Datasets:

tomekkorbak

/

pii-pile-chunk3-750000-800000

like 0

[ "Northern Cambria School District\n\nThe Northern Cambria School District is a small, rural, public school district located in northwestern Cambria County in Pennsylvania. ", "The district encompasses: the borough of Northern Cambria along with Barr and Susquehanna Township. ", "The geographic area is just . ", "According to 2000 federal census data, it serves a resident population of 8,342. ", "By 2010, the federal census data found the district resident population had declined to 7,898 people. ", "The educational attainment levels for the Northern Cambria School District population (25 years old and over) were 85.7% high school graduates and 16.2% college graduates. ", "The District is one of the 500 public school districts of Pennsylvania.", "\n\nAccording to the Pennsylvania Budget and Policy Center, 41.9% of the district's pupils lived at 185% or below the Federal Poverty Level as shown by their eligibility for the federal free or reduced price school meal programs in 2012. ", "In 2009, the district residents’ per capita income was $13,144, while the median family income was $32,989. ", "In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010. ", " In Cambria County, the median household income was $39,574. ", "By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $52,100.", "\n\nAccording to district officials, Northern Cambria School District provided basic educational services to 1,183 pupils in 2011. ", "It employed: 89 teachers, 69 full-time and part-time support personnel, and eight (8) administrators during the 2011-12 school year. ", "The district received $11,627,480 in state funding for the 2011-12 school year. ", "In school year 2007-08, NCSD provided basic educational services to 1,238 pupils. ", "It employed: 97 teachers, 74 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 9 administrators. ", "Northern Cambria School District received more than $10.9 million in state funding in school year 2007-08.", "\n\nNorthern Cambria School District operates: Northern Cambria High School and Northern Cambria Elementary/Middle School. ", "Students in grades K-8 attend the elementary/middle school while students in grades 9-12 attend the high school. ", "High school students may choose to attend Admiral Peary Area Vocational Technical School for training in the construction and mechanical trades. ", "The Appalachia Intermediate Unit IU8 provides the district with a wide variety of services like specialized education for disabled students and hearing, background checks for employees, state mandated recognizing and reporting child abuse training, speech and visual disability services and professional development for staff and faculty.", "\n\nGovernance\nThe Northern Cambria School District is governed by 9 individually elected board members (serve without compensation for a term of four years), the Pennsylvania State Board of Education, the Pennsylvania Department of Education and the Pennsylvania General Assembly. ", "The federal government controls programs it funds like: Title I funding for low income children in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the No Child Left Behind Act, which mandates the district focus resources on student success in acquiring reading and math skills. ", "The superintendent and business manager are appointed by the school board. ", "The superintendent is the chief administrative officer with overall responsibility for all aspects of operations, including education and finance. ", "The business manager is responsible for budget and financial operations. ", "Neither of these officials are voting members of the school board. ", "The school board enters into individual employment contracts for these positions. ", "In Pennsylvania, public school districts are required to give 150 days notice to the superintendent regarding renewal of the employment contract.", "\n\nAcademic achievement\nIn 2015, Northern Cambria School District ranked 378th out of 493 Pennsylvania public school districts, by the Pittsburgh Business Times. ", "The ranking is based on the last 3 years of student academic achievement as demonstrated by PSSAs results in: reading, writing, math and science and the three Keystone Exams (literature, Algebra 1, Biology I) in high school. ", "Three school districts were excluded because they do not operate high schools (Saint Clair Area School District, Midland Borough School District, Duquesne City School District). ", "The PSSAs are given to all children in grades 3rd through 8th. ", "Adapted PSSA examinations are given to children in the special education programs. ", "Writing exams were given to children in 5th and 8th grades.", "\n\n2014 - 368th\n2013 - 368th\n2012 - 284th \n2008 - 228th\n2007 - 284th out of 501 school districts.", "\n\nDistrict AYP status history\nIn 2012, Northern Cambria School District achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status. ", "In 2011, Northern Cambria School District also achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP). ", "In 2011, 94 percent of the 500 Pennsylvania public school districts achieved the No Child Left Behind Act progress level of 72% of students reading on grade level and 67% of students demonstrating on grade level math. ", "In 2011, 46.9 percent of Pennsylvania school districts achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) based on student performance. ", "An additional 37.8 percent of Pennsylvania public school districts made AYP based on a calculated method called safe harbor, 8.2 percent on the growth model and 0.8 percent on a two-year average performance. ", "Northern Cambria School District achieved AYP status each year from 2003 to 2010.", "\n\nGraduation rate\nIn 2014, Northern Cambria School District's graduation rate was 80.58%.", "\n2013 - 83.84%\n2012 - 84.9%\n2011 - 82% \n2010 - 84.9%, the Pennsylvania Department of Education issued a new, 4-year cohort graduation rate.", "\n\nAccording to traditional graduation rate calculations\n2009 - 92.9% \n2008 - 86.4% \n2007 - 86.4%\n\nNorthern Cambria High School\nThe high school is located at 813 35th Street, Northern Cambria. ", "In 2014, enrollment was reported as 386 pupils in 9th through 12th grades, with 44% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty. ", "Additionally, 11% of pupils received special education services, while none of pupils were identified as gifted. ", "The school employed 35 teachers. ", "Per the PA Department of Education, 5% of the teachers were rated \"Non‐Highly Qualified\" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act. ", "The current high school building is the John F. Kennedy building, which opened in 1963 when the students from the former Barnesboro and Spangler High Schools were first housed at the same location.", "\n\nAccording to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2012, the school reported an enrollment of 379 pupils in grades 9th through 12th, with 152 pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to the family meeting the federal poverty level. ", "In 2012, the school employed 26.9 teachers, yielding a student-teacher ratio of 13:1. ", "According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 1 teacher was rated \"Non‐Highly Qualified\" under No Child Left Behind. ", "The School is a federally designated Title I school. ", "Dennis Colbert retired as Principal of the school in 2010.", "\n\n2014 School Performance Profile\nNorthern Cambria High School achieved 76.7 out of 100. ", "Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. ", "In reading/literature - 70% were on grade level. ", "In Algebra 1, 66% showed on grade level skills. ", "In Biology, 65% demonstrated on grade level science understanding at the end of the course. ", "Statewide, the percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in Algebra I increased to 39.7% to 40.1%. ", "The percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in reading/literature declined to 52.5%. ", "The percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in biology improved from 39.7% to 41.4%.", "\n\nAccording to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2,134 of 2,947 Pennsylvania public schools (72 percent of Pennsylvania public schools), achieved an academic score of 70 or higher. ", "Fifty-three percent of schools statewide received lower SPP scores compared with last year's, while 46 percent improved. ", "A handful were unchanged.", "\n\n2013 School Performance Profile\nNorthern Cambria High School achieved 72.6 out of 100. ", "Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. ", "The actual test performance data was withheld by the PDE. ", "According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2,181 public schools (less than 73 percent of Pennsylvania public schools), achieved an academic score of 70 or higher. ", "Pennsylvania 11th grade students no longer take the PSSAs. ", "Instead, beginning in 2012, they take the Keystone Exams at the end of the associated course.", "\n\nAYP History\nIn 2012, Northern Cambria High School declined to Warning Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status, due to missing all metric measured. ", "In 2011, Northern Cambria High School achieved AYP status. ", "Effective with Spring 2013, the Pennsylvania Department of Education discontinued administering the PSSA's to 11th graders. ", "From 2003 to 2010, Northern Cambria High School achieved AYP status each school year.", "\n\nPSSA results\nPennsylvania System of School Assessments, commonly called PSSAs are No Child Left Behind Act related examinations which were administered from 2003 through 2012, in all Pennsylvania public high schools. ", "The exams were administered in the Spring of each school year. ", "The goal was for 100% of students to be on grade level or better in reading and mathematics, by the Spring of 2014. ", "The tests focused on the state's Academic Standards for reading, writing, mathematics and science. ", "The Science exam included content in science, technology, ecology and the environmental studies. ", "The mathematics exam included: algebra I, algebra II, geometry and trigonometry. ", "The standards were first published in 1998 and were mandated by the Pennsylvania State Board of Education. ", "In 2013, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania changed its high school assessments to the Keystone Exams in Algebra 1, Reading/literature and Biology1. ", "The exams are given at the end of the course, rather than all in the spring of the student's 11th grade year.", "\n\n11th Grade Reading:\n2012 - 66% on grade level, (15% below basic). ", "State - 67% of 11th graders are on grade level.", "\n2011 - 67% (20% below basic). ", "State - 69.1%\n2010 - 74% (13% below basic). ", "State - 66%\n2009 - 72% (14% below basic). ", "State - 65%\n2008 - 60% (21% below basic). ", "State - 65%\n2007 - 63% (13% below basic). ", "State - 65%\n\n11th Grade Math:\n2012 - 54% on grade level (25% below basic). ", "In Pennsylvania, 59% of 11th graders are on grade level.", "\n2011 - 59% (21% below basic). ", "State - 60.3%\n2010 - 61% (24% below basic). ", "State - 59%\n2009 - 62% (24% below basic). ", "State - 56%\n2008 - 39% (36% below basic). ", "State - 56%\n2007 - 52% (28% below basic). ", "State - 53%\n\n11th Grade Science:\n2012 - 28% on grade level (9% below basic). ", "State - 42% of 11th graders were on grade level.", "\n2011 - 34% (15% below basic). ", "State - 40%\n2010 - 47.7% (8% below basic). ", "State - 39% \n2009 - 47% (15% below basic). ", "State - 40%\n2008 - 17% (26% below basic). ", "State - 39%\n2007 - students field tested. ", "Results withheld from the public by PDE.", "\n\nCollege Remediation Rate \nAccording to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 8% of the Northern Cambria High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges. ", "Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelor's degree within six years. ", "Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing an associate degree, only one in three graduate in three years. ", "Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, one in three recent high school graduates who attend Pennsylvania's public universities and community colleges takes at least one remedial course in math, reading or English.", "\n\nDual enrollment \nThe Northern Cambria High School offers a dual enrollment program in 2014. ", "This state program permits high school students to take courses, at local higher education institutions, to earn college credits. ", "Students remain enrolled at their high school. ", "The courses count towards high school graduation requirements and towards earning a college degree. ", "The students continue to have full access to activities and programs at their high school. ", "The college credits are offered at a deeply discounted rate. ", "Three colleges are available: Mount Aloysius College, Penn Highlands Community College and Saint Francis University. ", "The state offered a small grant to assist students in costs for tuition, fees and books. ", "Under the Pennsylvania Transfer and Articulation Agreement, many Pennsylvania colleges and universities accept these credits for students who transfer to their institutions. ", "Under state rules, other students that reside in the district, who attend a private school, a charter school or are home schooled are eligible to participate in this program. ", "In 2010, Governor Edward Rendell eliminated the grants to students, from the Commonwealth, due to a state budget crisis.", "\n\nGraduation requirements \nAmong Pennsylvania's 500 public school districts, graduation requirements widely vary. ", "The Northern Cambria School Board has determined that a pupil must earn 22 credits to graduate, including: a required class every year in math 4 credits, English 4 credits social studies 3.5 credits, science 3.5 credits, Physical Education 2 credits, health .5 credits, Computers 2 credits, arts humanities 5.5 credits and electives. ", "Students in the class of 2019 are required to pass a total of 24.5 credits.", "\n\nFor nearly two decades, all Pennsylvania secondary school students were required to complete a project as a part of their eligibility to graduate from high school. ", "The type of project, its rigor and its expectations are set by the individual school district. ", "Effective with the graduating class of 2017, the Pennsylvania State Board of Education eliminated the state mandate that students complete a culminating project in order to graduate.", "\n\nBy Pennsylvania State School Board regulations, beginning with the class of 2017, public school students must demonstrate successful completion of secondary level course work in Algebra I, Biology, and English Literature by passing the respective Keystone Exams for each course. ", "The exam is given at the end of the course. ", "Keystone Exams replace the PSSAs for 11th grade.", "\n\nStudents have several opportunities to pass the exam. ", "Schools are mandated to provide targeted assistance to help the student be successful. ", "Those who do not pass after several attempts can perform a project in order to graduate. ", "For the class of 2019, a Composition exam will be added. ", "For the class of 2020, passing a civics and government exam will be added to the graduation requirements. ", "In 2011, Pennsylvania high school students field tested the Algebra 1, Biology and English Lit exams. ", "The statewide results were: Algebra 1 38% on grade level, Biology 35% on grade level and English Lit - 49% on grade level. ", "Individual student, school or district reports were not made public, although they were reported to district officials by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. ", "Students identified as having special needs and qualifying for an Individual Educational Program (IEP) may graduate by meeting the requirements of their IEP.", "\n\nSAT scores \nIn 2014, 71 Northern Cambria School District students took the SAT exams. ", "The district's Verbal Average Score was 457. ", "The Math average score was 475. ", "The Writing average score was 440. ", "Statewide in Pennsylvania, Verbal Average Score was 497. ", "The Math average score was 504. ", "The Writing average score was 480. ", "The College Board also reported that nationwide scores were: 497 in reading, 513 in math and 487 in writing. ", " In 2014, 1,672,395 students took the SATs in the United States.", "\n\nIn 2013, 53 Northern Cambria School District students took the SAT exams. ", "The district's Verbal Average Score was 430. ", "The Math average score was 470. ", "The Writing average score was 435. ", "The College Board reported that statewide scores were: 494 in reading, 504 in math and 482 in writing. ", "The nationwide SAT results were the same as in 2012.", "\n\nIn 2012, 48 Northern Cambria School District students took the SAT exams. ", "The district's Verbal Average Score was 449. ", "The Math average score was 492. ", "The Writing average score was 459. ", "The statewide Verbal SAT exams results were: Verbal 491, Math 501, Writing 480. ", "In the US, 1.65 million students took the exams achieving scores: Verbal 496, Math 514, Writing 488. ", "According to the College Board the maximum score on each section was 800, and 360 students nationwide scored a perfect 2,400.", "\n\nIn 2011, 67 Northern Cambria School District students took the SAT exams. ", "The district's Verbal Average Score was 461. ", "The Math average score was 467. ", "The Writing average score was 439. ", "Pennsylvania ranked 40th among states with SAT scores: Verbal - 493, Math - 501, Writing - 479. ", "In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. ", "They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing.", "\n\nThe Center for Rural Pennsylvania, a research arm of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, compared the SAT data of students in rural areas of Pennsylvania to students in urban areas. ", "From 2003 to 2005, the average total SAT score for students in rural Pennsylvania was 992, while urban students averaged 1,006. ", "During the same period, 28 percent of 11th and 12th graders in rural school districts took the exam, compared to 32 percent of urban students in the same grades. ", "The average math and verbal scores were 495 and 497, respectively, for rural students, while urban test-takers averaged 499 and 507, respectively. ", "Pennsylvania's SAT composite score ranked low on the national scale in 2004. ", " The composite SAT score of 1,003 left Pennsylvania ranking 44 out of the 50 states and Washington, DC.", "\n\nAP Courses \nIn 2014, Northern Cambria High School offered 1 Advanced Placement (AP) course at a higher cost than regular courses. ", "The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). ", "The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. ", "In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. ", "Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. ", "Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. ", "Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. ", "Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. ", "Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. ", "High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. ", "At Northern Cambria School District the AP courses are weighted at 1.06 credits. ", "At Northern Cambria High School none of the students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam.", "\n\nNorthern Cambria Elementary/Middle School\nNorthern Cambria Elementary/Middle School is located at 601 Joseph Street, Northern Cambria. ", "The middle school and elementary school were consolidated in one newly renovated building in 2008. ", "The renovation cost $13.5 million. ", "The building has two gymnasiums as one was added in 2007. ", "It also has a swimming pool and an auditorium. ", "Graduation ceremonies for high school graduates are held at the middle school auditorium. ", "While housed in a single building, academic and demographic data are still reported as unique school.", "\n\nMiddle school\nIn 2014, enrollment in the Northern Cambria Middle School was 324 pupils, in grades 5th through 8th, with 43% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty. ", "Additionally, 29.9% of pupils received special education services, while none of pupils were identified as gifted. ", "According to a 2014 report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 69% of its teachers were rated \"Highly Qualified\" under No Child Left Behind.", "\n\nAccording to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2012, Northern Cambria Middle School reported an enrollment of 336 pupils, in grades 6th through 8th, with 151 pupils receiving a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to family poverty. ", "The school employed 17.5 teachers, yielding a student-teacher ratio of 19:1. ", "Prior to 2012, the 5th grade was assigned to the elementary school.", "\n\n2014 School Performance Profile\nNorthern Cambria Middle School achieved 77.2 out of 100. ", "Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. ", "In reading/literature - just 62% of students were on grade level. ", "In Algebra 1/Math, 67% students showed on grade level mathematics skills. ", "In Science, 60% of 8th graders demonstrated on grade level science understanding. ", "In writing, 65% of the 5th and 8th grade students demonstrated on grade level writing skills.", "\n\n2013 School Performance Profile\nNorthern Cambria Middle School achieved 79.2 out of 100. ", "Reflects on grade level reading, writing, mathematics and science achievement. ", "In reading, just 60.6% of the students were on grade level. ", "In Mathematics/Algebra 1, 66% of the students showed on grade level skills. ", "In Science, only 58% of the 8th graders demonstrated on grade level science understanding. ", "In writing, 61% of the 5th and 8th grade students demonstrated on grade level writing skills.", "\n\nAYP History\nIn 2011 and 2012, Northern Cambria Middle School achieved AYP status.", "\n2010 - achieved AYP status\n2009 - Making Progress School Improvement Level I AYP status due to lagging student achievement\n2008 - declined to School Improvement Level I AYP due to chronic low student achievement Under the federal No Child Left Behind Act, the school administration was required to notify parents of the school's poor achievement outcomes. ", "Additionally the middle school administration was required by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, to develop a School Improvement Plan to address the school's low student achievement. ", "Under the Pennsylvania Accountability System, the school district must pay for additional tutoring for struggling students.", "\n2007 - declined to Warning AYP status due to lagging student achievement\n2003 - 2006 - achieved AYP status\n\nPSSA Results\nPSSA's are subject specific examinations given in the Spring of each school year. ", "Fifth graders are tested in: reading, writing and mathematics since 1995. ", "Sixth and seventh grades have been tested in reading and mathematics since 2006. ", "Eighth graders are tested in: reading, writing, mathematics and Science. ", "Beginning in the Spring of 2013, eighth graders, who are enrolled in Algebra I take the Keystone Exam for Algebra I at the end of the course. ", "The testing of 8th grade in reading and mathematics began in 1995, as a state initiative. ", "Testing in science began in 2007. ", "The goal is for 100% of students to be on grade level or better in reading and mathematics, by the Spring of 2014. ", "The tests focus on the state's Academic Standards for reading, writing, mathematics and science. ", "The standards were published in 1998 and are mandated by the Pennsylvania State Board of Education. ", "In 2014, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania adopted the Pennsylvania Core Standards - Mathematics.", "\n\n8th Grade Reading:\n2012 - 75% on grade level (8% below basic). ", "In Pennsylvania, 79% of 8th graders on grade level.", "\n2011 - 80% (10% below basic) State - 81.8%\n2010 - 80% (6% below basic). ", "State - 81% \n2009 - 79% (12% below basic), State - 80% \n2008 - 70% (9% below basic), State - 78% \n2007 - 71% (11% below basic), State - 75%\n\n8th Grade Math:\n2012 - 84% on grade level (8% below basic). ", "State - 76%\n2011 - 83% (6% below basic). ", "State - 76.9% \n2010 - 82% (2% below basic). ", "State - 75%\n2009 - 74% (11% below basic). ", "State - 71%\n2008 - 69% (15% below basic). ", "State - 70%\n2007 - 71% (19% below basic). ", "State - 68%\n\n8th Grade Science:\n2012 - 59% on grade level (22% below basic). ", "State - 59%\n2011 - 68% (16% below basic). ", "State - 58.3%\n2010 - 68% (13% below basic). ", "State - 57%\n2009 - 68% (16% below basic). ", "State - 55%\n2008 - 50%, (29% below basic). ", "State - 52%\n2007 - tested, but results not made public.", "\n\n7th Grade Reading:\n2012 - 65% (10% below basic). ", "State - 76%\n2011 - 70% (9% below basic). ", "State - 76%\n2010 - 72% (11% below basic). ", "State - 73%\n2009 - 65% (9% below basic). ", "State - 71%\n2008 - 67% (13% below basic). ", "State - 70%\n2007 - 68% (18% below basic). ", "State - 67%\n\n7th Grade Math:\n2012 - 75% (11% below basic). ", "State - 80%\n2011 - 80% (10% below basic). ", "State - 78.6%\n2010 - 75% (10% below basic). ", "State - 77% \n2009 - 83% (6% below basic), State - 75% \n2008 - 78% (9% below basic), State - 71%\n2007 - 82% (10% below basic), State - 67%\n\n6th Grade Reading:\n2012 - 51% (22% below basic). ", "State - 68%\n2011 - 60% (14% below basic). ", "State - 69.9% \n2010 - 65% (17% below basic). ", "State - 68% \n2009 - 61% (16% below basic), State - 67% \n2008 - 66% (19% below basic), State - 67% \n2007 - 68% (15% below basic), State - 63% \n\n6th Grade Math:\n2012 - 80% (5% below basic). ", "State - 77%\n2011 - 78% (5% below basic). ", "State - 78.8%\n2010 - 71% (12% below basic). ", "State - 78% \n2009 - 73% (13% below basic), State - 75% \n2008 - 74% (18% below basic), State - 72% \n2007 - 76% (4% below basic), State - 69% \n\n5th Grade Reading\n2012 - 68% (9% below basic). ", "State - 65%\n2011 - 73% (9% below basic). ", "State - 67.3%\n2010 - 60% (14% below basic). ", "State - 64%\n2009 - 71% (14% below basic). ", "State - 64%\n2008 - % (% below basic). ", "State - 62%\n2007 - 68% (15% below basic). ", "State - 60%\n\n5th Grade Math\n2012 - 64% (12% below basic). ", "State - 73%\n2011 - 90% (1% below basic). ", "State - 74%\n2010 - 75% (3% below basic). ", "State - 76.3%\n2009 - 83% (2% below basic). ", "State - 73%\n2008 - % (% below basic). ", "State - 73%\n2007 - 73% (12% below basic). ", "State - 71%\n\nDropout Early Warning System\nIn 2013, Northern Cambria School District did not implement dropout prevention Early Warning System and Interventions Catalog at the middle school. ", "The process identifies students at risk for droping out by examining the pupil's: attendance, behavior and course grades. ", "Interventions are implemented to assist at-risk pupils to remain in school. ", "The program is funded by federal and private dollars.", "\n\nElementary school\nNorthern Cambria Elementary School reported an enrollment of 445 pupils in grades preschool through 4th, with 48% of pupils receiving a federal free or reduced-price meals due to family poverty in 2014. ", "Additionally, none of the pupils receive special education services, while less than 1% are identified as gifted. ", "According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 31% of the teachers were rated highly qualified under No Child Left Behind. ", "The school provides full-day kindergarten and half-day preschool. ", "The school is a federally designated Title I school.", "\n\nAccording to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2012 Northern Cambria Elementary School enrollment was 474 pupils in grades kindergarten through 4th, with 224 pupils receiving a free or reduced-price lunch. ", "The school employed 39 teachers, yielding a student-teacher ratio of 13:1. ", "The school provided full-day kindergarten to all its pupils since 2004.", "\n\n2014 School Performance Profile\nNorthern Cambria Elementary School SPP score declined to 69.6 out of 100. ", "The score reflects on grade level: reading, science, writing and mathematics achievement. ", "In 2013-14, only 70% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd and 4th. ", "In 3rd grade, 69% of the pupils were reading on grade level. ", "In math, 72% were on grade level (3rd-4th grades). ", "In 4th grade science, 82% of the pupils demonstrated on grade level understanding.", "\n\n2013 School Performance Profile\nNorthern Cambria Elementary School achieved a score of 78.7 out of 100. ", "The score reflects on grade level: reading, science, writing and mathematics achievement. ", "In 2012-13, only 74% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd and 4th. ", "In 3rd grade, 78% of the pupils were reading on grade level. ", "In math, 77% were on grade level (3rd-4th grades). ", "In 4th grade science, 88% of the pupils demonstrated on grade level understanding.", "\n\nAYP status history\nIn 2012, Northern Cambria Elementary School declined to Warning AYP status due to low student achievement in reading. ", "In 2011, Northern Cambria Elementary School achieved AYP status. ", "From 2004-2010, Northern Cambria Elementary School achieved AYP status each school year.", "\n\nPSSA History\nEach year, in the Spring, the 3rd graders take the PSSAs in math and reading. ", "The fourth grade is tested in reading, math and science. ", "PSSAs examinations have been administered beginning 2003 to all Pennsylvania public school students in grades 3rd-8th. ", "The goal was for 100% of students to be on grade level or better in reading and mathematics, by the Spring of 2014. ", "The tests focused on the state's Academic Standards for reading, writing, mathematics and science. ", "The Science exam is given to 4th grades and includes content in science, technology, ecology and the environmental studies.", "\n\n4th Grade Reading\n2012 - 51% (22% below basic). ", "State - 72%\n2011 - 54% (6% below basic). ", "State - 73%\n2010 - 74% (8% below basic). ", "State - 73%\n2009 - 76% (7% below basic). ", "State - 72%\n2008 - 73% (8% below basic). ", "State - 70%\n2007 - 74% (8% below basic). ", "State - 60%\n\n4th Grade Math\n2012 - 66% (21% below basic). ", "State - 82%\n2011 - 91% (3% below basic). ", "State - 85%\n2010 - 84% (5% below basic). ", "State - 84%\n2009 - 71% (7% below basic). ", "State - 81%\n2008 - 80% (11% below basic). ", "State - 80%\n2007 - 92% (4% below basic). ", "State - 78%\n\n4th Grade Science\n2012 - 77%, (4% below basic). ", "State - 82%\n2011 - 92%, (0% below basic). ", "State - 82.9%\n2010 - 91%, (0% below basic). ", "State - 81%\n2009 - 90%, (2% below basic). ", "State - 83%\n2008 - 77%, (3% below basic). ", " State - 81%\n\n3rd Grade Reading\n2012 - 77%, (9% below basic). ", "State - 74% \n2011 - 84%, (11% below basic). ", "State - 77%\n2010 - 64%, (25% below basic). ", "State - 75%\n2009 - 84%, (6% below basic). ", "State - 77%\n2008 - 82%, (7% below basic). ", "State - 70%\n2007 - 79%, (7% below basic). ", "State - 72%\n\n3rd Grade Math\n2012 - 73%, (3% below basic). ", "State - 80%\n2011 - 91%, (0% below basic). ", "State - 83%\n2010 - 84%, (0% below basic). ", "State - 84%\n2009 - 92%, (0% below basic). ", "State - 81%\n2008 - 81%, (0% below basic). ", "State - 80%\n2007 - 90%, (1% below basic). ", "State - 78%\n\nEnrollment\nAccording to Pennsylvania Department of Education enrollment reports, there are 1,155 students enrolled in preschool-12th in the 2014-15 school year at Northern Cambria School District. ", "In 2007 there were 1,273 pupils. ", "There were 88 students in the Class of 2009. ", "The district's class of 2010 had 97 students. ", "Enrollment at Northern Cambria School District is projected to decline to 1,144 students by 2020. ", "In 2008, the district administrative costs were $631.64 per pupil. ", "The lowest administrative cost per pupil in Pennsylvania was $398 per pupil. ", "A study of Pennsylvania public school spending, conducted by Standard and Poor's, examined the consolidation of small public school districts in Pennsylvania in 2007. ", "The study found that consolidation of the administration of Northern Cambria School District with an adjacent school district, would achieve substantial administrative cost savings which varied by district. ", "The study examined consolidation of administrations with five neighboring school districts. ", "Consolidation with Blacklick Valley School District was predicted to save $2 million in 2007. ", "Consolidation with Cambria Heights School District would save taxpayers over $4 million in redundant administration costs. ", "Similarly, consolidation with Harmony Area School District would save taxpayers over $2 million. ", "consolidation with Penns Manor Area School District would save taxpayers over $2.6 million. ", "Finally, consolidation of administrations with Purchase Line School District projected taxpayer savings of over $4 million.", "\n\nAccording to a 2009 school district administration consolidation proposal by Governor Edward Rendell, the excessive administrative overhead dollars could be redirected to improve lagging academic achievement, to enrich the academic programs or to reduce property taxes. ", "Consolidation of two central administrations into one would not require the closing of any school buildings. ", "The Governor's proposal called for the savings to be redirected to improving lagging reading and science achievement, to enriching the academic programs or to reducing residents' property taxes. ", "In March 2011, the Pennsylvania Institute of Certified Public Accountants Fiscal Responsibility Task Force released a report which found that consolidating school district administrations with one neighboring district would save the Commonwealth $1.2 billion without forcing the consolidation of any school buildings.", "\n\nFrom 2000 through 2010, rural Pennsylvania public school district enrollment decreased by 8 percent. ", "In 2010, there were 726,417 children in rural Pennsylvania, or 21 percent of the total rural population. ", "From 2000 to 2010, the number of children in rural counties decreased 7 percent. ", "The decline in the number of children impacted most rural counties with 42 of Pennsylvania's 48 rural counties experiencing a decline. ", "Cameron County, Elk County and Sullivan County experienced the greatest declines, with a decrease of more than 21 percent in all three counties. ", "Cambria County's live birth rate was 1,897 births in 1990. ", "Cambria County's live birth rate in 2000 was 1,569 births, while in 2011 the birth rate had continued to decline to 1,374 babies. ", "Over the past 50 years (1960 to 2010), rural Pennsylvania saw a steady decline in both the number and proportion of residents under 18 years old. ", "In 1960, 1.06 million rural residents, or 35 percent of the rural population, were children.", "\n\nPennsylvania's birth rate has been declining for two decades. ", "According to data from the Pennsylvania Department of Health, in 1990, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's birth rate was 171,053. ", "In 2000, Pennsylvania's birth rate was 145,874. ", "Finally in 2011, the State's birth rate declined further to 142,021. ", "From 2000 to 2009, the number of babies born in rural counties declined 5 percent. ", "Urban counties have also experienced a decline in the number of school aged children. ", "From 2000-2010 urban Pennsylvania counties had a 3 percent decline in the number of residents under 18 years old. ", "In 2010, there were 2.07 million residents, or 22 percent of the urban population, who were under age 18.", "\n\nPennsylvania had 2,361 public school districts in 1959. ", "The state compelled mergers reducing the number to 505 by 1980. ", "Mergers slowed through the 1980s after a 1981 court order desegregated and combined the Edgewood, General Braddock, Swissvale, Churchill and Turtle Creek districts into the Woodland Hills district. ", "The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has one of the highest numbers of school districts in the nation. ", "In Pennsylvania, 80% of the school districts serve student populations under 5,000, and 40% serve less than 2,000. ", "This results in excessive school administration bureaucracy and not enough course diversity. ", "In a survey of 88 superintendents of small districts, 42% of the respondents stated that they thought consolidation would save money without closing any school buildings.", "\n\nSpecial education\nIn December 2013, the district administration reported that 159 pupils, or 13.9% of the district's pupils, received special education services, with 47.8% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. ", "In December 2009, the District administration reported that 182 pupils, or 14.7% of the district's pupils, received special education services, with 57% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. ", "Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. ", "In the 2010-2011 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. ", "Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism. ", "The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent).", "\n\nIn 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full-day kindergarten. ", "He claimed that districts which offered the program would see a significant decrease in special education students due to early identification and early intervention. ", "He asserted the high cost of full-day kindergarten would be recouped by districts in lower special education costs. ", "While Northern Cambria School District has seen decrease in the percentage of special education students it serves, it has yielded no savings.", "\n\nIn order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. ", " At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress. ", "To identify students who may be eligible for special education services, various screening activities are conducted on an ongoing basis. ", "These screening activities include: review of group-based data (cumulative records, enrollment records, health records, report cards, ability and achievement test scores); hearing, vision, motor, and speech/language screening; and review by the Special Education administration. ", " When screening results suggest that the student may be eligible, the district seeks parental consent to conduct a multidisciplinary evaluation. ", "Parents who suspect their child is eligible may verbally request a multidisciplinary evaluation from a professional employee of the district or contact the district's Special Education Department. ", "The IDEA 2004 requires each school entity to publish a notice to parents, in newspapers or other media, including the student handbook and website regarding the availability of screening and intervention services and how to access them.", "\n\nStudents who have an Individual Education Plan (IEP) may take the PSSA-M an alternative math exam rather than the PSSA. ", "Some special education students may take the PASA (Pennsylvania Alternate System of Assessment), rather than the PSSA. ", "Schools are permitted to provide accommodations to some students.", "\n\nIn 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for special education services. ", "This funding was in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding. ", " The Special Education funding structure is through the federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) funds and state appropriations. ", "IDEA funds are appropriated to the state on an annual basis and distributed through intermediate units (IUs) to school districts, while state funds are distributed directly to the districts. ", "Total funds that are received by school districts are calculated through a formula. ", "The Pennsylvania Department of Education oversees four appropriations used to fund students with special needs: Special Education; Approved Private Schools; Pennsylvania Chartered Schools for the Deaf and Blind; and Early Intervention. ", "The Pennsylvania Special Education funding system assumes that 16% of the district's students receive special education services. ", "It also assumes that each student's needs accrue the same level of costs. ", "Over identification of students, in order to increase state funding, has been an issue in the Commonwealth. ", "Some districts have more than 20% of its students receiving special education services while others have 10% supported through special education. ", "The state requires each public school district and charter school to have a three-year special education plan to meet the unique needs of its special education students. ", "In 2012, the Obama Administration's US Department of Education issued a directive requiring schools include students with disabilities in extracurricular activities, including sports.", "\n\nNorthern Cambria School District received a $747,682 supplement for special education services in 2010. ", "For the 2011–12, 2012–13 and 2013-14 school years, all Pennsylvania public school districts received the same level of funding for special education that they received in 2010-11. ", "This level funding is provided regardless of changes in the number of pupils who need special education services and regardless of the level of services the respective students required. ", "For the 2014-2015 school year, Northern Cambria School District received an increase to $760,311 from the Commonwealth for special education funding. ", "Additionally, the state provides supplemental funding for extraordinarily impacted students. ", "The district must apply for this added funding.", "\n\nGifted education\nNorthern Cambria School District Administration reported that 27 or 2.21% of its students were gifted in 2009. ", "The highest percentage of gifted students reported among all 500 school districts and 100 public charter schools in Pennsylvania was North Allegheny School District with 15.5% of its students identified as gifted. ", "By law, the district must provide mentally gifted programs at all grade levels. ", "The referral process for a gifted evaluation can be initiated by teachers or parents by contacting the student's building principal and requesting an evaluation. ", "All requests must be made in writing. ", "To be eligible for mentally gifted programs in Pennsylvania, a student must have a cognitive ability of at least 130 as measured on a standardized ability test by a certified school psychologist. ", "Other factors that indicate giftedness are also considered for eligibility.", "\n\nBudget\nPennsylvania public school districts budget and expend funds according to procedures mandated by the General Assembly and the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE). ", "An annual operating budget is prepared by school district administrative officials. ", "A uniform form is furnished by the PDE and submitted to the board of school directors for approval prior to the beginning of each fiscal year on July 1.", "\n\nUnder Pennsylvania's Taxpayer Relief Act, Act 1 of the Special Session of 2006, all school districts of the first class A, second class, third class and fourth class must adopt a preliminary budget proposal. ", "The proposal must include estimated revenues and expenditures and the proposed tax rates. ", "This proposed budget must be considered by the board no later than 90 days prior to the date of the election immediately preceding the fiscal year. ", "The preliminary budget proposal must also be printed and made available for public inspection at least 20 days prior to its adoption. ", "The board of school directors may hold a public hearing on the budget, but are not required to do so. ", "The board must give at least 10 days’ public notice of its intent to adopt the final budget according to Act 1 of 2006.", "\n\nThe latest teacher union contract governs years 2014-2018 inclusive. ", "The taxpayers pay 100% of the cost of the employee's health insurance. ", "There is limited spousal coverage. ", "In 2013, the average teacher salary in Northern Cambria School District was $55,643.08 a year. ", "The District employed 114 teachers with a top salary of $102,500. ", "Northern Cambria School District teacher and administrator retirement benefits are equal to at least 2.00% x Final Average Salary x Total Credited Service. (", "Some teachers benefits utilize a 2.50% benefit factor.) ", "After 40 years of service, a teacher can retire with 100% of the average salary of their final 3 years of employment. ", "According to a study conducted at the American Enterprise Institute, in 2011, public school teachers’ total compensation is roughly 50 percent higher than they would likely receive in the private sector. ", "The study found that the most generous benefits that teachers receive are not accounted for in many studies of compensation including: pension, retiree health benefits and job security.", "\n\nIn 2009, Northern Cambria School District reported employing 96 teachers and administrators with a median salary of $60,537 and a top salary of $122,120. ", "The teacher's work day is 7.5 hours with 184 days in the contract year. ", "Additionally, the teachers receive a defined benefit pension, health insurance, professional development reimbursement, 2 paid personal days, 10 paid sick days, paid bereavement leave, paid sabbatical leave (50% of salary and benefits for one year) and other benefits. ", "As of 2007, Pennsylvania ranked in the top 10 states in average teacher salaries. ", "When adjusted for cost of living Pennsylvania ranked fourth in the nation for teacher compensation.", "\n\nAdministrative spending Northern Cambria School District administrative costs per pupil in 2008 was $631.64 per pupil. ", " The lowest administrative cost per pupil in Pennsylvania was $398 per pupil. ", "The Pennsylvania School Boards Association collects and maintains statistics on salaries of public school district employees in Pennsylvania. ", "According to the association's report, superintendents and administrators receive a benefit package commensurate with that offered to the district's teachers' union. ", "In 2013, High School principal, Joy Tibbott was moved to the administrative offices as Director of Education as part of lawsuit settlement. ", "She was to hold the position through 2014-15 school year.", "\n\nPer-pupil spending In 2008, Northern Cambria School District administration reported that per-pupil spending was $11,562 which ranked 333rd among Pennsylvania's then 501 public school districts. ", "In 2010, the district's per-pupil spending had increased to $13,064.59. ", "In 2013, the per-pupil spending was reported as $13,030.59. ", "In 2011, Pennsylvania's per-pupil spending was $13,467, ranking 6th in the United States. ", "In 2007, the Pennsylvania per pupil total expenditures was reported as $12,759.", "\n\nThe U.S. Census Bureau reported that Pennsylvania spent $8,191 per pupil in school year 2000-01. ", "In 2007, the Pennsylvania per pupil total expenditures was reported as $12,759. ", "Among the fifty states, Pennsylvania's total per pupil revenue (including all sources) ranked 11th at $15,023 per student, in 2008-09. ", "Pennsylvania's total revenue per pupil rose to $16,186 ranking 9th in the nation in 2011.", "\n\nReserves In 2008, Northern Cambria School District reported a balance of $1,463,867, in its unreserved-undesignated fund. ", "The unreserved-designated fund balance was reported as zero. ", "In 2010, Northern Cambria School District Administration reported an increase to $1,879,629 in the unreserved-undesignated fund balance. ", "The district also reported zero in its unreserved-designated fund in 2010. ", "Pennsylvania public school district reserve funds are divided into two categories – designated and undesignated. ", "The undesignated funds are not committed to any planned project. ", "Designated funds and any other funds, such as capital reserves, are allocated to specific projects. ", "School districts are required by state law to keep 5 percent of their annual spending in the undesignated reserve funds to preserve bond ratings. ", "According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, from 2003 to 2010, as a whole, Pennsylvania school districts amassed nearly $3 billion in reserved funds. ", "In 2005, the total reserve funds held by Pennsylvania public school districts was $1.9 billion. ", "By 2013, reserves held by Pennsylvania public school districts, as a whole, had increased to over $3.8 billion. ", "By 2013, Northern Cambria School District reported having $1,429,556 in reserves.", "\n\nTax exemptions In 2002, Northern Cambria School Board gave several tax exemptions to NORCAM Group for the former Miners Hospital Complex in the Borough of Northern Cambria. ", "In 2009 Northern Cambria Community Development Corp. owed $136,533on the former Miners Hospital property. ", "The land was listed on the Cambria County delinquent property tax sale list.", "\n\nState Audits In January 2014, the Pennsylvania Auditor General conducted a performance audit of the district. ", "The findings were reported to the school board and the district's administration. ", "The findings found significant issues with conflict of interest ethics violations by a school board member. ", "In August 2010, Auditor General Wagner found the District had corrected issues regarding failing to bill nonresident students for tuition.", "\n\nTuition Students who live within the Northern Cambria School District's attendance area may choose to attend one of Pennsylvania's 157 public charter schools. ", "A student living in a neighboring public school district or a foreign exchange student may seek admission to Northern Cambria School District. ", "For these cases, the Pennsylvania Department of Education sets an annual tuition rate for each school district. ", "It is the amount the public school district pays to a charter school for each resident student that attends the charter and it is the amount a nonresident student's parents must pay to attend the Northern Cambria School District schools. ", "The 2013 tuition rates are Elementary School - $9,060, High School - $9,992.", "\n\nNorthern Cambria School District is funded by a combination of: a Local Services Tax - $5, a local earned income tax 0.5%, per capita taxes, Public Utility Taxes, a property tax, a real estate transfer tax 0.5%, coupled with substantial funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and a small amount, generally 10% of its budget from the federal government. ", "Grants can provide an opportunity to supplement school funding without raising local taxes. ", "Interest earnings on accounts also provide nontax income to the district. ", "In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, pension income and Social Security income are exempted from state personal income tax and local earned income tax, regardless of the level of the individual's personal wealth. ", "The average Pennsylvania public school teacher pension in 2011 exceeds $60,000 a year plus they receive federal Social Security benefits: both are free of Pennsylvania state income tax and local income tax which funds local public schools.", "\n\nState basic education funding\nAccording to a report from Representative Todd Stephens office, Northern Cambria School District receives 75.6% of its annual revenue from the state. ", "This exceeds the goal of the state providing 50% of district funding.", "\n\nFor the 2014-15 school year, Northern Cambria School District received $8,469,189 in State Basic Education funding. ", "The district received another $96,043 in new Ready To Learn Block grant. ", "The State's enacted Education Budget includes $5,526,129,000 for the 2014-2015 Basic Education Funding. ", "The Education budget also includes Accountability Block Grant funding at $100 million and $241 million in new Ready to Learn funding for public schools that focus on student achievement and academic success. ", "The State is paying $500.8 million to Social Security on the school employees behalf and another $1.16 billion to the state teachers pension system (PSERS). ", "In total, Pennsylvania's Education budget for K-12 public schools is $10 billion. ", "This was a $305 million increase over 2013-2014 state spending and the greatest amount ever allotted by the Commonwealth for its public schools.", "\n\nIn the 2013-2014 school year, Northern Cambria School District received a 1.2% increase or $8,469,774 in Pennsylvania Basic Education Funding. ", "This is $99,162 more than its 2012-13 state BEF to the district. ", "Additionally, Northern Cambria School District received $93,819 in Accountability Block Grant funding to focus on academic achievement and level funding for special education services. ", "Among the public school districts in Cambria County, Westmont Hilltop School District received the highest percentage increase in BEF at 2.5%. ", "The district had the option of applying for several additional state and federal grants to increase its revenues. ", "The Commonwealth's budget increased Basic Education Funding statewide by $123 million to over $5.5 billion. ", "Most of Pennsylvania's 500 public school districts received an increase of Basic Education Funding in a range of 0.9% to 4%. ", "Eight public school districts received exceptionally high funding increases of 10% to 16%. ", "The highest increase in state funding was awarded to Austin Area School District which received a 22.5% increase in Basic Education Funding. ", "The highest percent of state spending per student is in the Chester-Upland district, where roughly 78 percent comes from state coffers. ", "In Philadelphia, it is nearly 49 percent. ", "As a part of the education budget, the state provided the PSERS (Pennsylvania school employee pension fund) with $1,017,000,000 and Social Security payments for school employees of $495 million.", "\n\nFor the 2012-13 school year, Northern Cambria School District received $8,370,612 in Basic Education funding. ", "The Governor's Executive Budget for 2012-2013 included $9.34 billion for kindergarten through 12th grade public education, including $5.4 billion in basic education funding, which was an increase of $49 million over the 2011-12 budget. ", "In addition, the Commonwealth provided $100 million for the Accountability Block Grant (ABG) program. ", "Northern Cambria School District received $93,819 in ABG funds. ", "The state also provided a $544.4 million payment for School Employees’ Social Security and $856 million for School Employees’ Retirement fund called PSERS. ", "This amount was a $21,823,000 increase (0.34%) over the 2011-2012 appropriations for Basic Education Funding, School Employees' Social Security, Pupil Transportation, Nonpublic and Charter School Pupil Transportation. ", "Since