish to get paid)\n\nNone of that should be excluded. ", "Add more if you like, but if you want to deal business to business, you should have those items as a minimum. ", "If you just want to throw business cards around that look cool, then do whatever you want and include whatever you want but realize without those 4 items above, stable, repeat business, clients are far more likely to brush off a \"cool but lacking\" card/stationary. ", "Just ask yourself this... are you more likely to hire someone if you only know their email address? ", "Or only know their phone number? ", "Or do you feel more confident with someone if they share all the items above?", "\nIf you don't what to put your physical address on stationary, get a PO box (they are only ~$20 a year - less than web hosting) and use that address.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.022900763358778626, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0 ]

[ "Self-organization of cellular structures induced by the overexpression of nuclear envelope proteins: a correlative light and electron microscopy study.", "\nThe mechanisms by which the supramolecular order is formed inside the cell nucleus remain poorly understood. ", "So far, two major hypotheses - ordered assembly and stochastic self-organization - have been discussed. ", "To determine which mechanism is responsible for the formation of nuclear envelope, cells overexpressing one of the nuclear envelope proteins (lamin A, lamin B1, pom121 or ndc1) were investigated. ", "According to the ordered assembly model, the presence of an excessive amount of a component has no effect in the formation of the normal structure of a nuclear envelope because it is programmed and cannot be distorted. ", "In contrast, according to the self-organization concept, there is no such strictly determined cellular structures, and an excessive amount of even one component will affect the cellular organization. ", "In the present study, formation of a redundant nuclear envelope was observed in the case of lamin B1 and lamin A overexpression. ", "In the case of the nucleoporins pom121 and ndc1, no incorporation of the overexpressed proteins into the nuclear envelope was observed on the first day after transfection; however, the remodeling of endoplasmic reticulum elements and the formation of membrane aggregates in the cytoplasm were observed. ", "After mitosis, pom121 from the cytoplasmic aggregates was translocated into the redundant nuclear envelope in which it induced inner nuclear membrane protrusions. ", "Therefore, our results indicate that the formation of the nuclear envelope is not predetermined and that an excessive amount of even one protein component can affect cellular structure formation. ", "This study concluded that nuclear envelope formation is achieved by the self-organization mechanism." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0, 0, 0.006600660066006601, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "329 F.3d 1128\nLIBAS LTD., ", "a California Corporation, Plaintiff-Appellant,v.Mary R. CARILLO; Shu Peter Pang; William J. Bonocora; Vondell Maclaren Forrester; Emilia Reclusado Frankel; Stephanie Davis; Debra D. Peterson, individuals, Defendants-Appellees.", "\nNo. ", "02-55723.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.", "\nArgued and Submitted May 6, 2003.", "\nFiled May 28, 2003.", "\n\nElon A. Pollack, Los Angeles, CA, George A. Kaufman, Manhattan Beach, CA, for the plaintiff-appellant.", "\nRobert I. Lester, Assistant United States Attorney, Los Angeles, CA, for the defendants-appellees.", "\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California; Edward Rafeedie, District Judge, Presiding. ", "D.C. No. ", "CV-01-05088-ER.", "\nBefore B. FLETCHER, SILVERMAN, Circuit Judges, and MARTONE, District Judge.*", "\nSILVERMAN, Circuit Judge.", "\n\n\n1\nWe hold that an importer may not bring a Bivens action to recover consequential damages against Customs agents who assessed import duty at an incorrect rate. ", "Bivens actions do not lie when Congress has created an alternative remedial scheme — such as exists for the protest of an erroneously assessed duty — even though the scheme does not permit the recovery of all elements of damage the importer claims to have suffered.", "\n\nI. Background\n\n2\nIn August 1994, Libas imported 32 bales of rolled cotton fabric from India. ", "Using a new test designed by the Customs Service Laboratory in Los Angeles,1 Customs analyzed the fabric and determined it to have been \"power-loomed.\" ", "According to the tariff schedule then in effect, power-loomed cotton was subject to duty at an 11.4% ad valorem rate and also subject to certain quotas. ", "In contrast, hand-loomed cotton fabric was subject to duty at a 6% ad valorem rate.", "\n\n\n3\nLibas filed a protest pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1514(a)(4). ", "When the protest was denied, Libas filed suit in the Court of International Trade, which upheld the imposition of the duty at the higher rate. ", "Libas, Ltd. v. United States, 20 C.I.T. 1215, 944 F.Supp. ", "938 (1996). ", "On appeal to the Federal Circuit, that court held that the reliability of the Customs Service test had not been established under the standard of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., ", "Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. ", "2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993). ", "The Federal Circuit remanded the case to the Court of International Trade for further evidentiary hearing on the reliability of the test and to determine the proper classification of the fabric. ", "Libas, Ltd. v. United States, 193 F.3d 1361, 1369 (Fed.", "Cir.1999).", "\n\n\n4\nOn remand, the Court of International Trade held that the Customs test did not meet Daubert standards, and that the fabric should be \"reliquidated\" at the rate of 6% ad valorem, i.e., the lower, handloomed rate. ", "The court also ordered Customs to \"refund all excess duties paid with interest as provided by law.\" ", "Libas, Ltd. v. United States, 118 F.Supp.2d 1233, 1238 (CIT 2000).", "\n\n\n5\nLibas then filed this Bivens action against the Customs employees involved, seeking consequential damages of $3,000,000, punitive damages \"of at least $5,000,000,\" and attorneys' fees and costs. ", "The district court dismissed, holding that Libas could not state a claim for relief under Bivens.", "\n\nII. ", "Standard of Review\n\n6\nWe review the district court's 12(b)(6) dismissal of Libas' Bivens claim de novo. ", "See Everest & Jennings, Inc. v. American Motorists Ins. ", "Co., 23 F.3d 226, 228 (9th Cir.1994). ", "We determine whether, assuming all facts and inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, it appears beyond doubt that Libas can prove no set of facts to support its claims. ", "Id.\n\nIII. ", "Discussion\n\n7\nIn Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. ", "1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971), the United States Supreme Court held that suit could be filed against federal officials acting under color of authority for alleged Fourth Amendment violations. ", "Subsequently, the Court recognized Bivens causes of action for Eighth Amendment claims, Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 100 S.Ct. ", "1468, 64 L.Ed.2d 15 (1980), and Fifth Amendment Due Process claims, Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228, 99 S.Ct. ", "2264, 60 L.Ed.2d 846 (1979). ", "However, the Court has cautioned against extending Bivens into new areas or recognizing new rights or claims. ", "See Correctional Servs. ", "Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 68-70, 122 S.Ct. ", "515, 151 L.Ed.2d 456 (2001); Schweiker v. Chilicky, 487 U.S. 412, 421-23, 108 S.Ct. ", "2460, 101 L.Ed.2d 370 (1988); Bush v. Lucas, 462 U.S. 367, 373-74, 103 S.Ct. ", "2404, 76 L.Ed.2d 648 (1983). ", "The Court has emphasized that \"[s]o long as the plaintiff had an avenue for some redress, bedrock principles of separation of powers foreclosed judicial imposition of a new substantive liability.\" ", "Malesko, 534 U.S. at 69, 122 S.Ct. ", "515 (citing Chilicky, 487 U.S. at 425-27, 108 S.Ct. ", "2460). ", "Implied remedies premised on violations of constitutional rights are not created to fill in gaps of existing relief to which plaintiffs are already entitled. ", "Id.\n\n\n8\nBivens claims may be expressly precluded \"when Congress has provided an alternative remedy which it explicitly declares to be a substitute for recovery directly under the Constitution and views as equally effective.\" ", "Moore v. Glickman, 113 F.3d 988, 991 (9th Cir.1997) (citations omitted). ", "Bivens claims may be impliedly precluded \"when defendants can demonstrate the existence of `special factors counselling hesitation in the absence of affirmative action by Congress.'\" ", "Id. (quoting Chilicky, 487 U.S. at 421, 108 S.Ct. ", "2460). ", "Bivens claims are precluded \"where Congress has provided some mechanism for relief that it considers adequate to remedy constitutional violations,\" id., and \"Congress' failure to provide money damages, or other significant relief, has not been inadvertent.\" ", "Berry v. Hollander, 925 F.2d 311, 314 (9th Cir.1991); see also Moore, 113 F.3d at 993.", "\n\n\n9\nImplied preclusion under the \"special factors\" analysis is at issue in this case. ", "Congress has established a remedial scheme by which importers may challenge classification of goods. ", "See 19 U.S.C. § 1514(a)(4). ", "Importers may file a protest. ", "See 19 U.S.C. § 1514(a)(4). ", "If the protest affords no relief, importers may file suit in the Court of International Trade. ", "19 U.S.C. § 1514; 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a). ", "A party can then file an appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. ", "28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(5). ", "Importers that prevail are entitled to a refund of all excess duties paid with interest. ", "19 C.F.R. § 24.36(a)(1). ", "Furthermore, Congress has expressly exempted Customs officers from suit under the Federal Tort Claims Act. ", "See 28 U.S.C. § 2680(c).", "\n\n\n10\nLibas pursued and secured relief under this scheme. ", "See Libas, Ltd. v. United States, 118 F.Supp.2d 1233, 1238 (CIT 2000) (finding that Customs imposed an erroneous tariff rate, and ordering Customs to \"refund all excess duties paid with interest\"); see also Libas, Ltd. v. United States, 314 F.3d 1362, 1366 (Fed.", "Cir.2003) (vacating and remanding Court of International Trade order that had denied Libas attorneys' fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act).", "\n\n\n11\nThe existing statutory scheme and the Federal Tort Claims Act exemption support the district court's conclusion that \"special factors counsel hesitation\" against recognizing a Bivens claim against Customs officers for consequential damages in a commercial setting. ", "See, e.g., Sky Ad, Inc. v. McClure, 951 F.2d 1146, 1148 (9th Cir.1991).", "\n\n\n12\nAFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\nNotes:\n\n\n*\n The Honorable Frederick J. Martone, United States District Judge for the District of Arizona, sitting by designation\n\n\n1\n The test is called the \"Methodology for the [A]nalysis of Woven Fabric to Determine whether Fabric had been Power-loomed or Hand-loomed.\"", "\nUnder the Customs test, fabrics are classified as hand-loomed or power-loomed based on characteristics which are supposed to result from different means of manufacture. ", "Woven fabric of any kind is made by running horizontal \"weft\" or \"woof\" yarns through a set of vertical \"warp\" yarns with a shuttle; patterns in the fabric are created by lifting or lowering selected warp yarns at each pass or \"pick\" of the shuttle. * * *", "\nThe Customs test is premised on the idea that, because weavers cannot regulate their movements with the precision of a machine, hand-loomed fabrics exhibit less uniformity, evenness and consistency than machine-loomed fabrics.", "\nLibas, Ltd. v. United States, 193 F.3d 1361, 1363 (Fed.", "Cir.1999).", "\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0, 0.04424778761061947, 0, 0, 0.0425531914893617, 0, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0.010101010101010102, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0.03896103896103896, 0.038461538461538464, 0.006134969325153374, 0.0037735849056603774, 0.010526315789473684, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0, 0, 0.013986013986013986, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0.016853932584269662, 0, 0, 0.010256410256410256, 0.03636363636363636, 0, 0.013824884792626729, 0.01, 0.015151515151515152, 0.005, 0.020618556701030927, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0.005780346820809248, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0.005263157894736842, 0.031007751937984496, 0.01834862385321101, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0.005076142131979695, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0044444444444444444, 0.0136986301369863, 0.00546448087431694, 0, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0.03488372093023256, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0.024691358024691357, 0, 0, 0, 0.018691588785046728, 0, 0, 0.019083969465648856, 0.0273972602739726, 0.0036900369003690036, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0.0036363636363636364, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0.004405286343612335, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0 ]

[ "Dancer defends ‘Rolly Polly’ performance\n\nflashback: Fayth Seaton, right, performs with Grenadian soca artiste Mr Kill@ (Hollice Mapp) during the semi-finals of the Play Whe International Soca Monarch at the Arima Velodrome last Sunday.", "\n—Photo: ROBERT TAYLOR\n\nMark Fraser\n\nSince her performance with Mr Kill@ at last Sunday’s International Soca Monarch semi-finals, Fayth Seaton has been on the receiving end of unkind comments by people who questioned her decision to dance with the Grenadian artiste.", "\n\nWhat most people don’t know is that Seaton’s weight — more in the 300-pound range than 600 pounds, as social media followers have purported— has nothing to do with “letting herself go” but rather a medical condition.", "\n\n“The doctor said it was hyperthyroidism (often referred to as an overactive thyroid, in which the thyroid gland produces and secretes excessive amounts of thyroid hormones), Seaton told the Express yesterday.", "\n\n“I used to be 150 pounds and after I had my son, I just started gaining weight.”", "\n\nThe 20-year-old from Laventille said her weight gain cost her some friends who no longer wanted to be seen with her.", "\n\nShe stopped partying and going out because of her size and became deeply depressed.", "\n\nIt was her son, she said, who motivated her to love herself. ", "Mr Kill@’s “Rolly Polly” also proved to be further empowering.", "\n\n“The first time I heard it I was a contestant in the Miss Queen Size pageant. ", "I immediately got what he was trying to do with the song —and that is to make big women like me feel good about ourselves. ", "I feel good when I hear it,” she said.", "\n\nSeaton declared: “I really love myself. ", "Whether people like me or not I am sexy, I am adorable and I am pretty.”", "\n\nAt last Sunday’s performance, Seaton stood out as being the only plus-size woman that Mr Kill@ has yet to lift — with the artiste promising that once he makes it to the finals, he would try at lifting her again.", "\n\nA dancer with the West Laventille Cultural Movement, Seaton said she always wanted to dance to the song.", "\n\n“Ever since it came out I wanted to do it. ", "So I am doing what I want to do. ", "I heard the negative comments but no matter what people say I am always in style. ", "I design my own clothes and have my seamstress make it, and my family supports me 100 per cent,” she said.", "\n\nSeaton said Mr Kill@ is a pleasure to work with since he always has something positive to say.", "\n\n“With him the vibe is a happy one, and he really performs that song,” she said.", "\n\nEarlier this week, Seaton joined a gym to get back into shape but she believes that plus-size women need to embrace who they are and their size." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.012711864406779662, 0.011278195488721804, 0.0045871559633027525, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0.00684931506849315 ]

[ "GameStop is known for giving incredible rates for the purchased of used items. ", "It appears as if this transgender woman wasn’t happy with the fact that she would be getting in-store credit instead of cash. ", "However, that wasn’t the only think that pissed her off. ", "The store worker either by accident or on purpose to piss her off called her a “sir”. ", "To which the employee insists that he said “you guys” in general to the group of people. ", "To add insult to injury, after the transgender woman begins freaking out at the store employee another customer with a child says “excuse me sir…” which appeared to push the transgender woman over the top.", "\n\nAfter going on a rant about being mis-gendered the trans woman throws a fit. ", "Kicking over boxes, yelling and asking for the corporate number that can easily be Googled. ", "During the heated dispute the woman asks if the employee would like to go out to the parking lot for a fight, to which the employee declines. ", "Once it’s all over on the way out the door the woman makes sure the employee feels bad by saying\n\n“I’m going to tell the entire LGBT community about this and you’re going to lose money over this.”", "\n\nIt’s unclear if the woman was either having a bad day, on drugs or just completely mentally unstable. ", "Since the video went viral on Reddit there has been no comment from GameStop if any action was taken on the employee. ", "Some transgender people are quite upset, while others are saying that she is a bad representation of how they should treat others who mislabel them." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "FotoH2 coordination meeting hosted by CNR-ITAE\n\nOn December 13-14, 2018, a FotoH2 coordination meeting was held in Messina, Italy. ", "This meeting was the second physical meeting since the project kick-off. ", "Participants reported the results of computational electrode material studies and the physical simulation of the photo-electrochemical reaction. ", "We discussed the completion of the computational work package, and the utilisation of gained knowledge for the prototyping work. ", "Current lab results for the photoelectrode preparation and cell prototyping were reviewed. ", "The coordination meeting concluded that the project work is progressing according to the plan, and the preliminary experimental indicate good prospects for accomplishing the stated project goals." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nQuality of life has become an essential issue in geriatric research and an important indicator for the evaluation of care treatments and healthcare policies \\[[@CR1]--[@CR3]\\]. ", "Many previous studies have shown that pain is a relevant factor influencing health-related quality of life (HRQOL). ", "Pain affects all aspects of daily life (e.g. quality of sleep, mobility) and therefore, most domains of HRQOL. ", "Extent, duration, acuteness, intensity, affectivity, and meaning of pain determine type and strength of the effect of pain on HRQOL \\[[@CR2], [@CR4]--[@CR6]\\]. ", "Pain is a central problem in the geriatric population, especially in nursing home residents (NHR) \\[[@CR5]--[@CR7]\\]. ", "Next to pain, NHR frequently have multiple diseases and depressive disorders, which are also known to lower HRQOL \\[[@CR1], [@CR7], [@CR8]\\]. ", "The empirical evidence regarding the relationship of pain and HRQOL of NHR is still limited especially when considering other co-determinants \\[[@CR3], [@CR5], [@CR7]\\]. ", "Therefore, further research and a broader understanding of the multidimensional impact of pain on HRQOL of NHR is needed to provide indications for target-group-specific treatment and finally, maintain, restore or improve the HRQOL of NHR \\[[@CR3], [@CR5], [@CR7]\\]. ", "The present study addresses this issue and adds further evidence on influencing factors concerning HRQOL of NHR who are in pain. ", "Moreover, analyses include the rarely addressed, but important factor 'pain interference' \\[[@CR4], [@CR7]\\].", "\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nData and procedures {#Sec3}\n-------------------\n\nData of 146 residents came from the cluster-randomised controlled trial (cRCT) 'PIASMA' (2016--2018) \\[[@CR9]\\], which included 15 randomly selected nursing homes in Bavaria, Germany. ", "The intervention comprised an educational package in pain management for nurses (i.e. education of pain nurses and pain care assistants, web-based training and quality circles). ", "The inclusion criteria for NHR were: Being at least 60 years old, living permanently in the facility, and giving informed consent to participate. ", "Residents with limited German language skills, living with congenital multiple disabilities, acute diseases or finding themselves in life-threatening situations were excluded. ", "Residents were initially screened with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE, German). ", "The number of correct answers were transferred into a summary score, which ranged from 0 \\[maximum cognitive impairment (CI)\\] to 30 points (no CI) \\[[@CR10]\\]. ", "NHR were stratified into two groups of CI: NHR able to perform self-assessment (no/mild or moderate CI; MMSE score: 10--30) and NHR not able to perform self-assessment (severe CI; MMSE score: 0--9) \\[[@CR11]\\]. ", "The present study focused on residents who were able to perform self-assessment[1](#Fn1){ref-type=\"fn\"} and reported to be in pain at the moment of survey. ", "Details on selected and analysed cases are shown in Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}.Fig.", " 1Included cases\n\nMeasures {#Sec4}\n--------\n\nThe EQ-5D-3L Questionnaire (German) was applied to measure the HRQOL. ", "Next to a visual analogue scale (VAS), which presents the respondents' self-rated health state (from 0 = 'worst imaginable health state' to 100 = 'best imaginable health state'), the EQ-5D-3L comprises five dimensions with three levels each (no, some, extreme problems). ", "To compute a single summary index (EQ index) with the endpoints 'worst imaginable health state' (= 0.02) and 'best imaginable health state' (= 1) the visual analogue scale valuation technique was used \\[[@CR12]--[@CR14]\\]. ", "Although the EQ-5D-3L was not specifically constructed for people with CI, several studies proved its applicability for people with dementia and institutionalised older adults \\[[@CR15]--[@CR18]\\].", "\n\nThe validated Brief Pain Inventory (BPI, German) was used to measure pain \\[[@CR19]\\]. ", "The BPI assesses pain in terms of intensity and interference. ", "Pain intensity was computed as a summary index out of four items (worst, least, average, current pain), each rated on the numeric rating scale (0 = no pain; 10 = pain as bad as you can imagine). ", "The pain interference summary index represents seven items regarding interference on daily activities due to pain on a ten-point rating scale (0 = no interference; 10 = interferes completely).", "\n\nDepressive symptoms were assessed by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS, German) \\[[@CR20]\\]. ", "GDS consists of 15 dichotomous items and measures symptoms for depression during the last seven days. ", "GDS results in a score between 0 and 15 points, whereby a higher score indicates more relevant signs of depression and a cut-off \\> 5 points was interpreted as non-ignorable \\[[@CR21]\\].", "\n\nGender, age, and pain-related diagnoses were extracted from nursing documentation. ", "Next to the specific pain-related diagnoses (i.e. neuropathy, tumour, musculoskeletal disorders, chronic wounds and diabetes), each resident's number of documented diagnoses was computed.", "\n\nAnalyses {#Sec5}\n--------\n\nStatistical analyses were carried out using IBM SPSS 24.0 applying multiple linear regressions \\[Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)\\] to predict the EQ index. ", "Independent variables were generated within two models: The first model (basic model) included variables, which had been identified as relevant impact factors for HRQOL in previous studies (find references for each factor in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The indicators were structured hierarchically into five blocks (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}), whereby variables of each block were added simultaneously.", "Table 1Included predictors per block in OLS-regressionsBlockPredictors and rationale1Pain (interference and intensity) as main predictor \\[[@CR2], [@CR4], [@CR5]\\]2Intervention effect: Since the PIASMA-study was a cRCT, analyses were adjusted for the intervention effect (time × group interaction)3Age and gender\\* are frequently discussed as predictors for HRQOL \\[[@CR2], [@CR3]\\]4Pain-related diagnoses\\*: Many studies declare that chronic diseases and comorbidities influence HRQOL \\[[@CR1], [@CR7], [@CR8]\\]. ", "Hence, confirmed diagnoses (i.e. neuropathy, tumour, musculoskeletal disorders, chronic wounds, diabetes) were included5Depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment are phenomena known to affect HRQOL \\[[@CR1], [@CR3], [@CR5], [@CR7], [@CR22], [@CR23]\\]\\*Extracted from nursing documentation, according to current medical definitions (ICD)*OLS* ordinary least squares, *cRCT* cluster-randomised controlled trial; *HRQOL* health-related quality of life\n\nThe second model (final model) referred to the results of the first model. ", "Indicators were selected based on effect size (*β*), *p* value, and collinearity statistics \\[i.e. ", "variance inflation factor (VIF), tolerance and condition index\\] of each factor and the adjusted *R*^2^ of the overall model.", "\n\nResults {#Sec6}\n=======\n\nSample {#Sec7}\n------\n\nIn total, 146 residents were analysed (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The average age was 82 years, and one-third was male. ", "42% of the participants had musculoskeletal disorders, approximately a fifth had a tumour, whereas 12%, 13% and 15% had neuropathy, diabetes and chronic wounds, respectively. ", "The average pain intensity was 18.49 (indicating 'moderate pain'), and the mean pain interference index was 29.61. ", "On average, respondents had an MMSE of 22.84 (indicating 'mild CI'). ", "The mean GDS score was 5.65 (indication 'mild-to-moderate depression'). ", "Most residents had problems with pain/discomfort and mobility (97.2% and 83.5%, respectively), the fewest with anxiety/depression (45.2%). ", "The average EQ VAS was 55.13 and the mean EQ index 0.52. ", "Details are shown in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}.Table 2Characteristics of included respondentsParticipant characteristics and predictorsAge mean ± SD (*n*)81.55 ± 9.74 (146)Gender male %~valid~ (*n*)34.9 (51)Diagnoses (multiple response) %~of\\ cases~ (*n*) Musculoskeletal disorders41.8 (61) Tumour18.5 (27) Chronic wounds15.1 (22) Diabetes13.0 (19) Neuropathy11.6 (17)Pain intensity index \\[0--40\\] mean ± SD (*n*)18.49 ± 7.23 (146)Pain interference index \\[0--70\\] mean ± SD (*n*)29.61 ± 16.02 (146)MMSE score \\[10--30\\] mean ± SD (*n*)22.84 ± 4.90 (146)GDS score \\[0--15\\] mean ± SD (*n*)5.65 ± 3.66 (146)Outcome EQ-5D-3L 'quality of life'EQ descriptive system (*n*)No problemsSome problemsExtreme problems Mobility %~valid~ (146)16.480.13.4 Self-care %~valid~ (146)39.048.612.3 Usual activities %~valid~ (146)31.550.717.8 Pain/discomfort %~valid~ (146)2.775.321.9 Anxiety/depression %~valid~ (146)54.840.44.8EQ index \\[.02--1\\] mean ± SD (*n*).52 ± .24 (146)EQ VAS \\[0--100\\] mean ± SD (*n*)55.13 ± 21.51 (134)*SD *= standard deviation, *n *= sample size, *MMSE *= Mini-Mental State Examination, *GDS *= Geriatric Depression Scale, *EQ *= EQ-5D-3L (Euroquol Quality of Life), *VAS *= visual analogue scale\n\nOLS models {#Sec8}\n----------\n\nPredictors listed in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} were blockwise and hierarchically selected in five steps. ", "A comparison of all steps of the basic model showed that the adjusted *R*^2^ of the fifth step was significantly better than that of the other steps (*F* change statistics \\< 0.001). ", "Hereafter, assumptions for OLS regression analysis including casewise diagnostics, linearity, homoscedasticity, independence, and normality of residuals of the last step of the basic model were tested. ", "According to these tests, the last step of the basic model fulfilled all assumptions except for the boundaries for leverage and condition index. ", "The objective then was to find a reliable model with a condition index below 30.0 and without influential outlying values of the independent variables (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 3OLS models: predictors of quality of life (EQ index)Basic modelFinal modelToleranceVIF*β*ToleranceVIF*β*1Constant (B).790.703Pain intensity index (0--40).6771.476− .196\\*.5641.772.005Pain interference index (0--70).6771.476− .334\\*\\*\\*.5641.772− .446\\*\\*\\*2Constant (B).774.681Pain intensity index (0--40).6741.484− .210\\*.5631.777− .010Pain interference index (0--70).6771.476− .334\\*\\*\\*.5641.772− .445\\*\\*\\*Intervention group (0/1).9921.008.163\\*.9961.004.210\\*3Constant (B).557--Pain intensity index (0--40).6741.484− .211\\*------Pain interference index (0--70).6391.566− .294\\*\\*------Intervention group (0/1).9771.024.161\\*------Age (60--105).8461.182.084Age and gender had no significant impactMale (0/1).8771.140.167\\*4Constant (B).604.739Pain intensity index (0--40).6441.552− .175\\*.5551.800− .031Pain interference index (0--70).5751.738− .325\\*\\*.5641.774− .451\\*\\*\\*Intervention group (0/1).9231.083.158\\*.9541.048.181\\*Age (60--105).7901.266.064------Male (0/1).8021.246.141^a^------Neuropathy (0/1).5341.871.307\\*\\*Deleted because of missing correlationTumour (0/1).7511.332.101------Musculoskeletal disorders (0/1).4632.161.160------Chronic wounds (0/1).6631.508− .057------Diabetes (0/1).9271.079.008------Number of diagnoses.2553.924− .260^a^.9241.082− .1445Constant (B).893**.814**Pain intensity index (0--40).6321.582− .174\\***.5521.812**− **.064**Pain interference index (0--70).5511.814− .260\\*\\***.4762.101**− **.274\\***Intervention group (0/1).9141.094.145\\***.9541.049.173\\***Age (60--105).7511.332.013------Male (0/1).7951.257.117------Neuropathy (0/1).5311.884.309\\*\\*Deleted because of missing correlationTumour (0/1).7131.403.088------Musculoskeletal disorders (0/1).4302.326.134------Chronic wounds (0/1).6601.515− .039------Diabetes (0/1).9151.093.035------Number of diagnoses.2424.137− .281\\***.9181.089**− **.171\\***MMSE score (0--30).8751.143− .095------GDS score (0--15).8121.231− .246\\*\\***.7851.273**− **.348\\*\\*\\***Condition index45.733**11.323**Adjusted *R*^2^0.344^b^**0.324**^**c**^Durbin-Watson statistic1.635**2.133**Studentized residualAll cases between − .3.0 and 3.0**All cases between − 3.0 and 3.0**Centered leverage value3 cases \\> .178**All cases \\< .090**Cook's distanceAll cases \\< 1.0**All cases \\< 1.0**HomoscedasticApproved via scatterplot**Approved via scatterplot**Normally distributedApproved via KS-test (*p* \\> .05)**Approved via KS-test (*p* \\> .05)**LinearityApproved via scatterplot**Approved via scatterplot***OLS* ordinary least square, *EQ* EQ-5D-3L (Euroquol Quality of Life), *VIF* variance inflation factor, *β* beta coefficient, *B* intercept, *MMSE* Mini-Mental State Examination, *GDS* Geriatric Depression Scale, *R*^*2*^ coefficient of determination, *KS*-*test* Kolmogorow--Smirnow test, *bold* very final model - \\> used for interpretation\\**p* value \\< 0.05; \\*\\**p* value \\< 0.01; \\*\\*\\**p* value \\< 0.001^a^*p* value \\< 0.10^b^*F* change statistics \\< 0.001^c^*F* change statistics \\< 0.001\n\nTherefore, six predictor variables (i.e. pain intensity, pain interference, intervention effect, neuropathy, number of diagnoses and depressive symptoms) were included into the final regression model. ", "Once again, the last step was significantly better at predicting the outcome variable than the other steps (*F* change \\< 0.001). ", "Analyses showed that main assumptions were not violated but casewise diagnostics showed influential data points that deviated from leverage boundaries. ", "Elimination of these cases led to the very final model (last step of the final model) (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}; Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}, bold).Fig.", " 2Basic and final model of included predictors of quality of life (EQ index). *", "EQ* EQ-5D-3L (Euroquol Quality of Life)*; MMSE* Mini-Mental State Examination; *GDS* Geriatric Depression Scale\n\nThe very final regression model (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}, bold) showed significant predictors for HRQOL in NHR and explained 32.4% of variance, which represents a substantial part of the explained variation according to Cohen \\[[@CR24]\\]. ", "Whereas pain interference affected HRQOL in all models, pain intensity showed no significant influence. ", "After adjusting for the intervention effect, the impact of pain interference was reduced minimally (step 2). ", "Adding 'number of diagnoses' (step 4) increased the influence of pain interference. ", "Although pain interference remained a significant predictor for HRQOL, adding 'depressive symptoms' in step 5 decreased the influence of pain interference. ", "Therefore, residents with more diagnoses (*β* = − 0.171, *p* \\< 0.05), more depressive symptoms (*β* = − 0.348, *p* \\< 0.001), and a higher pain interference (*β* = − 0.274, *p* \\< 0.05) showed a significantly lower HRQOL. ", "Moreover, the implemented educational intervention had a positive impact on HRQOL of the NHR (*β* = 0.173, *p* \\< 0.05).", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec9}\n==========\n\nFindings show that pain interference, depressive symptoms and number of pain-related diagnoses significantly decrease HRQOL of NHR. ", "These findings converge with the results of previous studies and constitute further evidence that pain is of great significance for HRQOL \\[[@CR1]--[@CR5], [@CR8], [@CR22], [@CR23]\\]. ", "Regarding pain-related items, it is apparent for both research and practice that interference seems to be more important for HRQOL than intensity. ", "Moreover, single-specific pain-related diagnoses have no significant influence on HRQOL after adding further independent variables, whereas presence of multiple pain-related diagnoses lowers HRQOL of residents significantly. ", "Healthcare professionals should, therefore, pay special attention to individuals with multiple pain-related diseases. ", "The significant influence of depressive symptoms on HRQOL supports previously stated claims to consider psychological aspects, since depression is often comorbid with pain \\[[@CR6], [@CR7]\\]. ", "An adequate multidisciplinary treatment of pain, but also of depressive disorders seems to be essential to maintain or improve HRQOL of NHR. ", "Since a significant intervention effect on HRQOL was observed, nursing-related education concerning pain management should explicitly be considered in further geriatric care. ", "Moreover, previous studies showed that HRQOL can be conceptualized as a psycho-social construct \\[[@CR8], [@CR25]\\]. ", "Further determinants, e.g. relations to family or friends, may have increased the model's explained variance. ", "Additional potential impact factors like polypharmacy and other diagnoses \\[[@CR23]\\] should also be examined in future research.", "\n\nThe authorized ethics committee (Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Germany) approved the study protocol and the consent procedure of the PIASMA-study (WHO-UTN: U1111-1187-3174). ", "All participants provided informed consent and could withdraw from the study at any time on request.", "\n\nSeparate analyses of the two different MMSE-groups (MMSE score 10--18 and MMSE score 19--30) were not possible due to the small sample size of the group MMSE score 10--18.", "\n\n**Publisher\\'s Note**\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nOpen access funding provided by Paracelsus Medical University.", "\n\nThe PIASMA-study was funded by the Paracelsus Medical University, the Korian Group and the Province of Salzburg, Austria.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0, 0.01875, 0.025423728813559324, 0.035211267605633804, 0.023529411764705882, 0.018726591760299626, 0.007751937984496124, 0.01834862385321101, 0.0038461538461538464, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0.006211180124223602, 0.02843601895734597, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0.0036900369003690036, 0.013452914798206279, 0.015228426395939087, 0.011235955056179775, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0.030927835051546393, 0.00980392156862745, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0.019455252918287938, 0.013257575757575758, 0, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0.03508771929824561, 0.005131964809384164, 0.00546448087431694, 0.0049504950495049506, 0, 0.0038621509209744503, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0.01928374655647383, 0, 0, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0.006060606060606061, 0.021739130434782608, 0.006802721088435374, 0.0044444444444444444, 0.00847457627118644, 0.015625, 0.014184397163120567, 0.005714285714285714, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0.005376344086021506, 0, 0.005780346820809248, 0, 0.015625, 0.016260162601626018, 0, 0 ]

[ "My Heart Belongs on Mackinac Island by Carrie Fancett Pagels\n\nAlthough the Winds of Mackinac Inn has been in her mother’s family for generations, Maude Welling’s father refuses to let her run it without the guidance of a husband. ", "So she seeks to prove her worth and independence by working incognito as a maid at the Grand Hotel.", "\n\nUndercover journalist Ben Steffans, posing as a wealthy industrialist, pursues a story about impoverished men chasing heiresses at the famed hotel. ", "While undercover, he becomes attracted to an intriguing maid. ", "By an act of heroism Ben endears himself to the closed-mouthed islanders—including Maude—and he digs deep for his story.", "\n\nBut when scandal threatens, will the growing love between Maude and Ben be scuttled when truths are revealed?", "\n\nRecommended Websites For Finding Christian Fiction\n\nMy Books!", "\n\nLegal disclaimer: Giveaways void where prohibited by law; the odds of winning depend upon the number of participants. ", "No purchase necessary. ", "You may also enter by emailing mjagears AT gmail DOT com with your name and address and the link to this giveaway within the stated time frame.", "\n\nWe are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0.006666666666666667, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0.018018018018018018, 0, 0, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0.01015228426395939 ]

[ "Social Security Administration (Agency) and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 836 (Union)\n\n[ v60\np476 ]\n\n60 FLRA No. ", "94\n\nSOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION\n(Agency)\n\nand\n\nAMERICAN FEDERATION\nOF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES\nLOCAL 836\n(Union)\n\n0-AR-3818\n\n_____\n\nDECISION\n\nDecember 13, 2004\n\n_____\n\nBefore the Authority: Dale Cabaniss, Chairman, and\nCarol Waller Pope and Tony Armendariz, Members\n\nI. Statement of the Case\n\nThis matter is before the Authority on exceptions to an award of Arbitrator John R. Baker filed by the Agency under § 7122(a) of the Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute (the Statute) and part 2425 of the Authority's Regulations. ", "The Union did not file an opposition to the Agency's exceptions.", "\n\nThe Arbitrator found that the grievant, a Union official who was participating in a grievance hearing in Pueblo, Colorado, on behalf of the Union, was entitled to additional per diem and compensation when she returned to her work location in Boston several calendar days after the date on her travel authorization.", "\n\nFor the reasons that follow, we set aside the portion of the award directing the Agency to provide the grievant such additional per diem and compensation.", "\n\nII. ", "Background and Arbitrator's Award\n\nThe grievant, a Union officer, was authorized by the Agency to travel from Boston, Massachusetts to Pueblo, Colorado to act as a technical advisor for the Union and testify as a witness on behalf of the Union at a grievance hearing scheduled from Wednesday, February 12, 2003, to Friday, February 14, 2003.", "\n\nInitially, the grievant was told by the Agency that if the hearing lasted too late for her to return on Friday, the travel order would be amended to authorize travel on Saturday, February 15. ", "Shortly thereafter, the grievant received an e-mail changing the travel authorization return date to Tuesday, February 18 (Monday, February 17 was a Federal holiday). ", "As a result, the grievant made arrangements to travel back to Boston on February 18.", "\n\nOn February 10, the grievant received an e-mail from the Agency advising her that her last return day of travel authorization was changed from Tuesday, February 18 to Saturday, February 15. ", "Having already made her travel arrangements, the grievant kept her plan to return on Tuesday, February 18. ", "A snowstorm prevented travel on that date. ", "The grievant traveled back to Boston on Wednesday, February 19, and returned to the office that day.", "\n\nThe Arbitrator framed the issue as follows:\n\nIs the [g]rievant entitled to compensation for the period between February 12 and February 19, 2003 and if so, in\nwhat amount?", "\n\nAward at 4.", "\n\nThe Arbitrator determined that Article 8, Section 1(C) of the parties' collective bargaining agreement allows an employee to travel on the workday before or after an event when the event would be outside regular duty hours.", "\n\nArticle 8, Section 1(C) states:\n\nTo the maximum extent practicable, time spent in travel status away from an employee's official duty station\nwill be scheduled by the Agency within normal working hours of the traveling employee(s). ", "To this end, the\nAgency agrees to:\n\n2. ", "allow an employee to travel on workdays preceding and after an event when travel on the day of an event\nwould be outside the traveling employee's regular duty hours.", "\n\nId. at 2.", "\n\nThe Arbitrator found that \"[t]he [g]rievance hearing did not conclude until late Friday afternoon and the [g]rievant and [the Union representative conducting the hearing] completed preparing photocopies to send to the Arbitrator at 6:00pm, clearly outside normal duty hours.\" ", "Id. at 6. ", "Further, the Arbitrator found that the grievant was unable to travel on Tuesday, February 18 because of a winter storm. ", "As such, the Arbitrator found that \"[t]he [g]rievant is entitled to per diem for [ v60\np477 ] Saturday, Sunday and Monday, February 15, 16, 17, 2003 and should be paid [eight] hours for the travel time on Tuesday, February 18, 2003 as a continuation of travel authorization due to circumstances beyond her control.\" ", "Id. at 6. ", "In addition, the Arbitrator found that the grievant was entitled to reimbursement for three-quarters per diem for Wednesday, February 19, \"other allowable expenses for the days set forth above[,]\" and \"straight time pay for the period between 5:30 pm and 6:00 pm on February 14, 2003.\" ", "Id. at 7.", "\n\nIII. ", "Positions of the Parties\n\nA. Agency's Exceptions\n\nThe Agency argues that the award is contrary to management's rights to direct employees and assign work under section 7106(a)(2) of the Statute. ", "Noting the analytical framework set forth in United States Dep't of the Treasury, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 53 FLRA 146 (1997) (\"BEP\"), the Agency argues that by requiring it to allow an employee to travel on workdays before or after an event without exception, the Arbitrator's interpretation and application of Article 8, Section 1(C) \"does not allow the Agency to assign particular duties while the employee is traveling.\" ", "Exceptions at 6.", "\n\nAs to prong I of BEP, the Agency asserts that Article 8, Section 1(C) was \"not intended to ameliorate the adverse effects of management's right to assign overtime, but explicitly dictates to management when an employee will travel to and from his/her home [or] office and when management may assign work to the employee.\" ", "Id. at 7. ", "Further, the Agency asserts that the provision excessively interferes with management's right to assign work by \"prohibiting the Agency from requiring an employee to travel on any non-workday[.]\" ", "Id. at 8.", "\n\nThe Agency also argues that after 6:00 pm on Friday, February 14, the time the grievant spent away from her duty station did not constitute hours of work under 5 U.S.C. § 5542(b)(2).", "\n\nFinally, the Agency claims that under 5 U.S.C. § 5702(a)(1), the grievant is not entitled to per diem, because she was not t" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.014925373134328358, 0.022388059701492536, 0.015625, 0.0031645569620253164, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0.005865102639296188, 0.005154639175257732, 0, 0, 0.005208333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004273504273504274, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005128205128205128, 0.009216589861751152, 0, 0.006172839506172839, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0.005434782608695652, 0.007936507936507936 ]

[ "Get our daily royal round-up direct to your inbox Sign up Thank you for subscribing We have more newsletters Show me See our privacy notice Invalid Email\n\nComputers on the Royal Navy’s £3.1 billion new aircraft carrier is still running 16-year-old operating system Windows XP - and will for up to three years, the Ministry of Defence indicated today.", "\n\nReports that computers aboard HMS Queen Elizabeth, were running the ageing software emerged in the Times this morning, after reporters spotted them during a tour last week.", "\n\nAnd today, the MoD suggested it could still be running the operating system throughout its three-year shakedown.", "\n\nMicrosoft stopped officially providing security updates and bug fixes for the operating system three years ago.", "\n\nBut a spokesperson insisted the onboard computers would not be affected by the ransomware attack sweeping the globe last night, because they are not connected to the internet.", "\n\n(Image: Reuters)\n\nIn 2015, while the vessel was still being built, pictures emerged which appeared to show a technician computer running Windows XP.", "\n\nAt the time, the MoD told tech website The Register: “The MoD can confirm that Windows XP will not be used by any onboard system when the ship becomes operational.”", "\n\nAsked to clarify what that meant today, a Navy spokesperson said: “We are following a programme towards delivering a carrier Strike capability –ie. ", "operational - for the UK from 2020.”", "\n\nAnd asked this morning if the vessel was running XP, Tory Defence Secretary Michael Fallon appeared to confirm it.", "\n\n(Image: PA) (Image: PA)\n\nHe said: \"It’s not the system itself that’s vulnerable, of course, it’s the security that surrounds it. ", "I want to reassure you about Queen Elizabeth. ", "The security around its computer system is properly protected and we don’t have any vulnerability on that particular score.\"", "\n\nWhen Microsoft discontinued support for Windows XP in 2014, the UK Government paid them £5.5 million to provide updates for another year, to give them time to migrate away from the software.", "\n\nAn ‘emergency’ patch was released by the tech giant last month in order to fix the exploit used by the WannaCry ransomware infection which hit the NHS and thousands of businesses worldwide.", "\n\nWhen it finally goes on active service in 2020, HMS Queen Elizabeth is expected to run a system called Shared Infrastructure, developed by the MoD with BAE Systems.", "\n\nThe new computers will allow the ship’s crew access to navigation, communications, sonar and other vital systems through a single console.", "\n\nAn MOD spokesperson said: “While we don’t comment on the specific systems used by our ships and submarines, we have absolute confidence in the security we have in place to keep the Royal Navy’s largest and most powerful ship safe and secure.", "\n\n“We take cyber security extremely seriously and the UK has doubled its cyber investment to £1.9 billion.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.011428571428571429, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0.006024096385542169, 0.006666666666666667, 0, 0.02586206896551724, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0.010471204188481676, 0.018072289156626505, 0, 0.00411522633744856, 0 ]

[ "Zehra Zaidi is a solicitor, policy specialist and social activist. ", "She is a former Conservative PPC and MEP Candidate.", "\n\nOn Wednesday, Sarah Champion resigned as Shadow Women and Equalities Minister over an article she wrote the week before in The Sun, following the conviction of a grooming gang in Newcastle.", "\n\nThe incendiary sentence in the piece was the following: “Britain has a problem with British Pakistani men raping and exploiting white girls”. ", "There may have been an editorial license. ", "Champion could have used more nuanced language. ", "However, the article was factual about a certain type of sexual grooming linked to patriarchy, toxic masculinity and misogyny, underscored by some backward cultural and religious practices.", "\n\nSo why did it take a full week for her to step down? ", "Simply put, Champion found herself a scapegoat for an article written by another. ", "Her article was used as a reference point in a subsequent in on the same paper by Trevor Kavanagh in which he spoke of “the Muslim Problem”. ", "His article was not specific to sexual grooming alone, but also referred to managing post-Brexit immigration and an inference of limitations based on religion. ", "He drew widespread condemnation, including a letter signed by more than 100 MPs and a joint response by the Board of Deputies of British Jews and Faith Matters. ", "Kavanagh subsequently issued a response which contained clarifications and nuances that were missing from his first article.", "\n\nReturning to Champion herself, what is the point of being a Shadow Minister for Women and Equalities if you cannot raise the issue of grooming and child sexual exploitation (CSE)? ", "Are we surprised that the MP for Rotherham felt that she should broach this topic? ", "Between 1995 and 2013, 1,400 children in the Rotherham area were the victims of sexual abuse by gangs of mainly Muslim men from of Pakistani and Indian origin.", "\n\nIt is not wrong to acknowledge that there is an issue with some Pakistani men and CSE, whilst at the same time qualifying that the problem is not one limited to Pakistanis. ", "90 per cent of those convicted of wider child abuse and on the sex offenders register are indeed white men. ", "However, Pakistani men are disproportionately involved in grooming gangs. ", "A 2011 report by the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre has analysed data on grooming offences showing that whilst the ethnicity of 38 per cent of the individuals was unknown, 30 per cent were white, 28 per cent Asian, three per cent black and 0.16 per cent Chinese.", "\n\nJeremy Corbyn has said that: “Child exploitation is wrong”, but added that “you cannot blame an entire community, an entire nation or an entire ethnic community. ", "You have to deal with it for the crime of what it is”. ", "This approach does not bode well for the tackling of other culturally sensitive topics by Labour. ", "Champion’s resignation risks adding to the culture of silence, which is not a good look for a party that promotes itself as an advocate of social justice.", "\n\nMoreover, no-one is assigning carte blanche blame. ", "Criminality begins and ends with the criminal, but Muslim communities – like many communities – need to tackle criminal elements. ", "We need to have an open debate to understand some of the potential motivations and contributory factors and how to better tackle CSE. ", "There are clearly some intersectional issues at play of class, race and gender. ", "Practically, the perpetrators of on-street grooming work in the night-time economy (so CSE is clearly not practiced by all Pakistani men).", "\n\nWhen female Muslim activists such as myself, Amina Lone, Henna Rai and Aisha Ali-Khan have raised these issues in the media or online, a procession of self-appointed male Muslim “leaders” have attempted to shut down debate. ", "Champion has been the focus of much of their online wrath, for what they see as racism and a blanket approach vis-à-vis all Pakistanis. ", "However, what the ensuing debate seems to have lost is an equal amount of anger directed at the perpetrators of these heinous crimes. ", "The voices of vulnerable victims seem to have become secondary. ", "Is it any surprise that there is a culture of silence, and that some victims are too afraid to step forward?", "\n\nPoliticians and the media should, first, spend time researching the evidence from experts who work daily on CSE issues and, second, include and support more Muslim women in both the debate and the creation and provision of solutions.", "\n\nThere is of course a fear that by speaking up on a sensitive topic in Muslim communities, you give oxygen to racists. ", "I disagree – you cut off their supply. ", "Speaking up on this difficult issue shows that Muslims, or rather the collective of very diverse Muslim communities and individuals, are prepared to tackle CSE. ", "It should serve as riposte to those launching blanket attacks on all Muslims or all Pakistanis. ", "If you do not debate the issue, you vacate the space. ", "One cannot then complain if it is occupied by others.", "\n\nMuslim communities are central in unlocking this chain of ignorance and silence. ", "We need to establish a counter-narrative that isolates criminal elements who are not reflective of the entire community. ", "The fear over religious and sexual taboos must stop, as none of these criminal acts are indicative of any religious piety whatsoever. ", "We would not want these men anywhere near our girls, white or Muslim. ", "They do not deserve the protection afforded by silence.", "\n\nThere is power in our voices. ", "Power to drive grooming gangs out of existence. ", "We can help shift the focus to where it should be – on victim support and allowing more vulnerable girls and young women to come forward, including Asian victims." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.014925373134328358, 0.0392156862745098, 0.015706806282722512, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0.008064516129032258, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0.005714285714285714, 0, 0, 0.0035842293906810036, 0.006097560975609756, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0.01327433628318584, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0, 0, 0.00425531914893617, 0, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nConstraint layout with stretchable view\n\nI am trying to build responsive layout, but I am unable to do so. ", "I need to implement view logic presented on those drawings:\n\n(from the bottom) There is a View with fixed size, anchored to the bottom of the screen. ", "Above it there is a TextView. ", "Its minimum height should be space between center guideline and bottom view. ", "When there is a lot of text it should grow above the center guideline. ", "On the top there is an ImageView with maximum height as space between screen top and center guideline and no minimum height. ", "My current solution looks something like this:\n<ConstraintLayout>\n <ImageView\n android:layout_height=\"0dp\"\n app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf=\"parent\"\n app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf=\"barrier\" />\n\n <Textview\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf=\"bottomView\" />\n\n <View\n android:layout_height=\"{some}dp\"\n app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf=\"parent\" />\n\n <android.support.constraint.", "Barrier\n app:barrierDirection=\"top\"\n app:constraint_referenced_ids=\"guidelineCenter,textView\" />\n<ConstraintLayout>\n\nAt this point a case with long text works fine, but if text is short I end up with text anchored to the bottom view. ", "Any idea how force this minimum constraints required for left image?", "\n\nA:\n\nAs far as I know, there isn't a way through XML to defined a percentage minimum height, so you will have to enforce a minimum height in code. ", "Here are two images that show a short amount of text and one with a longer amount. ", "The red line is there to show where the 1/2 way point is and is not needed. ", "The guideline set at 50% is also not needed.", "\n\nactivity_main.xml\n<android.support.constraint.", "ConstraintLayout \n android:id=\"@+id/layout\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\">\n\n <ImageView\n android:id=\"@+id/imageView\"\n android:layout_width=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"0dp\"\n app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf=\"@+id/textView\"\n app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf=\"parent\"\n app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf=\"parent\"\n app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf=\"parent\"\n app:srcCompat=\"@mipmap/ic_launcher\" />\n\n <TextView\n android:id=\"@+id/textView\"\n android:layout_width=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:minHeight=\"0dp\"\n android:text=\"This is big text \"\n app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf=\"@id/bottomView\"\n app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf=\"parent\"\n app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf=\"parent\" />\n\n <View\n android:id=\"@+id/bottomView\"\n android:layout_width=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"50dp\"\n android:background=\"@color/colorPrimary\"\n android:visibility=\"visible\"\n app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf=\"parent\"\n app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf=\"parent\"\n app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf=\"parent\" />\n\n <android.support.constraint.", "Guideline\n android:id=\"@+id/guideline\"\n android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:orientation=\"horizontal\"\n app:layout_constraintGuide_percent=\"0.5\" />\n\n <View\n android:id=\"@+id/view\"\n android:layout_width=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"1dp\"\n android:background=\"@android:color/holo_red_light\"\n app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf=\"parent\"\n app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf=\"parent\"\n app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf=\"@id/guideline\" />\n\n</android.support.constraint.", "ConstraintLayout>\n\nMainActivity.xml\npublic class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {\n private ConstraintLayout mLayout;\n private TextView mTextView;\n private View mBottomView;\n private int mMinHeight;\n\n @Override\n protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);\n\n mLayout = findViewById(R.id.layout);\n mTextView = findViewById(R.id.textView);\n mBottomView = findViewById(R.id.bottomView);\n mTextView.setText(getResources().getString(R.string.large_text).substring(0, 1000));\n\n mLayout.post(new Runnable() {\n @Override\n public void run() {\n mMinHeight = mLayout.getHeight() / 2 - mBottomView.getHeight();\n if (mTextView.getHeight() < mMinHeight) {\n mTextView.setMinHeight(mMinHeight);\n }\n }\n });\n }\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008, 0.0020491803278688526, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01010886469673406, 0.008417508417508417, 0.004153686396677051 ]

[ " IN THE\n ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS\n DIVISION TWO\n\n\n THE STATE OF ARIZONA,\n Petitioner,\n\n v.\n\n HON. ", "KENNETH LEE,\n JUDGE OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA,\n IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF PIMA\n Respondent,\n\n and\n\n MARSHALL NEAL RAY,\n Real Party in Interest.", "\n\n No. ", "2 CA-SA 2015-0039\n Filed August 24, 2015\n\n Special Action Proceeding\n Pima County Cause No. ", "CR20134796-001\n\n JURISDICTION ACCEPTED; RELIEF GRANTED\n\n\n COUNSEL\n\nBarbara LaWall, Pima County Attorney\nBy Nicolette Kneup, Deputy County Attorney, Tucson\nCounsel for Petitioner\n\nLaw Office of Michael W. Storie, P.C.\nBy Michael W. Storie and Natasha Wrae, Tucson\nCounsel for Real Party in Interest\n\f STATE v. LEE\n Opinion of the Court\n\n\n OPINION\n\nPresiding Judge Miller authored the opinion of the Court, in which\nChief Judge Eckerstrom and Judge Espinosa concurred.", "\n\n\nM I L L E R, Presiding Judge:\n\n¶1 The State of Arizona seeks special action review of the\nrespondent judge’s order in the criminal prosecution against\nMichael Ray permitting him to interview the victims and their\nrepresentative. ", "We accept jurisdiction and grant relief.", "\n\n¶2 Ray was charged with three counts of continuous sexual\nabuse of a child, two counts of sexual abuse of a minor under the age\nof fifteen, and two counts of child molestation. ", "The indictment\nnamed four victims. ", "The victims know each other, and Ray alleges\nthat they spoke to each other about him. ", "Each of the victims, as well\nas their representative, invoked rights as established by Arizona’s\nVictims’ Bill of Rights, including the right to refuse to be\ninterviewed by the defendant or his or her representative. ", "See Ariz.\nConst. ", "art. ", "II, § 2.1; A.R.S §§ 13-4401 through 13-4441. ", "Ray\nnonetheless sought to compel interviews with each victim and the\nrepresentative. ", "Citing Champlin v. Sargeant, 192 Ariz. 371, 965 P.2d\n763 (1998), he argued he was entitled to interview each of them\nabout statements the other victims may have made, as long as he did\nnot “explore anything with respect to a particular witness’s alleged\nvictimization.” ", "Over the state’s objection, the respondent judge\ngranted Ray’s motion “to allow [Ray] to interview the various\nvictims with respect to their conversations with other victims about\nthe other victims’ situations.” ", "The respondent judge prohibited any\nquestions that sought to obtain, by indirect means, information\nabout the victim’s own situation, such as whether another victim’s\nexperience was the same as what she experienced. ", "The state timely\nsought special action relief.", "\n\n¶3 The exercise of special action jurisdiction is appropriate\nto address issues concerning victims’ rights because the rights in\n\n\n 2\n\f STATE v. LEE\n Opinion of the Court\n\nquestion “would not be capable of protection if the matter were\nreviewed post-trial.” ", "Romley v. Schneider, 202 Ariz. 362, ¶ 5, 45 P.3d\n685, 686 (App. ", "2002). ", "Although Ray claims the state could appeal\nthe respondent judge’s order pursuant to A.R.S. § 13-4032(4), he is\nincorrect. ", "That provision applies only to post-judgment orders and\nwould not allow an appeal of the ruling at issue here, nor would any\nother provision of § 13-4032 allow the state to dismiss the action\nwithout prejudice in order to appeal the ruling. ", "Thus, because the\nstate has no “equally plain, speedy, and adequate remedy by\nappeal,” Ariz. R. P. Spec. ", "Actions 1(a), we accept special action\njurisdiction.", "\n\n¶4 In Champlin, our supreme court addressed whether the\nVictims’ Bill of Rights and § 13-4433(A) permitted a trial court to\ncompel the interview of the victims of various sex offenses\nconcerning events those victims witnessed relevant to other charges\nagainst the defendant. ", "192 Ariz. 371, ¶¶ 7-23, 965 P.2d at 764-67. ", "At\nthat time, § 13-4433(A) stated “the victim shall not be compelled to\nsubmit to an interview on any matter, including a charged criminal\noffense witnessed by the victim that occurred on the same occasion\nas the offense against the victim, that is conducted by the defendant,\nthe defendant’s attorney or an agent of the defendant.” ", "1997 Ariz.\nSess. ", "Laws, ch. ", "126, § 12. ", "As a matter of statutory interpretation, the\ncourt in Champlin concluded the “same occasion” clause necessarily\nmodified the phrase “on any matter,” thereby allowing the\ninterview of eyewitness victims, so long as the eyewitness was not\nalso a victim of an offense committed on the same occasion. ", "192\nAriz. 371, ¶¶ 15-16, 18, 965 P.2d at 766-67. ", "If Champlin controls, it\nwould permit the types of interviews ordered by the respondent\njudge.", "\n\n¶5 In 1999, after Champlin was decided, the legislature\namended § 13-4433(A) to read as it does now:\n\n [T]he victim shall not be compelled to\n submit to an interview on any matter,\n including any charged criminal offense\n witnessed by the victim and that occurred\n on the same occasion as the offense against\n the victim, or filed in the same indictment\n\n 3\n\f STATE v. LEE\n Opinion of the Court\n\n or information or consolidated for trial, that\n is conducted by the defendant, the\n defendant’s attorney or an agent of the\n defendant.", "\n\n1999 Ariz. Sess. ", "Laws, ch. ", "261, § 45. ", "The amendment added\nprotections for persons designated as victims for offenses\nconsolidated for trial or alleged in the same indictment, without\nrequiring the charged conduct to have occurred on the “same\noccasion.” ", "We agree with the state that this change to the statutory\nlanguage supersedes Champlin. ", "See State v. Kindred, 232 Ariz. 611,\n¶ 6, 307 P.3d 1038, 1040 (App. ", "2013) (statute’s plain language is best\nindication of legislative intent).", "\n\n¶6 The court’s analysis in Champlin supports this\nconclusion. ", "For instance, it observed that the “particular date on\nwhich each incident occurred is critical to our analysis” because the\nstatute only prohibited witness interviews of persons who also were\ndesignated victims for offenses that occurred “on the same\noccasion”—which the court concluded was limited to events\noccurring on the same date. ", "Champlin, 192 Ariz. 371, ¶¶ 2, 11, 15, 965\nP.2d at 764, 765, 766. ", "Moreover, the court rejected application of the\n“broader victim protection” in Rule 39(b)(11), Ariz. R. Crim. ", "P.,\nbecause it did not contain the “same occasion” limitation. ", "Id. ¶ 9.", "\nBy removing the “same occasion” clause for offenses in the same\ncharging document or consolidated for trial, the legislature\nreinstated broader victim protections more like those provided by\nRule 39(b)(11).1\n\n¶7 Ray does not specifically address this language or\nsuggest it is inapplicable. ", "He instead argues, based on State v. Lee,\n\n 1Although not dispositive, we also note that the scope of the\nvictim protection added to Rule 39(b)(11) after enactment of the\nVictims’ Bill of Rights remains as broad today as it was in 1991. ", "171\nAriz. LV (1991); see also Ariz. Const. ", "art. ", "II, § 2.1 (enacted 1990). ", "It\nrecognizes a victim’s “right to refuse an interview, deposition, or\nother discovery request by the defendant, the defendant’s attorney,\nor other person acting on behalf of the defendant.”", "\n\n\n 4\n\f STATE v. LEE\n Opinion of the Court\n\n226 Ariz. 234, 245 P.3d 919 (App. ", "2011), that Champlin merely has\nbeen limited in scope to hold that a victim “does not have the right\nto refuse a deposition or interview on a subject unrelated to the\noffense against the victim.” ", "In Lee, this court addressed a deposition\nin a civil forfeiture case of people named as victims in the\nunderlying criminal matter, ultimately concluding the interviews\nwere not permitted. ", "Id. ¶¶ 1-2, 14. ", "Our reference to Champlin in Lee\nwas in a footnote, id. n.6, and nothing in our decision can reasonably\nbe read to support an argument that Champlin overrides the plain\nlanguage of § 13-4433(A).", "\n\n¶8 Although Ray suggests his confrontation rights would\nbe inappropriately limited by application of § 13-4433(A), we have\nrejected that proposition, as well as the contention that prohibiting\nvictim interviews violates a defendant’s due process rights. ", "See\nNorgord v. State, 201 Ariz. 228, ¶¶ 20-21, 33 P.3d 1166, 1171 (App.", "\n2001). ", "Ray also claims that prohibiting the witness interviews\n“deprives” him of his right to “effective assistance of counsel.” ", "We\ndecline to address this argument, however, because Ray offers no\nexplanation or supporting authority. ", "Cf. ", "State v. Bolton, 182 Ariz.\n290, 298, 896 P.2d 830, 838 (1995) (insufficient argument waives\nclaim on review).", "\n\n¶9 Ray further asserts we should permit the interviews as a\nmatter of judicial economy because he could move to “sever the\ncharges by victim,” which would provide another justification to\ninterview them. ", "2 But he does not develop any argument that\nseverance is appropriate, and no ruling on that issue is before us.", "\nNor does he cite any authority suggesting judicial economy can\noutweigh a victim’s constitutional rights. ", "Like the United States\nConstitution, our own constitution “recognizes higher values than\nspeed and efficiency.” ", "Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S 645, 656 (1972).", "\nAccordingly, we decline to address this argument further.", "\n\n\n\n\n 2Even assuming Ray is entitled to severance of the charges, the\nfact remains that the charges were brought in the same indictment.", "\nSee § 13-4433(A).", "\n\n\n 5\n\f STATE v. LEE\n Opinion of the Court\n\n¶10 We recognize that a victim’s rights may, in some\ncircumstances, be abrogated on due process grounds. ", "In Romley v.\nSuperior Court, 172 Ariz. 232, 238-39, 836 P.2d 445, 451-52 (App.", "\n1992), we permitted the discovery of the victim’s mental health\nrecords upon a showing that they were relevant to a claim of self-\ndefense. ", "But, unlike a victim’s right to refuse a discovery request,\nthe right of a victim to refuse an interview is paramount. ", "State v.\nRoscoe, 185 Ariz. 68, 74, 912 P.2d 1297, 1303 (1996). ", "And the Victims’\nBill of Rights expressly authorizes the legislature to define the rights\nguaranteed to victims. ", "Ariz. Const. ", "art. ", "II, § 2.1(D); see also J.D. v.\nHegyi, 236 Ariz. 39, ¶ 13, 335 P.3d 1118, 1120-21 (2014).", "\n\n¶11 Accordingly, pursuant to § 13-4433(A), the respondent\njudge had no authority to allow Ray to interview the victims. ", "We\nthus accept special action jurisdiction and vacate the respondent\njudge’s order permitting Ray to interview the victims and their\nrepresentative.", "\n\n\n\n\n 6\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.003875968992248062, 0.01090909090909091, 0, 0, 0.024305555555555556, 0.004149377593360996, 0, 0, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0.003703703703703704, 0.0047169811320754715, 0, 0, 0.002849002849002849, 0.015625, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0.003484320557491289, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0.003367003367003367, 0.02040816326530612, 0.010638297872340425, 0.0040595399188092015, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0, 0.0033112582781456954, 0.00816326530612245, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0.00625, 0.00510204081632653, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0.0037593984962406013, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.004651162790697674, 0, 0, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0.004149377593360996, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0.007692307692307693, 0.006756756756756757, 0 ]

[ "~\n\n~\n\n~\n\nAdded 8 hours later: oh yes, life can be short and so precious….may we all make haste to gladden each others’ hearts and to be kind, because we just never know how long our friends and loved ones have, as we travel the way together." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0 ]

[ "KANSAS CITY, Kan. — A social justice advocacy organization in Kansas City, Kansas, has launched its own hotline for victims to report alleged police misconduct and abuse.", "\n\nThe hotline — victims can call 913-228-3007 — will be monitored by the Metro Organization for Racial and Economic Equity, known in the community as More2. ", "It will not be monitored 24/7, but callers can expect privacy.", "\n\nThe group said voicemails will not be turned over to law enforcement.", "\n\n\"These victims feel powerless, you know what I mean?,\" ", "Khadijah Hardaway said. \"", "So, we need to find a way to have someone mediate between the powerless and the powerful.\"", "\n\nA month ago, More2 marched to KCK City Hall. ", "The group called for Mayor David Alvey to fire KCK Chief of Police Terry Zeigler, the city to set up an independent bilingual hotline to report abuse and asked for outside investigations of officers within KCKPD.", "\n\nThe department is currently facing two federal lawsuits alleging sexual abuse and misconduct by police officers.", "\n\nOne lawsuit was filed by Lamonte McIntyre, who was wrongly convicted and later exonerated for a murder he did not commit. ", "The lawsuit alleges now-retired detective Roger Golubski sexually assaulted and abused women, resulting in fabricated statements.", "\n\nAnother lawsuit has been filed by a former police cadet who claims she was dismissed from the cadet program after she reported her sexual harassment and sexual assault by a supervising officer.", "\n\nKCKPD released a statement addressing More2's demands and concerns. ", "The department said, in part, that it takes all complaints of misconduct or abuse seriously, but that the group's allegations have never been formally reported.", "\n\nKCKPD also said it already has an anonymous complaint hotline, which can be reached at 913-573-6373.", "\n\nHere is the complete statement from the KCK police:" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.012738853503184714, 0, 0, 0, 0.04, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0.018867924528301886 ]

[ "“The timing can be extended only in prayer as negotiations weigh in the balance, now.”", "\n\nMy sense was that I was watching a parade of some sort. ", "I stood, watching a man from a distance as he was being moved along in a large black convertible car with the top down. ", "The man sat on top of the back seat. ", "Then his gaze landed directly on me and I awoke at 2:53 am.", "\n\nI then heard the following:\n\n“The American Congress has long since relinquished goodwill toward the American people, evidenced in their legislation. ", "The greed (covetousness) of power, wealth, and increasing ability to oversee destruction has left many tainted and unwilling to even utter the first prayer for your current President. ", "Even now, he is in need of genuine prayer, which can only come from My people.", "\n\nLay aside your biases, personal judgments, and dislike of his personality. ", "This hour is critical unlike any other. ", "Seek Me on his behalf. ", "The crooked places are infected. ", "The halls of the White House are not peaceful. ", "The President seeks solace like never before. ", "The will of your Creator is that His people will uphold this President in prayer for My wisdom to be central in his (President Trump) decisions.", "\n\nThe waves of onslaught have been many and strengthening his hands and knees to continue to stand is his greatest need. ", "Strength to accomplish the tasks set before him. ", "Peace to quell the onslaught against his mind.", "\n\nAt present, he is a target. ", "Pray protection from My hand as he leads this land of America. ", "Rise up and take your stand as often as you think of him, pray for him that he may see clearly, move with sure footing, and receive My wisdom.", "\n\nAs a book closes, America’s last chapter comes – she will be closed shut, let this not be prematurely. (", "As I heard these words, I saw the nation cloaked in the American flag. ", "Then, the nation folded up and closed just like a book. ", "I could see just a few of the stars on the closed up book).", "\n\nThe hot coals of change will be heaped upon this nation in consequence of it’s many sins. ", "The timing can be extended only in prayeras negotiations weigh in the balance, now. ", "Your star spangled banner; your flag, may soon loose its decorum and associated freedom. ", "Make haste and pray that he be under-girded only by My power in this late hour.”", "\n\nAfter receiving this message, I began praying for the President. ", "I saw a grotesque vision of a ginormous snake coiling itself around the White House. ", "The increasing pressure it applied around the White House was causing the house to look like it would implode. ", "I knew it was trying to squeeze life out of President Trump, maybe even his family and his administration.", "\n\nBelow are suggested scriptures to pray over President Trump. ", "Inserting his name wherever there are personal pronouns personalizes these scriptures:\n\nPsalm 138:7-8 (NJKV) – Though I walk in the midst of trouble, You will revive me; You will stretch out Your hand against the wrath of my enemies, and Your right hand will save me. ", "The Lord will perfect that which concerns me; Your mercy, O Lord, endures forever; do not forsake the works of Your hands.", "\n\nIsaiah 35:3-4 (NJKV) – Strengthen the weak hands, and make firm the feeble knees. ", "Say to those who are fearful-hearted, “Be strong, do not fear! ", "Behold, your God will come with vengeance, with the recompense of God; He will come and save you.”", "\n\nIvette, also known as Eve, is a prophetic scribe and author. ", "In her role as a prophetic psalmist since 2005, and now as an aspiring harpist, she, like Elisha, hear’s “But now, bring me a harpist. ", "And while the harpist played, the hand of the Lord came upon Elisha.” (", "2 Kings 3:15) Her website, songbirdscribe.com, is a place of healing and a resource for all who are seeking Jehovah God’s peace. ", "She holds a Bachelor of Ministry degree from Safe Harbor Institute located in Georgia, and a Master of Social Work degree from The University of Alabama. ", "Having overcome chronic grief, her book, Whisper to Us: Hope for Change and Recovery, is a resource for all who desire emotional and spiritual healing.", "\n\nCrystal,\nIt isn’t often when I’m awakened to write what I hear, but when it happens, I know it is very important. ", "I just know we all need to remain very close to Jesus in worship and prayer.", "\n\n3\n\n| Reply - ShareHide Replies ∧\n\nChristina\n\nMember\n\nNovember 30, 2018 8:19 AM\n\nI pray Isaiah 54:17 every day over President Trump. ", "There are many in my country (Australia) praying for him, his family, and his administration, that the Lord’s will be done. ", "Thank you for sharing your dream and the other Scriptures, Ivette. ", "Shalom.", "\n\nChristina,\nYour prayers are appreciated. ", "I recently had a dream where I saw the Lord Jesus praying and weeping for His people. ", "He said: The many will become few. ", "My people are not prepared. ", "The many will become few. ", "I was so deeply saddened. ", "Trying to warn the barely believers is difficult as many believe life will continue as it has been. ", "Still, we press on!", "\n\n2\n\n| Reply - ShareHide Replies ∧\n\nBrent\n\nMember\n\nNovember 30, 2018 12:44 AM\n\nIt is always very comforting to have the Lord point out specifically what he wants us to pray.", "\n\nIf you like Trump\n1st Timothy 2:1-3\nI exhort therefore, that, first of all, supplications, and giving of thanks, be made for all men;\nFor kings/ (Presidents), and for all that are in authority; that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and honesty.", "\nFor this is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Saviour.", "\n\nIf you don’t like Trump\nMatthew 5:43\nYou have heard that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour, and hate thine enemy.", "\nBut I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you.", "\n\nWhether you are a “fan” of his or not, this is exactly the kind of supernatural ministry and exhortation we need on this website. ", "Pretty simple, pray and intercede for Trump. ", "Maybe as well, pray specifically against…naming out those demonic entities….those entities that would seek to derail Trump from his assignment. ", "Pray specifically , calling out the damage we would like to see enacted/done against demonic powers of hell set against Trump, Pence and their families.", "\n\nJerry:\nI pray God’s wisdom direct us in our prayers. ", "We need the Holy Spirit more each day as the inevitable encroaches upon us.", "\n\n0\n\n| Reply - ShareHide Replies ∧\n\nSapphire\n\nMember\n\nNovember 30, 2018 2:49 PM\n\nThank you for this post Ivette. ", "The urgency is right on and the desperate need for each of us to pray is beautifully expressed. ", "Seeing a glimpse into the spirit realm of what is going on is eye opening and makes the urgency all the more real. ", "The Lord gave me a few confirming glimpses while interceding to the Lord for him, and yes, the evil coming against him is coming from all directions, is non-stop, and is absolutely OVERWHELMING. ", "Our president is under constant, non-stop attack and needs our prayers. ", "God have mercy on us and forgive us all. ", "Corri\n\nThe snake coiled around the White house the way it is described ..sounds like the spirit of Python… squeezing life out..\n\nI rechecked in case & typed in what is the spirit of Python & found this site which is interesting in itself..never found this site before it is completely new to me as I am in Australia.so reading intently.", "\n\n.Scrolling down the article.", "\nThe following is an excerpt authored by Bobbie Jean Merck.https://www.hiskingdomprophecy.com/understanding-spirit-of-python/\nreference to Acts 16.16.re spirit of Divination & Python.", "\nthis does apply to a church ecclesia,body of believers & ? ", "the White house in this case…? ", "possibility. ", "pray for confirmation.& ", "seek the Holy Spirit for guidance.", "\n\n**also noticed in the column to the right hand side; Prophecy Posts is a list & I looked @ a couple of those that caught my attention..one being Persecution Warning & The Ancient Paths by Elizabeth Marie Dec 1 2018. ", "whose recent post is here on Z3 news..\n\nHi Anne:\nI’ve known of Bobbie Jean Merck for many years. ", "Yes, the snake is definitely Python. ", "I too, along with my family, have seen the coming persecution in dreams. ", "It will take a very close relationship with the Holy Spirit to live.", "\n\nMarcio Ferez Jr.onProphetic dream reveals Bitcoin Cash rising to $11,000Thank you, John! ", "Awesome dream. ", "From what I understood so far is that there was already a 2 story home before you worked on removing the roof to allow another story to be built. ", "ChristineB's daughter…\n\nJohn McCanadaonProphetic dream reveals Bitcoin Cash rising to $11,000Redd Coin God Dream....Last night. ", "From start to finish, I knew within the dream this was all about redd coin. ", "I was working on the roof of a 1 story addition to a 2 story home with a few other people…\n\nMarcio Ferez Jr.onProphetic dream reveals Bitcoin Cash rising to $11,000Thanks Jacob and Mark! ", "I believe it confirms to me that 0.00032 BTC is the highest price RDD would sell at, as in dream's full (or near full) retail price. ", "I have my personal confirmation of not to go…\n\nMarcio Ferez Jr.onProphetic dream reveals Bitcoin Cash rising to $11,000J Bernard, I have not tracked closely silver movement revelations other than those prices of $20+, a double peak, around $8.50, and then $30+, about that order. ", "These are resistance and support levels…\n\nMarcio Ferez Jr.onProphetic dream reveals Bitcoin Cash rising to $11,000ChristineB, Your revelation, of $3615.54 at bottom of a V and matching $1.01 per RDD at Ali's 0.00028 BTC, answers my question of what to do immediately after acquiring BTC from the RDD sale. ", "I would…\n\nMarcio Ferez Jr.onProphetic dream reveals Bitcoin Cash rising to $11,000*Gershom's first bus ride could be the first RDD spike, and the second bus ride could be the second spike when silver is around $20. ", "https://z3news.com/w/prophetic-dream-reveals-bitcoin-cash-rising-11…\n\nMarcio Ferez Jr.onProphetic dream reveals Bitcoin Cash rising to $11,000Scotty, maybe 0489 refers to $4.89 on the way up and on the way down of RDD's 2nd spike to $5.50. ", "You were already very rich from the first spike of RDD to $2.50 and silver at $17.58. \"", "I remember seei…\n\nMarcio Ferez Jr.onProphetic dream reveals Bitcoin Cash rising to $11,000Thank you, John! ", "Awesome dream. ", "From what I understood so far is that there was already a 2 story home before you worked on removing the roof to allow another story to be built. ", "ChristineB's daughter…\n\nJohn McCanadaonProphetic dream reveals Bitcoin Cash rising to $11,000Redd Coin God Dream....Last night. ", "From start to finish, I knew within the dream this was all about redd coin. ", "I was working on the roof of a 1 story addition to a 2 story home with a few other people…\n\nMarcio Ferez Jr.onProphetic dream reveals Bitcoin Cash rising to $11,000Thanks Jacob and Mark! ", "I believe it confirms to me that 0.00032 BTC is the highest price RDD would sell at, as in dream's full (or near full) retail price. ", "I have my personal confirmation of not to go…\n\nMarcio Ferez Jr.onProphetic dream reveals Bitcoin Cash rising to $11,000J Bernard, I have not tracked closely silver movement revelations other than those prices of $20+, a double peak, around $8.50, and then $30+, about that order. ", "These are resistance and support levels…\n\nMarcio Ferez Jr.onProphetic dream reveals Bitcoin Cash rising to $11,000ChristineB, Your revelation, of $3615.54 at bottom of a V and matching $1.01 per RDD at Ali's 0.00028 BTC, answers my question of what to do immediately after acquiring BTC from the RDD sale. ", "I would…\n\nMarcio Ferez Jr.onProphetic dream reveals Bitcoin Cash rising to $11,000*Gershom's first bus ride could be the first RDD spike, and the second bus ride could be the second spike when silver is around $20. ", "https://z3news.com/w/prophetic-dream-reveals-bitcoin-cash-rising-11…\n\nMarcio Ferez Jr.onProphetic dream reveals Bitcoin Cash rising to $11,000Scotty, maybe 0489 refers to $4.89 on the way up and on the way down of RDD's 2nd spike to $5.50. ", "You were already very rich from the first spike of RDD to $2.50 and silver at $17.58. \"", "I remember seei…" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0.006944444444444444, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0.009009009009009009, 0.009433962264150943, 0.015873015873015872, 0.0037313432835820895, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0.01948051948051948, 0, 0, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0037174721189591076, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005952380952380952, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0.016666666666666666, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0, 0, 0.013761467889908258, 0.030927835051546393, 0, 0, 0, 0.03296703296703297, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0.0106951871657754, 0.007518796992481203, 0.007142857142857143, 0.016339869281045753, 0.013953488372093023, 0.016666666666666666, 0.011494252873563218, 0.028037383177570093, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0.0106951871657754, 0.007518796992481203, 0.007142857142857143, 0.016339869281045753, 0.013953488372093023, 0.016666666666666666, 0.011494252873563218, 0 ]

[ "After the main opening event of this year’s PlayStation Experience, Greg Miller of Kinda Funny sat down with Sony Interactive Entertainment America CEO Shawn Layden for a bit of back and forth. ", "Among his first questions was one that’s always in the back of our minds, whether we care to admit it or not: When can we fix our teenage mistakes of PlayStation Network usernames? ", "As you can probably guess, Layden’s immediate response on the oft-asked PSN question is how we got our headline image.", "\n\nYou can watch this part of the interview below:\n\nMost importantly, what we got from this back-and-forth was this quote regarding the name question…\n\nI hope we’ll see events occur that you don’t have to ask me that question next PSX.", "\n\nLayden makes adding PSN name changing sound like a complex process, calling it a “large piece of work.” ", "While his quote probably shouldn’t be considered a full-throated announcement of a potential PSN name change capability in the near future, it’s the closest we’ve come to getting an idea for when we can chop chose 69’s, 420’s, and inter-capitalized letters from our names.", "\n\nMore News\n\nThis post was originally authored by Kyle Kreoll." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.015463917525773196, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0.004273504273504274, 0.018867924528301886, 0.003676470588235294, 0.016129032258064516 ]

[ "Technically Incorrect offers a slightly twisted take on the tech that's taken over our lives.", "\n\nAldebaran SAS\n\nI feel for Pepper the robot.", "\n\nMore precisely, I feel for all the Peppers who are about to go into the world and be owned by humans.", "\n\nMade by Japanese telecommunications company Softbank in collaboration with French robotics company Aldebaran SAS, thousands of Peppers will soon be peppered across the world. ", "The first wave of the robots went on sale in June and sold out almost instantly.", "\n\nEach robot costs 198,000 yen (around $1,610), plus additional data and insurance fees. ", "Now a report has emerged that these sales come with strings attached -- for the robot's protection, you understand.", "\n\nPepper is supposed to be able to read emotions. ", "Humans, though, can be impulsive and irrational. ", "They can be twisted too.", "\n\nSo, as the Daily Mail breathlessly reports, Pepper's human owners must promise not to indulge in carnal relationships with it. ", "Creating sexy apps is also a no-no, as is programming it to stalk others. ", "Indeed, the actual clause is said to outlaw using Pepper for \"the purpose of sexual or indecent behavior.\"", "\n\nSoftbank wasn't immediately available for comment.", "\n\nSexbots, as my colleague Bonnie Burton pointed out, clearly have their place in society. ", "Pepper, though, is a different beast. ", "It's there purely to be helpful, to react to human emotions and to be a true friend. ", "It's not there for physical performance of any kind.", "\n\nThere again, the Web is full of, well, boys. ", "Some self-regarding wag has already reprogrammed the tablet that hangs on Pepper's chest so that it displays breasts.", "\n\nIt would be understandable, therefore, if Softbank was concerned about what humans might conceive in humor, anger or, Lord help us, lust. ", "After all, just a couple of weeks ago, a man was arrested for allegedly kicking Pepper in a Softbank store.", "\n\nI do worry, though, about these first Pepper purchasers. ", "They might sign contracts promising not to do all sorts of things. ", "But how will Softbank ever know?", "\n\nOnce machines are in the hands of humans, anything could happen. ", "Let's hope anything doesn't. ", "For Pepper's sake, you understand. ", "It might never be the same again." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0.011299435028248588, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0.007142857142857143, 0.018691588785046728, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0 ]

[ "Meningococcal meningitis: vaccination outbreak response and epidemiological changes in the African meningitis belt.", "\nThe main approach to controlling epidemics of meningococcal meningitis in the African meningitis belt has been reactive vaccination campaigns with serogroup A polysaccharide vaccine once the outbreak reached an incidence threshold. ", "Early reactive vaccination is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality. ", "A recent paper in International Health has shown that earlier reactive vaccination campaigns may be even more effective than increasing the coverage area of vaccination. ", "Monovalent serogroup A conjugate vaccine programs have recently been launched to prevent transmission in endemic areas in the African meningitis belt. ", "Conjugate vaccines can induce immunological memory and have impact on pharyngeal carriage. ", "However, reactive vaccination still has a role to play taking into account the dynamic changes in the epidemiology of meningitis in this area." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Crystals of urokinase type plasminogen activator complexes reveal the binding mode of peptidomimetic inhibitors.", "\nUrokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), a trypsin-like serine proteinase, plays an important role in normal tissue re-modelling, cell adhesion, and cell motility. ", "In addition, studies utilizing normal animals and potent, selective uPA inhibitors or genetically modified mice that lack functional uPA genes have demonstrated that uPA can significantly enhance tumor initiation, growth, progression and metastasis, strongly suggesting that this enzyme may be a promising anti-cancer target. ", "We have investigated the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of peptidomimetic inhibitors of uPA and solved high resolution X-ray structures of key, lead small molecule inhibitors (e.g. phenethylsulfonamidino(P4)-D-seryl(P3)-L-alanyl(P2)-L-argininal(P1) and derivatives thereof) in complex with the uPA proteinase domain. ", "These potent inhibitors are highly selective for uPA. ", "The non-natural D-seryl residue present at the P3 position in these inhibitors contributes substantially to both potency and selectivity because, due to its D-configuration, its side-chain binds in the S4 pocket to interact with the uPA unique residues Leu97b and His99. ", "Additional potency and selectivity can be achieved by optimizing the inhibitor P4 residue to bind a pocket, known as S1sub or S1beta, that is adjacent to the primary specificity pocket of uPA." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.005952380952380952, 0, 0.0030864197530864196, 0.018518518518518517, 0.007380073800738007, 0.010416666666666666 ]

[ "That is the rate of return on an asset whose repayment is certain.", "\n\nFor many years we have sought this and now we know.", "\n\nThe truly risk-free asset is a senior bank bond in a peripheral bank in a country seeking a bailout.", "\n\nWe know that from the Irish case senior bonds took equality with the deposits in Anglo (except at the very end) and were certainly much more important in the eyes of both governments than mere taxpayers.", "\n\nWe now see in Cyprus that these assets are truly special and rank above even deposits.", "\n\nHaving sustained deep financial wounds from the first Greek bailout, Cyprus needed €17bn. ", "Its banks were financed mainly by deposits but there were some bonds there... so the logical thing was to first burn these.", "\n\nInstead, and setting a dangerous precedent, the ECB and the Economic and Financial Affairs Council (chaired by Michael Noonan, fresh from lading €25bn of Anglo debt onto the Irish taxpayer) decided to haircut depositors.", "\n\nAll depositors over €100k were to lose 10%, those under, who had been guaranteed, are to lose 6.75%.", "\n\nWhy did Cyprus need a bailout? ", "For one main reason, its banks. ", "They got too large too fast. ", "There is a massive link between the Greek and Cypriot economies, as the Greek situation went from bad to catastrophic, the Cypriot banks were holed badly, having extended credit equivalent to over 150% of Cypriot GDP to Greece.", "\n\nThese private sector loans are now damaged and the Cypriot banks were further weakened by the writedown of Greek official sector debt.", "\n\nCyprus is criticised for having an overly large banking sector and, at seven times its GDP, it is too large. ", "Part of the reason it is too large is that Cyprus, like another small island we can think of, operates as an offshore financial centre. ", "And here we see a rancid whiff of racism and xenophobia.", "\n\nThe meme is “Cyprus is stuffed with hot money from Russia,” and so any hit to the banking sector will show Ivan who’s boss — Angela, in case anyone wondered. ", "That this is improbable, and that the data suggest that perhaps €7bn of the total €70bn deposit base of the Cypriot banks is held by Russians from Russia, some of which may be hot, is irrelevant. ", "Anyhow €7bn would hardly get you into oligarch circles nowadays. ", "But the meme persists.", "\n\nCypriot banks were seen as safe, and so were attracting large flows from Greek and other depositors. ", "The largest growth in non-EU money came from other financial institutions, not households or corporations. ", "And so, faced with 90% debt GDP ratios and fast out of money fast, the Cypriots have been asking for a bailout since last June. ", "Despite this, it took another 3am meeting, chaired lest we forget by Michael Noonan, to decide on an extraordinary course of action.", "\n\nA bailout of €17bn would have caused a massive spike in the debt/gdp ratio, and there seems still, five years after Bear Sterns, to be no willingness in the chancelleries of Europe to realise that a union means solidarity. ", "Faced with the requirement to restructure Cypriot sovereign debt to make the total sustainable, Cyprus’ European partners, ourselves included, forced them to raid the savings of the Cypriot people. ", "Although the Cypriot banks have little senior debt this was, and here we are into Alice in Wonderland territory, not burned.", "\n\nAnd this was accompanied by the by now familiar hectoring and bullying, with the threats of the ATMs running out and the ECB cutting off liquidity and who knows what. ", "All reports suggest, frankly, a hegemonic Germany run amok and declaring fiscal war on another small state. ", "That should make everyone worried. ", "This is dangerous territory, setting a bad precedent. ", "Its unjust and incoherent.", "\n\nEuropean banks are funded by approx €5tn bonds, €21tn deposits and €3tn capital. ", "They need to increase the reliance on deposits, and this makes them deeply unattractive outside the core. ", "Plus, for all the fine talk on breaking the bank-sovereign link, this reinforces it. ", "If this doesn’t cause a bank run in Cyprus it will be astonishing.", "\n\nIts unjust in that even the smallest saver in Cyprus is forced to participate. ", "But in a Europe that is happy to see Greek cancer patients suffer on the altar of ordoliberalism, I guess the widow’s mite counts for little.", "\n\nMost of all it is a bad precedent. ", "It is one that should worry any depositor in any eurozone country that is or might be in a bailout. ", "For the first time in modern European history we see the deposits of ordinary savers at risk. ", "While deposits have been lost in extraordinary bank failures, this is new territory. ", "It puts at risk every deposit of every saver in every country now in or facing into a bailout. ", "While we laud ourselves for having re-entered the market, our bond yield is depressed by a flood of cheap money and an attractive carry trade. ", "The fundamentals are still shaky and our banks still face large losses from mortgages and there is still a chance they will seek additional funds.", "\n\nSo, if a future Irish or Spanish or Italian government seeks some assistance from Europe the precedent has been set to seize deposits while saving bondholders. ", "This is crackers, and is driven solely by domestic German political considerations. ", "Angela Merkel may have destroyed the euro by making it clear that a Cypriot euro is 90% of a German one. ", "We await developments to see how much of a German euro an Irish, or Spanish or Italian one is.", "\n\n* Brian Lucey is professor of finance at Trinity College Dublin" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0078125, 0.007575757575757576, 0.008888888888888889, 0, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0.03076923076923077 ]

[ "Im Taunus tauchen auf einmal Fernsehteams aus Südkorea auf. ", "Ein Hotel in Schmitten soll einer Vertrauten der südkoreanischen Präsidentin gehören – und im Mittelpunkt eines Regierungsskandals stehen.", "\n\nBis nach Moulins-la-Marche sind es 782 Kilometer, steht auf dem Wegweiser an der Hauptkreuzung in Schmitten. ", "Auch die beiden anderen Partnerstädte in der Normandie liegen in ähnlicher Entfernung. ", "Vielleicht sollte die Gemeinde den weltläufigen Wegweiser ergänzen um den Hinweis: Seoul 8585 km. ", "Denn die südkoreanische Hauptstadt ist zwar weit weg. ", "Aber Schmitten, „a rural town near Frankfurt“, findet sich dieser Tage in zahlreichen koreanischen Zeitungen und Fernsehsendern wieder.", "\n\nBernhard Biener Korrespondent der Rhein-Main-Zeitung für den Hochtaunuskreis. ", "F.A.Z.\n\nAm Donnerstag drehte ein Team des öffentlich-rechtlichen Senders KBS, eine Art koreanische ARD, an der Schönen Aussicht im Ortsteil Arnoldshain. ", "Dort liegt ein Hotel, das einer engen Vertrauten der südkoreanischen Präsidentin Park Geun-hye gehören soll. ", "Und die Verbindung zwischen den beiden hat gerade die größte Krise der Präsidentschaft Parks ausgelöst.", "\n\n„Widec Taunus Hotel“ steht auf dem roten, aus koreanischer Sicht derzeit berühmtesten Briefkasten Deutschlands. ", "Doch die Türen des Anwesens sind geschlossen, die Rollläden heruntergelassen, und die Leuchtreklame ist abmontiert. ", "Erst im August war das Hotel im früheren Haus Hattstein eröffnet worden. „", "Ich hatte mich gewundert, dass niemand Deutsch gesprochen hat“, erinnert sich Bürgermeister Marcus Kinkel (FWG) an den damaligen Empfang, zu dem auch Nachbarn eingeladen worden waren. „", "Ich dachte mir, das wird dann am Empfangstresen schwierig mit den Wanderern.“ ", "Doch Taunustouristen haben nach Beobachtung von Nachbarn seit dem Betreiberwechsel offenbar nie mehr Station in dem Hotel gemacht.", "\n\nEntwürfe wichtiger Reden\n\nDie unter der Adresse des 14-Zimmer-Hotels an der Schönen Aussicht gemeldeten Unternehmen „Widec Sports“ und „Blue K“ werden von koreanischen Nachrichtenseiten wie „Korea Joongang Daily“ als Briefkastenfirmen von Choi Soon-sil bezeichnet. ", "Schon ihr Vater war ein Mentor der heutigen koreanischen Präsidentin, und auch die 60 Jahre alte Choi ist eine langjährige Vertraute von Park. „", "Widec“ sollte angeblich ein Trainingslager für Dressurreiter mit Blick auf die Olympischen Sommerspiele 2020 in Tokio vorbereiten und Kontakte zu Sportlern knüpfen. „", "Blue K“ ist hingegen auf dem Gebiet Telekommunikation und IT tätig – was die vielen Computer in dem Gebäude erklären würde, über die ein Informant der „Taunus-Zeitung“ berichtet hat.", "\n\nMehr zum Thema 1/\n\nIn Korea betreffen die Verdächtigungen weit mehr als nur die fragwürdige Geschäftstätigkeit von Kleinunternehmen. ", "Choi habe dank ihrer Verbindungen in die hohe Politik mit zwei dem Sport und der Kultur gewidmeten Stiftungen jeweils innerhalb weniger Tage insgesamt mehr als 62 Millionen Euro bei koreanischen Unternehmen eingeworben, heißt es dort. ", "Das Geld, so unterstellten Kritiker der Präsidentin, solle weniger den gemeinnützigen Stiftungszwecken als dem finanziellen Auskommen Parks nach ihrer Amtszeit dienen. ", "Einen Vorwurf, den sie umgehend zurückwies. ", "Die „Korean Times“ berichtete zudem von der Mutmaßung, Choi habe mit einem Teil des Geldes die Kosten für das Olympiatraining ihrer Tochter Chung Yoo-ra bestreiten wollen, einer Dressurreiterin.", "\n\nNeben diesen finanziellen Dingen geht es seit Anfang der Woche um noch viel weitreichendere Fragen der Einflussnahme Chois an höchster Stelle. ", "Ein südkoreanischer Fernsehsender berichtete, auf einem alten Computer von Parks Vertrauter hätten sich teils geheime Dokumente aus dem Büro der Präsidentin gefunden, darunter 44 Entwürfe wichtiger Reden, die mit roten Anmerkungen versehen seien. ", "Südkoreanische Medien vermuten diese Enthüllung als Grund dafür, dass sich die Präsidentin tags darauf öffentlich entschuldigte. ", "Sie habe allerdings nur im Wahlkampf den Rat Chois gesucht.", "\n\nVorwürfe in Zeitungsinterview zurückgewiesen\n\nMöglichen Unregelmäßigkeiten in Zusammenhang mit den beiden Stiftungen gehen inzwischen südkoreanische Ermittler nach, und deren Spur führt nach Schmitten. ", "Dort ist das Hotel inzwischen ebenso verlassen wie ein Haus am ebenfalls in Arnoldshain gelegenen Grabenwiesenweg, in dem Choi zusammen mit ihrer 20 Jahre alten Tochter Chung Yoo-ra gewohnt haben soll. ", "Eine offizielle Bestätigung für einen Polizeieinsatz am Samstag war nicht zu erhalten. ", "Die Sprecherin der Frankfurter Staatsanwaltschaft sprach lediglich von Ermittlungen nach einer Anzeige wegen Geldwäsche gegen eine Firma in Schmitten.", "\n\nWas in dem Wohnhaus vor sich ging, einem älteren Bungalow mit bemoostem Dach, hatte Nachbarn aus ganz anderen Gründen misstrauisch gemacht. ", "Wegen der vielen Hunde schauten Veterinäramt und Polizei mehrmals nach dem Rechten. ", "Sie fanden jedoch weder Hinweise auf eine Hundezucht noch, so der ebenfalls geäußerte Verdacht, auf eine anderweitige, womöglich kulinarische Verwertung der Tiere. ", "Unterdessen hat Choi am Mittwoch in einem Zeitungsinterview die gegen sie erhobenen Vorwürfe zurückgewiesen. ", "Es seien keine Stiftungsmittel missbraucht worden. ", "Das Gespräch mit einer koreanischen Zeitung bestätigte, dass sich Choi in Deutschland aufhält. ", "Nach Angaben der „Korean Times“ wurde es in einem Hotel in Hessen geführt. ", "Das „Widec Taunus Hotel“, so ist anzunehmen, war es allerdings nicht." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.028985507246376812, 0.018018018018018018, 0.034482758620689655, 0.030612244897959183, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0.025, 0.026143790849673203, 0.027522935779816515, 0.019417475728155338, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0.021621621621621623, 0.05128205128205128, 0.03076923076923077, 0.018726591760299626, 0.020833333333333332, 0.018072289156626505, 0.016483516483516484, 0.014814814814814815, 0.01702127659574468, 0.017857142857142856, 0.022727272727272728, 0.03608247422680412, 0.04827586206896552, 0.02834008097165992, 0.03875968992248062, 0.01694915254237288, 0.024509803921568627, 0.024752475247524754, 0.011494252873563218, 0.02666666666666667, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0.036585365853658534, 0.01834862385321101, 0.0196078431372549, 0.021052631578947368, 0.04, 0.014492753623188406 ]

[ "Q:\n\nPerforming Perspective transform when not all corners are visible python openCV\n\nIm trying to do perspective transform on a video of a football pitch, I have found many resources for ways of doing this when all four corners of the pitch are visible however how can i do this when not all corners are visible? ", "maybe a way of extrapolating beyond the video box? ", " \n\nA:\n\nInstead of using the four corners of the field, use the part of the field that is visible. ", "In this image, the field is visible only to the 50 yard line. ", "\n\nTwo corners and two midpoints are used to warp the image. ", "Instead of warping the source image to the corners of the destination image; the source image is warped into two corners and two midpoints.", "\n\nIf 75% of the field is visible, warp the source image to the to that percentage of the destination image.", "\nimage source: https://www.coloradoan.com/story/sports/csu/football/2016/12/21/story-behind-boise-states-blue-football-field/95712824/\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007352941176470588 ]

[ "District attorneys from Boulder and Douglas counties plan to meet Thursday to determine where to prosecute a man suspected of stealing three vehicles — one with a Longmont child inside — and fleeing across multiple jurisdictions.", "\n\nBoulder District Attorney Stan Garnett said that suspect Ryan Stone's route crossed into at least four judicial districts. ", "He said that Stone will be prosecuted in either Boulder or Douglas county, by a team of prosecutors representing both districts.", "\n\nAt 6:20 a.m. Wednesday, a man later identified by police as Stone took a red 2008 Ford Edge with a 4-year-old Longmont boy inside from the Bradley gas station at 1750 Main St. The boy's mother said she had gone inside the store to buy a cup of coffee and that when she came out, her SUV was gone.", "\n\nA woman flees after a carjacking suspect entered her vehicle on Wednesday, March 12, 2014. (", "7News)\n\nLongmont police requested that an Amber Alert be issued, but was not because law enforcement was able to locate the SUV so quickly, Garnett said. ", "The Amber Alert would have been issued had police lost track of the SUV, he said.", "\n\nA Colorado State Patrol trooper spotted the Ford near Dacono and tried to stop it in the southbound lanes of Interstate 25, but the trooper gave up pursuit when the driver began driving dangerously.", "\n\nNews helicopters then followed the vehicle and broadcast its course live. ", "Viewers from throughout the Denver metro area and around the nation watched as the man sped through suburbs north of Denver.", "\n\nThe driver ditched the Ford on Interstate 76 with the boy inside, then — as TV news cameras broadcast live — forced a driver from her gold minivan.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\nThe driver headed south on C470 through Aurora. ", "About 8:05 a.m., he crashed the minivan, briefly got out, got back in and drove the damaged vehicle until he crashed into and stopped a silver sedan. ", "He pulled the driver out of the sedan and continued to flee.", "\n\nHe crashed in Lone Tree several minutes later, got out of the car and ran away. ", "Unable to climb over a fence, the man fell face-first onto the snow as officers approached.", "\n\n\"What you have is a crime spree across (multiple) jurisdictions,\" Garnett said.", "\n\nWhile Stone is suspected of crimes along the entire route, Garnett said the most serious offenses appear to have taken place in Boulder and Douglas counties. ", "The district attorneys plan to review law enforcement reports from all of the agencies involved and develop charges from there. ", "He said one district will host the prosecution, while two prosecutors from the other will assist.", "\n\n\"We try to work together so we are efficient, to protect the public, and to avoid duplication,\" Garnett said.", "\n\nAn announcement is anticipated Thursday.", "\n\nStone was taken to a hospital for treatment of injuries he suffered during the pursuit and for toxicology testing.", "\n\nAccording to Longmont Police Cmdr. ", "Jeff Satur, the boy's mother reported the theft but did not have license plate information on her vehicle. ", "When a news helicopter started tracking the vehicle's flight from Longmont, police worked with the station to keep track of the vehicle.", "\n\nSatur said Stone is not from Longmont. ", "He said a woman identified as Stone's girlfriend was arrested in Longmont overnight with a stolen vehicle out of Arapahoe County. ", "She identified Stone to police and said he stole the vehicle she was found with.", "\n\nStone is expected to remain in Douglas County until the district attorneys determine plans for prosecution.", "\n\nDouglas County Undersheriff Tony Spurlock, during a televised press conference on Wednesday morning, said: \"I think the officers did exactly what we should have done.\"", "\n\nOfficers listened to KOA radio live as helicopters followed, helping police as they worked ahead of the chase.", "\n\n\"The air support was critical,\" said Douglas County Sheriff David Weaver\n\n\"This individual was very dangerous, he has been sought by law enforcement before and he obviously did not want to be taken into custody,\" Spurlock said.", "\n\nState Patrol Trooper Bellaman Hee suffered a severe leg injury during the pursuit. ", "The trooper underwent surgery Wednesday morning but was reported to be alert and communicating. ", "His injuries were not life-threatening. ", "The Associated Press reported that Hee was attempting to put down stop sticks in the vehicle's path and he was struck.", "\n\nStone has a lengthy criminal history and was wanted on a felony drug warrant when he was arrested. ", "Court records show he was wanted on a warrant with a $100,000 bond for failing to appear in court in Aurora on March 4 on drug and traffic charges. ", "He was sentenced to five years in prison in 2007 in a felony criminal mischief conviction in Douglas County. ", "In 2006, he was found guilty of felony drug possession, his record shows. ", "Court documents also list a number of other arrests.", "\n\nArticle Comments\n\nWe reserve the right to remove any comment that violates our ground rules, is spammy, NSFW, defamatory, rude, reckless to the community, etc.", "\n\nWe expect everyone to be respectful of other commenters. ", "It's fine to have differences of opinion, but there's no need to act like a jerk.", "\n\nUse your own words (don't copy and paste from elsewhere), be honest and don't pretend to be someone (or something) you're not.", "\n\nOur commenting section is self-policing, so if you see a comment that violates our ground rules, flag it (mouse over to the far right of the commenter's name until you see the flag symbol and click that), then we'll review it." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.013100436681222707, 0.016, 0.015625, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0.005, 0, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0.01875, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0.009345794392523364, 0.007352941176470588, 0.04878048780487805, 0.007692307692307693, 0.0125, 0, 0.011834319526627219, 0, 0.008733624454148471, 0, 0, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Extra! ", "Extra! ", "Fresh news on electric vehicles, EV and how they are setting themselves to take over mass transportation!", "\n\nLuxgen Unveils Prototype. ", "Remember the Taiwanese company called Luxgen Motor Co. Ltd. who partnered with AC Propulsion to develop an EV prototype we wrote about a few weeks ago? ", "They have announced it with a launch of its first multipurpose vehicle/minivan nearing mass production.", "\n\nYour ads will be inserted here by\n\nNow! ", "Plugin for AdSense.", "\n\nPlease go to the plugin admin page to paste your ad code.", "\n\nFord Fusion Hybrid. ", "Even thought Ford has the best rated hybrid, HEV SUV, they don’t seem to tout their development in that field. ", "Yet, their next-generation hybrid system, which will be used on their Fusion and Mercury Milan will debut in 2010, according to Market Watch. ", "The cars will be able to operate on electric mode up to 47 mph and average fuel economy will be nearly 40 mpg.", "\n\nGM Axes Developments. ", "In order to stop the bleeding, GM is postponing nearly all of its spending on product development for the next two years, according to ABC. ", "Wait a second, wasn’t the government cash infusion suppose to help GM develop EV and plug-in hybrids, PHEVs? ", "Theoretically, the Chevy Volt wouldn’t suffer but it isn’t the same thing for the Chevy Cruze, which would also help show GM’s new face as a producer of fuel efficient cars. ", "Indeed, tricky situation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0.03571428571428571, 0.019736842105263157, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.01834862385321101, 0.017241379310344827, 0 ]

[ "High Poly Yoda Model\n\nThis is a model of Yoda I made after seeing Ep3 in the cinema, since I got to this point other projects and such have stopped me from completing him. ", "I wanted to post this and get feedback so if I ever get around to finishing him, I have that advice." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.005813953488372093, 0 ]

[ "Thursday, April 03, 2008\n\nRegardless of all the negative complains about the quality of the show, the girls, the videos, the judges, the contestant's English wtf, I am hooked onto it just like how I get hooked to other reality shows: Project Runway, Survivor, Apprentice, ANTM (of course!), ", "The Bachelor, even Restaurant Makeover WTF.", "\n\nAnd precisely because it's filmed in M'sia, with actual M'sians, it just makes it more fun to watch!Remember this 8TV show-- Most Real Beautiful Women or something to that extent!!! ", "I watched all of it. ", "=/\n\nNevertheless, there are some things in the show that irk me, and I am really hoping that the MDG people will just come across these points, and do something! ", "T___T\n\n1. ", "Not showing the final photograph during the elimination session.", "\n\nI have no idea why, but it insanely baffled me when the pictures the girls have taken were not shown while Sazzy was giving her comments on the pictures. \"", "Your pose, very stiff, but good arms\" etc won't make any sense-- how the hell are we able to connect to her critique when the photo isn't shown? ", "Granted, I am aware that we can view the final pictures on the MDG website, but it's difficult to conjure up the images immediately while the judging/commenting session is taking place, and we end up just blindly listening to Sazzy's statements.", "\n\nNevertheless, in the recent episodes, the final photos are shown while the commentaries are given-- Good move! ", ":D\n\n2. ", "Gimme the dish on it, baby!", "\n\nSo far, the idea for the pictures are pretty alright:\n\n1st shoot: Women Secret\n\n2nd shoot: Precinct 2\n\n3rd Shoot: White Summer\n\nIn fact, I was quite surprised by the quality/photography of the pictures. ", "Nevertheless, I think it'd be good if an explanation could be given about the photoshoot before it takes place-- about the general idea of the shoot, and the overall expectations.", "\n\nFor instance, for the Precinct 2 shoot, we weren't aware that the girls were supposed to portray male counterparts in their photos-- in fact, I only realized halfway during the shoot (I thought it was just an androgynous look, didn't know that in fact it was supposed to be masculine). ", "And also, the name Precinct 2: why 2? ", "Whatever happened to Precinct 1 wtf. ", "But yea, explaining the background and requirements of the photoshoots would make the audience connect so much better to the pictures. :)", "\n\nHe wasn't man enough for me wtf.", "How are we supposed to know that they are supposed to be depicted as men in this photoshoot?", "\n\n3. ", "Cut and edit\n\nOne of the most crucial element of TV shows is pace, especially when it comes to reality shows. ", "However, MDG sometimes neglect this important aspect. ", "For instance, do you really need to show 3-4 minutes of a contestant's telephone conversation? ", "There isn't even any drama in it! ", "It's just completely irrelevant, and it really bogs down the pace of the show. ", "Just edit edit edit and only show the juicy parts! ", ":P\n\nFor example, in the recent episode, MDG showed one of the contestants, Cindy on the phone with her dad, and oh gosh, the things she said!!!! ", "In fact, she called one of the Indian contestants \"in du poh\" in Chinese, it is actually a very very rude and racist term, RAWR. ", "This scene makes you want to reach your hand into the screen and slap her wtf. ", "So yea, good editing! ", ":D\n\n4. ", "Role play\n\nI get really confused with this-- I thought Sazzy is supposed to be the host? ", "Then why is she the one giving commentaries during the elimination round? ", "Isn't it supposed to be the judges' role? ", "And I would think that the host should be the one bringing the girls around for their challenges and photoshoots or any other events; but why is it always Elaine Daly who potters around the girls-- during the makeover, during the make-up lesson/challenge etc.", "\n\nElaine Daly with Shawn in Shawn Cutler for the girls' makeover.", "\n\nI think a clearer cut should be made between Sazzy Falak and Elaine Daly's roles. ", "=/\n\n5. ", "Please don't judge me!", "\n\nAnother thing that boggles me is the judges' jobs-- or rather, the lackthereof. ", "I don't get it, what exactly do the judges do? ", "I am presuming that the comments given by Sazzy on the pictures are based on her own professional opinion But then the question crops up-- what about the judges' opinion? ", "They don't have anything to do with picking the best or worst photo, and they definitely don't have anything to do with the elimination process, because that is based on SMS votes.", "So what do they do???", "\n\nI am aware that Kenny Sia made a cameo appearance on one of the phototoshoots. ", "And Jimmy Lee was onset to teach the girls how to dress, but I think that was his only appearance in the show. ", "It seems that the judges don't JUDGE!! ", "The only judging they have done was during the shortlisting rounds. ", "=/\n\nIt would be good if MDG could heighten the judges' involvement in the show from now onwards. :)", "\n\n6. ", "ENGRISH, please!", "\n\nEnglish show, English used. ", "Simple equation right?", "\n\nBut instead, we have some contestants who constantly rattle off in BM. ", "Look, I know BM, I scored an A1 in it, but I haven't really conversed in BM for some time and I am rusty in the language. ", "And I definitely can't understand her slang, because Malays speak so much quicker in their native tongue, and often, I have zero idea what they just said. ", "I think for a fact, I speak for many people on this subject. :(", "\n\nCan MDG please please please make the contestants speak in English!!! ", "Occasional spurts of BM is ok, that's what Manglish is all about wtf, but please, at least string sentences in English!", "\n\n7. ", "Part by Part\n\nEvery week, there are 2 new episodes of MDG, which are usually made of a few parts. ", "I totally get the reason for splitting them into smaller parts, because it makes it easier to load online. ", "However, every episode seems to have a different number of parts-- we see episode A has part 1- to 7, and episode B has only 2 parts? ", "There is no consistency and uniformity, and it confuses the audience, because we don't know what to expect. ", "After watching part 5 for example, is it done? ", "Or is there still part 6 coming up? ", "Did the people at MDG forgot to upload part 7 and 8 this week? ", "I think by uniforming the number of parts of episodes, confusion can be minimised. :)", "\n\nOk la, that's all I can think of. ", "What else do you think can improve the show?SHARE! ", ":D\n\n27\ncomments:\n\nLOL...good post! ", "I couldn't help but to agree with you! ", "They have a lot to improve but the good news is, they are improving with each ep! ", "They have now shown us the pics during eliminations and have improved in editing the parts...hope there would be more imrpovements to come!", "\n\nI'm hooked on MDG too! ", "Firstly I agree with you about Sazzy and how she doesn't really act as a host in that show. ", "And they should elaborate more on the photoshoots and its concept. *", "sigh* actually so many things la wanna complain..\n\nThe ppl who produced this show didn't learn anyting from ANTM meh T__T\n\nAs for the judges, they should do like what real law judges in the jury system do. ", "They give expert advice on points of law (in this case point of fashion, photography), the production crew like lawyers present the most facts possible (don't hush anything up, show all the dirt n what's relevant) and by that can the jury (the public) decide which would include a mixture of personal approval of the candidates' characters and performance.", "\n\nBecause of the lack of expert advice beforehand (from the judges, that's why many of the good ones were voted out.", "\n\neh but i really like the fact that hanis is speaking malay lor! ", "it shows that she doesn't have to act all pretentious by speaking english when she doesn't know how to. ", "and maybe cause my malay very good so can understand wtf. ", "and she's really funny la when she speaks malay and that humor will be gone if she struggles to speak english?", "\n\nmiracleangel: Ya, I know, they actually DO have improvements! ", "Some bits are still choppy, but overall, it is way better than when I first watched it! ", ":P\n\nkatie: Haha, I was really civilised and nice right! ", "But yea, deluded is right wtf. ", "I gasped too when I saw her pic WTF. ", "Aiya, I don't want to put her down la, put me as the same level only, bah.", "\n\nmustardqueen: Haha, what sort of explaination is that for Precinct!! ", "Men working their asses off wtf. ", "And ya, I think we have absorbed so much from ANTM that we can be judges already, haha. ", "<3\n\nsarah: Yay, I am not the only one who who wacthes the show religiously right! ", ":P I think explaining the shoots and the concept, and the overall styling of each girl will be really interesting, not to mention helpful! ", "And ya, taking some useful tips from ANTM would be good-- not to copy them, but just for some overall ideas!", "\n\nshasha: YAAA I hate cindy!!! ", "I just wish that non-Chinese understand how rude that term is-- çause when it is translated into English on the subtitles, it just means Indian', but we know it's actually more degrading than that!!! ", "And hahahaha that make-up teacher really cannot make it, I wanted to DIE when I hear her speak! ", "I think she and Adeline will get along very well WTF.", "\n\ncryst: The thing is, everyone keeps on comparing MDG to ANTM, which is inevitable, considering they are both models' reality show-- nevertheless, am not saying that MDG should follow ANTM completely, but there are certain things that are quite useful which they can take heed right! :)", "\n\ndan-yel: Hahaha you watch MDG too??! ", "Hmm, I agree that they should give out all the dirt, but unfortunately, I think all reality shows are reeked to a certain extent, to create drama etc! ", "Sigh, it's really sad that MDg is sort of like a popularity contest. :(", "\n\nsuet li: Oh, I like Hanis too, precisely 'cause she is not pretentious! ", ":P But speaking in BM ALL the time is quite annoying la, it makes me wonder how she will be like as a spokesperson. ", "And the thing is, I think she CAN speak English, because judging from her very rare English usage and vocabulary, I think she is relatively proficient in it! :)", "\n\nwanli: I can take *a bit* of malay la... But not every single sentence, because it's an English show!!! ", "Occasional Malay phrases adds that bit of M'sian flavor, I feel. ;)", "\n\nWhen it comes to elimination, I can't help but hope Cindy's out :P Honestly, she's such a pain okay. ", "Her conversation with her dad was terrible for her publicity - in du poh, and then the talk about cannot wan lah, cannot get along with the rest of them already.", "\n\nNone of the housemates seem to like her at all o.o\n\nHah? ", "Cannot understand what Hanis says? ", "She seems to be the baby of the house eh? ", "heh.", "\n\n\"I think she and Adeline will get along very well WTF.\"HAHAHAHAHAH you made me laugh like mad! ", "come to think of it quite true hor! ", "hahahaha.. shit why are we so evil.. ina can't really speak england too but i can see she's trying (at least she is).. i am speechless la how come the good ones are all out. ", "valerie also gone -___- hanis speaking malay proves that she's not pretentious (me like) but i'm really curious - i wanna see her speak english. ", "haha\n\ni think its more annoying for the girls to actually try to speak english and struggle with it (leaving us to make sense of what they're saying)....that includes the chinese girls who cant speak english fluently as well....i think the show could do with some english subtitles to follow ...then no one would be misunderstood and no one would look stupid in the show...\n\nand whats up with speaking malay being low standard?....just cause english is more commonly used in the world?....but this is a malaysian production isnt it?", "\n\njean: Ya la, I want Cindy out!!! ", "And Hanis is quite cute, but wish she speaks more English. ", "=/\n\nanonymous: If you can't differentiate between complaining and making recommendations, I shan't waste any of my 'free' time on you.", "\n\njing: Muah!", "\n\nfalcon: Haha, tahnks! :)", "\n\nshasha: Hahaha we are going to hell. ", "T_____T But I think Eyna just doesn't SPEAK. ", "=/ But yaaaaa why all the good people out already! ", "I like valerie, and Eyna takes fantastic pictures! :(", "\n\nanonymous: True, I agree that when the girls struggle with English, it makes it difficult to understand-- but at least they try right? (", "like Adeline, Eyna...) Hmm, do you think they should have included a requirement for the show, to be proficient in English? ", "Not because I am pro-English whatsoever, but 'cause a model has to be a spokesperson for her products, and often, Englsh is the selected medium, especially when it comes to international brands. ", "And I am ok with speaking malay (but appropriately, not too much) in the show, I agree that it makes the show malaysian! :)", "\n\ni think Sazzy didnt give a useful comments on the girls. ", "all her comments are so common and general.. unlike in the ANTM. ", "the three judges have alot experience and every single comment they geva seem to be meaningful and curicial. ", "Unlike sazzy's one, seems to be plain and brainless...\n\nnadnut: I KNOWWWW!! ", "I completely forgot to mention the part that non-malaysians will watch the show too, and they won't understand malay! ", "o_O But thank god, the recent episodes have the contestants speaking much much more in English! :)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.006872852233676976, 0.046511627906976744, 0, 0, 0.006172839506172839, 0, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0.00816326530612245, 0, 0, 0, 0.004878048780487805, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013793103448275862, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0, 0.003861003861003861, 0.03076923076923077, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005555555555555556, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.04, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0.0048543689320388345, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0.010452961672473868, 0.05128205128205128, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0.25, 0, 0, 0.005747126436781609, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0.044444444444444446, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Title: Pidgin 已更新到 2.4.3\nDate: 2008-07-03 15:06\nAuthor: toy\nCategory: Apps\nTags: IM, Pidgin\nSlug: pidgin-243\n\n著名的跨平台多协议即时通讯软件 [Pidgin](http://linuxtoy.org/tag/pidgin)\n已经更新到了 2.4.3 版。新版本对 [Pidgin](http://linuxtoy.org/tag/pidgin)\n和 libpurple 库中的 bug 进行了修订，主要解决了内存泄漏、有关 Yahoo!", "\n协议、jabber id 无效造成程序崩溃等问题。", "\n\n\n\n以下为 [Pidgin 2.4.3\n更改记录](http://www.pidgin.im/ChangeLog)，供大家参考：\n\n> libpurple: \n> * Yahoo! ", "Japan now uses UTF-8, matching the behavior of official\n> clients and restoring compatibility with the web messenger (Yusuke\n> Odate) \n> * Setting your buddy icon once again works for Yahoo! ", "accounts. ", " \n> * Fixes in the Yahoo! ", "protocol to prevent a double free, crashes on\n> aliases, and alias functionality \n> * Fix crashes in the bonjour protocol \n> * Always use UTF-8 for Yahoo! (#", "5973) \n> * Fix a crash when the given jabber id is invalid. ", " \n> * Make the IRC \"unknown message\" debugging messages UTF-8 safe. ", " \n> * Fix connecting to ICQ \n> * Fix a memleak when handling jabber xforms.", "\n>\n> Pidgin: \n> * Include the send button plugin in the win32 build \n> * Various memory leak fixes\n\n[Pidgin 2.4.3 的源码包及 RPM\n包](http://www.pidgin.im/download/)可从其官方网站下载。", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.014652014652014652, 0, 0, 0.014184397163120567, 0.0051813471502590676, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0.011627906976744186, 0 ]

[ "Buddleja loricata\n\nBuddleja loricata is a hardy evergreen shrub endemic to South Africa and Mozambique, where it grows on mountain slopes at elevations above 1,800 m. The shrub has only recently been introduced to cultivation in Europe.", "\n\nDescription\n\nBuddleja loricata makes a large, bushy shrub < 4 m in height. ", "The leaves are opposite, narrowly oblong - elliptic, < 9 cm long by 2  cm wide, the wrinkled upper surfaces dark green. ", "The honey-scented flowers are small, pale cream with a dull orange throat, borne in clustered terminal heads from mid - autumn to winter.", "\n\nCultivation\nBuddleja loricata is hardy in the UK, and considered easy to grow, being tolerant of heat, drought, and cold, and requiring very little pruning to maintain shape. ", " The shrub features in the NCCPG National Collection of Buddleja held by the Longstock Park Nursery, near Stockbridge, England. ", "Hardiness: USDA zones 7–9.", "\n\nHybrids\nThe shrub was crossed with Buddleja crispa by Peter Moore, Longstock Park Nursery, to create the hybrid cultivar\n\nReferences\n\n Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1979) The Loganiaceae of Africa XVIII Buddleja L. II, Revision of the African & Asiatic species. ", "H. Veenman & Zonen B. V. Nederland.", "\n\nFurther reading\n\nloricata\nCategory:Flora of South Africa\nCategory:Flora of Africa" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0.015625, 0.038461538461538464, 0.027237354085603113, 0.02857142857142857, 0.024096385542168676 ]