taking office, Corbett's first two budgets have restored more than $918 million in support of public schools, compensating for the $1 billion in federal stimulus dollars lost at the end of the 2010-11 school year.", "\n\nIn 2011-12 school year, Northern Cambria School District received a $8,370,612 allocation, of state Basic Education Funding. ", "Additionally, Northern Cambria School District received $93,819 in Accountability Block Grant funding. ", "The enacted Pennsylvania state Education budget included $5,354,629,000 for the 2011-2012 Basic Education Funding appropriation. ", "This amount was a $233,290,000 increase (4.6%) over the enacted State appropriation for 2010-2011. ", "The highest increase in state basic education funding was awarded to Duquesne City School District of Allegheny County, which got a 49% increase in state funding for 2011-12. ", "In 2010, the district reported that 555 students received free or reduced-price lunches, due to the family meeting the federal poverty level. ", "Some Pennsylvania public school districts experienced a reduction of total funding due to the termination of federal stimulus funding which ended in 2011.", "\n\nIn the 2010-11 budget year, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided Northern Cambria School District a 2% increase in Basic Education Funding for a total of $8,833,901. ", "Among the districts in Cambria County, the highest increase went to Westmont Hilltop School District which got a 10.14% increase. ", "One hundred fifty Pennsylvania school districts received the base 2% increase. ", "The highest increase in 2010-11 went to Kennett Consolidated School District in Chester County, which received a 23.65% increase in state funding. ", "Fifteen (15) Pennsylvania public school districts received a BEF increase of greater than 10%. ", "The state's hold harmless policy regarding state basic education funding continued where each district received at least the same amount as it received the prior school year, even when enrollment had significantly declined. ", "The amount of increase each school district received was set by Governor Edward Rendell and then Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak, as a part of the state budget proposal given each February. ", "This was the second year of Governor Rendell's policy to fund some public school districts at a far greater rate than others.", "\n\nIn the 2009-10 budget year, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided a 3.47% increase in Basic Education Funding for a total of $8,660,687. ", "Among the districts in Cambria County, the highest increase went to Westmont Hilltop School District which got an 8.22%. ", "Ninety (90) Pennsylvania public school districts received the base 2% increase. ", "Muhlenberg School District in Berks County received a 22.31% increase in state basic education funding in 2009. ", "The amount of increase each school district received was set by Governor Edward G. Rendell and the Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak, as a part of the state budget proposal.", "\n\nThe state Basic Education Funding to the district in 2008-09 was $7,634,543. ", "According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 549 district students received free or reduced- price lunches due to low family income in the 2007–2008 school year. ", "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Pennsylvania spent $7,824 Per Pupil in the year 2000. ", "This amount increased up to $12,085 by the year 2008.", "\n\nAll Pennsylvania school districts also receive additional funding from the state through several funding allocations, including: Reimbursement of Charter School Expenditures; Special Education Funding; Secondary Career & Technical Education Subsidy; PA Accountability Grants; and low achieving schools were eligible for Educational Assistance Program Funding. ", "Plus all Pennsylvania school districts receive federal dollars for various programs including: Special Education funding and Title I funding for children from low income families. ", "In 2010, Pennsylvania spent over $24 billion for public education - local, state and federal dollars combined. ", "By 2015, Pennsylvania is spending over $27 billion on public education (local, state and federal resources combined).", "\n\nAccountability Block Grants\nBeginning in 2004-2005, the state launched the Accountability Block Grant school funding. ", "This program has provided $1.5 billion to Pennsylvania's school districts. ", "The Accountability Block Grant program requires that its taxpayer dollars are focused on specific interventions that are most likely to increase student academic achievement. ", "These interventions include: teacher skills training; All Day Kindergarten; lower class size in Kindergarten through 3rd grade; literacy and math coaching programs (provides teachers with individualized job-embedded professional development to improve their instruction); before or after school tutoring assistance to struggling students. ", "For 2010-11, the district applied for and received $254,649 in addition to all other state and federal funding. ", "The district used the funding to provide full-day kindergarten to 37 children. ", "In 2009, 100% of the kindergarteners in Northern Cambria School District attended full-day kindergarten.", "\n\nReady to Learn grant\nBeginning in the 2014-2015 budget, the State funded a new Ready to Learn Grant for public schools. ", "A total of $100 million is allocated through a formula to districts based on the number of students, level of poverty of community as calculated by its market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) and the number of English language learners. ", "Ready to Learn Block Grant funds may be used by the districts for: school safety; Ready by 3 early childhood intervention programs; individualized learning programs; and science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) programs.", "\n\nNorthern Cambria School District received $96,043 in Ready to Learn Grant dollars in addition to State Basic Education funding, Special Education funding, PreK Counts funding, reimbursement for Social Security payments for employees and other state grants which the district must apply to receive.", "\n\nPreK Counts grant\nNorthern Cambria School District receives state funding to provide taxpayer-funded preschool at the elementary schools. ", "For the 2013-14 school year, the district received a Pre K Counts grant of $117,000. ", "For the 2011 school year, Northern Cambria School District was a high priority for funding due to the 48% poverty level of children in the district's attendance area. ", "Enrollment for Pennsylvania Pre-K Counts is targeted to children living in families earning up to 300 percent of the federal poverty level.", "\n\nIn 2013, the state's PreK Counts program received $87,284,000. ", "In 2010, the PreK Counts program received $83.6 million statewide in Governor Corbett's education budget. ", "In 2007-08, the state funded Pre-K Counts at $75 million. ", "Northern Cambria School District did not receive funding in 2007-08. ", "In 2009-10, the district received $118,500 to provide preschool to 30 children. ", "The District received $98,750 enrolling 25 students for 2011-12\n\nIn addition to PreK Counts, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania also supplements the federal Head Start preschool program with an additional funding on an annual basis. ", "The program is available to low income children residing within the district through private providers. ", "In 2013, Pennsylvania contributed $39,178,000 to Head Start. ", "In 2010, Head Start received $37.6 million in Pennsylvania state education dollars. ", "Since 2003, Pennsylvania has more than doubled the number of preschoolers in publicly funded pre-kindergarten through a multipronged system including: school-based pre-kindergarten, Pennsylvania Pre-K Counts through private providers, Early Intervention, Head Start and Head Start Supplemental, and the school district's use of Accountability Block Grants. ", "Over 100,000 Pennsylvania preschoolers participate in state taxpayer funded pre-kindergarten programs. ", "In 2013, the federal government spent $8 billion for preschool programs nationwide. ", "In 2013, Pennsylvania was awarded a $51.7 million federal grant to fund early learning programs. ", "The funding will be used to create 50 Early Childhood Education Community Innovation Zones in areas where the lowest-performing public schools, including charter schools, exist. ", "The federal dollars were not be used to provide seats for children in preschools. ", "Instead the money was used to build state bureaucracy and added training for teachers/providers.", "\n\nClassrooms for the Future grant\nThe Classroom for the Future state program provided districts with hundreds of thousands of extra state funding to buy laptop computers for each core curriculum high school class (English, Science, History, Math) and paid for teacher training to optimize the computers use. ", "The program was funded from 2006 to 2009. ", "The School District applied to participate in 2006-07, but was denied funding by PA Education Secretary Gerald Zahorchak. ", "In 2007-08 and in 2008-09 did not apply for funding in spite of repeated requests from the board to do so. ", "Among the public school districts in Cambria County, the highest award was given to Greater Johnstown School District which received $463,166. ", "The highest funding statewide was awarded to Philadelphia City School District in Philadelphia County - $9,409,073. ", "The grant program was discontinued by Governor Edward Rendell as part of the 2009-10 state budget.", "\n\nScience It’s Elementary grant\nNorthern Cambria Elementary School successfully applied to participate and received a Science It's Elementary grant in 2008-09. ", "For the 2008-09 school year, the program was offered in 143 schools reaching 66,973 students across the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. ", "In 2007, the Pennsylvania Department of Education initiated an effort to improve science instruction in the Commonwealth's public elementary schools. ", "Called Science: It's Elementary, the program was a hands on instruction approach for elementary science classes that develops problem-solving and critical thinking skills. ", "To encourage schools to adopt the program's standards aligned curriculum, the state provided a grant to cover the costs of materials and extensive mandatory teacher training. ", "The district was required to develop a three-year implementation plan for the participating school. ", "The school district administration was required to appoint a district liaison who was paid $3,000 by PDE to serve as the conduit of all information between the district and the Department and its agents along with submitting orders and distributing supplies to implementing teachers. ", "For the 2006-07 state education budget, $10 million was allocated for the program. ", "The grant program was expanded to $14.5 million in the 2008-09 budget. ", "The grant was discontinued in the state's 2011 budget by Governor Edward G. Rendell.", "\n\nEducation Assistance Grant\nThe state's EAP funding provides for the continuing support of tutoring services and other programs to address the academic needs of eligible students. ", "Funds are available to eligible school districts and full-time career and technology centers (CTC) in which one or more schools have failed to meet at least one academic performance target, as provided for in Section 1512-C of the Pennsylvania Public School Code. ", "In 2010-11 the Northern Cambria School District received $24,245. ", "In 2003-04, Governor Rendell signed into law the EAP for targeted tutoring at a funding level of $38 million. ", "Almost 35,000 students in 82 academically challenged school districts received extra help in the first year. ", "The program was continued at the same funding level in 2004-05. ", "In 2005-06, the program received $66 million in funding and expanded to support tutoring in 175 school districts and Career and Technical Centers.", "\n\nHybrid Learning grants\nNorthern Cambria School District participated in a pilot year of the state's Hybrid learning initiative. ", "Pennsylvania Hybrid Learning uses three learning models to increase student achievement: instruction from the teacher, group activities, and self-instruction through digital content. ", "According to state testing results, among the pilot schools, 88 percent achieved higher academic performance in hybrid classes compared to traditional classes in the same district or statewide benchmarks, 75 percent reported better academic achievement, and all of them met or exceeded academic growth. ", "In 2013-14, the state awarded $633,000 in federal Title 2A funds to accelerate teacher training in the implementation of hybrid learning programs in 50 school buildings in 34 school entities. ", "In 2012, $1.1 million was awarded to 15 districts to launch the first hybrid pilot schools in the state that included more than 1,900 students and 48 teachers. ", "Northern Cambria School District received $19,500.", "\n\nOther grants\nNorthern Cambria School District did not participate in: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection's Environmental Education annual grants; 2012 Striving Readers Comprehensive Literacy grant; 2013 Safe Schools and Resource Officer grants; Project 720 High School Reform grants (discontinued effective with 2011-12 budget); nor the federal 21st Century Learning grants.", "\n\nFederal Stimulus grant\nThe Northern Cambria School District received an extra $2,027,455 in American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) - Federal Stimulus money to be used in specific programs like special education and meeting the academic needs of low-income students. ", "The funding was limited to the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 school years. ", "Due to the temporary nature of the funding, schools were repeatedly advised by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, the Pennsylvania Senate Education Committee, the Governor and the Pennsylvania School Board Association, to use the funds for one-time expenditures like acquiring equipment, making repairs to buildings, training teachers to provide more effective instruction or purchasing books and software.", "\n\nRace to the Top grant\nNorthern Cambria School District officials applied for the federal Race to the Top grant which would have provided over one million dollars, in additional federal funding, to improve student academic achievement. ", "Participation required the administration, the school board and the local teachers' union to sign an agreement to prioritize improving student academic success. ", "In Pennsylvania, 120 public school districts and 56 charter schools agreed to participate. ", "Pennsylvania was not approved for the grant. ", "The failure of districts to agree to participate was cited as one reason that Pennsylvania was not approved.", "\n\nCommon Cents state initiative\nNorthern Cambria School Board elected to not participate in the Pennsylvania Department of Education Common Cents program. ", "The program called for the state to audit the district, at no cost to local taxpayers, to identify ways the district could save tax dollars. ", "After the review of the information, the district was not required to implement the recommended cost savings changes.", "\n\nLocal Services Tax\nAll local taxing authorities are required by the Local Tax Enabling Act to exempt disabled veterans and members of the armed forces reserve who are called to active duty at any time during the tax year from any local services tax and to exempt from any local services tax levied at a rate in excess of $10 those persons whose total income and net profits from all sources within the political subdivision is less than $12,000 for the tax year. ", "The Local Tax Enabling Act also authorizes, but does not require, taxing authorities to exempt from per capita, occupation, and earned income taxes and any local services tax levied at a rate of $10 or less per year, any person whose total income from all sources is less than $12,000 per year.", "\n\nReal estate taxes\nProperty tax rates in 2014-2015 were set by the school board at 50.1600 mills. ", " A mill is $1 of tax for every $1,000 of a property's assessed value. ", "Irregular property reassessments have become a serious issue in the commonwealth as it creates a significant disparity in taxation within a community and across a region. ", "Property taxes, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, apply only to real estate - land and buildings. ", "The property tax is not levied on cars, business inventory, or other personal property. ", "Certain types of property are exempt from property taxes, including: places of worship, places of burial, private social clubs, charitable and educational institutions and all government property (local, state and federal). ", "Additionally, service related, disabled US military veterans may seek an exemption from paying property taxes. ", "Pennsylvania school district revenues are dominated by two main sources: 1) Property tax collections, which account for the vast majority (between 75-85%) of local revenues; and 2) Act 511 tax collections, which are around 15% of revenues for school districts. ", "When a Pennsylvania public school district includes municipalities in two counties, each of which has different rates of property tax assessment, a state board equalizes the tax rates between the counties. ", "In 2010, miscalculations by the State Tax Equalization Board (STEB) were widespread in the Commonwealth and adversely impacted funding for many school districts, including those that did not cross county borders.", "\n\n2013-14 - 47.0000 mills\n2012-13 - 47.0000 mills.", "\n2011-12 - 47.0000 mills. ", "\n2010-11 - 47.0000 mills.", "\n2009-10 - 43.0000 mills.", "\n\n2008-09 - 43.0000 mills.", "\n2007-08 - 40.9890 mills.", "\n2006-07 - 39.0000 mills.", "\n2005-06 - 39.0000 mills.", "\n\nThe average yearly property tax paid by Cambria County residents amounts to about 2.4% of their yearly income. ", "Cambria County ranked 1048th out of the 3143 United States counties for property taxes as a percentage of median income. ", "According to a report prepared by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, the total real estate taxes collected by all school districts in Pennsylvania rose from $6,474,133,936 in 1999-00 to $10,438,463,356 in 2008-09 and to $11,153,412,490 in 2011. ", "Property taxes in Pennsylvania are relatively high on a national scale. ", "According to the Tax Foundation, Pennsylvania ranked 11th in the U.S. in 2008 in terms of property taxes paid as a percentage of home value (1.34%) and 12th in the country in terms of property taxes as a percentage of income (3.55%). ", "Pennsylvania's 2011 tax burden of 10.35% ranked 10th highest out of 50 states. ", "The tax burden was above the national average of 9.8%. ", "Pennsylvania's taxpayers paid $4,374 per capita in state and local taxes, including school taxes.", "\n\nAct 1 Adjusted Index\nThe Act 1 of 2006 Index regulates the rates at which each school district can raise property taxes in Pennsylvania. ", "Districts are not permitted to raise property taxes above their annual Act 1 Index unless they either: allow the district's voters to approve the increase through a vote by referendum or they receive an exception from the Pennsylvania Department of Education. ", "The base index for the school year is published by the PDE in the fall of each year. ", "Each individual school district's Act 1 Index can be adjusted higher, depending on a number of factors, such as local property values and the personal income of district residents. ", "Originally, Act 1 of 2006 included 10 exceptions, including: increasing pension costs, increases in special education costs, a catastrophe like a fire or flood, increase in health insurance costs for contracts in effect in 2006 or dwindling tax bases. ", "The base index is the average of the percentage increase in the statewide average weekly wage, as determined by the PA Department of Labor and Industry, for the preceding calendar year and the percentage increase in the Employment Cost Index for Elementary and Secondary Schools, as determined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the U.S. Department of Labor, for the previous 12-month period ending June 30. ", "For a school district with a market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) greater than 0.4000, its index equals the base index multiplied by the sum of .75 and its MV/PI AR for the current year.", "\n\nIn June 2011, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed legislation eliminating six of the exceptions to the Act 1 Index. ", "Several exceptions were maintained: 1) costs to pay interest and principal on indebtedness incurred prior to September 4, 2004 for Act 72 schools and prior to June 27, 2006 for non-Act 72 schools; 2) costs to pay interest and principal on electoral debt; 3) costs incurred in providing special education programs and services (beyond what is already paid by the State); and 4) costs due to increases of more than the Index in the school's share of payments to PSERS (PA school employees pension fund) taking into account the state mandated PSERS contribution rate. ", "The legislature also froze the payroll amount public school districts use to calculate the pension-plan exception at the 2012 payroll levels. ", "Further increases in payroll cannot be used to raise the district's exception for pension payments.", "\n\nA specific timeline for Act I Index decisions is published annually, by the Pennsylvania Department of Education.", "\n\nThe School District Adjusted Index history for the Northern Cambria School District:\n\n2006-07 - 5.9%, Base 3.9%\n2007-08 - 5.1%, Base 3.4%\n2008-09 - 6.6%, Base 4.4%\n2009-10 - 6.2%, Base 4.1%\n2010-11 - 4.4%, Base 2.9%\n\n2011-12 - 2.1%, Base 1.4%\n2012-13 - 2.6%, Base 1.7% \n2013-14 - 2.6%, Base 1.7% \n2014-15 - 3.2%, Base 2.1% \n2015-16 - 2.9%, Base 1.9%\n\nFor the 2014-15 budget year, Northern Cambria School Board applied for an exception to exceed their Act 1 Index limit, due to the rapidly escalting cost of the teachers pensions. ", "In 2014-15, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make a 21.4% of payroll payment to the teacher's pension fund (PSERS). ", "For the school budget 2014-15, 316 Pennsylvania public school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above its Act 1 Index limit. ", "Another 181 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeding the Index limit. ", "Districts may apply for multiple exceptions each year. ", "For the pension costs exception, 163 school districts received approval to exceed the Index in full, while others received a partial approval of their request. ", "For special education costs, 104 districts received approval to exceed their tax limit. ", "Seven Pennsylvania public school districts received an approval for the grandfathered construction debts exception.", "\n\nFor the 2013-14 budget year, Northern Cambria School Board applied for an exception to exceed their Act 1 Index limit, due to rising teacher pension costs. ", "In 2013-14, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make a 16.93% of payroll payment to the teacher's pension fund (PSERS). ", "For the school budget year 2013-14, 311 Pennsylvania public school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index. ", "Another 171 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeded the Index limit. ", "For the pension costs exception, 169 school districts received approval to exceed the Index. ", "For special education costs, 75 districts received approval to exceed their tax limit. ", "Eleven Pennsylvania public school districts received an approval for grandfathered construction debts.", "\n\nFor the 2012-13 budget year, Northern Cambria School Board applied for two exceptions to exceed the Act 1 Index: special education costs and rising teacher pension costs. ", "In 2012-13, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make a 12.36% of payroll payment to the teacher's pension fund (PSERS). ", "For 2012-2013 budget year, 274 school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index; while 223 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeded the Index limit. ", "For the exception for pension costs, 194 school districts received approval to exceed the Index. ", "For special education costs, 129 districts received approval to exceed the tax limit.", "\n\nFor the 2011-12 school year, Northern Cambria School Board did not apply for an exception to exceed the Act 1 Index. ", "In 2011-12, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make an 8.65% of payroll payment to the teacher's pension fund. ", "Each year, Northern Cambria School Board has the option of adopting either: 1) a resolution in January certifying they will not increase taxes above their index or 2) a preliminary budget in February. ", "A school district adopting the resolution may not apply for referendum exceptions or ask voters for a tax increase above the inflation index.", "\n\nProperty tax relief\nIn 2014, Northern Cambria School District approved 2,345 homestead properties to receive $134 each. ", "The decline in amount was related to more residents applying for tax relief and a decline in table games tax revenues. ", "The amount received by the district must be divided equally among all approved residences.", "\n\nIn 2009, Northern Cambria School District approved 2,307 homestead properties to receive $136 in property tax relief. ", "The relief was subtracted from the total annual school property tax bill. ", "Property owners apply for the relief through the county Treasurer's office. ", "Farmers can qualify for a farmstead exemption on building used for agricultural purposes. ", "The farm must be at least and must be the primary residence of the owner. ", "Farmers can qualify for both the homestead exemption and the farmstead exemption. ", "The amount of property tax relief each Pennsylvania public school district receives is announced by the PDE in May of each year. ", "The amount of tax relief is dependent on the total tax revenue collected on the casino slots in the previous year. ", "Thirty-five percent of the slots tax revenues are used for property tax relief. ", "In Cambria County, the highest tax relief went to Ferndale Area School District which was set at $214. ", "The highest property tax relief provided, among Pennsylvania school districts, goes to the homesteads of Chester Upland School District in Delaware County which received $632 per approved homestead in 2010. ", "Chester-Upland School District has consistently been the top recipient since the programs inception. ", "The tax relief was started by Governor Edward G. Rendell with passage of the state gaming law in 2004. ", "Rendell promised taxpayers substantial property tax relief from legalized gambling. ", "In Cambria County, 54% of eligible property owners applied for property tax relief in 2009. ", "This was among the lowest participation rates in Pennsylvania.", "\n\nIn Pennsylvania, the homestead exclusion reduces the assessed values of homestead properties, reducing the property tax on these homes. ", "The homestead exclusion allows homeowners real property tax relief of up to one half of the median assessed value of homesteads in the taxing jurisdiction (county, school district, city, borough, or township).", "\n\nSome Northern Cambria School District residents, including: low income residents aged 65 and older; widows and widowers aged 50 and older; and people with disabilities age 18 and older, can qualify for the state's Property Tax/Rent Rebate program. ", "The income limit is $35,000 for homeowners. ", "Residents must apply annually to receive up to $650. ", "The Property tax/rent rebate program is funded by revenues from the Pennsylvania Lottery. ", "In 2012, these property tax rebates were increased by an additional 50 percent for senior households in the state, so long as those households have incomes under $30,000 and pay more than 15% of their income in property taxes.", "\n\nNutrition/Wellness policy\nNorthern Cambria School Board established a district wellness policy in 2006. ", "The policy deals with nutritious meals served at school, the control of access to some foods and beverages during school hours, age appropriate nutrition education for all students, and physical education for students K-12. ", "The policy is in response to state mandates and federal legislation (P.L. 108 – 265). ", "The law dictates that each school district participating in a program authorized by the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C. 1751 et seq) or the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42 U.S.C. 1771 et seq) \"shall establish a local school wellness policy by School Year 2006.\" ", " Most districts identified the superintendent and school foodservice director as responsible for ensuring local wellness policy implementation.", "\n\nThe legislation placed the responsibility of developing a wellness policy at the local level so the individual needs of each district can be addressed. ", "According to the requirements for the Local Wellness Policy, school districts must set goals for nutrition education, physical activity, campus food provision, and other school-based activities designed to promote student wellness. ", "Additionally, districts were required to involve a broad group of individuals in policy development and to have a plan for measuring policy implementation. ", "Districts were offered a choice of levels of implementation for limiting or prohibiting low nutrition foods on the school campus. ", "In final implementation these regulations prohibit some foods and beverages on the school campus. ", "The Pennsylvania Department of Education required the district to submit a copy of the policy for approval.", "\n\nNorthern Cambria School District offers both a free school breakfast and a free or reduced-price lunch to children in low income families. ", "All students attending the school can eat breakfast and lunch. ", "Children from families with incomes at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty level are provided a breakfast and lunch at no cost to the family. ", "Children from families with incomes between 130 and 185 percent of the federal poverty level can be charged no more than 30 cents per breakfast. ", "A foster child whose care and placement is the responsibility of the State or who is placed by a court with a caretaker household is eligible for both a free breakfast and a free lunch. ", "Runaway, homeless and Migrant Youth are also automatically eligible for free meals. ", "The meals are partially funded with federal dollars through the United States Department of Agriculture. ", "The District also offers the Seamless Summer Food program to all children without charge.", "\n\nIn 2013, the USDA issued new restrictions to foods in public schools. ", "The rules apply to foods and beverages sold on all public school district campuses during the day. ", "They limit vending machine snacks to a maximum of 200 calories per item. ", "Additionally, all snack foods sold at school must meet competitive nutrient standards, meaning they must have fruits, vegetables, dairy or protein in them or contain at least 10 percent of the daily value of fiber, calcium, potassium, and Vitamin D. In order to comply with the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 all US public school districts are required to raise the price of their school lunches to $2.60 regardless of the actual cost of providing the lunch. ", " The Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 mandates that districts raise their full pay lunch prices every year until the price of non-subsidized lunches equals the amount the federal government reimburses schools for free meals. ", "That subsidy in 2013-2014 was $2.93.", "\n\nIn 2014, President Obama ordered a prohibition of advertisements for unhealthy foods on public school campuses during the school day. ", "The Food and Drug Administration requires that students take milk as their beverage at lunch. ", "In accordance with this law, any student requesting water in place of milk with their lunch must present a written request, signed by a doctor, documenting the need for water instead of milk.", "\n\nNorthern Cambria School District provides health services as mandated by the Commonwealth and the federal government. ", "Nurses are available in the buildings to conduct annual health screenings (data reported to the PDE and state Department of Health) and to dispense prescribed medications to students during the school day. ", "Students can be excluded from school unless they comply with all the State Department of Health's extensive immunization mandates. ", "School nurses monitor each pupil for this compliance. ", "Nurses also monitor each child's weight.", "\n\nHighmark Healthy High 5 grant\nIn 2014, Northern Cambria School District received funding through a Highmark Healthy High 5 grant. ", "Northern Cambria Elementary School received $5,000 which was used to purchase the Healthy Beginnings Program to promote student wellness. ", "Beginning in 2006, Highmark Foundation engaged in a 5-year, $100 million program to promote lifelong healthy behaviors in children and adolescents through local nonprofits and schools. ", "Northern Cambria High School also received a $7,588 Healthy High 5 grant in 2011. ", "The funds were used to fund Get Moving Keep Moving program. ", "The Middle School was also funded receiving $9,540 to fund Those AWKARD Middle School Years intervention.", "\n\nExtracurriculars\nThe district offers a wide variety of clubs, activities and an extensive, publicly funded sports program. ", "Eligibility for participation is determined by school board policy and in compliance with standards set by the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association (PIAA).", "\n\nBy Pennsylvania law, all K-12 students residing in the school district, including those who attend a private nonpublic school, cyber charter school, charter school and those homeschooled, are eligible to participate in the extracurricular programs including all athletics. ", "They must meet the same eligibility rules as the students enrolled in the district's schools.", "\n\nAccording to PA Child Abuse Recognition and Reporting Act 126 of 2014, all volunteer coaches and all those who assist in student activities, must have criminal background checks. ", "Like all school district employees, they must also attend an anti child abuse training once every three years.", "\n\nAthletics\nThe Northern Cambria teams are call the Colts with the school colors being black and gold. ", "The black color was adopted from the previous Barnesboro High School and the gold from Spangler High School. ", "The Northern Cambria Track and Sports Complex (Charles Miller Track) is located behind the high school. ", "The school football field is not at the high school, but at a site about one mile away. ", "The school's girls volleyball team won the PIAA A state championship in 2005 and 2009. ", "The boys basketball team won the PIAA Class B state championship in 1965.", "\n\nCoaches receive compensation as outlined in the teachers' union contract. ", "When athletic competition exceeds the regular season, additional compensation is paid.", "\n\nNorthern Cambria High School offers the following PIAA sports:\nVarsity\n\nBoys\nBaseball - A\nBasketball- AA\nCross Country - A\nFootball - A\nGolf - AA\nRifle - AAAA\nSwimming and Diving - AA\nTrack and Field - AA\nVolleyball - AA\nWrestling - AA\n\nGirls\nBasketball - AA\nCheer - AAAA\nCross Country - A\nGolf\nRifle - AAAA\nSoftball - AAA\nSwimming and Diving - AA\nTrack and Field - AA\nVolleyball - A\n\nMiddle School Sports:\n\nBoys\nBasketball\nFootball\nTrack and Field\nWrestling\t\n\nGirls\nBasketball\nTrack and Field\nVolleyball\n\nAccording to PIAA directory July 2015\n\nIn 2014, Northern Cambria School District discontinued offering its own wrestling team due to a lack of participation. ", "Students can access a wrestling program through a cooperative program with Cambria Heights School District.", "\n\nDistrict 6 Championships\n\nNorthern Cambria competes in District 6 of the PIAA. ", "In most sports, Northern Cambria is either in the A or AA classification. ", "District championships include:\n\n Boys A Basketball 2012\n Boys AA Volleyball 2011\n Girls A Volleyball 2010\n Girls AA Track and Field 2010\n Girls A Volleyball 2009\n Girls AA Track and Field 2009\n Girls A Volleyball 2008\n Girls AA Track and Field 2008\n Girls AA Basketball 2008\n\n Girls A Volleyball 2007\n Girls AA Track and Field 2007\n Girls A Volleyball 2006\n Girls A Volleyball 2005\n Girls A Volleyball 2004\n Girls A Softball 2003\n Boys AA Basketball 2001\n Boys B Basketball 1965\n Boys B Basketball 1964\n\nPIAA State Team Championships\n\n2009 Girls Volleyball State Champion - Class A\nThe 2009 girls volleyball team won the PIAA championship at the A classification, defeating Reading Holy Name 3 sets to 0. ", "They defeated Nativity BVM 3 sets to 0 in the state semifinals. ", "The championships were held at Central York High School.", "\n\n2005 Girls Volleyball State Champion - Class A\nThe 2005 girls volleyball team won the PIAA championship at the A classification, defeating the Marian Catholic Fillies 25-8, 26-24, 25-13. ", "They defeated the Reading Central Catholic Cardinals 22-25, 25-16, 25-17, 25-15 in the state semifinals. ", "The championships were held at Central York High School. ", "Northern Cambria finished the year with a record of 27-0.", "\n\n1965 Boys Basketball State Champion - Class B\nIn 1965 the boys basketball team (competing in Class B) won the school's first state championship, defeating the representative from Eastern Pennsylvania, Montrose, by a score of 78 to 69. ", "The game was played at the Pitt Field House on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh. ", "Montrose was the defending state champions and also came into the game with a 53-game unbeaten streak. ", "The Colts' victory ended Montrose's bid to tie the state record for consecutive wins. ", "Northern Cambria finished the year with a record of 27-1, with their lone loss coming to DeMatha Catholic High School of Maryland.", "\n\nPIAA State Championship Playoff Appearances\n\n2011 Boys A Basketball Round of 16\nThe 2011 team became the first boys basketball team at the school to win a boys state basketball playoff game in over 40 years. ", "They beat Union(Rimersburg) in the first round. ", "Tony Rocco led the Colts that game with 20 points and 11 steals. ", "In the round of 16 they lost to Rocky Grove.", "\n\n2010 Boys A Basketball Round of 32\nThe 2010 team won the Heritage Conference and playoffs looked bright. ", "However, in the first round they played Reading Central Catholic, the favored team in the state tournament to win. ", "They kept the game close with a gap of just 7 going into the 4th quarter, but Reading deemed too much for the Colts. ", "Northern Cambria shot a horrid 9%(3-31) from the 3-pt line, usually their specialty, or they might have pulled off the upset. ", "Marcus Dawkins, a member of Reading Central Catholic, dunked on Joe Yuhas's head in the game and also threw the ball of the backboard to himself on a fast break and dunked it. ", "Marcus Dawkins is black. ", "This team also won the Cambria Heights Christmas basketball tournament in 2009. ", "Named to the all-tourney team was Anthony Penksa, Josh Stiles, and Tony Rocco. ", "Left off of the all-tourney was Joe Yuhas. ", "To this day Joe is still salty about the whole ordeal. ", "He weeps alone in his room for hours and hours when thinking back.", "\n\n2008 Girls AA Basketball State Runner-Up\nThe 2008 team became the first girls basketball team at the school to make the state playoffs. ", "In the first round (the round of 32), NC defeated District 7's #7 seed Beaver 56-47. ", "In the second round, they defeated District 7's #4 seed Ford City 54-18. ", "NC defeated District 10's #2 seed Girard in the state quarterfinals 41-30 at Slippery Rock. ", "In the Western Final, the Colts defeated District 6 rival Bishop McCort 45-42. ", "They lost in the state final to York Catholic 52-40 at the Bryce Jordan Center in State College. ", "In the District 6 playoffs, NC defeated Southern Huntingdon 60-48 in the semifinals and then defeated Bishop McCort in the District 6 championship 65-48 at the War Memorial in Johnstown.", "\n\n2006 Girls A Volleyball State Runner-Up\nThe Colts finished as state runners-up in A volleyball in 2006. ", "Northern Cambria defeated District 7 Champion Geibel Catholic in the state semifinals, defeating the Gators 25-22, 21-25, 21-25, 25-21, 15-10. ", "The Colts then lost to Reading Central Catholic 25-22, 25-12, 25-15 in the state championship game. ", "The championships were held at Central York High School. ", "It was the third straight year that Northern Cambria made it to the championship match in girls volleyball (they won the title in 2005).", "\n\n2004 Girls A Volleyball State Runner-Up\nIn 2004, Northern Cambria defeated Reading Central Catholic 25-21, 19-25, 25-20, 26-24 in the state semifinals. ", "They then lost in the finals to District 10 Champion Cochranton 25-17, 25-23, 25-20. ", "The championships were held at Robert Morris University outside of Pittsburgh.", "\n\n2007 Girls A Volleyball State Semifinalist\nThe volleyball team continued its success in 2007. ", "This time, however, the Colts fell in the state semifinals, losing to the Cochranton Cardinals, the District 10 Champion, 3 sets to 1. ", "The championships were held at Central York High School.", "\n\n2006 Girls A Softball State Semifinalist\nIn 2006, the Northern Cambria softball team reached the state's final four. ", "The Colts lost to eventual state champion Blue Ridge in the state semifinals. ", "The game was played in Williamsport, PA. ", "Northern Cambria lost the District 6 Championship that year to Southern Huntingdon. ", "They rebounded, however, by defeating Northern Bedford and East Juniata to reach the final four. ", "The Colts played in the \"eastern\" half of the state bracket.", "\n\n2003 Girls A Softball State Semifinalist\nIn 2003, the Colts softball team lost to Chartiers-Houston in the state semifinals. ", "Northern Cambria lost a 1-0 lead late in the game and lost 2-1 in eight innings. ", "The Colts won the school's first District 6 Championship in girls sports by defeating Southern Huntingdon. ", "They then defeated Northern Bedford and Leechburg to reach the state semifinals. ", "Northern Cambria defeated Leechburg 1-0 in 13 innings. ", "The Colts played in the \"western\" half of the state bracket.", "\n\n2008 Girls A Volleyball State Quarterfinalist\nNorthern Cambria advanced to the state tournament by defeating Bishop Guilfoyle in 3 sets to 0 sets to win the district 6 championship for the 5th straight year. ", "They then defeated Elderton in the first round of the state playoffs in a 5 set match. ", "In this match-up, Elderton won the first two sets but NC rallied to take it in 5. ", "The quarterfinal round (final 8) was played at Central York High School. ", "The Colts finished fourth in their pool (North Star, Maplewood, and Reading Holy Name) and did not advance to the semifinals.", "\n\n2009 Girls A Basketball State Quarterfinalist\nThe girls basketball team finished 2nd in District 6, losing to Bishop Guilfoyle High School in the d6A finals. ", "In the first round of states, they defeated Lancaster Country Day at Central Cambria High School. ", "They then rallied to defeat Tri-Valley High School at Big Springs High School. ", "In the final 8, they lost a nail-biter to Benton High School.", "\n\n2009 Girls A Softball State Quarterfinalist\nThe girls softball team defeated Bishop Guilfoyle High School in the district 6 semifinals to earn a state playoff bid. ", "They lost the d6 championship to Claysburg-Kimmel High School. ", "In the first round of the state playoffs, the Colts defeated Fannett-Metal High School 4-3 at Everett High School. ", "In the final 8, they lost to Vincentian Academy 7-3.", "\n\n2007 Boys A Basketball First Round - Round of 32\nThe boys basketball team made the PIAA playoffs by finishing fourth in District 6 A. The team lost to Harmony in the district semifinals. ", "They then lost to Saltsburg in the consolation game. ", "In the first round of the state playoffs, the team lost to defending PIAA A champion Elk County Catholic.", "\n\n2002 Boys AA Basketball First Round - Round of 32\nIn 2002, the boys basketball team made the state playoffs for the third straight year. ", "The team lost to District 5's North Star. ", "The team lost to Tyrone in the District 6 semifinals but defeated Homer Center to finish 3rd in District 6.", "\n\n2001 Boys AA Basketball First Round - Round of 32\nThe 2001 basketball team won the District 6 AA championship by defeating Westmont Hilltop. ", "They lost in the first round of the state playoffs to District 7's Wilkinsburg.", "\n\n2000 Boys AA Basketball First Round - Round of 32\n\nPIAA Individual Champions\n\nJanae Dunchack has won four individual state gold medals in the high jump competition in track and field. ", "\nGus Yahner 2014 PIAA Pole Vault State Champion.", "\n\nConference Affiliation\n\nNorthern Cambria's athletic teams compete in the Heritage Conference. ", "Most of the schools in this conference are in Indiana County. ", "The conference consists of the following teams:\nThe Blairsville High School Bobcats\nThe Homer-Center High School Wildcats\nThe Ligonier Valley High School Rams (Westmoreland County)\nThe Marion Center High School Stingers\nThe Northern Cambria High School Colts (Cambria County)\nThe Penns Manor High School Comets\nThe Purchase Line High School Dragons\nThe Saltsburg High School Trojans\nThe United High School Lions\n\nRecent conference championships include:\n 2012 Boys Basketball\n 2010 Boys Basketball\n 2010 Girls Volleyball\n 2010 Girls Track and Field\n 2010 Boys Basketball\n 2009 Girls Volleyball\n 2009 Girls Track and Field\n 2009 Girls Basketball\n 2008 Girls Volleyball\n 2008 Girls Track and Field\n 2008 Girls Basketball\n 2007 Girls Volleyball\n 2007 Girls Track and Field\n 2007 Girls Basketball (shared with Penns Manor)\n 2007 Boys Basketball (shared with Blairsville)\n 2006 Girls Volleyball\n 2006 Girls Track and Field\n 2006 Girls Basketball\n 2005 Girls Volleyball\n 2005 Girls Track and Field\n 2005 Girls Softball\n 2004 Girls Volleyball\n 2004 Girls Track and Field\n 2004 Girls Softball\n 2003 Girls Softball\n 2003 Girls Track and Field\n 2003 Girls Basketball (shared with Marion Center)\n\nExternal links\nNorthern Cambria School District website\nNorthern Cambria community website\n2004 PIAA A Volleyball Bracket\n2005 PIAA A Volleyball Bracket\n2006 PIAA A Volleyball Bracket\nNCSD 2005 Volleyball Page\nPIAA District 6 website\nPIAA website\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:School districts in Cambria County, Pennsylvania" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.011834319526627219, 0.01, 0, 0, 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0.004201680672268907, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0.008264462809917356, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0.0029585798816568047, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012422360248447204, 0.0044444444444444444, 0.016853932584269662, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0.011235955056179775, 0.007194244604316547, 0.005208333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0.015228426395939087, 0.0037593984962406013, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0.018867924528301886, 0.017241379310344827, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005291005291005291, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0.005714285714285714, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0.006802721088435374, 0.01694915254237288, 0.016129032258064516, 0.011764705882352941, 0.0091324200913242, 0, 0, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0.023809523809523808, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.025, 0.00872093023255814, 0, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0.005747126436781609, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.005988023952095809, 0, 0, 0, 0.005494505494505495, 0.010676156583629894, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.006097560975609756, 0.01910828025477707, 0.011363636363636364, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.019230769230769232, 0.013157894736842105, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0.025, 0.009900990099009901, 0.008, 0.013157894736842105, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0.01092896174863388, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0, 0, 0.015503875968992248, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0.037037037037037035, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0.007905138339920948, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0.002793296089385475, 0.015789473684210527, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01, 0.020833333333333332, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0.009950248756218905, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015957446808510637, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0.010582010582010581, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005263157894736842, 0, 0, 0, 0.004484304932735426, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0, 0.008968609865470852, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0, 0.005988023952095809, 0.004807692307692308, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0.010869565217391304, 0.008064516129032258, 0.003676470588235294, 0, 0, 0.006309148264984227, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0.023076923076923078, 0.020833333333333332, 0.014492753623188406, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.025252525252525252, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0.005494505494505495, 0.01910828025477707, 0, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0, 0, 0.0035842293906810036, 0, 0.005076142131979695, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.01680672268907563, 0, 0, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0.005235602094240838, 0, 0.0211864406779661, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0, 0.01092896174863388, 0, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0111731843575419, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.004761904761904762, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0, 0.004901960784313725, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0.01015228426395939, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0.022857142857142857, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0.006211180124223602, 0.006993006993006993, 0.008928571428571428, 0.004201680672268907, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0, 0, 0.004694835680751174, 0.0041841004184100415, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0.004807692307692308, 0.012738853503184714, 0, 0.006944444444444444, 0.013793103448275862, 0, 0.005405405405405406, 0.013986013986013986, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0.005154639175257732, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0.03125, 0.01282051282051282, 0.009174311926605505, 0.0045662100456621, 0.007874015748031496, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0.005714285714285714, 0, 0, 0.005780346820809248, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0.008, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0, 0.01675977653631285, 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0.011049723756906077, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0.004048582995951417, 0, 0.010033444816053512, 0, 0, 0.005988023952095809, 0, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0.017241379310344827, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0.011904761904761904, 0.011204481792717087, 0, 0, 0, 0.0056179775280898875, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0.008620689655172414, 0.01020408163265306, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0.015151515151515152, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0.007692307692307693, 0.00546448087431694, 0, 0, 0, 0.02, 0.010178117048346057, 0.01060070671378092, 0, 0.007263922518159807, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0, 0, 0.012903225806451613, 0, 0, 0.002150537634408602, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003968253968253968, 0, 0.004273504273504274, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0, 0.007317073170731708, 0.010050251256281407, 0.008130081300813009, 0.0017699115044247787, 0, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0.0037593984962406013, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0.005780346820809248, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0.004975124378109453, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.004830917874396135, 0.009900990099009901, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004, 0, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0, 0.0034965034965034965, 0, 0, 0.004310344827586207, 0, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005376344086021506, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0.011235955056179775, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0, 0.004291845493562232, 0.004366812227074236, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0.009708737864077669, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0.014492753623188406, 0.005405405405405406, 0.024096385542168676, 0, 0.01904761904761905, 0, 0.005952380952380952, 0, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0, 0, 0.01834862385321101, 0.028846153846153848, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004497751124437781, 0, 0, 0, 0.004243281471004243, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0.008438818565400843, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0.017045454545454544, 0.04, 0, 0.0379746835443038, 0.023255813953488372, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0.030927835051546393, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0.004761904761904762, 0.011494252873563218, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0.008, 0.0125, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0.006024096385542169, 0.015873015873015872, 0.017391304347826087, 0.019230769230769232, 0.010582010582010581, 0, 0.01904761904761905, 0, 0, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0, 0.004657351962741184 ]

[ "Q:\n\nSQLite Android JOIN query\n\nI want to fetch the records from SQLite database from 3 Tables.", "\nTables Structure\n1. ", "tb_contacts Table\nIt contains the contact information like id, name and email.", "\ncontact_id | contact_name | contact_email\n---------- | ------------ | ------------------\n1 | Deepak | deepak@yopmail.com\n---------- | ------------ | ------------------\n2 | Shivam | shivam@yopmail.com\n\n2. ", "tb_numbers Table\nIt contains the phone number of each contact\nid | contact_id | contact_phone\n---| ---------- | ------------\n1 | 1 | 123456789 \n---| ---------- | ------------\n2 | 1 | 789456123 \n---| ---------- | ------------\n3 | 2 | 456123654 \n---| ---------- | ------------\n4 | 2 | 698521473 \n\n3. ", "tb_deleted table status\nthis table conatins the status of contact whether it is deleted or not with user_id. ", "If this table contains the row of contact with particular user_id, it means the contact has deleted for that user, otherwise not.", "\nid | contact_id | user_id\n---| ---------- | --------\n1 | 1 | 22201 \n---| ---------- | --------\n2 | 1 | 22202 \n---| ---------- | --------\n3 | 2 | 22201 \n\nWhat i want\n1. ", "Suppose user with user_id 22201. ", "It will get all the contacts like\ncontact_id | contact_name | contact_email | contact_phone | deleted\n---------- | ------------ | ------------------ | ------------- | -------\n1 | Deepak | deepak@yopmail.com | 123456789 | 1\n---------- | ------------ | ------------------ | ------------- | -------\n1 | Deepak | deepak@yopmail.com | 789456123 | 1\n---------- | ------------ | ------------------ | ------------- | -------\n2 | Shivam | shivam@yopmail.com | 456123654 | 1\n---------- | ------------ | ------------------ | ------------- | -------\n2 | Shivam | shivam@yopmail.com | 698521473 | 1\n\n2. ", "Now user with user_id 22202.", "\ncontact_id | contact_name | contact_email | contact_phone | deleted\n---------- | ------------ | ------------------ | ------------- | -------\n1 | Deepak | deepak@yopmail.com | 123456789 | 1\n---------- | ------------ | ------------------ | ------------- | -------\n1 | Deepak | deepak@yopmail.com | 789456123 | 1\n---------- | ------------ | ------------------ | ------------- | -------\n2 | Shivam | shivam@yopmail.com | 456123654 | 0\n---------- | ------------ | ------------------ | ------------- | -------\n2 | Shivam | shivam@yopmail.com | 698521473 | 0\n\nWhat i have tried\nSELECT tb_contacts.contact_id, tb_contacts.contact_name, tb_contacts.contact_email, tb_numbers.contact_phone from tb_contacts join tb_numbers on tb_contacts.contact_id = tb_numbers.contact_id left join tb_deleted on tb_contacts.contact_id = tb_deleted.contact_id;\n\nIt is providing me the records of each contact with deleted status but without user_id. ", "How can i get the required data with condition of user_id. ", "I have used WHERE clause but with this, it only provide the records of those contacts for which there is a entry in tb_deleted table.", "\nWhat is the best way or solution so that i can get the required data.", "\nThanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nTo look up whether the user is deleted, use a correlated subquery:\nSELECT contact_id,\n contact_name,\n contact_email,\n contact_phone,\n EXISTS (SELECT *\n FROM tb_deleted\n WHERE contact_id = tb_contacts.contact_id\n AND user_id = 22201\n ) AS deleted\nFROM tb_contacts\nLEFT JOIN tb_numbers USING (contact_id);\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0.00851063829787234, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005961251862891207, 0, 0.004970178926441352, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0075 ]