[ "Q:\n\nSharepoint and missing System.web.dynamicdata\n\nMy .net application worked fine until it was moved to a sharepoint server. ", "THe error I am getting is \"Cannot find System.", "Web.", "DynamicData\" .", "\nDotNet 3.5 is already installed on the box. ", "\nGAC (C:\\Windows\\Assembly) does not contain this assembly.", "\nIf I install .Net 3.5 SP1 will it disrupt anything under sharepoint (does not come under my area of responsibility). ?", "\nWhat I am puzzled about is how can this server have 3.5 without these DLL/assembly - which are supposed to be part of 3.5 - does this mean the install is broken (sharepoint seems to work but not my app which depends on dynamic data).", "\nCan I manually copy the missing DLLs ? - ", "since its a working sharepoint server, I want to keep changes to a minimum.", "\n\nA:\n\nNo.. SharePoint works fine with .NET 3.5 SP1 installed.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004273504273504274, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Even as Illinois works to make it easier for people to get a square meal, the Trump administration is trying to take food from tens of thousands of people in the state.", "\n\nCongress, for all its obeisance to President Trump, should squelch this move.", "\n\nEditorials\n\nLast month, Gov. J.B. Pritzker signed a bill that will let some people use Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits — formerly known as food stamps — at restaurants, mostly fast-food establishments. ", "The law was designed to help the elderly, the homeless and people with disabilities.", "\n\nBut just as Illinois is taking this step forward, the Trump administration wants to take a leap backward. ", "The administration is proposing a change in eligibility that would reduce by 3.1 million the number of people nationwide who can receive food stamps, making the argument that it’s just cutting loose people who don’t need the help.", "\n\nThe proposed changes, which the administration says would save $2 billion a year, also could cut off some low-income children from free school lunches because SNAP-eligible kids no longer would be automatically enrolled.", "\n\nThe administration argues that many states have made the definition of eligibility too broad, and in fact states have changed eligibility requirements. ", "Forty states and the District of Columbia have taken advantage of a provision in the federal law that allows them to raise the gross income for SNAP eligibility from 130% of the federal poverty level — before expenses — to as much as 200%.", "\n\nSome states also allow recipients to have more than $2,250 in assets if they already qualify for other state or federal benefits.", "\n\nBut the Trump administration’s extremely narrow definition of eligibility, which essentially would force states to roll back their own definitions, reveals a lack of understanding of how and why people often go hungry.", "\n\nAs Greg Trotter of the Greater Chicago Food Depository said Friday, it’s always eye-opening to hear from people who show up at food pantries and soup kitchens about the unexpected ways that they encounter food insecurity. ", "It’s not just a matter of chronic homelessness or long-term and persistent poverty.", "\n\n“These are working families, college students, working professionals who were laid off,” Trotter said. “", "It is a vast range of people.”", "\n\nAs a report by MarketWatch points out, the Trump administration is effectively creating a benefits cliff, where a parent’s small raise at work — or a modest amount of savings — could disqualify a family from food stamps entirely. ", "That leaves them poorer for getting a raise or saving money.", "\n\nHaving pushed through a massive tax cut in 2017 that has largely benefited wealthy people, you might think the Trump administration wouldn’t begrudge low-income families an opportunity to consistently put food on the table. ", "About 33.5 million people on average received monthly SNAP benefits of about $125 last year, provided with a card that allows them to buy specific groceries from designated stores.", "\n\nTwo-thirds of SNAP benefits go to families with children. ", "And the number of people getting SNAP benefits has been on a modest decline since 2013 — three years before Trump took office.", "\n\nFor many people, SNAP benefits are the first line of defense against a day or week or month of going hungry.", "\n\n“With the rising cost of other things, the cost of living in terms of rents and mortgages and rent and what not — even the cost of meals and prescription drugs and health care — working families still struggle to put a meal on the table,” said state Sen. Omar Aquino, D-Chicago, who helped shepherd the Illinois bill through the Legislature.", "\n\nThe Trump administration’s proposed rule change, put forth by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which administers SNAP, must be subjected to a two-month comment period before it can be enacted.", "\n\nWe hope the administration gets an earful. ", "Congress also can stop this latest assault simply by codifying the existing rules into law.", "\n\nSend letters to letters@suntimes.com." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.005952380952380952, 0.02531645569620253, 0.004484304932735426, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0.004424778761061947, 0, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0, 0.008746355685131196, 0.01015228426395939, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0.02564102564102564 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'Given a weighted digraph, finding the longest path without repeated vertices is well known to be NP-hard. ", "Furthermore, even giving a reasonable (in a certain sense) approximation algorithm is known to be NP-hard. ", "In this paper we describe an efficient heuristic algorithm for finding long simple paths, using an hybrid approach of heuristic depth-first search and pseudo-topological orders, which are a generalization of topological orders to non acyclic graphs, via a process we call “opening edges”.'", "\nauthor:\n- |\n Miguel Raggi [^1]\\\n `mraggi@gmail.com`\ntitle: 'Finding long simple paths in a weighted digraph using pseudo-topological orderings'\n---\n\n=5 =1\n\n**Keywords:** long paths, graphs, graph algorithms, weighted directed graphs, long simple paths, heuristic algorithms.", "\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nWe focus on the following problem: Given a weighted digraph $D=(V,E)$ with weight $w:E\\to \\RR^+$, find a *simple* path with high weight. ", "The *weight* of a path is the sum of the individual weights of the edges belonging to the path. ", "A path is said to be *simple* if it contains no repeated vertices.", "\n\nPossible applications of this problem include motion planning, timing analysis in a VLSI circuit and DNA sequencing.", "\n\nThe problem of finding long paths in graphs is well known to be NP-hard, as it is trivially a generalization of HAMILTON PATH. ", "Furthermore, it was proved by Björklund, Husfeldt and Khanna in [@bjorklund] that the longest path cannot be aproximated in polynomial time within $n^{1-\\varepsilon}$ for any $\\varepsilon > 0$ unless $P=NP$.\n\nWhile LONGEST SIMPLE PATH has been studied extensively in theory for simple graphs (for example in [@scutella2003approximation], [@zhang2007algorithms], [@Pham2012]), not many efficient heuristic algorithms exist even for simple undirected graphs, much less for weighted directed graphs. ", "A nice survey from 1999 can be found at [@scholvin1999approximating]. ", "A more recent comparison of 4 distinct genetic algorithms for approximating a long simple path can be found in [@portugal2010study].", "\n\nAn implementation of the proposed algorithm won the Oracle MDC coding competition in 2015. ", "In the problem proposed by Oracle in the challenge “Longest overlapping movie names”, one needed to find the largest concatenation of overlapping strings following certain rules, which could be easily transformed to a problem of finding the longest simple path in a directed weighted graph. ", "The graph had around 13,300 vertices.", "\n\nOur contribution lies in a novel method of improving existing paths, and an efficient implementation of said method. ", "The proposed algorithm consists of two parts: finding good candidate paths using heuristic DFS and then improving upon those candidates by attempting to either replace some vertices in the path by longer subpaths–or simply insert some subpaths when possible–by using pseudo-topological orders.", "\n\nThe full C++ source code can be downloaded from\n\n<http://github.com/mraggi/LongestSimplePath>.", "\n\nIn Section \\[sec:prelim\\] we give some basic definitions. ", "We describe the proposed algorithm in Section \\[sec:algo\\]. ", "Finally, we give some implementation details and show the result of some experimental data in Section \\[sec:impl\\].", "\n\nIt should be noted that for this particular problem it is generally easy to quickly construct somewhat long paths, but only up to a point. ", "After this point even minor improvements get progressively harder.", "\n\nPreliminaries {#sec:prelim}\n=============\n\nA *directed acylic graph* (or DAG) $D$ is a directed graph with no (directed) cycles.", "\n\nIn a directed acyclic graph, one can define a partial order $\\prec$ of the vertices, in which we say $v\\prec u$ iff there is a directed path from $v$ to $u$.\n\nA *topological ordering* for a directed acyclic graph $D$ is a total order of the vertices of $D$ that is consistent with the partial order described above. ", "In other words, it is an ordering of the vertices such that there are no edges of $D$ which go from a “high” vertex to a “low” vertex.", "\n\n![", "Two different topological orders of the same digraph](./dag_ts.pdf \"fig:\")$\\qquad$ ![", "Two different topological orders of the same digraph](./dag_ts2.pdf \"fig:\")\n\nGiven a digraph $D$, a *strongly connected component* $C$ is a maximal set of vertices with the following property: for each pair of vertices $x,y \\in C$, there exists a (directed) path from $x$ to $y$ and one from $y$ to $x$. A *weakly connected component* is a connected component of the associated simple graph.", "\n\nGiven a digraph $D$, the *skeleton* $S$ of $D$ is the graph constructed as follows: The vertices of $S$ are the strongly connected components of $D$. Given $x,y \\in V(S)$, there is an edge $x\\to y$ iff there exists $a\\in x$ and $b \\in y$ such that $a\\to b$ is an edge of $D$.\n\nIt can be observed that $S$ is always a directed acyclic graph.", "\n\nDenote by $\\overline{v}$ the connected component of $D$ which contains $v$. Given a vertex $v$, we define the *out-rank* of $v$ as the length of the longest path of $S$ that *starts* at $\\overline{v}$. Similarly, we define the *in-rank* of $v$ as the length of the longest path of $S$ which *ends* at $\\overline{v}$.\n\nLongest simple path on DAGs {#subsection:lspdag}\n---------------------------\n\nIn case that the digraph is a acyclic, a well-known algorithm that uses dynamic programming can find the optimal path in $O(n)$ time.", "\n\nWe describe Dijkstra’s algorithm adapted to finding the longest simple path in a DAG. ", "As this algorithm is an essential building block of the algorithm described in Section \\[pso\\], we add a short description here for convenience. ", "For a longer discussion see, for example, [@sedgewick2011algorithms].", "\n\n1. ", " Associate to each vertex $v$ a real number $x[v]$, which will end up representing the weight of the longest simple path that *ends* at $v$.\n\n2. ", " Find a topological ordering of the vertices of $D$.\n\n3. ", " In said topological order, iteratively set $x[v]$ to the max of $x[p]+w(p\\to v)$ where $p\\to v$ is an edge, or 0 otherwise.", "\n\n4. ", " Once we have $x[v]$ for every vertex $v$, reconstruct the path by backtracking, starting from the vertex $v$ with the highest $x[v]$.\n\nIn more detail,\n\n$x$ is an array of size $|V(D)|$, initialized with zeroes. ", "Find a topological order $T$ for $V(D)$ $x[v] := \\text{max}\\{x_p+w(p\\to v)\\ :\\ p\\to v\\}$ $v := \\text{argmax}(x)$ $P := $ path with only $v$ $T' := \\text{reverse}(T)$ $u := $ an in-neighbor of $v$ for which $x[u] + w(u\\to v) = x[v]$ Add $u$ to the *front* of $P$ $v := u$ $P$\n\nThis algorithm is simple to implement and efficient. ", "Its running time is $O(E+V)$, where $E$ is the number of edges of $D$.\n\nThe Algorithm {#sec:algo}\n=============\n\nIn what follows we shall assume we have preprocessed the graph and found the weakly connected components, the strongly connected components, and have fast access to both the outgoing edges and incoming edges for each vertex. ", "As we may perform the following algorithm on each weakly connected component, without loss of generality assume $D$ is weakly connected.", "\n\nOur proposed algorithm has two main parts: In the first part we find long paths using heuristic depth first search, choosing in a smart way which vertices to explore first, and in the second part we discuss a strategy to improve the paths obtained in the first part. ", "Since the idea based on DFS is somewhat standard or straightforward, the main contribution of this paper lies in the ideas presented in the second part.", "\n\nDepth-first search {#DFS}\n------------------\n\nWe describe a variation on depth-first search (DFS).", "\n\nThe standard way of implementing a depth-first search is to either use a stack (commonly refered to as the *frontier* or *fringe*) of vertices to store unexplored avenues, or to use recursive calls (effectively using the callstack in *lieu* of the stack).", "\n\nIf the graph is not acyclic, DFS may get stuck on a cycle. ", "The standard way of dealing with this problem, when one simply wishes to see every vertex (and not every simple path, as in our case), is to store previously explored vertices in a data structure that allows us to quickly check if a vertex has been explored before or not.", "\n\nHowever, for the problem of finding the longest simple path, it’s not enough to simply ignore previously explored vertices, as we may need to explore the same vertex many times, as we may arrive at the same vertex from many different paths, and these need to be considered separately. ", "Thus, for this problem, it is not possible to backtrack to reconstruct the path, as in many other problems.", "\n\nThis could be solved simply by modifying DFS slightly: make the *frontier* data structure containing paths instead of only vertices. ", "However, storing paths uses a large amount of memory and all the extra allocations might slow down the search considerably.", "\n\nWe propose a faster approach that results from only modifying a single path inplace. ", "This is very likely not an original idea, but an extensive search in the literature did not reveal any article that considers depth-first search in this manner. ", "Probably because for most problems the recursive or stack implementations are quite efficient, as they only need to deal with stacks of vertices and not stacks of paths.", "\n\nIn this approach, instead of maintaining a stack of unexplored avenues, assume for each vertex the outgoing edges are sorted in a predictable manner. ", "Later we will sort the outgoing edges in a way that explores the vertices with high probability of producing long paths first, but for now just assume any order that we know. ", "Since this approach modifies the path in place, always make a copy of the best path found so far before any operation that might destroy the path.", "\n\nFurthermore, assume we have a function $\\textsc{NextUnexploredEdge}(P,\\{u,v\\})$ that takes as input a path $P$ and an edge $\\{u,v\\}$, in which the last vertex of $P$ is $u$, and returns the next edge $\\{u,w\\}$ in the order mentioned above for which $w \\notin P$. This can be found using binary search, or even adding extra information to the edge, so that each edge remembers its index in the adjacency list of the first vertex. ", "If there is no such edge, the function should return $null$. If no parameter $\\{u,v\\}$ is provided, it should return the first edge $\\{u,w\\}$ for which $w\\notin P$.\n\nWe will construct a single path $P$ and modify it repeatedly by adding vertices to the back of $P$.\n\n$last :=$ last vertex of $P$ $t := \\Call{NextUnexploredEdge}{P}$ $last := $ last vertex of $P$ Remove $last$ from $P$ $newLast := $ last vertex of $P$ $t := \\Call{NextUnexploredEdge}{P,\\{newLast,last\\}}$ Add $t$ to the back of $P$\n\nBy repeatedly applying this procedure we can explore every path that starts at a given vertex in an efficient manner, but there are still too many possible paths to explore, so we must call off the search after a specified amount of time, or perhaps after a specified amount of time has passed without any improvements on the best so far.", "\n\nFinally, we can do both forward and backward search with a minor modification to this procedure. ", "So once a path cannot be extended forward any more, we can check if it can be extended backward. ", "We found experimentally that erasing the the first few edges of the path before starting the backward search often produces better results.", "\n\n### Choosing the next vertex {#subsec:choosing}\n\nWe give the details for efficiently searching forward, as searching backward is analogous.", "\n\nSo we are left with the following two questions: At which vertex do we start our search at? ", "And then, while performing DFS, which vertices do we explore first? ", "That is, how do we find a “good” order of the outgoing edges, so that good paths have a higher chance of being found quickly?", "\n\nThe first question is easily answered: start at vertices with high out-rank.", "\n\nTo answer the second question, we use a variety of information we collect on each vertex before starting the search:\n\n1. ", " The out-rank and in-rank.", "\n\n2. ", " The (weighted) out-degree and (weighted) in-degree.", "\n\n3. ", " A *score* described below.", "\n\nOnce we find the score of each vertex, order the out-neighbors by rank first and score second, with some exceptions we will mention below. ", "The score should not depend on any path, only on local information about the vertex, and should be fast to calculate.", "\n\nFormally, let $k$ be a constant (small) positive integer. ", "For each vertex $v$, let $A_k(v)$ be the sum of weights of all paths of length $k$ starting at $v$. For example, $A_1(v)$ is the weighted out-degree.", "\n\nGiven a choice of parameters $a_1, a_2, ..., a_k \\in \\RR^+$, construct the (out) score for vertex $v$ as $$\\text{score}_{out}(v) = \\sum_{i=1}^k a_iA_i(v)$$\n\nIntuitively, the score of each vertex tries to heuristically capture the number (and quality) of paths starting at that vertex. ", "High score means more paths start at a vertex.", "\n\nWhen performing forward search, perhaps counter-intuitively, giving high priority to vertices with low score (as long as it is not 0) consistently finds better paths than giving high priority to vertices with high score. ", "The reason for this is that exploring vertices with low score first means *saving* the good vertices–those with high scores–for later use, once more restrictions are in place. ", "Low scoring vertices are usually quickly discarded if there is no out, and so by leaving vertices with high degree for later, when the path is longer and so there are more restrictions about which vertices can be used, makes sense. ", "An exception is if a vertex has degree 0. ", "In this case, we give the vertex a low priority, as no further paths are possible.", "\n\nAnother exception is to give higher priority to vertices with very low indegree (for example, indegree 1), since if they are not explored in a path when first finding their parents, they will never be used again later in the path.", "\n\nIn addition, we also use the in-degree information in an analogous way.", "\n\nPseudo-topological order {#pso}\n------------------------\n\nThe idea behind the second part of the algorithm is to try to improve paths by either inserting some short paths in-between or replacing some vertices by some short paths in an efficient way that covers both.", "\n\nWe begin by introducing some definitions.", "\n\nGiven a digraph $D$, a *weak pseudo-topological ordering* $\\prec$ of the vertices of $D$ is a total order of the vertices in which whenever $x\\prec y$ and there is an edge $y\\to x$, then $x$ and $y$ are in the same strongly connected component.", "\n\nIn other words, a weak pseudo-topological order is a total order that is consistent with the partial order given by the skeleton.", "\n\nGiven a digraph $D$, a *strong pseudo-topological ordering* $\\prec$ of the vertices of $D$ is a total order of the vertices in which whenever $x\\prec y$ and there is an edge $y\\to x$, every vertex in the interval $[x,y]$ is in the same strongly connected component.", "\n\n\n\nIn other words, a strongly pseudo-topological order is a weakly connected component in which the strongly connected components are not intermixed.", "\n\nFrom here on, whenever we mention a pseudo-topological ordering, we mean a strong pseudo-topological ordering.", "\n\nAn easy way to get a random pseudo-topological ordering is to get a random topological ordering of the skeleton of the graph, and then “explode” the strongly connected components, choosing a random permutation of vertices in each component.", "\n\nWe can think of a pseudo-topological ordering as a topological ordering of the digraph in which we *erase* all edges that go from a “high” vertex to a “low” vertex, thus considering an acyclic subdigraph of the original. ", "We call this graph the *subjacent DAG* of the pseudo-topological order. ", "Thus, we may apply Algorithm \\[algo:lspdag\\] to this acyclic digraph and find its longest simple path.", "\n\nAs can be expected, the results obtained in this fashion are very poor compared to even non heuristic recursive slow depth-first search. ", "However, if we combine the two approaches we get better paths.", "\n\n### Combining the two approaches\n\nGiven a path $P$ and a pseudo-topological ordering $T$, the *imposition* of $P$ on $T$ is a pseudo-topological ordering $T_P$ which every vertex not in $P$ stays in the same position as in $T$. The vertices in $P$ are permuted to match the order given by $P$.\n\nFor example, say we start with path $P = 3 \\to 1 \\to 5 \\to 8$. Consider any pseudo-topological ordering, say, $T=(\\textbf{1},\\textbf{8},7,4,\\textbf{3},6,\\textbf{5},2)$. Then imposing the order defined by $P$ into $T$ gives rise to $T'=(\\textbf{3},\\textbf{1},7,4,\\textbf{5},6,\\textbf{8},2)$.\n\n$T_P$ as constructed above is also a (strong) pseudo-topological order.", "\n\nAs $T$ is a strong pseudo-topological order, consider $S_1$, $S_2$, ... , $S_c$ the strongly connected components in the order they appear in $T$. Denote by $s(v)$ index of the strongly connected component of $v$. It suffices to prove that the vertices only move inside their own strongly connected components when going from $T$ to $T_P$.\n\n\\[fig:sccinpso\\]\n\n\n\nLet $(p_1,p_2,...,p_k)$ be the vertices of path $P$. Note that there is no $i < j$ for which $s(p_i) > s(p_j)$ since this would mean there exists a path from a vertex in $S_{s(p_i)}$ to a vertex in $S_{s(p_j)}$, but if $s(p_i) > s(p_j)$, no such path is possible in a pseudo-topological order, since this violates the order in the skeleton. ", "This means that when imposing the order of $P$ into $T$ to get $T_P$, no vertex can jump out of their strongly connected component, and thus $T_P$ is also a strong pseudo-topological order.", "\n\nThe previous lemma ensures that we may run algorithm \\[algo:lspdag\\] with order $T_P$, and get a path that is *at least as good* (and hopefully better) as path $P$, since all edges of $P$ remain in the subjacent DAG of $T_P$.\n\nIf after applying this technique we do find an improved path $P'$, we can repeat the process with $P'$, by again taking a random pseudo-topological ordering, imposing the order of $P'$ on this new ordering, and so on, until there is no more improvement.", "\n\nThe idea then is to construct long paths quickly with DFS and then use these paths as starting points for imposing on random pseudo-topological orders.", "\n\nThis approach does indeed end up producing moderately better paths than only doing DFS, even when starting from scratch with the trivial path and a random pseudo-topological order, albeit taking longer. ", "However, we can do better.", "\n\n### Opening the edges\n\nAgain, we are in the setting where we have a path $P$ which we wish to improve.", "\n\nNow, instead of just imposing path $P$ on multiple random pseudo-topological orders to find one that gets an improvement, construct orders as follows: Pick an edge $p_i\\to p_{i+1}$ of path $P$ and construct a random pseudo-topological order that is consistent with $P$ and furthermore, for which $p_i$ and $p_{i+1}$ are as far apart as possible.", "\n\n\n\nThis is achieved by putting all vertices not in $P$ in all strongly connected components between $\\overline{p_i}$ and $\\overline{p_j}$ in between $p_i$ and $p_j$. In the figure above, the “large” vertices are vertices in $P$ and the “small” vertices are all other vertices not in $P$ in the same connected component as $p_i$ and $p_{i+1}$. If $p_{i}$ and $p_{i+1}$ are not in the same connected component, then, place *every* vertex in either connected component, and also every vertex that belongs in a connected component between the component of $p_i$ and the component of $p_{i+1}$ between the two vertices, in such a way that the order is still a strong pseudo-topological order.", "\n\nWe may repeat this process for each edge in $P$.\n\nThe process of opening an edge is relatively expensive, since we must run Algorithm \\[algo:lspdag\\] each time.", "\n\nWe now make an attempt at explaining why opening edges works as well as it does. ", "Consider:\n\n1. ", " If there exist a vertex $v$ that can be inserted into $P$, opening the corresponding edge finds this improvement.", "\n\n2. ", " If there exists a vertex $v$ that can replace a vertex $p$ in $P$ and make the path longer (by means of edge weights), this process will find it when opening the edge to either side of $p$.\n\n3. ", " Any (small) path of size $k$ that can be inserted into $P$, perhaps even replacing a few vertices of $P$, has probability at least $1/k!$ of being found if the corresponding vertices in the small path happen to be in the correct order.", "\n\nIn the next section we try to heuristically maximize the probability that inserting or replacing paths will be found.", "\n\n### Opening the edges eXtreme\n\nIn the previous section, when opening up each edge, we put all the remaining vertices in the same connected component in a random order (consistent with pseudo-topological orders). ", "We now consider the question of which order to give to those unused vertices. ", "We discuss three different approaches: one heuristic that is quick and practical, one powerful and somewhat slow, and one purely theoretical using sequence covering arrays but which provides some theoretical guarantees.", "\n\nLet $B$ be the inbetween vertices (*i.e.* vertices between $p_i$ and $p_{i+1}$ when opening this edge). ", "Since every other vertex will remain in their place, we face the problem of giving $B$ an ordering with a good chance of delivering an improvement. ", "We only consider orders of $B$ that leaves the total order a strongly pseudo-topological order. ", "That is, we only permute the vertices of $B$ within their own strongly connected components of the full graph.", "\n\nConsider the induced subdigraph on $B$:\n\n\n\nRecall that running Algorithm \\[algo:lspdag\\] with a pseudo-topological order is equivalent to finding the longest path on the digraph that results by erasing all the edges that go backward. ", "Therefore, we must consider *only* orders of $B$ that are themselves pseudo-topological orders of the induced subgraph on $B$.\n\nWe describe three approaches to choosing an order of $B$.\n\n### The powerful approach {#powerful}\n\nThe “powerful” approach is to recursively repeat the process on the induced subgraph on $B$. That is, repeat for $B$ the whole process of finding the strongly connected components, performing DFS as described in a previous section, finding suitable pseudo-topological orders, opening their respective edges, and recursively doing the same for the induced subgraphs in order to find good pseudo-topological orders and so on.", "\n\nThe problem with this approach is that with any standard cache-friendly graph data structure we would need to reconstruct the induced digraph (*i.e.* rename the vertices of $B$ but keep track of their original names), and the whole process is slow. ", "Of course, we would only need to do this process once per connected component and then we can use the results for each edge of the path.", "\n\nThe advantage of this approach is that we are precisely recursively finding good pseudo-topological orders of $B$, which means it’s likely many long paths can be inserted in our original $P$.\n\n### The heuristic approach {#heuristic}\n\nInstead of attempting to repeat the whole algorithm on the induced subgraph, we try to mimic heuristically its results. ", "Consider the following operation on the inbetween vertices: pick a vertex $u$ at random, and exchange its position with some out-neighbor $v$ of $u$ which appeared before $u$ in the pseudo-topological order. ", "If no such neighbor exists, simply find pick another $u$.\n\nRepeat this operation (which is quite inexpensive) as many times as the time limit allows. ", "The following theorem ensures that this process will likely end in a (weak) pseudo-topological order.", "\n\nWith probability approaching 1 as the number of times approaches infinity, the order constructed above is a weak pseudo-topological order of the induced subgraph $B$.\n\n**Proof:** For any digraph, given a total order of the vertices, call a pair of vertices $(a,b)$ *bad* if $a$ appears before $b$ in the order, there is a path from $b$ to $a$ but not one from $a$ to $b$. In other words, if the strongly connected component which contains $b$ is (strictly) less than the strongly connected component which contains $a$ in the partial order of the skeleton of $D$.\n\nThus, we only need to prove that the number of bad pairs never increases after an operation, and that with some positive probability, it decreases.", "\n\nSuppose we do an operation, and $u$ is the chosen vertex, which is exchanged with $v$ (so $u$ was after $v$ in the order, but there is an edge from $u$ to $v$). ", "Then only pairs of vertices of the form $(a,u)$ and $(v,a)$ could have changed status (and only when $a$ is between $u$ and $v$ in the order).", "\n\nLet $U,V,A$ be the strongly connected components containing $u,v,a$ respectively. ", "If $A$ is before $U$, then indeed the pair $(a,u)$ is now bad after the exchange, but since we are assuming there is an edge from $u$ to $v$, if $A$ is before $U$, then it is before $V$, and so the pair $(v,a)$ used to be bad, but is now good. ", "When $(v,a)$ becomes bad, the process is analogous, and $(a,u)$ becomes good.", "\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe above process then gives a random approximate algorithm to calculate weak pseudo-topological orders without calculating the strongly connected components.", "\n\n### The theoretical approach {#theoretical}\n\nDenote $E(P)$ the edge set of a path $P$.\n\nFor a positive integer $k$, we wish to find $P$ that is maximal in the sense that if $Q$ is another path for which $|E(Q) \\setminus E(P)| \\leq k$, then the total weight of $Q$ is less than or equal to the total weight of $P$.\n\nGiven the edge opening process, this problem can be reduced to the following: we wish for a minimal set of permutations of $S_n$ for which every $k$-subset of $n$ appears in every possible order. ", "The idea is to try an edge opening for every edge in the path with the order of $B$ given by each element of the set of permutations.", "\n\nThis problem has been worked on by Colbourn *et al.* ", "on [@chee2013sequence] and [@murray2014sequence], where they named any such set of permutations a *sequence covering array*. ", "They give a mostly impractical algorithm for finding covering arrays, that works in practice up to $n\\approx 100$. However, an easy probabilistic argument yields that taking $\\Theta(\\log(n))$ permutations randomly gives a non-zero chance of ending up with a covering array. ", "This suggests that merely taking many random permutations would yield (probabilistically) the desired result. ", "Unsurprisingly, this approach is not nearly as efficient as the other two.", "\n\nFor $k = 2$, however, a covering array is easy to find: take any permutation and its reverse. ", "So by opening every edge and taking any permutation of the inbetween vertices and its reverse, we ensure the found path is optimal in this very limited sense: There exists no other path with higher total weight all whose edges, except one, are a subset of the edges of $P$ plus one more.", "\n\nSome details about the implementation {#sec:impl}\n=====================================\n\nPreprocessing the graph\n-----------------------\n\nThe data structure we use for storing the graph is a simple pair of adjacency lists: one for the out-neighbors and one for the in-neighbors, so we can access either efficiently. ", "The vertices are numbered from $0$ to $n-1$ and we store an array of size $n$, each element of which is an array storing both the neighbors of the corresponding vertex and the corresponding edge-weights.", "\n\nNext, we find connected components. ", "While it is true that finding the weakly connected components, strongly connected components and skeleton might require some non-trivial processing, this pales in comparison to the NP-hard problem of finding the longest path. ", "An efficient implementation (for example, using C++ boost graph library) can find the weakly and strongly connected components on graphs with millions of edges in a fraction of a second.", "\n\nThen, we find the out-heuristic and the in-heuristic scores for each vertex, as described in Section \\[DFS\\], and sort the neighbors of each vertex according to the heuristic.", "\n\nIn our experiments, the whole preprocessing step took about 0.2 seconds on the Oracle graph, which has $\\sim$13,300 vertices. ", "This time includes reading the file of strings, figuring out which concatenations are possible and constructing the graph. ", "Experiments with randomly generated graphs of comparable size take less than 0.1 seconds if the graph is already in memory.", "\n\nIf one has a training set of a class of graphs, one could use some rudimentary machine learning to try to find the optimal parameters so that on average good paths are found. ", "In fact, for the contest, we did just that, which provided a slight boost. ", "The code includes a trainer for this purpose, but experimental results on the benefits of this are sketchy at best and do not (usually) warrant the long time it takes to train.", "\n\nPseudo-Topological orders\n-------------------------\n\nOnce we have a pseudo-topological order $T$, we construct its inverse for fast access, so in addition of being able to answer the query “which vertex is in position $i$ of $T$?” ", "we can also answer the query “at which position is vertex $v$ in $T$?” ", "efficiently. ", "Therefore, any operation we do on $T$ must be mirrored to the inverse.", "\n\nIn addition, since we are constantly changing $T$ and having to rerun Algorithm \\[algo:lspdag\\], it is worth it to store $x_v$ for each $v$, and just reprocess from the first vertex whose order was modified and onwards.", "\n\nFortunately, when performing the edge opening process, much of the order has been preserved, so we can use this information and recalculate from the first modification onwards, speeding up the calculation considerably.", "\n\nFinally, opening the edges is just a matter of rearranging the vertices to satisfy the condition, which is straightforward. ", "We found experimentally that the process finds good paths faster if the edges of the path are opened in a random order and not sequentially. ", "This makes intuitive sense. ", "If a path cannot be improved by a certain edge opening, it’s unlikely (but possible) an edge that is near will yield an improvement.", "\n\nOur implementation of the “powerful” approach described in Section \\[powerful\\] was by constructing a completely new graph and running the algorithm on the subgraph recursively, and so it was prohibitely slow, although it did tend to find longer subpath insertions with fewer edge openings. ", "Perhaps this can be improved. ", "The implementation of the heuristic approach of Section \\[heuristic\\] was considerably more efficient over the random approach described in Section \\[theoretical\\].", "\n\nExperimental data {#experiments}\n=================\n\nWe compare this algorithm to one other found in the literature, by Portugal *et. ", "al.* [", "@portugal2010study], as the authors have kindly provided us with the code. ", "There is a scarcity of heuristic algorithms for this problem, and the code for some, such as [@scholvin1999approximating] appears to have been lost, so a direct comparison turns out to be impractical. ", "Unfortunately, an extensive literature search did not provide any other accessible source code for this problem, making the code in the link of the introduction the only open source and readily available implementation we are aware of that heuristically finds long simple paths.", "\n\nIn [@portugal2010study], the authors compare four approaches based on genetic algorithms. ", "The biggest graph they used as an example consists of 134 vertices. ", "The result was that their fastest algorithm was able to find the optimal solution more than half of the time in around 22 seconds. ", "For comparison, our program only took 0.001 seconds for the same graph and found the longest path on 100% of the test runs. ", "Please bear in mind that the comparison might be somewhat unfair, since their implementation was in Matlab instead of C++. ", "Our algorithm took less than a millisecond for all the graphs in [@portugal2010study] and found the longest simple path 100% of the test runs.", "\n\nTests in large random graphs where we know the longest path size\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nGiven $n$ and $m$, consider the following graph generation process for a graph with $n$ vertices and $m$ edges.", "\n\nConsider any random permutation of the vertices $v_1, v_2, ..., v_n$ and add all edges $v_i \\to v_{i+1}$. Then pick $n-m+1$ other edges uniformly at random. ", "All edge weights were set to 1, so we know for certain the longest simple path has size $n-1$.\n\nFor example, in our experiments, for $n = 10,000$ and $m = 100,000$, the whole process (including reading the file containing the graph) took on average 1.28 seconds to find the longest simple path.", "\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nWe would like to thank the organizers of the Oracle MDC coding challenge for providing a very interesting problem to work on (and for the prize of a drone and camera, of course). ", "Furthermore, we would like to thank the other participants, specially Miguel Ángel Sánchez Pérez and David Felipe Castillo Velázquez for the fierce competition. ", "Also, we are grateful to Marisol Flores and Edgardo Roldán for their helpful comments on the paper, as well as David Portugal for providing the source code from their work. ", "This research was partially supported by PAPIIT IA106316.", "\n\n[CCHZ13]{}\n\nAndreas Bj[ö]{}rklund, Thore Husfeldt, and Sanjeev Khanna, *Approximating longest directed paths and cycles*, Automata, Languages and Programming, Springer, 2004, pp.", " 222–233.", "\n\nYeow Meng Chee, Charles J Colbourn, Daniel Horsley, and Junling Zhou, *Sequence covering arrays*, SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics **27** (2013), no.", " 4, 1844–1861.", "\n\nPatrick C Murray and Charles J Colbourn, *Sequence covering arrays and linear extensions*, Combinatorial Algorithms, Springer, 2014, pp.", " 274–285.", "\n\nDavid Portugal, Carlos Henggeler Antunes, and Rui Rocha, *A study of genetic algorithms for approximating the longest path in generic graphs*, Systems Man and Cybernetics (SMC), 2010 IEEE International Conference on, IEEE, 2010, pp.", " 2539–2544.", "\n\nQuang Dung Pham and Yves Deville, *Integration of ai and or techniques in contraint programming for combinatorial optimzation problems: 9th international conference, cpaior 2012, nantes, france, may 28 – june1, 2012. ", "proceedings*, ch.", " Solving the Longest Simple Path Problem with Constraint-Based Techniques, pp.", " 292–306, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012.", "\n\nJohn Kenneth Scholvin, *Approximating the longest path problem with heuristics: a survey*, Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1999.", "\n\nMaria Grazia Scutella, *An approximation algorithm for computing longest paths*, European Journal of Operational Research **148** (2003), no.", " 3, 584–590.", "\n\nR. Sedgewick and K. Wayne, *Algorithms*, Pearson Education, 2011.", "\n\nZhao Zhang and Hao Li, *Algorithms for long paths in graphs*, Theoretical Computer Science **377** (2007), no.", " 1, 25–34.", "\n\n[^1]: Research supported in part by PAPIIT IA106316, UNAM.\\\n Orcid ID: 0000-0001-9100-1655.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0.008264462809917356, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0.0071174377224199285, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0.015503875968992248, 0.01006036217303823, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0029585798816568047, 0, 0, 0.006578947368421052, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002320185614849188, 0.0011947431302270011, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010452961672473868, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002364066193853428, 0, 0.002074688796680498, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006172839506172839, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004672897196261682, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0.004098360655737705, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0031446540880503146, 0, 0, 0.004424778761061947, 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004524886877828055, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0034129692832764505, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0, 0, 0.018633540372670808, 0.017341040462427744, 0.017543859649122806, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0.025806451612903226, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0.029914529914529916, 0, 0.0091324200913242, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0.015873015873015872, 0.013605442176870748, 0.013986013986013986, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0.026785714285714284, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0 ]

[ "Interdependent Sequence Selectivity and Diastereoselectivity in the Alkylation of DNA by Decarbamoylmitomycin C.\nMitomycin C (MC), an antitumor drug, and decarbamoylmitomycin C (DMC), a derivative of MC, alkylate DNA and form deoxyguanosine monoadducts and interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). ", "Interestingly, in mammalian culture cells, MC forms primarily deoxyguanosine adducts with a 1\"-R stereochemistry at the guanine-mitosene bond (1\"-α) whereas DMC forms mainly adducts with a 1\"-S stereochemistry (1\"-β). ", "The molecular basis for the stereochemical configuration exhibited by DMC has been investigated using biomimetic synthesis. ", "Here, we present the results of our studies on the monoalkylation of DNA by DMC. ", "We show that the formation of 1\"-β-deoxyguanosine adducts requires bifunctional reductive activation of DMC, and that monofunctional activation only produces 1\"-α-adducts. ", "The stereochemistry of the deoxyguanosine adducts formed is also dependent on the regioselectivity of DNA alkylation and on the overall DNA CG content. ", "Additionally, we found that temperature plays a determinant role in the regioselectivity of duplex DNA alkylation by mitomycins: At 0 °C, both deoxyadenosine (dA) and deoxyguanosine (dG) alkylation occur whereas at 37 °C, mitomycins alkylate dG preferentially. ", "The new reaction protocols developed in our laboratory to investigate DMC-DNA alkylation raise the possibility that oligonucleotides containing DMC 1\"-β-deoxyguanosine adducts at a specific site may be synthesized by a biomimetic approach." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.003472222222222222, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0.012345679012345678, 0.005813953488372093, 0.006578947368421052, 0.0038314176245210726, 0.0041841004184100415 ]

[ "\nWhy investors all hate the “If we only capture 1% of the market ” line - jkuria\nhttps://capitalandgrowth.org/questions/2185/why-do-professional-investors-all-hate-the-if-we-o.html\n======\nPhilWright\nPart of the problem is that saying 1% sounds very arbitrary and therefore\nimplies you have not done your research. ", "Makes me think you just make that up\nand have no actual realistic plan on how to achieve it. ", "Getting 1% of most\nmass markets is incredibly hard.", "\n\n------\nbyoung2\nThe real issue is that capturing 1% is the \"what\" but it doesn't explain the\n\"how\". ", "You build a better \"X\" but 1% won't magically flow to you, otherwise\nthere would be 100 competitors in every market with 1% each. ", "But if you build\na better \"X\" and you have a proven (or at least well thought out) plan to take\n1% away from the dominant player in the field, then investors will like what\nyou have to say.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

[ 0.0031847133757961785, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "# mongodb-stitch-react-native-services-aws-s3\n\nThis package contains the React Native AWS S3 Service.", "\n\n**For more information on using this in a React Native app, see the [mongodb-stitch-react-native-sdk](https://www.npmjs.com/package/mongodb-stitch-react-native-sdk) package.**" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.005649717514124294 ]

[ "z**3 + f*z + y*z**2 + l and give t.\n94\nRearrange -58*h**2 + 80*h**2 - 258*h**2 to the form s*h**2 + q*h + r and give s.\n-236\nExpress -33*c + 281*c + 43*c - 49*c + 214*c in the form g + o*c and give g.\n0\nRearrange (862*n + 767*n + 577*n + 607*n - 491*n)*(1 + 0 - 2) to m + g*n and give g.\n-2322\nRearrange -16*k - 1 - 8*k**3 + 7*k - k**2 + 6*k + 4*k - 12*k**4 to p*k**4 + d + f*k + c*k**3 + m*k**2 and give c.\n-8\nRearrange (27995 - 56609 + 23224)*(i**3 + 0*i**3 + i**3) to the form k*i**3 + m*i + v*i**2 + x and give k.\n-10780\nRearrange 539*a + 954*a - 464*a to the form l*a + s and give l.\n1029\nExpress 2*l**4 + l**3 - 985 + 987 - 70*l**2 - l**3 as t*l**4 + d*l**2 + m*l**3 + q*l + z and give d.\n-70\nExpress (-405 - 637 - 381)*(4*d**3 + 4*d**3 - 5*d**3) in the form f + a*d**2 + i*d + t*d**3 and give t.\n-4269\nExpress 17*w**2 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 11*w - 2*w**3 - 15*w**2 as t*w**2 + a*w**3 + f + n*w and give f.\n1\nRearrange (-4*i + 1 - 3 - 1)*(84 + 165 - 73) - 2*i + 1 - 1 to n*i + z and give n.\n-706\nExpress -c**2 + 10 + 17*c**3 + c + 0*c - 15*c**3 + 26 + 22 in the form u + v*c + q*c**3 + i*c**2 and give u.\n58\nExpress -1 + 136*j + 10*j + 16*j + 14*j as c*j + w and give w.\n-1\nRearrange (0 + 2 - 1)*(-15*g + g + 7*g) + (-1 + 0 - 1)*(3*g - 5*g + 8*g) to the form o*g + t and give o.\n-19\nExpress -31*w**2 + 6 + 8*w**2 - 11*w**2 in the form g*w**2 + u*w + y and give y.\n6\nRearrange 4 + 3*s**3 + 10 - 17 + 7*s**2 + 7 to j*s + n*s**3 + m*s**2 + c and give c.\n4\nExpress -21*t**2 + 158*t**2 + 28*t**2 + (0 - 1 + 0)*(0 + 0 - 2*t**2) - 5*t**2 + 3*t**2 + 4*t**2 as r*t**2 + y*t + x and give r.\n169\nExpress -3*j + 2*j - 5*j - 3*j + 2*j - j + (-3 - 2 + 4)*(2*j - 3 + 3) + 1 - 1 + j + j - 3*j + 4*j - 3*j - j + 0*j in the form l*j + r and give l.\n-11\nRearrange 84*v**3 + 61*v - 2*v**2 - 79*v**3 + 4*v**2 to h + b*v + q*v**2 + x*v**3 and give q.\n2\nRearrange 2*l**3 + 8*l + 36 + 17 - 4*l**3 - 8*l + 3*l**2 to y + u*l**2 + a*l**3 + s*l and give y.\n53\nRearrange (-3 + 4 + 0)*(0*r + 2*r - 4*r) - r - 2 + 2 - 49 - 4*r - 55 + 97 to the form h + y*r and give y.\n-7\nExpress t - 135*t**3 + 92*t**3 - 83*t**3 - 161*t**3 in the form c*t + j*t**2 + q*t**3 + w and give c.\n1\nExpress -1 - 8*y + 10 - 36*y - 2 as s + i*y and give s.\n7\nRearrange (-b + 0*b + 2*b)*(341*b + 208*b + 96*b) + 1 - 1 + 2*b**2 to the form o*b + j + t*b**2 and give o.\n0\nExpress (u**2 - u**2 + 2*u**2)*(2 - 16*u + 24*u - 25*u) as z*u + l + v*u**3 + i*u**2 and give i.\n4\nExpress 63*w + 29*w - 90*w + 16 - w**3 in the form m*w**2 + r + o*w + c*w**3 and give r.\n16\nExpress (i + 0 + 0 + (0 + 2 + 0)*(-i + 3*i + 0*i) + 248*i + 83*i + 354*i)*(-2 + 2 - i) as h*i**2 + o*i + f and give h.\n-690\nRearrange (-71 + 28*p + 71)*(3 + 2 + 7) to u*p + w and give u.\n336\nExpress -36*c**3 + 15 - 43 + 17 + 15 as v*c**2 + n + w*c + j*c**3 and give j.\n-36\nExpress 3*h + 6*h**2 - 5*h + 2*h + 8 - 3 + 2*h in the form y + o*h**2 + j*h and give j.\n2\nRearrange 10*m**3 + 6*m**2 + 5*m**2 - 4*m**3 + 6*m**2 + 2*m**2 - m to c + u*m + d*m**3 + o*m**2 and give d.\n6\nExpress 3*c + 541*c**2 - 5 + 541*c**2 - 1080*c**2 + 1 in the form y*c**2 + w*c + b and give b.\n-4\nRearrange 3*r**2 + 10*r**2 + r**2 + (28*r - 6*r + 26*r)*(-r + r - 2*r) to the form n*r + d + o*r**2 and give o.\n-82\nExpress 31*h + 29*h + 30*h in the form t + q*h and give q.\n90\nRearrange -8*m**2 - m**3 + 1 + 2*m + 0 + 40*m**2 - 6*m to k + h*m**3 + c*m + u*m**2 and give k.\n1\nRearrange 56*o**3 - 86 - 217 - 55*o**3 to the form m + i*o**2 + l*o + r*o**3 and give l.\n0\nRearrange -10*q**4 + 1 - 7 + 5 - 13*q**2 + 8*q**2 - q**3 to the form k*q**3 + w + m*q**2 + v*q**4 + o*q and give w.\n-1\nRearrange 133*w + 20*w + 8*w + 108*w to f*w + o and give f.\n269\nExpress -4*c + 2*c - 5*c + (0*c + c + 0*c)*(1 + 2 - 2) - 13*c + 18*c + 20*c in the form v + m*c and give m.\n19\nExpress (-14 - 3 - 48)*(6*v**3 + 0*v + 0*v) in the form f*v + i*v**2 + u + w*v**3 and give w.\n-390\nRearrange 3*l**3 - 3*l + 3*l + (l + l + 3*l)*(1 - l**2 - 1) - 5*l**3 + l**2 - l**2 to g*l**2 + h*l**3 + i + x*l and give h.\n-7\nExpress (-5 + 10 + 9)*((-4*s - 3*s + 3*s)*(5 - 3 - 3) + (-2 + 1 - 1)*(-1 + 1 - 2*s) + 0*s - 3*s + 5*s) as u*s + t and give u.\n140\nExpress (-26 - 119 - 31 + (4 - 2 - 1)*(-4 + 0 + 5))*(-3*n**3 + 3*n**3 + n**3) in the form o*n + c*n**3 + f + w*n**2 and give o.\n0\nExpress -140*w**3 + 50*w**3 - w + 47*w**3 - 3*w**4 + 45*w**3 - 2 - 3*w**4 as a*w**3 + o*w**4 + m + d*w + q*w**2 and give a.\n2\nExpress (-31*q**3 - 345*q**2 + 345*q**2)*(-9*q - 46 + 46) in the form t*q**4 + i + x*q + k*q**3 + v*q**2 and give t.\n279\nExpress (3*g - g - g)*(-87 - 7 - 1) in the form a*g + r and give a.\n-95\nExpress -18*n**3 - 24*n**3 + 39*n**3 - 19*n as p*n + g*n**2 + w + h*n**3 and give p.\n-19\nExpress 2*a**3 - 5*a**3 + a**3 + a**3 + a**2 - 2*a - 8 as u + b*a**3 + h*a + t*a**2 and give t.\n1\nExpress -6*w**2 + 3*w**4 + 8*w**2 - 54*w - 5*w**4 + 1 + 62*w - w**3 as m*w**2 + c*w**3 + i*w**4 + u*w + l and give m.\n2\nRearrange 193*g**2 - 747*g**2 - 832*g**2 to the form z*g + m + h*g**2 and give h.\n-1386\nExpress 75 - 2*z - 3*z - 32 + 6*z as b + t*z and give b.\n43\nExpress -26*f + 42*f + f + 117*f + 80*f as d + n*f and give n.\n214\nExpress 138 - 19 + 6*z - 22 - 58 as l*z + s and give s.\n39\nExpress t + 2*t + 1 - t**3 + 0*t - 2*t + t**2 - 2*t**4 in the form b*t**3 + d + n*t**2 + v*t**4 + r*t and give b.\n-1\nExpress -7*f**3 + 0 - 4 + 3 + 251*f - 260*f in the form i + z*f**2 + g*f**3 + s*f and give g.\n-7\nExpress 9 - 9 + 100*p**2 - p**2 in the form s*p**2 + f*p + k and give s.\n99\nRearrange (0 - 6 + 0)*(17 + 16*z - 17) - 4 - 2*z + 4 + (2*z + 1 - 1)*(-3 - 3 + 4) + 0*z + 0*z - z + z - 8*z + 2*z to o + f*z and give f.\n-108\nExpress 3*n - 2*n - 4523 + 4346 as y + m*n and give m.\n1\nRearrange -2*j - 5*j + j + (-6 + 2 + 3)*(-7 - 6 + 2*j + 8) to v*j + n and give n.\n5\nRearrange (12 + 5 + 2)*(-2*s**2 + 6*s**2 + 3*s**2 + (0*s + 5*s - 3*s)*(2*s - 3*s + 0*s) + s - s - 2*s**2) to x*s + c + h*s**2 and give x.\n0\nExpress ((-16*a - 8*a + 6*a)*(-4*a**2 + 3*a**2 - 4*a**2) + a**3 - a**3 - 3*a**3)*(0*a + 2*a - a) as w + r*a**4 + g*a**2 + s*a + n*a**3 and give r.\n87\nRearrange ((a + 2*a + 0*a)*(6 - 6*a - 6) + a**2 - 2 + 2)*(9 - 9 + 6*a) to n*a**3 + k + p*a + d*a**2 and give n.\n-102\nExpress (2 + 1 - 2)*(-9 + 1 + 1)*(59*u + 60*u - 127*u) in the form v*u + d and give v.\n56\nExpress (97824 - 26*i - 48912 - 48913)*(2*i**3 + 3*i**3 - 3*i**3) as m*i**4 + z*i**3 + r + g*i + q*i**2 and give m.\n-52\nRearrange 38*u**2 - 6 + 6 - 553*u**2 + 1 + 57*u**2 to the form p*u**2 + l + w*u and give p.\n-458\nExpress -100 - 326 - 53*t**2 - 44*t**2 + 99*t**2 as x*t + l + j*t**2 and give j.\n2\nExpress 284*c + 171*c + 276*c as m + a*c and give a.\n731\nExpress -2*y + 2*y + 0*y - 6*y**2 - 1 as r + v*y + d*y**2 and give d.\n-6\nRearrange 24*b**3 - 67095 + 67126 - b**3 to o*b + w*b**2 + m + l*b**3 and give m.\n31\nRearrange 107*j + 18 - 26 - 2*j + 8 to h*j + d and give h.\n105\nRearrange -125*j**3 + 385*j**3 - 131*j**3 + 335 - 128*j**3 - 82 to s*j + g*j**2 + c*j**3 + z and give c.\n1\nExpress (-205*c - 210*c - 156*c**3 + 415*c)*(12 - 22 + 12) as t*c**3 + f + d*c + s*c**2 and give t.\n-312\nExpress -2 - 11*u + 2 + (1 + 3 + 9)*(-u - 2 + 2) + u + u + 0*u as m + i*u and give i.\n-22\nExpress 39*m**2 + 8*m**3 + 1 + 13*m**3 - 69*m**2 + 32*m**2 + 11*m**3 in the form o*m**3 + k*m**2 + i + l*m and give l.\n0\nRearrange (-4 + h**2 + 3 + 3)*(-109*h**2 - 75*h**2 + 32*h**2 + h + h**2 - h + (0*h - 4*h + 5*h)*(h + 2*h - h)) to o*h**4 + z + y*h**2 + k*h**3 + p*h and give y.\n-298\nExpress (-2 - 1 + 5)*(3*k - k - 10*k) - k + 0*k - k + (-5*k + 2*k + 4*k)*(-2 + 5 - 2) + (1 - 4 + 4)*(3*k - 1 + 1) in the form y + n*k and give n.\n-14\nRearrange (401 + 129 + 128)*(0*h + 0*h + h - h + h - h + (0*h - h + 3*h)*(-1 + 1 + 2) + 0*h - h + 0*h)*(3 + 0 + 3) to y + f*h and give y.\n0\nRearrange (-1 - 3*k + 1)*(-33*k**3 + 21*k**3 + 12*k**3 + 17*k**3 - 38*k) to f + w*k**3 + p*k**4 + m*k**2 + y*k and give m.\n114\nExpress (5*h + 0*h - 3*h + (h + 3*h - 2*h)*(-8 - 5 + 2))*(-6 + 6 + 5*h) in the form k + g*h + f*h**2 and give f.\n-100\nExpress (-10*f - 33*f + 3*f)*(-3 + 1 + 3)*(-2 - 2 + 0) as n + l*f and give l.\n160\nRearrange 26*g + 9319 - 9319 - g**2 + 3*g - 2*g**2 - 3*g + (3 - 3 - 2*g)*(0 + 0 - 2*g) - g + g + g**2 - g**2 - 2*g**2 - g**2 to p + x*g + l*g**2 and give x.\n26\nExpress -93*v + 5*v**3 + 2*v**2 + 5*v - 7*v**3 in the form o*" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

[ 0.002928972418843056 ]

[ "\"It is what it is,\" [Dunleavey] said on Friday. \"", "He called us up, gave us a couple of days' notice through his agent, saying, 'I'm just not feeling like I'm wanting to come in and play. ", "I think I'll send in my retirement papers.'", "\n\n\"It caught his agent off guard. ", "It caught everybody off guard. ", "But like I said, it's better than bringing him into camp, taking a spot, working him in and then having maybe some disappointment.\"", "\n\nBottom line?", "\n\n\"He didn't waste our time,\" Dunleavy said...\n\n\"He's from West Virginia,\" Dunleavy said. \"", "He could be like Brett Favre. ", "And a month from now he could want to play again.\"", "\n\nDunleavy is from Brooklyn, and presumably everything west of the East River constitutes Appalachia. ", "Favre is from Kiln, Mississippi -- an 859-mile drive from Jason Williams' hometown of Belle, West Virginia.", "\n\nWho knows? ", "Maybe Williams thought the depth chart at the 1 was too crowded -- ironic since the Clips have resided in Bronsonia for the better part of a decade. ", "But credit to Williams for not stringing the Clips along with a perfunctory showing -- not that Williams has produced anything other than perfunctory results since he left Sacramento. ", "Jason Hart instantanously assumes sole possession of the backup PG mantle. ", "This could also potentially bode well for Mike Taylor James, who's on a make good deal.", "\n\nDontell Jefferson, Jelani McCoy, David Noel and Curtis Sumpter all received invitiations to Clippers' training camp. ", "I always felt like Noel could've been a solid pro prospect if he had 2-3 more inches. ", "He was a defensive gem at Carolina, and I remember him locking up Anthony Morrow, Jeremis Smith and everyone else on the wing for Tech c. 2005 AD. ", "Still don't think Noel has a pro game, but it would be nice to see him have a good couple of weeks.", "\n\nRegarding Sumpter, not sure how I feel about a Vichy player coming into Clippers' camp. ", "First, Chris Kaman suits up for the Krauts, then the Clips start lobbing invites to collaborationnistes from the Vichy squad. ", "Next thing you know, the organization will christen the new training facility Phillppe Pétain Court.", "\n\nPosted Wednesday, October 29 at 3:20PM\n\nGood news!", "\n\nWe have launched a new ClipperBlog.com site! ", "You are currently on our old system & are viewing an archived page. ", "We will continue to keep all 670 posts from our first 3 years on this archive site. ", "Soon we will be closing the comments for each of these older posts.", "\n\nComments\n\nI assume by Mike James you mean Mike Taylor. ", "Some people over on clipsnation saw Taylor at UCLA and said he looks pretty good. ", "But maybe this may lead to the clips signing Livingston if the wolves don't sign him. ", "It seems like we are the only team that has any interest in him which is surprising. ", "Maybe is injury isn't as healed as we thought.", "\n\nI also vote for Marbury, got nothing to lose. ", "Pretty sad sad that he'd rather retire than play for the clippers. ", "Does he have that much money saved up that he could turn an NBA salary down? ", "I bet he goes to europe.", "\n\nWow, that site of yours really is blowing up! ", "Those message boards are poppin and your web design skills unreal. ", "I love how you post topics and literally nobody responds. ", "It's great. ", "Seriously, you actually pay money for the web space to keep that piece of shit website up?", "\n\nSorry for the naive question guys, but I just moved to LA about a month ago and I keep hearing about all these pro pickup games at UCLA. ", "Are they open to the public? ", "I'm a UCLA grad student and I've been to the Wooden Center a few times, but it seems like there are only student games there. ", "Is there another gym where the pros practice?", "\n\nI ment, Dunleavy is clueless again as to why this happened. ", "Just like Dunleavy expected Maggette and Brand to be back in Clippers uniforms. \"", "It is what it is\" What isn't what it is?", "\n\nAnd my website is blowing up! ", "It's the Clippers of websites.", "\nLike I'd even spend any time on it. ", "It doesn't cost me anything to put up because it's on the same server as a bunch of other sites. ", "I used to post here as ProgramPrint.com\n\nHere's a youtube of B Davis on Jenny Craig. ", "Damn pathetic. ", "I hope he's losing weight working out instead of just eating the jenny craig diet. ", "If you're working out like he should be, he should be able to eat anything he wants.http://www.youtube.com/watc...\n\nshaun may not want to come back after we kinda said we'd moved on. ", "its like we dumped our girlfriend for another woman, found out she didnt like us, and then we're crawling back to our original trick for more booty. ", "If I were Shaun I'd wait it out.", "\n\nAs a long time JWill fan I can see why he wanted out of there. ", "All of the fans (you!) ", "are the biggest idiots on the periphery of NBA landscape. ", "I would rather play in Europe too if I were him. ", "And the most idiotic statement I have read from your wasteland is \"he has done nothing but perfunctory since Sacramento.\" ", "What!!!??? ", "If being the starting point guard for an NBA champion is perfunctory you PaperClip fans can keep your obscurity and that stupid word.", "\n\nYea we gave Shaun a cheap contract after we waived his rights. ", "Which was smart at the time. ", "But in his position interpreting what happened, we gave up on him, then came back to low ball him. ", "I mean sure, yea the clippers offered him a deal but not nearly the same kind of money others were talking. ", "Id be kinda jaded towards this organization that said \"Shauns the future. ", "Hes our guy. ", "OHHHH Injured....wanna play for a 1/10th of the cost?\" ", "Which is essentially what we did.", "\n\nFor a player to get a \"guaranteed contract\" is more than he can ask for. ", "Other teams would rather have him on a non-guaranteed basis first. ", "I'm no business man, but I don't think you buy high when the rest of the buyers will only pay up to 1 mill for Shaun.", "\n\nWhy should the clips have offered him the same amount of money? ", "There is a very large chance that he will never be the same player again. ", "And also the clips still had his bird rights so if he came back and proved he was still good the clips could have signed him to a new offer and payed him more without it going against the salary cap limit.", "\n\nJ. Will was overrated. ", "He can pass pretty well and was fun to watch. ", "Other than than, he can't shoot, play D, or rebound. ", "His assist totals aren't that great either. ", "I wish he was still on the team, but don't think that a mediocre talent who is 32+ years old is going to be a season changer.", "\n\nAs for Livingston, he was lucky he went as high in the draft as he did. ", "Everyone is saying \"poor Shaun\". ", "If anything, he should feel ashamed at how he peformed when he was healthy (and that health was sporadic). ", "He should have played college ball and either become a truly good player or his so-so talent would have come to the surface and he would have dropped big-time in the draft. ", "He smelled money, got drafted, and got paid. ", "The only thing is, the Clippers didn't get what they had hoped for in the bargain. ", "This guy is an injury waiting to happen. ", "The way he landed on that fateful slam dunk shows that he is not as athletic a scouts and fans had thought. ", "That was a clutsy play that ended in catastrophe. ", "Blue collar workers who get really hurt on the job (and I know a few) don't have the nest egg that Shuan now has. ", "Enough already. ", "Stop whining about Shaun!", "\n\nJerdog, I agree with you wholeheartedly. ", "Why all the love for Shaun? ", "Yeah, he suffered a devastating injury, but that shouldn't hinder his ability to count his money. ", "I'm still extremely dumbfounded that the Clips didn't have the foresight to trade this guy in a package for Iverson two seasons ago. ", "Yeah, yeah, we all know that AI hasn't made the Nugs much better but I guaran-damn-tee you that the Clips would've made the playoffs that year had we made that trade. ", "Look, I believe Shaun is a nice guy... probably too nice... so much so, that he lacked the 'kill' factor as a competitor. ", "I'd rather take a flyer on someone new (maybe it's Taylor, who knows?). ", "I'd probably prefer an aging-but-still-solid vet to handle third-string PG duties, but that's just me. ", "In the meantime, get over your infatuation with Shaun. ", "Mercifully, the Livingston experiment has run its course.", "\n\nAs a cyclone alum I say we should take a chance on Taylor. ", "He's got skills.", "\n\nShaun is damaged goods. ", "Even if he recovers he will surely breakdown, his body is made of glass and he was wise to come straight from high school. ", "Dude wouldn't even get drafted if he came out of school with 4 years of injuries at Duke or wherever...\n\nI think a lot of us are forgetting how good Shaun was when he was healthy. ", "He was beginning to run and get his shot down before the injury. ", "No one ever questioned his passing ability and court vision. ", "And he was certainly an above average defender. ", "I don't fault the Clippers for taking him as high as they did. ", "If he was in the draft last year, he probably would have went before Westbrook at number four.", "\n\nSo is anyone else relieved that training camp has finally arrived? ", "I just hope BDavis draws some media coverage.", "\n\nI'm not sure what's more embarrassing, the fact some fan had to post pictures of media day on realgm or that it's 11 AM the day after and Clippers.com has zilch. ", "Most team sites put photos, video and stories up that AFTERNOON. ", "Not our Clippers! ", "And how about exciting the fans by putting up photos and info on the training facility? ", "If it's really open why hasn't there been a story on the local news or LAT? ", "Did they fire the publicist this year or something?", "\n\nA couple of things I wanted to share here. ", "I was going to post the media day pictures, but I see someone did already.", "\n\nAs far as the Maggette interview where he takes the 'jab' at Baron Davis and the Clipper club. ", "I think it was taken a little out of context, but the point was still there. ", "You can read the interview here:\n\nhttp://blogs.mercurynews.co...\nMedia day was covered by Fox Sports West anchor Michael Eaves (on his blog but nonetheless some coverage). ", "He has a good write up about the atmosphere throughout the day and Baron's effect. ", "He also mentions the Shaun Livingston and Quinton Ross situation, but I will post that below. ", "You can read up on it here:\n\nOnto my favorite topic this offseason, Shaun Livingston. ", "Shaun was in a real bad spot. ", "He didn't have a chance to prove himself, and it sounded like he tried to workout for teams too early. ", "Judging from media coverage, I don't think he is completely healed, nor will he be what we once thought he would be. ", "Word from Eaves is \"SL14\" will sign with Miami very soon.", "\n\nQuinton Ross turned down an offer from the Clippers to get more money. ", "He now has to fight for a roster spot with the Grizzlies.", "\n\nJ Will could have put in productive minutes when b davis gets in fould trouble or once he likely gets hurt this year... Shaun is out and never coming back and Starbury is a team killer with a huge price tag. ", "This team is purely leaning on the health of the top 7 players. ", "Injury prone= clipper basketball=(" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02197802197802198, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0.018691588785046728, 0, 0.013422818791946308, 0.016304347826086956, 0.013333333333333334, 0.011494252873563218, 0.03361344537815126, 0.011627906976744186, 0.02040816326530612, 0.010101010101010102, 0.011111111111111112, 0.023809523809523808, 0.01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03508771929824561, 0.024390243902439025, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0.024691358024691357, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.023529411764705882, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0.00546448087431694, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03636363636363636, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.04, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015037593984962405, 0.011976047904191617, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0, 0, 0.005555555555555556, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0.006097560975609756, 0, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0, 0, 0.020618556701030927, 0, 0.01744186046511628, 0.012048192771084338, 0.010638297872340425, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0.017543859649122806, 0.004761904761904762, 0, 0 ]

[ "The Once and Future King\n\nShare this:\n\nCurator Reviews\n\nSloane Crosley\n\nAs popular as this novel is among the Arthurian Legend fanatics and 13-year-old boys, I have always found it and its author very untrendy to love. ", "Then Helen McDonald’s stunning H is For Hawk came along last year and blew up my spot. ", "Still, I’m happy to share the love — and to know much more about T.H. White now.", "\n\nMost Popular Shelves\n\nVISIT OUR BOOKSHOP\n\nNewsletter\n\nFirst Name\n\nLast Name\n\nEmail address:\n\nLeave this field empty if you're human:\n\nGrand lists is a curated arts site specializing in books and movies selected by 100 public figures and celebrities, ranging from designers, musicians, artists, actors, performers and directors, to politicians, novelists, scientists and athletes." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0.0125, 0 ]

[ "But Taylor’s version won’t be the final word. ", "His testimony both provides important clues about what future witnesses could say and indicates that Ambassador to the European Union Gordon Sondland, who testified last week, has a lot of explaining to do.", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nSo what do we need to find out next?", "\n\nThe first big question involves an aide who figures prominently in Taylor’s narrative: Tim Morrison, the head of the White House National Security Council’s Eurasia desk. ", "In arguably the most significant disclosure by Taylor, Morrison allegedly told him that Sondland had relayed an explicit quid pro quo to a top aide to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, Andriy Yermak.", "\n\n\"During this same phone call I had with Mr. Morrison, he went on to describe a conversation Ambassador Sondland had with Mr. Yermak at [a meeting in] Warsaw,” Taylor said in his opening statement. “", "Ambassador Sondland told Mr. Yermak that the security assistance money would not come until President Zelenskyy committed to pursue the Burisma investigation.”", "\n\nAD\n\n(Zelenskyy, the spelling used by Taylor in his written remarks, is the preferred spelling in Ukraine.)", "\n\nTaylor also describes Sondland’s telling him personally that “‘everything’ was dependent on such an announcement [of investigations], including security assistance.” ", "But Morrison’s corroboration appears particularly important. ", "He would be another firsthand witness indicating Sondland’s directly passing along the quid pro quo to Ukraine. ", "Thus far, we have Sen. Ron Johnson (R-Wis.) pointing in that direction, as well as acting White House chief of staff Mick Mulvaney’s later-rescinded admission.", "\n\nAD\n\nAnother key element is what Sondland might say from here on out. ", "As I noted in my takeaways post, there appear to be major discrepancies between what he said in his testimony last week and what Taylor said Tuesday.", "\n\nAD\n\nA key example: Sondland said, “I recall no discussions with any State Department or White House official about former vice president Biden or his son, nor do I recall taking part in any effort to encourage an investigation into the Bidens.\" ", "Compare that to Taylor’s hearing about Morrison’s version of events, and it’s difficult to square them.", "\n\nPerhaps Sondland’s defense will be that he pushed for the Burisma investigation and not one specifically into the Bidens. ", "That would be quite the rhetorical trick, but it would fit neatly into his testimony, in which he claimed he “did not understand, until much later, that Mr. [Rudolph W.] Giuliani’s agenda might have also included an effort to prompt the Ukrainians to investigate Vice President Biden or his son ...” He said that, as of August, “I did not know until more recent press reports that Hunter Biden was on the board of Burisma.”", "\n\nAD\n\nI wrote about how difficult that was to swallow, given that Hunter Biden’s work for Burisma and Giuliani’s efforts to pursue that investigation in Ukraine had been in the news for months. ", "But now we may know why Sondland was attempting to walk such a fine line. ", "Perhaps he knew what Taylor would say, and his new defense — however implausible — would be that he didn’t expressly or implicitly call for investigating the Bidens, because he didn’t know that was the same as Burisma.", "\n\nAD\n\nOnce we go beyond Taylor’s testimony, there is the matter of the White House transcript of that Trump-Zelensky call. ", "There continue to be unanswered questions about whether it was the full picture, with ellipses coming at key junctures when Trump was talking about the investigations mentioned above. ", "We knew that it was a rough transcript based upon notes taken by those listening in on the call, but there are some indications and suggestions that there might be a word-for-word transcript somewhere." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.021739130434782608, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0.017341040462427744, 0.024390243902439025, 0.02, 0.018867924528301886, 0.018518518518518517, 0.011904761904761904, 0.01639344262295082, 0.008928571428571428, 0.018867924528301886, 0.014084507042253521, 0.006711409395973154, 0.016194331983805668, 0.019417475728155338, 0, 0.009456264775413711, 0.015463917525773196, 0.013513513513513514, 0.009174311926605505, 0.024390243902439025, 0.005434782608695652, 0 ]