[ " Factor v(c).", "\n-(c - 22)*(c + 6)*(9*c + 2)/3\nLet g(m) be the third derivative of -m**6/450 - m**5/150 + 9*m**3/2 - 6*m**2 - 5*m. ", "Let d(n) be the first derivative of g(n). ", "Solve d(h) = 0 for h.\n-1, 0\nFactor -395*w + 1/5*w**3 + 986/5*w**2 + 988/5.", "\n(w - 1)**2*(w + 988)/5\nLet p(t) = -13*t**2 - 9*t + 16. ", "Let r(v) = -v - 5. ", "Let y(i) = -i**2 - 6*i - 27. ", "Let j(l) = -11*r(l) + 2*y(l). ", "Let o(w) = 6*j(w) - p(w). ", "Factor o(x).", "\n(x - 2)*(x + 5)\nLet n(r) be the second derivative of -30*r + 1/5*r**5 + 8*r**3 + 16*r**2 + 0 + 2*r**4. ", "Factor n(q).", "\n4*(q + 2)**3\nFactor -422*i**5 + 487*i**2 + 98*i**4 - 1737*i**2 + 841*i**5 - 421*i**5 - 534*i**3 - 616*i**3.", "\n-2*i**2*(i - 25)**2*(i + 1)\nLet h(z) = -9*z - 25 + 18 - 1 + 9*z**2. ", "Let t(r) = -3*r**2 + 3*r + 3. ", "Suppose -2*i - 16 = -0*i. ", "Let l(b) = i*t(b) - 3*h(b). ", "Factor l(c).", "\n-3*c*(c - 1)\nSuppose -18/17*q**5 + 32/17*q + 48/17*q**2 - 48/17*q**4 + 0 - 14/17*q**3 = 0. ", "Calculate q.\n-4/3, -1, 0, 1\nLet i be 2/(-29 - (-979)/33). ", "Determine x, given that -26/3*x**i + 0 - 4/3*x - 6*x**2 - 4*x**4 = 0.", "\n-1, -2/3, -1/2, 0\nSuppose -1 = -4*s + 3*s, x - 4*s = -360. ", "Let j = 717/2 + x. Solve 1 + j*r + 3/2*r**2 = 0.", "\n-1, -2/3\nLet m(o) = -3*o**2 + 6*o + 6. ", "Suppose -139 = 2*w - 127. ", "Let a(b) = -b**3 - 3*b**2 + 5*b + 5. ", "Let c(q) = w*a(q) + 5*m(q). ", "Factor c(v).", "\n3*v**2*(2*v + 1)\nLet f(y) be the first derivative of y**6/2 + 12*y**5/5 - 15*y**4/4 - 20*y**3 + 6*y**2 + 48*y + 764. ", "Let f(s) = 0. ", "Calculate s.\n-4, -2, -1, 1, 2\nLet w(d) be the first derivative of 5*d**4/4 - 50*d**3 + 1105*d**2/2 - 7752. ", "Determine r, given that w(r) = 0.", "\n0, 13, 17\nLet p be (-3)/(5 - (5 - 3)). ", "Let s be ((-12)/20)/(p*1/1). ", "Determine k, given that -3/5*k**2 + s*k + 6/5 = 0.", "\n-1, 2\nLet u be (-2*(-6)/8)/(1/(-6)). ", "Let l = -6 - u. Find i such that 2*i + 11*i - 45*i**2 - 15*i + 20*i**l + 12*i = 0.", "\n0, 1/4, 2\nLet k(g) be the third derivative of 0 + 1/210*g**6 + 0*g + 48*g**2 - 1/735*g**7 + 0*g**3 - 1/210*g**5 + 0*g**4. ", "Factor k(n).", "\n-2*n**2*(n - 1)**2/7\nLet m be (882/54 + -17)/(28/(-42774)). ", "Let v = 1019 - m. Factor v*c**3 - 64/7*c**2 + 256/7*c + 0.", "\n4*c*(c - 8)**2/7\nLet c(q) be the second derivative of -q**8/252 - 2*q**7/45 - q**6/9 - 255*q**2/2 - q + 17. ", "Let t(b) be the first derivative of c(b). ", "Factor t(v).", "\n-4*v**3*(v + 2)*(v + 5)/3\nLet f(b) be the first derivative of 2*b**3/3 + 38*b**2 - 430*b + 1722. ", "Factor f(t).", "\n2*(t - 5)*(t + 43)\nLet x = 148 - -57. ", "Factor -7*z - x - z**2 + 221 - 8*z.", "\n-(z - 1)*(z + 16)\nLet v = -62 + 172. ", "What is l in 27*l**3 - v*l**4 - 104*l**4 + 219*l**4 + 8*l**3 + 80*l**2 + 60*l = 0?", "\n-3, -2, 0\nLet j(d) be the third derivative of -7*d**7/195 + 3941*d**6/780 + 1132*d**5/195 + 27*d**4/13 - d**2 + 5*d + 1. ", "Find u, given that j(u) = 0.", "\n-2/7, 0, 81\nLet k(a) be the third derivative of a**5/45 + 8*a**4/9 + 40*a**3/3 - 6*a**2 - 5. ", "Factor k(u).", "\n4*(u + 6)*(u + 10)/3\nSuppose -4*p - 5*j = 2693 - 2718, -3*p + 3*j - 15 = 0. ", "Let -1/2*b**3 + p + 2/5*b**4 + 0*b + 1/5*b**2 - 1/10*b**5 = 0. ", "What is b?", "\n0, 1, 2\nSuppose -2*n - 10 = 3*d, 737*n + 5 = -d + 736*n. ", "Let m(s) be the second derivative of -3*s**3 - 1/10*s**5 + s**4 + 20*s + d*s**2 + 0. ", "Factor m(x).", "\n-2*x*(x - 3)**2\nLet g(d) be the first derivative of -d**4/16 + 83*d**3/3 - 6889*d**2/2 - 2831. ", "Find h, given that g(h) = 0.", "\n0, 166\nLet w(f) = -5*f**2 - 117*f + 146. ", "Let c(t) = -4*t**2 - 118*t + 142. ", "Let q(l) = 6*c(l) - 5*w(l). ", "Suppose q(z) = 0. ", "What is z?", "\n1, 122\nFind c, given that 3/4*c**4 - 5481/4*c**2 + 5487/4*c + 1821/4*c**3 - 915/2 = 0.", "\n-610, 1\nLet g be (-5)/(-2)*(-84)/(-100). ", "Let s = 13/5 - g. Determine y, given that 0*y**3 - 3/2*y**2 - y + 0 + s*y**4 = 0.", "\n-1, 0, 2\nFactor -217*s - 194*s - 1001*s - 238 - 74 - 36*s**2.", "\n-4*(s + 39)*(9*s + 2)\nLet -2/5*c**3 - 32*c**2 + 0 - 312/5*c = 0. ", "Calculate c.\n-78, -2, 0\nLet l(g) = -g**3 - 5*g**2 + 13*g - 5. ", "Let b be l(-7). ", "What is s in 8*s**3 - 4*s**2 + 7*s**3 + 0*s**2 + 6*s - s**b - 14*s**3 = 0?", "\n0, 2, 3\nLet i(m) be the third derivative of m**6/280 - 39*m**5/140 - 23*m**4/4 + 6*m**2 + 2*m - 30. ", "Find y, given that i(y) = 0.", "\n-7, 0, 46\nLet c be 84/39 - (-2)/(-13). ", "Solve 0*h**2 + 4*h**c + 2304 + 73*h + 119*h = 0 for h.\n-24\nLet l(r) be the third derivative of -r**6/45 + 47*r**5/15 - 23*r**4/6 - 140*r**3/9 + 1496*r**2. ", "Solve l(w) = 0.", "\n-1/2, 1, 70\nLet z(i) be the third derivative of i**7/840 + 11*i**6/80 + 6*i**5 + 108*i**4 + 15*i**2 - 151. ", "Suppose z(o) = 0. ", "What is o?", "\n-24, -18, 0\nLet p(g) = 5*g**3 + 71*g**2 - 56*g + 20. ", "Let c(f) = 2*f**3 + 2*f**2 + f + 5. ", "Let x(j) = 4*c(j) - p(j). ", "Factor x(k).", "\n3*k*(k - 20)*(k - 1)\nSuppose 0 = 2*b - h + 23 - 31, 0 = -4*b + 5*h + 10. ", "Let -2*v**3 + 10*v + 9*v**3 + 38*v**3 + 25*v**4 + 35*v**2 + 5*v**b = 0. ", "Calculate v.\n-2, -1, 0\nFactor 1388*m**2 - 1458*m + 1743*m**3 - 1742*m**3 - 1871*m**2.", "\nm*(m - 486)*(m + 3)\nFactor -1205/2 + 602*f + 1/2*f**2.", "\n(f - 1)*(f + 1205)/2\nSuppose 29/3*p**3 + 0 - 17/3*p**4 - p**5 + 5/3*p**2 - 14/3*p = 0. ", "Calculate p.\n-7, -2/3, 0, 1\nFactor 17/2*r**2 + 0 + 3/2*r**4 + 3*r + 7*r**3.", "\nr*(r + 1)*(r + 3)*(3*r + 2)/2\nLet l(f) be the second derivative of -432*f**2 - 1/18*f**4 + f + 12 + 8*f**3. ", "Factor l(i).", "\n-2*(i - 36)**2/3\nLet z be (-644)/(-276) - (-5 + 7). ", "What is p in -z*p**5 - 1/3*p - 4/3*p**2 + 0 - 4/3*p**4 - 2*p**3 = 0?", "\n-1, 0\nSuppose -4*s + 6*s - 40 = 0. ", "Let b be 2/(-8) + 85/s. Factor b*c**2 - 20 + 32*c + 24 + 60.", "\n4*(c + 4)**2\nLet 25*g**2 + 50 - 108*g + 61 + 7*g**2 - 35*g**2 = 0. ", "What is g?", "\n-37, 1\nLet u(w) be the second derivative of -w**4/20 - 42*w**3/5 + 528*w**2/5 - 2378*w. ", "Determine h, given that u(h) = 0.", "\n-88, 4\nSuppose -3*t - 22 = 3*c - 16, -3*c - 30 = -5*t. ", "Let n(p) be the second derivative of -1/3*p**4 + 0 + 2*p**t - 4*p**2 - 9*p. ", "Suppose n(v) = 0. ", "What is v?", "\n1, 2\nLet r(d) be the third derivative of -d**6/40 + 3*d**5/4 + 11*d**4 - 114*d**3 + 2*d**2 + 34*d + 18. ", "Determine o, given that r(o) = 0.", "\n-6, 2, 19\nLet o(t) = 14*t + 38. ", "Let d be o(-2). ", "Let x be 54/30*d/12*2. ", "Factor 3/4*w**2 - 1/2*w - 1/4*w**x + 0.", "\n-w*(w - 2)*(w - 1)/4\nLet g(r) be the third derivative of 2*r**7/735 - 6*r**6/35 + 533*r**5/420 - 227*r**4/56 + 48*r**3/7 + 587*r**2. ", "Suppose g(i) = 0. ", "Calculate i.\n1, 3/2, 32\nSuppose -15*a + 18*a = 231. ", "Find r, given that 6*r**2 + 5*r**3 + 550*r - 124*r**2 - a*r**2 - 114 - 246 = 0.", "\n1, 2, 36\nLet b = 721/20196 - -1/748. ", "Let k(r) be the first derivative of -1/6*r**4 + 0*r**2 - b*r**6 + 2/27*r**3 + 39 + 0*r + 2/15*r**5. ", "Solve k(q) = 0.", "\n0, 1\nLet q(u) be the first derivative of 7/2*u**2 - 1/330*u**5 + 5 + 0*u**4 + 0*u + 1/33*u**3. ", "Let w(s) be the second derivative of q(s). ", "Solve w(r) = 0.", "\n-1, 1\nLet i(h) be the third derivative of 2*h**7/105 - 19*h**6/6 + 187*h**5/15 - 31*h**4/2 - 152*h**2. ", "Factor i(t).", "\n4*t*(t - 93)*(t - 1)**2\nLet t = 1387136/117 + -106682/9. ", "Factor -2/13*j**2 - t + 16/13*j.", "\n-2*(j - 5)*(j - 3)/13\nLet m = 131 - 127. ", "Suppose 0*l - 17 = -2*q - 3*l, 4*l - 28 = -m*q. ", "Factor 7/3*i + 3*i**2 + 5/3*i**3 + 2/3 + 1/3*i**q.", "\n(i + 1)**3*(i + 2)/3\nFactor -14 + 41 - 11 - 72*i + 99 - 4*i**2 + 45.", "\n-4*(i - 2)*(i + 20)\nSuppose 3*k - 4*j = -146, k = -j - 17 - 20. ", "Let o be 1/(-3) - 2156/k. Factor o*u + 245*u**4 + 84*u + 545*u**2 + 630*u**3 + 20 + 45*u.", "\n5*(u + 1)**2*(7*u + 2)**2\nLet s(n) be the third derivative of -n**8/588 - 93*n**7/245 - 2267*n**6/420 - 876*n**5/35 - 524*n**4/21 - n**2 - 317*n - 1. ", "Let s(a) = 0. ", "What is a?", "\n-131, -4, -1/2, 0\nSuppose 43*w**3 - 123*w + 39*w**3 + 26 - 125*w**3 + 42*w**3 + 35 + 63*w**2 = 0. ", "Calculate w.\n1, 61\nLet v = -5002/21 - -748/3. ", "Let p = v - 227/21. ", "Find l, given that -p*l**2 + 2/3 + 1/3*l = 0.", "\n-1, 2\nSuppose 4*n + 3*a - 30 = 6*a, 24*a - 20*a = -40. ", "Factor -32/11 + 2/11*l**2 + n*l.", "\n2*(l - 4)*(l + 4)/11\nLet x = -8 - -2. ", "Let f = 8 + x. Solve 2*v + 0*v**f - v**3 + v**2 - 2*v**2 = 0.", "\n-2, 0, 1\nLet v(s) = -8*s**3 + 42*s**2 + 128*s + 93. ", "Let h(k) = -3*k**3 + 20*k**2 + 63*k + 46. ", "Let o(a) = 5*h(a) - 2*v(a). ", "Determine p, given that o(p) = 0.", "\n-11, -4, -1\nLet q be (-35)/(-45)*(-6)/(-14). ", "Let l(c) be the second derivative of 0 - 3/10*c**5 + 1/15*c**6 + q*c**4 + 0*c**2 + 2*c + 0*c**3. ", "Let l(b) = 0. ", "Calculate b.\n0, 1, 2\nLet y(q) be the third derivative of -q**9/5040 + q**7/420 - q**5/40 - 3*q**4/8 - q**3/3 + 64*q**2. ", "Let v(f) be the second derivative of y(f). ", "Factor v(n).", "\n-3*(n - 1)**2*(n + 1)**2\nLet u(k) = -k**3 + 4*k - 1. ", "Let p be u(-2). ", "Let a(l) = -6*l - 2. ", "Let w be a(p). ", "Factor 1 - 4*o**3 + 2*o**w - 5 + 4.", "\n2*o**3*(o - 2)\nLet " ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.025, 0, 0, 0, 0.08333333333333333, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0.02, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Video Transcription\n\nWelcome. ", "I'm Trisha Fyfe. ", "And in today's video lesson, I will be instructing you on the topic of applying technology theories and models to instruction. ", "As we learn about this topic, we will work towards several learning objectives. ", "And together, we'll answer the following questions in this tutorial. ", "What is TPACK? ", "And how can TPACK be successfully applied to unit studies?", "\n\nIn this video lesson, we will go through the model of TPACK. ", "And throughout, we will be looking at examples of each separate domain and what you might see. ", "So what is TPACK? ", "Well, TPACK, remember, is the idea that teachers must look at the intersecting areas of all three domains, content knowledge, or CK, pedagogical knowledge, or PK, and technological knowledge, or TK.", "\n\nIt's here, the sweet spot that some call it, that we as teachers can use all three components and intertwine things together to create a great learning environment for our students. ", "You don't necessarily have to be in this area, depending on what your objectives are for your lesson. ", "So it's essential for you to look at your goals and objectives, and then decide which region will best work for you.", "\n\nSo let's go through each region of TPACK separately. ", "First, we'll start with content knowledge. ", "And content knowledge is focusing on what we are teaching, making sure that we are masters of our content and have a deep understanding and knowledge of content that we are teaching. ", "An example of this would be a teacher that delivers a lesson with accurate information on the topic and concepts of the lesson or unit, for example a US history teacher delivering a lesson on the Civil War that has great and deep knowledge of Civil War, and US history as a whole.", "\n\nLet's look at the next region. ", "Here we'll focus on pedagogical knowledge, or PK. ", "This is how students learn, and how we teach. ", "What are the best practices? ", "We also want to look at the application of theories of learning. ", "What's an example of this? ", "Well, this would be a teacher that uses intentional grouping strategies to group students into small groups.", "\n\nSo here, this teacher would know his or her class. ", "And they would intentionally group students into groups based on what they know and pedagogy for that particular group of students. ", "This would be different in elementary school than it would be in high school settings, for example.", "\n\nThe next region that we'll focus on is technological knowledge, or TK. ", "And it's here that we understand the wide range of tools available, both standard tools and advanced technologies. ", "We also want to make sure that we look at the skills and knowledge that it takes to use these technologies effectively.", "\n\nHere's an example of technological knowledge-- teaching students to use Google docs to record information and collaborate with group members. ", "This would be teaching your students how to use a tool, a technological tool, Google docs, to record information. ", "We would need to have, as a teacher, the skills and knowledge to use this technology, as well as the understanding of this tool and why we're using it.", "\n\nLet's look at the next three domains, some intersecting areas of this diagram. ", "First, we'll look at TPK, or technological pedagogical knowledge. ", "This is the intersection of technology and pedagogy, where we understand the application of technology tools for specific groups of students. ", "And we intentionally select tools based on our groups of students and the best practices.", "\n\nSome examples would be documentation tools for attendance and grades. ", "So as a teacher, we use these tools to document important information, but it's technology related. ", "Also, tech based strategies like, WebQuests, wikis, blogs, or discussion boards. ", "Let's look at the next domain here. ", "Now we'll look at TCK, or technological content knowledge. ", "And it's here that we understand the relationship between content and those tools, those technological tools.", "\n\nWe also want to make sure that we understand the ability to modify and manipulate with tools. ", "An example of this would be a virtual manipulative tool, such as the website GeoGebra to explore geometry in a visual, hands-on way. ", "The next intersecting area that we'll take a look at is PCK, pedagogical content knowledge. ", "And it's here that look at how to teach what we are teaching, so what are the best practices for teaching the content that we are teaching to our specific students.", "\n\nAn example would be using a collaborative workspace for students to connect to content, so for example, a discussion board, or having groups work on Google docs, where they can post information and then collaborate with each other and look at the information other group members posted. ", "You can use a blog to do this as well.", "\n\nLet's look at the center area here, the goal of this, that sweet spot of teaching. ", "And that is TPACK, technological pedagogical content knowledge. ", "And this is the ability to connect all three, intertwine all three of these-- pedagogy, content, and technology. ", "It's important to be purposeful when you make applications in each region. ", "So know which region you're teaching in based on your objectives and your goals for your units.", "\n\nLet's look at an example. ", "Students watch videos and complete homework before class. ", "This is an example of a flipped classroom. ", "And then in class the next day, groups are formed to discuss and research this information that they learned about individually at home the night before. ", "In groups, students will produce podcasts. ", "And they'll publish those to teach others about their findings.", "\n\nWe looked at the following two questions in this video lesson. ", "What is TPACK? ", "And how can TPACK be successfully applied to unit studies? ", "Remember, TPACK is that sweet spot where we combine and think about technological knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and content knowledge. ", "And we want to intertwine all three when we are looking at using the domain of TPACK in our teaching.", "\n\nHow can this successfully be applied to our unit studies? ", "We talked about examples in each area of TPACK. ", "And remember, it's important to be intentional about the area that you are working in. ", "Look at your goals and objectives. ", "And then choose the appropriate area and strategies that would work in that area.", "\n\nNow that you have a better understanding of these ideas and examples, let's reflect. ", "What are the benefits of understanding TPACK and importance of technology integration in your unit studies? ", "Which of the TPACK domains do you feel the most comfortable within in your teaching?", "\n\nThanks for joining me today in discussing the lesson, applying technology theories and models to instruction. ", "I hope you found value in this video lesson and ideas we discussed together. ", "And I hope you're able to apply these ideas and concepts to your own teaching.", "\n\nAs you reflect on how this new information can be applied, you may want to explore the additional resources section that accompanies this video presentation. ", "This is where you'll find links to resources chosen to help you deepen your learning and explore ways to apply your newly acquired skills.", "\n\nNotes on “Applying Technology Theories and Models to Instruction”\n\nOverview\n\n(00:00- 00:33) Introduction/Objectives\n\n(00:34- 01:13) What is TPACK?", "\n\n(01:14- 01:45) CK and Instruction\n\n(01:46- 02:24) PK and Instruction\n\n(02:25- 03:10) TK and Instruction\n\n(03:11- 04:57) TPK, TCK, and PCK and Instruction\n\n(04:58- 05:48) TPACK and Instruction\n\n(05:49- 06:29) Recap\n\n(06:30- 07:17) Reflection\n\nAdditional Resources\n\nTPACK.org\n\nThis is the official website of the TPACK framework with resources for educators. ", "Educators can sign up for the TPACK academy for free to learn more about how to apply the framework into their instructional practices.http://www.tpack.org/\n\nTechnological Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A new framework for teacher knowledge\n\nThis is the article by Mishra and Koehler that established the TPCK framework and set the stage in a research base for the current TPACK framework. ", "On this site, you will find links to additional research articles on TPACK from Mishra and Koehler.http://punya.educ.msu.edu/2008/01/12/mishra-koehler-2006/\n\nRuben R. Puentedura's Weblog\n\nThis site offers articles, research, and resources for teachers on implementing both SAMR and TPACK. ", "In addition, Dr. Puentedura's SAMR model is explored in depth.http://www.hippasus.com/rrpweblog/" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0.017241379310344827, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0, 0.0034602076124567475, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0.01694915254237288, 0.007194244604316547, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006756756756756757, 0.019498607242339833, 0.015384615384615385, 0.020761245674740483, 0.03125 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'We study the structure of bounded linear functionals on a class of non-self-adjoint operator algebras that includes the multiplier algebra of every complete Nevanlinna-Pick space, and in particular the multiplier algebra of the Drury-Arveson space. ", "Our main result is a Lebesgue decomposition expressing every linear functional as the sum of an absolutely continuous (i.e. weak-[\\*]{} continuous) linear functional, and a singular linear functional that is far from being absolutely continuous. ", "This is a non-self-adjoint analogue of Takesaki’s decomposition theorem for linear functionals on von Neumann algebras. ", "We apply our decomposition theorem to prove that the predual of every algebra in this class is (strongly) unique.'", "\naddress:\n- 'School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada'\n- 'Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada'\nauthor:\n- Matthew Kennedy\n- Dilian Yang\ntitle: 'A non-self-adjoint Lebesgue decomposition '\n---\n\n[^1]\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe main result in this paper is a decomposition theorem for bounded linear functionals on a class of operator algebras that includes the multiplier algebra of every complete Nevanlinna-Pick space. ", "Results of this kind can be seen as a noncommutative generalization of the Yosida-Hewitt decomposition of a measure into completely additive and purely finitely additive parts, or more classically, the Lebesgue decomposition of a measure into absolutely continous and singular parts.", "\n\nTakesaki proved in [@Tak58] that a bounded linear functional on a von Neumann algebra can be decomposed uniquely into the sum of a normal (i.e. weak-[\\*]{} continuous) linear functional, and a singular linear functional that is far from being normal. ", "In [@And78], Ando proved a direct analogue of Takesaki’s decomposition theorem for linear functionals on the algebra $H^{\\infty}$, of bounded analytic functions on the complex unit disk $\\mathbb{D}$. More recently, in [@Ued09], Ueda proved a generalization of Ando’s result for finite maximal subdiagonal algebras, which are “analytic” subalgebras of finite von Neumann algebras introduced by Arveson in [@Arv67] as a noncommutative generalization of the algebra $H^{\\infty}$.\n\nA compelling case can be made that the natural function-theoretic generalization of $H^{\\infty}$ is the algebra $H_{d}^{\\infty}$ of multipliers on the Drury-Arveson space $H_{d}^{2}$. The algebra $H_{d}^{\\infty}$ is contained in the algebra $H^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{B}_{d})$ of bounded analytic functions on the complex unit ball $\\mathbb{B}_{d}$ of $\\mathbb{C}^{d}$, but for $d\\geq2$ this inclusion is proper, and $H_{d}^{\\infty}$ is seemingly much more tractable than $H^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{B}_{d})$ (see for example [@Arv98]) . ", "The Drury-Arveson space $H_{d}^{2}$ and the multiplier algebra $H_{d}^{\\infty}$ are universal in the following sense: Every irreducible complete Nevanlinna-Pick space embeds into $H_{d}^{2}$, and the corresponding multiplier algebra arises as the compression of $H_{d}^{\\infty}$ onto this embedding (see [@AM00] for details). ", "Examples of complete Nevanlinna-Pick spaces include the Hardy space and the Dirichlet space on the disk, the Drury-Arveson space itself, and more generally the class of Besov-Sobolev spaces on $\\mathbb{B}_{d}$.\n\nOne explanation for the tractability of $H_{d}^{\\infty}$ is the fact that $H_{d}^{\\infty}$ arises as a quotient of the noncommutative analytic Toeplitz algebra $F_{d}^{\\infty}$ (see for example [@DP98b] and [@AP00]). ", "This algebra, introduced by Popescu in [@Pop89], can be viewed as an algebra of noncommutative analytic functions acting by left multiplication on a Hardy space $\\Fd$ of noncommutative analytic functions. ", "The operator-algebraic structure of $\\Ld$, which is now well understood, turns out to be strikingly similar to that of $H^{\\infty}$ (see for example [@Pop89; @Pop95; @AP00] and [@DP98a; @DP98b; @DP99]).", "\n\nFor a weak-[\\*]{} closed two-sided ideal $\\mathcal{I}$ of $\\Ld$, we let $\\AI$ denote the algebra $\\AI=\\Ld/\\mathcal{I}$. These algebras are the main objects of interest in this paper, for the following reason: The multiplier algebra of every irreducible complete Nevanlinna-Pick space arises as the compression of $\\Ld$ to a coinvariant subspace, and this compression is completely isometrically isomorphic and weak-[\\*]{} to weak-[\\*]{} homeomorphic to a quotient of $\\Ld$ by a two-sided ideal (see [@DP98b; @AP00] for details).", "\n\nOur main result is the following decomposition theorem for linear functionals on quotients of $\\Ld$. A functional is said to be absolutely continuous if it is weak-[\\*]{} continuous, and singular if it is, roughly speaking, far from being weak-[\\*]{} continuous (we give a precise definition below).", "\n\n\\[Lebesgue decomposition for quotients of $F_d^\\infty$\\]Let $\\mathcal{I}$ be a weak-[\\*]{} closed two-sided ideal of $\\Ld$, and let $\\phi$ be a bounded linear functional on $\\AI$. Then there are unique linear functionals $\\phi_{a}$ and $\\phi_{s}$ on $\\AI$ such that $\\phi=\\phi_{a}+\\phi_{s}$, where $\\phi_{a}$ is absolutely continuous and $\\phi_{s}$ is singular, and such that $$\\|\\phi\\|\\leq\\|\\phi_{a}\\|+\\|\\phi_{s}\\|\\leq\\sqrt{2}\\|\\phi\\|.$$ If $d=1$, then the constant $\\sqrt{2}$ can be replaced with the constant $1$. Moreover, these constants are optimal.", "\n\nThe following result for multiplier algebras of complete Nevanlinna-Pick spaces is an immediate consequence of Theorem 1.1.", "\n\n\\[Lebesgue decomposition for multiplier algebras\\]Let $\\mathcal{A}$ be the multiplier algebra of a complete Nevanlinna-Pick space, and let $\\phi$ be a bounded linear functional on $\\mathcal{A}$. Then there are unique linear functionals $\\phi_{a}$ and $\\phi_{s}$ on $\\mathcal{A}$ such that $\\phi=\\phi_{a}+\\phi_{s}$, where $\\phi_{a}$ is absolutely continuous and $\\phi_{s}$ is singular, and such that $$\\|\\phi\\|\\leq\\|\\phi_{a}\\|+\\|\\phi_{s}\\|\\leq\\sqrt{2}\\|\\phi\\|.$$\n\nWe first prove that Theorem 1.1 holds for $\\Ld$. The proof for quotients of $\\Ld$ requires the following generalization of the classical F. & M. Riesz theorem, which is similar in spirit to the noncommutative F. & M. Riesz-type theorems proved by Exel in [@Exe90] for operator algebras with the Dirichlet property, and by Blecher and Labuschagne in [@BL07] for maximal subdiagonal algebras.", "\n\n\\[Extended F. & M. Riesz Theorem\\]Let $\\phi$ be a bounded linear functional on $\\Ld$, and let $\\phi=\\phi_{a}+\\phi_{s}$ be the Lebesgue decomposition of $\\phi$ into absolutely continuous and singular parts as in Theorem 1.1. ", "Let $\\mathcal{I}$ be a weak-[\\*]{} closed two-sided ideal of $\\Ld$. If $\\phi$ is zero on $\\mathcal{I}$, then $\\phi_{a}$ and $\\phi_{s}$ are both zero on $\\mathcal{I}$.\n\nGrothendieck proved in [@Gro55] that $L^{1}$ is the unique predual of $L^{\\infty}$ (up to isometric isomorphism). ", "Soon after, in [@Sak56], Sakai generalized Grothendieck’s result by proving that the predual of every von Neumann algebra is unique. ", "In fact, this latter result follows from the proof of Sakai’s characterization of von Neumann algebras as $\\mathrm{C}^{*}$-algebras which are dual spaces.", "\n\nThe uniqueness of the predual of a von Neumann algebra can also be proved using Takesaki’s decomposition theorem from [@Tak58] (see for example the proof of Corollary 3.9 of [@Tak02]). ", "A similar idea was used by Ando in [@And78], to prove the uniqueness of the predual of $H^{\\infty}$, and more recently, by Ueda in [@Ued09], to prove that the predual of every maximal subdiagonal algebra is unique.", "\n\nInspired by these results, we apply Theorem 1.3 to prove that the predual of every quotient $\\AI$ is (strongly) unique.", "\n\nLet $\\mathcal{I}$ be a weak-[\\*]{} closed two-sided ideal of $\\Ld$. Then the algebra $\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}}$ has a strongly unique predual.", "\n\nIt follows immedately from Theorem 1.4 that the multiplier algebra of every complete Nevanlinna-Pick space has a unique predual.", "\n\nThe multiplier algebra of every complete Nevanlinna-Pick space has a strongly unique predual.", "\n\nIn particular, Corollary 1.5 implies that the multiplier algebra $H_{d}^{\\infty}$ on the Drury-Arveson space has a unique predual. ", "We believe this result is especially interesting in light of the fact that, for $d\\geq2$, the uniqueness of the predual of $H^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{B}_{d})$ is an open problem.", "\n\nIn addition to this introduction, this paper has five other sections. ", "In Section 2, we provide a brief review of the requisite background material. ", "In Section 3, we prove the Lebesgue decomposition for $\\Ld$, and give an example showing that the constant in the statement of the theorem is optimal. ", "In Section 4, we prove the extended F. & M. Riesz Theorem. ", "In Section 5, we prove the Lebesgue decomposition theorem for quotients of $\\Ld$, and hence for multiplier algebras of complete Nevanlinna-Pick spaces. ", "In Section 6, we use the Lebesgue decomposition theorem to prove that the predual of every quotient of $\\Ld$ is unique, and hence that the predual of the multiplier algebra of every complete Nevanlinna-Pick space is unique.", "\n\nPreliminaries\n=============\n\nThe noncommutative analytic Toeplitz algebra\n--------------------------------------------\n\nFor fixed $1\\leq d\\leq\\infty$, let $\\mathbb{C}\\langle Z\\rangle=\\mathbb{C}\\langle Z_{1},\\ldots,Z_{d}\\rangle$ denote the algebra of noncommutative polynomials in the variables $Z_{1},\\ldots,Z_{d}$. As a vector space, $\\mathbb{C}\\langle Z\\rangle$ is spanned by the set of monomials $$\\{Z_{w}=Z_{w_{1}}\\cdots Z_{w_{n}}\\mid w=w_{1}\\cdots w_{n}\\in\\mathbb{F}_{d}^{*},\\ n\\geq0\\},$$ where $\\mathbb{F}_{d}^{*}$ denotes the free semigroup generated by $\\{1,\\ldots,d\\}$. The noncommutative Hardy space $F_{d}^{2}$ is the Hilbert space obtained by completing $\\mathbb{C}\\langle Z\\rangle$ in the natural inner product $$\\langle Z_{w},Z_{w'}\\rangle=\\delta_{w,w'},\\quad w,w'\\in\\mathbb{F}_{d}^{*}.$$ Equivalently, $F_{d}^{2}$ is the Hilbert space consisting of noncommutative power series with square summable coefficients, $$F_{d}^{2}=\\left\\{ \\sum_{w\\in\\mathbb{F}_{d}^{*}}a_{w}Z_{w}\\mid\\sum_{w\\in\\mathbb{F}_{d}^{*}}|a_{w}|^{2}<\\infty\\right\\} .$$ We think of the elements of $F_{d}^{2}$ as noncommutative analytic functions.", "\n\nEvery element in $F_{d}^{2}$ gives rise to a multiplication operator on $F_{d}^{2}$ in the following way (note that in this noncommutative setting, it is necessary to specify whether multiplication occurs on the left or the right). ", "For $F$ in $\\Fd$, the left multiplication operator $L_{F}$ is defined by $$L_{F}G=FG,\\quad G\\in H_{d}^{2}.$$ The operator $L_{F}$ is not necessarily bounded in general, simply because the product of two elements in $F_{d}^{2}$ is not necessarily contained in $F_{d}^{2}$. However, it is always densely defined on $\\mathbb{C}\\langle Z\\rangle$.\n\nThe noncommutative analytic Toeplitz algebra $\\Ld$ is the noncommutative multiplier algebra of $\\Fd$. It consists precisely of the functions $F$ in $H_{d}^{2}$ such that the corresponding left multiplication operator is bounded, $$F_{d}^{\\infty}=\\{F\\in H_{d}^{2}\\mid FG\\in H_{d}^{2},\\ \\forall G\\in H_{d}^{2}\\}.$$ Equivalently, if we identity $F$ in $F_{d}^{\\infty}$ with the left multiplication operator $L_{F}$ on the Hilbert space $F_{d}^{2}$, then $F_{d}^{\\infty}$ is obtained as the closure of $\\mathbb{C}\\langle Z\\rangle$ in the weak-[\\*]{} topology on $\\mathcal{B}(F_{d}^{2})$. The noncommutative disk algebra $A_{d}$ is the closure of $\\mathbb{C}\\langle Z\\rangle$ in the norm topology. ", "Note that it is properly contained in $\\Ld$.\n\nThe algebras $\\Ad$ and $\\Ld$ were introduced by Popescu in [@Pop96] and [@Pop95] respectively. ", "For $d=1$, $F_{d}^{2}$ can be identified with the classical Hardy space $H^{2}$, $F_{d}^{\\infty}$ can be identified with the classical algebra of bounded analytic functions, and $A_{d}$ can be identified with the classical disk algebra of functions that are analytic on $\\mathbb{D}$ with continuous extensions to the boundary.", "\n\nThe structure of an isometric tuple\n-----------------------------------\n\nLet $V=\\left(V_{1},\\ldots,V_{d}\\right)$ be an isometric tuple. ", "Then\n\n1. ", " $V$ is a *unilateral shift* if it is unitarily equivalent to a multiple of $L_{Z}=(L_{Z_{1}},\\ldots,L_{Z_{d}})$,\n\n2. ", " $V$ is *absolutely continuous* if the unital weak operator closed algebra $\\mathrm{W}(V_{1},\\ldots,V_{d})$ generated by $V_{1},\\ldots,V_{d}$ is algebraically isomorphic to the noncommutative analytic Toeplitz algebra $\\Ld$,\n\n3. ", " $V$ is *singular* if the weakly closed algebra $\\mathrm{W}\\left(V_{1},\\ldots,V_{d}\\right)$ is a von Neumann algebra, and\n\n4. ", " $V$ is of *dilation type* if it has no summand that is absolutely continuous or singular.", "\n\nThe next result is from [@Ken12].", "\n\n\\[Lebesgue-von Neumann-Wold Decomposition\\]\\[thm:leb-vn-wold-decomp\\]Let $V=\\left(V_{1},\\ldots,V_{d}\\right)$ be an isometric $d$-tuple. ", "Then $V$ can be decomposed as $$V=V_{u}\\oplus V_{a}\\oplus V_{s}\\oplus V_{d},$$ where $V_{u}$ is a unilateral $d$-shift, $V_{a}$ is an absolutely continuous unitary $d$-tuple, $V_{s}$ is a singular unitary $d$-tuple and $V_{d}$ is a unitary $d$-tuple of dilation type.", "\n\nThe next result is from [@DKP01].", "\n\n\\[Structure Theorem for Free Semigroup Algebras\\]\\[thm:fsa-struct-thm\\]Let $V=\\left(V_{1},\\ldots,V_{d}\\right)$ be an isometric $d$-tuple, and let $\\mathcal{V}=\\mathrm{W}(V_{1},\\ldots,V_{d})$ denote the unital weak operator closed algebra generated by $V_{1},\\ldots,V_{d}$. Then there is a maximal projection $P$ in $\\mathcal{V}$ with the range of $P$ coinvariant for $\\mathcal{V}$ such that\n\n1. ", " 2. ", " if $P^{\\perp}\\ne0$, then the restriction of $\\mathcal{V}$ to the range of $P^{\\perp}$ is an analytic free semigroup algebra,\n\n3. ", " the compression of $\\mathcal{V}$ to the range of $P$ is a von Neumann algebra, and\n\n4. ", " $\\mathcal{V}=P^{\\perp}\\mathcal{V}P^{\\perp}+\\mathrm{W}^{*}(V)P.$\n\nLet $V=V_{u}\\oplus V_{a}\\oplus V_{s}\\oplus V_{d}$ be the Lebesgue-von Neumann-Wold decomposition of an isometric tuple $V$, as in Theorem \\[thm:leb-vn-wold-decomp\\], where $V_{u}$ is a unilateral $n$-shift, $V_{a}$ is an absolutely continuous unitary $n$-tuple, $V_{s}$ is a singular unitary $n$-tuple and $V_{d}$ is a unitary $n$-tuple of dilation type. ", "Suppose that $V$ is defined on a Hilbert space $H$, and let $H=H_{u}\\oplus H_{a}\\oplus H_{s}\\oplus H_{d}$ denote the corresponding decomposition of $H$. By Corollary 2.7 of [@DKP01], there is a maximal invariant subspace $K$ for $V_{d}$ such that the restriction of $V_{d}$ to $K$ is analytic. ", "The projection $P$ in Theorem \\[thm:fsa-struct-thm\\] is determined by $P^{\\perp}=P_{H_{u}}\\oplus P_{H_{a}}\\oplus P_{K}$.\n\n\\[rem:proj-reducing-dim-1\\]For $d=1$, an isometry is the direct sum of a unilateral shift, an absolutely continuous unitary and a singular unitary. ", "Theorem \\[thm:fsa-struct-thm\\] implies that, in this case, the structure projection $P$ is the projection onto the singular unitary part. ", "In particular, this implies that $P$ is reducing. ", "For $d\\geq2$, the proof of Theorem 3.3 shows that $P$ is reducing if and only if there is no summand of dilation type.", "\n\nThe universal representation\\[sub:universal-rep\\]\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nWe require the universal representation $\\pi_{u}:\\Ld\\to\\mathcal{B}(H_{u})$ of $\\Ld$. This can be constructed as in 2.4.4 of [@BL05], as the restriction of the universal representation of $\\mathrm{C}_{\\mathrm{max}}^{*}(\\Ld)$. By 3.2.12 of [@BL05], we can identify the double dual $(\\Ld)^{**}$ of $\\Ld$ with the algebra obtained as the weak-[\\*]{} closure of $\\pi_{u}(\\Ld)$. We will require the operator algebra structure on $\\Ldd$ provided by this identification. ", "By replacing $\\pi_{u}$ by $\\pi_{u}^{(\\infty)}$ if necessary, we can suppose that $\\pi_{u}$ has infinite multiplicity, and hence that the weak operator topology coincides with the weak-[\\*]{} topology on $\\Ldd$.\n\nLet $\\phi$ be a bounded linear functional on $\\Ld$. By the Hahn-Banach Theorem, we can extend $\\phi$ to a functional on $\\mathrm{C}_{\\mathrm{max}}^{*}(\\Ld)$ with the same norm. ", "Hence by the construction of the universal representation of $\\mathrm{C}_{\\mathrm{max}}^{*}(\\Ld)$, there are vectors $x$ and $y$ in $H_{u}$ with $\\|x\\|\\|y\\|=\\|\\phi\\|$ such that $$\\phi(A)=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)x,y\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld.$$ If we identify $\\Ld$ with its image $\\pi_{u}(\\Ld)$ in $(\\Ld)^{**}$, then the functional $\\phi$ has a unique weak-[\\*]{} continuous extension to a functional on $(\\Ld)^{**}$ with the same norm. ", "We will use this fact repeatedly.", "\n\nSince $\\pi_{u}$ is the restriction of a [\\*]{}-homomorphism of $\\mathrm{C}_{\\mathrm{max}}^{*}(\\Ld)$, and since the $d$-tuple $(L_{Z_{1}},\\ldots,L_{Z_{d}})$ is isometric, it follows that the $d$-tuple $(\\pi_{u}(L_{Z_{1}}),\\ldots,\\pi_{u}(L_{Z_{d}}))$ is also isometric. ", "Since $(\\Ld)^{**}$ contains $\\pi_{u}(A_{d})$, it necessarily contains the weak operator closed algebra generated by $(\\pi_{u}(L_{Z_{1}}),\\ldots,\\pi_{u}(L_{Z_{d}}))$. Let $P_{u}$ denote the projection in $(\\Ld)^{**}$ guaranteed by Theorem \\[thm:fsa-struct-thm\\]. ", "We will refer to $P_{u}$ as the universal structure projection in $\\Ldd$.\n\nLet $\\mathcal{S}$ denote the unital weak operator closed algebra generated by $\\pi_{u}(L_{Z_{1}}),\\ldots,\\pi_{u}(L_{Z_{d}})$. From above we have $\\mathcal{S}\\subseteq(\\Ld)^{**}$, and one might guess that $\\mathcal{S}=(\\Ld)^{**}$. However, this is not the case. ", "Indeed, let $\\phi$ be a bounded nonzero functional on $\\Ld$ that is zero on the noncommutative disk algebra $\\Ad$. Then as above, there are vectors $x$ and $y$ in $H_{u}$ such that $$\\phi(A)=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)x,y\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld.$$ Let $\\psi$ denote the weak operator continuous functional on $\\mathcal{S}$ defined by $$\\psi(S)=\\langle Sx,y\\rangle,\\quad\\forall S\\in\\mathcal{S}.$$ Since $\\phi$ is zero on $A_{d}$, $\\psi$ must be zero on $\\pi_{u}(A_{d}).$ Then, since $\\pi_{u}(A_{d})$ is weak operator dense in $\\mathcal{S}$, it follows that $\\psi(S)=\\langle Sx,y\\rangle=0$ for all $S$ in $\\mathcal{S}$. But, by assumption, there is $A$ in $\\Ld$ such that $\\phi(A)=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)x,y\\rangle\\ne0$. So we see that $\\pi_{u}(A)\\notin\\mathcal{S}$, and hence that the inclusion $\\mathcal{S}\\subseteq(\\Ld)^{**}$ is proper.", "\n\nThe Lebesgue decomposition\n==========================\n\nIn this section, we introduce the definitions of absolutely continuous and singular linear functionals on the noncommutative analytic Toeplitz algebra $\\Ld$, and establish the first version of the Lebesgue decomposition. ", "In [@DLP05], Davidson, Li and Pitts proved a Lebesgue-type decomposition for functionals on the noncommutative disk algebra $\\Ad$. Although the algebra $\\Ld$ is bigger than $\\Ad$, the next definitions is closely related to (and directly inspired by) the corresponding definition for $\\Ad$.\n\n\\[def:abs-cont-and-sing\\]Let $\\phi$ be a bounded linear functional on $\\Ld$. Then\n\n1. ", " $\\phi$ is *absolutely continuous* if it is weak-[\\*]{} continuous, and\n\n2. ", " $\\phi$ is *singular* if $\\|\\phi\\|=\\|\\phi^{k}\\|$ for every $k\\geq1$, where $\\phi^{k}$ denotes the restriction of $\\phi$ to the ideal of $\\Ld$ generated by $\\{L_{Z_{w}}\\mid|w|=k\\}.$\n\nLet $\\phi$ be a bounded linear functional on $\\Ld$. Then as in Section \\[sub:universal-rep\\], there are vectors $x$ and $y$ in $H_{u}$ with $\\|x\\|\\|y\\|=\\|\\phi\\|$ such that $$\\phi(A)=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)x,y\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld.$$ We will write $\\phi P_{u}$ and $\\phi P_{u}^{\\perp}$ for the linear functionals defined on $\\Ld$ by $$\\begin{gathered}\n(\\phi P_{u})(A)=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)P_{u}x,y\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld,\\\\\n(\\phi P_{u}^{\\perp})(A)=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)P_{u}^{\\perp}x,y\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld,\\end{gathered}$$ where $P_{u}$ denotes the universal structure projection from Section \\[sub:universal-rep\\]. ", "The purpose of the next result is to verify that $\\phi P_{u}$ and $\\phi P_{u}^{\\perp}$ are well defined.", "\n\nLet $\\phi$ be a bounded linear functional on $\\Ld$. Then the functionals $\\phi P_{u}$ and $\\phi P_{u}^{\\perp}$, as defined above, do not depend on the choice of vectors $x$ and $y$.\n\nLet $x_{1},y_{1}$ and $x_{2},y_{2}$ be pairs of vectors in $H_{u}$ such that $$\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)x_{1},y_{1}\\rangle=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)x_{2},y_{2}\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld.$$ Since $\\pi_{u}(\\Ld)$ is weak-[\\*]{} dense in the algebra $(\\Ld)^{**}$, which contains $P_{u}$, it follows immediately that $$\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)P_{u}x_{1},y_{1}\\rangle=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)P_{u}x_{2},y_{2}\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld,$$ and similarly that $$\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)P_{u}^{\\perp}x_{1},y_{1}\\rangle=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)P_{u}^{\\perp}x_{2},y_{2}\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld.$$\n\n\\[prop:char-singular\\]A bounded functional $\\phi$ on $\\Ld$ is singular if and only if $\\phi=\\phi P_{u}$.\n\nLet $\\phi$ be a singular functional on $\\Ld$. We can assume that $\\|\\phi\\|=1$. As in Section \\[sub:universal-rep\\], there are vectors $x$ and $y$ in $H_{u}$ such that $\\|x\\|\\|y\\|=1$ and $$\\phi(A)=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)x,y\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld.$$ By the singularity of $\\phi$, we can find a sequence $(A_{k})$ of elements in $\\Ld$ such that $\\lim\\phi(A_{k})\\to1$, and such that each $A_{k}$ belongs to the unit ball of $(F_{d,0}^{\\infty})^{k}=\\sum_{|w|=k}\\Ld L_{Z_{w}}$. Let $T$ be an accumulation point of the sequence $(\\pi_{u}(A_{k}))$ in $\\Ldd$, and let $\\mathcal{S}$ denote the unital weak operator closed algebra generated by $(\\pi_{u}(L_{Z_{1}}),\\ldots,\\pi_{u}(L_{Z_{d}}))$. It is clear that the weak-[\\*]{} closure of the image $\\pi_{u}((F_{d,0}^{\\infty})^{k})$ of the ideal $(F_{d,0}^{\\infty})^{k}$ can be written as $\\Ldd\\mathcal{S}_{0}^{k}$, where $\\mathcal{S}_{0}$ denotes the ideal in $\\mathcal{S}$ generated by $\\pi_{u}(L_{Z_{1}}),\\ldots,\\pi_{u}(L_{Z_{d}})$. Thus $\\pi_{u}(A_{k})$ belongs to $\\Ldd\\mathcal{S}_{0}^{k}$. By Theorem \\[thm:fsa-struct-thm\\], $\\mathcal{S}P_{u}=\\cap_{k\\geq1}\\mathcal{S}_{0}^{k}$. Hence $T$ belongs to the unit ball of\n\n$$\\bigcap_{k\\ge1}\\Ldd\\mathcal{S}_{0}^{k}=\\Ldd\\bigcap_{k\\ge1}\\mathcal{S}_{0}^{k}=\\Ldd P_{u}.$$ In particular, this means that $T=TP_{u}$. Since $\\phi(T)=1$, this gives $$\\|x\\|\\|y\\|=1=\\langle Tx,y\\rangle=\\langle TP_{u}x,y\\rangle\\leq\\|P_{u}x\\|\\|y\\|\\leq\\|x\\|\\|y\\|.$$ Hence $P_{u}x=x$, and it follows that $\\phi=\\phi P_{u}$.\n\nConversely, let $\\phi$ be a functional on $\\Ld$ such that $\\phi=\\phi P_{u}$. As before, we can assume that $\\|\\phi\\|=1$, and there are vectors $x$ and $y$ in $H_{u}$ such that $\\|x\\|\\|y\\|=1$ and $$\\phi(A)=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)x,y\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld.$$ The fact that $\\phi P_{u}=\\phi$ implies that we can choose $x$ satisfying $x=P_{u}x$, and hence that $$\\phi(A)=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)P_{u}x,y\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld.$$ Let $\\psi$ denote the functional on $\\Ldd$ defined by $$\\psi(T)=\\langle TP_{u}x,y\\rangle,\\quad\\forall T\\in\\Ldd,$$ and for $k\\geq1$, let $\\psi^{k}$ denote the restriction of $\\psi$ to $\\Ldd\\mathcal{S}_{0}^{k}$. Then as above, $$\\Ldd P_{u}=\\bigcap_{k\\ge1}\\Ldd\\mathcal{S}_{0}^{k}.$$ Hence $\\|\\psi\\|=\\|\\psi^{k}\\|$ for every $k\\geq1$. It follows that $\\|\\phi\\|=\\|\\phi^{k}\\|$, where $\\phi^{k}$ is defined as in Definition \\[def:abs-cont-and-sing\\], and hence that $\\phi$ is singular.", "\n\n\\[lem:range-proj\\]The range of the projection $P_{u}^{\\perp}$ is invariant for $\\Ldd$.\n\nIt suffices to show that whenever $x$ and $y$ are vectors in $\\Fd$ such that $x=P_{u}^{\\perp}x$ and $y=P_{u}y$, and the functional $\\phi$ on $\\Ld$ is defined by $$\\phi(A)=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)x,y\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld,$$ then $\\phi=0$. By Theorem \\[thm:fsa-struct-thm\\], the range of $P_{u}^{\\perp}$ is invariant for $\\pi_{u}(A_{d})$. Hence $\\phi$ is zero on $\\Ad$. Let $A$ be an element of $\\Ld$. By Corollary 2.6 of [@DP98a], for $k\\geq1$, we can write A uniquely as $$A=\\sum_{|w|<k}a_{w}L_{Z_{w}}+A',$$ where $A'$ belongs to $(F_{d,0}^{\\infty})^{k}$. The fact that $\\phi$ is zero on $\\Ad$ implies that $\\phi(A)=\\phi(A')$. It follows from Definition \\[def:abs-cont-and-sing\\] that $\\phi$ is singular. ", "Hence by Proposition \\[prop:char-singular\\], $\\phi=\\phi P_{u}$, i.e. $$\\phi(A)=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)P_{u}x,y\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld.$$ Since $x=P_{u}^{\\perp}x$, it follows that $\\phi=0$, as required.", "\n\n\\[prop:char-abs-cont\\]Let $\\phi$ be a bounded linear functional on $\\Ld$. Then $\\phi$ is absolutely continuous if and only if $\\phi=\\phi P_{u}^{\\perp}$.\n\nSuppose first that $\\phi$ is absolutely continuous. ", "Then it is weak-[\\*]{} continuous, so there are sequences of vectors $(x_{k})$ and $(y_{k})$ in $\\Fd$ such that $$\\phi(A)=\\sum\\langle Ax_{k},y_{k}\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld.$$ Since the $d$-tuple $(L_{Z_{1}},\\ldots,L_{Z_{d}})$ is equivalent to a restriction of the unilateral shift part of the $d$-tuple $(\\pi_{u}(L_{Z_{1}}),\\ldots,\\pi_{u}(L_{Z_{d}}))$, $F_{d}^{2}$ can be identified with a subspace of $H_{u}$, and it follows that $\\phi=\\phi P_{u}^{\\perp}$.\n\nConversely, suppose that $\\phi=\\phi P_{u}^{\\perp}$. As in Section \\[sub:universal-rep\\], there are vectors $x$ and $y$ in $H_{u}$ with $\\|x\\|\\|y\\|=\\|\\phi\\|$ such that $$\\phi(A)=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)x,y\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld.$$ The fact that $\\phi=\\phi P_{u}^{\\perp}$ implies that we can choose $x$ satisfying $P_{u}^{\\perp}x=x$. Since, by Lemma \\[lem:range-proj\\], the range of $P_{u}^{\\perp}$ is invariant for $\\pi_{u}(\\Ld)$, it follows that for every $A$ in $\\Ld$, we have $$\\phi(A)=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)x,y\\rangle=\\langle P_{u}^{\\perp}\\pi_{u}(A)P_{u}^{\\perp}x,y\\rangle=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)P_{u}^{\\perp}x,P_{u}^{\\perp}y\\rangle.$$ Hence we can also choose $y$ satisfying $P_{u}^{\\perp}y=y$.\n\nBy the construction of $P_{u}$, the restriction of the operators $\\pi_{u}(L_{Z_{1}}),\\ldots,\\pi_{u}(L_{Z_{d}})$ to the cyclic subspace generated by $x$ and $y$ is analytic. ", "Thus, by the main result of [@Ken12], the weak-[\\*]{} closed algebra generated by this restriction is completely isometrically isomorphic and weak-[\\*]{} to weak-[\\*]{} homeomorphic to $\\Ld$. It follows that $\\phi$ is weak-[\\*]{} continuous on $\\Ld$.\n\n\\[Lebesgue Decomposition for $F_d^\\infty$\\]\\[thm:lebesgue-decomp\\]Let $\\phi$ be a bounded linear functional on $\\Ld$. Then there are unique linear functionals $\\phi_{a}$ and $\\phi_{s}$ on $\\Ld$ such that $\\phi=\\phi_{a}+\\phi_{s}$, where $\\phi_{a}$ is absolutely continuous and $\\phi_{s}$ is singular, and such that $$\\|\\phi\\|\\leq\\|\\phi_{a}\\|+\\|\\phi_{s}\\|\\leq\\sqrt{2}\\|\\phi\\|.$$ If $d=1$, then the constant $\\sqrt{2}$ can be replaced with the constant $1$.\n\nAs in Section \\[sub:universal-rep\\], there are vectors $x$ and $y$ in $H_{u}$ such that $\\|x\\|\\|y\\|=\\|\\phi\\|$ and $$\\phi(A)=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)x,y\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld.$$ Define $\\phi_{a}$ and $\\phi_{s}$ by $\\phi_{a}=\\phi P_{u}^{\\perp}$ and $\\phi_{s}=\\phi P_{u}$ respectively. ", "Then $\\phi_{a}$ is absolutely continuous by Proposition \\[prop:char-abs-cont\\], and $\\phi_{s}$ is singular by Proposition \\[prop:char-singular\\]. ", "We clearly have $\\phi=\\phi_{a}+\\phi_{s}$. To see that $\\phi_{a}$ and $\\phi_{s}$ are unique, suppose that $$\\phi_{a}+\\phi_{s}=\\psi_{a}+\\psi_{s},$$ where $\\psi_{a}$ is absolutely continuous and $\\psi_{s}$ is absolutely continuous. ", "Then $$\\phi_{a}-\\psi_{a}=\\psi_{s}-\\phi_{s}.$$ It is clear that the functional $\\phi_{a}-\\psi_{a}$ is absolutely continuous, and Proposition \\[prop:char-singular\\] implies that the functional $\\psi_{s}-\\phi_{s}$ is singular. ", "Applying Proposition \\[prop:char-abs-cont\\] and Proposition \\[prop:char-singular\\] again, we can therefore write $$\\phi_{a}-\\psi_{a}=(\\phi_{a}-\\psi_{a})P_{u}^{\\perp}=(\\psi_{s}-\\phi_{s})P_{u}^{\\perp}=(\\psi_{s}-\\phi_{s})P_{u}P_{u}^{\\perp}=0.$$ Hence $\\phi_{a}=\\psi_{a}$, and it follows similarly that $\\phi_{s}=\\psi_{s}$. Finally, we compute $$\\|\\phi\\|\\leq\\|\\phi_{a}\\|+\\|\\phi_{s}\\|\\leq\\|Px\\|\\|y\\|+\\|P^{\\perp}x\\|\\|y\\|\\leq\\sqrt{2}\\|x\\|\\|y\\|=\\sqrt{2}\\|\\phi\\|.$$ If $d=1$, then Remark \\[rem:proj-reducing-dim-1\\] implies that $\\Ldd$ is the direct sum of two algebras reduced by $P_{u}$. If we identify $\\Ld$ with its image in $\\Ldd$, then the functionals $\\phi$, $\\phi_{a}$ and $\\phi_{s}$ extend uniquely to weak-[\\*]{} continuous functionals on $\\Ldd$ with the same norm. ", "Since $\\phi_{a}=\\phi_{a}P_{u}^{\\perp}$ and $\\phi_{s}=\\phi_{s}P_{u}$, it follows that in this case, $\\|\\phi\\|=\\|\\phi_{a}\\|+\\|\\phi_{s}\\|$.\n\nThe next example is based on Example 5.10 from [@DLP05]. ", "It establishes that for $d\\geq2$, the constant $\\sqrt{2}$ in the statement of Theorem \\[thm:lebesgue-decomp\\] is the best possible.", "\n\n\\[ex:constant\\]Define $\\phi$ on $\\mathbb{C}\\langle Z\\rangle$ by setting $$\\phi(L_{Z_{w}})=\\begin{cases}\n1/\\sqrt{2} & \\mbox{if}\\ w=\\varnothing\\ \\mbox{or}\\ w=21^{n}\\ \\mbox{for}\\ n\\geq0,\\\\\n0 & \\mbox{otherwise},\n\\end{cases}$$ and extending by linearity. ", "We will first show that $\\phi$ extends to a bounded linear functional on the noncommutative disk algebra $A_{2}$. Let $\\mathcal{H}_{\\phi}$ denote the Hilbert space $\\mathbb{C}e\\oplus F_{2}^{2}$, and define a $2$-tuple $S=(S_{1},S_{2})$ on $\\mathcal{H}_{\\phi}$ by setting $$S_{1}=\\left(\\begin{array}{cc}\nI & 0\\\\\n0 & L_{1}\n\\end{array}\\right),\\quad S_{2}=\\left(\\begin{array}{cc}\n0 & 0\\\\\n\\xi_{\\varnothing}e^{*} & L_{2}\n\\end{array}\\right).$$ It is easy to check that $S$ is isometric. ", "By the universal property of the noncommutative disk algebra, we obtain a completely isometric representation $\\pi_{\\phi}$ of $A_{2}$ satisfying\n\n$$\\pi_{\\phi}(L_{Z_{w}})=S_{w_{1}}\\cdots S_{w_{n}},\\quad w=w_{1}\\cdots w_{n}\\in\\mathbb{F}_{d}^{*},$$ and we can extend $\\phi$ to $A_{2}$ by $$\\phi(A)=\\langle\\pi_{\\phi}(A)(e+\\xi_{\\varnothing})/\\sqrt{2},\\xi_{\\varnothing}\\rangle,\\quad A\\in A_{2}.$$ From this, it is easy to check that $\\|\\phi\\|\\leq1$.\n\nLet $\\mathcal{S}$ denote the unital weakly closed algebra generated by $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$. The structure projection from Theorem \\[thm:fsa-struct-thm\\] is the projection $P$ onto $\\mathbb{C}e$, which is contained in $\\mathcal{S}$. Hence $\\mathcal{S}$ contains the element $B=(S_{2}P+P^{\\perp})/\\sqrt{2}$ . ", "The results of [@Ken11] imply that Theorem 5.4 of [@DLP05] apply to the unital weak operator closed algebra generated by any isometric tuple. ", "Thus there is a net $(B_{\\lambda})$ of elements in the unit ball of $A_{d}$ such that $\\operatorname{w^{*}-lim}\\pi_{\\phi}(B_{\\lambda})=B$ in $\\mathcal{S}$. It is easy to check that $\\|B\\|=1$ and $\\langle B(e+\\xi_{\\varnothing})/\\sqrt{2},\\xi_{\\varnothing}\\rangle=1$, so it follows that $\\|\\phi\\|=1$.\n\nBy the Hahn-Banach theorem, we can extend $\\phi$ to a functional on $\\Ld$ with the same norm, which we continue to denote by $\\phi$. Let $\\phi=\\phi_{a}+\\phi_{s}$ be the Lebesgue decomposition of $\\phi$ into absolutely continuous and singular parts as in Theorem \\[thm:lebesgue-decomp\\]. ", "Then restricted to $A_{d}$, we can write $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\phi_{a}(A)=(\\phi P^{\\perp})(A)=\\langle\\pi(A)\\xi_{\\varnothing}/\\sqrt{2},\\xi_{\\varnothing}\\rangle,\\quad A\\in A_{2},\\\\\n\\phi_{s}(A)=(\\phi P)(A)=\\langle\\pi(A)e/\\sqrt{2},\\xi_{\\varnothing}\\rangle,\\quad A\\in A_{2}.\\end{gathered}$$ Letting $B$ be as above, an easy computation gives $$\\langle B\\xi_{\\varnothing}/\\sqrt{2},\\xi_{\\varnothing}\\rangle=\\langle Be/\\sqrt{2},\\xi_{\\varnothing}\\rangle=1/\\sqrt{2}.$$ Arguing as before, this implies $\\|\\phi_{a}\\|\\geq1/\\sqrt{2}$ and $\\|\\phi_{s}\\|\\geq1/\\sqrt{2}$. By Theorem \\[thm:lebesgue-decomp\\], it follows that $\\|\\phi_{a}\\|+\\|\\phi_{s}\\|=\\sqrt{2}\\|\\phi\\|.$\n\nThe extended F. & M. Riesz theorem\n==================================\n\nThe results in this section can be viewed as noncommutative generalizations of the classical results referred to as the F. & M. Riesz theorem. ", "As mentioned in the introduction, results of this kind have been established in different settings by Exel in [@Exe90], and by Blecher and Labuschagne in [@BL07]. ", "In fact, Blecher and Labuschagne seem to have anticipated that an F. & M. Riesz-type theorem should hold for $\\Ld$ (see the introduction of [@BL07]).", "\n\n\\[Extended F. & M. Riesz Theorem\\]\\[thm:ann-ideals\\]Let $\\phi$ be a bounded linear functional on $\\Ld$, and let $\\phi=\\phi_{a}+\\phi_{s}$ be the Lebesgue decomposition of $\\phi$ into absolutely continuous and singular parts as in Theorem \\[thm:lebesgue-decomp\\]. ", "Let $\\mathcal{I}$ be a two-sided ideal of $\\Ld$. If $\\phi$ is zero on $\\mathcal{I}$, then $\\phi_{a}$ and $\\phi_{s}$ are both zero on $\\mathcal{I}$.\n\nAs in Section \\[sub:universal-rep\\], there are vectors $x$ and $y$ in $H_{u}$ such that $$\\phi(A)=\\langle\\pi_{u}(A)x,y\\rangle,\\quad\\forall A\\in\\Ld.$$ By Proposition \\[prop:char-abs-cont\\] we can write $\\phi_{a}=\\phi P_{u}^{\\perp}$, and by Proposition \\[prop:char-singular\\] we can write $\\phi_{s}=\\phi P_{u}$. If we identify $\\Ld$ with its image $\\pi_{u}(\\Ld)$ in $\\Ldd$, then the functionals $\\phi$, $\\phi_{a}$ and $\\phi_{s}$ each have unique weak-[\\*]{} continuous extensions to functionals on $\\Ldd$ with the same norm.", "\n\nLet $\\mathcal{J}$ denote the ideal in $\\Ldd$ obtained by taking the weak-[\\*]{} closure of $\\pi_{u}(\\mathcal{I})$. Since $\\phi$ is zero on $\\mathcal{I}$, it is zero on $\\mathcal{J}$. For $A$ in $\\mathcal{I}$, $\\pi_{u}(A)P_{u}^{\\perp}$ belongs to $\\mathcal{J}$, which implies $$0=(\\phi P_{u}^{\\perp})(A)=\\phi_{a}(A).$$ Hence $\\phi_{a}$ is zero on $\\mathcal{I}$, and it follows immediately that $\\phi_{s}$ is also zero on $\\mathcal{I}$.\n\n\\[F. & M. Riesz Theorem\\]\\[cor:fmriesz\\]Let $\\phi$ be a bounded linear functional on $\\Ld$. If $\\phi$ is zero on $F_{d,0}^{\\infty}$, where $F_{d,0}^{\\infty}$ denotes the ideal of $\\Ld$ generated by $L_{Z_{1}},\\ldots,L_{Z_{d}}$, then $\\phi$ is absolutely continuous.", "\n\nLet $\\phi=\\phi_{a}+\\phi_{s}$ be the Lebesgue decomposition of $\\phi$ into absolutely continuous and singular parts as in Theorem \\[thm:lebesgue-decomp\\]. ", "By Theorem \\[thm:ann-ideals\\], $\\phi_{a}$ and $\\phi_{s}$ are both zero on $F_{d,0}^{\\infty}$. By Definition \\[def:abs-cont-and-sing\\], if $\\phi_{s}$ is zero on $F_{d,0}^{\\infty}$, it is necessarily zero on all of $\\Ld$. Hence $\\phi=\\phi_{a}$ and $\\phi$ is absolutely continuous.", "\n\nQuotient algebras\n=================\n\nFor a weak-[\\*]{} closed two-sided ideal $\\mathcal{I}$ of $\\Ld$, let $\\mathcal{A}_{I}$ denote the quotient algebra $\\Ld/\\mathcal{I}$.\n\nLet $\\mathcal{I}$ be a weak-[\\*]{} closed two-sided ideal of $\\Ld$, and let $\\phi$ be a bounded functional on $\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}}$. Then\n\n1. ", " $\\phi$ is *absolutely continuous* if it is weak-[\\*]{} continuous, and\n\n2. ", " $\\phi$ is *singular* if $\\|\\phi\\|=\\|\\phi^{k}\\|$ for every $k\\geq1$, where $\\phi^{k}$ denotes the restriction of $\\phi$ to the ideal of $\\AI$ generated by $\\{\\overline{L_{Z_{w}}}\\mid|w|=k\\}$, where for a word $w$ in $\\mathbb{F}_{d}^{*}$, $\\overline{L_{Z_{w}}}$ denotes the image in $\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}}$ of $L_{Z_{w}}$.\n\n\\[Lebesgue decomposition for quotients of $F_d^\\infty$\\]\\[thm:lebesgue-decomp-quotients\\]Let $\\mathcal{I}$ be a weak-[\\*]{} closed two-sided ideal of $\\Ld$, and let $\\phi$ be a bounded linear functional on $\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}}$. Then there are unique linear functionals $\\phi_{a}$ and $\\phi_{s}$ on $\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}}$ such that $\\phi=\\phi_{a}+\\phi_{s}$, where $\\phi_{a}$ is absolutely continuous and $\\phi_{s}$ is singular, and such that $$\\|\\phi\\|\\leq\\|\\phi_{a}\\|+\\|\\phi_{s}\\|\\leq\\sqrt{2}\\|\\phi\\|.$$ If $d=1$, then the constant $\\sqrt{2}$ can be replaced with the constant $1$.\n\nBy basic functional analysis, we can lift the functional $\\phi$ to a functional $\\psi$ on $\\Ld$ with the same norm. ", "Let $\\psi=\\psi_{a}+\\psi_{s}$ be the Lebesgue decomposition of $\\psi$ into absolutely continuous and singular parts as in Theorem \\[thm:lebesgue-decomp\\]. ", "The functional $\\psi$ annihilates $\\mathcal{I}$, so by Theorem \\[thm:ann-ideals\\], both $\\psi_{a}$ and $\\psi_{s}$ annihilate $\\mathcal{I}$. Hence $\\psi_{a}$ and $\\psi_{s}$ induce functionals $\\phi_{a}$ and $\\phi_{s}$ on $\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}}$ respectively, with the same norm. ", "Clearly $\\phi=\\phi_{a}+\\phi_{s}$, and the inequality $$\\|\\phi\\|\\leq\\|\\phi_{a}\\|+\\|\\phi_{s}\\|\\leq\\sqrt{2}\\|\\phi\\|$$ follows from the corresponding inequality in Theorem \\[thm:lebesgue-decomp\\]. ", "The functional $\\phi_{a}$ is absolutely continuous since $\\psi_{a}$ is absolutely continuous on $\\Ld$. To see that $\\phi_{s}$ is singular, simply note that for every $k\\geq1$, the ideal $(\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I},0})^{k}$ is the image in $\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}}$ of the ideal $(F_{d,0}^{\\infty})^{k}$.\n\n\\[Lebesgue decomposition for multiplier algebras\\]Let $\\mathcal{A}$ be the multiplier algebra of a complete Nevanlinna-Pick space, and let $\\phi$ be a bounded linear functional on $\\mathcal{A}$. Then there are unique linear functionals $\\phi_{a}$ and $\\phi_{s}$ on $\\mathcal{A}$ such that $\\phi=\\phi_{a}+\\phi_{s}$, where $\\phi_{a}$ is absolutely continuous and $\\phi_{s}$ is singular, and such that $$\\|\\phi\\|\\leq\\|\\phi_{a}\\|+\\|\\phi_{s}\\|\\leq\\sqrt{2}\\|\\phi\\|.$$\n\nUniqueness of the predual\n=========================\n\nLet $X$ and $Y$ be Banach spaces such that $X^{*}=Y$. Then $X$ is said to be a predual for $Y$. Every predual $X$ of $Y$ naturally embeds into the dual space $Y^{*}$, and a subspace $X$ of $Y^{*}$ is a predual of $Y$ if and only if it satisfies the following properties:\n\n1. ", " The subspace $X$ norms $Y$, i.e. $\\sup\\{|x(y)|\\mid x\\in X,\\ \\|x\\|\\leq1\\}=\\|y\\|$ for all $y$ in $Y$, and\n\n2. ", " The closed unit ball of $Y$ is compact in the $\\sigma(Y,X)$ topology.", "\n\nThe space $Y$ is said to have a strongly unique predual if there is a unique subspace $X$ of $Y^{*}$ such that $Y=X^{*}$. For a survey on uniqueness results for preduals, we refer the reader to Godefroy’s article [@God89].", "\n\nIn the operator-theoretic setting, the results of Sakai [@Sak56], Ando [@And78] and Ueda [@Ued09] mentioned in the introduction established that von Neumann algebras and maximal subdiagonal algebras have unique preduals. ", "Ruan proved in [@Rua92] that an operator algebra with a weak-[\\*]{} dense subalgebra of compact operators has a unique predual, which applies to, for example, nest algebras and atomic CSL algebras. ", "Effros, Ozawa and Ruan proved in [@EOR01] that a $\\mathrm{W}^{*}$TRO (i.e. a corner of a von Neumann algebras) has a unique predual. ", "More recently, in [@DW11], Davidson and Wright proved that a free semigroup algebra has a unique predual. ", "Note that Davidson and Wright’s result applies to $\\Ld$, but not to quotients of $\\Ld$.\n\nThe following definition was introduced by Godefroy and Talagrand in [@GT80]. ", "Recall that a (formal) series $\\sum_{n}y_{n}$ in a Banach space $Y$ is weakly unconditionally ** Cauchy if $\\sum_{n}\\phi(y_{n})<\\infty$ for every $\\phi\\in Y^{*}$.\n\nA Banach space $X$ has property (X) if, for every $\\phi\\in X^{**}\\backslash X$, there is a weakly unconditionally Cauchy sequence $(x_{n})$ in $X^{*}$ such that $$\\phi\\left(\\underset{n}{\\operatorname{w^{*}-lim}}\\sum_{k=1}^{n}x_{k}\\right)\\ne\\sum_{k=1}^{\\infty}\\phi(x_{k}).$$\n\nOne reason for the interest in property (X) is the following result of Godefroy and Talagrand from [@GT80].", "\n\n\\[Godefroy-Talagrand\\]A Banach space $X$ with property (X) is the unique predual of its dual.", "\n\nThe following definition is closely related to the notion of an M-ideal in a Banach space (see [@HWW93] for more information).", "\n\nA Banach space $X$ is L-embedded if there is a projection $P$ on the bidual $X^{**}$ with range $X$ such that $$\\|x\\|=\\|Px\\|+\\|x-Px\\|,\\quad\\forall x\\in X^{**}.$$\n\nThe following result of Pfitzner from [@Pfi07] implies that every separable L-embedded space has property (X), and hence that it is the unique predual of its dual.", "\n\n\\[Pfitzner\\]Separable L-embedded spaces have property (X).", "\n\nThe results of Sakai, Ando and Ueda on decompositions of linear functionals imply that the preduals of von Neumann algebras and maximal subdiagonal algebras are L-embedded, and hence by Pfitzner’s result from [@Pfi07], that they are unique. ", "However, Example \\[ex:constant\\] shows that quotients of $\\Ld$ are not, in general, L-embedded, so we are unable to use Pfitzner’s result. ", "Instead, we give a direct proof that quotients of $\\Ld$ have (strongly) unique preduals.", "\n\nLet $\\mathcal{I}$ be a weak-[\\*]{} closed two-sided ideal of $\\Ld$. Then the algebra $\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}}$ has a strongly unique predual.", "\n\nSuppose $E$ is a predual for $\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}}$, identified with a subspace of $(\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}})^{*}$. By Theorem \\[thm:lebesgue-decomp-quotients\\], $$(\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}})^{*}=(\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}})_{a}^{*}\\oplus(\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}})_{s}^{*},$$ where $(\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}})_{a}^{*}$ and $(\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}})_{s}^{*}$ denote the set of absolutely continuous and singular functionals on $\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}}$ respectively. ", "We want to prove that $E=(\\mathcal{A}_{\\mathcal{I}})_{a}^{*}$.\n\nLet $\\phi$ be a functional in $E$, and let $\\phi=\\phi_{a}+\\phi_{s}$ be the Lebesgue decomposition of $\\phi$ as in Theorem \\[thm:lebesgue-decomp-quotients\\]. ", "We will prove that $\\phi_{s}=0$. Suppose to the contrary that $\\phi_{s}\\ne0$. By basic functional analysis, we can lift the functional $\\phi$ to a functional $\\psi$ on $\\Ld$ that is zero on $\\mathcal{I}$. Let $\\psi=\\psi_{a}+\\psi_{s}$ be the Lebesgue decomposition of $\\psi$ as in Theorem \\[thm:lebesgue-decomp\\]. ", "By Theorem \\[thm:ann-ideals\\], $\\psi_{a}$ and $\\psi_{s}$ are both zero on $\\mathcal{I}$, and by construction they induce the functionals $\\phi_{a}$ and $\\phi_{s}$ respectively on the quotient $\\AI$.\n\nIt follows from the results of [@Ken11] that Theorem 5.4 of [@DLP05] applies to the unital weak operator closed algebra generated by any isometric tuple. ", "Thus there is a net $(B_{\\lambda})$ of elements in the unit ball of $\\Ld$ such that $\\operatorname{w^{*}-lim}\\pi_{u}(B_{\\lambda})=P_{u}$ in $\\Ldd$. Since the net $(B_{\\lambda}$) is weak-[\\*]{} convergent in $\\Ldd$, it is weakly Cauchy in $\\Ld$. Since the closed unit ball of $\\Ld$ is compact in the weak-[\\*]{} topology, and in particular is complete, this implies that there is $B$ in the closed unit ball of $\\Ld$ such that $\\operatorname{w^{*}-lim}B_{\\lambda}=B$ in $\\Ld$. For every weak-[\\*]{} continuous functional $\\tau$ on $\\Ld$, Proposition \\[prop:char-abs-cont\\] implies that $$\\tau(B)=\\lim_{\\lambda}\\tau(B_{\\lambda})=(\\tau P_{u})(1)=0.$$ Hence $B=0$.\n\nLet $A$ be an element in the unit ball of $\\Ld$ such that $\\psi_{s}(A)\\ne0$. Since the net $(B_{\\lambda})$ is weakly Cauchy in $\\Ld$, the image $(\\overline{B_{\\lambda}})$ is weakly Cauchy in $\\AI$. It follows that the net $(\\overline{AB_{\\lambda}})$ is also weakly Cauchy in $\\AI$. Since $E$ is a predual of $\\AI$, the closed unit ball of $\\AI$ is compact in the $\\sigma(\\AI,E)$ topology, and in particular is complete. ", "Thus, the net $(\\overline{AB_{\\lambda}})$ converges in the $\\sigma(\\AI,E)$ topology to an element $C$ in the unit ball of $\\AI$. By Proposition \\[prop:char-singular\\], we have $$\\phi(C)=\\lim_{\\lambda}\\phi(\\overline{AB_{\\lambda}})=\\lim_{\\lambda}\\psi(AB_{\\lambda})=(\\psi P_{u})(A)=\\psi_{s}(A)\\ne0,$$ so that $C\\ne0$. But since $\\operatorname{w^{*}-lim}B_{\\lambda}=0$ in $\\Ld$, it follows that $\\operatorname{w^{*}-lim}\\overline{AB_{\\lambda}}=0$ in $\\AI$. So for every $\\tau$ in $(\\AI)_{a}^{*}$, we necessarily have $$\\tau(C)=\\lim_{\\lambda}\\tau(\\overline{AB_{\\lambda}})=0.$$ Since $(\\AI)_{a}^{*}$ separates points, this implies that $C=0$, which gives a contradiction. ", "Thus $\\phi=\\phi_{a}$, meaning $\\phi$ is absolutely continuous.", "\n\nSince $\\phi$ was arbitrary, it follows from above that every functional in $E$ is absolutely continuous, i.e. that $E$ is contained in $(\\AI)_{a}^{*}$. If it were the case that $E\\ne(\\AI)_{a}^{*}$, then we could apply the Hahn-Banach theorem to separate $E$ from $(\\AI)_{a}^{*}$ with an element of $\\AI$. But the fact that $E$ is a predual of $\\AI$ means in particular it must norm $\\AI$, so this is impossible. ", "Therefore, we conclude that $E=(\\AI)_{a}^{*}$, and hence that $(\\AI)_{a}^{*}$ is the unique predual of $\\AI$.\n\nThe multiplier algebra of every complete Nevanlinna-Pick space has a strongly unique predual.", "\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n================\n\nThe authors are grateful to Ken Davidson and Adam Fuller for their helpful comments and suggestions.", "\n\n[References]{} J. Agler, J.E. McCarthy, *Complete Nevanlinna-Pick Kernels*, Journal of Functional Analysis 175 (2000), No. ", "1, 111–124.", "\n\nT. Ando, *On the predual of $H^{\\infty}$*, Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae Special Issue 1 (1978), 33–40.", "\n\nA. Arias, G. Popescu, *Noncommutative interpolation and Poisson transforms*, Israel Journal of Mathematics 115, (2000), No. ", "1, 205–234.", "\n\nW.B. Arveson, *Analyticity in operator algebras*, American Journal of Mathematics 89 (1967), No. ", "3, 578–642.", "\n\nW.B. Arveson, Subalgebras of C[\\*]{}-algebras III: multivariable operator theory, Acta Mathematica 181 (1998), 159–228.", "\n\nD.P. Blecher, C. Le Merdy, *Operator Algebras and Their Modules: An Operator Space Approach*, London Mathematical Society Monographs 30 (2005), Oxford University Press, USA.", "\n\nD.P. Blecher, L.E. Labuschagne, *Noncommutative function theory and unique extensions*, Studia Mathematica 178 (2007), 177-195.", "\n\nK.R. Davidson, *Free semigroup algebras: a survey*, Operator Theory: Advances and Applications 129 (2000), Birkhauser, Bordeaux.", "\n\nJ. Dixmier, *Les fonctionelles lin eaires sur lensemble des op erateurs born es dun espace de Hilbert*, Annals of Mathematics 51 (1950), 387–408.", "\n\nK.R. Davidson, E. Katsoulis, D.R. Pitts, *The structure of free semigroup algebras*, Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik 533 (2001), 99–125.", "\n\nK.R. Davidson, J. Li, D.R. Pitts, *Absolutely continuous representations and a Kaplansky density theorem for free semigroup algebras*, Journal of Functional Analysis 224 (2005), No. ", "1, 160–191.", "\n\nK.R. Davidson, D.R. Pitts, *Invariant subspaces and hyper-reflexivity for free semigroup algebras*, Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 78 (1999), No. ", "2, 401–430.", "\n\nK.R. Davidson, D.R. Pitts, *The algebraic structure of noncommutative analytic Toeplitz algebras*, Mathematische Annalen 311 (1998), 275–303.", "\n\nK.R. Davidson, D.R. Pitts, *Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation for non-commutative analytic Toeplitz algebras*, Integral Equations and Operator Theory 31 (1998), 321–337.", "\n\nK.R. Davidson, A. Wright, *Operator algebras with unique preduals*, Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 54 (2011), No. ", "3, 411–421.", "\n\nK.R. Davidson, D. Yang, *A note on absolute continuity in free semigroup algebras*, Houston Journal of Mathematics 34 (2008), 283–288.", "\n\nE.G. Effros, N. Ozawa, Z.J. Ruan, *On injectivity for non-commuting operators*, Duke Mathematics Journal 110 (2001), 489–522.", "\n\nR. Exel, *The F. and M. Riesz theorem for C[\\*]{}-algebras*, Journal of Operator Theory 23 (1990), 351–368.", "\n\nG. Godefroy, *Existence and uniqueness of isometric preduals: a survey*, Contemporary Mathematics 85 (1987), 131–193.", "\n\nG. Godefroy and Li, *Banach spaces which are $M$-ideals in their bidual have property $({\\rm u})$*, Annales de l’institut Fourier 39 (1989), 361–371.", "\n\nG. Godefroy and P. Saphar, *Duality in spaces of operators and smooth norms on Banach spaces*, Illinois Journal of Mathematics 32 (1998), 672–695.", "\n\nA. Grothendieck, *Une caracterisation vectorielle metrique des espaces $L^{1}$*, Canadian Journal of Mathematics 7 (1955), 552–561.", "\n\nG. Godefroy, M. Talagrand, *Nouvelles classes despaces de Banach à predual unique*, Séminaire d’analyse fonctionelle de l’Ecole Polytechnique (1980–1981).", "\n\nP. Harmand, D. Werner and W. Werner, *M-ideals in Banach spaces and Banach algebras*, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1547 (1993), Springer-Verlag, New York.", "\n\nM. Kennedy, *Wandering vectors and the reflexivity of free semigroup algebras*, Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik 653 (2011), 47–73.", "\n\nM. Kennedy, *The structure of an isometric tuple*, to appear in Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society (2012).", "\n\nH. Pfitzner, *Separable L-embedded Banach spaces are unique preduals*, Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 39 (2007), No. ", "6, 1039–1044.", "\n\nG. Popescu, *Multi-analytic operators and some factorization theorems*, Indiana University Mathematics Journal 38 (1989), 693–710.", "\n\nG. Popescu, *Multi-analytic operators on Fock spaces*, Mathematische Annalen 303 (1995), 31–46.", "\n\nG. Popescu, *Non-commutative disc algebras and their representations*, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 124 (1996), No. ", "7, 2137–2148.", "\n\nZ.J. Ruan, *On the predual of dual algebras*, Journal of Operator Theory 27 (1992), 179–192.", "\n\nS. Sakai, *A characterization of $\\mathrm{W}^{*}$-algebras*, Pacific Journal of Mathematics 6 (1956), 763–773.", "\n\nM. Takesaki, *On the conjugate space of an operator algebra*, Tohoku Mathematical Journal 10 (1958), 194–203.", "\n\nM. Takesaki, *On the singularity of a positive linear functional on operator algebra*, Proceedings of the Japanese Academy 35 (1959), 365–366.", "\n\nM. Takesaki, *Theory of operator algebras I*, Encyclopedia of Mathematical Sciences 124, Operator Algebras and Noncommutative Geometry 5 (2002), Springer-Verlag, New York.", "\n\nY. Ueda, *On peak phenomena for non-commutative $H^{\\infty}$*, Mathematische Annalen 343 (2009), No. ", "2, 421–429.", "\n\nY. Ueda, *On the predual of non-commutative $H^{\\infty}$*, Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 43 (2011), No. ", "5, 886–896.", "\n\n[^1]: Both authors partially supported by NSERC\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.010398613518197574, 0, 0.007905138339920948, 0.00999000999000999, 0.009202453987730062, 0.016317016317016316, 0.014634146341463415, 0.0297029702970297, 0.005660377358490566, 0, 0, 0.008, 0.004678362573099415, 0.004424778761061947, 0.0035460992907801418, 0.03007518796992481, 0.012987012987012988, 0.0213903743315508, 0.014018691588785047, 0, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0.010526315789473684, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006578947368421052, 0.004484304932735426, 0.006200177147918512, 0, 0.003857280617164899, 0.02127659574468085, 0.003067484662576687, 0, 0, 0, 0.008733624454148471, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0.0025188916876574307, 0, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0.003703703703703704, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0, 0.00530035335689046, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0035971223021582736, 0.010610079575596816, 0, 0.0049813200498132005, 0, 0.0009302325581395349, 0.0025157232704402514, 0.01, 0, 0.005291005291005291, 0.00202020202020202, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0.004464285714285714, 0.002607561929595828, 0.005128205128205128, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0.0020833333333333333, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0.0017064846416382253, 0.003468208092485549, 0.018404907975460124, 0.013422818791946308, 0.007575757575757576, 0.004470938897168405, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0, 0, 0.0009633911368015414, 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0.0051813471502590676, 0.0027347310847766638, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0.026905829596412557, 0.015151515151515152, 0.03007518796992481, 0.02830188679245283, 0.017964071856287425, 0.003663003663003663, 0, 0.015625, 0.006097560975609756, 0, 0.0205761316872428, 0, 0, 0, 0.002079002079002079, 0, 0.003194888178913738, 0.00847457627118644, 0.0027726432532347504, 0.003003003003003003, 0, 0.0024154589371980675, 0.004901960784313725, 0.011834319526627219, 0.032, 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0.020202020202020204, 0, 0.024793388429752067, 0.022857142857142857, 0.023255813953488372, 0.023076923076923078, 0.034013605442176874, 0.032467532467532464, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0.018292682926829267, 0, 0.027972027972027972, 0.029940119760479042, 0.02586206896551724, 0, 0.022058823529411766, 0.023622047244094488, 0.01834862385321101, 0.01680672268907563, 0.013245033112582781, 0.02027027027027027, 0.007518796992481203, 0.01282051282051282, 0.02564102564102564, 0.013513513513513514, 0.008333333333333333, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0.010309278350515464, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0.008928571428571428, 0.009009009009009009, 0.006944444444444444, 0.005780346820809248, 0, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0.02 ]

[ "BEIJING (Reuters) - China and the European Union need to show joint leadership on climate change and cannot expect the “same leadership” from the new administration in the United States, European climate commissioner Miguel Arias Canete said in Beijing on Thursday.", "\n\nSlideshow ( 3 images )\n\nCanete, speaking to reporters after meeting Chinese officials, expressed regret that the United States was rolling back climate policies, but said China and Europe remained committed to “driving forward” the global battle against climate change.", "\n\n“We are not going to backslide even if the United States at the moment...is backsliding from its previous commitments,” he said.", "\n\nU.S. President Donald Trump on Tuesday signed an order to undo Obama-era climate change regulations, keeping a campaign promise to support the coal industry and calling into question U.S. support for the international deal to fight global warming.", "\n\nObama’s Clean Power Plan, aimed at slashing power plant emissions, was a key component of joint pledges made in 2014 by China and the United States, the world’s two biggest producers of climate-warming greenhouse gas, and helped seal a new global pact signed in Paris at the end of 2015.", "\n\nThe Paris Agreement seeks to phase out net greenhouse gas emissions by the second half of the century and limit global warming to “well below” 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels.", "\n\nClimate activists expressed concern the new U.S. position would jeopardize negotiations to implement the Paris agreement, which are set to be completed in 2018, and urged the European Union to step into the breach.", "\n\n“There is a clear risk that the United States might go beyond the delicate balance that the countries agreed in Paris,” said Li Shuo, senior climate adviser with environmental group Greenpeace.", "\n\n“We might have some trouble, and if the European Union and China can reaffirm their commitment to conclude this process, that will send a strong political signal,” he said.", "\n\nCanete said Trump’s order on Tuesday gave no indication of the United States’ intentions when it comes to honoring the Paris deal, and to fulfill its commitments it needed to explain how it would meet targets.", "\n\n“If they, at the moment, lose all the tools they have in order to achieve those targets, it’s pretty clear they will not achieve those targets,” he said.", "\n\nThough the role of the United States in climate negotiations was likely to be completely different even if it remained part of the Paris agreement, it still had a “very important responsibility” on climate change, he added." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.011320754716981131, 0, 0, 0.008032128514056224, 0, 0, 0.004629629629629629, 0.010256410256410256, 0.005747126436781609, 0.004739336492890996, 0, 0 ]