[ "Innovation Ideas\n\nThis project aims to explore the different restrictions that hinder the operation of street vendors in Queens, NY and bridge the gap between these regulations and the reality of selling on the street. ", "To accomplish this, it introduces a tool for advocates and policymakers to enhance…" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "Protein folding: binding of conformationally fluctuating building blocks via population selection.", "\nHere we review different aspects of the protein folding literature. ", "We present a broad range of observations, showing them to be consistent with a general hierarchical protein folding model. ", "In such a model, local relatively stable, conformationally fluctuating building blocks bind through population selection, to yield the native state. ", "The model includes several components: (1) the fluctuating building blocks that constitute local minima along the polypeptide chain, which even if unstable still possess higher population times than all alternate conformations; (2) the landscape around the bottom of the funnels; (3) the consideration that protein folding involves intramolecular recognition; (4) similar landscapes are observed for folding and for binding, and that (5) the landscape is dynamic, changing with the conditions. ", "The model considers protein folding to be guided by native interactions. ", "The reviewed literature includes the effects of changing the conditions, intermediates and kinetic traps, mutations, similar topologies, fragment complementation experiments, fragments and pathways, focusing on one specific well-studied example, that of the dihydrofolate reductase, chaperones, and chaperonines, in vivo vs. in vitro folding, still using the dihydrofolate example, amyloid formation, and molecular \"disorder\". ", "These are consistent with the view that binding and folding are similar events, with the differences stemming from different stabilities and hence population times." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Aneurysmal segments of the aorta are usually replaced because they are prone to rupture. ", "Also, patients who suffer from senile aortic valve stenosis often require aortic valve replacement (AVR), and in many of those patients, concomitant aneurysmal disease requires the replacement of all or a portion of the ascending aorta.", "\nWith age, the aorta tends to dilate and stiffen. ", "A stiffened aorta conducts a pressure wave (incident wave) faster, leading to a faster return pressure wave (reflected wave). ", "This faster reflected wave may have deleterious effects: it can widen pulse pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure) and can give a higher systolic pressure due to summation with the incident wave. ", "Indeed, wave reflections were observed to be responsible for an increase of about 25% in pulse pressure between the ages of 30 and 60 years (Kelley et al., ", "1989, Circulation 80:1652-1659). ", "The consequences of the higher systolic pressures and widened pulse pressures due to aorta stiffening may include increases in heart strain and cognitive dysfunction (Scuteri, 2013, Intern Journ Cardiol 169:371-377; Merillon, 2014, Arch Cardiovas Disease 107:554-562). ", "Yet, stiffness and non-compliance of the aorta is not a typical indication for replacement.", "\nThe present invention features an expansible cardiovascular graft system for replacing a portion of a vessel, e.g., the aorta, e.g., all or a portion of the ascending aorta. ", "The expansible cardiovascular graft system allows for gradual expansion (e.g., in systole) and recoil (e.g., in diastole). ", "The expansible cardiovascular graft system is not limited to use in the aorta.", "\nThe present invention also features methods of treating cardiovascular conditions such as aneurysmal disease by replacing a portion of the aorta (or other appropriate vessel) with the cardiovascular graft system of the present invention. ", "The present invention is not limited to treating aneurysmal vessels. ", "For example, in some embodiments, the graft system of the present invention is used to replace a portion of (or all of) a stiffened vessel, e.g., a stiffened portion of the aorta. ", "This may or may not be subsequent to AVR.", "\nNon-limiting examples of replaceable cardiovascular segments include the infrarenal aorta, the descending thoracic aorta, and the ascending thoracic aorta. ", "The system of the present invention is not limited to vessel replacement; for example, in some embodiments, the system of the present invention is incorporated into a catheter system. ", "In some embodiments, the system of the present invention is used as an endovascular graft. ", "In this example, remaining vascular tissue (e.g., aneurysmal tissue) may create a protected space around the graft, which may delay potential encasement in scar tissue.", "\nAny feature or combination of features described herein are included within the scope of the present invention provided that the features included in any such combination are not mutually inconsistent as will be apparent from the context, this specification, and the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. ", "Additional advantages and aspects of the present invention are apparent in the following detailed description and claims." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0.00423728813559322, 0, 0, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0.030303030303030304, 0.007434944237918215, 0, 0.011428571428571429, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005555555555555556, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Order Michigan Supreme Court\n Lansing, Michigan\n\n July 25, 2011 Robert P. Young, Jr.,\n Chief Justice\n\n Michael F. Cavanagh\n Marilyn Kelly\n 142066(61) Stephen J. Markman\n Diane M. Hathaway\n Mary Beth Kelly\n CVETKO ZDRAVKOVSKI a/k/a STEVE Brian K. Zahra,\n ZDRAVKOVSKI, Justices\n Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant-\n Appellee,\n and\n TATIJANA ZDRAVKOVSKI,\n Plaintiff,\n v SC: 142066\n COA: 291735\n Wayne CC: 01-119364-CH\n GAN GONY, INC. ", "and RANDA KANDALAFT,\n Defendants-Appellants,\n and\n ANTOINE KANDALAFT,\n Defendant/Counter-Plaintiff-\n Appellant.", "\n _________________________________________/\n\n On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court’s March 29,\n 2011 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was\n entered erroneously.", "\n\n\n\n\n I, Corbin R. Davis, Clerk of the Michigan Supreme Court, certify that the\n foregoing is a true and complete copy of the order entered at the direction of the Court.", "\n July 25, 2011 _________________________________________\n d0718 Clerk\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.005780346820809248, 0.02040816326530612, 0.008, 0.018518518518518517, 0.005208333333333333 ]

[ "Well.. because I had green out, and I wanted to check a wing pattern.", "Gauge is unimportant, but you want to use a hook with your yarn that will work up a bit tight. ", "I used Caron Simply Soft and a size F hook. ", "You need two eyes, beads, button, safety eyes, whatever. ", "I used safety eyes. ", "You will also need a small amount of stuffing.", "Decrease sc- Insert hook in first st, draw up a loop, insert hook in next st, draw up a loop, finish sc treating the two loops on the hook as one.", "Body-Chain 1 or use a magic loop Round 1: Ch 1 to start, (doesn't count as first stitch throughout), 6 sc in first stitch/magic loop, sl st to join. (", "6 sts)Round 2: Ch 1, 2 sc in each st, sl st to join (12 sts)Round 3: Ch 1, sc in each st, sl st to join (12 sts)Round 4: Ch 1, *sc in st, 2 sc in next st* repeat ** around, sl st to join(18 sts)Round 5: Ch 1, sc in each st, sl st to join (18 st)Round 6: Ch 1, *sc in st, sc in next st, 2 sc in next st* repeat ** around, sl st to join (24 sts)Round 7-10: Ch 1, sc in each st around, sl st to join (24 sts)-this would be a good time to put in your eyes, you want them somewhere in rounds 8-9. ", "which is about the middle of the ball, about a half inch apart if you're using worst weight yarn. ", "If you strung on beads to use for eyes, work them in round 8 or 9 and space about 4 sts apart.-Round 11: Ch 1, *sc in next st, sc in next st, decrease sc over next two sts* repeat ** around, sl st to join(18 sts)Round 12: Ch 1, sc in each stitch around, sl st to join (18 sts)Round 13: Ch 1, *sc in st, decrease sc over next 2 sts*, repeat ** around. ", "Sl st to join. (", "12 sts)- stuff the ball-Round 14: Ch 1, sc in each st around, sl st to join (12 sts)Round 15: Ch 1, *decrease sc over next 2 sts* repeat ** around, sl st to join (6 sts)Break off yarn, and weave in the last 6 sts and pull tight.", "Wings- Make 2Row 1: Ch 2, sc in first chain. (", "1 st)Row 2: ch 1 to turn, 3 sc in st (3 sts)Row 3: ch 1 to turn,2 sc in st, sc in next st, sc and dc in last st (5 sts)Row 4: ch 1 to turn, 2 sc in first st, sc in next 3 sts, 2 sc in last st (7 sts)Row 5: ch 1 to turn, sc in next 6 sts, sc and dc in last st (8 sts)Row 6: ch 1 to turn, 2 sc in first st, sc in next 7 sts (9 sts)Row 7: Ch 1 to turn, sc in next 3 sts, hdc in next st, dc, tr, dc in next st, hdc in next st, sc in next sc, hdc in next st, dc, tr, tr in last st (13 sts)Break off yarn, don't worry about weaving ends end. ", "Next we are covering them!The edge that joins with the body is what I'm going to call the inside of the wing.", "Join yarn at the top inside corner of the wing, and sc all the way around with 3 sc at each corner. ", "Break off leaving enough tail to sew the wing on to the body. ", "Refer to diagram if that makes as little sense to you as it does to me.", "Ears- Make 2Chain 1 or use a magic loop.", "Rnd 1: ch 1, 3 sc in first st/loop (3 sts)Rnd 2: ch 1 to turn, 2 sc in first st, sc, dc, sc in next st, 2 sc in last st. (", "7 sts)Rnd 3: ch 1 to turn, 2 sc in first st, sc in next 2 sts, 3 sc in next st, sc in next 2 sts, 2 sc in last st.", "Break off yarn leaving enough to sew ears on.", "Sew all the parts together. ", "The ears are cupped slightly, and the wings are put a bit behind them and lower on the body.", "I hope you enjoyed this pattern!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nIIS 7 - website works without www, but not with\n\nI have a personal website that I am hosting at home (using web server 2008) that works without www, but not with. ", " Can someone PLEASE walk me through setting up CNAME, A, and what not. ", " I have zero experience setting up iis...\n\nA:\n\nThe thing to keep in mind is that www.yourdomain.com and yourdomain.com are two different domain names. ", " There are 2 things to watch for. ", " \n\nFor DNS you need to have both a root name (yourdomain.com) and www. ", " If you're using a DNS server, enter the root node (yourdomain.com) as an A record, and www as a CNAME pointing to your A record.", "\nIf you're testing with your hosts file at c:\\windows\\system32\\drivers\\etc\\hosts, then make sure to have 2 entries, one for each.", "\nFor your website bindings, you either need to leave the Host Header blank so that it works for all domain names for your IP address, or you need to add 2 bindings: one for www and one for without. ", " \n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0.005050505050505051, 0 ]

[ "1. ", "Introduction\n===============\n\nAggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) was 1st described in 1983.^\\[[@R1]\\]^ AAM occurs very rarely and is an aggressive mesenchymal tumor. ", "AAM grows in a slow and insidious manner as well as possesses a moderate-to-high risk of local relapse without clinical symptoms. ", "AAM has poor long-term prognosis. ", "AAM could appear in vulva, perineal region, buttocks, or pelvis in women at reproductive age.^\\[[@R2],[@R3]\\]^ So far, the underlying causes for AAM remain unclear. ", "A few of recent studies suggest that AAM may be associated with chromosome alteration in 12q13-15 region^\\[[@R4],[@R5]\\]^ and aberrant HMGIC (DNA architectural factor gene) expression induced by chromosomal translocation t(8;12).^\\[[@R6]\\]^ Here, we report a case with a giant vulvar AAM and describe the treatment procedure for the patient, together with a literature review on AAM.", "\n\n2. ", "Case report\n==============\n\nA 22-year-old female (gravida 0, para 0) was presented with a giant solid mass on the left vulva with pruritus for 4 years. ", "The vulva mass was small (about 0.5 cm × 0.3 cm) with slight pruritus. ", "No treatment was given because she did not pay attention to it at the beginning. ", "The mass was growing and increasing in size slowly, without fever, redness, secreta, dysmenorrhea, burning sensation, bleeding, abdominal pain, perineum pain, dysuria, difficulty in defecation, or other symptoms. ", "She did not visit the hospital because of self-consciousness until she found ulcers on its surface. ", "She had no history of surgery, inflammatory disease, medications, or trauma and her family history was unremarkable. ", "The mass was long, irregular shaped, well-circumscribed, pedunculated, soft, spongy in consistency, and nontender. ", "The size of the mass was about 30 cm × 20 cm with a pedicle of 8 cm × 2 cm. ", "The pedicle extended from the middle left vulva to perineal body with several ulcers on the surface (Fig. [", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "No enlarged inguinal lymph nodes were palpated bilaterally. ", "Bimanual examination revealed that no nodules appeared on vaginal, cervix, uterus, or bilateral accessory. ", "Surface body ultrasound showed that several vessels were observed in the perineum of the mass with a sign of rich blood flow signal. ", "There was also a slight blood flow signal in its distal internal of the mass. ", "No abnormality was found in the pelvic and abdominal cavity in enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, transvaginal ultrasound, or the examination of tumor biomarkers like carcinoembryonic antigen CA125 and CA199 or alpha-fetoprotein. ", "Of note, hot-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) rose to 134.20 ng/mL out of a standard range of 0 to 82.06 ng/mL.\n\n{#F1}\n\nThe patient underwent surgical excision of the mass. ", "The histopathologic examination of the resected mass confirmed the diagnosis of AAM. ", "Blood vessels with various sizes and thicken walls were found in hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. ", "No hemorrhagic or necrotic areas were observed. ", "The tumor was composed of small spindle and stellate fibroblasts and mitotic cells were absent (Fig. [", "2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The stromal tissues had bland cells immingled with myxoid background and thin-walled capillaries. ", "In immunohistochemistry assay, the tumor cells were positive for estrogen receptor (ER), α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and vascular marker CD34 but were negative for cytokeratin (CK), progesterone receptor (PR), S-100, β-catenin, myogenin, and desmin. ", "The cell proliferation marker Ki67 accounted for about 2% of total cells (Fig. [", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The patient was discharged 12 days after a surgery with satisfactory outcomes. ", "No evidence of recurrence or distant metastasis was observed during the 12-month follow-up period (Fig. [", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}B).", "\n\n{#F2}\n\n{#F3}\n\n3. ", "Discussion\n=============\n\nThe AAM mainly occurs on the vagina, vulva, pelvic cavity, perineum, hips, and crissum in reproductive female aging from 30 to 40 years old. ", "Occasionally, AAM may occur in men. ", "The morbidity rate of male versus female is about 1:6.^\\[[@R7],[@R8]\\]^ AAM is aggressive due to its nature of local infiltration and recurrence.^\\[[@R9]\\]^ The rate of AAM relapse varies from 35% to 72%.^\\[[@R10]\\]^\n\nThe AAM diameter ranges from 2 to 60 cm with an average of 12.7 cm.^\\[[@R11]\\]^ AAM may or may not have envelope and present in a spherical or leaf-like shape. ", "AAM is either soft or hard, or possesses a finger-like protrusion to neighboring tissues in some cases. ", "In HE staining, the tumor cells are spindle or star-shaped, among in the mucus interstitial background with unclear boundaries. ", "A large number of blood vessels are disordered and scattered randomly in AAM. ", "Blood vessels with a middle size have thickened walls and do not appear to be in an anastomosis. ", "There is no reticular vascular formation. ", "The diameter and thickness of vascular tube range from fine arteries to larger arteries. ", "The eosinophilic spindle cells are often tightly or loosely bunched around blood vessels.^\\[[@R12]\\]^\n\nThe AAM predominantly occurs in the perineal and pelvic regions, which leads to a possible misdiagnosis as Bartholin gland cyst or hernia.^\\[[@R13]\\]^ Moreover, AAM is also difficult to distinguish from angiomyofibroblastoma due to similar morphology.^\\[[@R14],[@R15]\\]^ Therefore, the diagnosis of AAM should be based on both clinical features and histologic pathologies.", "\n\nThe tumor maker CEA, CA125, or CA199 is normal in the complete blood count, which is consistent with the previous finding.^\\[[@R16]\\]^ In this case, the Hsp90 level was elevated, consistent with the role of Hsp90 playing an essential role in cancer and being also correlated with poor prognosis in cancer.^\\[[@R17]--[@R19]\\]^ To some extent, it seems that AAM possesses potentially malignant or a tendency of regrowth. ", "At gene expression level, AAM has a positive expression of vimentin, SMA, MSA, desmin, CD34, F8, ER, PR,^\\[[@R20]\\]^ and negative expression for S-100, CK, and CD68.^\\[[@R21],[@R22]\\]^ This suggests that AAM is characterized by differentiation into fibroblasts and muscle fibroblasts.", "\n\nThe surgical removal of the tumor is the main treatment for AAM. ", "Drug therapy, such as GnRH agonists, possesses therapeutic effect such as shrinking AAM or retarding its recurrence as an adjunct therapy in some cases. ", "Since ERs or PRs are commonly positive in AAM, targeting ERs or PRs may be used as a potential therapeutic target.^\\[[@R23]--[@R25]\\]^ Other treatment method such as vascular embolism (ER and PR positive) may be used as adjuvant therapy, while radiotherapy and chemotherapy have an undefined and limited role. ", "Given that its characteristics of aggression and relapse, appropriate management and long-term follow-up are necessary.", "\n\nIn conclusion, in this case, AAM is a locally benign and aggressive mesenchymal entity and the surgical removal of the solid mass cures the AMM without a sign of recurrence during 12-month follow-up. ", "A long-term surveillance is further required for this treated patient with AAM.", "\n\nAuthor contributions\n====================\n\n**Conceptualization:** Yao Xie, Bingyu Zou.", "\n\n**Data curation:** Yao Xie, Yanping Qian, Bingyu Zou.", "\n\n**Formal analysis:** Yao Xie, Yanping Qian.", "\n\n**Funding acquisition:** Bingyu Zou.", "\n\n**Investigation:** Yao Xie, Yanping Qian.", "\n\n**Methodology:** Yao Xie, Yanping Qian.", "\n\n**Project administration:** Yao Xie, Bingyu Zou.", "\n\n**Resources:** Yao Xie, Yanping Qian, Bingyu Zou.", "\n\n**Supervision:** Bingyu Zou.", "\n\n**Writing -- original draft:** Yao Xie, Yanping Qian.", "\n\n**Writing -- review & editing:** Bingyu Zou.", "\n\nAbbreviations: AAM = aggressive angiomyxoma, ER = estrogen receptor, HE = hematoxylin and eosin, Hsp = hot-shock protein, SMA = smooth muscle actin.", "\n\nWritten informed consent was obtained from the patient herself for publication of this case report and any anonymized accompanying images. ", "A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.", "\n\nThe authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0, 0.0125, 0.007692307692307693, 0.029411764705882353, 0.024242424242424242, 0.013054830287206266, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004694835680751174, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.018691588785046728, 0, 0, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0.016, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0.005988023952095809, 0.027777777777777776, 0.023809523809523808, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0, 0.014736842105263158, 0.011876484560570071, 0.03873239436619718, 0.014925373134328358, 0.013071895424836602, 0.012903225806451613, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.012658227848101266, 0.011363636363636364, 0.05454545454545454, 0.044444444444444446, 0, 0.046511627906976744, 0.04878048780487805, 0.04, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0.03636363636363636, 0, 0.02, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2017 Contributors to the Eclipse Foundation\n *\n * See the NOTICE file(s) distributed with this work for additional\n * information regarding copyright ownership.", "\n *\n * This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the\n * terms of the Eclipse Public License 2.0 which is available at\n * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-2.0\n *\n * SPDX-License-Identifier: EPL-2.0\n */\npackage org.eclipse.ditto.signals.base;\n\nimport java.util.", "Set;\n\n/**\n * A registry is aware of a set of {@link JsonParsable}s which the registry can parse from a {@link\n * org.eclipse.ditto.json.", "JsonObject}.", "\n *\n * @param <T> the type to parse.", "\n */\npublic interface JsonParsableRegistry<T> extends JsonParsable<T> {\n\n /**\n * Returns the types (command, response, event, error) this registry supports.", "\n *\n * @return the types this registry supports.", "\n */\n Set<String> getTypes();\n\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.005555555555555556, 0.01048951048951049, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0.006134969325153374, 0.017857142857142856, 0 ]

[ "Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) disproportionately affect people living within low- and lower middle-income countries (LLMICs) \\[[@R1]-[@R3]\\], with almost three quarters of all NCD deaths and 82% of premature deaths occurring within LLMICs \\[[@R4]\\]. ", "The relationship between NCDs, poverty and social and economic development has therefore received high-level recognition \\[[@R5]\\], with NCDs seen to pose a major challenge to development in the 21st century \\[[@R6],[@R7]\\]. ", "The relationship between social disadvantage and health is complex and shaped by political, social and economic factors \\[[@R8]\\]. ", "The poor may be more vulnerable to NCDs for many reasons, including material deprivation, psychosocial stress, higher levels of risk behaviour, unhealthy living conditions, limited access to high-quality health care and reduced opportunity to prevent complications \\[[@R9]\\]. ", "Low socio-economic status (SES) groups are more likely to use tobacco products, consume unhealthy foods, be physically inactive, and overweight or obese \\[[@R10]\\]. ", "In recent decades, the socio-economic gradient of NCD risk factors has broadened from high-income countries to low- and middle income countries \\[[@R9],[@R11]\\].", "\n\nIn high-income countries, the evidence suggests that socio-economic factors are positively associated with health \\[[@R12]-[@R16]\\] and that NCDs disproportionately affect lower socio-economic groups \\[[@R17]\\]. ", "However, there is a lack of research on the relationships between SES and NCDs within developing countries \\[[@R18]-[@R20]\\]. ", "Global cross-country analyses suggest that living in a low- or middle- income country is associated with increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD), lung and gastric cancer, type 2 diabetes, and Chronic Respiratory Diseases (CRDs) \\[[@R20]\\]. ", "These country-level comparisons also indicate that, relative to middle- and high-income countries, low-income countries have some of the highest levels of wealth-related relative inequalities in NCD risk factors \\[[@R17],[@R21]\\]. ", "However, few studies have considered the relationships between SES and NCDs *within* LLMICs, and it remains unclear whether or not the trends that are observed within higher income countries also hold true within developing countries. ", "The UN's Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 include a goal \"reduce by one third premature mortality from NCDs\" (Target 3.4) \\[[@R22]\\]. ", "In order to work toward this goal, it is important to understand the socio-economic distribution of NCDs within developing countries.", "\n\nThe purpose of this review is to identify, collate, summarize and report the evidence on the intra-*national* distribution of NCDs within LLMICs. ", "Due to the overall lack of primary research from LLMICs and the absence of existing reviews examining the socio-economic distribution of NCDs within developing countries, this review takes a broad approach. ", "It provides a general summary of findings according to region, followed by a detailed discussion of the types of outcomes and types of socio-economic indicators reported.", "\n\nMETHODS\n=======\n\nWe included the four outcomes which contribute to the highest NCD burden \\[[@R23]\\]: cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) and diabetes. ", "We developed and published a full protocol for this review on the international prospective register of systematic reviews (reference CRD42016039030) \\[[@R24]\\] and conducted a comprehensive literature search using a combination of free text terms and subject headings to describe socio-economic status and CVD, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory disease. ", "We searched the following publication databases: MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), Global Health (OvidSP), Web of Science Core Collection and Dissertations & Thesis (Proquest). ", "We also included a search of the Global Health Library, restricted to the following regional databases -- AIM, LILACS, AMRO, IMSEAR, WPRIM & WHOLIS. ", "Additionally, we hand-searched the reference sections of key articles for additional relevant papers and contacted authors for data that were not reported in published papers. ", "Medline search terms are provided in [**Table 1**](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"} and full terms and search strategies are provided in Appendix S1 in **Online Supplementary Document[(Online Supplementary Document)](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}**.", "\n\n###### \n\nMedline search terms\n\n \\# Searches\n ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n 1 cardiovascular diseases/ or heart diseases/ or vascular diseases/ or cerebrovascular diseases/\n 2 exp Myocardial Ischemia/\n 3 Heart Failure/\n 4 exp brain ischemia/ or exp stroke/\n 5 exp Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/\n 6 lung diseases, obstructive/ or exp pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive/\n 7 exp \\*Neoplasms/\n 8 ((cardiovascular or cardio-vascular) adj3 disease\\*).ti,ab.", "\n 9 ((cardiovascular or cardio-vascular) adj3 (event\\* or outcome\\* or risk\\*)).ti,ab.", "\n 10 ((coronary or heart or myocard\\*) adj3 disease\\*).ti,ab.", "\n 11 ((coronary or heart or myocard\\*) adj3 (event\\* or outcome\\* or risk\\*)).ti,ab.", "\n 12 ((ischaemic or ischemic or ischaemia or ischemia) adj3 disease\\*).ti,ab.", "\n 13 ((ischaemic or ischemic or ischaemia or ischemia) adj3 (event\\* or outcome\\* or risk\\*)).ti,ab.", "\n 14 myocardial infarct\\*.ti,ab.", "\n 15 ((cerebrovascular or vascular) adj3 disease\\*).ti,ab.", "\n 16 ((cerebrovascular or vascular) adj3 (event\\* or outcome\\* or risk\\*)).ti,ab.", "\n 17 stroke.ti,ab.", "\n 18 heart failure.ti,ab.", "\n 19 diabet\\*.ti.", "\n 20 ((type 2 or type ii or noninsulin dependent or non insulin dependent or adult onset or maturity onset or obes\\*) adj2 diabet\\*).ti,ab.", "\n 21 (niddm or t2dm or tiidm).ti,ab.", "\n 22 (chronic adj2 (lung or pulmonary)).ti,ab.", "\n 23 copd.ti,ab.", "\n 24 (neoplas\\* or cancer\\* or carcinoma\\* or tumor\\* or tumour\\* or malignan\\* or leukaemia or leukemia or lymphoma?).ti,ab.", "\n 25 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24\n 26 exp Poverty/\n 27 Socio-economic Factors/\n 28 Income/\n 29 Gross Domestic Product/\n 30 Economic development/\n 31 \"Salaries and Fringe Benefits\"/\n 32 poverty.ti,ab.", "\n 33 ((socio-economic or socio-economic or economic) adj2 (factor? ", "or inequalit\\* or indicator? ", "or status or development)).ti,ab.", "\n 34 ((household? ", "or house-hold? ", "or family or families) adj3 (income or earning? ", "or wage? ", "or poor or wealth)).ti,ab.", "\n 35 (gross domestic product or gross national product or gdp or gnp).ti,ab.", "\n 36 (unemploy\\* or (employment adj2 (status or indicator? ", "or level?))).ti,ab.", "\n 37 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36\n 38 Developing Countries/\n 39 (Afghanistan or Angola or Armenia or Armenian or Bangladesh or Benin or Bhutan or Bolivia or Burkina Faso or Burkina Fasso or Upper Volta or Burundi or Urundi or Cambodia or Khmer Republic or Kampuchea or Cameroon or Cameroons or Cameron or Camerons or Cape Verde or Central African Republic or Chad or Comoros or Comoro Islands or Comores or Mayotte or Congo or Zaire or Cote d\\'Ivoire or Ivory Coast or Djibouti or French Somaliland or East Timor or East Timur or Timor Leste or Egypt or United Arab Republic or El Salvador or Eritrea or Ethiopia or Gabon or Gabonese Republic or Gambia or Gaza or Georgia Republic or Georgian Republic or Ghana or Gold Coast or Guatemala or Guinea or Guinea-Bisau or Guam or Guiana or Guyana or Haiti or Honduras or India or Maldives or Indonesia or Kenya or Kiribati or (Democratic People\\* adj2 Korea) or Kosovo or Kyrgyzstan or Kirghizia or Kyrgyz Republic or Kirghiz or Kirgizstan or Lao PDR or Laos or Lesotho or Basutoland or Liberia or Madagascar or Malawi or Nyasaland or Mali or Mauritania or Micronesia or Moldova or Moldovia or Moldovian or Mongolia or Morocco or Ifni or Mozambique or Myanmar or Myanma or Burma or Nepal or Netherlands Antilles or Nicaragua or Niger or Nigeria or Pakistan or Palestine or Papua New Guinea or Paraguay or Philippines or Philipines or Phillipines or Phillippines or Rwanda or Ruanda or Samoa or Samoan Islands or Navigator Island or Navigator Islands or Sao Tome or Senegal or Sierra Leone or Sri Lanka or Ceylon or Solomon Islands or Somalia or Sudan or Swaziland or Syria or Principe or South Sudan or Tajikistan or Tadzhikistan or Tadjikistan or Tadzhik or Tanzania or Timor-Leste or Togo or Togolese Republic or Uganda or Ukraine or Uzbekistan or Uzbek or Vanuatu or New Hebrides or Vietnam or Viet Nam or West Bank or Yemen or Zambia or Zimbabwe or Rhodesia).hw,kf,ti,ab,cp.", "\n 40 ((developing or less\\* developed or under developed or underdeveloped or low\\* middle income or low\\* income or underserved or under served or deprived or poor\\*) adj (countr\\* or nation? ", "or state? ", "or population? ", "or world)).ti,ab.", "\n 41 ((developing or less\\* developed or under developed or underdeveloped or low\\* middle income or low\\* income) adj (economy or economies)).ti,ab.", "\n 42 (low\\* adj (gdp or gnp or gross domestic or gross national)).ti,ab.", "\n 43 (lmic or lami).ti,ab.", "\n 44 transitional countr\\*.ti,ab.", "\n 45 38 or 39 or 40 or 41 or 42 or 43 or 44\n 46 exp Mortality/\n 47 Morbidity/\n 48 Survival Rate/\n 49 (mortality or survival or death?).ti,ab.", "\n 50 morbidit\\*.ti,ab.", "\n 51 46 or 47 or 48 or 49 or 50\n 52 25 and 37 and 45 and 51\n 53 cardiovascular diseases/mo or heart diseases/mo or vascular diseases/mo or cerebrovascular diseases/mo or exp Myocardial Ischemia/mo or Heart Failure/mo or exp brain ischemia/mo or exp stroke/mo or exp Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/mo or lung diseases, obstructive/mo or exp pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive/mo or exp \\*Neoplasms/mo\n 54 53 and 37 and 45\n 55 52 or 54\n\nWe included papers published between January 1, 1990 and 27 April 2015. ", "Papers were required to provide outcome data on cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) occurring within LLMICs, which were defined according to the World Bank's 2013 definition (per capita income of less than or equal to US\\$ 1045 for LICs and between US\\$ 1046-US\\$ 4125 for LMICs) \\[[@R25]\\].", "\n\nTo compare outcomes between different socio-economic groups, we required papers to report NCDs stratified by an indicator of SES (see [**Table 2**](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}) and to include an internal comparison between groups. ", "To include research from as many LLMICs as possible, we did not restrict papers based on study design, type of SES indicator or by the summary analysis of the outcome measure.", "\n\n###### \n\nPopulation, exposure, comparator and outcome for the systematic review\n\n Population Exposure Comparator Outcome\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n General populations (different income levels) from low- and lower middle-income countries \\[[@R25]\\] Socio-economic status, measured according to income, access to basic needs (eg, housing), human capabilities (eg, literacy), household possessions/wealth or other measures. ", " We compared outcomes among populations from one socio-economic level to those in another Morbidity or mortality (including premature mortality) from NCDs from:\n In the initial screening, we did not restrict studies based on the type of SES or poverty indicator that the paper used. ", " Where possible, we focused on outcomes among the lowest SES groups and by sex 1\\) Cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart diseases and strokes) \n 2\\) Cancer \n 3\\) Diabetes (type II) \n 4\\) Chronic respiratory diseases \n\nIdentifying papers for inclusion\n--------------------------------\n\nJW examined the titles, abstracts and full-text articles, bringing uncertainties to LA, KW, and NT. ", "A second researcher (LA) checked a 10% sample of titles and full text articles. ", "The percentage agreement was calculated and deemed acceptable using Cohen\\'s Kappa statistics \\[[@R26]\\]. ", "Disagreements were resolved via group consensus. ", "Heterogeneity in exposure and outcome measures precluded meta-analysis, so we adopted a narrative approach that summarised studies by disease outcome and WHO region.", "\n\nQuality assessment\n------------------\n\nStudy quality relates to the appropriateness of its design, implementation, analysis and presentation for a given research question \\[[@R27]\\]. ", "There were no existing quality assessment tools that were appropriate for all of the papers in this review, so we adopted a descriptive approach for quality assessment using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale \\[[@R28],[@R29]\\] and methods presented by Herzog et al \\[[@R30]\\]. ", "The tool implements a points-based system to judge the quality of studies based on the selection of the study groups, the comparability of the groups and the ascertainment of the measures. ", "We used these scores to rank study quality as \"high\", \"medium\" or \"low\" quality and stratified them according to their study design.", "\n\nRESULTS\n=======\n\nThe search information is summarised in [**Figure 1**](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} following PRISMA guidelines \\[[@R31]\\]. ", "More than 4000 articles were retrieved by the initial search and an additional 14 were found via hand searching. ", "A total of 57 studies from 17 countries and presenting outcomes from 494 904 people were included in the final review ([**Figure 2**](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Around half (n = 27) of the studies included in their abstract an explicit aim to investigate associations between SES and NCDs, while the remaining studies aimed to investigate a wide range of factors, including SES. ", "Around half (n = 30) published within the last six years ([**Figure 3**](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Thirty of the studies were cross-sectional, 18 were cohort studies, and nine were case-control studies. ", "Around half of the studies in this review used population-based surveillance systems or household sampling methods to identify and recruit study participants from the community while the remaining half drew study participants from patient populations in hospital-based studies. ", "We ranked 26 of our studies as \"high\" quality, 28 as \"medium\" quality and 3 as \"low-quality\". ", "The quality of papers was limited by weaknesses related to selection of controls, ascertainment of exposures/outcomes, and high non-response rates. ", "For a detailed description of the quality assessment scores, please see Appendix S2 in **Online Supplementary Document[(Online Supplementary Document)](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}**. ", "We included eight papers from Africa, seven from the Eastern Mediterranean, six from the Western Pacific, three from the Americas and one from the European Region. ", "The most well represented region was Southeast Asia, which contributed 32 papers, of which 27 came from India.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\n{#F2}\n\n{#F3}\n\nTypes of outcomes\n-----------------\n\nSummaries of included studies, grouped according to outcome and region, are provided in **Tables 3.1-3.5** and full study results are provided in Appendix S4 in **Online Supplementary Document**. ", "Of the four conditions that we considered, the most frequently reported outcome was cancer (n = 21) (most commonly of the breast (n = 8) or cervix (n = 4)). ", "The second most common outcome was cardiovascular disease (n = 20), which included AMI (n = 4), stroke (n = 4), ischemic heart disease (n = 1), angina (n = 1), coronary heart disease (n = 1), peripartum cardiomyopathy (n = 2), and CVD as one aggregated group (n = 3). ", "Twelve papers included diabetes as an outcome. ", "Two studies specified insulin-dependent diabetes and the remaining nine did not define type. ", "Among papers that reported the method of diabetes assessment, two papers used self-report to determine diabetes status, while five specified the use of biochemical parameters. ", "Three papers reported outcomes related to CRDs. ", "One study looked exclusively at chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, while the remaining two studies considered respiratory diseases (type not specified) as one of several outcomes reported alongside other conditions. ", "Four papers included in this review reported an aggregated NCD measure that included a wide range of conditions.", "\n\nMeasures of socio-economic status\n---------------------------------\n\nThirty-five studies used education-based measures of SES (eg, literacy or years of schooling), 22 used an aggregate SES score (based on a combination of education, income, housing, social castes or standardized scales), and 11 used an income-based measure. ", "Appendix S3 in **Online Supplementary Document[(Online Supplementary Document)](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}** provides a detailed summary of reported measures of socio-economic status.", "\n\nAssociations between non-communicable diseases and socio-economic status\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThirty-three of the 48 significant associations that were reported among papers in this review placed lower SES groups in the highest risk category for NCDs, but the pattern was not uniform across disease categories ([**Figure 4**](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F4}\n\nCancer\n------\n\nThis review included 22 papers on cancer. ", "Eighteen papers reported significant associations, with fourteen of these suggesting that lower SES groups have higher cancer risk, the remaining four suggested that higher income groups have a significantly higher risk of cancer ([**Table 3**](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nIncluded studies with cancer outcomes, by region\n\n Study Country Design n Quality Sample Exposure Outcome Highest Risk Group\n ------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- ----------------- -------- --------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------\n **Africa** \n Jordan et al (2013) \\[[@R32]\\] Tanzania Case-control 345 Medium 115 cases and 230 age- and district-matched controls Property Index Breast cancer Higher property level\\* (A)\n Misganaw et al (2013) \\[[@R33]\\] Ethiopia Cross-sectional 3,709 Medium Malignancy mortality data for 3709 adults (15 and older) who died in Addis Ababa between 2006 and 2009 (identified via burial surveillance) and whose families could be interviewed to determine cause of death Education Malignant neoplasm mortality Higher education† (A)\n Parkin et al (2000) \\[[@R34]\\] Uganda Case-control 194 High Cases included 50 adults and 132 children with histologically diagnosed lymphoma. ", "Controls were adults with cancers unrelated to HIV and children with non-infectious diseases Education non-Hodgkin lymphoma Higher education\n Aziz et al (2008) \\[[@R35]\\] Pakistan Cohort 525 Medium 525 patients with stage I-III breast cancer presenting to the Department of Oncology from January 1997 to December 2005 SES Event free survival in stage I-III breast cancer Lower SES‡ (A)\n Overall survival in stage I-III breast cancer (n = 525) Lower SES† (A)\n Aziz et al (2010) \\[[@R36]\\] Pakistan Cohort 237 High 237 women undergoing multimodality treatment for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) treated between Jan 200 and December 2005 at Jinnah Hospital Pakistan) SES Event-free survival in locally advanced breast cancer Lower SES\\* (A)\n Overall survival in locally advanced breast cancer Lower SES\n Aziz et al. (", "2004) \\[[@R37]\\] Pakistan Cohort 286 High 286 patients with breast cancer recruited between 1996 and 1998 SES Breast cancer \n Size of tumour (71) Low SES†\n Stage at diagnosis (I) Low SES†\n Mean number of lymph nodes positive Low SES\n Mean time elapsed before diagnosis (months) Low SES†\n Mean age at diagnosis (years) Low SES†\n Five year disease free survival Low SES‡\n Five year overall survival Low SES†\n Chaouki et al (1998) \\[[@R38]\\] Morocco Case-control 460 High 245 cases and 215 controls from Rabat Morocco. ", "Cases of invasive cervical cancer identified among first attendants at hospital. ", "Cases were verified histologically. ", "Controls identified at same hospital and in a nearby general hospital Education Cervical cancer Lower education‡\n Wealth (facilities at home) Fewer facilities at home‡\n Income Lower family income‡\n Khan et al (2015) \\[[@R39]\\] Pakistan Cross-sectional 315 Low 315 female patients from Oncology Institute in Islamabad Education Breast cancer presentation delay Lower education \\*\n SES Lower SES\\* \n Bonilla et al (2010) \\[[@R40]\\] El Salvador Cohort 886 High 433 de novo acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patients 0-16 y of age, diagnosed between 2000 and 2007 Education (parent) Event free survival (standard risk patients) Lower education (parent)† (A)\n Income Event free survival (High risk patients) Lower monthly income\\* (A)\n Education (parent) Event free survival (standard risk patients) Lower education (parent) (A)\n Income Event free survival (High risk patients) Lower monthly income (A)\n Gavidia et al (2012) \\[[@R41]\\] El Salvador Cohort 251 High 251 children aged 0-16 y with newly diagnosed acute leukaemia treated at Benjamin Bloom hospital, San Salvador Mother\\'s education Leukaemia patient outcome: Sepsis Mother illiterate\\* (A)\n Father\\'s education Father literate (A)\n Income Annual Household Income\\<US\\$ 2000 (A)\n Household Characteristics Clean water at home (A)\n Household Characteristics No toilet at home (A)\n \n Mother\\'s education Leukaemia patient outcome: Infectious death Mother illiterate (A)\n Father\\'s education Father illiterate (A)\n Income Annual Household Income\\<\\$2000\\* (A)\n Household Characteristics No clean water at home (A)\n Household Characteristics No toilet at home (A)\n \n Gupta et al (2012) \\[[@R42]\\] El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala Cohort 279 High 279 patients younger than 21 y diagnosed with AML from 2000 to 2008 in El Salvador, Honduras or Guatemala Monthly purchasing power units Leukaemia: treatment-related mortality Higher Purchasing Power (A)\n Education (parent) Higher education (A)\n Ali et al (2008) \\[[@R43]\\] India Cross-sectional 522 Medium Breast cancer patients from Kerala or Tamil Nadu visiting a regional cancer centre SES Late stage diagnosis of breast cancer (stages III and IV) Lower SES (A)\n Education (parent) Illiterate\\* (A)\n Burkart et al (2011) \\[[@R44]\\] Bangladesh Cross-sectional 21,551 Medium Mortality data (n = 21 551) from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics for period from 2002 to 2007, using a sample comprised of 1000 primary sample units in rural and urban areas. ", "Deaths recorded by officials quarterly and then verified through field visits SES (of region) Deaths attributable to cancer High SES region\n Chankapa et al (2011) \\[[@R45]\\] India Cross-sectional 968 Medium 968 adult women aged 15-60 y Education Cervical cancer: Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion Illiterate\n Monthly family income Cervical cancer: High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion Lower income\n Dutta et al (2005) \\[[@R2]\\] India Cohort 121 Medium Between 1994 and 2001, 121 patients diagnosed with gallbladder cancer were evaluated prospectively in the gastroenterology services of two hospitals SES Age of diagnosis for gallbladder cancer Low SES\\* (A)\n Gajalakshmi et al (1997) \\[[@R3]\\] India Cohort 1747 High 1747 patients registered at population based cancer registry (part of national network) (inclusion criteria: follow up data available) Education Five year breast cancer survival (% by education level) Illiterate\\* (A)\n Mostert et al (2012) \\[[@R46]\\] Indonesia Cohort 143 High 145 patients diagnosed with a malignancy at academic hospital (Inclusion criteria required age to be between 0-16 y with newly diagnosed malignancy Hospital class, insurance status Childhood cancer (Abandonment of treatment) Poor†\n Childhood cancer (Event-free survival) Poor†\n Patil et al (2014) \\[[@R47]\\] India Case-control 380 High 141 cases of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and 240 controls with chronic liver disease (age 18-70), seeking treatment at two centres in Mumbai Income Hepatocellular carcinoma Higher income\\*\n Sankaranarayanan et al (1995) \\[[@R48]\\] India Cohort 452 High Cervical cancer cases (age 35-65) registered from 1 January to 31 December SES 5 y survival from cervical cancer Low SES\\* (A)\n Ngaon et al (2001) \\[[@R49]\\] Vietnam Cross-sectional 5034 Medium 5034 patients with cervical cancer treated in the Central Oncology of Ho Chi Minh City from Nov. 1989-Nov 1994 Education Cervical cancer Illiterate\\*\n Lan et al (2013) \\[[@R50]\\] Vietnam Cohort 948 High 5034 patients with cervical cancer treated in the Central Oncology of Ho Chi Minh City from Nov. 1989-Nov 1994 Education Survival probability following diagnosis of breast cancer Lower education\\* (A)\n Survival probability following diagnosis of breast cancer (Extended Cox model assessing effect) Lower education\\* (A)\n Xin et al (2014) \\[[@R51]\\] Mongolia Cross-sectional 643 Medium 643 deaths Education Years of life lost (YLL) due to colorectal cancer and average years of life lost (AYLL) due to colorectal cancer in each region Higher education†\n\nA -- adjusted, y -- years, SES -- socio-economic status\n\n\\*\\<0.05.", "\n\n†\\<0.01.", "\n\n‡\\<0.001.", "\n\nThirteen papers examined associations between cancer and education. ", "Ten papers found significant relationships, eight of which reported a higher risk among the least educated. ", "These included studies from India \\[[@R3],[@R43]\\], El Salvador \\[[@R40],[@R41]\\], Morocco \\[[@R38]\\], Pakistan \\[[@R39]\\], and Vietnam \\[[@R49],[@R50]\\]. ", "Two medium quality cross-sectional studies reported significant positive associations between education and cancer, with the more highly educated showing a greater number of years of life lost due to colorectal cancer in Mongolia \\[[@R51]\\] and higher mortality from malignant neoplasms in Ethiopia \\[[@R33]\\]. ", "Three studies did not find significant associations between education and cancer, representing research from El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala \\[[@R42]\\], Uganda \\[[@R34]\\] and India \\[[@R45]\\].", "\n\nAmong the five studies that examined associations with cancer and income \\[[@R38],[@R40],[@R41],[@R45],[@R47]\\], three reported that low-income groups had significantly higher risk \\[[@R38],[@R40],[@R41]\\]. ", "Having a low income was associated with lower rates of event free leukaemia survival in El Salvador \\[[@R40]\\], increased odds of cervical cancer in Morocco \\[[@R38]\\], and prolonged waiting times for assessment and treatment, sepsis and infectious death among leukaemia patients with paediatric fever in El Salvador \\[[@R41]\\]. ", "A fourth study reported that low-income patients had a higher risk of cervical cancer in India, but this was non-significant \\[[@R45]\\]. ", "Contrary to the other studies, a fifth paper reported that higher-income patients had a significantly higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in India \\[[@R47]\\].", "\n\nAmong 13 studies that examined associations between cancer and SES as an aggregate measure or some other measure of wealth, eleven reported higher risk among those falling into lower SES. ", "The association was significant for eight \\[[@R2],[@R32],[@R36]-[@R39],[@R46],[@R48]\\] and non-significant for two \\[[@R41],[@R43]\\].The remaining study reported a non-significant association in the opposite direction, with a higher number of deaths attributable to cancer among those living in a high SES region compared to a low SES region \\[[@R44]\\].", "\n\nRestricting findings to high quality papers, five of seven papers reporting on education and cancer found that the lower educated were more likely to get cancer or have poor cancer outcomes \\[[@R3],[@R38],[@R40],[@R50],[@R52]\\]. ", "Three \\[[@R38],[@R40],[@R41]\\] of four high quality studies reporting on income and cancer found that those with lower incomes were more susceptible to cancer (and this was significant for two) \\[[@R40],[@R41]\\] but not for the third \\[[@R38]\\]. ", "There were two high quality studies reporting on cancer and wealth and both found that those with lower wealth had worse outcomes \\[[@R38],[@R41]\\]and this was significant for one \\[[@R41]\\].", "\n\nCardiovascular disease\n----------------------\n\nWe included 19 studies that reported CVD outcomes. ", "Among the nine studies that examined CVD and education, six found significant relationships and for five of these studies, the highest risk was observed among those with lower education \\[[@R52]-[@R56]\\]. ", "The remaining two found that compared to those with lower levels or no education CVD risk was greatest among those with at least some education\\[[@R57]\\] or those with higher levels of education \\[[@R58]\\] ([**Table 4**](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nIncluded studies with cardiovascular disease outcomes, by region\n\n Study Country Design n Quality Sample Exposure Outcome Highest risk group\n ---------------------------------------- -------------- ----------------- --------- --------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------\n **Africa** \n Miszkurka et al (2012) \\[[@R59]\\] Burkina Faso Cross-sectional ,822 Medium 4822 adults over the age of 18 (47% male) sampled through a multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling strategy by gender, age, rural/urban setting) Education Angina (prevalence) Some education (A)\n Income Higher income\\* (A)\n **Eastern Mediterranean** \n Engels et al (2014) \\[[@R60]\\] Morocco Cross-sectional 44 742 Medium Data from 13 279 households (60 031 individuals) collected via door-to-door survey. ", "Sampled population demographically and socio-economically representative of Morocco Wealth Stroke prevalence (overall) Lower wealth (A)\n Wealth Stroke prevalence (rural) Medium-levels of wealth (A)\n Wealth Stroke prevalence (urban) Lower wealth\\* (A)\n **South East Asia** \n Burkart et al (2011) \\[[@R44]\\] Bangladesh Cross-sectional 21 551 Medium Mortality data from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics for period from 2002 to 2007 in rural and urban areas. ", "Deaths recorded by officials quarterly and then verified through field visits SES (of region) Deaths attributable to CVD High SES region†\n Chandrashekhar et al (2014) \\[[@R57]\\] India Cross-sectional 370 Low 370 persons age 60 and older in urban and rural field practice area of Department of Community medicine in Gulbarga Education CVD Some education†\n Class CVD Middle class\n Das et al (2007) \\[[@R61]\\] India Cohort 51 533 High 52377 adults living in Kolkata, selected via stratified random sampling Slum vs non-slum Stroke prevalence Residents of slum areas\n Stroke incidence Residents of slum areas\n Stroke (case fatality rate) Residents of non-slum areas\n Dogra et al (2012) \\[[@R62]\\] India Case-control 442 Medium 442 participants (184 cases (≤40 y) with definite AMI (as per WHO criteria) and 350 (≤40 y) controls) SES AMI Low SES† (A)\n Kisjanto et al (2005) \\[[@R58]\\] Indonesia Case-control 917 Low 235 cases and 682 age-matched controls of women (aged 20-44 y) from 14 hospitals in Jakarta, recruited between 1989 and 1993 Social class Stroke Higher class (A)\n Education Stroke Higher education\\* (A)\n Singh et al (1997) \\[[@R63]\\] India Cross-sectional 1764 High Adults living in randomly selected villages who had lived in the area since birth SES CAD (males) (Crude) High SES†\n SES CAD (females) (Crude) High SES\\*\n SES CAD (males) High SES (A)\n SES CAD (females) High SES (A)\n Xavier et al (2008) \\[[@R64]\\] India Cohort 18 862 High 12 405 patients given a definitive diagnosis of electrocardiograph changes or suspected MI who were readmitted 30 d later Class Odds of mortality after 30 d following acute coronary symptoms (CRUDE) Poor\\* (A)\n Class Odds of mortality after 30 d following acute coronary symptoms (Adjusted) Poor (A)\n Yadav Ret al (2013) \\[[@R65]\\] India Cohort 599 High 599 stroke registry patients from urban and rural population admitted to the neurology department at a tertiary care centre in North India Job status Stroke morbidity Lower occupation category (A)\n Gupta et al (1994) \\[[@R52]\\] India Cross-sectional 3148 High 3148 residents aged over 20 (1982 men, 1166 women) divided into various groups according to years of formal schooling. ", "Randomly selected from a cluster of three villages in rural India Education CHD (men) Lower education (men)\n Education CHD (women) Lower education (women)†\n Pednekar et al (2011) \\[[@R66]\\] India Cohort 148 173 High 148 173 individuals aged ≥35 y were recruited in Mumbai during 1991-1997 and followed to ascertain vital status during 1997-2003 Education CVD mortality (men) Less education (A)\n Education CVD mortality (women) Some education (A)\n Rao et al (2011) \\[[@R56]\\] India Cross-sectional 2129 Medium Sample of adults with CVD (n = 2129) and diabetes (439) drawn from 47 302 rural and 26 566 urban households Education CVD (self-reported, including hypertension) Lower education\\*\n Rastogi et al (2011) \\[[@R55]\\] India Case-control 1050 High 350 cases and 700 controls, recruited equally from New Delhi and Bangalore. ", "The subjects' mean (SD) age was 52 (11) years, and 12% of the subjects were women Education AMI (relative risk) Lower education\\* (A)\n Income AMI (relative risk) Lower income\\* (A)\n Pais et al (1996) \\[[@R67]\\] India Case-control 400 High 200 Indian patients with a first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 200 age and sex matched controls aged 30-60years Income AMI (Odds if low income) Low income\\* (A)\n Singh et al (2005) \\[[@R68]\\] India Cross-sectional 2222 Medium 2842 randomly selected adults (25-64) who died between July 1999 to July 2001 in Moradabad, India Social Class 1 (More Affluent) Circulatory diseases (mortality)(males) Higher social class\\*\n Sharieff et al (2003) \\[[@R69]\\] Pakistan Cohort 35 Medium 35 patients with heart failure in the last month of pregnancy or 5 mo postpartum SES Peripartum cardiomyopathy: Recovery or deterioration after 6 mo Lower SES\\*\n **Western Pacific** \n Hoang et al (2006) \\[[@R54]\\] Vietnam Cohort 1067 High 1067 adults (≥20 y) living in a predominantly rural area died of all causes from 1999-2003 Education CVD mortality Less education\\* (A)\n SES CVD mortality Non-poor (A)\n Minh et al (2003) \\[[@R70]\\] Vietnam Cohort 64 High 249 deaths (64 related to CVD) registered in Bavi District, a population of approximately 50000 in a rural area 60 km to the west of Hanoi Education CVD mortality Inconclusive (A)\n Economic condition CVD mortality \n Enkh-Oyun et al (2013) \\[[@R53]\\] Mongolia Cross-sectional 2280 Medium 2280 people aged over 40 y from eight rural slums (counties villages) using WHO STEPs surveillance manual Education Ischemic heart disease (IHD) prevalence (overall) Lower education (overall) (A)\n Education IHD prevalence (men) Some education (men) (A)\n Education IHD prevalence (women) Lower education (women)† (A)\n\nSES -- socio-economic status, IHD -- ischemic heart disease, CVD -- cardiovascular disease, AMI -- acute myocardial infarction, CAD -- coronary artery disease, A -- Adjusted, y -- years, mo -- months, d -- days\n\n\\*\\<0.05.", "\n\n†\\<0.01.", "\n\n‡\\<0.001.", "\n\nThree papers investigated associations between income and CVD \\[[@R55],[@R59],[@R67]\\] and in two, lower income groups had significantly higher risk of AMI \\[[@R55],[@R67]\\]. ", "In the third study, higher income groups had a significantly higher prevalence of angina \\[[@R59]\\].", "\n\nEleven studies measured associations between SES and CVD and five reported significant findings after adjusting for confounders \\[[@R44],[@R60],[@R62],[@R63],[@R68],[@R69]\\]. ", "Among three, CVD risk was highest among low SES groups. ", "Lower SES was significantly associated with stroke prevalence among urban dwellers \\[[@R60]\\], AMI and risk of poor outcomes from peripartum cardiomyopathy \\[[@R69]\\].", "\n\nOverall, 11 papers reported significant findings suggesting that lower SES groups had higher CVD risk, including seven studies from India, \\[[@R52],[@R55]-[@R57],[@R62],[@R64],[@R67]\\] two from the Eastern Mediterranean countries of Morocco \\[[@R60]\\], and Pakistan \\[[@R69]\\], and two from the Western Pacific countries of Mongolia \\[[@R53]\\] and Vietnam \\[[@R54]\\]. ", "By contrast, four papers reported significant findings suggesting that higher SES groups had worse CVD outcomes, representing findings from three Southeast Asian countries (Bangladesh \\[[@R44]\\], Indonesia \\[[@R58]\\], India \\[[@R68]\\], and Burkina Faso \\[[@R59]\\]). ", "We did not observe clear patterns according to disease subtype or region, although India was the one country from which studies reported significant findings in both directions, with six studies indicating that lower SES groups had significantly higher CVD risk \\[[@R52],[@R55],[@R56],[@R62],[@R64],[@R67]\\] and one indicating that higher SES groups had significantly greater CVD risk \\[[@R68]\\]. ", "That said, these studies were conducted in a range of regions throughout India using many different outcomes, exposures, study designs and populations. ", "For example, Singh (2005) examined social class and mortality from circulatory diseases in Moradedabab in 2005 using a cross-sectional study design, while Dogra examined associations between AMI and SES in Chandigarh using a case-control study in 2012. ", "Xavier examined mortality rates following coronary symptoms and class using a prospective cohort in 10 different regions and Pais examined AMI and SES using a hospital-based case-control study in Bangalore in 1996.", "\n\nFour high quality papers reported on education and CVD and in three, those with lower levels of education had worse outcomes \\[[@R52],[@R54],[@R55]\\]. ", "One high quality paper reported on associations between wealth and CVD and was not conclusive. ", "Five high quality studies reported on SES and CVD and in two, those with lower SES had worse outcomes \\[[@R63],[@R70]\\].", "\n\nDiabetes\n--------\n\nWe included twelve studies that reported diabetes outcomes. ", "Overall, four papers reported significant findings which placed lower SES groups in the higher diabetes risk category, while seven reported significant findings placing higher SES groups in the higher risk category ([**Table 5**](#T5){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nIncluded studies with diabetes outcomes, by region\n\n Study Country Design n Quality Sample Exposure Outcome Highest risk group\n ----------------------------------- ------------ ----------------- -------- --------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n **Africa** \n Bella et al (1992) \\[[@R71]\\] Nigeria Case-control 57 Medium Insulin-dependent ketosis prone diabetics seen over a period of six years at University College hospital Social class Diabetes Lower social class†\n Education Lower education†\n Employment status Non-skilled†\n Fekadu et al (2010) \\[[@R72]\\] Ethiopia Case-control 217 Medium 107 cases and 110 controls from two regions recruited from diabetic clinics. ", "Age and sex controls were recruited from general medical clinics for conditions other than diabetes in both communities Occupation Diabetes Unskilled worker† (A)\n Education Lower education† (A)\n Presence of animals Animals sleeping in same room (A)\n Access to toilet No access to toilet† (A)\n Access to water No access to piped/clean water† (A)\n Hatched (vs corrugated) roof Hatched Roof (A)\n No. ", "of people/house More people in the house (A)\n No. ", "of people/room More people sleeping in one room\\* (A)\n Distance from clinic, km Greater Distance From Clinic† (A)\n Possessions index More Possessions† (A)\n Ploubidis et al (2013) \\[[@R73]\\] Kenya Cross-sectional 4314 High 4314 participants ≥50 y of age Wealth Diabetes (type not specified) Wealthier\\* (A) (Rural)\n Wealth Wealthier\\* (A) (Urban)\n **South East Asia** \n Safraj et al (2012) \\[[@R74]\\] India Cross-sectional 78 173 Medium 78 173 rural adults 35 and above SES Diabetes (type not specified), SR Higher SES\\* (higher prevalence among SES Group 4 in all groups) (A)\n Reddy et al (2007) \\[[@R75]\\] India Cross-sectional 31 866 Medium 19 973 individuals 20-69 y of age Education Diabetes (type not specified) Some education (A) (Men)\n Lower Education† (A) (Women)\n Corsi et al (2008) \\[[@R76]\\] India Cross-sectional 2439 Medium 168 135 survey respondents aged 18--49 y (women) and 18--54 y (men) Caste Diabetes (self-report) Scheduled caste (A)\n Wealth Richest\\* (A)\n Education Some education\n Sayeed et al (1997) \\[[@R77]\\] Bangladesh Cross-sectional 2362 High 1052 subjects from urban and 1319 from rural communities (age ≥20 y) of different socio-economic classes were investigated Wealth Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Richest\\* (A)\n Gupta et al (2003) \\[[@R42]\\] India Cross-sectional 1123 High 1123 adults (\\>20 y living in urban India) Education Diabetes (self-report) Some education (men)\n Some education (women) \n Ajay et al (2008) \\[[@R78]\\] India Cross-sectional 10 930 High 10 930 urban adults (age 20-69) Education Diabetes (diagnosed according to fasting glucose) Lower education‡ (A)\n Kinra et al (2010) \\[[@R79]\\] India Cross-sectional 1983 Medium 1983 adults (aged 20-69 y) living in rural areas from 18 states in India SES Diabetes (based on self-report and blood glucose) High SES† (A) (Men)\n Middle and high SES (A) (women)\n Samuel et al (2012) \\[[@R80]\\] India Cross-sectional 228 High 2218 adults (age 26-32) from urban and rural setting involved in a cohort study (birth years: 1969-73) SES Diabetes (blood glucose diagnosis) Highest SES† ((A)) (male, urban)\n Middle SES ((a)) (female, urban)\n Highest SES‡ (a) (male, rural)\n Highest SES‡ (a) (female, rural)\n Education Highest education (a) (male, urban)\n Highest education (a) (female, urban)\n Highest education (a) (male, rural)\n Highest education (a) (female, rural)\n Zaman et al (2012) \\[[@R81]\\] India Cross-sectional 4535 High 4535 adults (aged 30+) recruited from rural Andhra Pradesh (mean age 49.4, SD 13.6) Education Diabetes (type not specified) Educated† (A) (Male)\n Educated (A) (Female)\n Occupation Skilled‡ (A) (Male)\n Skilled (A) (Female)\n Income High (A) (Male)\n High† (A) (Female)\n Rao et al (2011) \\[[@R56]\\] India Cross-sectional 2129 Medium Sample of adults with CVD (n = 2129) and diabetes (439) drawn from 47 302 rural and 26 566 urban households Education Diabetes (self-reported) Lower education\\*\n\nSD -- standard deviation, CVD -- cardiovascular disease, SES -- socio-economic status, A -- adjusted\n\n\\*\\<0.05.", "\n\n†\\<0.01.", "\n\n‡\\<0.001.", "\n\nEight studies considered associations between education and diabetes and five reported significant results. ", "In four of these, a lower education was significantly associated with diabetes in the overall study populations in Nigeria and Ethiopia \\[[@R71],[@R72]\\] and in two among women only in India \\[[@R56],[@R75]\\]. ", "In contrast, one Indian study reported a significant association between a higher level of education and diabetes risk among women, but not men \\[[@R81]\\].", "\n\nTen studies considered associations between SES as an aggregate measure, class, occupation level or wealth and nine of these presented significant results. ", "In seven of these, the higher SES groups were at significantly greater risk of diabetes, including studies from India \\[[@R74],[@R79]-[@R81]\\], Bangladesh \\[[@R77]\\] and Kenya \\[[@R73]\\]. ", "In contrast, two studies found that diabetes risk was greater among lower class or non-skilled workers in Nigeria \\[[@R71]\\] and lower skilled workers or people lacking access to water and toilet facilities in Ethiopia \\[[@R72]\\].", "\n\nRestricting to high quality studies only, the three high quality studies reporting on associations between diabetes and education found that those with high levels of education had worse outcomes \\[[@R73],[@R80],[@R81]\\]. ", "The paper by Zaman et al was the only high quality study reporting on associations between income and diabetes and found that high-income women had the worst outcomes. ", "Two high quality studies reported on wealth and diabetes and in both, the wealthier and highest income had the worst outcomes \\[[@R73],[@R80]\\]. ", "Similarly, the four high quality papers on SES and diabetes also found that those with the highest SES had the worst outcomes \\[[@R73],[@R77],[@R80],[@R81]\\].", "\n\nChronic respiratory diseases (CRD)\n----------------------------------\n\nThree cross-sectional studies from Southeast Asia \\[[@R44],[@R57],[@R82]\\] examined associations between SES and CRDs. ", "A study from Bangladesh analysed all-cause and cause-specific mortality by age, gender and socio-economic condition in urban and rural areas. ", "While the study reported significant differences in risk of dying from CVD in high SES regions compared to low SES regions, there were no significant differences in the risk of dying from respiratory diseases. ", "A second study from India examined morbidity patterns among urban and rural geriatric populations and associations with education and SES and found that there were no significant differences between education groups or socio-economic classes in respiratory disease\\[[@R57]\\]. ", "Finally, a cross-sectional study of ambient air pollution and chronic respiratory morbidity was conducted in Delhi and found no significant differences in the prevalence of chronic bronchitis or COPD by SES \\[[@R82]\\] ([**Table 6**](#T6){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nIncluded studies with chronic respiratory disease outcomes, by region\n\n Study Country Design n Quality Sample Exposure Outcome Highest risk group\n ---------------------------------------- ------------ ----------------- -------- --------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------\n **SE Asia** \n Burkart et al (2011) \\[[@R44]\\] Bangladesh Cross-sectional 21 551 Medium Mortality data (n = 21 551) from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics for period from 2002 to 2007, using a sample comprised of 1000 PUSs in rural and urban areas. ", "Deaths recorded by officials quarterly and then verified through field visits. ", " SES (of region) Deaths attributable to Respiratory disease (%) High SES\n Chhabra et al (2001) \\[[@R82]\\] India Cross-sectional 4171 Medium Permanent residents of Delhi who were 18+ years of age and living near one of nine permanent air quality-monitoring stations. ", " SES COPD/chronic bronchitis Lower SES (in both higher and lower pollution zones)\n Chandrashekhar et al (2014) \\[[@R57]\\] India Cross-sectional 370 Low 370 persons age 60 and older in urban and rural field practice area of Department of Community medicine in Gulbarga. ", " Education Respiratory disease Some education\n SES Middle/lower class\n\nCOPD -- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, SES -- socio-economic status\n\nMultiple NCDs\n-------------\n\nFour cross-sectional studies \\[[@R12],[@R83]-[@R85]\\] reported associations between SES and NCDs as an aggregate measure rather than by specific diseases and three of them found significant relationships that identified lower SES individuals at greater risk of NCDs. ", "In a study from Kosovo, those who perceived themselves as poor were more likely to report having chronic conditions and multi-morbidity \\[[@R12]\\]. ", "Similarly, Vietnamese women with a lower education and lower SES were more likely to self-report chronic conditions \\[[@R84]\\]. ", "Finally, in a cross-sectional study from Burkina Faso, adults with lower education and lower standards of living had significantly greater risk of mortality from NCDs \\[[@R85]\\]. ", "A cross-sectional study from India reported a non-significant association between lower income status and self-reported NCDs \\[[@R83]\\] ([**Table 7**](#T7){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nIncluded studies with multiple non-communicable disease outcomes, by region\n\n Study Country Design n Quality Sample Exposure Outcome Highest risk group\n ------------------------------------ -------------- ----------------- -------- --------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n **Africa Region** \n Rossier et al (2014) \\[[@R85]\\] Burkina Faso Cross-sectional 409 Medium Adults (≥35 y) living in formal and informal neighbourhoods of Burkina Faso who died between 2009 and 2011. ", "There were 409 deaths among 20 836 study participants Education Mortality From NCDs (CVD, Neoplasms, Other NCDs, Asthma, Diabetes, Liver Disease) Lower education\\* (A) (in both formal and informal neighbourhood's)\n Standard of living Lower standard of living\\* (A) (in both formal and informal neighbourhoods)\n **European Region** \n Jerliu et al (2013) \\[[@R12]\\] Kosovo Cross-sectional 1890 Medium A representative sample of 1890 individuals aged ≥65 y (949 men, mean age 73 ± six years; 941 women, mean age 74 ± 7 y Education Presence of self-reported chronic diseases (CVD, diabetes, stomach and liver, lung, neurologic disorders, cancer and other conditions) No education (A)\n Self-perceived poverty Poor† (A)\n Education Multi-morbidity (2 or more chronic conditions) No education (A)\n Self-perceived poverty Poor\\* (A)\n **South East Asia** \n Binnendijk et al (2012) \\[[@R83]\\] India Cross-sectional 38 205 Medium Rural populations from two states in India Income Self-reported NCDs (The three most prevalent were musculoskeletal, digestive and cardiovascular problems) Lower income\\* (Region of Odisha)\n Lower income (Region of Bihar)\n **Western Pacific** \n Van Minh et al (2008) \\[[@R84]\\] Vietnam Cross-sectional 2484 Medium 2484 adults aged 25-74 selected using stratified random sampling for personal household interview Education (Males) Self-reported chronic diseases (including chronic joint problems, heart and circulatory conditions, cancer, diabetes, chronic pulmonary diseases and psychological illness) Lower education\n SES (Males) Middle SES\n Education (Females) Lower education\\*\n SES (Females) Lower SES\\*\n\nNCD -- noncommunicable disease, CVD -- cardiovascular disease, SES -- socio-economic status, A -- adjusted\n\n\\*\\<0.05.", "\n\n†\\<0.01.", "\n\nDescription of findings by region\n---------------------------------\n\n### Africa\n\nThree studies on cancer came from Africa and two reported significant results: Having a higher level of property was associated with breast cancer in Tanzania \\[[@R32]\\] and higher education was associated with malignant neoplasm mortality in Ethiopia \\[[@R33]\\]. ", "Two of the three African diabetes studies from Nigeria and Ethiopia found that low SES was associated with diabetes \\[[@R71],[@R72]\\], while one Kenyan study found that the wealthier participants had higher risk \\[[@R73]\\]. ", "One cross-sectional study in Burkina Faso found higher angina prevalence among those with a higher income \\[[@R59]\\].", "\n\n### Eastern Mediterranean Region\n\nLower SES groups had worse cancer outcomes according to four studies from Pakistan \\[[@R35]-[@R37],[@R39]\\]and one from Morocco \\[[@R38]\\]. ", "Another study from Morocco reported associations between lower wealth and stroke \\[[@R60]\\].", "\n\n### Region of the Americas\n\nTwo studies from El Salvador found that lower SES groups had worse outcomes \\[[@R40],[@R41]\\], but a third study found that higher SES groups had higher treatment related mortality \\[[@R42]\\].", "\n\n### Southeast Asia\n\nThere were varying results in Southeast Asia: higher SES was associated with coronary artery disease \\[[@R63]\\] and higher class was associated with circulatory diseases \\[[@R68]\\]. ", "Higher SES was associated with CVD deaths in Bangladesh \\[[@R44]\\]. ", "However, in India, lower SES was associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) \\[[@R62]\\], mortality following acute coronary symptoms \\[[@R64]\\] and AMI \\[[@R67]\\]. ", "Lower education was associated with coronary heart disease among women \\[[@R52]\\] and AMI \\[[@R55]\\]. ", "In Pakistan, low SES was associated with peripartum cardiomyopathy \\[[@R69]\\]. ", "High SES was associated with diabetes in India \\[[@R74],[@R79],[@R80]\\] and Bangladesh \\[[@R77]\\], but also with lower education levels\\[[@R75],[@R78]\\].", "\n\n### Western Pacific\n\nHigher education was associated with years of lost life due to colorectal cancer in Mongolia \\[[@R51]\\], but lower education was associated with IHD among women \\[[@R53]\\]. ", "In Vietnam, lower education was associated with CVD mortality \\[[@R54]\\] and lower SES was associated with multiple chronic conditions \\[[@R84]\\].", "\n\n### Europe\n\nIn Kosovo, one paper reported an association between poverty and the presence of self-reported chronic conditions \\[[@R12]\\].", "\n\nDISCUSSION\n==========\n\nThis review systematically mapped the literature on associations between SES and NCDs from 57 papers within 17 LLMICs. ", "In summary, 14 of the 18 papers with significant associations between cancer and SES suggested that lower SES groups have higher cancer risk. ", "Eleven of the 15 papers reporting significant relationships between CVD and SES suggested that lower SES groups have higher risk. ", "In contrast, seven of 11 papers with significant findings related to diabetes and SES found that higher SES groups had higher risk. ", "Our findings are consistent with a review by Hosseinpoor, which also found that unlike other NCDs, higher diabetes prevalence occurred among the wealthier and more educated, especially in low-income countries \\[[@R17]\\]. ", "Sommer et al conducted an overview of systematic reviews on socio-economic inequalities and NCDs. ", "Unlike our study, this study compared outcomes between countries (rather than individuals within countries). ", "However, similar to our findings related to cancer and cardiovascular disease, Sommer et al found that having low SES or living in an LMIC increased the risk of developing CVD, lung and gastric cancer and increased the risk of mortality from lung cancer and breast cancer. ", "Unlike our study, it found that having low SES also increased the risk of developing type 2 diabetes or COPD and increased the risk of mortality from COPD \\[[@R20]\\]. ", "Allen et al conducted a review on the association between SES and NCD risk factors (harmful use of alcohol, tobacco use, unhealthy diets, and physical inactivity within LLMICs). ", "Just as we found that low SES groups had worse outcomes related to cancer and CVD, Allen et al found that low SES groups had a significantly higher prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use, and consumed less vegetables, fish and fibre \\[[@R21]\\]. ", "However, the results related to SES and NCD risk factors from Allen et al were inconsistent; the review also found that high SES groups were less physically active and consumed more fats, salt, and processed foods compared to low SES groups.", "\n\nThere are multiple reasons why more advantaged groups in LLMICs may be at a higher risk of some NCDs. ", "For example, according to the nutrition transition theory, increasing wealth is often associated with shifts in dietary and physical activity patterns, which may lead to the predominance of nutrition-related NCDs \\[[@R86]\\]. ", "Reported socio-economic inequalities in NCDs may be biased by differential access to health care services between different SES groups \\[[@R87]\\]. ", "It is possible that NCD cases among low SES groups were more likely to be under-diagnosed, leading to an underestimation of the true prevalence rates. ", "These variations highlight a need to identify and implement effective development strategies that reduce the overall burden of disease without increasing health inequalities in LLMICs. ", "These findings also demonstrate the importance of setting up national-level surveillance systems to examine the relationship between SES and NCDs using a nationally representative sample.", "\n\nWe observed wide between-study variation in terms of study populations, NCD outcomes, SES measures and study designs. ", "We chose broad inclusion criteria to ensure that we could identify relevant research from as many LLMICs as possible. ", "Given the lack of previous reviews on this issue and, relative to research from high-income countries, the scarcity of primary research articles reporting on NCDs and SES within these countries, we chose to err on the side of inclusion, despite the heterogeneity that such an approach might cause. ", "That said, applying a more inclusive approach towards selection of studies in terms of exposure also poses a limitation on this study. ", "Different measures of SES capture different underlying dimensions of a person's position in society \\[[@R88]\\]. ", "For example, current income allows researchers to measure access to material goods and services that may influence health, but this measure is age dependent and more unstable than education or occupation. ", "Wealth tends to be more strongly linked to social class than income, and having assets often corresponds with an ability to meet emergencies or to absorb economic shock. ", "Education is a fairly stable measure beyond early adulthood and is likely to capture aspects of lifestyle and behaviour, but it has different social meanings and consequences in different contexts, economic returns may differ significantly across groups, and SES does not rise consistently with increases in education years. ", "Given these differences, choosing the best variables for measuring SES should depend on consideration of the likely causal pathways and relevance of the indicator for the populations and outcome under study \\[[@R88]\\]. ", "The causal pathway between SES and NCDs is complex, so it is challenging to identify 'the best' indicator to use when examining associations between SES and NCD outcomes. ", "This highlights a need for more research, not only on how various SES indicators are associated with health outcomes, and how the relationship changes depending on the indicator, but also more research on the theoretical aspects of NCDs and the hypothesized causal pathways between SES and disease.", "\n\nPrevious studies on NCDs and LLMICs have largely focused on global cross-country comparisons. ", "To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review to focus exclusively on the distribution of NCDs *within* LLMICS. ", "Additional strengths include our comprehensive search strategy and adherence to PRISMA guidance.", "\n\nOur search strategy was restricted to English search terms, which may have limited representation of research from LLMICs. ", "We assessed study quality using the Newcastle Ottawa scale because it allowed us to assess the quality of nonrandomised studies, but previous studies have reported low inter-reliability using this method\\[[@R89]\\] \\[[@R90]\\]. ", "These scores should not be taken to assess the quality of the work outside of the context of this review, given that many studies had aims that extended beyond the investigation of associations between SES and outcomes.", "\n\nOur search strategy was also restricted to research from 1990-2015. ", "We limited our study to cover research from 1990-2015 due to the high volume of search results associated with having multiple outcomes and multiple exposure measurements, coupled with resource restraints. ", "Rather than starting at a later time, we chose to start in 1990 because this was the year that the Millennium Development Goals were signed, and when targets and indicators to monitor progress (including many socio-economic indicators) started to become more widely integrated into research studies \\[[@R91]\\]. ", "Future research may benefit from considering associations between NCDs and SES over a longer time period.", "\n\nOur search strategy ([**Table 1**](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}) included a range of exposure terms related to poverty, socio-economic factors, income, gross domestic product, household wealth, wages, poverty, wealth and employment. ", "However, it did not include the term 'social class.' ", "The results from the search included many papers that used the terms we'd identified alongside the term 'social class' to describe the exposure variable. ", "We decided to include these papers in our review, despite the fact that 'social class' was excluded from the initial search method, because this term that was often used interchangeably with the other SES terms. ", "However, this decision may have biased the results by excluding other papers on social class which were overlooked by our search strategy.", "\n\nThis review relied on evidence from resource-scarce research environments that lack the infrastructure required to collect reliable morbidity and mortality statistics on a routine basis. ", "Around half of our studies collected data from hospitals, research environments that are associated with well-documented limitations \\[[@R48]\\]. ", "In addition, the data we present from surveillance systems may also have limitations. ", "According to Das et al, in 1994 only 13.5% of all deaths in India were medically certified \\[[@R61]\\], and there are likely to be associations between a person's SES status and medical certification at death. ", "Lozano et al also highlights regional heterogeneity and the need for sound epidemiological assessments of causes of death \\[[@R92]\\]. ", "Many of the included studies had small sample sizes that were not nationally representative. ", "We included these studies in order to highlight research from as many LLMICs as possible, but this decision also severely limits the generalisability of our findings. ", "For this reason, we included three 'low quality' studies in our final analysis. ", "Two were related to cardiovascular disease and one was related to cancer. ", "Excluding these studies from our final analysis did not change the overall trends in our results. ", "Nine of 13 papers reporting significant relationships between SES and CVD suggested that low SES groups have higher risk. ", "Thirteen of the 17 papers that reported significant associations between cancer and SES suggested that low SES groups had the highest cancer risk. ", "The relationship related to diabetes risk remained unchanged, with seven of the 11 papers reporting significant findings related to diabetes finding that higher SES groups have higher diabetes risk.", "\n\nAbout half of the studies included in this review were conducted in hospital settings and there may be a bias related to the high socio-economic profile of hospital patients, which may not represent the population characteristics of a country. ", "Therefore, we conducted additional analyses to explore whether or not associations between SES and NCDs differed depending on the setting. ", "The results are as follows. ", "For cancer, 15 of the 18 studies reporting significant associations were hospital-based studies. ", "Of these 15 hospital-based studies, 13 reported that low SES individuals had higher cancer risk, while two reported that high SES individuals had higher risk. ", "Of the three community-based studies, two reported that higher SES individuals had higher risk and one reported that lower SES individuals had higher risk. ", "For cardiovascular disease, six of the 15 papers reporting significant results were hospital-based studies. ", "Among these six hospital-based studies, five reported that low SES individuals had higher risk of cardiovascular disease. ", "Of the nine community-based studies, four reported that low SES individuals had higher cardiovascular disease and five reported that high SES individuals had higher risk. ", "Of the 12 papers reporting significant associations between diabetes and SES, three were hospital-based and nine were community-based. ", "All three of the hospital-based studies found that low SES groups had higher diabetes risk. ", "Seven of the nine community-based studies found that high SES groups had higher risk and two found that low SES groups had higher risk.", "\n\nWe observed that the magnitude and direction of associations between NCDs and SES may vary according to the type of NCD, but our findings also suggest that the direction of the association may also depend on the type of SES indicator, which corroborates earlier findings \\[[@R93]\\]. ", "There are advantages and disadvantages to the indicators used by studies in this review, discussed elsewhere in the literature \\[[@R94],[@R95]\\].", "\n\nAccess to health care and knowledge about disease conditions is associated with wealth and education \\[[@R13],[@R87],[@R96],[@R97]\\], which may lead to biased results when examining associations between SES and health. ", "Vellakkal et al determined whether socio-economic inequalities in the prevalence of NCDs differed if estimated by using symptom-based measures compared with self-reported physician diagnoses \\[[@R87]\\]. ", "They found that SES gradients in NCD prevalence tended to be positive for self-reported physician diagnoses but were attenuated or became negative when using symptom- or criterion-based measures, particularly in low-income countries.", "\n\nLow-SES NCD patients are particularly vulnerable; People in many LLMICs must finance health care through out-of-pocket payments, which places a burden on NCD patients and families \\[[@R56],[@R98],[@R99]\\]. ", "The recurring nature of these costs \\[[@R83]\\], coupled with the reduced productivity that accompanies poor health \\[[@R100]\\] causes additional problems.", "\n\nThis review included only three articles with CRD outcomes, and none of them reported significant findings. ", "Two of these articles did not describe the diagnostic modality. ", "One limitation to this study is that in an attempt to include research from as many LMICs as possible, we did not limit inclusion based on diagnostic modality. ", "Chest x-rays, spirometry, CT scans and arterial blood gas analysis are all used for diagnosis, but these require access to health care facilities, which may be limited among low SES groups. ", "It is likely that there is a high prevalence of undiagnosed COPD. ", "Gribsby et al examined the association between SES and COPD prevalence using data collected in Argentina, Bangladesh, Childe, Peru and Uruguay and found that adjusted odds ratio of having COPD was lower for people who completed secondary school and lower among those with higher monthly household incomes \\[[@R101]\\]. ", "This finding is compatible with other research which has found that poor populations tend to have a higher risk of developing COPD and its complications than their wealthier counterparts \\[[@R102]-[@R104]\\]. ", "A recent Global Burden of Disease study examined how sociodemographic development has a different effect on the burden of COPD and asthma and show that mortality but not prevalence of asthma is strongly related to sociodemographic development \\[[@R105]\\].", "\n\nIn conclusion, this review highlights the need for more research on the associations between NCDs and SES within a wider range of LLMICS; there were 67 LLMICs from which we did not identify any publications eligible for inclusion. ", "We encourage more research on NCD morbidity and mortality in LLMICs \\[[@R106]\\], along with the collection and presentation of SES indicators alongside these NCD measures. ", "Lack of NCD surveillance data presents a challenge to the prevention and control of NCDs in low- and middle-income countries. ", "Many countries lack the resources to develop and maintain an information system to collect, analyse and disseminate data and information on trends in NCDs and socio-economic status \\[[@R107]\\]. ", "The WHO STEPwise approach to risk factor surveillance to assess NCDs and their risk factors provides one relatively low-cost option for monitoring within-country trends, but also for making comparisons across countries \\[[@R108]\\]. ", "The STEPwise approach to risk factor surveillance survey includes several questions on socio-economic status. ", "While it may not be possible to find one single measure of SES that is universally relevant across all study contexts, having more studies integrate some of these WHO measures into their reporting would strengthen the evidence base about relationships between SES and NCDs.", "\n\n**Declarations:** This was a literature review and did not require ethics approval. ", "Data are available from the authors upon request. ", "We do not report any competing interests.", "\n\n**Disclaimer:** All of the views expressed in the submitted article belong to the authors and are not an official position of the affiliated institutions or funders.", "\n\n**Funding:** This project was funded by the World Health Organization (Ref: OUC 12618). ", "Julianne Williams is supported by a DPhil scholarship from the Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford. ", "NR is funded by the Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford. ", "Kremlin Wickramasinghe and Nick Townsend are supported by a grant from the British Heart Foundation (006/P&C/CORE/2013/OXFSTATS).", "\n\n**Authorship contributions:** BM, KW and NT conceived the research project, coordinated the contributors, and revised drafts of the manuscript. ", "JW selected the studies, designed and executed the analyses, interpreted the findings, wrote the first draft, revised subsequent drafts and prepared the manuscript. ", "LA, NT, and KW contributed to analysis design, study selection, data extraction, and analysis. ", "NR developed the search strategy, conducted the database search, and contributed to the revision of subsequent drafts. ", "The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated.", "\n\n**Competing interests:** Dr Wickramasinghe reports other from World Health Organization during the conduct of the study; Dr Mikkelsen reports personal fees from World Health Organization, during the conduct of the study. ", "The authors has completed the Unified Competing Interest form at [www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf](http://www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf) (available on request from the corresponding author) and declare no other competing interests.", "\n\nAdditional Material\n===================\n\n###### Online Supplementary Document\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.015810276679841896, 0.013333333333333334, 0.007633587786259542, 0.0036231884057971015, 0.006060606060606061, 0.018633540372670808, 0.014018691588785047, 0.023809523809523808, 0.011583011583011582, 0.012987012987012988, 0.00425531914893617, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015544041450777202, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.02247191011235955, 0.03355704697986577, 0, 0.008032128514056224, 0.0025795356835769563, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0.025, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0.03278688524590164, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0.02564102564102564, 0.02040816326530612, 0.05263157894736842, 0.0078125, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.01271617497456765, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0.04, 0.005758157389635317, 0.005934718100890208, 0.0043859649122807015, 0, 0.0008038585209003215, 0, 0.0012399256044637321, 0, 0.02830188679245283, 0, 0, 0.005405405405405406, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0, 0.014814814814814815, 0, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005128205128205128, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006644518272425249, 0, 0.011194029850746268, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0, 0.005050505050505051, 0, 0.0009752925877763329, 0.002313030069390902, 0.0006607929515418502, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0.0014917951268025858, 0.002574370709382151, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.04516129032258064, 0.006430868167202572, 0.015306122448979591, 0.03827751196172249, 0.00911854103343465, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.006172839506172839, 0.005263157894736842, 0.025495750708215296, 0.021645021645021644, 0.024390243902439025, 0.015706806282722512, 0.01, 0.014634146341463415, 0.012244897959183673, 0.0011009174311926607, 0.003579952267303103, 0.002871825876662636, 0.003431372549019608, 0.003869541182974019, 0, 0, 0.03389830508474576, 0.01, 0.04519774011299435, 0.017857142857142856, 0.017964071856287425, 0.02972972972972973, 0.018796992481203006, 0.022670025188916875, 0, 0.011857707509881422, 0.014018691588785047, 0.026143790849673203, 0.010526315789473684, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0, 0.0011587485515643105, 0.0007996801279488205, 0, 0.001864656980809572, 0, 0, 0, 0.01904761904761905, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.006329113924050633, 0.026595744680851064, 0.008695652173913044, 0.013392857142857142, 0.005952380952380952, 0.013793103448275862, 0.03164556962025317, 0.026041666666666668, 0, 0.004761904761904762, 0.0036231884057971015, 0.0038910505836575876, 0.0018461538461538461, 0, 0.003367003367003367, 0.006696428571428571, 0.003976143141153081, 0.006756756756756757, 0.0078125, 0.0111731843575419, 0.005714285714285714, 0.0011448196908986834, 0.0017014036580178648, 0, 0.008645533141210375, 0.013392857142857142, 0.017094017094017096, 0.028409090909090908, 0.010869565217391304, 0.013513513513513514, 0.00980392156862745, 0.029411764705882353, 0.029411764705882353, 0.029411764705882353, 0.012658227848101266, 0.0392156862745098, 0.02040816326530612, 0.02054794520547945, 0.007194244604316547, 0.006944444444444444, 0.007042253521126761, 0.015384615384615385, 0.007575757575757576, 0.00904977375565611, 0, 0, 0.003663003663003663, 0.011976047904191617, 0.016853932584269662, 0.012295081967213115, 0.008298755186721992, 0, 0.0044444444444444444, 0.006802721088435374, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0.003076923076923077, 0.0045662100456621, 0.017543859649122806, 0.003355704697986577, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0.0045662100456621, 0, 0, 0.006430868167202572, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0.009569377990430622, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0.013793103448275862, 0.02262443438914027, 0.0049261083743842365, 0.004291845493562232, 0.019230769230769232, 0.012987012987012988, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0, 0.005263157894736842, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0.009615384615384616, 0.00392156862745098, 0.004291845493562232, 0.01744186046511628, 0.007936507936507936, 0.005154639175257732, 0.004310344827586207, 0, 0.003663003663003663, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0.031496062992125984, 0.04838709677419355, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0, 0.021052631578947368, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0.013452914798206279, 0.01276595744680851, 0 ]

[ "- f*k**4 - k**2. ", "Let s(y) = y. Give s(l(t)).", "\n-13*t\nLet q(n) = -3157*n. ", "Let r(i) = -301765*i. ", "Determine q(r(g)).", "\n952672105*g\nLet k(f) = -f. ", "Let u = 20 + -14. ", "Let r(i) = -8*i + 11*i + 9*i - i. Let w(v) = -22*v. ", "Let y(t) = u*w(t) + 11*r(t). ", "Calculate y(k(d)).", "\n11*d\nLet k(t) = 2*t - 8844. ", "Let p(q) = 8862*q + 1. ", "Give p(k(m)).", "\n17724*m - 78375527\nLet l(c) = 2*c. ", "Let b be -3*16/(-3)*1. ", "Let h(v) = 16*v**2 - 34*v**2 + 14*v**2 + b*v**2. ", "Give l(h(a)).", "\n24*a**2\nLet b(d) = -89*d**2 - 1. ", "Let y = 33 - 31. ", "Let j(m) = -m**2 - 3*m**2 + 0*m**2 + 5*m**y. ", "What is j(b(p))?", "\n7921*p**4 + 178*p**2 + 1\nLet w(y) = -25243 + 12562 + 5*y + 12358. ", "Let i(n) = 3*n**2. ", "Calculate w(i(p)).", "\n15*p**2 - 323\nLet n(h) = 14*h**2 + 32 - 104 + 75. ", "Let i(s) = -6*s. ", "Give i(n(r)).", "\n-84*r**2 - 18\nLet b(w) = -11*w**2 - 16*w. ", "Let z(p) = 3*p**2 + 5*p. ", "Let g(n) = b(n) + 4*z(n). ", "Let d(u) = 3*u + 17. ", "Calculate g(d(q)).", "\n9*q**2 + 114*q + 357\nLet j(d) = -17*d**2. ", "Let y(a) be the first derivative of a**2/2 - 3*a - 983. ", "Determine j(y(k)).", "\n-17*k**2 + 102*k - 153\nLet g(m) = -59*m**2 - 12. ", "Let z(p) = -2719*p. ", "Give g(z(r)).", "\n-436184699*r**2 - 12\nLet b(n) = n**3 + 26*n**2 + 23*n - 20. ", "Let m be (-6 - (-104)/18) + 223/(-9). ", "Let x be b(m). ", "Let o(q) = -23 + 53 + q - x. Let g(t) = 13*t**2. ", "Determine g(o(u)).", "\n13*u**2\nLet n(o) = -298*o. ", "Let y(i) = 8229*i. ", "Give y(n(z)).", "\n-2452242*z\nLet c(t) = 3 + 2105446*t**2 - 2101060*t**2 - 2 - 1. ", "Let b(l) = -2*l**2. ", "Calculate c(b(d)).", "\n17544*d**4\nLet l(x) be the first derivative of x**4/12 - 57*x - 59. ", "Let d(q) be the first derivative of l(q). ", "Let v(n) = -73*n**2. ", "Calculate d(v(b)).", "\n5329*b**4\nLet n(l) = 6*l**2. ", "Suppose -z + 5 = m, 13*m - 12*m = 4*z + 5. ", "Let c(s) be the first derivative of z*s + 0*s**2 + 2/3*s**3 - 17. ", "Give c(n(t)).", "\n72*t**4\nLet g(c) = 12*c. ", "Let a(h) = -2 + 26*h**2 + 18*h**2 + 2 + 25*h - 38*h**2. ", "What is g(a(p))?", "\n72*p**2 + 300*p\nLet k(i) = 5*i**2 + 1911*i - 1. ", "Let r(z) = 1769*z. ", "What is k(r(a))?", "\n15646805*a**2 + 3380559*a - 1\nLet c(d) = 8*d. ", "Let f(x) = 17*x**2 - x + 1. ", "Let w(p) = 79*p**2 - 2*p + 3. ", "Let q(r) = -4*f(r) + 2*w(r). ", "Calculate c(q(u)).", "\n720*u**2 + 16\nSuppose 10*i - 42 = 7*i. ", "Let p(m) = 4*m**2 + 6*m**2 - i*m**2 + m**2. ", "Let f(u) = 5*u - 6. ", "Let r(d) = -9*d + 11. ", "Let y(t) = 11*f(t) + 6*r(t). ", "Give p(y(v)).", "\n-3*v**2\nLet r(f) = 21408*f. ", "Let l(q) = -4*q**2 + 2. ", "Calculate r(l(u)).", "\n-85632*u**2 + 42816\nLet s(m) = -147*m**2 - 2*m + 29771. ", "Let t(n) = -4*n. ", "Calculate t(s(d)).", "\n588*d**2 + 8*d - 119084\nLet b(m) = -36286376*m. ", "Let v(c) = -c. ", "Determine v(b(r)).", "\n36286376*r\nLet w(p) = -25. ", "Let k(o) = -5*o - 100. ", "Let s(y) = -k(y) + 4*w(y). ", "Let a(j) = -34*j - 2. ", "What is s(a(i))?", "\n-170*i - 10\nLet j(g) be the first derivative of -16*g**2 - 8903. ", "Let r(v) = 167*v. ", "Determine j(r(m)).", "\n-5344*m\nLet k(y) = 198*y - 35. ", "Let f(j) = 5*j - 6. ", "Let g(w) = 6*f(w) - k(w). ", "Let z(a) = 2*a. ", "Give z(g(l)).", "\n-336*l - 2\nLet n(a) = -4*a**2 - 19. ", "Let m(g) = -34*g**2 - 34*g - 34. ", "Let q(h) = -9*h**2 - 8*h - 8. ", "Let u(k) = -4*m(k) + 17*q(k). ", "Give n(u(t)).", "\n-1156*t**4 - 19\nLet w(d) be the first derivative of -d**2 - 3*d + 824. ", "Let q(a) = 8*a**2. ", "Calculate q(w(j)).", "\n32*j**2 + 96*j + 72\nLet q(r) = -9*r + 11. ", "Let o(y) = -y + 1. ", "Let a(g) = 22*o(g) - 2*q(g). ", "Let f(j) be the second derivative of 10*j**4/3 + 49*j + 1. ", "Calculate a(f(u)).", "\n-160*u**2\nLet p(v) be the second derivative of 1 - 37*v + 0*v**2 - 1/6*v**3. ", "Let n(m) = 230*m. ", "What is n(p(t))?", "\n-230*t\nLet n(l) = 23*l**2 + 19. ", "Let a(j) = -25748*j**2 + 12873*j**2 + 12877*j**2. ", "Give a(n(x)).", "\n1058*x**4 + 1748*x**2 + 722\nLet f(i) = -68115*i**2. ", "Let g(r) = 894*r. ", "What is g(f(m))?", "\n-60894810*m**2\nLet x(s) be the first derivative of 0*s**2 - 32 - 4/3*s**3 + 0*s. ", "Let q(y) = 1. ", "Let b(j) = -2*j - 5. ", "Let z(u) = -b(u) - 5*q(u). ", "Determine z(x(m)).", "\n-8*m**2\nLet u(q) = 2*q**2. ", "Let y(t) be the first derivative of 25*t**2 - 8*t - 15. ", "Let i(b) = 348*b - 58. ", "Let v(o) = -4*i(o) + 29*y(o). ", "Determine u(v(h)).", "\n6728*h**2\nLet x(p) = -614*p + 3079. ", "Let z(v) = 3*v**2. ", "Give x(z(k)).", "\n-1842*k**2 + 3079\nLet h(x) = -2*x. ", "Let c(m) = -86*m + 135*m - 134*m. ", "Give h(c(y)).", "\n170*y\nLet h(w) be the second derivative of 1999*w**4/6 - 92*w + 5. ", "Let n(j) = 4*j**2. ", "Give h(n(o)).", "\n63968*o**4\nLet u(d) = 4*d. ", "Let m = 61 - 59. ", "Suppose 9*n - 84 = 3*n. ", "Let s(o) = 3*o**m + n*o - 14*o. ", "Determine u(s(y)).", "\n12*y**2\nLet s(o) = 269*o. ", "Let b(h) = 13*h**2 - 4*h - 29. ", "Calculate s(b(g)).", "\n3497*g**2 - 1076*g - 7801\nLet k(u) = -519 + 11*u - 9*u + 519. ", "Let n(w) = 18*w**2 + 4*w. ", "Calculate k(n(q)).", "\n36*q**2 + 8*q\nLet n(q) be the second derivative of -q**2 - 120*q + 0 + 0*q**3 - 65/6*q**4. ", "Let j(x) = -x. ", "Calculate n(j(u)).", "\n-130*u**2 - 2\nLet x(d) = -2*d. ", "Let w(m) = 2471*m - 11. ", "Let f(q) = 24708*q - 116. ", "Let j(o) = -2*f(o) + 21*w(o). ", "Determine x(j(r)).", "\n-4950*r - 2\nLet v = 80 + -40. ", "Let x be (3/2)/(15/v). ", "Let u(h) = 65 - x*h + 64 - 129. ", "Let g(c) = -10*c. ", "What is u(g(k))?", "\n40*k\nLet a(j) = 1998*j - 1. ", "Let x(g) = -20*g. ", "Let v(i) = -a(i) - 2*x(i). ", "Let r(o) = o**2. ", "Determine v(r(p)).", "\n-1958*p**2 + 1\nLet u(n) = 9863*n + 1. ", "Let v(x) = 456*x + 1. ", "Calculate v(u(a)).", "\n4497528*a + 457\nLet k(c) be the first derivative of -c**2/2 - 4. ", "Suppose -q - 6 = -4*w, -3*w - q - 20 = -28. ", "Let u(j) = w - 4 + 3*j + 2. ", "What is u(k(s))?", "\n-3*s\nLet n(c) = 49212*c + 14*c**2 + 49223*c - 98435*c. ", "Let x(g) = -10*g - 4. ", "Let d(p) = -90*p - 35. ", "Let b(z) = 4*d(z) - 35*x(z). ", "Give n(b(h)).", "\n1400*h**2\nLet j(a) = a. Let q(t) = -215*t. ", "Let d(k) = -217*k. ", "Let h(z) = -z + 27. ", "Let b be h(23). ", "Let c(n) = b*d(n) - 3*q(n). ", "What is j(c(y))?", "\n-223*y\nLet l(i) = 2*i**2 - 5*i. ", "Let y(q) be the second derivative of q**4/4 - 4*q**3/3 + 51*q. ", "Let z(a) = -8*l(a) + 5*y(a). ", "Let d(t) = -103*t**2. ", "Calculate z(d(g)).", "\n-10609*g**4\nLet f(h) = -6*h. ", "Let y(s) = -s**2 - 25*s - 142. ", "Let z be y(-16). ", "Let w(o) = 9*o**z - 5*o**2 - o**2 + 0*o**2 + 5*o**2. ", "Determine f(w(d)).", "\n-48*d**2\nLet l(h) = -185*h - 2. ", "Let c(j) = 7*j**2 + 17264*j. ", "Determine l(c(i)).", "\n-1295*i**2 - 3193840*i - 2\nLet u(s) = s**2. ", "Let c(r) = r - 3. ", "Let z be c(15). ", "Let q(o) = 386 - z*o - 384 - 25*o. ", "Calculate u(q(m)).", "\n1369*m**2 - 148*m + 4\nLet b(o) = 15*o**2 + 46*o - 69. ", "Let j(m) = -4*m**2 - 12*m + 18. ", "Let d(s) = -6*b(s) - 23*j(s). ", "Let c(p) = 50*p + 3. ", "Determine c(d(h)).", "\n100*h**2 + 3\nLet f(r) = 4*r**2 - 74284. ", "Let o(a) = 781*a**2. ", "What is f(o(d))?", "\n2439844*d**4 - 74284\nLet f(g) = -47*g**2. ", "Let n(a) be the first derivative of -a**2 - 130*a - 4259. ", "Determine n(f(h)).", "\n94*h**2 - 130\nLet d(q) = 5*q. ", "Let r(t) be the second derivative of 5/3*t**4 - 2*t + 0*t**2 + 0*t**3 + 9. ", "Determine r(d(l)).", "\n500*l**2\nLet h(n) = -4*n**2 + 3*n**2 - 3*n**3 + 2*n**3 + 7*n**2 - 7. ", "Let z be h(5). ", "Let o(r) = -z + 18 - r - 2*r. ", "Let v(l) = 10*l. ", "Calculate o(v(u)).", "\n-30*u\nLet c(f) = f**2 + 4*f + 2. ", "Let k be c(-4). ", "Let p(a) = -8*a**2 + 5*a**k - 6*a**2. ", "Let w(m) = 5*m**2. ", "Determine p(w(l)).", "\n-225*l**4\nLet h(k) = k - 1. ", "Let v be h(8). ", "Let f(i) = -v*i - 32 + 32 + 2*i. ", "Let u(t) = -31*t - 6. ", "Let q(w) = -50*w - 10. ", "Let x(n) = -3*q(n) + 5*u(n). ", "Calculate x(f(p)).", "\n25*p\nLet u(g) = 22*g - 73*g + 31*g + 7 - 9 + 21*g. ", "Let l(r) = 2*r**2. ", "Calculate l(u(i)).", "\n2*i**2 - 8*i + 8\nLet c(s) = -21*s**2 - 397*s. ", "Let y(h) = -3504*h. ", "Give y(c(m)).", "\n73584*m**2 + 1391088*m\nLet x(y) = 1113*y**2 + 2*y - 1. ", "Let g(d) = -210*d. ", "Let r(l) = 117*l. ", "Let n(k) = -5*g(k) - 9*r(k). ", "Determine n(x(u)).", "\n-3339*u**2 - 6*u + 3\nLet u(o) = -99*o - 121. ", "Let v(m) = -5*m - 6. ", "Let w(a) = -6*u(a) + 121*v(a). ", "Let z(i) = 827*i**2 - 427*i**2 - 417*i**2. ", "What is w(z(f))?", "\n187*f**2\nLet p(i) = 11*i + 1. ", "Let m(y) = -y**2 + 55*y + 5. ", "Let j(t) = -3*m(t) + 15*p(t). ", "Let g(d) = -11*d**2 - 23. ", "What is g(j(a))?", "\n-99*a**4 - 23\nLet i(r) = -25849*r. ", "Let c(p) = p + 7. ", "What is c(i(o))?", "\n-25849*o + 7\nLet l(y) = -69*y**2 - 26*y - 185. ", "Let k(x) = 9*x. ", "Determine l(k(f)).", "\n-5589*f**2 - 234*f - 185\nLet x(u) = -11619605*u - 3. ", "Let b(v) = 7*v**2. ", "What is x(b(d))?", "\n-81337235*d**2 - 3\nLet y(a) = -13*a + 6. ", "Let m(f) = -3*f**2 + 144. ", "Let x(w) = w**2 - 71. ", "Let n(k) = -2*m(k) - 5*x(k). ", "Let q(r) be the first derivative of n(r). ", "Calculate y(q(s)).", "\n-26*s + 6\nLet v(b) be the second derivative of 181*b**3/6 + 60*b. ", "Let h(f) = -8*f**2 - 6*f - 6. ", "Let r(m) = 7*m**2 + 5*m + 5. ", "Let g(a) = 5*h(a) + 6*r(a). ", "Give g(v(c)).", "\n65522*c**2\nLet y(x) = -665730*x. ", "Let v(d) = -8*d**2. ", "What is y(v(z))?", "\n5325840*z**2\nLet o(f) = 39863*f**2. ", "Let x(a) = 916*a**2 - 19. ", "Determine x(o(u)).", "\n1455577832404*u**4 - 19\nLet b(a)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.06818181818181818, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0 ]

[ "Thermally triggered injectable chitosan/silk fibroin/bioactive glass nanoparticle hydrogels for in-situ bone formation in rat calvarial bone defects.", "\nCopper-containing bioactive glass nanoparticles (Cu-BG NPs) with designed compositions and sizes were synthesized and incorporated into chitosan (CH)/silk fibroin (SF)/glycerophosphate (GP) composites to prepare injectable hydrogels for cell-free bone repair. ", "The resulting Cu-BG/CH/SF/GP gels were found to exhibit well-defined injectability and to undergo rapid gelation at physiological temperature and pH. They were highly porous and showed the ability to administer Si, Ca and Cu ions at their respective safe doses in a sustained and controlled manner. ", "In vitro studies revealed that the gels supported the growth of seeded MC3T3-E1 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and effectively induced them toward osteogenesis and angiogenesis, respectively. ", "In vivo bone repair based on a critical-size rat calvarial bone defect model demonstrated that the optimal Cu-BG/CH/SF/GP gel was able to fully restore the bone defect with formation of vascularized bone tissue and mineralized collagen deposition during a treatment period of 8 weeks without utilization of any cells and/or growth factors. ", "The results suggest that the presently developed Cu-BG/CH/SF/GP composite hydrogels have great potential and translation ability for bone regeneration owing to their thermo-sensitive properties, cell-free bioactivity, and cost-effectiveness. ", "STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hydrogels loaded with cells and/or growth factors exhibit potential in bone repair. ", "However, they have been facing obstacles related to the clinic translation. ", "Here, a novel type of hydrogel system consisting of copper-containing bioactive glass nanoparticles and chitosan/silk fibroin composite was developed. ", "These gels showed injectability and thermally triggered in situ gelation properties and were able to administer the release of ions at safe but effective doses in a controlled manner while inducing the seeded cells toward osteogenesis and angiogenesis. ", "The optimal gel showed the ability to fully repair critical-size rat calvarial bone defects without involving time consuming cell processing and/or the use of expensive growth factors, confirming that this novel hydrogel system has great potential for translation to the clinic." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0.006688963210702341, 0, 0.0029411764705882353, 0.004132231404958678, 0, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0 ]

[ "\n//pinched from ADC - no idea how it works!", "\n\n#include \"macos.h\"\n\nstatic int sysctlbyname_with_pid (const char *name, pid_t pid, \n void *oldp, size_t *oldlenp, \n void *newp, size_t newlen)\n{\n\tif (pid == 0) {\n\t\tif (sysctlbyname(name, oldp, oldlenp, newp, newlen) == -1) {\n\t\t\treturn -1;\n\t\t}\n\t}else{\n\t\tint mib[CTL_MAXNAME];\n\t\tsize_t len = CTL_MAXNAME;\n\t\tif (sysctlnametomib(name, mib, &len) == -1) {\n\t\t\treturn -1;\n\t\t}\n\t\tmib[len] = pid;\n\t\tlen++;\n\t\tif (sysctl(mib, len, oldp, oldlenp, newp, newlen) == -1) {\n\t\t\treturn -1;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nint is_pid_native( pid_t pid )\n{\n\tint ret = 0;\n\tsize_t sz = sizeof(ret);\n \n\tif (sysctlbyname_with_pid(\"sysctl.proc_native\", pid, &ret, &sz, NULL, 0) == -1) {\n\t\tif (errno == ENOENT) {\n\t\t\t// sysctl doesn't exist, which means that this version of Mac OS \n\t\t\t// pre-dates Rosetta, so the application must be native.", "\n\t\t\treturn 1;\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn -1;\n\t}\n\treturn ret;\n}\n\nBBString *bbStringFromNSString( NSString *s ){\n\tBBString\t*bbstring;\n\tunsigned short *buff;\n\tint n;\n\tn=[s length];\n\tbuff=malloc( n*2 );\n\t[s getCharacters:buff];\n\tbbstring=bbStringFromShorts( buff,n );\n\tfree( buff );\n\treturn bbstring;\n}\n\nNSString *NSStringFromBBString( BBString *s ){\n\treturn [NSString stringWithCharacters:s->buf length:s->length];\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.019767441860465116, 0.0075 ]

[ "STIs in sex partners notified for chlamydia exposure: implications for expedited partner therapy.", "\nExpedited partner therapy (EPT) may reduce chlamydia reinfection rates. ", "However, the disadvantages of EPT for chlamydia include missing the opportunity to test for other STIs and unnecessary use of antibiotics among non-infected partners. ", "As part of a larger study that investigated the feasibility of EPT in the Netherlands, we explored the frequency of STI among a potential EPT target population of chlamydia-notified heterosexual men and women attending STI clinics for testing. ", "Cross-sectional national STI/HIV surveillance data, which contain information on all consultations at STI clinics, were used to calculate STI positivity rates stratified by chlamydia notification and gender, and proportions of STI that were attributable to clients notified for chlamydia. ", "Of all consultations in 2015 (n=101 710), 14 445 (14.4%) clients reported to be notified exclusively for chlamydia. ", "Among chlamydia-notified clients, the chlamydia positivity rate was 34.2% (n=4947), and consequently 65.8% (n=9488) of them tested negative for chlamydia. ", "Chlamydia-notified clients contributed to 10.2% of all gonorrhoea infections (n=174/1702) and 10.9% of all infectious syphilis, HIV and/or infectious hepatitis B infections (n=15/173). ", "Implementing EPT without additional STI testing for all partners of chlamydia-infected index patients implies that STIs other than chlamydia will be missed. ", "Although the chlamydia positivity rate was high among chlamydia-notified partners, two-thirds would unnecessarily use azithromycin. ", "An evaluation of EPT against the current partner treatment strategy is needed to carefully weigh the potential health gains against the potential health losses and to explore the characteristics of EPT-eligible partners." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.010380622837370242, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0.004545454545454545 ]

[ "Q:\n\nComplex Continuation in F#\n\nAll of the continuation tutorials I can find are on fixed length continuations(i.e. ", "the datastructure has a known number of items as it is being traversed\nI am implementing DepthFirstSearch Negamax(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negamax) and while the code works, I would like to rewrite the code using continuations\nthe code I have is as follows\nlet naiveDFS driver depth game side = \n List.map (fun x -> \n //- negamax depth-1 childnode opposite side\n (x, -(snd (driver (depth-1) (update game x) -side)))) \n (game.", "AvailableMoves.", "Force())\n |> List.maxBy snd\n\nlet onPlay game = match game.", "Turn with \n | Black -> -1\n | White -> 1\n\n///naive depth first search using depth limiter\nlet DepthFirstSearch (depth:int) (eval:Evaluator<_>) (game:GameState) : (Move * Score) =\n let myTurn = onPlay game\n\n let rec searcher depth game side =\n match depth with\n //terminal Node\n | x when x = 0 || (isTerminal game) -> let movescore = (eval ((),game)) |> fst\n (((-1,-1),(-1,-1)),(movescore * side))\n //the max of the child moves, each child move gets mapped to \n //it's associated score\n | _ -> naiveDFS searcher depth game side\n\nwhere update updates a gamestate with a with a given move, eval evaluates the game state and returns an incrementer(currently unused) for incremental evaluation and isTerminal evaluates whether or not the position is an end position or not.", "\nThe Problem is that I have to sign up an unknown number of actions(every remaining list.map iteration) to the continuation, and I actually can't conceive of an efficient way of doing this.", "\nSince this is an exponential algorithm, I am obviously looking to keep this as efficient as possible(although my brain hurts trying to figure this our, so I do want the answer more than an efficient one)\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nI think you'll need to implement a continuation-based version of List.map to do this.", "\nA standard implementation of map (using the accumulator argument) looks like this:\nlet map' f l = \n let rec loop acc l =\n match l with \n | [] -> acc |> List.rev\n | x::xs -> loop ((f x)::acc) xs\n loop [] l\n\nIf you add a continuation as an argument and transform the code to return via a continuation, you'll get (the interesting case is the x::xs branch in the loop function, where we first call f using tail-call with some continuation as an argument):\nlet contMap f l cont = \n let rec loop acc l cont =\n match l with\n | [] -> cont acc |> List.rev\n | x::xs -> f x (fun x' -> loop (x'::acc) xs cont)\n loop [] l cont\n\nThen you can turn normal List.map into a continuation based version like this:\n// Original version\nlet r = List.map (fun x -> x*2) [ 1 .. 3 ]\n\n// Continuation-based version\ncontMap (fun x c -> c(x*2)) [ 1 .. 3 ] (fun r -> ... )\n\nI'm not sure if this will give you any notable performance improvement. ", "I think continuations are mainly needed if you have a very deep recursion (that doesn't fit on the stack). ", "If it fits on the stack, then it will probably run fast using stack.", "\nAlso, the rewriting to explicit continuation style makes the program a bit ugly. ", "You can improve that by using a computation expression for working with continuations. ", "Brian has a blog post on this very topic.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0.0041841004184100415, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0.0033519553072625698, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0.002127659574468085, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0 ]

[ "The communication of your church should both inform and\nengage your audience. ", "It must be more than just enticing, more than just\ninformational. ", "In a society where everything is immediate, mobile, and\ninteractive, your communication must be the same.", "\n\nThere are many facets of engagement for your Church to\nconsider; everything from Community Events, Social Media Campaigns, to an\nInteractive Website. ", "Remember, engaging your audience is simply acknowledging a\nneed for relationship and acting accordingly.", "\n\nA few ways to build the engagement of your Church’s image:\n\nPhotos: Your audience will love to visually see the events\nand ministries you have to offer. ", "Whether it’s a whole gallery or just a\npicture or two, photos will connect with audiences emotionally. ", "People want to\nengage in positive interaction and experience.", "\n\nQuestions: One way to engage your audience is to ask them\nquestions. ", "More so than ever our audiences do not want to simply hear the\nmessage, they want to participate in the message. ", "Ask questions that promote their participation.", "\n\nGo where your audience is: Building engagement within your\nChurch and community stems from the idea of targeting your audience. ", "Not only\ndo you need to provide the messages and information that your audience is\nlooking for, but you also need to provide it through the correct mediums as\nwell. ", "Some different mediums could be Facebook, through the mail, on your\nwebsite, etc.", "\n\nAs communicators, it is crucial that we realize “our\nbroadcast world is quickly giving way to an interactive world,” says Kevin D.\nHendricks. “", "One-way broadcasting is being replaced with multi-way\nconversations. ", "People no longer passively consume media, they interact with it.", "\nThey talk back, through Twitter, Facebook, text messages and more.\" ", "With this in mind, it is important that you structure your communication\nefforts in a way that allows for interactivity and engagement; not simply information." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.019736842105263157, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0 ]

[ "Pierre-René Lemonnier\n\nPierre-René Lemonnier (1731, Paris – 8 January 1796, Metz) was an 18th-century French playwright and librettist.", "\n\nWorks \n1760: Vaudeville des Pèlerins de la Courtille, (parodie des Paladins). ", "N, -B. Duchesne, in-8.", "\n1760: Le Maitre en droit, opéra comique in two acts (and in prose) mingled with ariettes, Duchesne, in-8° ; or Paris, Christophe Ballard, 1762, in-8°.", "\n1761: Le cadi dupé, opéra comique in one act (and in prose) mingled with ariettes. ", "By the author of « Maitre en droit », Duchesne, in-8°.", "\n1764: Les Dieux réunis, ou la Fête des Muses, prologue (in one act and in verse), and le Tuteur amoureux, comedy in two acts and in verse, mingled with ariettes (in French and in Spanish). ", "Madrid, D. Antonio Munoz del Valle, in-4°.", "\n1768: Le Mariage clandestin, comedy in three acts and in free verse, Amsterdam and Paris, Lejay, in-8.(Beuchot erroneously says in the Biographie universelle, that this play, imitated from English by Garrick, was not printed.)", "\n1768: La Meunière de Gentilly, comedy in one act (in prose), mingled with ariettes. ", "Vente, 1768, 1770, in-8°.", "\n1773: L’Union de l’amour et des arts, ballet héroïque en trois entrées, composé des actes de Bathilde et Chloé, de Théodore et de la Cour d’amour (in free verse), Paris, Delormel, 1773, in-4 j or Paris, Bailard, in-8°.", "\n1774: Azolan, ou le Serment indiscret, ballet héroïque in three acts (and in free verse), De Lormel, in-4. (", "the author reworked this play in 1787 under the titleAlmasis, but it was noy printed then.)", "\n1787: Renaud d’Ast, comedy in two acts and in prose, mingled with ariettes. ", "Paris, Brunet, in-8°.", "\n1794: La Matrone chinoise, ou l’Épreuve ridicule, comédie-ballet in two acts and in free verse, Claude Hérissant, in-8°.", "\n\nSources \n .", "\n\nExternal links \n Pierre-René Lemonnier on data.bnf.fr\n\nCategory:18th-century French dramatists and playwrights\nCategory:French opera librettists\nCategory:Writers from Paris\nCategory:1731 births\nCategory:1796 deaths" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.007407407407407408, 0.025, 0, 0.013245033112582781, 0.011904761904761904, 0.018518518518518517, 0.010526315789473684, 0.047619047619047616, 0.01762114537444934, 0, 0.04, 0.0045662100456621, 0.01834862385321101, 0, 0, 0, 0.01652892561983471, 0, 0 ]

[ "KO of the Week: Hunt vs. Kongo\n\nCheick Kongo had strung together back-to-back wins before stepping into the Octagon against fellow heavyweight Mark Hunt. ", "But the heavy handed Hunt opened the round with a powerful left hand that stunned the French fighter." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.01948051948051948, 0.009900990099009901 ]