[ "Mark Snyder\n\nDetroit Free Press\n\nMichigan has its captains for the 2016 season: defensive lineman Chris Wormley and tight end Jake Butt.", "\n\nThe captains are voted on by the players at the end of camp and Wormley made the announcement on Twitter tonight, just after 10 p.m.\n\nButt said it was the \"highest honor I have received (and probably ever will receive) in my life.\"", "\n\nU-M confirmed it on the football program's Twitter account later this evening that the two Ohio natives will be the captains.", "\n\n\"I've been on some very good teams in different sports I played and I've been on some very bad teams,\" Butt said at Big Ten media days. \"", "The good teams have always had good leadership and the bad teams have always had bad leadership. ", "That seems to be the common ground. ", "You can see with coach Harbaugh, he came in, he's an excellent leader. ", "We had some great captains last year and it trickled down through the whole entire team. ", "So I think it's important to have great leadership.\"", "\n\nThis is the third straight season with only two captains, one on each side of the ball. ", "Last year's captains were linebacker Joe Bolden and fullback Joe Kerridge.", "\n\nWormley enters his fifth year from Toledo as the most versatile defensive lineman, predicated by many to have a breakout season. ", "With a four-man front, he'll be able to play inside and outside to keep offenses off guard.", "\n\nIn 2015, he had 43 tackles, 14 1/2 for loss and 6 1/2 sacks.", "\n\nButt passed up the chance to be the top tight end in the 2016 NFL Draft to return to school for his fourth year, citing team goals as his primary motivation.", "\n\nHe was already named an All-America on a number of lists last year after 51 catches for 654 yards and three touchdowns.", "\n\nButt is the first tight end to be captain since Kevin Koger in 2011 and Wormley the first defensive lineman since Mike Martin, also in 2011.", "\n\nContact Mark Snyder atmsnyder@freepress.com. ", "Follow him on Twitter at @mark__snyder. ", "Download our Wolverines Xtra appon iTunesandAndroid!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.022058823529411766, 0.004291845493562232, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02112676056338028, 0.0425531914893617, 0.025, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nUser Roles DB Schema Design\n\nI am thinking about a schema design that involves having users and user roles, but I am not sure what would be the better route.", "\nOption 1\nCreate three tables, one with the user information, one with the role information, and one with th user role relation.", "\nusers {\n u_id,\n etc\n}\n\nroles {\n r_id,\n r_name,\n etc\n}\n\nuser_roles {\n u_idm\n r_id\n}\n\nOption 2\nCreate two tables, one with the user information, and the other with role, role info,and relation info.", "\nusers {\n u_id,\n etc\n}\n\nroles {\n r_id,\n u_id,\n r_name,\n etc\n}\n\nOption 1 is more robust but requires an extra join. ", "Option 2 will require an extra primary key but will only be one join. ", "If I ever change the role name, it would take longer to update with option, but I don't forsee updates being frequent.", "\nFor a scalable solution, which would be better? ", "What other insights in my missing? ", "This is for a mysql and postgresql solution.", "\n\nA:\n\nOption 1.", "\nWhat good is a role if only one user can have each role?", "\nIf you have 100 registered users there would be 100 duplicate definitions for \"registered user\".", "\nThe more \"etc\" there is the bigger your db will get.", "\nHaving that many duplicates will slow down your database and in the end things will be a lot slower even if you have one join less.", "\nIf you run lots of role based querys and relly eel like you need a database like the one from option two you can still create a view and have the database cache it, but I doubt that this will do you any good.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0.004694835680751174, 0.015503875968992248, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "[FTIR investigation of organic phase containing rare earth ion in naphthenic acid-phosphonate ester-heptane system].", "\nNaphthenic acid (NA) was mixed with PC88A in heptane, and 10 moL x L(-1) KOH aqueous solution was used to saponify the solution subsequently. ", "The transparent and clear appearance of the obtained solution indicated the formation of w/o micell and microemusion. ", "In the present study, micell with high saponification percentage (80%) was used to extract neodymium. ", "The organic phase structure was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy in the extraction process. ", "IR spectra indicate that the characteristic peaks of nu(COOH), nu(s)(COO-) and nu(P=O) shift to lower wavenumbers as the loading of Nd in organic phase increases. ", "The results demonstrated that Nd(III) are coordinated to P=O and COO- groups simultaneously, and the supramolecules with self-assembly structure was formed containing PC88A and NA, which were binding with Nd(III) in the extracted organic phase." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0.004098360655737705 ]

[ "/**\n * A specialized version of `_.sum` for arrays without support for callback\n * shorthands and `this` binding..\n *\n * @private\n * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.", "\n * @param {Function} iteratee The function invoked per iteration.", "\n * @returns {number} Returns the sum.", "\n */\nfunction arraySum(array, iteratee) {\n var length = array.length,\n result = 0;\n\n while (length--) {\n result += +iteratee(array[length]) || 0;\n }\n return result;\n}\n\nmodule.exports = arraySum;\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.011111111111111112, 0.015151515151515152, 0.02631578947368421, 0.004830917874396135 ]

[ "Lunella smaragda\n\nLunella smaragda, common name the cat's eye snail, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.", "\n\nThere has been little published on this species.", "\n\nDescription\nThis species has a green operculum. ", "The size of the shell varies between 35 mm and 70 mm.", "\n\nThe depressed, imperforate, solid shell has a heliciform shape. ", "It is covered with a strong blackish cuticle, beneath which it is green. ", "It is usually eroded at the apex and contains 4 to 5 whorls. ", "The upper ones are spirally sulcate or carinate. ", "The body whorl is large, flattened above, with incremental wrinkles and subobsolete spiral sulci. ", "The large aperture is oblique, rounded, pearly white within. ", "The outer lip is thin and black-edged. ", "The arched columella has a pearly callus. ", "The white umbilico-parietal area is excavated and concave.", "\n\nThe common name \"cat's eye\" for the synonym Turbo smaragdus is a reference to the attractively colored operculum of this species, which looks somewhat like an eye, and which is sometimes used for decorative purposes. ", "The operculum is flat inside with four whorls. ", "The nucleusis more than one-third the distance across the face. ", "The outside is deep green except on the side of increment which is white. ", "It is very minutely remotely granose.", "\n\nDistribution\nLunella smaragda is an endemic species found both at the intertidal and low subtidal rocky shores and soft substrates (including seaweeds) of New Zealand. ", "It is found around the North, South, and Stewart islands, on rocks between low and mid tide.", "\n\nReferences\n\n Powell, A.W.B. (1979). ", "New Zealand mollusca. ", "Marine, land and freshwater shells. ", "Collins Auckland. ", "\n Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2003). ", "A Conchological Iconography: The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. ", "Conchbooks, Hackenheim Germany.", "\n Spencer, H.G.; Marshall, B.A.; Maxwell, P.A.; Grant-Mackie, J.A.; Stilwell, J.D.; Willan, R.C.; Campbell, H.J.; Crampton, J.S.; Henderson, R.A.; Bradshaw, M.A.; Waterhouse, J.B.; Pojeta, J. Jr (2009). ", "Phylum Mollusca: chitons, clams, tusk shells, snails, squids, and kin, in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (", "2009). ", "New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. ", "Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. ", "pp.", " 161–254.", "\n\nExternal links\n The Taiwan malacofauna database : Lunella smaragdus\n NABIS : Annual Distribution of the cat's eye\n image of aperture and operculum of a living specimen and more information\n Image from collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa\n \n\nsmaragda\nCategory:Gastropods of New Zealand\nCategory:Gastropods described in 1791" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0091324200913242, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0.034482758620689655, 0.022988505747126436, 0.03225806451612903, 0.03940886699507389, 0.042105263157894736, 0, 0, 0.05172413793103448, 0, 0, 0.005797101449275362 ]

[ "Q:\n\nJavascript null variable in asp.net inline\n\nIn my asp.net page FieldId is the page-class level variable in code behind\nprotected int? ", "FieldId= null;\n\nThen I try to set the same value to the Javascript variable, so whenever page gets loaded I can access the same in Javascript and do some stuff\n <script language=\"javascript\" type=\"text/javascript\">\n\n var searchFieldId = '<%= FieldId %>';\n</script>\n\nWhenever I have a FieldId value null the page renders like below\n<script language=\"javascript\" type=\"text/javascript\">\n\n var searchFieldId = ; // but here i need null\n</script>\n\nSince the variable initialization has the improper syntax i get syntax error. ", "\nHow do we write null here.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou need a workaround like the following in C#:\nvar searchFieldId = <%= (FieldId.", "HasValue ? ", "FieldId.", "Value.", "ToString() : \"null\") %>;\n\nor VB:\nvar searchFieldId = <%= If(FieldId.", "HasValue, FieldId.", "Value.", "ToString(), \"null\") %>;\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0 ]

[ "Hospital accident and emergency wards are in crisis as the supply of doctors fails to keep pace with demand for them in A&E departments according to medics’ representatives.", "\n\nThe warning from the Royal College of Emergency Medicine came as an A&E in the east Midlands announced it may have to temporarily close its doors at night owing to a national shortage of emergency doctors.", "\n\nUnited Lincolnshire hospitals NHS trust (ULHT) said that a “crisis point” had been reached and patients’ lives could be put at risk if action was not taken at Grantham and District hospital.", "\n\nManagement at ULHT said they were looking to reduce A&E hours because the department was facing a severe shortage of doctors.", "\n\n\n\nThe trust, which runs the A&E, as well as two others in the region, said that it had been seriously affected by a “national shortage of appropriately trained doctors to work in A&Es”, adding: “We have reached a crisis point and we may put patients at risk if we don’t act.”", "\n\nDr Suneil Kapadia, medical director at ULHT, said: “We haven’t made a final decision yet, and we hope to avoid this, but the reality is we will need to temporarily reduce the opening hours of A&E at Grantham. ", "The quality and safety of patient care is the trust’s number one priority and we haven’t rested on our laurels.", "\n\n“We have tried to recruit in the UK and internationally, and we have offered premium rates to attract agency doctors whilst investing £4m in urgent care services. ", "Despite this, we have reached crisis point.”", "\n\nDr Clifford Mann, president of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine, said the “great efforts” made by doctors and nurses to help patients in under-resourced locations sometimes was not sustainable.", "\n\n\n\n“As well as potentially putting patient safety at risk, placing an ever-increasing workload on overstretched staff can create a vicious circle in retention and recruitment with many overworked trainees simply choosing to leave the country or indeed the specialty altogether,” Mann said.", "\n\n“The wider picture is there is a real crisis in emergency medicine as our workforce numbers are not growing fast enough to keep pace with rising numbers of patients attending A&E departments.”", "\n\nShortages of doctors and nurses have come into sharp focus at other hospitals recently. ", "The chief executive of crisis-hit North Middlesex hospital left her post after NHS inspectors found its A&E unit was risking patients’ health by forcing them to endure “excessive” waits to see a doctor, it emerged last month.", "\n\nJulie Lowe was replaced on an interim basis by a senior executive from another London hospital in the wake of a scathing report by the Care Quality Commission into multiple patient safety failings at the North Middlesex.", "\n\nThe NHS care regulator’s inspectors found that shortages of doctors and nurses in A&E were so acute, and the unit so busy, that untrained receptionists were judging which patients needed medical attention first. ", "It is one of the busiest A&Es in London, treating 500 patients a day.", "\n\nThe report said: “Walk-in patients were seen by a receptionist, who decided if they were suitable for the urgent care centre or, with a more serious condition, needed to go to the main emergency department.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.005780346820809248, 0.00966183574879227, 0.015625, 0.007874015748031496, 0.0036101083032490976, 0.014218009478672985, 0, 0, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.0034482758620689655, 0.005154639175257732, 0, 0.0044444444444444444, 0.009009009009009009, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0 ]