[ "THE ULTIMATE PC GAMING PLATFORM\n\nVR READY\n\nDiscover next-generation VR performance, the lowest latency, and plug-and-play compatibility with leading headsets—driven by NVIDIA VRWorks™ technologies. ", "VR audio, physics, and haptics let you hear and feel every moment.", "\n\nTHE LATEST GAMING TECHNOLOGIES\n\nPascal is built to meet the demands of next generation displays, including VR, ultra-high-resolution, and multiple monitors. ", "It features NVIDIA GameWorks™ technologies for extremely smooth gameplay and cinematic experiences. ", "Plus, it includes revolutionary new 360-degree image capture.", "\n\nPERFORMANCE\n\nPascal-powered graphics cards give you superior performance and power efficiency, built using ultra-fast FinFET and supporting DirectX™ 12 features to deliver the fastest, smoothest, most power-efficient gaming experiences.", "\n\nSMALL PACKAGE, BIG PUNCH\n\nThe power of a full size graphics card in an incredibly small package. ", "MSI AERO ITX graphics cards are perfect for small form factor systems and HTPC’s as they only take up a fraction of the space of a full size graphics card. ", "This means they will fit into virtually any system and ensure a smooth gaming experience.", "\n\nTORX FAN\n\nTraditional Fan Blade\n\nMaximizes the downward pressure to thrust airflow directly to the heatsink beneath.", "\n\nDispersion Fan Blade\n\nIntake more airflow to maximizes air dissipation to heat sink.", "\n\nZero Frozr\n\nZeroFrozr technology which was first introduced by MSI back in 2008. ", "ZeroFrozr technology eliminates fan noise in low-load situations by stopping the fans when they are not needed, literally bringing noise down to 0dB.\n\nFANS SPINNING\nDuring intense gaming or benchmarking\n\nFANS STOP\nCompletely silent during idle, multimedia or light gaming\n\nMighty cooling in a tiny package\n\nUnderneath the AERO ITX shroud is an incredibly compact heatsink comprised of 8mm copper super pipes and countless aluminum fins. ", "Airflow Control deflects the airflow to where it’s most needed to keep the GPU cool during demanding gaming sessions.", "\n\nPerfect in any case\n\nThe saying “Good things come in small packages” is certainly true for AERO ITX cards. ", "Thanks to its small form factor it will fit into virtually any case. ", "Its compact size also means that its weight is dramatically less than that of a full size graphics card.", "\n\nMILITARY CLASS 4 COMPONENTS\n\nOne of the deciding factors in performance is the quality of the components used. ", "That is why MSI only uses MIL-STD-810G certified components for AERO ITX cards. ", "These components have proven durable enough to withstand the torturous circumstances of extreme gaming and overclocking for extended usage.", "\n\nPREPARE FOR VR with MSI\n\nTo experience and enjoy the impressive world of Virtual Reality, high-performance hardware is required. ", "MSI, world leading brand in high-end gaming and eSports, provides the right advice to make sure your system is VR Ready. ", "Integrating the very best of cutting edge technologies in recommended MSI VR gaming hardware for smooth performance. ", "Together with our VR partners, MSI brings gamers an extremely realistic VR experience where games come alive.", "\n\nMulti GPU\n\nMSI AERO ITX cards fully support multi-GPU setups using NVIDIA® SLI®.", "\n\nAfterburner\n\nMSI Afterburner is the world’s most recognized and widely used graphics card overclocking utility which gives you full control of your graphics cards. ", "It also provides an incredibly detailed overview of your hardware and comes with some additional features such as customizing fan profiles, benchmarking and video recording.", "\n\nAll images and descriptions are for illustrative purposes only. ", "Visual representation of the products may not be perfectly accurate. ", "Product specification, functions and appearance may vary by models and differ from country to country . ", "All specifications are subject to change without notice. ", "Please consult the product specifications page for full details.", "Although we endeavor to present the most precise and comprehensive information at the time of publication, a small number of items may contain typography or photography errors. ", "Products may not be available in all markets. ", "We recommend you to check with your local supplier for exact offers." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0.01, 0, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002288329519450801, 0.017094017094017096, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0, 0, 0.025, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0, 0.06097560975609756, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "670 F.2d 208\n216 U.S.App.", "D.C. 50\nSonia HILYER (Widow of James H. Hilyer), Petitioner,v.MORRISON-KNUDSEN CONSTRUCTION COMPANY and Argonaut InsuranceCompany, Respondents.", "MORRISON-KNUDSEN CONSTRUCTION COMPANY and Argonaut InsuranceCompany, Petitioners,v.Sonia HILYER (Widow of James H. Hilyer), Respondent.", "DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF WORKERS' COMPENSATION, UNITED STATESDEPARTMENT OF LABOR, Petitioner,v.MORRISON-KNUDSEN CONSTRUCTION COMPANY and Argonaut InsuranceCompany, Respondents.", "\nNos. ", "80-1388, 80-1440 and 80-1504.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,District of Columbia Circuit.", "\nArgued March 19, 1981.Decided Dec. 1, 1981.", "\n\nPetitions for Review of Orders of the Benefits Review Board.", "\nCatherine A. Giacona, Atty., ", "Dept. ", "of Labor, Washington, D. C., for Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, Dept. ", "of Labor, petitioner in No. ", "80-1504. ", " Joshua T. Gillelan, II, Atty., ", "Dept. ", "of Labor, Washington, D. C., also entered an appearance for Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, Dept. ", "of Labor.", "\nRichard W. Galiher, Jr., Washington, D. C., for Morrison-Knudsen Const. ", "Co., et al., ", "petitioners in No. ", "80-1440 and respondents in No. ", "80-1504.", "\nGeorge S. Leonard, Washington, D. C., for Sonia Hilyer, cross-respondent in No. ", "80-1440 and petitioner in No. ", "80-1388.", "\nBefore ROBINSON, Chief Judge, SWYGERT,* Senior Judge, and ROBB, Circuit Judge.", "\nOpinion for the Court filed by Senior Circuit Judge SWYGERT.", "\nSWYGERT, Senior Circuit Judge:\n\n\n1\nIn these consolidated appeals we are asked to review a final order of the Benefits Review Board of the United States Department of Labor. ", " The case presents a question of first impression concerning construction of the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, 33 U.S.C. §§ 901 et seq. ", " (1976), as extended by the District of Columbia Workmen's Compensation Act, 36 D.C.Code §§ 501, 502 (1973) (\"the Act\" or \"the Longshoremen's Act\").", "\n\n\n2\nThe claimant in this case is Sonia Hilyer. ", " On April 19, 1974 her husband, James H. Hilyer, was fatally injured during the course of his employment with respondent Morrison-Knudsen Company.1 At the time of his death, Hilyer was a member of Local 456 of the Laborers' District Council of Washington, D.C. and Vicinity, an AFL-CIO affiliate. ", " In addition to the covered employees' hourly rates of pay, the collective bargaining agreement between the union and Morrison-Knudsen provided that the company would pay fixed sums of money into three union trust funds. ", " Specifically, the company agreed to pay twenty-eight cents into the health and welfare fund, thirty-five cents into the pension fund, and five cents into the training fund, for each hour that each employee worked.", "\n\n\n3\nMorrison-Knudsen began paying death benefits under the Act to the claimant immediately upon her husband's death. ", " A dispute arose, however, over the amount of benefits to which she was entitled. ", " Hilyer had been employed by Morrison-Knudsen for only five months when he died. ", " During the year before his death, he had also been employed as a security guard and a grocery clerk, at substantially lower wages. ", " In figuring his average weekly wage, the company took into account his prior employment. ", " The claimant contended that her husband's average weekly wage should be based only on his employment with Morrison-Knudsen. ", " She also contended that the company's contributions to the three union trust funds should be included as part of her husband's \"average weekly wage\" under the Act.2\n\n\n4\nFollowing a hearing, an administrative law judge agreed with the claimant that the average weekly wage should reflect only the deceased's earnings as a construction worker for Morrison-Knudsen. ", " Accordingly, pursuant to section 10(b) of the Act, the average weekly wage was determined by reference to the average yearly wages of a fellow employee whose wages most closely resembled those of the deceased during the period he worked for Morrison-Knudsen.3 The administrative law judge further ruled, however, that the contributions to the union trust funds were not includable in the average weekly wage. ", " At the hearing, the claimant also presented a claim for attorney's fees pursuant to section 28 of the Act. ", " Although she requested $7,530, the administrative law judge awarded a fee of $2,988.80.", "\n\n\n5\nOn cross-appeals to the Benefits Review Board, the Board upheld the administrative law judge's ruling with respect to the amount of benefits to which the claimant was entitled. ", " The Board rejected the company's contention that section 10(b) should not be applied, and also rejected the claimants' contention that fringe benefit payments should have been included in the average weekly wage. ", " The Board remanded the case, however, ordering that the administrative law judge give detailed reasons for the substantial reduction of the attorney's fee award. ", " On remand, the case was assigned to a different administrative law judge.4 The new administrative law judge increased the attorney's fee award to $4,000. ", " The claimant again appealed to the Board, contending that the award was still inadequate. ", " The Board modified the fee award to $6,215. ", " Both parties thereafter petitioned this court for review of the Board's order. ", " The claimant contends that the Board should have included the employer's trust fund contributions in computing her husband's average weekly wage; the company contends that the Board's modification of the attorney's fee award was clearly erroneous.", "\n\n\n6\n* We address first the claimant's contention that the fringe benefits provided to her husband by means of the company's contributions to the union trust funds are a part of her husband's \"average weekly wage\" within the meaning of the Act. ", " This issue has apparently not been addressed before. ", " We begin our analysis with the specific language of the statute.", "\n\n\n7\nThe term \"wages\" is defined at section 2(13) of the Act:\n\n\n8\n\"Wages\" means the money rate at which the service rendered is recompensed under the contract of hiring in force at the time of the injury, including the reasonable value of board, rent, housing, lodging, or similar advantage received from the employer, and gratuities received in the course of employment from others than the employer.", "\n\n\n9\n33 U.S.C. § 902(13). ", " We agree with the Board that this definition \"clearly implies that values received by an employee that are readily identifiable and calculable should be included in the determination of the average weekly wage.\" ", " App. ", "I at 51. ", " Thus, for example, vacation pay constitutes wages, Baldwin v. General Dynamics Corp., 5 BRBS 579, BRB No. ", "76-271 (March 15, 1977), as does overtime pay, Gray v. General Dynamics Corp., 5 BRBS 279, BRB No. ", "76-105 (December 21, 1976), although neither is explicitly mentioned in section 2(13).5 The question, then, is whether the benefit fund contributions are identifiable, calculable values received by the employees. ", " We hold that they are.", "\n\n\n10\nWe recognize that, as Morrison-Knudsen emphasizes, the contributions are made to the union funds, not to the employees, and that the individual employees have no voice in the day-to-day operation of the funds. ", " The company cannot seriously maintain, however, that because the union funds receive the contributions, then the funds are the beneficiaries of the company's payments. ", " The beneficiaries are the employees. ", " The funds are no more than a channel; they are merely a means by which the company provides life insurance, health insurance, retirement benefits, and career training for its employees.", "\n\n\n11\nFurther, it is indisputable that each of these benefits has substantial economic value to the employees. ", " If they were not provided at the company's expense, each employee would have to spend his or her own money to acquire them. ", " The Board apparently felt that it would be impossible to determine the \"value\" to an employee of the insurance policies, the career training, or the pension because whether and to what extent the employee might use them is highly speculative. ", " This reasoning ignores the fact that an insurance policy must be bought and paid for whether or not a claim is ever made upon it. ", " The economic advantage lies in the employer's provisions of such a policy at no cost to the employee. ", " See W. W. Cross v. NLRB, 174 F.2d 875, 878 (1st Cir. ", "1949).6 The same is true of the retirement pension and the career training. ", " With respect to the pension, we agree with the Michigan appellate court's statement in Hite v. Evart Products Co., 34 Mich.App. ", "247, 191 N.W.2d 136 (1971):\n\n\n12\nWe may only speculate whether plaintiff would have worked a full 10 years for defendant (and thereby obtained a vested interest in the pension fund) had she not been injured. ", " However, the facts are that at the time of the injury her employer was putting aside this potential benefit for her and that the injury prevented a continuation of this potential toward a vested interest. ", " As the result of her injury she must find some other way of providing income for retirement. ", " The pension payment was a part of her weekly wage.", "\n\n\n13\n191 N.W.2d at 139 (emphasis in original).7 As for career training, that too is something the employee would have had to spend his or her own money to acquire. ", " It is therefore as much an economic advantage as are the insurance policies and the pension. ", " That an employee may choose not to participate in the career training opportunity does not make the opportunity any less valuable, for it is of course up to each employee to decide what to do with the consideration tendered by the employer in return for services rendered.", "\n\n\n14\nThe Supreme Court's reasoning in United States v. Carter, 353 U.S. 210, 77 S.Ct. ", "793, 1 L.Ed.2d 776 (1957), is instructive. ", " In Carter, the Court found contributions of seven and one-half cents per hour to a union health and welfare fund to be part of the \"sums justly due\" to employees under the Miller Act, 40 U.S.C. §§ 270a et seq., ", "and held accordingly that a federal contractor's surety was liable for such contributions when the contractor failed to pay them. ", " The Court stated:\n\n\n15\nIt is undisputed that if the collective-bargaining agreement had required the contractor to pay each employee 71/2 cents per hour above the prevailing wage rate, and the employee had, by contract with his bargaining representative, agreed to contribute that sum to the fund, the surety would have been obligated to make good any default in the contractor's payment of that extra 71/2 cents per hour.", "\n\n\n16\nId. at 217, 77 S.Ct. ", "at 797. ", " The same logic applies here. ", " If Morrison-Knudsen paid the sixty-eight cents per hour to its employees, and the employees, in turn, paid this amount into the various funds, the sixty-eight cents per hour undoubtedly would be seen as part of the employees' wages. ", " That result does not change simply because the company has agreed to eliminate two unnecessary steps by paying the contributions directly to the trust funds.", "\n\n\n17\nIt may be true, as the Board observed, that the sixty-eight cents per hour \"would in all likelihood not buy decedent's family similar kinds of protection,\" App. ", "I at 52, but the possible inadequacy of the contributions is no reason to withhold them altogether. ", " Moreover, we think the above quotation from the Carter case supports the conclusion that the most reasonable course is to measure the value of the fringe benefits by the amount of the employer's contributions to the benefit funds. ", " We are not persuaded by the Board's concern that \"if contributions to the various funds were included in the average weekly wage, it would appear that to (calculate compensation payments under) section 10B, one would have to find a fellow employee who not only worked similar hours at a similar wage scale, but who had a similar status vis a vis union funds as well.\" ", " App. ", "I at 52. ", " Such fears are unfounded. ", " The benefit fund contributions are made on a per-hour basis for each employee, without regard to the employee's \"status vis a vis union funds.\" ", " Thus, the contributions may be included in the average weekly wage under section 10(b) simply by determining the amount of the contributions made on behalf of the fellow employee who, having worked similar hours, serves as the referent in any event.", "\n\n\n18\nFinally, Morrison-Knudsen's reliance on United States v. Embassy Restaurant, 359 U.S. 29, 79 S.Ct. ", "554, 3 L.Ed.2d 601 (1959), is misplaced. ", " There the Court held that, under the Bankruptcy Act, benefit fund contributions are not entitled to the priority given to \"wages ... due to workmen.\" ", " The Court emphasized, however, that the Bankruptcy Act gave priority strictly to wages, and that it was not intended to include additional forms of compensation. ", " Id. at 35, 79 S.Ct. ", "at 557. ", " Here, by contrast, the Longshoremen's Act is expressly defined to include many forms of compensation within the concept of \"wages.\" ", " Further, the purpose of the Bankruptcy Act is to set a formula for distributing too few assets among too many creditors. ", " Part of the Court's concern in Embassy Restaurant was that if contributions were given priority along with wages, \"the workman (would) have to share with the welfare plan, thus reducing his own recovery.\" ", " Id. at 34, 79 S.Ct. ", "at 557. ", " Such a consideration is wholly absent in the present context. ", " The purpose of the Longshoremen's Act is to provide prompt compensation for injured employees or their families. ", " Congress chose to carry out this design by including in the compensation formula all of the identifiable value, in whatever form it may appear, that the employee was receiving in return for his labor at the time of the injury. ", " The Act is remedial, and we are obliged to construe it liberally, resolving doubts in favor of the claimant. ", " See, e.g., Friend v. Britton, 220 F.2d 820 (D.C.Cir.1955). ", " The strict construction given to the term \"wages\" in Embassy Restaurant is therefore inappropriate here.", "\n\n\n19\nIn conclusion, it is clear that if the value received by the employee is reasonably identifiable and calculable, then it must be included in the average weekly wage of the employee. ", " We hold that the fringe benefits at issue here amount to value received by the employees, and that it is reasonable to measure such value by the amount of the employer's contributions to the various fringe benefit funds. ", " Therefore, those contributions must be included as part of the employee's average weekly wage in computing the compensation due under the Act. ", " Accordingly, that part of the Board's decision concerning fringe benefits is reversed.", "\n\nII\n\n20\nIn its cross-petition for review of the Board's order, the company contends that the Board erred in modifying the amount of attorney's fees awarded by the administrative law judge. ", " As the Board stated:\n\n\n21\nAfter careful review and consideration of the entire record ..., we find that the administrative law judge's award of the attorney's fee herein is an abuse of discretion and contrary to law. ", " Normally, the Board would remand this case to the administrative law judge for a second time for reconsideration; however, since Judge Thomas' Decision was of necessity based only upon a review of the records, as would be any subsequent decision he could render, in the interest of administrative economy the Board modifies the attorney's fee award to $6215.00....\n\n\n22\nThe fee award made by the administrative law judge was for services performed in connection with the proceedings before him. ", " The pertinent regulation provides as follows:\n\n\n23\nAn attorney or other representative seeking a fee for services performed on behalf of a claimant with respect to claims filed under the Act shall make application thereof to the persons, administrative body, or court before whom the services were performed.", "\n\n\n24\n20 C.F.R. § 701.132 (emphasis added). ", " The company contends that the Board, in modifying a fee award for services performed before the administrative law judge, violated its own regulation. ", " We disagree.", "\n\n\n25\nInitially, we note that the claimant's attorney complied with the requirement set out in the regulation: her attorney applied to the administrative law judge for attorney's fees for services performed before him, and to the Board for services performed before it.8 Nothing in the regulation prohibits the Board from reviewing or revising the award set by the administrative law judge.", "\n\n\n26\nIt is clear that the Board has the authority to review and reverse an administrative law judge's fee award if that award was an abuse of discretion. ", " Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs v. United States Steel Corp., 606 F.2d 53, 55 (3d Cir. ", "1979). ", " The issue presented in the instant case is, however, more difficult: can the Board modify a fee award set by an administrative law judge rather than remand the case if the Board finds that award to be erroneous and an abuse of discretion. ", " We find that the Board had such authority in this case where the determination of attorney's fees was properly based solely on the record, and the complete record was before the Board.9 In its order, the Board discussed the factors to be considered in determining a fee award and applied those factors to the information contained in the record regarding attorney's fees. ", " We therefore agree with the Board that since the full record was before it, the policies of administrative economy and a speedy resolution of this claim were furthered by the Board's decision to modify the fee award rather than remand for a second time to the administrative law judge. ", " Accordingly, we affirm the Board's award of attorney's fees.", "\n\n\n27\nThe order appealed from is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the case is remanded to the Benefits Review Board for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.", "\n\n\n\n*\n Of the Seventh Circuit, sitting by designation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 291(a)\n\n\n1\n Morrison-Knudsen's insurer, the Argonaut Insurance Company, is also a respondent here\n\n\n2\n Under section 9 of the Act, death benefits are computed by reference to the average weekly wage of the deceased employee\n\n\n3\n The relevant statutory language of section 10(b) reads:\nDetermination of pay\nExcept as otherwise provided in this chapter, the average weekly wage of the injured employee at the time of the injury shall be taken as the basis upon which to compute compensation and shall be determined as follows:\n(b) If the injured employee shall not have worked in such employment during substantially the whole of such year, his average annual earnings, if a six-day worker, shall consist of three hundred times the average daily wage or salary, and, if a five-day worker, two hundred and sixty times the average daily wage or salary, which an employee of the same class working substantially the whole of such immediately preceding year in the same or in similar employment in the same or a neighboring place shall have earned in such employment during the days when so employed.", "\n\n\n4\n The original administrative law judge had since left the Department of Labor\n\n\n5\n Similarly, transportation provided by the employer has been held to constitute \"wages\" under a state workers' compensation statute. ", " Leslie v. Reynolds, 179 Kan. 422, 295 P.2d 1076, 1083 (1956)\n\n\n6\n In W. W. Cross v. NLRB, 174 F.2d 875 (1st Cir. ", "1949), the First Circuit held that contributions to a group health insurance plan were \"wages\" for purposes of the mandatory bargaining provision of the NLRA as amended, 29 U.S.C. §§ 151 et seq. ", " The court stated:\n(T)he word \"wages\" in § 9(a) of the Act embraces within its meaning direct and immediate economic benefits flowing from the employment relationship. ", " And this is as far as we need to go, for so construed the word covers a group insurance program for the reason that such a program provides a financial cushion in the event of illness or injury arising outside the scope of employment at less cost than such a cushion could be obtained through contracts of insurance negotiated individually.", "\nId. at 878. ", " See also Inland Steel v. NLRB, 170 F.2d 247 (7th Cir. ", "1949).", "\n\n\n7\n We have discovered only one other state court case that addresses the issue whether benefit fund contributions are part of an employee's average weekly wage for purposes of a workers' compensation statute. ", " That case, Still v. Industrial Comm'n, 27 Ariz.App. ", "142, 551 P.2d 591 (1976), is in direct conflict with the Michigan court's holding in Hite, quoted in the text above. ", " In Still, the Arizona court viewed benefit fund contributions as akin to year-end bonuses, in that the amount the employer paid per hour worked by each employee remained the same without regard to the employee's rank or rate of pay. ", " The court concluded that the contributions did not constitute wages because they were not the result of the employee's \"individual effort,\" but rather resulted from the \"collective effort\" of the union's negotiations with the employer. ", " With respect, we find this \"individual effort\" analysis unhelpful. ", " It is immaterial that the benefits were obtained through the collective bargaining process, or that the benefits do not change according to job classification or seniority while rates of pay do change according to those criteria. ", " The fact remains that the employer has agreed to furnish the employees with valuable benefits, in addition to hourly rates of pay, in return for the employees' services. ", " The contributions are an important part of the employees' total compensation, and an equally important part of the employer's labor cost\n\n\n8\n The fees awarded by the Board for services performed in connection with proceedings before it are not at issue in this appeal\n\n\n9\n The instant case is distinguishable from Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs v. United States Steel Corp., 606 F.2d 53 (3d Cir. ", "1979). ", " In that case, the Board modified the fee award set by the administrative law judge, and the court of appeals reversed, finding that the Board exceeded its authority in modifying the award because the record did not contain \"sufficient findings\" on which the Board could have based its determination of the award. ", " The court noted, however, that it was not deciding \"the question of whether the Board may, when presented with a full factual record, draw an appropriate conclusion from that record.\" ", " Id. at 56 n.12\nThe other cases cited by the company are also inapposite. ", " In Ayers S.S. Co. v. Bryant, 544 F.2d 812 (5th Cir. ", "1977), the claimant's attorney apparently applied to the court for fees for services performed before the court and the administrative law judge. ", " The court refused to award fees for work performed before the administrative law judge. ", " The court did not discuss the question whether a fee award is subject to modification by the reviewing body. ", " Similarly, in Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. v. Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, 594 F.2d 986 (4th Cir. ", "1979), the court held that, according to the regulation, the claimant's attorney must apply separately to the deputy commissioner, administrative law judge, Board, or the court for fees generated by services performed before that person or body.", "\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0, 0.04195804195804196, 0.037037037037037035, 0.03508771929824561, 0.16666666666666666, 0, 0.03278688524590164, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0.03296703296703297, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0.09375, 0, 0.025423728813559324, 0.1111111111111111, 0.0410958904109589, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0.02531645569620253, 0.04918032786885246, 0.017241379310344827, 0.006289308176100629, 0.006756756756756757, 0.020833333333333332, 0.016778523489932886, 0.004524886877828055, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0.008, 0.0027472527472527475, 0, 0, 0, 0.005494505494505495, 0.004672897196261682, 0.006134969325153374, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0.0125, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0, 0, 0.0024937655860349127, 0, 0.004694835680751174, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0.018691588785046728, 0.020202020202020204, 0, 0, 0.004629629629629629, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004098360655737705, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015503875968992248, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.022988505747126436, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0.002364066193853428, 0, 0, 0, 0.004273504273504274, 0, 0.011976047904191617, 0, 0.004310344827586207, 0.0027100271002710027, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0, 0, 0.01904761904761905, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0.006134969325153374, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0048543689320388345, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0043859649122807015, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0.010526315789473684, 0.0045871559633027525, 0.006048387096774193, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0.006578947368421052, 0, 0.005115089514066497, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.018691588785046728, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0.0053475935828877, 0.006968641114982578, 0.01639344262295082, 0.00558659217877095, 0.002564102564102564, 0.004545454545454545, 0.008771929824561403, 0.010256410256410256, 0, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004796163069544364, 0, 0.012738853503184714, 0.005405405405405406, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0.004081632653061225, 0 ]

[ "Synthesis, characterization, and photoluminescence properties of three two-dimensional lanthanide-containing Dawson-type polyoxometalates.", "\nThree [α2-P2W17O61]10--based lanthanide-containing polyoxometalates (LCPs) [N(CH3)4]3H8{Ln(H2O)7[Ln(H2O)3Ln(H2O)4(α2-P2W17O61)2]}·48H2O [Ln = La3+ (1), Ce3+ (2), and Pr3+ (3)] were successfully obtained by the reaction of a trivacant Dawson-type precursor [P2W15O56]12- and lanthanide ions under hydrothermal conditions. ", "The compounds 1-3 were fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and a series of analytical methods, including elemental analyses, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV/vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). ", "Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that 1-3 were isostructural and exhibited a 2D network architecture through the alternative connection of [α2-P2W17O61]10- and lanthanide ions. ", "The photoluminescence properties of 1-3 were investigated at room temperature, and 3 displayed the characteristic emissions of a Pr3+ emitting center, indicating that POMs can transfer energy and sensitize Pr3+ emissions. ", "The reason for the weak emission intensity of Pr3+ emitting ions was because the radiationless losses via a charge-transfer Pr → W state negatively affected the emission of the Pr3+ ions in LCPs." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0.013605442176870748, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0.005128205128205128 ]

[ "Associations of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene variants with pituitary adenoma.", "\nThe aim was to evaluate the association of CETP (rs5882 and rs708272) single nucleotide polymorphisms with the presence, invasiveness, hormonal activity and recurrence of pituitary adenoma (PA). ", "The study group included 142 patients with PA and the control group, 753 healthy subjects. ", "The genotyping of CETP (rs5882 and rs708272) was performed using a real-time PCR method. ", "After statistical analysis we found that CETP rs708272 genotype G/A under the over-dominant model was associated with the decreased odds of PA (OR=0.637; 95%CI: 0.443-0.917; P=0.015), active PA (OR=0.538; 95%CI: 0.335-0.865; P =0.01) and non-recurrent PA (OR=0.602; 95% CI: 0.402 - 0.902; P =0.014). ", "When compared to controls, the rs708272 genotype G/A was less frequent in the active PA subgroup (37.5% vs 52.7%, P =0.009) and the non-recurrent PA subgroup (40.2% vs 52.7%, P=0.013), while the rs5882 genotype A/A was less frequent in the non-recurrent PA subgroup (37.5% vs 46.2%, P=0.015). ", "Our study showed that CETP rs708272 genotype G/A may be associated with a decreased risk of PA." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.02247191011235955, 0.016666666666666666, 0.0034129692832764505, 0.010526315789473684 ]

[ "The ultrasound spectrum of prune-belly syndrome.", "\nThe sonographic features of prune-belly syndrome are illustrated and described, corresponding to a classification based on clinical and radiographic findings. ", "The severity of urinary tract involvement determines to which group a given patient is assigned. ", "In group I, the kidneys are dysplastic, with no appreciable surrounding renal parenchyma. ", "In group II, there is marked dilatation of the ureter and mild dilatation or no dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces. ", "In group III, the involvement is milder, ranging from the sonographic findings typical of group II to those of normal-appearing urinary tract." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0.014084507042253521 ]

[ "Introduction\n============\n\nGene therapy is thought to have great potential for treatment of acquired diseases, as well as inherited genetic diseases.[@b1-ijn-6-2567] Many human diseases, eg, cancer and neovascularization, have been associated with overexpression of specific genes. ", "The delivery of a normally functioning gene to the nucleus or cytoplasm of malfunctioning cells, may restore the targeted abnormal gene to a normal state.[@b2-ijn-6-2567],[@b3-ijn-6-2567] Human retinal pigment epithelial cells play an important role in angiogenesis of the choroid by overexpression of angiogenic factors. ", "Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a double-stranded structure with 21--23 base pairs that can target its complementary mRNA, thereby hastening mRNA degradation, and inhibiting translation of a targeted gene.[@b4-ijn-6-2567]--[@b6-ijn-6-2567] With high specificity and easy application, siRNA has gradually replaced more conventional gene knockdown techniques for target-specific gene silencing. ", "The ability of siRNA to silence gene expression has become a useful tool for investigating gene function; in addition, it is used in the pharmaceutical industry to develop pharmacological agents.[@b7-ijn-6-2567] Thus, retinal pigment epithelial cells might be a promising target site for siRNA used to prevent or treat choroidal neovascularization in patients with age-related macular degeneration by inhibiting expression of angiogenic factor. ", "However, use of siRNA as a therapeutic agent has been complicated by problems such as poor formulation stability, difficulty penetrating biological barriers, and low delivery efficiency at the target site. ", "Therefore, it is important to develop a delivery system that serves as an effective vector for siRNA and provides optimal delivery to the targeted site.[@b6-ijn-6-2567],[@b8-ijn-6-2567]\n\nCationic liposomes are a promising nonviral delivery system, and have been extensively studied for siRNA and plasmid DNA delivery.[@b9-ijn-6-2567] The addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the liposomes can decrease reticuloendothelial system recognition, thereby prolonging the circulation time in biological fluids. ", "Although PEGylated liposomes provide a more stable preparation, the steric barrier of the grafted PEG moiety on the surface of the liposomes reduces interaction between the delivery system and the cell surface. ", "Many strategies have been successfully implemented to improve cell delivery efficiency of the PEGylated nanoparticles including transient PEG coating, attachment of targeting ligands at the distal end of PEG moieties, and the incorporation of cell-penetrating peptides.[@b10-ijn-6-2567],[@b11-ijn-6-2567] Currently, liposome studies are focusing on targeting delivery to maximize the delivery of the carried therapeutic agent to the targeting site and minimizing potential side effects. ", "The addition of specific antibodies or a biological adhesive cell ligand to the liposome can enhance its binding ability in specific tissues, cells or pathogens, and consequently achieve higher delivery efficiency. ", "For enhancing siRNA delivery into retinal pigment epithelial cells, the ligand of the surface receptors in the retinal pigment epithelial cells might be used to modify the PEGylated lipid of the liposome. ", "Previous studies have shown that integrin receptors are upregulated in ocular neovascularization. ", "Specifically, integrin α~V~β~3~ is overexpressed in the ocular tissues of patients with age-related macular degeneration, whereas, α~V~β~3~ and α~V~β~5~ are also found in the vascular tissues of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.[@b12-ijn-6-2567] Other studies showed that, in retinal pigment epithelial cells, the α~V~β~3~ and α~V~β~5~ receptors were expressed at the apical side, while integrin α~5~β~1~ receptors were expressed at the basolateral side.[@b13-ijn-6-2567] Expression of α~5~β~1~ integrins on the basolateral side of retinal pigment epithelial cells has been characterized and shown to be important for attachment of cells to Bruch's membrane. ", "Expression of α~V~β~3~ and α~V~β~5~ integrins at the apical side has been associated with maintenance of diurnal phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor outer segment fragment.[@b14-ijn-6-2567] In order to enhance the delivery of siRNA-loaded liposomes to retinal pigment epithelial cells, liposomes with the integrin receptor ligand might be used to target delivery of siRNA to retinal pigment epithelial cells for the prevention and/or treatment of choroidal neovascularization in patients with age-related macular degeneration. ", "Moreover, peptides with the RGD motif have been shown to bind specifically to α~V~- or α~5~- associated integrins.[@b15-ijn-6-2567],[@b16-ijn-6-2567] Thus, modified liposomes with the RGD motif peptide might be constructed to carry siRNA for targeted delivery.", "\n\nThe purpose of this study was to synthesize a functional RGD peptide-lipid conjugate and develop an effective lipid-based gene vector associated with the RGD peptide for targeting integrin receptors and enhancing siRNA delivery to retinal pigment epithelial cells. ", "In addition, the characterization, cytotoxicity, and delivery efficiency of the liposome preparations were investigated.", "\n\nMaterials and methods\n=====================\n\nChemicals\n---------\n\nA negative control siRNA or FAM-labeled negative control siRNA (having a molecular mass of approximately 13.5 kDa, sense: FAM-5′-UUC-UCC-GAA-CGU-GUC-ACG- UTT-3′ and antisense: 5′-ACG-UGA-CAC-GUU-CGG- AGA-ATT-3′) were purchased from MDBio Inc (Taipei, Taiwan). ", "All of the lipid materials used, 3β-\\[N-(N′,N′-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl\\] cholesterol (DC-cholesterol), 1,2-dioleoyl-*sn*-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-distearoyl-*sn*-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-\\[carboxy (polyethylene glycol)-2000\\] \\[DSPE-PEG(2000) carboxy\\], and 1,2-distearoyl-*sn*-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine- N-\\[maleimide (polyethylene glycol)-2000\\] \\[DSPE-PEG(2000) maleimide\\] were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). ", "The RGD peptide (sequence: H-Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro-Lys-Cys-OH, molecular weight, 818.9 Da) was purchased from Yao-Hong Biotechnology Inc (Taipei, Taiwan). ", "CHCA (α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). ", "The SYBR Gold, Hoechst 33342, and BODIPY phalloidin dyes were obtained from Invitrogen (Eugene, OR). ", "The MTS reagent, 3-\\[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl\\]-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2*H*-tetrazolium, was purchased from Promega Corporation (Madison, WI). ", "Anti-integrin antibodies (α~V~β~3~, MAB1976; α~5~β~1~, MAB1969; α~5~, CBL497) were obtained from Chemicon International (Temecula, CA). ", "All other chemicals were pharmaceutical or reagent grade.", "\n\nSynthesis and identification of DSPE-PEG(2000)-RGD\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nRGD peptide-conjugated DSPE-PEG(2000) maleimide \\[DSPE-PEG (2000)-RGD\\] was synthesized by modifying a method previously reported.[@b17-ijn-6-2567] Briefly, DSPE-PEG(2000) maleimide ammonium salt (molecular weight 2941.61) and RGD peptide were dissolved in a buffer solution (50 mM triethanolamine hydrochloride, 50 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, and 1 mM EDTA, pH 8). ", "DSPE-PEG(2000) maleimide solution (2 mM) was gently mixed with an equal volume of RGD peptide solution (4 mM) overnight in a glass bottle at 4°C. ", "The synthesized product was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (Bruker Daltonics, Autoflex II TOF/TOF50, Leipzig, Germany).", "\n\nPreparation of siRNA-loaded liposomes\n-------------------------------------\n\nPEGylated cationic liposomes, containing DC-cholesterol, DOPE, and DSPE-PEG(2000) carboxy with molar ratios of 50/49/1 and 50/45/5, were prepared by the thin-film hydration method according to a method previously reported.[@b18-ijn-6-2567] Briefly, the lipids were dissolved in chloroform in a rotary bottle (total lipids 3.6 μmol). ", "After evaporation, a thin lipid film was formed and further dried under a vacuum for eight hours to remove residual solvent. ", "The dry lipid film was hydrated for eight hours using 2.4 mL sterile phosphate-buffered solution containing siRNA or FAM-labeled siRNA. ", "The dispersion was sonicated for 10 minutes and then passed through a polycarbonate membrane 10 times (100 nm pore size) using an extruder (Avanti Polar Lipids, Mini-Extruder, Birmingham, AL). ", "The total lipid concentration of the prepared liposomes was 1.5 mM.\n\nPreparation of siRNA-loaded liposomes with RGD peptide modification\n-------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nRGD-modified PEGylated cationic liposomes, containing DC-cholesterol, DOPE, and DSPE-PEG(2000)-RGD, with molar ratios of 50/49/1 and 50/45/5, respectively, were prepared. ", "The procedure was the same as described above.", "\n\nCharacterization of siRNA-loaded liposomes\n------------------------------------------\n\n### Particle size\n\nThe prepared siRNA-loaded liposomes (1.5 mM) were diluted to 1 mM using an appropriate volume of sterile phosphate-buffered solution (pH 7.3). ", "The volume-average hydrodynamic diameter of various siRNA-loaded liposomes was determined by a dynamic light scattering method using a particle analyzer (Horiba Instruments Limited, LB-500, Tokyo, Japan). ", "A laser diode was used for dynamic light scattering, with a LB-550 software system from Horiba Instruments Limited. ", "The apparatus consisted of a digital correlator and a signal processor incorporated in a computer. ", "Measurements were made at 650 nm, at a 90° angle for the detector (photo multiplier tube). ", "The mean particle size and size distribution of the siRNA-loaded liposomes were obtained for each sample measurement at room temperature.", "\n\n### Zeta potential\n\nThe prepared siRNA-loaded liposomes (1.5 mM) were diluted to 1 mM using an appropriate volume of sterile phosphate-buffered solution (pH 7.3). ", "The zeta potential of the siRNA-loaded liposomes was measured by determining the electrophoretic mobility using the zeta potential analyzer (Brookhaven Instruments, ZetaPlus, Long Island, NY) at room temperature. ", "Triplicate measurements were performed for each sample.", "\n\n### Transmission electron microscopy\n\nFor the transmission electron microscopy, the siRNA-loaded liposome solution (8 μL) was placed on a formvar/carbon film-coated copper grid, obtained from Ted Pella (Redding, CA). ", "After removing excess sample with filter paper, the sample was air-dried for 10 minutes at room temperature. ", "The siRNA-loaded liposomes were then visualized using 0.5% uranyl acetate negative staining for 15 seconds at room temperature and imaged on a transmission electron microscope (Hitachi, H-7650, Tokyo, Japan). ", "Images were taken at 50,000× magnification.", "\n\n### Entrapment efficiency\n\nFor determination of the entrapment efficiency of the PEGylated liposomes and RGD peptide-modified PEGylated liposomes, the amount of negative control siRNA was quantified in the external phase, according to methods previously reported.[@b19-ijn-6-2567],[@b20-ijn-6-2567] The liposomes were spun down at 20,000 × g for 30 minutes; the supernatants were diluted (if necessary), and stained with SYBR Gold dye and analyzed for siRNA content by measuring the intensity of fluorescence with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader (Biochrom Ltd, Anthos 2010, Cambridge, UK) at 537 nm against a standard curve. ", "A standard curve was established from analyzing a series of siRNA reference solutions with 200 μL measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader, and determined fluorescence intensity of 537 nm. ", "The regression equations were as follows: y = 11.343x -- 221.91, r square = 0.9992. ", "The regression lines had good linearity, ranging from 31.25 to 2000 ng/mL for siRNA. ", "The entrapment efficiency of the siRNA-loaded liposomes was calculated as the ratio of siRNA used for preparation of the initial mixture as follows: Entrapment efficiency (%) = (siRNA~t~ -- siRNA~f~)/siRNA~t~ × 100; where siRNA~t~ is the total amount of siRNA used for preparation of the initial mixture and siRNA~f~ is the free siRNA amount recovered in the supernatant. ", "All the measurements were done in triplicate.", "\n\nARPE-19 cell cultures\n---------------------\n\nARPE-19 cells were obtained from the American Tissue Culture Collection and cultured in a 1:1 mixture of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and Ham's F12 with 15 mM HEPES buffer, 2 mM L-glutamine, 56 mM sodium bicarbonate, and 10% fetal bovine serum. ", "The cells were maintained at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO~2~.[@b21-ijn-6-2567] Cells in passages 25 to 32 were used in the experiments, and seeding cells were counted in a hemocytometer with Trypan blue staining.", "\n\nLiposomal cytotoxicity\n----------------------\n\nARPE-19 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 1.6 × 10^4^ cells per well and incubated for 18 hours. ", "Before the MTS assay, cells were washed with phosphate-buffered solution 100 μL. A 1.5 mM total lipid concentration of the prepared liposomes was diluted to 51.2, 12.8, and 3.2 μM with serum-free culture medium. ", "The siRNA-loaded liposomes were then added to 100 μL of serum-free culture medium. ", "After four hours, the cells were washed with phosphate-buffered solution 100 μL, and 100 μL of the cultured media was then added. ", "Next, the cells were added to 20 μL of MTS and incubated for two hours at 37°C. ", "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader, set at 490 nm, was used to read the absorbance of formazan in each well to determine the quantity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases in the viable cells. ", "The percent cell viability was calculated as: cell viability (%) = \\[(ABS~sample~ -- ABS~blank~)/(ABS~control~ -- ABS~blank~)\\] × 100, where ABS~sample~, ABS~control~, and ABS~blank~ represent the absorbance of wells exposed to the liposomal dispersions, treated with serum-free culture medium, and treated with serum-free culture medium but without cells, respectively.[@b22-ijn-6-2567]\n\nConfocal laser scanning microscopy\n----------------------------------\n\nThe ARPE-19 cells were seeded in six-well plates using DMEM medium at a density of 2 × 10^5^ cells per well and incubated for 24 hours to achieve 50% confluence. ", "Before the uptake study, the culture media was removed, and the cells were washed with phosphate-buffered solution. ", "The phosphate- buffered solution was then removed, and the prepared FAM-siRNA loaded liposomes, in 1 mL of serum-free culture media, were added. ", "After four hours, the cells were washed three times with phosphate-buffered solution. ", "The cells were then fixed with 3.7% formaldehyde for 10 minutes and washed three times with 1 mL of phosphate-buffered solution. ", "Finally, cellular permeability was increased by adding 0.1% Triton for five minutes, and washing three times with 1 mL of phosphate-buffered solution. ", "The cells were incubated in Hoechst 33342 for five minutes, which was then replaced by BODIPY phalloidin for 20 minutes. ", "Confocal laser scanning microscopy (Jeol Ltd, Leica TCS SP5, Tokyo, Japan) was performed to obtain optical images of the distribution of FAM-siRNA in the ARPE-19 cells. ", "Images obtained from the bottom of the coverslip to the top of the cells were recorded by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). ", "The number of speckled green fluorescence images of the FAM-siRNA located within the cytoplasm was counted from the Z-series images at every 1 μm of depth. ", "For determination of the FAM-siRNA localized within the cell, the number of speckled green fluorescence images counted was divided by total cell number observed in each image. ", "The figure was determined by the distance of the Z-axis from the bottom of the coverslip versus the number of speckled green fluorescence (FAM-siRNA) images counted in the cytoplasm of each cell.", "\n\nFlow cytometry\n--------------\n\nThe ARPE-19 cells were seeded in six-well plates using DMEM medium at a density of 3 × 10^5^ cells per well and incubated for 24 hours to achieve 75% confluence. ", "Before the uptake study, the culture media was removed and the cells were washed with phosphate-buffered solution. ", "FAM-siRNA loaded liposomes in 1 mL of serum-free culture media were then added. ", "After four hours, the cells were washed three times with phosphate-buffered solution and then detached using 0.05% trypsin/0.02% EDTA, washed with phosphate-buffered solution, and resuspended in 1 mL phosphate-buffered solution for flow cytometric assay. ", "The FAM-siRNA loaded liposome uptake was measured using a flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, FACScan flow cytometer, Heidelberg, Germany). ", "The ARPE-19 cells were then analyzed at 488 nm excitation and 530 nm band-pass filter in the emission path. ", "Forward and side light scatter was used to gate the desired scattered events of the normal cells, dead cells, and cell debris.", "\n\nAntibody blocking assay of FAM-siRNA loaded liposomes\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nPrevious studies have shown that ARPE-19 overexpresses various integrins and serves as an in vitro cell model for gene delivery.[@b23-ijn-6-2567],[@b24-ijn-6-2567] In order to confirm that receptor-bearing cells take up the RGD-modified PEGylated liposome, ARPE-19 was incubated with FAM-siRNA-loaded 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes at 37°C. ", "To determine that specific receptors were used in the uptake of 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes by ARPE-19, the cells were pretreated with antibodies that block α~V~β~3~ (MAB1976), α~5~β~1~ (MAB1969), and α~5~ (CBL497) integrins. ", "All antibodies were used at 5 μg/mL.[@b25-ijn-6-2567] The ARPE-19 cells were seeded in six-well plates using DMEM medium at a density of 3 × 10^5^ cells per well and incubated for 24 hours to achieve 75% confluence. ", "Before treating the FAM-siRNA loaded liposomes, the cells were preincubated separately with α~V~β~3~ antibody, α~5~ antibody, or α~5~β~1~ antibody, for one hour and then FAM-siRNA loaded liposomes were added. ", "After two hours, the cells were washed three times with phosphate-buffered solution and then detached using 0.05% trypsin/0.02% EDTA, washed with phosphate-buffered solution, and resuspended in 1 mL of phosphate-buffered solution for the flow cytometry assay.", "\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nThe results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. ", "The Student's *t*-test for the comparisons between two means was used to determine statistical significance. ", "Differences were considered to be significant at *P* \\< 0.05.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nSynthesis and identification of DSPE-PEG-RGD\n--------------------------------------------\n\nUnder the reaction conditions of 12 hours at 4°C, pH 8, and gentle mixing, DSPE-PEG(2000)-RGD (molecular weight 3741.69 Da) was successfully synthesized using DSPE-PEG( 2000) maleimide (molecular weight 2922.79 Da) and thiolated RGD peptide (molecular weight 818.9 Da), by a Michael additive reaction between activated maleimide and a thiol group ([Figure 1A](#f1-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Formation of the desired compound was further confirmed by the MALDI-TOF mass. ", "Peaks of parental DSPE-PEG(2000) maleimide completely vanished and shifted to the right side, at regions approximating the molecular weight of the thiolated RGD peptide ([Figure 1B](#f1-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "DSPE-PEG maleimide was not a homogenous polymer compound. ", "The successive members in DSPE-PEG(2000)-RGD or DSPE-PEG(2000) maleimide differed in mass by 44 Da for the ethylene oxide --CH~2~CH~2~O-- molecular weight.", "\n\nCharacterization of siRNA-loaded liposomes\n------------------------------------------\n\nThe characterization of the liposomes, including particle sizes, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency, is summarized in [Table 1](#t1-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The mean particle sizes for the 1 mol% and 5 mol% PEGylated liposomes with siRNA were 129.7 nm and 147.2 nm, respectively. ", "Mean particle size increased slightly by increasing the molar ratio of the PEGylated lipids. ", "In addition, the RGD-PEGylated liposomes with siRNA had larger mean particle sizes than the PEGylated liposomes. ", "The transmission electron microscopic images of the 1 mol% PEGylated liposomes and 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes showed a similar particle size distribution as measured by the dynamic light scattering method ([Figure 2A and B](#f2-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The siRNA-loaded 1 mol% PEGylated liposome had the highest positive zeta potential (32 ± 1.34 mV) of all the liposomes studied. ", "When a high molar ratio of DSPE-PEG( 2000) carboxy was incorporated, the zeta potential was reduced to 25.7 ± 1 mV for the 5 mol% PEGylated liposomes. ", "In addition, incorporation with different molar ratios of the synthesized lipid, DSPE-PEG(2000)-RGD, reduced the zeta potential to 24.9 ± 1.5 for the 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated and to 17.3 ± 0.6 mV for the 5 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes. ", "The PEGylated liposomes and RGD-PEGylated liposomes showed high-level siRNA entrapment efficiencies of more than 96% by the thin film hydration method.", "\n\nLiposome cytotoxicity\n---------------------\n\nThe cytotoxicity of the liposome formulations was evaluated in the ARPE-19 cells with total liposomal lipid concentrations of 3.2, 12.8, or 51.2 μM for the cells incubated with serum-free medium alone, no treatment with liposome as a control, and cell viability set at 100% ([Figure 3](#f3-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The viability of ARPE-19, the group treated with 12.8 μM of 1 or 5 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomal suspensions, showed a relative cell viability that remained unchanged. ", "However, there was significantly reduced relative cell viability when the cells were treated with 12.8 μM of 1 mol% and 5 mol% PEGylated liposomes. ", "There was no cytotoxicity among the groups treated with 3.2 μM, but significant cytotoxicity was observed with the 51.2 μM treatment. ", "These results show that RGD peptide modification of cationic PEGylated liposomes was less cytotoxic than the cationic PEGylated liposomes.", "\n\nCLSM imaging study\n------------------\n\nThe distribution of FAM-siRNA-loaded liposomes was studied to determine their intracellular distribution with or without DSPE-PEG-RGD. [", "Figure 4](#f4-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the confocal images of FAM-siRNA-loaded RGD-PEGylated liposomes; they had a significantly greater amount of speckled green fluorescence (FAM-siRNA) in the ARPE-19 cells compared with the cationic PEGylated liposomes (4B \\> 4A, 4D \\> 4C). ", "Slightly more FAM-siRNA was detected in the 1 mol% PEGylated liposomes compared with 5 mol% PEGylated liposomes (4A \\> 4C). ", "These findings suggest that high levels of PEGylation in the liposomes decreased uptake of FAM-siRNA in the loaded liposomes. ", "However, FAM-siRNA was significantly greater in the 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes compared with the 5 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes (4B \\> 4D). ", "A three-dimensional detection method was used by the CLSM for determination of FAM-siRNA loaded liposomes localized within the cell. ", "Comparison of 1 mol% PEGylated liposomes with 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes ([Figure 5A and B](#f5-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}) showed that the 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes were more localized than the 1 mol% PEGylated liposomes (5B \\> 5A). ", "The total number of 1 mol% PEGylated liposomes and 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes was counted as 40 and 89, respectively. ", "These findings suggest that the RGD-PEGylated liposomes may provide an efficient transfer of siRNA for delivery into ARPE-19 cells.", "\n\nLiposome uptake by ARPE-19 cells\n--------------------------------\n\nThe FAM-siRNA uptake intensity in the ARPE-19 cells was studied to evaluate the PEGylated liposomes and RGD-PEGylated liposomes; flow cytometry was used for the analysis. ", "Comparison in the presence and absence of RGD-PEGylated effects in the formulation of 1 mol% and 5 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes, showed FAM-siRNA delivery efficiencies of about 3.6 times and 4.2 times greater than for 1 mol% and 5 mol% PEGylated liposomes, respectively ([Figure 6B and C](#f6-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "For the 1 mol% and 5 mol% PEGylated liposomes, the FAM-siRNA delivery efficiency decreased as the percentage of PEGylated lipids increased in the formulation. ", "In the 1 mol% and 5 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes, the FAM-siRNA delivery efficiency was also decreased as the percentage of DSPE-PEG- RGD increased in the formulation. ", "Similar trends were observed in the results of the CLSM imaging study. ", "These findings might be explained by the RGD peptide modification of the PEGylated liposomes enhancing the delivery efficiency of the cargo gene, FAM-siRNA, into the ARPE-19 cells. ", "From the image of the forward and side light scatter, cell debris was significantly observed in the 5 mol% PEGylated liposomes, but was not obvious in the 5 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes. ", "These findings suggest that the cationic PEGylated liposome with a higher percentage of PEGylated-lipids might have damaged the cell integrity ([Figure 6A](#f6-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, RGD peptide modification of the cationic PEGylated liposomes appears to have reduced damage to the integrity of the cell. ", "These findings suggest that PEGylated lipid interferes with the integrity of the cell and that DSPE-PEG-RGD is less prone to induce cell damage.", "\n\nAntibody blocking assay\n-----------------------\n\nComparison of the uptake of FAM-siRNA loaded 1 mol% PEGylated liposomes of cells with or without antibody pretreatment; the group without antibody pretreatment was used as a control, and the FAM-siRNA uptake intensity was set at 100%. ", "The pretreatment of anti-α~V~β~3~, -α~5~β~1~, or -α~5~ antibody uptake percentage was decreased to 23.2% (*P* \\< 0.01), 31.9% (*P* \\< 0.001), and 34.1% (*P* \\< 0.001), respectively ([Figure 7](#f7-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "When pretreated with a mixture of -α~V~β~3~, -α~5~β~1~, and -α~5~ antibodies, the uptake percentage was decreased to 49.5% (*P* \\< 0.001) compared with no pretreated antibody control. ", "These data further confirmed that the RGD-Pegylated liposomes were internalized by integrin receptor-mediated endocytosis in ARPE-19 cells.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nBecause it is difficult for free siRNA to enter into cells, lipid-based carriers are often used to improve cellular uptake of siRNA.[@b26-ijn-6-2567] Previous studies have reported that cationic liposomes can be used for gene delivery; they are easy to prepare, reasonably inexpensive, and can achieve ideal transfection.[@b27-ijn-6-2567],[@b28-ijn-6-2567] Currently, the targeting liposome design is of great interest for the transport of genes into desired target cells; this method has the potential to produce greater and more selective therapeutic activity. ", "This approach involves the coupling of targeting moieties capable of recognizing target cells, binding to them, and internalization of the liposomes and encapsulated gene. ", "For this process, a variety of targeting liposomes can be developed. ", "For example, an antibody-mediated liposome, or an immunoliposome, can be constructed to target HER2-overexpressing tumors using anti-HER2 liposomes. ", "Other ligands such as folate, transferrin, RGD peptide, and the epidermal growth factor receptor have also been studied.[@b29-ijn-6-2567] However, previous studies have usually prepared the nanoparticles first, and then added a targeting molecule for conjugation on the surface of the nanoparticle.[@b17-ijn-6-2567],[@b29-ijn-6-2567],[@b30-ijn-6-2567] This method is limited by the difficulty in controlling the number of targeting moieties conjugated to the constructed nanoparticles. ", "In this report, synthesis of the ligand-conjugated lipid, DSPE-PEG-RGD, was performed by Michael addition reactions between activated maleimide and thiol groups prior to preparation of the liposomes ([Figure 1A](#f1-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The DSPE-PEG-RGD was easy to synthesize, allowing precise addition of the targeting molecule in a variety of liposome preparations. ", "In this study, MALDI- TOF mass spectrometry, a powerful tool for identification of a compound's molecular weight, was used to determine the molecular weight of DSPE-PEG maleimide and DSPE-PEG- RGD. ", "MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry showed that the DSPE-PEG-RGD peaks all increased approximately 818.9 Da, which is the molecular weight of thiolated RGD peptide, compared with the relative DSPE-PEG maleimide peaks ([Figure 1B](#f1-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "After reaction, the parental DSPE-PEG maleimide peaks were almost gone, and instead DSPE-PEG- RGD peaks were observed. ", "These results showed that the DSPE-PEG maleimide reacted quantitatively with one thiolated RGD peptide.", "\n\nThe PEG moiety of the liposome has been demonstrated to be more stable and remains in the circulation for a longer period of time in vivo, because the PEG moiety provides an efficient steric hindrance that prevents the binding of plasma proteins with the liposomes and thereby also interferes with uptake by the reticuloendothelial system.[@b10-ijn-6-2567],[@b29-ijn-6-2567],[@b31-ijn-6-2567] In this study, the zeta potential of the siRNA-loaded 1 mol% PEGylated liposome was highly positive (32 ± 1.3 mV). ", "However, when a high molar ratio of DSPE-PEG was incorporated, it was reduced to 25.3 ± 1 mV for the 5 mol% PEGylated liposomes. ", "Incorporating different molar ratios of DSPE-PEG- RGD resulted in further reductions in the zeta potential to 24.9 ± 1.5 for the 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes and to 17.3 ± 0.6 mV for the 5 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes ([Table 1](#t1-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "These findings show that the presence of a lipid-bound PEG moiety shielded the positive charge from the cationic lipid, and the presence of a RGD peptide at the end of PEG moiety shielded the molecule from a more positive charge.", "\n\nIn 1 mol% PEGylated liposomes and 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes, the hydrodynamic size was in the range of 129.7 to 156.4 nm, associated with a narrow size distribution of 51 to 37.5 nm, respectively. ", "The presence of the RGD peptide on the liposome surface slightly increased the size compared with liposomes without the RGD peptide. ", "Theoretically, for a 100 nm liposomal particle modified with DSPE-PEG2000, the PEG moiety is arranged in the mushroom mode in the presence with \\<4 mol% DSPE-PEG2000; the PEG moiety is configured in phase transition by the presence of a 4 to 8 mol% modification, and in the brush mode with \\>8 mol% PEGylation.[@b32-ijn-6-2567] The effect of grafted PEG on liposome size is mainly a change in the spatial structure of the DSPE-PEG molecule, which is contingent on the grafted PEG in the mushroom or brush configuration.[@b33-ijn-6-2567]\n\nThe transmission electron microscopic assay showed clearly the image of the small unilamellar vesicles that comprise the lipid bilayer, with diameters in the range of 50--250 nm; a narrow size distribution was observed ([Figure 2](#f2-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The small unilamellar vesicles contain a large aqueous core and are preferentially used for encapsulated water-soluble drugs.[@b10-ijn-6-2567] These findings indicate that the DSPE-PEG- RGD incorporated into the liposome resulted in sterically stabilized liposomes as well as PEGylated liposomes.", "\n\nIn this study, siRNA entrapment efficiencies were all higher than 96%. ", "This was primarily due to the electrostatic interaction between the dimethylaminoethane of the DC-cholesterol and the phosphate groups of the siRNA in a +/− charge ratio of 4, consistent with previously reported findings from Zhang et al.[@b34-ijn-6-2567]\n\nLiposomes are composed of phospholipids and cholesterols, which are components of the cell; these compounds are biocompatible and nontoxic particulates that can be used for gene carrier constructs. ", "However, there are some components reported that tend to be associated with cytotoxicity. ", "For example, positively charged liposomes containing DC-cholesterol had increased toxicity when their dimethylaminoethane content was increased;[@b35-ijn-6-2567] the liposome formulations included a lipid holding a PEG moiety to reduce the surface charge density of the cationic lipid. ", "However, as the PEG molecular weight of the PEGylated nanoparticle increased, the cytotoxicity also increased.[@b36-ijn-6-2567] In this study, the cytotoxicity caused by the RGD-PEGylated liposome was lower than for the PEGylated liposome; these findings suggest that RGD peptide modification reduced the toxicity of the PEG portion of the liposome structure. ", "With the concentration of the RGD-PEGylated liposome in the culture medium less than 12.8 μM, the biosafety of the delivery system was improved in ARPE-19 cells ([Figure 3](#f3-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Hence, this safe concentration was used in the subsequent siRNA delivery assay.", "\n\nThe liposomal surface charge is considered one of the most important parameters governing cellular uptake of nanoparticles, which occurs by the electrostatic interactions of oppositely charged cells and liposomes.[@b37-ijn-6-2567],[@b38-ijn-6-2567] PEGylated liposomes decreased the uptake of the liposome and its cargo gene, FAM-siRNA ([Figure 4A and C](#f4-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}); this resulted from not only a lower positive charge on the liposome surface, but also the ability of the PEG moiety of the liposome to prevent contact with the cell surface. ", "These properties minimize the nonspecific binding of liposomes to the cell surface.[@b39-ijn-6-2567],[@b40-ijn-6-2567] However, in order to accumulate more liposomal siRNA in the retinal pigment epithelial cells, with the goal of producing greater and more selective therapeutic activity, use of active targeted liposomes with the RGD peptide has been suggested. ", "This involves coupling RGD moieties capable of recognizing and binding to the integrin receptor of the retinal pigment epithelial cells, and then inducing liposome or loaded siRNA uptake. ", "The expression of α~5~β~1~ integrins on the basolateral side of retinal pigment epithelial cells has been characterized, and shown to be important for attachment of cells to Bruch's membrane, while expression of the α~V~β~3~ and α~V~β~5~ integrins on the apical side maintains diurnal phagocytosis of the shed outer segment fragment of the photoreceptor.[@b14-ijn-6-2567] The RGD-containing peptide could be used as a specific ligand for integrin α~V~β~3~, α~V~β~5~, or α~5~β~1~. Therefore, the synthesized DPSE-PEG-RGD was used to formulate targeted liposomes in this study by covalent binding of the active maleimide of the PEG end and the specific thiol group of ligands.", "\n\nFor the siRNA, the interference mechanism is necessary for successful delivery of siRNA into the cytoplasm of target cells. ", "In further analysis of the CLSM images, comparing the 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes with the 1 mol% PEGylated liposomes, the total number of 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes localized within the cells was more than for the 1 mol% PEGylated liposomes ([Figure 5A and B](#f5-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Therefore, a large amount of the FAM-siRNA-loaded 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes was confirmed to provide effective delivery into the cytoplasm of the ARPE-19 cells. ", "However, siRNA delivery is a multistep process, which has several potential problems, including biological barriers to penetration, cellular internalization, endosomal escape, and cytoplasm trafficking.[@b5-ijn-6-2567],[@b34-ijn-6-2567] In the future, the knockdown effect of targeted liposomes encapsulating a functional siRNA and the therapeutic effects in vivo of targeted delivery will require further evaluation.", "\n\nPrevious reports have shown that a suitable size and positive zeta potential are essential for enhanced delivery of particles into cells.[@b41-ijn-6-2567] The results of this study show that RGD-PEGylated liposomes have a larger size and smaller zeta potential, but increased siRNA delivery efficiency in ARPE-19 cells, compared with PEGylated liposomes ([Figure 6](#f6-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Demonstrating further that binding was mediated by RGD-associated integrin receptors, the data from the integrin -α~V~β~3~, -α~5~β~1~, and -α~5~ antibody blocking assay showed that RGD-modified PEGylated liposomes were internalized by integrin receptor-mediated endocytosis in the retinal pigment epithelial cells. ", "However, the fluorescence of FAM-siRNA-loaded 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes was not completely inhibited by pretreating the cells with blocking antibodies against α~V~β~3~, α~5~β~1~, and α~5~ integrins ([Figure 7](#f7-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The integrin family includes not only α~V~β~3~ and α~5~β~1,~ but also α~8~β~1~, α~11b~β~3~, α~V~β~6~, and α~V~β~8~, which recognize RGD-containing peptides.[@b42-ijn-6-2567]\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nThe results of this study showed successful synthesis of the functional lipid, DSPE-PEG-RGD, which could be incorporated into a liposome formulation that was prepared and loaded with siRNA for effective delivery into ARPE-19 cells. ", "The prepared siRNA-loaded 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposomes demonstrated a positive charge (24.9 ± 1.5 mV), a nanosize of 156.4 nm (with narrow distribution width of 37.5 nm), entrapment efficiency (98.83% ± 0.01%), low cytotoxicity, and a high level of siRNA delivery efficiency compared with other investigated liposome vehicles. ", "The antibody blocking assay results confirm that receptor-mediated endocytosis was involved in the cell uptake of the RGD-PEGylated liposomes and the loaded siRNA. ", "These results provide a methodology for siRNA-specific delivery to retinal pigment epithelial cells using RGD-modified PEGylated liposomes.", "\n\nThis research was partly supported by a National Science Council grant (99-2320-B-016-004-MY2 to C-H Chiang) and Tri-Service General Hospital (TSGH C99-086 to D-W Lu), Taiwan. ", "We are grateful to the staff of TC5 Bio-Image Tools (Technology Commons, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University) for their assistance with confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.", "\n\n**Disclosure**\n\nThe authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.", "\n\n![", "DSPE-PEG-RGD peptide conjugates (**A**), Schematic representation of synthesis of DSPE-PEG-RGD peptide conjugates (**B**) MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis of the DSPE-PEG-RGD conjugate and parental DSPE-PEG maleimide, demonstrating an increase in mass from 2922.79 to 3741.69 after conjugation with the thiolated RGD peptide. ", "This corresponds to one thiolated RGD peptide molecule conjugated to one DSPE-PEG maleimide molecule.\\\n**Abbreviations:** DSPE-PEG-RGD, Arg(R)-Gly(G)-Asp(D) motif peptide conjugated to 1,2-distearoyl-*sn*-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-\\[maleimide (polyethylene glycol)-2000\\]; MALDI-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight.](ijn-6-2567f1){#f1-ijn-6-2567}\n\n{#f2-ijn-6-2567}\n\n{#f3-ijn-6-2567}\n\n{#f4-ijn-6-2567}\n\n{#f5-ijn-6-2567}\n\n{#f6-ijn-6-2567}\n\n{#f7-ijn-6-2567}\n\n###### \n\nParticle characterization of siRNA-loaded liposomes\n\n Group Lipid molar ratio in formulation Zeta potential (mV) Mean particle size (nm) Entrapment efficiency (%)\n ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------\n 1 mol% PEGylated liposome 50:49:1 (DC-chol/DOPE/DSPE-PEG2000) 32 ± 1.3[‡](#tfn1-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 129.7 (51)[§](#tfn2-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 97.66 ± 0.05[‡](#tfn1-ijn-6-2567){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}\n 5 mol% PEGylated liposome 50:45:5 (DC-chol/DOPE/DSPE-PEG2000) 25.3 ± 1 147.2 (48.2) 96.07 ± 0.07\n 1 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposome 50:49:1 (DC-chol/DOPE/DSPE-PEG2000-RGD) 24.9 ± 1.5 156.4 (37.5) 98.83 ± 0.01\n 5 mol% RGD-PEGylated liposome 50:45:5 (DC-chol/DOPE/DSPE-PEG2000-RGD) 17.3 ± 0.6 230.7 (60.7) 99.34 ± 0.03\n\n**Notes:** Data are the mean ± standard deviation for n = 3;\n\ndata are the mean (distribution width).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.0035460992907801418, 0.006211180124223602, 0.007614213197969543, 0.0022471910112359553, 0, 0.005905511811023622, 0.004739336492890996, 0.008213552361396304, 0, 0, 0, 0.0044444444444444444, 0.0018867924528301887, 0.011538461538461539, 0.00749063670411985, 0, 0.009146341463414634, 0.008547008547008548, 0.006369426751592357, 0.011627906976744186, 0.019801980198019802, 0.024096385542168676, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0.014675052410901468, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0.007281553398058253, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0.010362694300518135, 0.013262599469496022, 0, 0, 0.004878048780487805, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0, 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0.014084507042253521, 0.01818181818181818, 0.0045662100456621, 0, 0.004784688995215311, 0, 0.004694835680751174, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013114754098360656, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0.0047169811320754715, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0.001607717041800643, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0.01775147928994083, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0.005128205128205128, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0.013100436681222707, 0.004629629629629629, 0.004784688995215311, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00992063492063492, 0.012658227848101266, 0.009259259259259259, 0.017241379310344827, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.003861003861003861, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013245033112582781, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011299435028248588, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0.006944444444444444, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0, 0, 0.004166666666666667, 0.006191950464396285, 0.006289308176100629, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.011049723756906077, 0, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0.006944444444444444, 0.006993006993006993, 0.00881057268722467, 0.005434782608695652, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0, 0, 0.0102880658436214, 0.008130081300813009, 0.007575757575757576, 0.010101010101010102, 0.01171875, 0.01680672268907563, 0.019417475728155338, 0.00980392156862745, 0.007751937984496124, 0.00749063670411985, 0.004366812227074236, 0, 0.015037593984962405, 0.007471980074719801, 0.0033783783783783786, 0, 0.002197802197802198, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0.005309734513274336, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.002967359050445104, 0, 0, 0.006024096385542169, 0.004796163069544364, 0.004975124378109453, 0, 0.004016064257028112, 0.009302325581395349, 0, 0, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0.013392857142857142, 0, 0, 0.01812688821752266, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0.013368983957219251, 0.003703703703703704, 0.00684931506849315, 0.011450381679389313, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0.004545454545454545, 0.01, 0.003289473684210526, 0.003995433789954338, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nName of similar elements of symmetric group\n\nFor permutations of length $n$ of the symmetric group $S_n$, they can be arranged as follows (for example, $S_4$):\n(1234) (2341) (3412) (4123)\n(1243) (2431) (3124) (4312)\n(1324) (2413) (3241) (4132)\n(1342) (2134) (3421) (4213)\n(1423) (2314) (3142) (4231)\n(1432) (2143) (3214) (4321)\n\nIs there a name for the rows? ", "For the columns?", "\n\nA:\n\nAssuming this is cycle notation and you mean cycles of length $n$:\nEach row is simply four way of writing down the same permutation.", "\nI'm not aware of any nice name for the columns; they would usually be considered unimportant groupings based on accidents of your notation for permutations.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "---\nabstract: '${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}/{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}_2{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{O}}}_3/{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}_{0.6}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}_{0.4}/{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ based superconductor-insulator-ferromagnet-superconductor (SIFS) Josephson tunnel junctions with a thickness step in the metallic ferromagnetic ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}_{0.6}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}_{0.4}$ interlayer were fabricated. ", "The step was defined by optical lithography and controlled etching. ", "The step height is on the scale of a few angstroms. ", "Experimentally determined junction parameters by current-voltage characteristics and Fraunhofer pattern indicate a uniform F-layer thickness and the same interface transparencies for etched and non-etched F-layers. ", "This technique could be used to tailor low-$T_c$ Josephson junctions having controlled critical current densities at defined parts of the junction area, as needed for tunable resonators, magnetic-field driven electronics or phase modulated devices.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'M. Weides'\n- 'C. Schindler'\n- 'H. Kohlstedt'\ntitle: 'Low-$T_c$ Josephson junctions with tailored barrier '\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe work horse in superconducting electronics is the *Josephson junction* (JJ). ", "A Josephson junction consists of two weakly coupled superconducting metal bars via a constriction, e.g. made up by a normal (N) metal or a tunnel barrier (I). ", "Various types of Josephson junctions are routinely applied in ultra-high sensitive SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices) magnetometers, radio astronomy receivers or the voltage standard [@BuckelKleiner2004Superconductivity]. ", "Especially ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}/{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}-{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}_2{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{O}}}_3/{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ low-$T_c$ tunnel junctions attract considerable interest in many respects. ", "The ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}$ over layer technique [@Gurvitch82NbAlONb] allows the fabrication of high density ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$-based Josephson circuits with compromising small parameters spreads. ", "Nonetheless, the Josephson junction itself is a research subject which enriches our understanding of superconductivity, transport phenomena across interfaces and tunnel barriers. ", "Here it is worthwhile to note, that with the advent of high-quality magnetic tunnel junctions approximately 10 years ago, new so far unexplored devices are now under development which make use of both fabrication techniques and which consists of advanced layer sequences compromising superconducting (S) and magnetic materials (F).\\\nAt superconductive/magnetic metal (S/F) interfaces the superconducting order parameter $\\Psi$ is *spatially decaying and oscillating* inside the magnet (coherence length $\\xi_{F1}$, oscillation length $\\xi_{F2}$), whereas for a S/N system $\\Psi$ is simply *decaying* inside the metal [@buzdin05RMP]. ", "By combining the low-$T_c$ ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}/{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}$ technology with magnetic tunnel junctions new functionalities are predicted. ", "In this framework so called $0$–$\\pi$ Josephson junctions were recent focus of research activities [@RoccaAprili05classicalspins; @FrolovRyazanovSemifluxon; @WeidesFractVortex].\\\nThe supercurrent through an SNS junction is given by $I=I_c\\sin(\\phi)$, where $\\phi=\\Psi_1-\\Psi_2$ is the phase difference of the superconducting electrode wave functions and $I_c>0$ the maximum supercurrent through the junction [@Josephson]. ", "In absence of current ($I=0$) through the JJ the Josephson phase $\\phi=0$ corresponds to the energy minimum. ", "These junctions are so-called $0$ JJs. ", "In an SFS stack with ferromagnetic layer thickness $d_F\\propto \\xi_{F2}/2$, the amplitude of order parameter $\\Psi$ vanishes at the center of the F-layer and the order parameter has the opposite sign at the adjacent superconducting electrode. ", "This state is described by a phase shift of $\\pi$ and these junctions are so-called $\\pi$ JJs. ", "SFS-type $\\pi$ JJs have a negative critical current, hence the Josephson relation can be rewritten: $I=-I_c\\sin(\\phi)=|I_c|\\sin(\\phi+\\pi)$ [@Bulaevskii1977; @Buzdin1991]. ", "Recently, these types of Josephson junctions have been realized using SFS [@Ryazanov2000; @Blum:2002:IcOscillations] and SIFS [@Kontos02Negativecoupling; @WeidesHighQualityJJ] stacks. ", "The kind of coupling can be determined by the $j_c(d_F)$ dependence, see Fig. ", "\\[IcdFMod\\].", "\n\nThe difference in spin ordering leads to a very rich and interesting physics.", "Superconductive (S), non-magnetic (N) or ferromagnetic (F) metals are well-known physical properties of solid states. ", "While the interface physics of superconductivity/non-magnetic metal (S/N) has been widely studied for a long time[@deGennes], For a variety of Josephson junctions a non-uniform critical current density $j_c$ is desirable, as for example for tunable superconducting resonators, toy systems for magnetic flux pinning or magnetic-field driven electronic switches similar to SQUIDs. ", "The first considerations [@Russo1978NonuniformJc] of non-uniform $j_c$’s were caused by technological drawbacks leading to variations of barrier thicknesses by fabrication [@Schwidal1969] or of illumination in case of light-sensitive junctions [@Barone1977PhysStat]. ", "Later the properties of JJs with periodic spatially modulations were intensively studied regarding the pinning of fluxons [@McLaughlinScottPRB1978; @Vystavkin1988; @MaloUstinovJAP1990], the spectrum of electromagnetic waves [@FistulPRB1999; @Lazarides2005] or their magnetic field dependences [@LazaridesPeriodicDefects2003]. ", "Experimentally the spatial modulation of $j_c$ was realized lithographically by inserting of artificial defects such as insulation stripes across the barrier (ex-situ layer process, $j_c=0$) [@GolubovUstinovPLA1988; @ItzlerTinkhamPRB95], microshorts ($j_c$ increased) or microresistors ($j_c$ decreased). ", "The properties of JJs depend on geometrical (width, length, thickness) and the physical (dielectric constant of insulator $\\epsilon$, resistance $\\rho$, magnetic thickness $\\Lambda$ and $j_c$) parameters. ", "When tailoring $j_c$ all other parameters should be unchanged to facilitate calculations and avoid further inhomogeneities in the system. ", "The conventional methods for changing $j_c$ intrinsically modify either $\\epsilon$ or $\\rho$, too. ", "Our fabrication technology permits the controlled change of only the interlayer thicknesses $d_1$ and $d_2=d_1+\\Delta d_F$, i.e. the local $j_c$.\n\nThe case of non-uniform coupling phase within a *single* Josephson junction, i.e. one half is a $0$ JJ ($d_F=d_1$) and the other half is a $\\pi$ JJ ($d_F=d_2$) (see dashed lines in Fig. ", "\\[IcdFMod\\]) is of particular interest. ", "In such a $0$–$\\pi$ junction a spontaneously formed vortex of supercurrent circulating around the $0$–$\\pi$ phase boundary with flux $|\\Phi|\\leq\\pm\\Phi_0/2$ inside the JJs may appear [@Bulaevskii1978]. ", "The sign of flux depends on the direction of the circulation and its amplitude equal to $|\\Phi_0/2|$, i.e. a semifluxon, if the junction length $L$ is much larger than the Josephson penetration depth $\\lambda_J$ [@Xu:SF-shape; @Goldobin02SF]. ", "The ground state depends on the symmetry ratios of critical currents $|j_c(d_1)|/|j_c(d_2)|$ and the effective junction lengths $\\ell_{1}/\\ell_{2}$ of $0$ and $\\pi$ parts ($\\ell=L/\\lambda_J$). ", "The $0$–$\\pi$ junctions have been actively studied both in theory and experiment during the past few years [@Tsuei:Review; @Kirtley:IcH-PiLJJ; @Hilgenkamp:zigzag:SF; @Goldobin03GS_biasReArrange; @ZenchukGoldobin04GS; @Goldobin:2005:QuTu2Semifluxons; @WeidesFractVortex and references herein]. ", "The ideal $0$–$\\pi$ JJ would have equal $|j_c(0)|=|j_c(\\pi)|$ and $0$–$\\pi$ phase boundary in its center to have the symmetric situation. ", "Furthermore the junctions should be underdamped (SIFS structure) since low dissipation is necessary for the study of dynamics.", "\n\nIn these systems the phase shift of $\\pi$ is given by the anisotropic order parameter of the $d$-wave superconductor and not at the barrier.$0$–$\\pi$ junctions were studied at so-called tricrystal grain boundaries in $d$-wave superconductors [@Tsuei:Review], later in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Y}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}_2{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}_3{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{O}}}_7$–${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ ramp zigzag junctions [@Hilgenkamp:zigzag:SF] and ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ based JJ using current injectors [@Goldobin04PRLDynamicsSF]. ", "The advantage of SFS/SIFS technology over these systems is that by a proper chosen F-layer thickness $d_F$ the phase can be set to $0$ ($d_1$) or $\\pi$ ($d_2$) and the amplitude of the critical current densities $j_c(0)$ and $j_c(\\pi)$ can be controlled to some degree. ", "It can be prepared in a multilayer geometry (thus allowing topological freedom of design), can be easily combined with the well-developed ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}/{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}$–${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}_2{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{O}}}_3/{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ technology and has good scalability. ", "The fabrication of $0$ and $\\pi$ JJs on the same chip based on SFS/SIFS technology, e.g. in a dc-SQUID with $0$ and $\\pi$ junctions was reported [@GuichardApril03DCSquid].For $0$–$\\pi$ junctions one needs $0$ and $\\pi$ coupling in *one* junction, setting high demands on the fabrication process, as the change of coupling demands exact control in F-layer thickness. ", "$0$–$\\pi$ JJs have been realized in SFS-like systems [@RoccaAprili05classicalspins; @FrolovRyazanovSemifluxon]. ", "However, both systems have the disadvantages that the $0$–$\\pi$ phase boundary was prepared in an uncontrolled manner and does *not* give information about $j_c$ in $0$ and $\\pi$ coupled parts. ", "Hence, the ratios of $|j_c(0)|/|j_c(\\pi)|$ and $\\ell_0/\\ell_\\pi$ cannot be calculated for these samples and their ground state is unknown.", "\n\nIn a recent publication [@WeidesFractVortex] the authors presented the first *controllable* stepped $0$–$\\pi$ JJ of SIFS type that are fabricated using high quality ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}/{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}_2{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{O}}}_3/\\-{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}_{0.6}\\-{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}_{0.4}/{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ heterostructures. ", "These stepped junctions came along with reference junctions to calculate the ground state of $0$–$\\pi$ JJs. ", "Generally, SIFS junctions pose the advantage over SFS JJs that i) the essential electric parameters, such as $j_c$, can be varied over a wide range by changing the tunnel barrier I thickness and ii) high $I_cR$ products are obtained.", "The requirements for SIFS $0$–$\\pi$ junctions are challenging. ", "Here we present our technology background for stepped junctions with the focus on small parameter spreads. ", "Our approach represents a considerable step forward to fulfil the extreme requirements on the implementation of conventional or quantum computing devices based on Josephson junctions.", "\n\n![(", "color online) $j_c(d_F)$ dependences and fitting curve for SIFS-JJs. ", "F-layer thicknesses chosen as $d_1$ and $d_2$ in stepped JJs yields $0$–$0$ coupled junction with asymmetry in $j_c$ (dotted lines) or symmetric $0$–$\\pi$ junction (dashed lines). ", "Data from Ref. [", "@WeidesHighQualityJJ]. ", "\\[IcdFMod\\]](IcdFMod){width=\"8.6cm\"}\n\nThe current and/or coupling phase profile can be modified by a tailored *stepped* barrier in SXS/SIXS-type (X=N, F) Josephson junctions. ", "The patterning concept for stepped JJs presented in this article can be either used for JJ with tailored $j_c$’s and uniform phase $0$–$0$ ($\\pi$–$\\pi$) JJs (dots in Fig. ", "\\[IcdFMod\\]) or with symmetric $j_c$’s and non-uniform phase, i.e. $0$–$\\pi$ JJs (dashes in Fig. ", "\\[IcdFMod\\]).", "\n\nThese new class of low-$T_c$ JJs can be used for numerous kind of devices.", "\n\nExperiment\n==========\n\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------\n metal ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ar}}}$ pressure power density rate $\\quad$ parameters$\\quad$\n \\[$10^{-3}\\:\\rm{mbar}$\\] \\[$\\rm{W/cm^2}$\\] \\[$\\rm{nm/s}$\\] \n ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ $7.0$ $5$ $2.0$ static\n ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}$ $7.0$ $1.9$ $0.05$ rotation\n ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ $4.2$ $0.6$ $\\leq0.34$ target shifted\n ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ $4.2$ $1.9$ $0.1$ rotation\n ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{S}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{F}}}_6$ on [$\\mathrm{Nb}$]{} $15$ $0.6$ $\\sim1$ RF-source\n ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{S}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{F}}}_6$ on [$\\mathrm{Ni}$]{}[$\\mathrm{Cu}$]{} $15$ $0.6$ $<$0.001 RF-source\n ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ar}}}$ on [$\\mathrm{Ni}$]{}[$\\mathrm{Cu}$]{} $5$ $0.6$ $\\sim0.01$ RF-source\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------\n\n : Deposition (DC-sputtering) and etching parameters for SIFS stacks. ", "The rates were determined by profiler measurements.\\[sputter\\]\n\nA Leybold Univex 450b magnetron sputter system with 8 targets in the main chamber, a load-lock including an etching stage, as well as a separate oxidation chamber was used for the junction preparation. ", "Together with a transfer chamber, a robot handler and a Siemens Simatic control unit, the cluster tool is able to deposit automatically (pre-programmed) tunnel junction layer sequences for superconducting and spintronics applications.\\\nThe deposition and patterning of the stepped SIFS junctions was performed by a four level photolithographic mask procedure. ", "Here we present an improved version of an earlier fabrication sequence for planar SIS junctions [@Gurvitch82NbAlONb]. ", "The magnetron sputtering system was capable of handling $4$–inch wafers and had a background pressure of $5\\cdot10^{-7}\\;\\rm{mbar}$ was used. ", "${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ were statically deposited, while ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ were deposited during sample rotation and at much lower deposition rates to obtain very homogeneous and uniform films, see table \\[sputter\\]. ", "Although the actual stack sequence for the junctions is SINFS, the N-layer (${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$) was introduced to provide the growth of a uniform and homogenous F-layer thickness [@WeidesFabricationJJPhysicaC]. ", "It is not relevant for the electric and magnetic properties discussed here and will be neglected.\\\nThe F-layer was deposited with a gradient of thickness along $y$-axis on the S/I stack [@WeidesFabricationJJPhysicaC]. ", "The increase of thickness over the junctions width ($\\leq100\\;\\rm{\\mu m}$) is estimated as less than $0.02\\;\\rm{nm}$, i.e. the F-layer can be treated as planar for an individual junction. ", "After the deposition of $40\\;\\rm{nm}$ ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ as cap layer and subsequent lift-off the complete SIFS stack with wedge-shaped F-layer thickness, but without steps in F-layer, was obtained.", "\n\n![", "\\[SFpatterning\\] (color online) The complete SIFS stack was protected in part by photoresist. ", "The ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$-layer was necessary for uniform current transport: (a) reactive etching of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ with ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{S}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{F}}}_6$ down to ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ layer, (b) ion-etching of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ to set $0$ coupling, (c) in situ deposition of cap ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ layer. ", "Schematic layouts of stepped JJ based on SFS/SIFS technology (d) and of stepped JJ along with planar reference junctions (e). ", "The F-layer (blue) thickness increases from left to right.](fabrication_SF){width=\"8.6cm\"}\n\nThe patterning of the desired step-like variation in $d_F$ was done after the complete deposition of the SIFS stack. ", "The parts of the JJ that were supposed to have a larger thickness $d_2$ were protected by photoresist, see Fig.", " \\[SFpatterning\\]. ", "Ion-etching alone of both ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ to define the step in F-layer did not provide a good control over the final F-layer thickness, as this unselective and long-timed etching has the disadvantages of non-stable etching rates and an non-uniform etching front. ", "Therefore it was not possible to achieve in such way a defined step.", "\n\nThe use of selective etching in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}/{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}$–${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}_2{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{O}}}_3/{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ stack fabrication processes, such as ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{C}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{F}}}_4$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{S}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{F}}}_6$ reactive ion etching (RIE) or other techniques are reported in Ref.", "  [@SF6EtchingLichtenberger1993]. ", "In particular, it was shown that ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{S}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{F}}}_6$ provides an excellent RIE chemistry for low-voltage anisotropic etching of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ with high selectivity towards other materials. ", "The inert ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{S}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{F}}}_6$ dissociated in a RF-plasma and the fluor diffused to the surface of the substrate, where it reacted with niobium $5{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{F}}}+{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}\\longrightarrow{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{F}}}_5$. The volatile ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{F}}}_5$ was pumped out of the etching-chamber. ", "When ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{S}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{F}}}_6$ was used as process gas all non-metallic etching products such as fluorides and sulfides from the top-layer of the ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$-layer had to be removed by subsequent argon etching.", "\n\nThe patterning process of the step is depicted in Fig.", " \\[SFpatterning\\] (a)–(c). ", "The key points were i) *selective reactive etching* of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$, ii) *argon etching* of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ to define $d_1=d_2-\\Delta d_F$ and iii) subsequent *in situ* deposition of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$.\n\nThe ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ cap layer was removed by reactive dry etching using ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{S}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{F}}}_6$ with a high selectivity to the photoresist (AZ5214E). ", "A few tenth of nanometer $\\Delta d_F$ of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ were ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ar}}}$ ion etched at a very low power and rate to avoid any damaging of the ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ film under the surface and to keep a good control over the step height. ", "When the F-layer thickness was reduced down to the thickness $d_1$ the etching was stopped and $40\\;\\rm{nm}$ of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ were deposited. ", "The complete etching and subsequent ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ deposition was done in situ at a background pressure below $2\\cdot 10^{-6}\\;\\rm{mbar}$. The chip contained stacks with the new F-layer thicknesses $d_1$ (uniformly etched), $d_2$ (non-etched) and with step in the F-layer thickness from $d_1$ to $d_2$.\n\nAfter the preparation of steps in F-layer the actual junction areas were defined by aligning the photo mask on the visible step-terraces (ramp of $\\leq20 \\;\\rm{nm}$ height and $\\sim1 \\;\\rm{\\mu m}$ width), followed by ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ar}}}$ ion-beam etching of the upper ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$, ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}$ layers. ", "The length $L_1$ and $L_{2}$ of a stepped junction are within lithographic alignment accuracy of $\\sim1\\;\\rm{\\mu m}$. The etching was controlled by a secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and stopped after the complete etching of the ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}_2{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{O}}}_3$ tunnel barrier. ", "Afterwards the mesas were insulated by SNEAP (Selective Niobium Etching and Anodization Process) [@Gurvitch82NbAlONb]. ", "In the last photolithographic step the wiring layer was defined. ", "After a short argon etching to reduce the contact resistance a $300 \\: \\rm{nm}$ thick ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ wiring was deposited. ", "Fig.", " \\[SFpatterning\\] (d) sketches a stepped SIFS junction and (e) the completely structured chip with sets of stepped and planar reference junctions and wedge shaped F-layer along $y$-axis. ", "Fig. ", "\\[IcdFMod\\] depicts the $I_c(d_F)$ dependence of planar SIFS JJs with ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ as ferromagnetic interlayer. ", "Note that a simple decay of $I_c$ can generally be achieved by increasing the interlayer thickness, independent of its magnetic properties, i.e. in SNS or SINS junctions. ", "The wedge shaped interlayer (Fig. ", "\\[SFpatterning\\] (e)) facilitates the quick fabrication of samples with various F-layer thickness and, at the same time, a low junction to junction deviation.", "\n\nResults and Discussion\n======================\n\n![(", "color online) Topography of test sample with multiple steps and $2\\;\\rm{\\mu m}$ wide gaps after etching and ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ deposition. (", "a) SEM image before removal of photoresist (protecting $\\pi$ coupled parts); (b) AFM image ($7\\times7\\;\\rm{\\mu m^2}$) after removal of photoresist; (c) Profile measured by AFM (dotted line). ", "\\[SEMAFM\\]](AFMSFS67){width=\"8.6cm\"}\n\nOn test samples multiple steps with $2\\;\\rm{\\mu\nm}$ gaps were structured for analysis with scanning electron (SEM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopy after etching and ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ deposition, see Fig.", " \\[SEMAFM\\]. ", "For SEM the photoresist was left on the sample and for AFM it was removed. ", "While etching with ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{S}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{F}}}_6$ the ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$-layer served as an etching barrier. ", "Thus, it facilitated the over-etching of the ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ to ensure its complete removal despite the shadow effects from resist walls ($\\sim1\\;\\rm{\\mu m}$ height). ", "The short-timed argon etched ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$-layer was slightly non-uniform near the resist walls due to the anisotropic etching front. ", "Since in real stepped JJs the half with $d_F=d_1$ has dimensions about $10\\;\\rm{\\mu m}$ or larger, the non-uniformity of the ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ layer near the step, created by shadow-effects of the resist, was averaged out in transport measurements. ", "The presence of resist caused a decrease of the ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ deposition rates by $\\sim10\\%$, especially near the asymmetric resist walls (seen in SEM). ", "Thus, the non-uniform deposition of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ after the reactive and argon etching led to a non-uniform cap layer, seen in the difference of stack heights (much larger than $\\Delta d_F$) in the AFM image of the SIFS stack, Fig. ", "\\[SEMAFM\\](b).", "\n\nOn planar SIFS-JJs (reference junctions) the actual step height $\\Delta d_F$ and the coupling is estimated by comparing $j_c(d_1)$ with the known $j_c(d_F)$ dependence, see Fig. ", "\\[IcdFMod\\]. ", "$d_2$ is determined from a reference sample with wedge-shaped F-layer. ", "The polycrystalline structure of the ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ film and the inherent interlayer roughness of room-temperature sputtered films prevent the exact estimation of the layer thickness. ", "Our experimental results suggested that a continuously variable-thickness model was more suitable for the junctions than a monolayers-thickness model (radius of neutral ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}$, ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ is $\\sim0.15\\;\\rm{nm}$) [@WeidesPhD]. ", "The mean F-layer thickness $d_F$ of the Josephson junction was calculated by the sputter rates, being a function of the junction location along $x$-axis.\\\nBy the IVC and $I_c(H)$ of the reference JJs one can estimate parameters for the stepped junction, such as the ratio of asymmetry $|j_c(d_1)|/|j_c(d_2)|$ and the quality of the etched and non-etched parts. ", "The uniformity of the supercurrent transport in a Josephson junction can be judged qualitatively from the magnetic field dependence of the critical current $I_c(H)$. The magnetic field $H$ was applied in-plane and along one junction axis. ", "The magnetic diffraction pattern depends in a complex way on the effective junction length $\\ell$ and on the current distribution over the junction area [@BaronePaterno]. ", "The ideal pattern of a short ($\\ell\\leq1$) JJ is symmetric with respect to both polarities of the critical current and the magnetic field with completely vanishing $I_c$ at the minima. ", "If the pattern is not symmetric, irregular or has a current offset, the current transport over the non-superconducting interlayers is non-uniform. ", "If the trapping of magnetic flux can be excluded this effect is attributed to non-uniformity of the tunnel barrier, the ferromagnetic layer or the interface transparencies over the junction area.", "\n\nReference junctions\n-------------------\n\n![(", "color online) $I_c(H)$ of etched (star) and non-etched (dots) JJs. ", "The insets show IVCs for small and large bias current ranges in zero magnetic field. ", "Both JJs are in the short JJ limit. ", "Measurements were done at $4.2\\;\\rm{K}$.[]{data-label=\"Fig:IcHIVtogether\"}](IcHIVtogether){width=\"8.6cm\"}\n\nFig.", " \\[Fig:IcHIVtogether\\] shows IVC and $I_c(H)$ dependences for a non-etched junction (dot) with the F-layer thickness $d_2=5.05\\;\\rm{nm}$ and a uniformly etched junction (star) with thickness $d_1=d_2-\\Delta d_F=4.75\\;\\rm{nm}$. Both junctions were $0$ coupled. ", "The step height $\\Delta d_F=0.3\\;\\rm{nm}$ is calculated by comparing $I_c(d_1)$ with $j_c(d_F)$ from Fig. ", "\\[IcdFMod\\]. ", "The polycrystalline structure of the room-temperature sputtered layers and the very low etching rate of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Ni}}}{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Cu}}}$ led to a good control over $\\Delta d_F.$ However, one has to keep in mind that the local variation of F-layer thickness might exceed this value, and the values for $d_1$, $d_2$ and $\\Delta d_F$ are just the mean thicknesses seen by the transport current. ", "The insets of Fig.", " \\[Fig:IcHIVtogether\\] show the IVCs for small and large ranges of bias current. ", "Besides the difference in $I_c$, the $I_c(H)$ dependence and the IVCs (right inset) showed no evidence for an inhomogeneous current transport for both samples. ", "The larger $I_c$, but same resistance $R$ and capacitance $C$ led to a slightly hysteretic IVC of the etched sample, as the width of hysteresis is determined by McCumber parameter $\\beta_c \\propto I_c^2 R C$. ", "The resistance $R$ is nearly independent from $d_F$ as the voltage drop over the tunnel barrier is much larger than the serial resistance of a few nanometer thick metal [@WeidesHighQualityJJ]. ", "However, an etching-induced change of transparency at the F/S interface might modify $R$. No change of $R$ is visible in the IVCs of both JJs in Fig.", " \\[Fig:IcHIVtogether\\], apart from the change in $I_c$. A change of capacitance $C$ would require a change of $R$, as both are determined by the dielectric tunnel barrier.", "\n\nThe scattering of the critical current $I_c$ and resistance $R$ on the etched junctions was, just like for the non etched SIFS junctions, of the order of $2\\%$. The trapping of magnetic flux might cause a larger variation in critical current density than the interface asymmetry stemming from the etching process. ", "For all thicknesses of ferromagnetic layer the same homogeneity of the etched junctions were observed.", "\n\nA set of junctions denoted by the dashes in Fig. ", "\\[IcdFMod\\] was measured by the authors, too. ", "The $I_c(H)$ dependences of this $0$, $\\pi$ and $0$–$\\pi$ JJs are depicted in Fig.", " 3 of Ref. [", "@WeidesFractVortex]. ", "These junctions show the same quality of parameters for the etched and non-etched samples as the samples depicted in Fig. ", "\\[Fig:IcHIVtogether\\].", "\n\nStepped junctions\n-----------------\n\n### Calculated $I_c(h)$ of stepped JJ\n\n![(", "color online) Calculated $I_c(h)$ dependence for various ratios of $j_2/j_1$ and centered step in $j_c$ profile.[]{data-label=\"Fig:simuSteJJIcH\"}](simuSteJJIcH){width=\"8.6cm\"}\n\nThe magnetic diffraction pattern $I_c(H)$ of a JJ depends on its $j_c$ profile, see Ref.", " [@BaronePaterno; @Note0Pi]. ", "The analytic solution for a short ($\\ell<1$) stepped junction with different critical current density $j_1$ and $j_2$ in both halves is given by $$\\frac{I_c(h)}{A}=\\frac{j_1\\cos{(\\phi_0-h)}-j_{2}\\cos{(\\phi_0+h)}+(j_2-j_1)\\cos{\\phi_0}}{2h},$$ where $\\phi_0$ is an arbitrary initial phase, $h=2\\pi\\Lambda\\mu_0LH/\\Phi_0$ the normalized magnetic flux through the junction cross section, $\\Lambda$ the magnetic thickness of junction and $A$ the junction area. ", "The phase-field relation for maximum $I_c$ is reached for $$\\phi_0=\\arctan{[\\frac{j_{2}h\\sin{h}-j_1h\\sin{h}}{2hj_{2}\\sin^2\\left(\\frac{h}{2}\\right)+2hj_{1}\\sin^2\\left(\\frac{h}{2}\\right)}\n].}$$\\\nThe calculated $I_c(h)$ for various ratios of $j_2/j_1$ is depicted in Fig.", " \\[Fig:simuSteJJIcH\\]. ", "Characteristic features are the centered maximum peak and the appearance of periodic minima of the supercurrent for $h=n$ for integer $n$. The height of the odd-order minima ($n=1,3,5...$) depends on the asymmetry ratio $j_c(d_2)/j_c(d_1)$ and increases for decreasing $j_c(d_2)$. $I_c(h)$ is completely vanishing for magnetic flux equal to multiples of $2\\Phi_0$. The maximum critical current at $I_c(0)$ decreases linearly down to $I_c/I_{\\rm{max}}=0.5$ for $j_c(d_2)=0$. The corresponding $I_c(h)$ pattern becomes that of a junction with half the width and uniform $j_c$.\n\n### Measured $I_c(H)$ of stepped JJ\n\n![(", "color online) $I_c(H)$ of a stepped $0$–$0$ JJs (square shaped with $100\\;\\rm{\\mu m}$ junction length) with $d_1=4.68\\;\\rm{nm}$ and $d_2=4.98\\;\\rm{nm}$ (determined from reference JJs) plus calculated $I_c(h)$. The junction is in short JJ limit.[]{data-label=\"Fig:IcHAsym\"}](IcHAsym){width=\"8.6cm\"}\n\nIn Fig.", " \\[Fig:IcHAsym\\] the measured magnetic diffraction pattern $I_c(H)$ of a stepped JJ along with calculated $I_c(h)$ curves are depicted. ", "Both junctions halves are $0$ coupled. ", "The magnetic field axis $h$ was scaled to fit the first measured minima of $I_c(H)$. $d_F$ is determined by comparing $j_c$ of reference junction with the known $j_c(d_F)$ dependence in Fig. ", "\\[IcdFMod\\], yielding $d_1=4.68\\;\\rm{nm}$ and $d_2=4.98\\;\\rm{nm}$. Due to the rather steep slope of the $j_c(d_F)$ curve near the $0$ to $\\pi$ crossover at $d_F=5.21\\;\\rm{nm}$, $j_c$ is very sensitive to $d_1$ and $d_2$. A variation of $d_1$ and $d_2$ by $0.05\\;\\rm{nm}$ changes $j_c$ up to $30\\%$. The sputter rate may vary slightly over the $\\sim500\\;\\rm{\\mu m}$ distance to the reference junctions, preventing the exact estimation of $d_1$ and $d_2$. The parameters used for the calculation are the $j_c(d_F)$ dependence from Fig.", " \\[IcdFMod\\], the thickness $d_2$ and the step height $\\Delta d_F$.We calculated $I_c(h)$ (dashes) using $d_1=d_2-\\Delta d_F=4.68\\;\\rm{nm}$ and $d_2=4.98\\;\\rm{nm}$ determined from reference junctions. ", "Then $d_2$ was decreased by $0.04\\;\\rm{nm}$ (dots) and finally $\\Delta d_F$ increased by the same thickness, too (dashes-dots). ", "The final calculation has the best agreement with data, although the total interface roughness (rms) of the multilayers should exceed $0.04\\;\\rm{nm}$ by far. ", "The measurement and simulation in Fig.", " \\[Fig:IcHAsym\\] show the good estimation and control of F-layer thicknesses.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nJosephson junctions with a step in the ferromagnetic layer were fabricated. ", "Using a wedge-shaped F-layer in a SIFS stack on a $4$–inch wafer along with stepped and reference junctions it was possible to trace out regimes of different couplings ($0$, $\\pi$), depending on the initial F-layer thickness $d_2$ and step $\\Delta d_F$. The etched and non etched SIFS junctions differ only by F-layer thickness. ", "No inhomogeneities can be seen in the current transport characteristics of the etched junctions.\\\nThe patterning of stepped JJs allows free lateral placement of well-defined $j_c$’s and/or local coupling regimes within a single junction. ", "If decreasing temperature the slope $\\partial j_c/\\partial T$ depends on the interlayer thickness (observed in SIFS JJs [@WeidesHighQualityJJ]), and the ratio $j_1/j_2$ could be varied thermally. ", "Stepped junctions can be realized in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ based JJs with any interlayer material (N,F,I) which is chemically stable towards the reactive etching gas. ", "The patterning process could be adjusted to all thin film multilayer structure providing that the reactive etching rates of the layer materials differ. ", "Replacing the optical lithography with electron beam lithography may enhance the lateral accuracy of the step down to the dimension of e-beam and decrease the non-uniformity near the resist wall due to the thinner resist height.\\\nJJs with varying $j_c$ and planar phase could be used for devices with special shaped $I_c(H)$ pattern [@BaronePaterno], toy systems for flux pinning or tunable superconducting resonators. ", "$0$–$\\pi$ JJs based on low-$T_c$ superconductors with stepped F-layer offer a great flexibility for the integration of this devices, as it offers advantages over the existing $0$–$\\pi$ junctions based on d-wave superconductors [@Hilgenkamp:zigzag:SF; @KirtleyImaging96PRL] or current injectors [@Goldobin04PRLDynamicsSF] such as the low dissipation of plasma oscillations, no restrictions in topology, no additional bias electrodes and easy integration into the mature ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}/{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}-{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Al}}}_2{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{O}}}_3/{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Nb}}}$ technology.\\\nThe $0$–$\\pi$ SIFS JJs with stepped F-layer allow to study the physics of fractional vortices with a good control of the ratio of symmetry between $0$ and $\\pi$ parts. ", "The change in magnetic diffraction pattern between short to the long $0$–$\\pi$ JJ limit [@Kirtley:IcH-PiLJJ] or the formation of spontaneous flux in the ground state of multiple $0$–$\\pi$ phase boundaries in a long JJ could be studied [@ZenchukGoldobin04GS]. ", "$0$–$\\pi$ JJs may be used as the active part in the qubit, as was recently proposed [@Goldobin:2005:QuTu2Semifluxons].\\\n\nAcknowledgement {#acknowledgement .unnumbered}\n===============\n\nThe authors thank B. Hermanns for help with fabrication and E. Goldobin, R. Kleiner, D. Koelle and A. Ustinov for fruitful discussions. ", "This work was supported by ESF program PiShift and Heraeus Foundation.", "\n\n[10]{}\n\nW. Buckel and R. Kleiner, [*Superconductivity. ", "Fundamentals and Applications.*]{}, ", "Wiley-VCH (2004).", "\n\nM. Gurvitch, M. A. Washington, H. A. Huggins and J. M. Rowell, IEEE Trans. ", "Magn. **", "19**, 791 (1983).", "\n\nA. I. Buzdin, Rev. Mod. ", "Phys. **", "77**, 935 (2005).", "\n\nM. L. Della Rocca, M. Aprili, T. Kontos, A. Gomez and P. Spatkis, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. **", "94**, 197003 (2005).", "\n\nS. M. Frolov, D. J. Van Harlingen, V. V. Bolginov, V. A. Oboznov and V. V. Ryazanov, Phys. ", "Rev. B **74**, 020503 (2006).", "\n\nM. Weides, M. Kemmler, H. Kohlstedt, R. Waser, D. Koelle, R. Kleiner and E. Goldobin, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. **", "97**, 247001 (2006).", "\n\nB. D. Josephson, Phys. ", "Lett. **", "1**, 251 (1962).", "\n\nL. Bulaevskii, V. Kuzii and A. Sobyanin, JETP Lett. **", "25**, 7 (1977).", "\n\nA. I. Buzdin and M. Yu. ", "Kupriyanov, JETP Lett. **", "53**, 321 (1991).", "\n\nA. V. Veretennikov, V. V. Ryazanov, V. A. Oboznov, A Yu. ", "Rusanov, V. A. Larkin and J. Aarts, Physica B **284**, 495 (2000).", "\n\nY. Blum, A. Tsukernik, M. Karpovski and A. Palevski, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. **", "89**, 187004 (2002).", "\n\nT. Kontos, M. Aprili, J. Lesueur and X. Grison, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. **", "89**, 137007 (2002).", "\n\nM. Weides, M. Kemmler, E. Goldobin, D. Koelle, R. Kleiner, H. Kohlstedt and A. Buzdin, Appl. ", "Phys. ", "Lett. **", "89**, 122511 (2006).", "\n\nM. Russo and R. Vaglio, Phys. ", "Rev. B **17**, 2171 (1978).", "\n\nK. Schwidal and R. D. Finnegan, J. Appl. ", "Phys. **", "40**, 213 (1969).", "\n\nA. Barone, G. Paternò, M. Russo, and R. Vaglio, Phys. ", "Stat. ", "Solidi (a) **41**, 393 (1977).", "\n\nD. W. McLaughlin and A. C. Scott, Phys. ", "Rev. B **18**, 1652 (1978).", "\n\nA. N. Vystavkin, Yu.", " F. Drachevskii, V. P. Koshelets and I. L. Serpuchenko, Sov. ", "J. Low Temp. ", "Phys. **", "14**, 357 (1988).", "\n\nB. A. Malomed and A. V. Ustinov, J. Appl. ", "Phys. **", "67**, 3791 (1990).", "\n\nM. V. Fistul, P. Caputo and A. V. Ustinov, Phys. ", "Rev. B **60**, 13152 (1999).", "\n\nN. Lazarides, Supercond. ", "Sci. ", "Technol. **", "18**, 73 (2005).", "\n\nN. Lazarides, Phys. ", "Rev. B **68**, 92506 (2003).", "\n\nA. Golubov, A. Ustinov and I. L. Serpuchenko, Phys. ", "Lett. ", "A **130**, 107 (1988).", "\n\nM. A. Itzler and M. Tinkham, Phys. ", "Rev. B **51**, 435 (1995).", "\n\nL. N. Bulaevskii, V. V. Kuzii and A. A. Sobyanin, Solid State Commun. **", "25**, 1053 (1978).", "\n\nJ. H. Xu, J. H. Miller and C. S. Ting, Phys. ", "Rev. B **51**, 11958 (1995).", "\n\nE. Goldobin, D. Koelle and R. Kleiner, Phys. ", "Rev. B **66**, 100508 (2002).", "\n\nC. C. Tsuei and J. R. Kirtley, Rev. Mod. ", "Phys. **", "72**, 969 (2000).", "\n\nJ. R. Kirtley, K. A. Moler and D. J. Scalapino, Phys. ", "Rev. B **56**, 886 (1997).", "\n\nH. Hilgenkamp, Ariando, H. J. H. Smilde, D. H. A. Blank, G. Rijnders, H. Rogalla, J. R. Kirtley and C. C. Tsuei, Nature (London) **422**, 50 (2003).", "\n\nE. Goldobin, D. Koelle and R. Kleiner, Phys. ", "Rev. B **67**, 224515 (2003).", "\n\nA. Zenchuk and E. Goldobin, Phys. ", "Rev. B **69**, 024515 (2004).", "\n\nE. Goldobin, K. Vogel, O. Crasser, R. Walser, W. P. Schleich, D. Koelle and R. Kleiner, Phys. ", "Rev. B **72**, 054527 (2005).", "\n\nE. Goldobin, A. Sterck, T. Gaber, D. Koelle and R. Kleiner, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. **", "92**, 057005 (2004).", "\n\nM. Weides, K. Tillmann and H. Kohlstedt, Physica C **437-438**, 349 (2006).", "\n\nA. W. Lichtenberger, D. M. Lea and F. L. Lloyd, IEEE Trans. ", "Appl. ", "Supercond. **", "3**, 2191 (1993).", "\n\nM. Weides, Ph. ", "D. thesis, Universität zu Köln, Germany (2006).", "\n\nA. Barone and G. Paterno, [*Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect*]{}, John Wiley & Sons (1982).", "\n\nThe $I_c(h)$ characteristic for a $0$-$\\pi$ JJ can be obtained in compact form from a general expression valid for N $0$–$\\pi$ phase boundaries, for $N=1$ and equal lengths of the $0$- and $\\pi$-parts, found in N. Lazarides, Supercond. ", "Sci. ", "Technol. **", "17**, 585 (2004).", "\n\nJ. R. Kirtley, C. C. Tsuei, M. Rupp, J. Z. Sun, L. S. Yu-Jahnes, A. Gupta, M. B. Ketchen, K. A. Moler and M. Bhushan, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. **", "76**, 1336 (1996).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0.002320185614849188, 0, 0, 0.004651162790697674, 0.004016064257028112, 0.017316017316017316, 0.006289308176100629, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0.0047169811320754715, 0.00558659217877095, 0.001579778830963665, 0, 0.002369668246445498, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0.00411522633744856, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0.021739130434782608, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0, 0.0079155672823219, 0.003745318352059925, 0.012269938650306749, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006006006006006006, 0, 0.0049504950495049506, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0.023890784982935155, 0, 0, 0.0036363636363636364, 0.003703703703703704, 0, 0.00273224043715847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004291845493562232, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.01092896174863388, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0.011428571428571429, 0.005847953216374269, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0, 0.0004470272686633885, 0, 0.002777777777777778, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0, 0.004524886877828055, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0.004784688995215311, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0041841004184100415, 0.0024330900243309003, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0, 0, 0.005847953216374269, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0, 0, 0.010471204188481676, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016194331983805668, 0, 0.005555555555555556, 0, 0, 0, 0.0037593984962406013, 0.00554016620498615, 0.0041841004184100415, 0.005847953216374269, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0038461538461538464, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0.004784688995215311, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0.0031645569620253164, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0, 0.007547169811320755, 0.06896551724137931, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0, 0.0032679738562091504, 0, 0, 0.005235602094240838, 0.001876172607879925, 0, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.0060790273556231, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0, 0.002386634844868735, 0.0025348542458808617, 0.003861003861003861, 0.018691588785046728, 0.02857142857142857, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0.025974025974025976, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0.04, 0.125, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0.04, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0.021052631578947368, 0, 0.125, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0.04918032786885246, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0.16666666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0.06382978723404255, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0.046511627906976744, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0.04411764705882353, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0, 0, 0.01834862385321101, 0.012605042016806723, 0, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0.03968253968253968, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0 ]