[ "My best friend Kelly and her husband Alun recently moved to a new house with their three kids under six. ", "To say they are busy is an understatement. ", "Kel has great style and I don’t doubt that if she had an extra 20 hours to spare her week that she would already have magazine-worthy spaces in her new home. ", "However, at the moment she’s lucky if she has an extra 20 minutes a day, which is why she has asked me to help her get these rooms to where she wants them. ", "And I couldn’t be more excited.", "\n\nFirst up is the family room. ", "This room is where the family will congregate the most so it needs to be finished….and pronto. ", "This is our starting point…\n\nThis room is a bit of a balancing act. ", "Of course it needs to look great but anything that goes into this space has to be kid and pet friendly (did I mention they also have 2 large dogs?). ", "The furniture has to be comfortable and durable, and a rug cannot be light in colour due to dog hair.", "\n\nThe large grey sofa is staying where it is. ", "It has a great modern shape and colour and happens to be very durable. ", "The lamp is also staying. ", "Not surprisingly, Alun’s priority was getting the new extra large TV you see above. ", "Although it’s not not the prettiest thing in the room it does have a really cool bracket on the back so it can come out and tilt into the room when you want to watch it but also (and most importantly) goes flush against the wall when you don’t. ", "After lots of back an forth the room is coming to together a little like this:\n\nKelly fell in love the chinoiserie toile fabric she found at Tonic Living and that really became the jumping off point for the colour scheme of greys, blues and yellow. ", "Everything you see in the mood board has been finalized and/or purchased except for the side table which we are still searching for. ", "In addition to what you see above, the final piece of the space will be a large round ottoman/coffee table upholstered in that toile fabric. ", "I am desperately waiting for Home Depot to get back back to me when a wooden electrical wire spool in the right size becomes available so that I can use it for the ottoman base. ", "I’m very excited to this family room come together!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.01904761904761905, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.004016064257028112, 0, 0, 0.0056179775280898875, 0 ]