[ "<!-- ", "Author: Eric Bidelman <@ebidel> -->\n<!", "DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n <meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, minimum-scale=1.0, initial-scale=1\">\n <title>Polymer Mail</title>\n\n <meta name=\"apple-mobile-web-app-capable\" content=\"yes\">\n <!-- ", "Fallback for manifest.json add to homescreen (Chrome Android) -->\n <meta name=\"mobile-web-app-capable\" content=\"yes\">\n <meta name=\"apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style\" content=\"#e51c23\">\n <meta name=\"msapplication-TileColor\" content=\"#e51c23\">\n <meta name=\"msapplication-tap-highlight\" content=\"no\">\n <meta name=\"theme-color\" content=\"#e51c23\">\n\n <link rel=\"icon\" sizes=\"192x192\" href=\"images/gmail.png\">\n <link rel=\"manifest\" href=\"manifest.json\">\n\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"styles/app.css\">\n\n <link rel=\"import\" id=\"bundle\" href=\"elements/elements.html\" async>\n</head>\n<body class=\"fullbleed loading\">\n\n<!-- ", "Loading screens happen outside of HTML Imports + Polymer so 1st\n paint is fast and does not depend on network resources. ", "Mobile gets\n a loading splash screen. ", "Desktop the layout/shell of the app. --", ">\n<div id=\"splash\">\n <div class=\"appshell_drawer\">\n <div class=\"appshell_drawer_top\"></div>\n <div class=\"appshell_drawer_bottom\"></div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"appshell_main\">\n <div class=\"appshell_header\"><h1>Inbox</h1></div>\n <div class=\"appshell_content\"></div>\n </div>\n</div>\n\n<template id=\"t\" is=\"dom-bind\">\n\n<template is=\"dom-if\" if=\"{{syncing}}\">\n <div id=\"refresh\" class=\"fit layout vertical center-center\">\n <div id=\"refresh-spinner-container\" class=\"layout vertical center-center shrink\">\n <paper-spinner active></paper-spinner>\n </div>\n </div>\n</template>\n\n<div id=\"loginscreen\" class=\"layout vertical center-center fit\"\n hidden=\"[[_computeHideLogin(isAuthenticated)]]\">\n <google-signin width=\"wide\" height=\"tall\"\n client-id=\"229000986068-hld1d9ovioamaaur218vg3jg5dgvf2a2.apps.googleusercontent.com\"\n scopes=\"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/plus.login https://www.googleapis.com/auth/gmail.readonly\"\n on-google-signin-success=\"onSigninSuccess\"\n signed-in=\"{{signedIn}}\"></google-signin>\n</div>\n\n<material-search id=\"search\" narrow=\"[[narrow]]\"\n previous-searches=\"{{previousSearches}}\"\n on-search-change=\"_onSearch\" class=\"fit\"></material-search>\n\n<paper-drawer-panel id=\"drawerPanel\" narrow=\"{{narrow}}\">\n\n <paper-header-panel mode=\"scroll\" drawer>\n <paper-toolbar id=\"navheader\" class=\"tall\">\n <iron-image id=\"coverimage\" placeholder=\"images/beach.jpg\"\n src=\"[[user.cover]]\"\n sizing=\"cover\" preload fade class=\"fit\"></iron-image>\n <img class=\"middle profile\" src$=\"{{user.profile}}\" hidden=\"{{!user.profile}}\">\n <div class=\"bottom layout vertical\">\n <span>{{user.name}}</span>\n <span>{{user.email}}</span>\n </div>\n </paper-toolbar>\n <paper-menu selected=\"0\" selectable=\"paper-icon-item\" on-iron-activate=\"menuSelect\">\n <paper-icon-item role=\"menuitem\">\n <iron-icon icon=\"inbox\" item-icon></iron-icon>Inbox\n </paper-icon-item>\n <paper-icon-item role=\"menuitem\">\n <iron-icon icon=\"social:people\" item-icon></iron-icon>Social\n </paper-icon-item>\n\n <div class=\"separator\">All labels</div>\n <paper-icon-item role=\"menuitem\">\n <iron-icon icon=\"star\" item-icon></iron-icon>Starred\n </paper-icon-item>\n <paper-icon-item role=\"menuitem\">\n <iron-icon icon=\"send\" item-icon></iron-icon>Sent\n </paper-icon-item>\n <paper-icon-item role=\"menuitem\">\n <iron-icon icon=\"icons:drafts\" item-icon></iron-icon>Drafts\n </paper-icon-item>\n <paper-icon-item role=\"menuitem\">\n <iron-icon icon=\"mail\" item-icon></iron-icon>All Mail\n </paper-icon-item>\n <paper-icon-item role=\"menuitem\">\n <iron-icon icon=\"report\" item-icon></iron-icon>Spam\n </paper-icon-item>\n <paper-icon-item role=\"menuitem\">\n <iron-icon icon=\"delete\" item-icon></iron-icon>Trash\n </paper-icon-item>\n <template is=\"dom-repeat\" items=\"{{labels}}\">\n <paper-icon-item class$=\"{{item.color}}\">\n <iron-icon icon=\"label\" item-icon></iron-icon><span>{{item.name}}</span>\n </paper-icon-item>\n </template>\n </paper-menu>\n <div class=\"version\">@VERSION@</div>\n </paper-header-panel>\n\n <paper-scroll-header-panel id=\"scrollheader\" main\n keep-condensed-header condenses fixed=\"{{narrow}}\">\n\n <paper-toolbar id=\"mainheader\" class$=\"[[headerClass]]\">\n <paper-icon-button icon=\"arrow-back\" class=\"selected-item\" on-tap=\"deselectAll\"></paper-icon-button>\n\n <paper-icon-button id=\"navicon\" icon=\"menu\" paper-drawer-toggle></paper-icon-button>\n <div class=\"flex\"></div>\n <span class=\"bottom indent title\">{{headerTitle}}</span>\n <paper-icon-button icon=\"refresh\" class=\"fade-on-drawer-open\"\n on-tap=\"onRefreshInboxButton\"></paper-icon-button>\n <paper-icon-button icon=\"search\" class=\"fade-on-drawer-open\"\n on-tap=\"toggleSearch\"></paper-icon-button>\n\n <paper-icon-button icon=\"archive\" class=\"selected-item\" on-tap=\"archiveAll\"></paper-icon-button>\n <paper-icon-button icon=\"delete\" class=\"selected-item\"></paper-icon-button>\n <paper-icon-button icon=\"mail\" class=\"selected-item\"></paper-icon-button>\n\n <!-- ", "<paper-menu-button class=\"selected-item\" class=\"layout horizontal\">\n <paper-icon-button icon=\"more-vert\"></paper-icon-button>\n <paper-dropdown class=\"dropdown\" halign=\"right\">\n <paper-item>Move to</paper-item>\n <paper-item>Change labels</paper-item>\n <paper-item>Add star</paper-item>\n <paper-item>Mark not important</paper-item>\n <paper-item>Mute</paper-item>\n <paper-item>Report spam</paper-item>\n <paper-item>Report phishing</paper-item>\n </paper-dropdown>\n </paper-menu-button> -->\n\n </paper-toolbar>\n <div class=\"scroll-content\" on-thread-archive=\"onThreadArchive\">\n\n <template is=\"dom-if\" if=\"[[_computeShowNoResults(threads, syncing)]]\">\n <span class=\"layout horizontal center-center fit\">No results.</span>\n </template>\n\n <!-- ", "TODO: don't pass all messages, users, labels into mail-thread -->\n <!-- ", "activate-event=\"\" ensures entire thread isn't selectable. --", ">\n <iron-selector id=\"threadlist\" multi activate-event=\"\"\n selected-attribute=\"selected\"\n selected-items=\"{{selectedThreads}}\"\n on-iron-select=\"_onThreadSelectChange\"\n on-iron-deselect=\"_onThreadSelectChange\">\n <template is=\"dom-repeat\" items=\"[[threads]]\">\n <mail-thread messages=\"[[item.messages]]\"\n labels=\"[[labelMap]]\" users=\"[[users]]\"\n narrow=\"[[narrow]]\"\n on-thread-select=\"_onThreadTap\"\n tabindex=\"0\" data-thread-index$=\"[[index]]\"></mail-thread>\n </template>\n </iron-selector>\n\n </div>\n </paper-scroll-header-panel>\n\n</paper-drawer-panel>\n\n<paper-toast id=\"toast\" class=\"toast layout horizontal justified\" duration=\"7000\"></paper-toast>\n\n<paper-toast id=\"swtoast\" class=\"toast layout horizontal justified\" duration=\"7000\"\n text=\"Ready to work offline. ", "Tap to refresh.\"", ">\n <span on-tap=\"refreshApp\" class=\"action\">Refresh</span>\n</paper-toast>\n\n<paper-toast id=\"arhivedtoast\" class=\"toast layout horizontal justified\"\n duration=\"7000\" text=\"{{inboxToastMessage}}\"\n on-transitionend=\"_onArchivedToastOpenClose\">\n <div on-tap=\"undoAll\" class=\"action\">Undo</div>\n</paper-toast>\n\n<paper-fab id=\"fab\" icon=\"create\" on-tap=\"newMail\"></paper-fab>\n\n<!-- ", "Cache data requests. --", ">\n<iron-localstorage name=\"polymer-mail-user\" value=\"{{user}}\"></iron-localstorage>\n<iron-localstorage name=\"polymer-mail-labels\" value=\"{{labels}}\"></iron-localstorage>\n<iron-localstorage name=\"polymer-mail-threads\" value=\"{{threads}}\"\n on-iron-localstorage-load-empty=\"_onCachedThreadsEmpty\"></iron-localstorage>\n<iron-localstorage name=\"polymer-mail-users\" value=\"{{users}}\"></iron-localstorage>\n\n</template>\n\n<platinum-sw-register skip-waiting clients-claim auto-register>\n <platinum-sw-cache default-cache-strategy=\"networkFirst\"></platinum-sw-cache>\n <!-- ", "<platinum-sw-cache default-cache-strategy=\"networkFirst\"\n precache-file=\"precache.json\"></platinum-sw-cache> -->\n <!-- ", " <platinum-sw-fetch origin=\"https://content\\.googleapis\\.com\"\n path=\"/gmail/v1/users/me/threads(.*)\"", "\n handler=\"networkFirst\"></platinum-sw-fetch>\n <platinum-sw-fetch origin=\"https://content\\.googleapis\\.com\"\n path=\"/plus/v1/(.*)\"", "\n handler=\"networkFirst\"></platinum-sw-fetch -->\n <!-- ", " <platinum-sw-fetch origin=\"https://content\\.googleapis\\.com\"\n path=\"/plus/v1/people/me\"></platinum-sw-fetch> -->\n</platinum-sw-register>\n\n<!-- ", "<script src=\"scripts/polymer_metrics.js\"></script> -->\n<script src=\"scripts/bundle.js\"></script>\n<script>\n (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){\n (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),\n m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)\n })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');\n ga('create', 'UA-56540783-1', 'auto');\n ga('send', 'pageview');\n</script>\n</body>\n</html>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0.0016, 0, 0, 0, 0.0025617140195621797, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0019230769230769232 ]

[ "There are numerous means for removing particle matter from atmospheric air before introducing said air into a heating, venting, and/or air conditioning system. ", "Typically, these systems have one or more removable and replaceable rigid filter elements which are manufactured to a specific length and height and inserted into a channeled filter housing to effectively seal the unit from the introduction of dust, dirt, and pollen.", "\nOver time, contaminants build up on the filter media, thus necessitating replacement of the filter element. ", "This typically requires the field technician to purchase a filter element from the original equipment manufacturer or a third party supplier. ", "This system often leaves the technician with little choice but to stock every or most conceivable filter elements and to carry them from job site to job site. ", "The alternative is to order the replacement filter element and schedule a second on-site maintenance call to install the element when it arrives.", "\nIn addition, replacement filter elements frequently allows significant contaminated airflow to circulate around the replaceable filter elements due to variations in tolerances between the replaceable filter elements and the original equipment manufacturers' channeled filter housing. ", "As a result, the field technician usually is forced to clean the air conditioning system and the attached ductwork and air distribution registers much more frequently than necessary if a proper air seal integrity were achievable. ", "This condition also decreases the mechanical and thermodynamic efficiency of the original equipment manufacturer's air conditioning system.", "\nFurther, the standard cardboard superstructure employed to give rigidity to replacement filter elements may result in the rigidity deteriorating during high humidity conditions or rainstorms. ", "The replacement filter element may then be drawn out of the air conditioning system's channeled filter housing and into the air-moving fan, thus destroying the replaceable filter element's ability to filter. ", "Use of the cardboard superstructure also blinds a portion of the replaceable filter element and reduces the capacity of the filter element to capture and retain particulate matter. ", "And finally, use of cardboard superstructure requires the use of wood fiber and is not environmentally conservative.", "\nA solution to several of these problems was presented in Culwell, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,152,980, the specification of which is incorporated herein by reference. ", "Culwell describes an air filter element that is partially fabricated on site. ", "Instead of a cardboard superstructure, one or more wire frames are overlapped and rigidly fastened together using a high tensile strength adhesive tape to form a structure substantially conforming to the dimensions of the original equipment manufacturer's filter housing. ", "The filter media is attached to the rigid wire frame by selective drawing pleated filter material around a portion of a wire member and securing the pleats to each other by means of epoxy coated staples.", "\nNevertheless, several problems still remain. ", "Some equipment, such as supermarket refrigeration units, require long air filter elements. ", "However, such equipment often is installed in such a manner where access to the filter housing is limited in space, so that a replacement air filter of the proper length cannot be inserted into the filter housing without moving the unit or neighboring equipment. ", "Furthermore, problems have been found with the ends of the filter element being exposed during shipping, assembly and insertion, resulting in damage to the filter element and injury to the individual doing the installation.", "\nThus, what is needed is an improved means to fabricate a foldable or flexible filter element on-site with limited access space, on an as-needed basis and in a custom size providing a positive seal, with greater ease of assembly in the field and protection for the ends of the filter element." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "We thank Drs. ", "Aragón-Sánchez and Lázaro-Martínez ([@B1]) for their insightful comments and questions about our article ([@B2]). ", "As we noted, we used virtually the same database of patients as we did for a previously published article ([@B3]) in which we investigated mortality, length of stay, and cost associated with skin and soft tissue infections (of both the foot and other anatomic sites) in persons with diabetes. ", "Because some patients had multiple codes for infections, we devised a hierarchy based on associated mortality risk to ensure that patients were counted only once and were classified into the highest mortality risk group.", "\n\nIn our current article concerning a lower-extremity amputation (LEA) risk score ([@B2]), we excluded 12 of the 3,030 cases whose procedure codes indicated they had some type of upper-limb amputation (5 of whom also had a foot infection). ", "The remaining 3,018 patients included in the LEA risk score study consisted of 2,215 with \"foot\" infections and 803 with \"nonfoot\" infections. ", "Our label of nonfoot infection may have created confusion. ", "This group consisted of 605 infections of legs, thighs, knees, calves, or lower extremity not otherwise specified; 112 surgical-site infections; and 86 infections without specific reference to lower extremity. ", "When we excluded these last 86 cases, the model statistics and LEA risk score strata remained virtually the same as those published. ", "Hence, although we could not rule out potential misclassification of patients using ICD-9 codes, any effect on the risk score model fit would be minimal. ", "Patients with infections of lower extremity above the malleoli constitute a population that may be similar to but, we believe, separate from foot infections in persons with diabetes. ", "Of note, in those with a nonfoot infection, the LEA rate was 15.1% (121/803).", "\n\nWe should have been more explicit in our article about the fact that we excluded patients with osteomyelitis (*n* = 3,475). ", "These patients represent a population with a much higher risk of LEA ([@B4]) who should be addressed as a distinctive cohort. ", "Regrettably, LEA is a default treatment in some centers for these infections, so we are currently using our database to attempt to identify patients with diabetic lower extremity osteomyelitis who are at low risk and may be spared LEA.", "\n\nUnfortunately, most studies using retrospectively defined patient cohorts must depend on administrative data such as ICD-9 diagnosis codes, which can be vague or overlapping. ", "In the Fincke study cited ([@B5]), only 69% of cases were classifiable into one of their predefined (but nonvalidated) groups. ", "The authors also note that the ICD-9 codes for some of these diagnoses (e.g., gangrene, ulcer) will include noninfectious cases, and patients can have multiple codes for anatomic locations. ", "While many retrospective studies have used only ICD-9 codes to define infections, we added the requirement of a positive culture from the lesion to identify our study cohort. ", "As we stated, we would like to see our LEA risk score validated in a prospective study that defines patient population using predefined clinical criteria rather than ICD-9 codes.", "\n\nB.A.L. serves as a consultant to Ortho-McNeil Janssen Scientific Affairs. ", "R.S.J., K.G.D., X.S., and Y.P.T. are employees of CareFusion. ", "No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.07142857142857142, 0.03508771929824561, 0.0034129692832764505, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0.00851063829787234, 0, 0.015748031496062992, 0, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0.013157894736842105, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nIs getting post data from HttpListenerRequest asynchronously possible?", "\n\nmsdn give's us this example to retrieve the post data.", "\n public static void ShowRequestData (HttpListenerRequest request)\n {\n if (!", "request.", "HasEntityBody)\n {\n Console.", "WriteLine(\"No client data was sent with the request.\");", "\n return;\n }\n System.", "IO.Stream body = request.", "InputStream;\n System.", "Text.", "Encoding encoding = request.", "ContentEncoding;\n System.", "IO.StreamReader reader = new System.", "IO.StreamReader(body, encoding);\n if (request.", "ContentType !", "= null)\n {\n Console.", "WriteLine(\"Client data content type {0}\", request.", "ContentType);\n }\n Console.", "WriteLine(\"Client data content length {0}\", request.", "ContentLength64);\n\n Console.", "WriteLine(\"Start of client data:\");\n // Convert the data to a string and display it on the console.", "\n string s = reader.", "ReadToEnd();\n Console.", "WriteLine(s);\n Console.", "WriteLine(\"End of client data:\");\n body.", "Close();\n reader.", "Close();\n // If you are finished with the request, it should be closed also.", "\n }\n\nsource\nI checked the Streamreader class and there are no Begin... End... methods. ", "Does this mean the Post data can not be retrieved asynchronously? ", "Or has it already been retrieved before the callback from the HttpListener came?", "\nI would not like to get a thread-stall while a chunk of slow post data comes in.", "\nWhat is the correct asynchronous way to do this? (", "or is the ReadToEnd in fact correct?)", "\nthanks\nR \n\nA:\n\nInstead of using StreamReader you could call Stream.", "BeginRead on your incoming stream.", "\n\nUPDATE: Here's an example of using BeginRead on a stream:\nclass State\n{\n public Stream Stream { get; set; }\n public byte[] Buffer { get; set; }\n}\n\nclass Program\n{\n private const int ChunkSize = 1024;\n static void Main(string[] args)\n {\n var stream = new FileStream(\"test.txt\", FileMode.", "Open, FileAccess.", "Read, FileShare.", "ReadWrite);\n var state = new State { Stream = stream, Buffer = new byte[ChunkSize] };\n var ar = stream.", "BeginRead(state.", "Buffer, 0, state.", "Buffer.", "Length, Callback, state);\n while (!", "ar.", "IsCompleted)\n {\n Thread.", "Sleep(10);\n }\n }\n\n static void Callback(IAsyncResult ar)\n {\n var state = (State)ar.", "AsyncState;\n var bytesRead = state.", "Stream.", "EndRead(ar);\n if (bytesRead > 0)\n {\n byte[] buffer = new byte[bytesRead];\n Buffer.", "BlockCopy(state.", "Buffer, 0, buffer, 0, bytesRead);\n // Do something with the received buffer.", "\n Console.", "Write(Encoding.", "UTF8.GetString(buffer));\n\n state.", "Stream.", "BeginRead(state.", "Buffer, 0, state.", "Buffer.", "Length, Callback, state);\n }\n else\n {\n // reached the end of the stream\n state.", "Stream.", "Dispose();\n }\n }\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.04, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00967741935483871, 0.058823529411764705, 0.0625, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0 ]

[ "Lower East Side Has Less to Offer Jesuits Who Teach the Poor\n\nNativity Mission Center on the Lower East Side, a Jesuit middle school that serves the poor, is moving because the neighborhood now has fewer poor students.", "Credit\nRichard Perry/The New York Times\n\nThe view from 204 Forsyth Street has gone from dilapidated to deluxe. ", "Five stories above the bustling streets of the Lower East Side, the Rev. Jack Podsiadlo leaned over the rooftop cornice of this narrow, red-brick tenement and counted all the boutiques and nightspots that have moved in.", "\n\n“It used to be you could see drug deals in the park and hookers with johns,” he said. “", "Now it’s high-rises, hotels and more construction cranes.”", "\n\nThese are not auspicious signs for Father Podsiadlo, the president of the Nativity Mission Center, a Jesuit middle school that for nearly 40 years has been educating promising, but poor, boys in the Forsyth Street building. ", "As fewer Latino families are able to afford the area where they once lived in cramped slums, the school, too, has come to feel out of place.", "\n\nSo, following in the tradition of intrepid Jesuit missionaries who explored far-off lands, the priest has embarked on an urban expedition: finding a needy neighborhood where he can relocate his school by 2012.", "\n\nA week after sending their latest graduates off to high schools like Fordham Prep and Xavier, Father Podsiadlo and his assistant ventured up to the South Bronx to scout out a new neighborhood. ", "Armed with citywide reports on poverty and education — and their keen sense of need, honed over decades teaching the poor — they walked along busy commercial strips, ducked into cool, quiet churches and chatted with residents lounging on stoops.", "\n\nWhere others might have seen only poverty, they saw possibility. “", "We serve the poor,” said Father Podsiadlo, who has worked at the Lower East Side school since 1973. “", "If they’re not here, then we’ll move to where they are.”", "\n\nThe mission in search of its mission is not unheard of. ", "The Little Brothers of the Gospel, a religious order that once served the same area, moved out to Bushwick, Brooklyn, for similar reasons in 1996.", "\n\nAnd the move may not be a bad idea for the Nativity center. ", "With donations from its Wall Street bonus-check benefactors down by more than a third since 2008, the school needs new partnerships to save money and increase space. ", "More than a third of its 55 students already commute to Manhattan from other boroughs.", "\n\nBut it is still a bittersweet moment. ", "From these cramped quarters, Nativity has inspired more than 60 other such religious schools nationwide — a movement that continues to grow.", "\n\nPhoto\n\nRev. Jack Podsiadlo, president of the the Nativity Mission Center with a 7th grade student, Alex Junior Coss.", "Credit\nRichard Perry/The New York Times\n\nWhen the Jesuits bought the building in the 1940s, the area was becoming a destination for thousands of Puerto Ricans in a huge postwar migration. ", "Men found work as janitors, women as sewing machine operators, settling with their extended families into tenements that had previously housed Jewish and Italian immigrants.", "\n\nA small group of nuns were running a nursery school in the building, which had become a settlement house of sorts. ", "Father Podsiadlo remembers hearing how they would sometimes try to minister to families who had joined a Protestant congregation.", "\n\n“The tenants used to throw dirty mop water on them to keep the nuns out,” he said. “", "It was not a time of ecumenism.”", "\n\nBy the 1960s, the Rev. Walter Janer, a Puerto Rican-born Jesuit, was reaching out to local youngsters, setting up study halls and recreation, and opening a summer camp upstate. ", "But any strides the campers made in self-confidence or academic skills often faded when they returned to New York public schools in September.", "\n\n“We saw how much they had changed over the summer,” Father Podsiadlo said. “", "The idea was to see how many of our kids we could prepare for admission to Jesuit high schools.”", "\n\nThe school opened in 1971 with a simple model. ", "Relying on priests, volunteers and young teachers, it welcomed youngsters whose parents could not afford parochial school tuition. ", "Teachers were always present, throughout the school day and during evening study hall. ", "They still are.", "\n\nAn error has occurred. ", "Please try again later.", "\n\nYou are already subscribed to this email.", "\n\n“This is about taking ownership,” said Daniel Perez, a 1998 graduate who now teaches Spanish there and monitors the progress of graduates in high school. “", "Opportunities come and go, and you have to be aware of them when they come your way. ", "And when they do, you have to go full force.”", "\n\nFor years, the neighborhood was rough and tumble. ", "Father Podsiadlo recalls having to wear gloves in the fall to clear the playground across the street for recess — piles of autumn leaves sometimes hid the needles that had been dropped by addicts. ", "The prostitutes who plied their trade in the park would proposition visitors in the school’s doorway.", "\n\nThe school thrived, sending many graduates to schools like Xavier and Regis. ", "And those personal transformations were mirrored by the neighborhood’s — surprising visitors who remembered the area when the school opened.", "\n\n“In my mind, the neighborhood was still in the 1960s,” said Glenn Pellino, Father Podsiadlo’s assistant, who had grown up in Brooklyn but spent much of his career elsewhere before coming to Nativity in 2008. “", "And when I got off the subway, the first thing I saw was a Whole Foods.”", "\n\nPhoto\n\nInside the school.", "Credit\nRichard Perry/The New York Times\n\nThis year, after years of dwindling enrollment from the neighborhood and under financial pressures that could have closed the school, its board voted to move.", "\n\nFather Podsiadlo and Mr. Pellino began to zero in on neighborhoods in the South Bronx and Brooklyn where conditions echo those of the old Lower East Side. ", "Ideally, they want a spot where there is an active community group or a vibrant parish, a place where parents and neighbors can join their mission.", "\n\nSeveral weeks ago, the two men headed to Mott Haven, one of the Bronx neighborhoods that fit their bill. ", "Student achievement is low, and poverty is high. ", "Several church-based community groups operate in the area. ", "Along the bustling storefronts of 138th Street, the two men brightened at the view.", "\n\n“This is fantastic!” ", "Father Podsiadlo said. “", "There’s public housing, and look at those bodegas. ", "It’s alive. ", "There’re two subway stations on the street, and that’s important, too. ", "These kids have got to be able to get to high school from here.”", "\n\nAlthough there is a recently shuttered parochial school nearby, the men are more interested in exploring new partnerships with an existing school. ", "They were especially intrigued by St. Luke’s School, where they bumped into Msgr. ", "Gerald Ryan, the parish’s longtime pastor.", "\n\n“This neighborhood used to be all Irish,” Monsignor Ryan told them. “", "Now it’s just me and the firemen across the street.”", "\n\nOne model Father Podsiadlo is considering is based on a partnership pioneered in St. Louis, where a Nativity middle school moved into an established parochial school. ", "The Nativity school — which assumed responsibility for running grades six through eight — acquired more space, while the parochial school was able to redirect money to its lower grades.", "\n\nThe more Father Podsiadlo walked around Mott Haven, the more he saw to like. ", "He marveled at how the sun drenched the neighborhood. ", "The parks, he mused, could be used for environmental lessons.", "\n\n“These parks are more beautiful than the ones in Manhattan,” he said, passing by St. Mary’s Park. “", "Look at all I’ve missed being in Manhattan for so long.”", "\n\nA version of this article appears in print on August 11, 2010, on Page A15 of the New York edition with the headline: Lower East Side Has Less to Offer Jesuits Who Teach the Poor. ", "Order Reprints|Today's Paper|Subscribe" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.018018018018018018, 0.0045662100456621, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0, 0.005128205128205128, 0, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0.025423728813559324, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0, 0.00558659217877095, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0, 0, 0.005076142131979695, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0.009478672985781991, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0.010050251256281407, 0.012738853503184714, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0.023809523809523808, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0, 0.02531645569620253, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Rob Burton\n\nRob Burton is a Canadian businessman, journalist and politician. ", "He currently serves as the mayor of Oakville, Ontario, in Canada. ", "He was elected in the municipal elections of 2006, having failed to unseat Ann Mulvale in 2003. ", "He was re-elected to office in the 2010, 2014 and 2018 municipal elections.", "\n\nIn a 2014 endorsement of his re-election campaign, the Toronto Star editorial board called Burton \"among the best mayors in the Greater Toronto Area.\"", "\n\nEarly career and education\n\nBurton graduated from the University of New Mexico with a degree in history and economics before receiving a Master's of Science in Journalism from Columbia University.", "\n\nAfter receiving his master's degree in 1971, he became a journalist for the Watertown Daily Times in New York State. ", "He was recruited shortly after by CBC to help establish their new consumer rights programme Marketplace. ", "He worked as a journalist and television producer until 1988, when he led the creation of the youth-focused television station YTV. ", "After founding the station, he went on to work as the general manager and vice-president of programming and production.", "\n\nPolitical career\n\nBurton first ran for Mayor in 2003. ", "A dark-horse candidate up against five-term incumbent Ann Mulvale, Burton ultimately lost his first bid for Mayor by a grand total of 28 votes. ", "Burton ran again in 2006, managing to unseat Mulvale by a nearly 2000-vote margin. ", "Mulvale challenged Burton for the mayorship once again in 2010, but was soundly defeated by over 4000 votes.", "\n\nIn his time as Mayor, Burton has been an outspoken advocate for growth control, environmental protection and greenspace. ", "He is a vocal supporter of Ontario's Greenbelt, founding the \"Municipal Leaders for the Greenbelt\" alongside Ajax Mayor Steve Parrish and Toronto Councillor Glenn de Baeremaker, which he still chairs today. ", " He is a vocal critic of Ontario's development industry, describing large developers as a 'cartel' in 2017, after suggestions that developers wanted to ease planning restrictions and greenspace protections to improve housing affordability.", "\n\nIn 2015, Burton apologized for a series of tweets comparing Stephen Harper's use of veterans in the Canadian Corps of Commissionaires to Mussolini's Blackshirts and Hitler's Brownshirts.", "\n\nBurton is the founder and chair of the Ontario Auto Mayors, a group of municipal leaders in communities with a large automotive manufacturing presence, advocating for more coordinated support of Ontario's automotive sector among all three levels of government. ", "He has also served as the Chair of the Halton Police Services Board since 2014.", "\n\nSee also\nList of mayors of Oakville, Ontario\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Rob Burton official website\n Town of Oakville Official Mayor's Page\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Mayors of Oakville, Ontario\nCategory:Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.025974025974025976, 0.015151515151515152, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.015151515151515152, 0.008403361344537815, 0.01904761904761905, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0.013888888888888888, 0.012048192771084338, 0.009259259259259259, 0.016260162601626018, 0.024154589371980676, 0, 0.03723404255319149, 0.0076045627376425855, 0.012658227848101266, 0.015723270440251572 ]

[ "A dispute over access to a strip of Nova Scotia sand has concluded in favour of an heiress to the McCain business dynasty, with local residents facing payment of legal costs.", "\n\n\"I am relieved this ordeal is now resolved,\" Eleanor McCain, a singer and recording artist, said in a statement after a court hearing on Thursday.", "\n\nA group of residents of Hacketts Cove, southwest of Halifax, went public in 2015 with their complaint that McCain had asked them to stop using a wooded pathway on land she owned.", "\n\nThe residents stopped using the path, making it more difficult for them to reach Barneys Beach, but in December 2018 they served legal notice to McCain claiming that a historic right-of-way had existed since 1867.", "\n\nThe beach is Crown land to the high-water mark.", "\n\nResidents recently dropped legal action\n\nHowever, the 14 plaintiffs recently dropped their civil action, and Nova Scotia Supreme Court Justice Anne Smith signed a permanent injunction Thursday that states the residents agree not to enter \"any part\" of McCain's land.", "\n\nIt notes the injunction is granted with \"costs and disbursements in favour of the applicant Eleanor McCain ... in an amount to be agreed upon by the parties or, failing agreement, to be determined by the court.\"", "\n\nIn an emailed statement, McCain said the claimants brought forward a case based on incorrect information.", "\n\n\"They were relying on an 1867 deed that refers to a right-of-way to Wreck Cove, which they said was the shore of my property. ", "In fact, the shore of my property is known as Barneys Beach, as it has been since 1817.\"", "\n\nShe said she tried to settle the lawsuit in July, and \"there have been significant and unnecessary costs incurred in the interim.\"", "\n\nCosts to be revealed next month\n\nMcCain's lawyer, Nancy Rubin, is expected to detail the legal costs McCain will seek from the residents by Jan. 24, after which the residents can file a response.", "\n\nThe lawyer for the residents, Dianna M. Rievaj, told Smith during Thursday's hearing that it was unlikely that an agreement would be reached on the amount. ", "She also said outside court her clients aren't commenting until the costs issue is concluded.", "\n\n\"It [the costs] will be for the judge's discretion, but it could be significant ... I would say they'll put their faith in the court to use its discretion to award an appropriate amount of costs,\" she said.", "\n\nThe daughter of the late frozen food magnate Wallace McCain has said her family wanted to enjoy its privacy. ", "She said beachgoers sometimes left garbage behind, and there were ongoing concerns about fires.", "\n\nNova Scotians losing access to coast\n\nIn interviews in 2016, Joshua and Amy Bishop said local residents had cleaned up garbage left by a group of teens and had been careful in their use of the pathway and the beach. ", "They said that the closing of the pathway was an example of how local Nova Scotians are losing access to the coast.", "\n\nThe issue of access to coastal areas grew after a 2001 study showing 1,800 kilometres of waterfront properties in Nova Scotia had been purchased by people who weren't year-round residents.", "\n\nHowever, McCain's lawyers said in written submissions that the original 1867 deed was \"vague and unenforceable with respect to the descriptions of the easements or rights-of-way.\"", "\n\nTrespassing, property damage complaints\n\nIt also said there had been a history of trespassing on the properties of the cottage owners for decades, with the cottage of one prior owner burning down in the early 1980s.", "\n\nIt states that in 2001 and 2002, under a previous owner, illegal cannabis was grown on the property and substantial amounts of garbage were dumped, costing about $20,000 to clean up.", "\n\nThe statement of defence by McCain said after 2014, parties involving teenagers took place, and people were using the path with unleashed dogs.", "\n\nAfter the dispute became public on Facebook, the affidavit says McCain hired security to \"ensure her safety and that of her family, to discourage trespassing and to report trespassing ... to the RCMP.\"", "\n\nMORE TOP STORIES" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.011494252873563218, 0.006756756756756757, 0.005555555555555556, 0.004651162790697674, 0, 0.011194029850746268, 0.004694835680751174, 0.009345794392523364, 0.0078125, 0, 0, 0.015228426395939087, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0.005263157894736842, 0.0055248618784530384, 0, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0.0049261083743842365, 0 ]

[ "Enantioselective hydrogenation of N-H imines.", "\nN-H ketoimines 3a-3v are readily prepared in high yield via organometallic addition to nitriles and isolated as corresponding bench-stable hydrochloride salts. ", "Homogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation of unprotected N-H ketoimines 3a-3v using Ir-(S,S)-f-binaphane as catalyst provides chiral amines 4a-4v in 90-95% yield with enantioselectivities up to 95% ee." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0.00510204081632653 ]

[ "Looks like they wont get out this time." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nlist directories that dont have certain list of files.", "\n\nI want to do a basic loop over a directory. ", "It has a known set of subdirectories. ", "Each of these is meant to have a list of files with the same name (file1, file2 ... file6). ", "For those that have all 6, I want to rerun the process that creates them for those particular directories. ", "What's the easiest way of getting a lsit of the directories that dont have the 6 files? ", "\n for file in $oDir/* ; do\n find which dont have ALL 6 files [file1, file2, file3, file4, file5, file6]\n done\n\nA:\n\nYou can have:\n#!", "/bin/bash\n\nshopt -s nullglob ## Do not allow presenting the pattern if no file is found.", "\n\nfor dir in \"$oDir\"/*; do\n [[ -d $dir ]] || continue ## Skip those that aren't directories.", "\n files=(\"$dir\"/file[1-6]) ## Match those files.", "\n if [[ ${#files[@]} -ne 6 ]]; then\n # This directory has at least one of those 6 files missing.", "\n # Do something.", "\n :\n fi\ndone\n\nMake sure you run the script as bash. ", "Either run it as ./script.sh (header-based) or bash script.sh.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0 ]

[ "\"Like the Howling Glory of the Darkest Winds, This Voice Was Thunderous and the Words Holy, Tangling Their Way Around Our Hearts and Clutching Our Innocent Awe.\" – ", "10:08\n\n\"A Message of Avarice Rained Down Upon Us and Carried Us Away Into False Dreams of Endless Riches.\" – ", "7:11\n\n\"'Annihilate the Sparrow, That Stealer of Seed, and Our Harvests Will Abound; We Will Watch Our Wealth Flood In'.\" – ", "8:43\n\n\"And by Our Own Hand Did Every Last Bird Lie Silent in Their Puddles, the Air Barren of Song as the Clouds Drifted Away. ", "For Killing Their Greatest Enemy, the Locusts Noisily Thanked Us and Turned Their Jaws Toward Our Crops, Swallowing Our Greed Whole.\" – ", "1:42\n\n\"Millions Starved and We Became Skinnier and Skinnier, While Our Leaders Became Fatter and Fatter.\" – ", "9:55\n\n\"Finally, as That Blazing Sun Shone Down Upon Us, Did We Know That True Enemy Was the Voice of Blind Idolatry; and Only Then Did We Begin to Think for Ourselves.\" – ", "8:03" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.007874015748031496, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0.005847953216374269, 0 ]

[ "The role of substance P in the axon reflex in the rat.", "\nThe increase in vascular permeability in small blood vessels of rat skin induced by antidromic stimulation of sensory roots, nerves, or single identified polymodal nociceptive fibres or by intra-arterial injection of Substance P, has been examined by light and electron microscopy. ", "The effects of local application of capsaicin (a Substance P-depleting agent) to both skin and muscle have also been studied. ", "Nerve stimulation and Substance P induce leakage of a venular pattern similar to that caused by known permeability factors. ", "However, capsaicin causes leakage from both venules and capillaries in a pattern more characteristic of direct endothelial injury. ", "It is suggested that neurogenic leakage may be mediated by local liberation of Substance P, but caution is necessary in interpreting experiments involving the use of capsaicin because of its local toxic effects." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.0035335689045936395, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0.004739336492890996 ]

[ "\n\nMy Brain Has No Space For Your User Interface - achalkley\nhttp://joshtimonen.com/post/79486778102/my-brain-has-no-space-for-your-user-interface\n\n======\ntaeric\nI thrive almost precisely _because_ I'm willing to explore and learn\ninterfaces. ", "The day I give up the desire to figure out how to use rather\nmundane objects is the day I officially give up being a tinkerer.", "\n\nDoes it take some figuring out when I jump from one android to another? ", "Or to\nan iPhone? ", "Or an old style phone? ", "Sure, but so what? ", "Do I want to do it daily?", "\nNot really. ", "However, doing so every now and then is _hugely_ beneficial to\nseeing how others see the world.", "\n\nThis is no different than why you should try different programming languages.", "\nSometimes, it just helps to see things differently. ", "Even if it is the same old\ntodo list you have seen countless times. ", "Maybe something will \"click\" this\ntime.", "\n\nSeriously, consider that when you are using a new UI, you are seeing something\nas envisioned by someone else. ", "It may be that the someone else is a committee\nthat couldn't agree on anything. ", "In this case the learning experience will be\nmostly frustration.", "\n\nHowever, do you really think that things that you know and use daily are truly\neasy? ", "Watch a child try to operate a door sometime. ", "Any kind of door. ", "It does\nnot matter.", "\n\nMaybe I'm just projecting and hoping that by instilling a sense of \"keep\ntrying\" and \"learn what you can do, do not get upset with what you can't\" to\nmy kids. ", "Surely I am not alone in this, though.", "\n\nAnd this is far from new. ", "The devices we have to learn nowdays are downright\neasy compared to the stuff from years past. ", "Have you seen some of the heavy\nmachinery that people operate? ", "There are more levers on a standard worksite\ntractor than I can really make sense of.", "\n\n------\nTuring_Machine\nIMO, it's more likely that your brain doesn't have space for _bad_ user\ninterfaces. ", "I don't think we actually have any _good_ ones yet.", "\n\nConsider the physical world. ", "Cars, toilets, old-school dial telephones, doors,\nblenders, paper books, hammers, bulldozers, can openers... have vastly\ndisparate user interfaces, but no one complains about having to learn them\nall, nor do they expect some kind of chimeric \"common user interface\" and\ncomplain when the hammer and the table saw don't work the same way.", "\n\nHammers that required you to adjust screen sliders to adjust the force and\nangle of the blow would _suck_. ", "Hammers and table saws that were given some\nsort of half-assed \"common user interface\" would _suck bad_.", "\n\nSo, yeah, there are a lot of bad UIs. ", "That doesn't make (current favorite UI)\na good one, though. ", "The way that this gets better in the long term is for\npeople to keep making new UIs (most of which will inevitably be bad). ", "Trying\nto stop that process just means that it'll take that much longer before we get\ngood ones.", "\n\n~~~\nhenrikschroder\n> That doesn't make (current favorite UI) a good one, though.", "\n\nThere are plenty of things with great user interfaces, and the way you can\nrecognize them is if the interface \"disappears\" when you use the thing. ", "If you\ncan use the thing without thinking, without having to read a sign, without\nhaving a cheat-sheet, when you're very sleepy, and you still do the right\nthing, then the interface is good.", "\n\nMy pet peeve is household appliances that are just in the way, that do the\nwrong thing, that make you do unnecessary steps to get what you want.", "\n\nI still miss my old microwave with its huge digital knob for setting time and\npower. ", "I developed muscle-memory for using that thing, because it just felt\nright, my body _knew_ exactly how much to turn the knob to get a certain time.", "\n\nMy current one is atrocious, it has a number pad. ", "No.", "\n\nAnd it doesn't have to be that way, I'm always concious about user interfaces\nof things I buy, and go out of my way to buy stuff that has good interfaces. ", "I\nhope that by supporting companies that put in the effort, they'll win in the\nend. (", "It's a slim hope, though.)", "\n\n~~~\nthaumasiotes\n> If you can use the thing without thinking, without having to read a sign,\n> without having a cheat-sheet, when you're very sleepy, and you still do the\n> right thing, then the interface is good.", "\n\nI'm not sure any of this applies to table saws. ", "You might be setting the\nstandard a little high.", "\n\n~~~\nbuddhirons\n\"Muscle memory\" I worked years ago as a welders assistant and the physical act\nof controlling the trigger on a burning torch became ingrained and reflexive.", "\nIt really does apply to everything even table saws.", "\n\n------\nuserbinator\nI think a lot of it has to do with discoverability (or lack thereof) - e.g.\nbuttons, which used to _actually look like things you could depress_ , have\nturned into little icons that often don't even have a border. ", "It makes it\nharder to know whether something is a button or just an indicator, or even\npurely decorative. ", "The trend seems to be to hide everything away in (at times\nmultiple) layers of submenus, require various gestures (with no hints that you\ncan), and offer little in the way of context-sensitive help.", "\n\n~~~\njoshtimonen\nI also dislike the trend away from bordered buttons in iOS 7. ", "Users shouldn't\nhave to guess whether something is a label or a button. ", "Trading off that\nusability for just a little visual cleanliness seems like a bad deal.", "\n\n~~~\nlstamour\nYou can turn on visual buttons in accessibility. ", "Which to me just becomes one\nmore thing I need to test for as a dev ;-)\n\n~~~\nuserbinator\nFunny they put it in Accessibility - the category of options for\n\"disadvantaged\" users, as if \"normal\" users wouldn't need a more accessible\nUI?", "\n\n~~~\nlstamour\nI don't know if I'd say that. ", "I can't tell you how often I employed VoiceOver\npre-Siri as a way to dim the screen while playing YouTube audio or to read me\nall my emails while doing something else. ", "In fact, a year to when Siri was\nannounced, I referenced that and got a nudge-nudge, wink-wink that audio was\none of the next big things.", "\n\nIn some ways I think Accessibility is a misnomer -- it's the way Apple says,\nhey, you 20% of pro users, here's something you can try. ", "Hence Accessibility\non Mac getting a security center so apps can use those hooks to resize and\nread the screen the way \"most\" shouldn't.", "\n\nI treat it as a toy box, and frankly still miss most of its settings on\nAndroid. ", "Have a look at WWDC videos on accessibility, unlike the counterparts\nfrom Google and Microsoft which often require special extensions or apps to\nenable, Apple delivers the whole thing, and it really works.", "\n\nWhy else would Apple offer 8-9 different font sizes in roughly four font\nweights (normal, bold, and fonts overwritten normal and bold). ", "Yes, some\noptions could be highlighted during the welcome screen, in the same way\nVoiceOver is on a Mac at first launch. ", "But like right-click, some things you\nhave to turn on yourself until they sync over the cloud. ", "But that's life. ", "At\nleast their settings apply across the board to all apps.", "\n\n------\nrobobro\nThe author seems to present two main points in this essay:\n\n1\\. I have a lot of really cool brand new stuff.", "\n\n2\\. Instead of having 100 different UI's, let's have less.", "\n\nIs there any value in either? ", "Half bragging and half common sense does not an\nengaging essay make. ", "And while I appreciate what I understand to be his second\npoint, I don't think it's necessarily right.", "\n\nSometimes it makes sense to have more or less buttons on something, depending\non its functions. ", "A TV remote with anything less than 20 buttons is probably\nuseless. ", "A UI which does not take advantage of the wide-ranging input is\nequally useless. ", "A car's GPS can't really work well with just 2 or 3 physical\nbuttons, and vanilla Android is obviously ill-fitting, even with a touch\nscreen. ", "The author, a serious Mac user, shouldn't even be satisfied with OSX.", "\nHas he read the UNIX Hater's Handbook? ", "It criticizes OSX's underlying\noperating system with the same points he makes against everything but his\nbeloved iToys.", "\n\nI have a simple solution to the problem of too many UIs. ", "Stop buying so much\nshit. ", "Keep the growth of technology in check by voting with your wallet, and\nkeep your mind clear by not filling it up with anything other than what is\nabsolutely necessary. ", "Use your phone as your GPS and TV remote. ", "Watch TV on\nyour computer. ", "You can really reduce a lot of your bulk, both in terms of\nhardware and software, by getting more out of what you already have.", "\n\n[Obligatory comment against software patents.]", "\n\n------\nlam\nGood start in pointing out those disparate UIs. ", "As you have pointed out,\nthough, devs/manufacturers feel they have an incentive to create something\ndifferent. ", "From a user's POV what's needed is just one UI that he's familiar\nwith. ", "Maybe one solution is creating a UI (HW/SW/etc) that knows how to map\nfunctionalities automatically for different devices/apps.", "\n\n~~~\nSolarNet\nDefinitely, the main thing is that we need a unified UI system.", "\n\nThe web isn't a _current_ solution, although it has the potential to be it.", "\n\nAnd there aren't any good desktop solutions because there are so many UI\npatterns and elements that are required.", "\n\n~~~\nsizzle\nwhat about the ability to create user friendly, customizable shortcuts in the\nUI of certain products? ", "I really enjoy customizing my android phone with\nshortcuts that are intuitive to me, such as double tap back arrow --> jump\nbetween last open app, and long press menu button --> pull down notification\nbar from top.", "\n\nI wish I could define or remap buttons on physical appliances, granted it's an\nadvanced mode common users would not be burdened with.", "\n\n~~~\nSolarNet\nBy being the one that control the UI's look and feel, the ability for power\nusers to create arbitrary UI controls would simply materialize!", "\n\n------\nbitkit\nWell, I think things will get more focused. ", "Like Google's watch UI announced\nthe other day, it only does a few things. ", "Also, as voice commands start really\ntaking off, visual UIs will fade in importance. ", "Sure, we'll always have\nvisuals, but it won't be so abused as described. ", "Lastly, good UX is happening\nnow, you see really smart people like Alan Cooper who design for goals, not\njust a single task. ", "This way of thinking about an interface even before its\nmade will cut down on some of the UI foolishness.", "\n\n------\npistle\nFirst world problems. ", "Get an aeropress or french press for coffee. ", "Get rid of\nyour TV (that will take out another 3-4 devices most likely). ", "Get rid of your\nwatch.", "\n\nThere... now you are UI-defragged and you make better coffee.", "\n\n~~~\naashishkoirala\nAnnoying hipster alert.", "\n\n~~~\nludston\nIs that really necessary?", "\n\n------\nlvturner\nHow many are interfaces are you expected to deal with now? ", "Zero.", "\n\nThis sounds as much about having too much stuff in your life than it does\nabout user interfaces.", "\n\nIf you are complaining about your cars touch-screen, you should perhaps be\nconsidering if you really need a car with a touch-screen in it at all.", "\n\nAnd for the record, my coffee machines user interface is roughly as\ncomplicated as the user interface to a light-bulb.", "\n\n------\nrando289\nToday I opened one of many blog's I will skim with a unique design. ", "I first\nlooked for the date, it took me a good 20 seconds to find because it was in\ntiny greyed out text hidden at the bottom of the page. ", "Then I saw this was a\nblog about inconsistent user interfaces, and I'd say it was partly the pot\ncalling the kettle black.", "\n\n------\nAnimalMuppet\nAbsolutely.", "\n\nAnd for this reason, an app has to be _significantly_ better for it to be\nworth the bother to switch.", "\n\n------\nnnq\n> They’re trying too hard, and making a mess in the process.", "\n\nI can sincerely say this about _all_ the _graphic designers_ and _ui /ux\ndesigners_ I've ever worked with!", "\n\n------\nnej\n\"In 10 years, this UI list may look laughably small. ", "We’ll probably be\ndiscussing the operating systems on our tube socks and dust pans. ", "What can be\ndone?\" ", "really makes you think.", "\n\n~~~\nRobotCaleb\nHow's that?", "\n\n------\nmnorton3\nGuess it's time to crack out the Chemex for a simple pour over coffee, then\nhop on to our bikes! ", "At least that will help with some of the brain fatigue.", "\n\n------\nPacabel\nThis really wasn't an issue in the 1990s and even into the early 2000s. ", "Back\nthen, most applications running on Windows, Mac OS and even the various\ncommercial Unixes followed rather clear and uniform UI conventions.", "\n\nThere were differences between applications running within the same ecosystem,\nof course, and not as wide of a range of device types. ", "But because of the\ngreater consistency, it was generally much easier to learn how to use new\napplications. ", "A lot of existing knowledge carried over, and was immediately\napplicable when using a new application.", "\n\nThis uniformity has unfortunately never really developed well on the various\nmobile platforms used today. ", "It has deteriorated quite badly under Windows,\nwith Microsoft themselves being somewhat responsible for this. ", "The situation\nis perhaps the best under OS X. But even here we've still seen applications\nlike Chrome and Firefox use non-standard UIs.", "\n\n~~~\njacobolus\n> _This really wasn 't an issue in the 1990s and even into the early 2000s.", "\n> Back then, most applications [..] followed rather clear and uniform UI\n> conventions._", "\n\nHah. ", "Haha. ", "Hahahahaha.", "\n\nIf you pulled similar samples of UIs from the 90s and from today, I bet you’d\nfind about the same proportion of fucked up designs in both (and that\nproportion would be shockingly high).", "\n\nSome applications (especially on Mac OS) tried to stick to Apple’s human\ninterface guidelines, and some of those were successful, but even on the Mac\nthere have always been heaps and heaps of horrible broken user interfaces. ", "And\ndon’t get me started on Windows applications from the 1990s. ", "What a steaming\npile...\n\nI think what’s changed today is that (a) with ubiquitous internet and a very\neasy install process, people end up interacting with more applications (at\nleast to download, play with once or twice, and then forget about),\n\n~~~\nPacabel\nThe consistency of a UI is quite distinct from the quality or the usability of\na UI. ", "You're incorrectly blurring these very different concepts.", "\n\nI never claimed that all UIs back then were \"perfect\", or that there weren't\n\"badly designed\" UIs. ", "I was very clearly talking about consistency between\ndifferent applications running on the same system.", "\n\nWhen using applications from that period of time, one could expect to find a\nmenu bar and menus that were quite similar to those of other applications. ", "Of\ncourse there were application-specific menus and items, but there was at least\na common subset shared by nearly all applications, especially any that were\ndesigned with even the minimal level of care.", "\n\nThe same held true for toolbars, keyboard shortcuts, common dialogs, and so\nforth. ", "There were also general conventions for how the application-specific\nparts of UIs looked and behaved. ", "While not everyone followed these\nconventions, of course, most of the major and seriously-designed applications\ndid.", "\n\nWe have lost much of that today. ", "It's particularly bad when it comes to mobile\napps, and getting worse when it comes to desktop applications. ", "Yes, Microsoft\nand Apple themselves are to blame, to some extent. ", "But it goes much beyond\nthat these days. ", "Inconsistency is the norm, and that does lead to\ninefficiency.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

[ 0.004132231404958678, 0, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0, 0.014634146341463415, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0.014084507042253521, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.01680672268907563, 0, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0.015748031496062992, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0.02666666666666667, 0, 0, 0.016, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0, 0.006944444444444444, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0.004405286343612335, 0, 0.0058309037900874635, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Novel polypeptides induced by the insecticide lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) are required for its biodegradation by a Sphingomonas paucimobilis strain.", "\nWhen exposed to the potent insecticide gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane or lindane, a Sphingomonas paucimobilis strain rapidly synthesized 7 novel polypeptides and concomitantly gained the ability to degrade lindane. ", "Synthesis of these proteins was switched-off subsequent to the disappearance of lindane from the medium. ", "Treatments which induced the synthesis of identical proteins also conferred on cells the ability to degrade lindane. ", "In contrast, cells blocked in protein synthesis could not be induced to degrade lindane. ", "The close correspondence observed between expression of lindane-induced proteins and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane catabolism strongly implicates these novel proteins in lindane biodegradation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nUsing enum to reduce page object method\n\nI had written following page object class which represents user profile page. ", "The profile contains department, teams, email and login labels and corresponding values. ", "Initially I wrote a page object class as - \npublic class MyProfilePage extends PageObject{\n\npublic MyProfilePage() throws Exception {\n super(departmentLabel);\n throw new IllegalStateException(\"This is not My Profile page\");\n}\n\nprivate static final LabelElement departmentLabel = new LabelElement(\"Department Label\",\n locateByCSSSelector(\".department\"));\nprivate static final LabelElement teamLabel = new LabelElement(\"Teams Label\",\n locateByCSSSelector(\".teams\"));\nprivate static final LabelElement emailLabel = new LabelElement(\"Emails Label\",\n locateByCSSSelector(\".email\"));\nprivate static final LabelElement loginLabel = new LabelElement(\"Login Label\",\n locateByCSSSelector(\".login\"));\n\npublic String getDepartment() {\n return departmentLabel.getText();\n}\n\npublic String getTeam() {\n return teamLabel.getText();\n}\n\npublic String getEMail() {\n return emailLabel.getText();\n}\n\npublic String getLogin() {\n return loginLabel.getText();\n}\n}\n\nThen I decided to use enum and reduce the number of class variable and methods - \npublic class MyProfilePage extends PageObject{\n\npublic MyProfilePage(ProfileAttribute profileAttribute) throws Exception {\n super(getProfileAttributeElement(profileAttribute));\n throw new IllegalStateException(\"This is not My Profile page\");\n}\n\npublic enum ProfileAttribute {\n DEPARTMENT(\"department\"), TEAM(\"teams\"), EMAIL(\"email\"), LOGIN(\"login\");\n\n private String attribute;\n\n ProfileAttribute(String attribute) {\n this.attribute = attribute;\n }\n\n public String getAttribute() {\n return attribute;\n }\n}\n\nprivate static HtmlElement getProfileAttributeElement (ProfileAttribute profileAttribute) {\n return new LabelElement(\"Profile Attribute\", locateByCSSSelector(\".", "\"+\n profileAttribute.getAttribute()));\n}\n\npublic String getAttributeValue(ProfileAttribute profileAttribute) {\n return getProfileAttributeElement(profileAttribute).getText();\n}\n}\n\nA curtailed version of TopHeader class which gets to the Myrofile page -\npublic class TopHeader extends PageObject {\n\npublic MyProfilePage goToManageYourAccount() throws Exception {\n manageYourAccountLink.click();\n return new MyProfilePage(MyProfilePage.", "ProfileAttribute.", "DEPARTMENT);\n}\n\n}\n\nThis is how a test uses it - \npublic class MyProfileTest extends SelTestCase {\n\nLoginUserNavigation loginUserNavigation = new LoginUserNavigation();\n\n@Test(groups = \"shouldDisplayProfileAttributesOnMyProfilePage\")\npublic void shouldDisplayProfileAttributesOnMyProfilePage() throws Exception {\n MyProfilePage myProfilePage = loginUserNavigation\n .loginAsDefaultUser(getEnvironment())\n .getTopHeader()\n .goToManageYourAccount();\n assertThat(\"department is wrong\", myProfilePage.getAttributeValue\n (MyProfilePage.", "ProfileAttribute.", "DEPARTMENT), is(equalTo(\"Technology\")));\n}\n\n}\nHave I made it any better? ", "Could I improve it further?", "\n\nA:\n\nThrowing exceptions in the constructor is weird; you should either add a comment explaining OR just remove the exception. ", "If you're going to always disallow creation of a PageObject, provide a static method which will do the things you want, rather than throwing exceptions all the time. ", "\nExceptions are for exceptional flow - not for \"business as usual\". ", "Right now your program reads like \"... and then it crashes, which is completely normal.\" ", "This sort of thing, without documentation, leads to maintenance nightmare. ", "Why was this done? ", "It's highly irregular! ", "But if it was done this way, there must have been a reason? ", "I mean, normally, there is no sane reason to do the sort of thing you just did...\npublic String getAttributeValue(ProfileAttribute profileAttribute) {\n return getProfileAttributeElement(profileAttribute).getText();\n}\n\nThis can be deleted. ", "The only constructor throws an exception, so barring weird reflection (in which case, you're doing it wrong), any methods which rely on instances cannot be called. ", "The other option I can think of is if you have a subclass that uses this method. ", "Then this method would see some use - but it's existence remains questionable.", "\nWithout the exception, however, you can make use of it as normal.", "\n\nA:\n\nBesides the formatting issue, I have observed two points to improve.", "\nSince, there is an exception on constructor, the object is not eligible for usage anyway. ", "I don't know the intention behind it but maybe you prefer a private constructor. ", "\nSecond, attribute in ProfileAttribute could be final. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0.003937007874015748, 0.006593406593406593, 0.058823529411764705, 0.0034542314335060447, 0.058823529411764705, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0 ]

[ "Record of Agarest War Zero\n\nRecord of Agarest War Zero, known as in Japan and Agarest: Generations of War Zero in Europe, is a tactical role-playing game developed by Compile Heart and Red Entertainment. ", "It was published in Japan by Idea Factory on June 25, 2009 for the PlayStation 3. ", "It is the prequel to the 2007 game Record of Agarest War.", "\n\nAn enhanced port of Agarest Zero was released for the Xbox 360 titled Agarest Senki Zero: Dawn of War. ", "The Xbox 360 version contained extra content not found in the PlayStation 3 version of the game, such as costumes, CGs and more.", "\n\nBoth versions feature an extra mode where you can return to the maps from the previous game, and unlock characters via the PlayStation Store or Xbox Live Marketplace.", "\n\nGameplay\nThe battles are the same as the first game, the maps, and the Soul Breed System. ", "Two new systems were introduced, The Feel Link System and the Free Intention. ", "There is also an Extra Mode.", "\n\nFeel Link\nA new system is introduced called the Feel Link System. ", "The Feel Link system is where the heroine's costume and dialog depend on their relationship level.", "\n\nFree Intention\nAnother new system where players can build relationship with the heroines. ", "This may result in new costumes, CGs, and items. ", "This is accessed by the City Menu.", "\n\nExtra Mode\nIf the players have Clear Data from the first game, it is possible to load it and unlock the Door to the Future after some progress. ", "Through the door, players can access the maps from the first game and unlock items and characters from the first game. ", "Leo, his descendants, the heroines, Ellis and Dyshana are unlocked free. ", "However, other playable characters must be downloaded from the PlayStation Store.", "\n\nCharacters\nAgarest Zero has a total of 15 playable characters (9 in the first generation and 6 in the second). ", "Characters from the first game can be unlocked via DLC and the Extra Mode.", "\n\nLocalization\nOn November 5, 2010, Aksys Games announced that it will bring both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of Agarest Senki Zero to North America as Record of Agarest War Zero. ", "Both versions were released on June 14, 2011.", "\n\nGhostlight released Agarest Zero in Europe as a PlayStation 3 exclusive as Agarest: Generations of War Zero on August 26, 2011.", "\n\nExternal links\n Record of Agarest War Zero Official website for Mobile version Android/iOS\n Record of Agarest War Zero Official website for North America\n Agarest: Generations of War Zero Official website for Europe\n Agarest Senki Zero Official website for Japan \n Agarest Senki Zero: Dawn of War Official website for Japan\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2009 video games\nCategory:Android (operating system) games\nCategory:Compile Heart games\nCategory:Dating sims\nCategory:Fantasy video games\nCategory:IOS games\nCategory:Role-playing video games\nCategory:Romance video games\nCategory:Red Entertainment games\nCategory:PlayStation 3 games\nCategory:Tactical role-playing video games\nCategory:Video games developed in Japan\nCategory:Windows games\nCategory:Xbox 360 games" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.00975609756097561, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0, 0, 0.005952380952380952, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0.0410958904109589, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0.005208333333333333, 0, 0, 0.009198423127463863 ]

[ "BUENA PARK, Calif. — When it comes to immigration, Sylvia Kim has been a fierce opponent of President Trump. ", "She has protested him at L.A.X. airport and written about his “shameful legacy” on refugees. ", "But on Thursday Ms. Kim watched the dramatic events out of North Korea unfold with a mixture of shock and gratitude.", "\n\n“To say it is extremely historic is an understatement,” she said.", "\n\nSouthern California is home to the largest Korean population outside of Asia and Ms. Kim is one of many Korean-Americans here feeling a whipsaw of emotions over the administration’s actions in recent days. ", "While the president has infuriated some with his policies and rhetoric on immigration, others are hopeful that his approach to foreign affairs could help bring peace to a long-divided region where the vast majority of Korean-Americans still have relatives.", "\n\n“It is very conflicting because what he is doing domestically is so horrendous on so many levels,” said Ms. Kim, the Orange County director for Asian Americans Advancing Justice, a civil-rights group. “", "Yet on the international level he might achieve something nobody else has.”", "\n\nThe Korean meeting, which Mr. Trump announced on Thursday, is the most promising sign in years for stability in the region, which has prompted an outpouring of support and celebration among many Korean-Americans. ", "But many others — particularly younger Korean immigrants and the children of immigrants — are more focused on the fight against his domestic agenda. ", "It has created deep divisions between those who admire the president and those who see his administration as a threat." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.01834862385321101, 0.010752688172043012, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0.004807692307692308, 0, 0.004901960784313725, 0, 0.004651162790697674, 0, 0 ]

[ "Danny Kerry (field hockey)\n\nDanny Kerry MBE (born 2 December 1970) is an English international field hockey coach. ", "He is the head coach for the England and Great Britain Men's teams.", "\n\nHe was born in King's Lynn, Norfolk and was educated at King Edward VII in King's Lynn, Norfolk., ", "and studied at Loughborough University and the University of Warwick.", "\n\nCareer\nHe was first appointed head coach of the Great Britain women's national field hockey team in 2003, and continued in the 2012 Summer Olympics.", "\n\nIn 2016 he was appointed head coach of the England and Great Britain Women’s Hockey teams on a permanent basis through to the Tokyo Olympic Games in 2020.", "\n\nIn August 2018 he was appointed head coach of the England and Great Britain Men’s Hockey teams on a permanent basis through to the Tokyo Olympic Games in 2020.", "\n\nCoaching approach\nKerry made changes to his coaching following very adverse feedback after his role as head coach at the 2008 Olympics.", "\n\nHe emphasises that 'culture precedes performance' and the importance of common purpose. ", "He encourages his players to consider scenarios and to work out for themselves how to 'find a way' in game situations.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:English field hockey coaches\nCategory:1970 births\nCategory:Sportspeople from King's Lynn\nCategory:Loughborough Students field hockey players" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.02608695652173913, 0.014925373134328358, 0.03, 0.028985507246376812, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0.006211180124223602, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0.010752688172043012 ]

[ "Q:\n\nRxSwfit bind operation retain cycle\n\nI am new at rxswift framework.", "I have written a code below and I am not sure.", "Is there any retain cycle? ", "Must I use weak reference to self?", "\n loginButton.rx.tap.bind {\n print(self.nameText.value ?? ", " \"\")\n self.nameText.accept(\"ahmet vefa saruhan\")\n }.disposed(by: disposebag)\n\nsecond case is : \nfunc myTestFunction(handler : () -> Void) {\n handler()\n}\n\nmyTestFunction {\n self.isVisible = false\n }\n\nis here any retain cycle problem?", "\n\nA:\n\nYes, weak should be used when you using self inside block.", "\nAnd use subscribe instead of bind.", "\nbasicLoginButton.rx.tap.subscribe(onNext: { [weak self] () in\n print(self?.nameText.value ?? \"\")", "\n self?.nameText.accept(\"ahmet vefa saruhan\")\n}).disposed(by: disposeBag)\n\nI think in the second case, everything is correct, there is not needed 'weak'. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to update multiple fields of a django model instance?", "\n\nI'm wondering, what is a standard way of updating multiple fields of an instance of a model in django? ... ", "If I have a model with some fields,\nClass foomodel(models.", "Model):\n field1 = models.", "CharField(max_length=10)\n field2 = models.", "CharField(max_length=10)\n field3 = models.", "CharField(max_length=10)\n ...\n\n... and I instantiate it with one field given, and then in a separate step I want to provide the rest of the fields, how do I do that by just passing a dictionary or key value params? ", "Possible?", "\nIn other words, say I have a dictionary with some data in it that has everything I want to write into an instance of that model. ", "The model instance has been instantiated in a separate step and let's say it hasn't been persisted yet. ", "I can say foo_instance.field1 = my_data_dict['field1'] for each field, but something tells me there should be a way of calling a method on the model instance where I just pass all of the field-value pairs at once and it updates them. ", "Something like foo_instance.update(my_data_dict). ", "I don't see any built-in methods like this, am I missing it or how is this efficiently done? ", "\nI have a feeling this is an obvious, RTM kind of question but I just haven't seen it in the docs.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt's tempting to mess with __dict__, but that won't apply to attributes inherited from a parent class.", "\nYou can either iterate over the dict to assign to the object:\nfor (key, value) in my_data_dict.items():\n setattr(obj, key, value)\nobj.save()\n\nOr you can directly modify it from a queryset (making sure your query set only returns the object you're interested in):\nFooModel.objects.filter(whatever=\"anything\").update(**my_data_dict)\n\nA:\n\nYou could try this:\nobj.__dict__.update(my_data_dict)\n\nA:\n\nIt seems like such a natural thing you'd want to do but like you I've not found it in the docs either. ", " The docs do say you should sub-class save() on the model. ", " And that's what I do.", "\ndef save(self, **kwargs):\n mfields = iter(self._meta.fields)\n mods = [(f.attname, kwargs[f.attname]) for f in mfields if f.attname in kwargs]\n for fname, fval in mods: setattr(self, fname, fval)\n super(MyModel, self).save()\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0045871559633027525, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02100840336134454 ]

[ "Tidy evaluation is a bit challenging to get your head around. ", "Even after reading programming with dplyr several times, I still struggle when creating functions from time to time. ", "I made a small summary of the most common actions I perform, so I don’t have to dig in the vignettes and on stackoverflow over and over. ", "Each is accompanied with a minimal example on how to implement it. ", "I thought others might find this useful too, so here it is in a blog post. ", "This list is meant to be a living thing so additions and improvements are most welcome. ", "Please do a PR on this file or send an email.", "\n\nlibrary ( tidyverse )\n\nbare to quosure: quo\n\nbare_to_quo <- function ( x , var ){ x %>% select ( !! ", "var ) %>% head ( 1 ) } bare_to_quo ( mtcars , quo ( cyl ))\n\n## cyl ## Mazda RX4 6\n\nbare to quosure in function: enquo\n\nbare_to_quo_in_func <- function ( x , var ) { var_enq <- enquo ( var ) x %>% select ( !! ", "var_enq ) %>% head ( 1 ) } bare_to_quo_in_func ( mtcars , mpg )\n\n## mpg ## Mazda RX4 21\n\nquosure to a name: quo_name\n\nbare_to_name <- function ( x , nm ) { nm_name <- quo_name ( nm ) x %>% mutate ( !! ", "nm_name := 42 ) %>% head ( 1 ) %>% select ( !! ", "nm ) } bare_to_name ( mtcars , quo ( this_is_42 ))\n\n## this_is_42 ## 1 42\n\nquosure to text: quo_text\n\nquo_to_text <- function ( x , var ) { var_enq <- enquo ( var ) glue :: glue ( \"The following column was selected: {rlang::quo_text(var_enq)}\" ) } quo_to_text ( mtcars , cyl )\n\n## The following column was selected: cyl\n\ncharacter to name: sym (edited)\n\nchar_to_quo <- function ( x , var ) { var_enq <- rlang :: sym ( var ) x %>% select ( !! ", "var_enq ) %>% head ( 1 ) } char_to_quo ( mtcars , \"vs\" )\n\n## vs ## Mazda RX4 0\n\nmultiple bares to quosure: quos\n\nbare_to_quo_mult <- function ( x , ... ) { grouping <- quos ( ... ) x %>% group_by ( !!! ", "grouping ) %>% summarise ( nr = n ()) } bare_to_quo_mult ( mtcars , vs , cyl )\n\n## # A tibble: 5 x 3 ## # Groups: vs [?] ## ", "vs cyl nr ## <dbl> <dbl> <int> ## 1 0 4 1 ## 2 0 6 3 ## 3 0 8 14 ## 4 1 4 10 ## 5 1 6 4\n\nmultiple characters to names: syms (edited)\n\nbare_to_quo_mult_chars <- function ( x , ... ) { grouping <- rlang :: syms ( ... ) x %>% group_by ( !!! ", "grouping ) %>% summarise ( nr = n ()) } bare_to_quo_mult_chars ( mtcars , list ( \"vs\" , \"cyl\" ))\n\n## # A tibble: 5 x 3 ## # Groups: vs [?] ## ", "vs cyl nr ## <dbl> <dbl> <int> ## 1 0 4 1 ## 2 0 6 3 ## 3 0 8 14 ## 4 1 4 10 ## 5 1 6 4\n\nquoting full expression\n\nAlthough quoting column names is most often used, it is by no means the only option. ", "We can use the above to quote full expressions.", "\n\nfilter_func <- function ( x , filter_exp ) { filter_exp_enq <- enquo ( filter_exp ) x %>% filter ( !! ", "filter_exp_enq ) } filter_func ( mtcars , hp == 93 )\n\n## mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb ## 1 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.61 1 1 4 1\n\nquoting full expression in a character: parse_expr\n\nfilter_by_char <- function ( x , char ) { func_call <- rlang :: parse_expr ( char ) x %>% filter ( !! ", "func_call ) } filter_by_char ( mtcars , \"cyl == 6\" ) %>% head ( 1 )\n\n## mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb ## 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.46 0 1 4 4\n\nEdit notes\n\n1) I mistakingly thought that rlang::sym(s) created quosures. ", "However, as pointed out to me by a reader, this creates a name , not a quosure . ", "A name however can also be unquoted. ", "See this github discussion.", "\n\njust_a_name <- rlang :: sym ( \"cyl\" ) class ( just_a_name )\n\n## [1] \"name\"\n\nmtcars %>% select ( !! ", "just_a_name ) %>% head ( 1 )\n\n## cyl ## Mazda RX4 6\n\n2) Quoting expressions in a character was added roughly a year after the first apperance of this blog.", "\n\n3) The quo_text example used to be with ggplot2 . ", "However, since v.3.0.0 it supports tidy evaluation. ", "Therefore, the example was changed and now it uses glue .", "\n\nPlease enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.", "\n\nDisqus" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004807692307692308, 0.004975124378109453, 0, 0.004524886877828055, 0.0049504950495049506, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006666666666666667, 0.012875536480686695, 0, 0, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0 ]

[ "12 F.3d 858\nUNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.Michael John GARAN, Defendant,andGeorge Frederick Rombach, Defendant-Appellant.", "\nNo. ", "92-55090.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Ninth Circuit.", "\nArgued and Submitted July 13, 1993.Decided Dec. 17, 1993.", "\n\nGeorge F. Rombach, defendant-appellant, in pro. ", "per.", "\nFrank D. Kortum, Asst. ", "U.S. Atty., ", "Los Angeles, CA, for plaintiff-appellee.", "\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California, Ronald S.W. Lew, District Judge, Presiding.", "\nBefore: FLOYD R. GIBSON,* HALL, and KLEINFELD, Circuit Judges.", "\nFLOYD R. GIBSON, Senior Circuit Judge:\n\n\n1\nGeorge Rombach appeals the district court's entry of summary judgement in favor of the government in its suit to enforce Rombach's guaranty of a Small Business Administration loan. ", " We vacate the judgment and remand for further proceedings.", "\n\nI. BACKGROUND\n\n2\nOn February 23, 1977, Orangematic, Inc. executed a note in the amount of $388,000 and received loan proceeds in that amount from Union Bank. ", " This loan was made under the Small Business Administration (SBA) Guaranteed Loan Program. ", " Orangematic deposited the proceeds in its account at Union Bank. ", " Simultaneously with the execution of the note, Rombach, one of the company's officers and directors, signed a guaranty on the note, purportedly on a bank official's representation that it would be revocable should Rombach resign as an officer and director of Orangematic. ", " On May 27, 1977, some three months later, Rombach resigned as an officer and a director. ", " Approximately three months after resigning, Rombach sent Union Bank a letter in which he referenced the bank official's oral representation, declared that he was no longer an officer or a director, and \"revoked\" his guaranty.", "\n\n\n3\nUnion Bank assigned the note to the SBA in January 1984. ", " The last payment Orangematic made was on August 17, 1985; in October 1986 the SBA issued Rombach a written demand for payment and, in January 1991, filed suit on the guaranty. ", " The government moved for summary judgment; which was granted. ", " Rombach appeals.1\n\nII. ", "DISCUSSION\nA. Laches/Unreasonable Delay\n\n4\nRombach concedes that laches cannot run against the government, but argues that in a situation in which there has been obvious prejudice by delay, the defense should be permitted. ", " The delay Rombach complains of is not clear. ", " If he refers to the delay between the time Orangematic defaulted and the government demanded he make good on the guaranty, we note the delay was approximately fourteen months. ", " Although the government is immune from claims of laches, United States v. Menatos, 925 F.2d 333, 335 (9th Cir.1991), we stated in United States v. Gottlieb, 948 F.2d 1128 (9th Cir.1991) that the SBA was precluded from forestalling commencement of the limitation period by inordinately failing to make the demand for payment necessary to allow the SBA's cause of action to accrue. ", " Id. at 1130-31 (citing United States v. Vanornum, 912 F.2d 1023, 1027 n. 5 (8th Cir.1990)). ", " In viewing Rombach's claim of unreasonable delay as raising only the defense of laches, the district court understandably overlooked the issue of whether the SBA's demand for payment was made within a reasonable time as required by Gottlieb. ", " Accordingly, we remand for consideration of this issue.", "\n\nB. Estoppel\n\n5\nAs Union Bank's assignee, \"the Government stands in the shoes of the insured lender and possesses only those rights against the borrower that the lender could have asserted.\" ", " United States v. Frisk, 675 F.2d 1079, 1082 (9th Cir.1982); see also United States v. California, --- U.S. ----, ----, 113 S.Ct. ", "1784, 1791, 123 L.Ed.2d 528 (1993) (Government cannot be subrogated to a right free of a pre-existing infirmity (quotation omitted)); Guaranty Trust Co. v. United States, 304 U.S. 126, 141, 58 S.Ct. ", "785, 793, 82 L.Ed. ", "1224 (1938) (\"the United States acquired by the assignment whatever rights then survived the running of the statute against [the assignee]\"). ", " Although these cases involved instances in which the government acquired a cause of action that was time-barred, we do not believe the logic of these cases applies exclusively to that particular \"pre-existing infirmity.\" ", " As the Supreme Court explained, subjecting the government to the defenses that could have been subjected against the assignor \"offends against no policy of protecting the ... sovereign. ", " It deprives the United States of no right, for ... the United States never acquired a right free of a preexisting infirmity....\" Guaranty Trust, 304 U.S. at 142, 58 S.Ct. ", "at 793. ", " In other words, having acquired a claim subject to a valid defense, there is no public policy reason for insulating the government from that defense. ", " Accordingly, if Union Bank would have been estopped in a suit against Rombach, the government has acquired a claim subject to a preexisting infirmity and would be similarly barred.2\n\n\n6\n\"[W]hile estoppel is an equitable defense, under current California pleading and practice it is available in actions at law as well as suits in equity.\" ", " Culver City v. State Bd. ", "of Equalization, 29 Cal.", "App.3d 404, 105 Cal.", "Rptr. ", "602, 606 (1973). ", " Thus, the defense may be \"applied to prevent a person from asserting a right which has come into existence by contract.\" ", " Trustees of the State Colleges & Universities v. National Collegiate Athletic Ass'n, 82 Cal.", "App.3d 461, 147 Cal.", "Rptr. ", "187, 193 (1978). ", " Whether estoppel is justified in a given case is a question of fact, Culver City, 105 Cal.", "Rptr. ", "at 606, and consists of four elements: \"(1) the party to be estopped must be apprised of the facts; (2) he must intend that his conduct shall be acted upon, or must so act that the party asserting the estoppel had a right to believe it was so intended; (3) the party must be ignorant of the true state of facts; and (4) he must rely upon the conduct to his injury.\" ", " Trustees, 147 Cal.", "Rptr. ", "at 193 (quotation omitted).", "\n\n\n7\nRombach has made several factual assertions that preclude summary judgment on the issue of estoppel. ", " The bank represented that Rombach would be permitted to revoke his guaranty once he resigned his position with Orangematic. ", " Rombach then wrote a letter to the bank in which he revoked his guaranty and indicated the bank should contact him if it had any questions; the bank did not contact Rombach. ", " During a conversation with a bank official, Rombach was told the bank had received his letter. ", " In seeming acknowledgement of its earlier promise, the bank stopped requiring Rombach to provide the personal financial statements it had required prior to his revocation. ", " Finally, when payment from the guarantors was sought, all the guarantors except Rombach were contacted initially. ", " These assertions, viewed in the light most favorable to Rombach, are sufficient to preclude the entry of summary judgment on this issue; further fact-finding is warranted.", "\n\n\n8\nThe government contends the oral representations made by Union Bank are unenforceable because 13 C.F.R. Sec. ", "122.20(c)(1977) (currently codified at 13 C.F.R. Sec. ", "120.201-1 (1993)) provides that the lending institution cannot agree to any alterations in the term of the guaranty without the prior, written consent of the SBA. ", " Our holding today is not in conflict with this regulation. ", " If the sole basis advanced for estoppel was the oral statements made by the bank official, we would not rule in Rombach's favor. ", " Cf. ", "Benson v. Small Business Admin., ", "644 F.2d 1366, 1368 (9th Cir.1981). ", " Similarly, the fact that Rombach wrote a letter expressing his intent to revoke his guaranty would be no more than an anticipatory breach and, alone, would not create grounds for an estoppel. ", " However, these factors, combined with the other facts we described above, raise serious questions about the bank's conduct in enticing Rombach to sign the guaranty to his obvious detriment. ", " Under the facts of this case, Rombach may be able to prove sufficient facts to show that the bank would have been estopped from recovering on his guaranty, meaning the government obtained Rombach's guaranty subject to that pre-existing infirmity.", "\n\nIII. ", "CONCLUSION\n\n9\nMaterial issues of fact remain regarding the SBA's delay in demanding payment from Rombach and whether the bank would have been estopped from collecting from Rombach. ", " Accordingly, we vacate the judgment below and remand for further proceedings.", "\n\n\n\n*\n The Honorable Floyd R. Gibson, Senior Circuit Judge from the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation\n\n\n1\n In light of our disposition of this case, we do not believe it necessary to address the many evidentiary issues raised by Rombach\n\n\n2\n Lest there be any concern over holding one party subject to an estoppel caused by another party, under California law \"[a]n estoppel binds not only the guilty party but those in privity with him; discernment of privity rests upon a case-by-case examination.\" ", " People ex rel. ", "Department of Pub. ", "Works v. Volz, 25 Cal.", "App.3d 480, 102 Cal.", "Rptr. ", "107, 112 (1972)\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0.02, 0, 0.08333333333333333, 0, 0, 0.015503875968992248, 0.046875, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0.0125, 0.03296703296703297, 0.015151515151515152, 0.003663003663003663, 0, 0.004424778761061947, 0.016129032258064516, 0.0056179775280898875, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010498687664041995, 0, 0.00823045267489712, 0, 0.005208333333333333, 0, 0.005, 0, 0, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.006134969325153374, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Long Night (Kim Hyung-jun song)\n\nis Kim Hyung-jun's first Japanese single, which was released on July 27, 2011 under Avex Entertainment. ", "The single is also available in DVD version.", "\n\nBackground and development\nIn January 2011, Kim Hyung-jun held a fan event at the Tokyo Shinagawa Stellar Ball. ", "During the event, he announced he signed under Avex Entertainment for his future Japanese activities. ", "In March, Kim released his first solo mini album My Girl in South Korea, marking his debut as a solo artist. ", "He also released its Japanese version under Avex on April 6, then he continued touring around Asia to promote his album until early July.", "\n\nLater on, he announced that he will be officially debuting as a solo artist in Japan with his upcoming single release, \"Long Night\". ", "He mentioned that the single would produce a cool and comfortable feeling because it will be released in the summer. ", "Since he would be performing solo from now on and the lyrics are written in Japanese language, his second language, however, he mentioned that it would be more difficult for him to be able to express the meaning and feeling of the single properly.", "\n\nRelease and promotion\nKim Hyung Jun's first Japanese single \"Long Night\" was released on July 27, 2011. ", "Upon the release of his first Japanese single album, Kim started promoting around Japan, which included promotions in Japanese televisions. ", "Starting two days after its release, he held an autograph session at the Abeno Cues Town in Osaka, Sunshine Sakae Grand Canyon Square in Nagoya, and Tower Records in Shibuya on July 29, July 30, and July 31 respectively. ", "The organizers limited the participants to 1500 people only as to be able to have a more intimate and closer moments with Kim.", "\n\nIn August, Kim toured in Tokyo, Osaka, and Aichi Prefecture accordingly for his \"Kim Hyung Jun Tour Summer Festival\". ", "He performed his solo songs from his My Girl mini album, as well as some songs from SS501 era, including \"UR Man\". ", "He also had a question-and-answer portion as well as a chance to talk with his fans, even mimicking a segment from his regular radio program \"Music High\" in South Korea while socializing with the audience. ", "The venues of the event were held at the Differ Ariake Arena, Zepp Osaka, and Aichi Meitetsu Hall on August 19, August 24, and August 28 respectively. ", "In between his Japanese tour, however, Kim also participated in releasing an OST for Korean drama Hooray for Love entitled \"Indecisive\".", "\n\nTracks\n\"Ame Ni Utarete\" (\"Midnight Passes\") was originally a Korean single used as an original soundtrack for 2011 SBS Korean drama Lie to Me starring his co-label mate Kang Ji-hwan and Yoon Eun-hye. ", "The upbeat melody of the song contrasts with the sad lyrics, depicting an appearance of a man overcoming a heartbreak positively. ", "The title track \"Long Night\", on the other hand, is also an upbeat, dance song, representing a man's charm to pursue a woman. ", "A Korean version of \"Long Night\" () was released on the soundtrack of My Shining Girl in 2012, a KBS drama wherein Kim, himself, was the main lead.", "\n\nThe CD includes two singles and instrumental versions of each song, as well as limited DVD edition, which includes the music video of the title track and its making.", "\n\nTrack listing\n\nMusic videos\n \"眠れない夜 -Long Night-\"\n\nRelease history\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \"Long Night\" official music video\n\nCategory:SS501 songs\nCategory:2011 singles\nCategory:2011 songs\nCategory:Avex Trax singles" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.021897810218978103, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0.007142857142857143, 0.004524886877828055, 0.007936507936507936, 0.025, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0.013245033112582781, 0.022058823529411766, 0.01485148514851485, 0, 0, 0.013605442176870748, 0, 0 ]