[ "Emerging trend in nano-engineered polyelectrolyte-based surrogate carriers for delivery of bioactives.", "\nIn recent decades a new colloidal drug delivery system based on layer-by-layer (LbL) technology has emerged, which offers promising means of delivering bioactive agents, specifically biological macromolecules including peptides and DNA. ", "Nano-engineered capsules specifically fabricated from biocompatible and biodegradable polyelectrolytes (PEs) can provide a better option for encapsulation of cells thereby protecting cells from immunological molecules in the body, and their selective permeability can ensure the survival of encapsulated cells. ", "This review encompasses a strategic approach to fabricate nano-engineered microcapsules through meticulous selection of polyelectrolytes and core materials based on LbL technology. ", "The content of the article provides evidence for its wide array of applications in medical therapeutics, as indicated by the quantity of research and patents in this area. ", "Recent developments and approaches for tuning drug release, biocompatibility and cellular interaction are discussed thoroughly. ", "This review aims to provide an overview on the development of LbL capsules with specific orientation towards drug and macromolecular delivery and its integration with other drug delivery systems, such as liposomes. ", "Selection of PEs for the fabrication of LbL microcapsules has a profound effect on stability, drug release, biocompatibility and encapsulation efficacy. ", "The release can be easily modulated by varying different physicochemical as well as physiological conditions. ", "Scale-up approaches for the fabrication of LbL microcapsules by means of automation must be considered to improve the possibility of application of LbL microcapsules on a large scale." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "#ifndef __FXAA3_INC__\n#define __FXAA3_INC__\n\n/*============================================================================\n\n\nNVIDIA FXAA 3.11 by TIMOTHY LOTTES\n\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nCOPYRIGHT (C) 2010, 2011 NVIDIA CORPORATION. ", "ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.", "\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nTO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED\n*AS IS* AND NVIDIA AND ITS SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS\nOR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF\nMERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL NVIDIA\nOR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, OR\nCONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR\nLOSS OF BUSINESS PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION,\nOR ANY OTHER PECUNIARY LOSS) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE\nTHIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF NVIDIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH\nDAMAGES.", "\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nINTEGRATION CHECKLIST\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n(1.)", "\nIn the shader source, setup defines for the desired configuration.", "\nWhen providing multiple shaders (for different presets),\nsimply setup the defines differently in multiple files.", "\nExample,\n\n#define FXAA_PC 1\n#define FXAA_HLSL_5 1\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET 12\n\nOr,\n\n#define FXAA_360 1\n\nOr,\n\n#define FXAA_PS3 1\n\nEtc.", "\n\n(2.)", "\nThen include this file,\n\n#include \"Fxaa3_11.h\"\n\n(3.)", "\nThen call the FXAA pixel shader from within your desired shader.", "\nLook at the FXAA Quality FxaaPixelShader() for docs on inputs.", "\nAs for FXAA 3.11 all inputs for all shaders are the same\nto enable easy porting between platforms.", "\n\nreturn FxaaPixelShader(...);\n\n(4.)", "\nInsure pass prior to FXAA outputs RGBL (see next section).", "\nOr use,\n\n#define FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA 1\n\n(5.)", "\nSetup engine to provide the following constants\nwhich are used in the FxaaPixelShader() inputs,\n\nFxaaFloat2 fxaaQualityRcpFrame,\nFxaaFloat4 fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt,\nFxaaFloat4 fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt2,\nFxaaFloat4 fxaaConsole360RcpFrameOpt2,\nFxaaFloat fxaaQualitySubpix,\nFxaaFloat fxaaQualityEdgeThreshold,\nFxaaFloat fxaaQualityEdgeThresholdMin,\nFxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeSharpness,\nFxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeThreshold,\nFxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeThresholdMin,\nFxaaFloat4 fxaaConsole360ConstDir\n\nLook at the FXAA Quality FxaaPixelShader() for docs on inputs.", "\n\n(6.)", "\nHave FXAA vertex shader run as a full screen triangle,\nand output \"pos\" and \"fxaaConsolePosPos\"\nsuch that inputs in the pixel shader provide,\n\n// {xy} = center of pixel\nFxaaFloat2 pos,\n\n// {xy__} = upper left of pixel\n// {__zw} = lower right of pixel\nFxaaFloat4 fxaaConsolePosPos,\n\n(7.)", "\nInsure the texture sampler(s) used by FXAA are set to bilinear filtering.", "\n\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nINTEGRATION - RGBL AND COLORSPACE\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nFXAA3 requires RGBL as input unless the following is set,\n\n#define FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA 1\n\nIn which case the engine uses green in place of luma,\nand requires RGB input is in a non-linear colorspace.", "\n\nRGB should be LDR (low dynamic range).", "\nSpecifically do FXAA after tonemapping.", "\n\nRGB data as returned by a texture fetch can be non-linear,\nor linear when FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA is not set.", "\nNote an \"sRGB format\" texture counts as linear,\nbecause the result of a texture fetch is linear data.", "\nRegular \"RGBA8\" textures in the sRGB colorspace are non-linear.", "\n\nIf FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA is not set,\nluma must be stored in the alpha channel prior to running FXAA.", "\nThis luma should be in a perceptual space (could be gamma 2.0).", "\nExample pass before FXAA where output is gamma 2.0 encoded,\n\ncolor.rgb = ToneMap(color.rgb); // linear color output\ncolor.rgb = sqrt(color.rgb); // gamma 2.0 color output\nreturn color;\n\nTo use FXAA,\n\ncolor.rgb = ToneMap(color.rgb); // linear color output\ncolor.rgb = sqrt(color.rgb); // gamma 2.0 color output\ncolor.a = dot(color.rgb, FxaaFloat3(0.299, 0.587, 0.114)); // compute luma\nreturn color;\n\nAnother example where output is linear encoded,\nsay for instance writing to an sRGB formated render target,\nwhere the render target does the conversion back to sRGB after blending,\n\ncolor.rgb = ToneMap(color.rgb); // linear color output\nreturn color;\n\nTo use FXAA,\n\ncolor.rgb = ToneMap(color.rgb); // linear color output\ncolor.a = sqrt(dot(color.rgb, FxaaFloat3(0.299, 0.587, 0.114))); // compute luma\nreturn color;\n\nGetting luma correct is required for the algorithm to work correctly.", "\n\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nBEING LINEARLY CORRECT?", "\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nApplying FXAA to a framebuffer with linear RGB color will look worse.", "\nThis is very counter intuitive, but happends to be true in this case.", "\nThe reason is because dithering artifacts will be more visiable\nin a linear colorspace.", "\n\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nCOMPLEX INTEGRATION\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nQ. What if the engine is blending into RGB before wanting to run FXAA?", "\n\nA. In the last opaque pass prior to FXAA,\nhave the pass write out luma into alpha.", "\nThen blend into RGB only.", "\nFXAA should be able to run ok\nassuming the blending pass did not any add aliasing.", "\nThis should be the common case for particles and common blending passes.", "\n\nA. Or use FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA.", "\n\n============================================================================*/\n\n/*============================================================================\n\nINTEGRATION KNOBS\n\n============================================================================*/\n//\n// FXAA_PS3 and FXAA_360 choose the console algorithm (FXAA3 CONSOLE).", "\n// FXAA_360_OPT is a prototype for the new optimized 360 version.", "\n//\n// 1 = Use API.", "\n// 0 = Don't use API.", "\n//\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#ifndef FXAA_PS3\n#define FXAA_PS3 0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#ifndef FXAA_360\n#define FXAA_360 0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#ifndef FXAA_360_OPT\n#define FXAA_360_OPT 0\n#endif\n/*==========================================================================*/\n#ifndef FXAA_PC\n//\n// FXAA Quality\n// The high quality PC algorithm.", "\n//\n#define FXAA_PC 0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#ifndef FXAA_PC_CONSOLE\n//\n// The console algorithm for PC is included\n// for developers targeting really low spec machines.", "\n// Likely better to just run FXAA_PC, and use a really low preset.", "\n//\n#define FXAA_PC_CONSOLE 0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#ifndef FXAA_GLSL_120\n#define FXAA_GLSL_120 0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#ifndef FXAA_GLSL_130\n#define FXAA_GLSL_130 0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#ifndef FXAA_HLSL_3\n#define FXAA_HLSL_3 0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#ifndef FXAA_HLSL_4\n#define FXAA_HLSL_4 0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#ifndef FXAA_HLSL_5\n#define FXAA_HLSL_5 0\n#endif\n/*==========================================================================*/\n#ifndef FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA\n//\n// For those using non-linear color,\n// and either not able to get luma in alpha, or not wanting to,\n// this enables FXAA to run using green as a proxy for luma.", "\n// So with this enabled, no need to pack luma in alpha.", "\n//\n// This will turn off AA on anything which lacks some amount of green.", "\n// Pure red and blue or combination of only R and B, will get no AA.", "\n//\n// Might want to lower the settings for both,\n// fxaaConsoleEdgeThresholdMin\n// fxaaQualityEdgeThresholdMin\n// In order to insure AA does not get turned off on colors\n// which contain a minor amount of green.", "\n//\n// 1 = On.", "\n// 0 = Off.", "\n//\n#define FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA 0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#ifndef FXAA_EARLY_EXIT\n//\n// Controls algorithm's early exit path.", "\n// On PS3 turning this ON adds 2 cycles to the shader.", "\n// On 360 turning this OFF adds 10ths of a millisecond to the shader.", "\n// Turning this off on console will result in a more blurry image.", "\n// So this defaults to on.", "\n//\n// 1 = On.", "\n// 0 = Off.", "\n//\n#define FXAA_EARLY_EXIT 1\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#ifndef FXAA_DISCARD\n//\n// Only valid for PC OpenGL currently.", "\n// Probably will not work when FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA = 1.", "\n//\n// 1 = Use discard on pixels which don't need AA.", "\n// For APIs which enable concurrent TEX+ROP from same surface.", "\n// 0 = Return unchanged color on pixels which don't need AA.", "\n//\n#define FXAA_DISCARD 0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#ifndef FXAA_FAST_PIXEL_OFFSET\n//\n// Used for GLSL 120 only.", "\n//\n// 1 = GL API supports fast pixel offsets\n// 0 = do not use fast pixel offsets\n//\n#ifdef GL_EXT_gpu_shader4\n#define FXAA_FAST_PIXEL_OFFSET 1\n#endif\n#ifdef GL_NV_gpu_shader5\n#define FXAA_FAST_PIXEL_OFFSET 1\n#endif\n#ifdef GL_ARB_gpu_shader5\n#define FXAA_FAST_PIXEL_OFFSET 1\n#endif\n#ifndef FXAA_FAST_PIXEL_OFFSET\n#define FXAA_FAST_PIXEL_OFFSET 0\n#endif\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#ifndef FXAA_GATHER4_ALPHA\n//\n// 1 = API supports gather4 on alpha channel.", "\n// 0 = API does not support gather4 on alpha channel.", "\n//\n#if (FXAA_HLSL_5 == 1)\n#define FXAA_GATHER4_ALPHA 1\n#endif\n#ifdef GL_ARB_gpu_shader5\n#define FXAA_GATHER4_ALPHA 1\n#endif\n#ifdef GL_NV_gpu_shader5\n#define FXAA_GATHER4_ALPHA 1\n#endif\n#ifndef FXAA_GATHER4_ALPHA\n#define FXAA_GATHER4_ALPHA 0\n#endif\n#endif\n\n/*============================================================================\nFXAA CONSOLE PS3 - TUNING KNOBS\n============================================================================*/\n#ifndef FXAA_CONSOLE__PS3_EDGE_SHARPNESS\n//\n// Consoles the sharpness of edges on PS3 only.", "\n// Non-PS3 tuning is done with shader input.", "\n//\n// Due to the PS3 being ALU bound,\n// there are only two safe values here: 4 and 8.", "\n// These options use the shaders ability to a free *|/ by 2|4|8.", "\n//\n// 8.0 is sharper\n// 4.0 is softer\n// 2.0 is really soft (good for vector graphics inputs)\n//\n#if 1\n#define FXAA_CONSOLE__PS3_EDGE_SHARPNESS 8.0\n#endif\n#if 0\n#define FXAA_CONSOLE__PS3_EDGE_SHARPNESS 4.0\n#endif\n#if 0\n#define FXAA_CONSOLE__PS3_EDGE_SHARPNESS 2.0\n#endif\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#ifndef FXAA_CONSOLE__PS3_EDGE_THRESHOLD\n//\n// Only effects PS3.", "\n// Non-PS3 tuning is done with shader input.", "\n//\n// The minimum amount of local contrast required to apply algorithm.", "\n// The console setting has a different mapping than the quality setting.", "\n//\n// This only applies when FXAA_EARLY_EXIT is 1.", "\n//\n// Due to the PS3 being ALU bound,\n// there are only two safe values here: 0.25 and 0.125.", "\n// These options use the shaders ability to a free *|/ by 2|4|8.", "\n//\n// 0.125 leaves less aliasing, but is softer\n// 0.25 leaves more aliasing, and is sharper\n//\n#if 1\n#define FXAA_CONSOLE__PS3_EDGE_THRESHOLD 0.125\n#else\n#define FXAA_CONSOLE__PS3_EDGE_THRESHOLD 0.25\n#endif\n#endif\n\n/*============================================================================\nFXAA QUALITY - TUNING KNOBS\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nNOTE the other tuning knobs are now in the shader function inputs!", "\n============================================================================*/\n#ifndef FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET\n//\n// Choose the quality preset.", "\n// This needs to be compiled into the shader as it effects code.", "\n// Best option to include multiple presets is to\n// in each shader define the preset, then include this file.", "\n//\n// OPTIONS\n// -----------------------------------------------------------------------\n// 10 to 15 - default medium dither (10=fastest, 15=highest quality)\n// 20 to 29 - less dither, more expensive (20=fastest, 29=highest quality)\n// 39 - no dither, very expensive\n//\n// NOTES\n// -----------------------------------------------------------------------\n// 12 = slightly faster then FXAA 3.9 and higher edge quality (default)\n// 13 = about same speed as FXAA 3.9 and better than 12\n// 23 = closest to FXAA 3.9 visually and performance wise\n// _ = the lowest digit is directly related to performance\n// _ = the highest digit is directly related to style\n//\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET 12\n#endif\n\n\n/*============================================================================\n\nFXAA QUALITY - PRESETS\n\n============================================================================*/\n\n/*============================================================================\nFXAA QUALITY - MEDIUM DITHER PRESETS\n============================================================================*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 10)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 3\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 3.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 12.0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 11)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 4\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 3.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P3 12.0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 12)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P3 4.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P4 12.0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 13)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 6\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P3 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P4 4.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P5 12.0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 14)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 7\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P3 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P4 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P5 4.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P6 12.0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 15)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 8\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P3 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P4 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P5 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P6 4.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P7 12.0\n#endif\n\n/*============================================================================\nFXAA QUALITY - LOW DITHER PRESETS\n============================================================================*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 20)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 3\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 8.0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 21)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 4\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P3 8.0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 22)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P3 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P4 8.0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 23)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 6\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P3 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P4 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P5 8.0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 24)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 7\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P3 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P4 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P5 3.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P6 8.0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 25)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 8\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P3 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P4 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P5 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P6 4.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P7 8.0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 26)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 9\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P3 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P4 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P5 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P6 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P7 4.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P8 8.0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 27)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 10\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P3 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P4 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P5 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P6 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P7 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P8 4.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P9 8.0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 28)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 11\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P3 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P4 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P5 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P6 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P7 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P8 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P9 4.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P10 8.0\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 29)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 12\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P3 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P4 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P5 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P6 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P7 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P8 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P9 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P10 4.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P11 8.0\n#endif\n\n/*============================================================================\nFXAA QUALITY - EXTREME QUALITY\n============================================================================*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET == 39)\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PS 12\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P0 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P1 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P2 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P3 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P4 1.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P5 1.5\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P6 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P7 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P8 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P9 2.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P10 4.0\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__P11 8.0\n#endif\n\n\n\n/*============================================================================\n\nAPI PORTING\n\n============================================================================*/\n#if (FXAA_GLSL_120 == 1) || (FXAA_GLSL_130 == 1)\n#define FxaaBool bool\n#define FxaaDiscard discard\n#define FxaaFloat float\n#define FxaaFloat2 vec2\n#define FxaaFloat3 vec3\n#define FxaaFloat4 vec4\n#define FxaaHalf float\n#define FxaaHalf2 vec2\n#define FxaaHalf3 vec3\n#define FxaaHalf4 vec4\n#define FxaaInt2 ivec2\n#define FxaaSat(x) clamp(x, 0.0, 1.0)\n#define FxaaTex sampler2D\n#else\n#define FxaaBool bool\n#define FxaaDiscard clip(-1)\n#define FxaaFloat float\n#define FxaaFloat2 float2\n#define FxaaFloat3 float3\n#define FxaaFloat4 float4\n#define FxaaHalf half\n#define FxaaHalf2 half2\n#define FxaaHalf3 half3\n#define FxaaHalf4 half4\n#define FxaaSat(x) saturate(x)\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_GLSL_120 == 1)\n// Requires,\n// #version 120\n// And at least,\n// #extension GL_EXT_gpu_shader4 : enable\n// (or set FXAA_FAST_PIXEL_OFFSET 1 to work like DX9)\n#define FxaaTexTop(t, p) texture2DLod(t, p, 0.0)\n#if (FXAA_FAST_PIXEL_OFFSET == 1)\n#define FxaaTexOff(t, p, o, r) texture2DLodOffset(t, p, 0.0, o)\n#else\n#define FxaaTexOff(t, p, o, r) texture2DLod(t, p + (o * r), 0.0)\n#endif\n#if (FXAA_GATHER4_ALPHA == 1)\n// use #extension GL_ARB_gpu_shader5 : enable\n#define FxaaTexAlpha4(t, p) textureGather(t, p, 3)\n#define FxaaTexOffAlpha4(t, p, o) textureGatherOffset(t, p, o, 3)\n#define FxaaTexGreen4(t, p) textureGather(t, p, 1)\n#define FxaaTexOffGreen4(t, p, o) textureGatherOffset(t, p, o, 1)\n#endif\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_GLSL_130 == 1)\n// Requires \"#version 130\" or better\n#define FxaaTexTop(t, p) textureLod(t, p, 0.0)\n#define FxaaTexOff(t, p, o, r) textureLodOffset(t, p, 0.0, o)\n#if (FXAA_GATHER4_ALPHA == 1)\n// use #extension GL_ARB_gpu_shader5 : enable\n#define FxaaTexAlpha4(t, p) textureGather(t, p, 3)\n#define FxaaTexOffAlpha4(t, p, o) textureGatherOffset(t, p, o, 3)\n#define FxaaTexGreen4(t, p) textureGather(t, p, 1)\n#define FxaaTexOffGreen4(t, p, o) textureGatherOffset(t, p, o, 1)\n#endif\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_HLSL_3 == 1) || (FXAA_360 == 1) || (FXAA_PS3 == 1)\n#define FxaaInt2 float2\n#define FxaaTex sampler2D\n#define FxaaTexTop(t, p) tex2Dlod(t, float4(p, 0.0, 0.0))\n#define FxaaTexOff(t, p, o, r) tex2Dlod(t, float4(p + (o * r), 0, 0))\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_HLSL_4 == 1)\n#define FxaaInt2 int2\nstruct FxaaTex { SamplerState smpl; Texture2D tex; };\n#define FxaaTexTop(t, p) t.tex.", "SampleLevel(t.smpl, p, 0.0)\n#define FxaaTexOff(t, p, o, r) t.tex.", "SampleLevel(t.smpl, p, 0.0, o)\n#endif\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_HLSL_5 == 1)\n#define FxaaInt2 int2\nstruct FxaaTex { SamplerState smpl; Texture2D tex; };\n#define FxaaTexTop(t, p) t.tex.", "SampleLevel(t.smpl, p, 0.0)\n#define FxaaTexOff(t, p, o, r) t.tex.", "SampleLevel(t.smpl, p, 0.0, o)\n#define FxaaTexAlpha4(t, p) t.tex.", "GatherAlpha(t.smpl, p)\n#define FxaaTexOffAlpha4(t, p, o) t.tex.", "GatherAlpha(t.smpl, p, o)\n#define FxaaTexGreen4(t, p) t.tex.", "GatherGreen(t.smpl, p)\n#define FxaaTexOffGreen4(t, p, o) t.tex.", "GatherGreen(t.smpl, p, o)\n#endif\n\n\n/*============================================================================\nGREEN AS LUMA OPTION SUPPORT FUNCTION\n============================================================================*/\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\nFxaaFloat FxaaLuma(FxaaFloat4 rgba) { return rgba.w; }\n#else\nFxaaFloat FxaaLuma(FxaaFloat4 rgba) { return rgba.y; }\n#endif\n\n\n\n\n/*============================================================================\n\nFXAA3 QUALITY - PC\n\n============================================================================*/\n#if (FXAA_PC == 1)\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\nFxaaFloat4 FxaaPixelShader(\n //\n // Use noperspective interpolation here (turn off perspective interpolation).", "\n // {xy} = center of pixel\n FxaaFloat2 pos,\n //\n // Used only for FXAA Console, and not used on the 360 version.", "\n // Use noperspective interpolation here (turn off perspective interpolation).", "\n // {xy__} = upper left of pixel\n // {__zw} = lower right of pixel\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsolePosPos,\n //\n // Input color texture.", "\n // {rgb_} = color in linear or perceptual color space\n // if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n // {___a} = luma in perceptual color space (not linear)\n FxaaTex tex,\n //\n // Only used on the optimized 360 version of FXAA Console.", "\n // For everything but 360, just use the same input here as for \"tex\".", "\n // For 360, same texture, just alias with a 2nd sampler.", "\n // This sampler needs to have an exponent bias of -1.", "\n FxaaTex fxaaConsole360TexExpBiasNegOne,\n //\n // Only used on the optimized 360 version of FXAA Console.", "\n // For everything but 360, just use the same input here as for \"tex\".", "\n // For 360, same texture, just alias with a 3nd sampler.", "\n // This sampler needs to have an exponent bias of -2.", "\n FxaaTex fxaaConsole360TexExpBiasNegTwo,\n //\n // Only used on FXAA Quality.", "\n // This must be from a constant/uniform.", "\n // {x_} = 1.0/screenWidthInPixels\n // {_y} = 1.0/screenHeightInPixels\n FxaaFloat2 fxaaQualityRcpFrame,\n //\n // Only used on FXAA Console.", "\n // This must be from a constant/uniform.", "\n // This effects sub-pixel AA quality and inversely sharpness.", "\n // Where N ranges between,\n // N = 0.50 (default)\n // N = 0.33 (sharper)\n // {x___} = -N/screenWidthInPixels\n // {_y__} = -N/screenHeightInPixels\n // {__z_} = N/screenWidthInPixels\n // {___w} = N/screenHeightInPixels\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt,\n //\n // Only used on FXAA Console.", "\n // Not used on 360, but used on PS3 and PC.", "\n // This must be from a constant/uniform.", "\n // {x___} = -2.0/screenWidthInPixels\n // {_y__} = -2.0/screenHeightInPixels\n // {__z_} = 2.0/screenWidthInPixels\n // {___w} = 2.0/screenHeightInPixels\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt2,\n //\n // Only used on FXAA Console.", "\n // Only used on 360 in place of fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt2.", "\n // This must be from a constant/uniform.", "\n // {x___} = 8.0/screenWidthInPixels\n // {_y__} = 8.0/screenHeightInPixels\n // {__z_} = -4.0/screenWidthInPixels\n // {___w} = -4.0/screenHeightInPixels\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsole360RcpFrameOpt2,\n //\n // Only used on FXAA Quality.", "\n // This used to be the FXAA_QUALITY__SUBPIX define.", "\n // It is here now to allow easier tuning.", "\n // Choose the amount of sub-pixel aliasing removal.", "\n // This can effect sharpness.", "\n // 1.00 - upper limit (softer)\n // 0.75 - default amount of filtering\n // 0.50 - lower limit (sharper, less sub-pixel aliasing removal)\n // 0.25 - almost off\n // 0.00 - completely off\n FxaaFloat fxaaQualitySubpix,\n //\n // Only used on FXAA Quality.", "\n // This used to be the FXAA_QUALITY__EDGE_THRESHOLD define.", "\n // It is here now to allow easier tuning.", "\n // The minimum amount of local contrast required to apply algorithm.", "\n // 0.333 - too little (faster)\n // 0.250 - low quality\n // 0.166 - default\n // 0.125 - high quality\n // 0.063 - overkill (slower)\n FxaaFloat fxaaQualityEdgeThreshold,\n //\n // Only used on FXAA Quality.", "\n // This used to be the FXAA_QUALITY__EDGE_THRESHOLD_MIN define.", "\n // It is here now to allow easier tuning.", "\n // Trims the algorithm from processing darks.", "\n // 0.0833 - upper limit (default, the start of visible unfiltered edges)\n // 0.0625 - high quality (faster)\n // 0.0312 - visible limit (slower)\n // Special notes when using FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA,\n // Likely want to set this to zero.", "\n // As colors that are mostly not-green\n // will appear very dark in the green channel!", "\n // Tune by looking at mostly non-green content,\n // then start at zero and increase until aliasing is a problem.", "\n FxaaFloat fxaaQualityEdgeThresholdMin,\n //\n // Only used on FXAA Console.", "\n // This used to be the FXAA_CONSOLE__EDGE_SHARPNESS define.", "\n // It is here now to allow easier tuning.", "\n // This does not effect PS3, as this needs to be compiled in.", "\n // Use FXAA_CONSOLE__PS3_EDGE_SHARPNESS for PS3.", "\n // Due to the PS3 being ALU bound,\n // there are only three safe values here: 2 and 4 and 8.", "\n // These options use the shaders ability to a free *|/ by 2|4|8.", "\n // For all other platforms can be a non-power of two.", "\n // 8.0 is sharper (default!!!)", "\n // 4.0 is softer\n // 2.0 is really soft (good only for vector graphics inputs)\n FxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeSharpness,\n //\n // Only used on FXAA Console.", "\n // This used to be the FXAA_CONSOLE__EDGE_THRESHOLD define.", "\n // It is here now to allow easier tuning.", "\n // This does not effect PS3, as this needs to be compiled in.", "\n // Use FXAA_CONSOLE__PS3_EDGE_THRESHOLD for PS3.", "\n // Due to the PS3 being ALU bound,\n // there are only two safe values here: 1/4 and 1/8.", "\n // These options use the shaders ability to a free *|/ by 2|4|8.", "\n // The console setting has a different mapping than the quality setting.", "\n // Other platforms can use other values.", "\n // 0.125 leaves less aliasing, but is softer (default!!!)", "\n // 0.25 leaves more aliasing, and is sharper\n FxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeThreshold,\n //\n // Only used on FXAA Console.", "\n // This used to be the FXAA_CONSOLE__EDGE_THRESHOLD_MIN define.", "\n // It is here now to allow easier tuning.", "\n // Trims the algorithm from processing darks.", "\n // The console setting has a different mapping than the quality setting.", "\n // This only applies when FXAA_EARLY_EXIT is 1.", "\n // This does not apply to PS3,\n // PS3 was simplified to avoid more shader instructions.", "\n // 0.06 - faster but more aliasing in darks\n // 0.05 - default\n // 0.04 - slower and less aliasing in darks\n // Special notes when using FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA,\n // Likely want to set this to zero.", "\n // As colors that are mostly not-green\n // will appear very dark in the green channel!", "\n // Tune by looking at mostly non-green content,\n // then start at zero and increase until aliasing is a problem.", "\n FxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeThresholdMin,\n //\n // Extra constants for 360 FXAA Console only.", "\n // Use zeros or anything else for other platforms.", "\n // These must be in physical constant registers and NOT immedates.", "\n // Immedates will result in compiler un-optimizing.", "\n // {xyzw} = float4(1.0, -1.0, 0.25, -0.25)\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsole360ConstDir\n) {\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat2 posM;\n posM.x = pos.x;\n posM.y = pos.y;\n#if (FXAA_GATHER4_ALPHA == 1)\n#if (FXAA_DISCARD == 0)\n FxaaFloat4 rgbyM = FxaaTexTop(tex, posM);\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n#define lumaM rgbyM.w\n#else\n#define lumaM rgbyM.y\n#endif\n#endif\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n FxaaFloat4 luma4A = FxaaTexAlpha4(tex, posM);\n FxaaFloat4 luma4B = FxaaTexOffAlpha4(tex, posM, FxaaInt2(-1, -1));\n#else\n FxaaFloat4 luma4A = FxaaTexGreen4(tex, posM);\n FxaaFloat4 luma4B = FxaaTexOffGreen4(tex, posM, FxaaInt2(-1, -1));\n#endif\n#if (FXAA_DISCARD == 1)\n#define lumaM luma4A.w\n#endif\n#define lumaE luma4A.z\n#define lumaS luma4A.x\n#define lumaSE luma4A.y\n#define lumaNW luma4B.w\n#define lumaN luma4B.z\n#define lumaW luma4B.x\n#else\n FxaaFloat4 rgbyM = FxaaTexTop(tex, posM);\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n#define lumaM rgbyM.w\n#else\n#define lumaM rgbyM.y\n#endif\n FxaaFloat lumaS = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexOff(tex, posM, FxaaInt2(0, 1), fxaaQualityRcpFrame.xy));\n FxaaFloat lumaE = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexOff(tex, posM, FxaaInt2(1, 0), fxaaQualityRcpFrame.xy));\n FxaaFloat lumaN = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexOff(tex, posM, FxaaInt2(0, -1), fxaaQualityRcpFrame.xy));\n FxaaFloat lumaW = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexOff(tex, posM, FxaaInt2(-1, 0), fxaaQualityRcpFrame.xy));\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat maxSM = max(lumaS, lumaM);\n FxaaFloat minSM = min(lumaS, lumaM);\n FxaaFloat maxESM = max(lumaE, maxSM);\n FxaaFloat minESM = min(lumaE, minSM);\n FxaaFloat maxWN = max(lumaN, lumaW);\n FxaaFloat minWN = min(lumaN, lumaW);\n FxaaFloat rangeMax = max(maxWN, maxESM);\n FxaaFloat rangeMin = min(minWN, minESM);\n FxaaFloat rangeMaxScaled = rangeMax * fxaaQualityEdgeThreshold;\n FxaaFloat range = rangeMax - rangeMin;\n FxaaFloat rangeMaxClamped = max(fxaaQualityEdgeThresholdMin, rangeMaxScaled);\n FxaaBool earlyExit = range < rangeMaxClamped;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n if (earlyExit)\n#if (FXAA_DISCARD == 1)\n FxaaDiscard;\n#else\n return rgbyM;\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_GATHER4_ALPHA == 0)\n FxaaFloat lumaNW = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexOff(tex, posM, FxaaInt2(-1, -1), fxaaQualityRcpFrame.xy));\n FxaaFloat lumaSE = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexOff(tex, posM, FxaaInt2(1, 1), fxaaQualityRcpFrame.xy));\n FxaaFloat lumaNE = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexOff(tex, posM, FxaaInt2(1, -1), fxaaQualityRcpFrame.xy));\n FxaaFloat lumaSW = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexOff(tex, posM, FxaaInt2(-1, 1), fxaaQualityRcpFrame.xy));\n#else\n FxaaFloat lumaNE = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexOff(tex, posM, FxaaInt2(1, -1), fxaaQualityRcpFrame.xy));\n FxaaFloat lumaSW = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexOff(tex, posM, FxaaInt2(-1, 1), fxaaQualityRcpFrame.xy));\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat lumaNS = lumaN + lumaS;\n FxaaFloat lumaWE = lumaW + lumaE;\n FxaaFloat subpixRcpRange = 1.0 / range;\n FxaaFloat subpixNSWE = lumaNS + lumaWE;\n FxaaFloat edgeHorz1 = (-2.0 * lumaM) + lumaNS;\n FxaaFloat edgeVert1 = (-2.0 * lumaM) + lumaWE;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat lumaNESE = lumaNE + lumaSE;\n FxaaFloat lumaNWNE = lumaNW + lumaNE;\n FxaaFloat edgeHorz2 = (-2.0 * lumaE) + lumaNESE;\n FxaaFloat edgeVert2 = (-2.0 * lumaN) + lumaNWNE;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat lumaNWSW = lumaNW + lumaSW;\n FxaaFloat lumaSWSE = lumaSW + lumaSE;\n FxaaFloat edgeHorz4 = (abs(edgeHorz1) * 2.0) + abs(edgeHorz2);\n FxaaFloat edgeVert4 = (abs(edgeVert1) * 2.0) + abs(edgeVert2);\n FxaaFloat edgeHorz3 = (-2.0 * lumaW) + lumaNWSW;\n FxaaFloat edgeVert3 = (-2.0 * lumaS) + lumaSWSE;\n FxaaFloat edgeHorz = abs(edgeHorz3) + edgeHorz4;\n FxaaFloat edgeVert = abs(edgeVert3) + edgeVert4;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat subpixNWSWNESE = lumaNWSW + lumaNESE;\n FxaaFloat lengthSign = fxaaQualityRcpFrame.x;\n FxaaBool horzSpan = edgeHorz >= edgeVert;\n FxaaFloat subpixA = subpixNSWE * 2.0 + subpixNWSWNESE;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n if (!", "horzSpan) lumaN = lumaW;\n if (!", "horzSpan) lumaS = lumaE;\n if (horzSpan) lengthSign = fxaaQualityRcpFrame.y;\n FxaaFloat subpixB = (subpixA * (1.0 / 12.0)) - lumaM;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat gradientN = lumaN - lumaM;\n FxaaFloat gradientS = lumaS - lumaM;\n FxaaFloat lumaNN = lumaN + lumaM;\n FxaaFloat lumaSS = lumaS + lumaM;\n FxaaBool pairN = abs(gradientN) >= abs(gradientS);\n FxaaFloat gradient = max(abs(gradientN), abs(gradientS));\n if (pairN) lengthSign = -lengthSign;\n FxaaFloat subpixC = FxaaSat(abs(subpixB) * subpixRcpRange);\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat2 posB;\n posB.x = posM.x;\n posB.y = posM.y;\n FxaaFloat2 offNP;\n offNP.x = (!", "horzSpan) ? ", "0.0 : fxaaQualityRcpFrame.x;\n offNP.y = (horzSpan) ? ", "0.0 : fxaaQualityRcpFrame.y;\n if (!", "horzSpan) posB.x += lengthSign * 0.5;\n if (horzSpan) posB.y += lengthSign * 0.5;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat2 posN;\n posN.x = posB.x - offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P0;\n posN.y = posB.y - offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P0;\n FxaaFloat2 posP;\n posP.x = posB.x + offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P0;\n posP.y = posB.y + offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P0;\n FxaaFloat subpixD = ((-2.0)*subpixC) + 3.0;\n FxaaFloat lumaEndN = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posN));\n FxaaFloat subpixE = subpixC * subpixC;\n FxaaFloat lumaEndP = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posP));\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n if (!", "pairN) lumaNN = lumaSS;\n FxaaFloat gradientScaled = gradient * 1.0 / 4.0;\n FxaaFloat lumaMM = lumaM - lumaNN * 0.5;\n FxaaFloat subpixF = subpixD * subpixE;\n FxaaBool lumaMLTZero = lumaMM < 0.0;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n lumaEndN -= lumaNN * 0.5;\n lumaEndP -= lumaNN * 0.5;\n FxaaBool doneN = abs(lumaEndN) >= gradientScaled;\n FxaaBool doneP = abs(lumaEndP) >= gradientScaled;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.x -= offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P1;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.y -= offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P1;\n FxaaBool doneNP = (!", "doneN) || (!", "doneP);\n if (!", "doneP) posP.x += offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P1;\n if (!", "doneP) posP.y += offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P1;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n if (doneNP)\n {\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posN.xy));\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posP.xy));\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = lumaEndN - lumaNN * 0.5;\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = lumaEndP - lumaNN * 0.5;\n doneN = abs(lumaEndN) >= gradientScaled;\n doneP = abs(lumaEndP) >= gradientScaled;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.x -= offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P2;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.y -= offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P2;\n doneNP = (!", "doneN) || (!", "doneP);\n if (!", "doneP) posP.x += offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P2;\n if (!", "doneP) posP.y += offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P2;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PS > 3)\n if (doneNP)\n {\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posN.xy));\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posP.xy));\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = lumaEndN - lumaNN * 0.5;\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = lumaEndP - lumaNN * 0.5;\n doneN = abs(lumaEndN) >= gradientScaled;\n doneP = abs(lumaEndP) >= gradientScaled;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.x -= offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P3;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.y -= offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P3;\n doneNP = (!", "doneN) || (!", "doneP);\n if (!", "doneP) posP.x += offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P3;\n if (!", "doneP) posP.y += offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P3;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PS > 4)\n if (doneNP)\n {\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posN.xy));\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posP.xy));\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = lumaEndN - lumaNN * 0.5;\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = lumaEndP - lumaNN * 0.5;\n doneN = abs(lumaEndN) >= gradientScaled;\n doneP = abs(lumaEndP) >= gradientScaled;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.x -= offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P4;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.y -= offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P4;\n doneNP = (!", "doneN) || (!", "doneP);\n if (!", "doneP) posP.x += offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P4;\n if (!", "doneP) posP.y += offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P4;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PS > 5)\n if (doneNP)\n {\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posN.xy));\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posP.xy));\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = lumaEndN - lumaNN * 0.5;\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = lumaEndP - lumaNN * 0.5;\n doneN = abs(lumaEndN) >= gradientScaled;\n doneP = abs(lumaEndP) >= gradientScaled;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.x -= offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P5;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.y -= offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P5;\n doneNP = (!", "doneN) || (!", "doneP);\n if (!", "doneP) posP.x += offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P5;\n if (!", "doneP) posP.y += offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P5;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PS > 6)\n if (doneNP)\n {\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posN.xy));\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posP.xy));\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = lumaEndN - lumaNN * 0.5;\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = lumaEndP - lumaNN * 0.5;\n doneN = abs(lumaEndN) >= gradientScaled;\n doneP = abs(lumaEndP) >= gradientScaled;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.x -= offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P6;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.y -= offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P6;\n doneNP = (!", "doneN) || (!", "doneP);\n if (!", "doneP) posP.x += offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P6;\n if (!", "doneP) posP.y += offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P6;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PS > 7)\n if (doneNP)\n {\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posN.xy));\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posP.xy));\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = lumaEndN - lumaNN * 0.5;\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = lumaEndP - lumaNN * 0.5;\n doneN = abs(lumaEndN) >= gradientScaled;\n doneP = abs(lumaEndP) >= gradientScaled;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.x -= offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P7;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.y -= offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P7;\n doneNP = (!", "doneN) || (!", "doneP);\n if (!", "doneP) posP.x += offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P7;\n if (!", "doneP) posP.y += offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P7;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PS > 8)\n if (doneNP)\n {\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posN.xy));\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posP.xy));\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = lumaEndN - lumaNN * 0.5;\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = lumaEndP - lumaNN * 0.5;\n doneN = abs(lumaEndN) >= gradientScaled;\n doneP = abs(lumaEndP) >= gradientScaled;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.x -= offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P8;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.y -= offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P8;\n doneNP = (!", "doneN) || (!", "doneP);\n if (!", "doneP) posP.x += offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P8;\n if (!", "doneP) posP.y += offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P8;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PS > 9)\n if (doneNP)\n {\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posN.xy));\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posP.xy));\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = lumaEndN - lumaNN * 0.5;\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = lumaEndP - lumaNN * 0.5;\n doneN = abs(lumaEndN) >= gradientScaled;\n doneP = abs(lumaEndP) >= gradientScaled;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.x -= offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P9;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.y -= offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P9;\n doneNP = (!", "doneN) || (!", "doneP);\n if (!", "doneP) posP.x += offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P9;\n if (!", "doneP) posP.y += offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P9;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PS > 10)\n if (doneNP)\n {\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posN.xy));\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posP.xy));\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = lumaEndN - lumaNN * 0.5;\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = lumaEndP - lumaNN * 0.5;\n doneN = abs(lumaEndN) >= gradientScaled;\n doneP = abs(lumaEndP) >= gradientScaled;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.x -= offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P10;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.y -= offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P10;\n doneNP = (!", "doneN) || (!", "doneP);\n if (!", "doneP) posP.x += offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P10;\n if (!", "doneP) posP.y += offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P10;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PS > 11)\n if (doneNP)\n {\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posN.xy));\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posP.xy));\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = lumaEndN - lumaNN * 0.5;\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = lumaEndP - lumaNN * 0.5;\n doneN = abs(lumaEndN) >= gradientScaled;\n doneP = abs(lumaEndP) >= gradientScaled;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.x -= offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P11;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.y -= offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P11;\n doneNP = (!", "doneN) || (!", "doneP);\n if (!", "doneP) posP.x += offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P11;\n if (!", "doneP) posP.y += offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P11;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_QUALITY__PS > 12)\n if (doneNP)\n {\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posN.xy));\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, posP.xy));\n if (!", "doneN) lumaEndN = lumaEndN - lumaNN * 0.5;\n if (!", "doneP) lumaEndP = lumaEndP - lumaNN * 0.5;\n doneN = abs(lumaEndN) >= gradientScaled;\n doneP = abs(lumaEndP) >= gradientScaled;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.x -= offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P12;\n if (!", "doneN) posN.y -= offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P12;\n doneNP = (!", "doneN) || (!", "doneP);\n if (!", "doneP) posP.x += offNP.x * FXAA_QUALITY__P12;\n if (!", "doneP) posP.y += offNP.y * FXAA_QUALITY__P12;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n }\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n }\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n }\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n }\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n }\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n }\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n }\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n }\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n }\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n }\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n }\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat dstN = posM.x - posN.x;\n FxaaFloat dstP = posP.x - posM.x;\n if (!", "horzSpan) dstN = posM.y - posN.y;\n if (!", "horzSpan) dstP = posP.y - posM.y;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaBool goodSpanN = (lumaEndN < 0.0) !", "= lumaMLTZero;\n FxaaFloat spanLength = (dstP + dstN);\n FxaaBool goodSpanP = (lumaEndP < 0.0) !", "= lumaMLTZero;\n FxaaFloat spanLengthRcp = 1.0 / spanLength;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaBool directionN = dstN < dstP;\n FxaaFloat dst = min(dstN, dstP);\n FxaaBool goodSpan = directionN ? ", "goodSpanN : goodSpanP;\n FxaaFloat subpixG = subpixF * subpixF;\n FxaaFloat pixelOffset = (dst * (-spanLengthRcp)) + 0.5;\n FxaaFloat subpixH = subpixG * fxaaQualitySubpix;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat pixelOffsetGood = goodSpan ? ", "pixelOffset : 0.0;\n FxaaFloat pixelOffsetSubpix = max(pixelOffsetGood, subpixH);\n if (!", "horzSpan) posM.x += pixelOffsetSubpix * lengthSign;\n if (horzSpan) posM.y += pixelOffsetSubpix * lengthSign;\n#if (FXAA_DISCARD == 1)\n return FxaaTexTop(tex, posM);\n#else\n return FxaaFloat4(FxaaTexTop(tex, posM).xyz, lumaM);\n#endif\n}\n/*==========================================================================*/\n#endif\n\n\n\n\n/*============================================================================\n\nFXAA3 CONSOLE - PC VERSION\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nInstead of using this on PC, I'd suggest just using FXAA Quality with\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET 10\nOr\n#define FXAA_QUALITY__PRESET 20\nEither are higher qualilty and almost as fast as this on modern PC GPUs.", "\n============================================================================*/\n#if (FXAA_PC_CONSOLE == 1)\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\nFxaaFloat4 FxaaPixelShader(\n // See FXAA Quality FxaaPixelShader() source for docs on Inputs!", "\n FxaaFloat2 pos,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsolePosPos,\n FxaaTex tex,\n FxaaTex fxaaConsole360TexExpBiasNegOne,\n FxaaTex fxaaConsole360TexExpBiasNegTwo,\n FxaaFloat2 fxaaQualityRcpFrame,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt2,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsole360RcpFrameOpt2,\n FxaaFloat fxaaQualitySubpix,\n FxaaFloat fxaaQualityEdgeThreshold,\n FxaaFloat fxaaQualityEdgeThresholdMin,\n FxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeSharpness,\n FxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeThreshold,\n FxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeThresholdMin,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsole360ConstDir\n)\n{\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat lumaNw = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, fxaaConsolePosPos.xy));\n FxaaFloat lumaSw = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, fxaaConsolePosPos.xw));\n FxaaFloat lumaNe = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, fxaaConsolePosPos.zy));\n FxaaFloat lumaSe = FxaaLuma(FxaaTexTop(tex, fxaaConsolePosPos.zw));\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat4 rgbyM = FxaaTexTop(tex, pos.xy);\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n FxaaFloat lumaM = rgbyM.w;\n#else\n FxaaFloat lumaM = rgbyM.y;\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat lumaMaxNwSw = max(lumaNw, lumaSw);\n lumaNe += 1.0 / 384.0;\n FxaaFloat lumaMinNwSw = min(lumaNw, lumaSw);\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat lumaMaxNeSe = max(lumaNe, lumaSe);\n FxaaFloat lumaMinNeSe = min(lumaNe, lumaSe);\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat lumaMax = max(lumaMaxNeSe, lumaMaxNwSw);\n FxaaFloat lumaMin = min(lumaMinNeSe, lumaMinNwSw);\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat lumaMaxScaled = lumaMax * fxaaConsoleEdgeThreshold;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat lumaMinM = min(lumaMin, lumaM);\n FxaaFloat lumaMaxScaledClamped = max(fxaaConsoleEdgeThresholdMin, lumaMaxScaled);\n FxaaFloat lumaMaxM = max(lumaMax, lumaM);\n FxaaFloat dirSwMinusNe = lumaSw - lumaNe;\n FxaaFloat lumaMaxSubMinM = lumaMaxM - lumaMinM;\n FxaaFloat dirSeMinusNw = lumaSe - lumaNw;\n if (lumaMaxSubMinM < lumaMaxScaledClamped) return rgbyM;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat2 dir;\n dir.x = dirSwMinusNe + dirSeMinusNw;\n dir.y = dirSwMinusNe - dirSeMinusNw;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat2 dir1 = normalize(dir.xy);\n FxaaFloat4 rgbyN1 = FxaaTexTop(tex, pos.xy - dir1 * fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt.zw);\n FxaaFloat4 rgbyP1 = FxaaTexTop(tex, pos.xy + dir1 * fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt.zw);\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat dirAbsMinTimesC = min(abs(dir1.x), abs(dir1.y)) * fxaaConsoleEdgeSharpness;\n FxaaFloat2 dir2 = clamp(dir1.xy / dirAbsMinTimesC, -2.0, 2.0);\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat4 rgbyN2 = FxaaTexTop(tex, pos.xy - dir2 * fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt2.zw);\n FxaaFloat4 rgbyP2 = FxaaTexTop(tex, pos.xy + dir2 * fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt2.zw);\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n FxaaFloat4 rgbyA = rgbyN1 + rgbyP1;\n FxaaFloat4 rgbyB = ((rgbyN2 + rgbyP2) * 0.25) + (rgbyA * 0.25);\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n FxaaBool twoTap = (rgbyB.w < lumaMin) || (rgbyB.w > lumaMax);\n#else\n FxaaBool twoTap = (rgbyB.y < lumaMin) || (rgbyB.y > lumaMax);\n#endif\n if (twoTap) rgbyB.xyz = rgbyA.xyz * 0.5;\n return rgbyB;\n}\n/*==========================================================================*/\n#endif\n\n\n\n/*============================================================================\n\nFXAA3 CONSOLE - 360 PIXEL SHADER\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nThis optimized version thanks to suggestions from Andy Luedke.", "\nShould be fully tex bound in all cases.", "\nAs of the FXAA 3.11 release, I have still not tested this code,\nhowever I fixed a bug which was in both FXAA 3.9 and FXAA 3.10.", "\nAnd note this is replacing the old unoptimized version.", "\nIf it does not work, please let me know so I can fix it.", "\n============================================================================*/\n#if (FXAA_360 == 1)\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n[reduceTempRegUsage(4)]\nfloat4 FxaaPixelShader(\n // See FXAA Quality FxaaPixelShader() source for docs on Inputs!", "\n FxaaFloat2 pos,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsolePosPos,\n FxaaTex tex,\n FxaaTex fxaaConsole360TexExpBiasNegOne,\n FxaaTex fxaaConsole360TexExpBiasNegTwo,\n FxaaFloat2 fxaaQualityRcpFrame,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt2,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsole360RcpFrameOpt2,\n FxaaFloat fxaaQualitySubpix,\n FxaaFloat fxaaQualityEdgeThreshold,\n FxaaFloat fxaaQualityEdgeThresholdMin,\n FxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeSharpness,\n FxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeThreshold,\n FxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeThresholdMin,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsole360ConstDir\n)\n{\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n float4 lumaNwNeSwSe;\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n asm\n {\n tfetch2D lumaNwNeSwSe.w___, tex, pos.xy, OffsetX = -0.5, OffsetY = -0.5, UseComputedLOD = false\n tfetch2D lumaNwNeSwSe._w__, tex, pos.xy, OffsetX = 0.5, OffsetY = -0.5, UseComputedLOD = false\n tfetch2D lumaNwNeSwSe.__w_, tex, pos.xy, OffsetX = -0.5, OffsetY = 0.5, UseComputedLOD = false\n tfetch2D lumaNwNeSwSe.___w, tex, pos.xy, OffsetX = 0.5, OffsetY = 0.5, UseComputedLOD = false\n };\n#else\n asm\n {\n tfetch2D lumaNwNeSwSe.y___, tex, pos.xy, OffsetX = -0.5, OffsetY = -0.5, UseComputedLOD = false\n tfetch2D lumaNwNeSwSe._y__, tex, pos.xy, OffsetX = 0.5, OffsetY = -0.5, UseComputedLOD = false\n tfetch2D lumaNwNeSwSe.__y_, tex, pos.xy, OffsetX = -0.5, OffsetY = 0.5, UseComputedLOD = false\n tfetch2D lumaNwNeSwSe.___y, tex, pos.xy, OffsetX = 0.5, OffsetY = 0.5, UseComputedLOD = false\n };\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n lumaNwNeSwSe.y += 1.0 / 384.0;\n float2 lumaMinTemp = min(lumaNwNeSwSe.xy, lumaNwNeSwSe.zw);\n float2 lumaMaxTemp = max(lumaNwNeSwSe.xy, lumaNwNeSwSe.zw);\n float lumaMin = min(lumaMinTemp.x, lumaMinTemp.y);\n float lumaMax = max(lumaMaxTemp.x, lumaMaxTemp.y);\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n float4 rgbyM = tex2Dlod(tex, float4(pos.xy, 0.0, 0.0));\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n float lumaMinM = min(lumaMin, rgbyM.w);\n float lumaMaxM = max(lumaMax, rgbyM.w);\n#else\n float lumaMinM = min(lumaMin, rgbyM.y);\n float lumaMaxM = max(lumaMax, rgbyM.y);\n#endif\n if ((lumaMaxM - lumaMinM) < max(fxaaConsoleEdgeThresholdMin, lumaMax * fxaaConsoleEdgeThreshold)) return rgbyM;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n float2 dir;\n dir.x = dot(lumaNwNeSwSe, fxaaConsole360ConstDir.yyxx);\n dir.y = dot(lumaNwNeSwSe, fxaaConsole360ConstDir.xyxy);\n dir = normalize(dir);\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n float4 dir1 = dir.xyxy * fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt.xyzw;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n float4 dir2;\n float dirAbsMinTimesC = min(abs(dir.x), abs(dir.y)) * fxaaConsoleEdgeSharpness;\n dir2 = saturate(fxaaConsole360ConstDir.zzww * dir.xyxy / dirAbsMinTimesC + 0.5);\n dir2 = dir2 * fxaaConsole360RcpFrameOpt2.xyxy + fxaaConsole360RcpFrameOpt2.zwzw;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n float4 rgbyN1 = tex2Dlod(fxaaConsole360TexExpBiasNegOne, float4(pos.xy + dir1.xy, 0.0, 0.0));\n float4 rgbyP1 = tex2Dlod(fxaaConsole360TexExpBiasNegOne, float4(pos.xy + dir1.zw, 0.0, 0.0));\n float4 rgbyN2 = tex2Dlod(fxaaConsole360TexExpBiasNegTwo, float4(pos.xy + dir2.xy, 0.0, 0.0));\n float4 rgbyP2 = tex2Dlod(fxaaConsole360TexExpBiasNegTwo, float4(pos.xy + dir2.zw, 0.0, 0.0));\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n float4 rgbyA = rgbyN1 + rgbyP1;\n float4 rgbyB = rgbyN2 + rgbyP2 + rgbyA * 0.5;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n float4 rgbyR = ((FxaaLuma(rgbyB) - lumaMax) > 0.0) ? ", "rgbyA : rgbyB;\n rgbyR = ((FxaaLuma(rgbyB) - lumaMin) > 0.0) ? ", "rgbyR : rgbyA;\n return rgbyR;\n}\n/*==========================================================================*/\n#endif\n\n\n\n/*============================================================================\n\nFXAA3 CONSOLE - OPTIMIZED PS3 PIXEL SHADER (NO EARLY EXIT)\n\n==============================================================================\nThe code below does not exactly match the assembly.", "\nI have a feeling that 12 cycles is possible, but was not able to get there.", "\nMight have to increase register count to get full performance.", "\nNote this shader does not use perspective interpolation.", "\n\nUse the following cgc options,\n\n--fenable-bx2 --fastmath --fastprecision --nofloatbindings\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nNVSHADERPERF OUTPUT\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nFor reference and to aid in debug, output of NVShaderPerf should match this,\n\nShader to schedule:\n0: texpkb h0.w(TRUE), v5.zyxx, #0\n2: addh h2.z(TRUE), h0.w, constant(0.001953, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000).x\n4: texpkb h0.w(TRUE), v5.xwxx, #0\n6: addh h0.z(TRUE), -h2, h0.w\n7: texpkb h1.w(TRUE), v5, #0\n9: addh h0.x(TRUE), h0.z, -h1.w\n10: addh h3.w(TRUE), h0.z, h1\n11: texpkb h2.w(TRUE), v5.zwzz, #0\n13: addh h0.z(TRUE), h3.w, -h2.w\n14: addh h0.x(TRUE), h2.w, h0\n15: nrmh h1.xz(TRUE), h0_n\n16: minh_m8 h0.x(TRUE), |h1|, |h1.z|\n17: maxh h4.w(TRUE), h0, h1\n18: divx h2.xy(TRUE), h1_n.xzzw, h0_n\n19: movr r1.zw(TRUE), v4.xxxy\n20: madr r2.xz(TRUE), -h1, constant(cConst5.x, cConst5.y, cConst5.z, cConst5.w).zzww, r1.zzww\n22: minh h5.w(TRUE), h0, h1\n23: texpkb h0(TRUE), r2.xzxx, #0\n25: madr r0.zw(TRUE), h1.xzxz, constant(cConst5.x, cConst5.y, cConst5.z, cConst5.w), r1\n27: maxh h4.x(TRUE), h2.z, h2.w\n28: texpkb h1(TRUE), r0.zwzz, #0\n30: addh_d2 h1(TRUE), h0, h1\n31: madr r0.xy(TRUE), -h2, constant(cConst5.x, cConst5.y, cConst5.z, cConst5.w).xyxx, r1.zwzz\n33: texpkb h0(TRUE), r0, #0\n35: minh h4.z(TRUE), h2, h2.w\n36: fenct TRUE\n37: madr r1.xy(TRUE), h2, constant(cConst5.x, cConst5.y, cConst5.z, cConst5.w).xyxx, r1.zwzz\n39: texpkb h2(TRUE), r1, #0\n41: addh_d2 h0(TRUE), h0, h2\n42: maxh h2.w(TRUE), h4, h4.x\n43: minh h2.x(TRUE), h5.w, h4.z\n44: addh_d2 h0(TRUE), h0, h1\n45: slth h2.x(TRUE), h0.w, h2\n46: sgth h2.w(TRUE), h0, h2\n47: movh h0(TRUE), h0\n48: addx.c0 rc(TRUE), h2, h2.w\n49: movh h0(c0.NE.x), h1\n\nIPU0 ------ Simplified schedule: --------\nPass | Unit | uOp | PC: Op\n-----+--------+------+-------------------------\n1 | SCT0/1 | mov | 0: TXLr h0.w, g[TEX1].zyxx, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 0: TXLr h0.w, g[TEX1].zyxx, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| SCB1 | add | 2: ADDh h2.z, h0.--w-, const.--x-;\n| | |\n2 | SCT0/1 | mov | 4: TXLr h0.w, g[TEX1].xwxx, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 4: TXLr h0.w, g[TEX1].xwxx, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| SCB1 | add | 6: ADDh h0.z,-h2, h0.--w-;\n| | |\n3 | SCT0/1 | mov | 7: TXLr h1.w, g[TEX1], const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 7: TXLr h1.w, g[TEX1], const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| SCB0 | add | 9: ADDh h0.x, h0.z---,-h1.w---;\n| SCB1 | add | 10: ADDh h3.w, h0.---z, h1;\n| | |\n4 | SCT0/1 | mov | 11: TXLr h2.w, g[TEX1].zwzz, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 11: TXLr h2.w, g[TEX1].zwzz, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| SCB0 | add | 14: ADDh h0.x, h2.w---, h0;\n| SCB1 | add | 13: ADDh h0.z, h3.--w-,-h2.--w-;\n| | |\n5 | SCT1 | mov | 15: NRMh h1.xz, h0;\n| SRB | nrm | 15: NRMh h1.xz, h0;\n| SCB0 | min | 16: MINh*8 h0.x, |h1|, |h1.z---|;\n| SCB1 | max | 17: MAXh h4.w, h0, h1;\n| | |\n6 | SCT0 | div | 18: DIVx h2.xy, h1.xz--, h0;\n| SCT1 | mov | 19: MOVr r1.zw, g[TEX0].--xy;\n| SCB0 | mad | 20: MADr r2.xz,-h1, const.z-w-, r1.z-w-;\n| SCB1 | min | 22: MINh h5.w, h0, h1;\n| | |\n7 | SCT0/1 | mov | 23: TXLr h0, r2.xzxx, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 23: TXLr h0, r2.xzxx, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| SCB0 | max | 27: MAXh h4.x, h2.z---, h2.w---;\n| SCB1 | mad | 25: MADr r0.zw, h1.--xz, const, r1;\n| | |\n8 | SCT0/1 | mov | 28: TXLr h1, r0.zwzz, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 28: TXLr h1, r0.zwzz, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| SCB0/1 | add | 30: ADDh/2 h1, h0, h1;\n| | |\n9 | SCT0 | mad | 31: MADr r0.xy,-h2, const.xy--, r1.zw--;\n| SCT1 | mov | 33: TXLr h0, r0, const.zzzz, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 33: TXLr h0, r0, const.zzzz, TEX0;\n| SCB1 | min | 35: MINh h4.z, h2, h2.--w-;\n| | |\n10 | SCT0 | mad | 37: MADr r1.xy, h2, const.xy--, r1.zw--;\n| SCT1 | mov | 39: TXLr h2, r1, const.zzzz, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 39: TXLr h2, r1, const.zzzz, TEX0;\n| SCB0/1 | add | 41: ADDh/2 h0, h0, h2;\n| | |\n11 | SCT0 | min | 43: MINh h2.x, h5.w---, h4.z---;\n| SCT1 | max | 42: MAXh h2.w, h4, h4.---x;\n| SCB0/1 | add | 44: ADDh/2 h0, h0, h1;\n| | |\n12 | SCT0 | set | 45: SLTh h2.x, h0.w---, h2;\n| SCT1 | set | 46: SGTh h2.w, h0, h2;\n| SCB0/1 | mul | 47: MOVh h0, h0;\n| | |\n13 | SCT0 | mad | 48: ADDxc0_s rc, h2, h2.w---;\n| SCB0/1 | mul | 49: MOVh h0(NE0.xxxx), h1;\n\nPass SCT TEX SCB\n1: 0% 100% 25%\n2: 0% 100% 25%\n3: 0% 100% 50%\n4: 0% 100% 50%\n5: 0% 0% 50%\n6: 100% 0% 75%\n7: 0% 100% 75%\n8: 0% 100% 100%\n9: 0% 100% 25%\n10: 0% 100% 100%\n11: 50% 0% 100%\n12: 50% 0% 100%\n13: 25% 0% 100%\n\nMEAN: 17% 61% 67%\n\nPass SCT0 SCT1 TEX SCB0 SCB1\n1: 0% 0% 100% 0% 100%\n2: 0% 0% 100% 0% 100%\n3: 0% 0% 100% 100% 100%\n4: 0% 0% 100% 100% 100%\n5: 0% 0% 0% 100% 100%\n6: 100% 100% 0% 100% 100%\n7: 0% 0% 100% 100% 100%\n8: 0% 0% 100% 100% 100%\n9: 0% 0% 100% 0% 100%\n10: 0% 0% 100% 100% 100%\n11: 100% 100% 0% 100% 100%\n12: 100% 100% 0% 100% 100%\n13: 100% 0% 0% 100% 100%\n\nMEAN: 30% 23% 61% 76% 100%\nFragment Performance Setup: Driver RSX Compiler, GPU RSX, Flags 0x5\nResults 13 cycles, 3 r regs, 923,076,923 pixels/s\n============================================================================*/\n#if (FXAA_PS3 == 1) && (FXAA_EARLY_EXIT == 0)\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#pragma regcount 7\n#pragma disablepc all\n#pragma option O3\n#pragma option OutColorPrec=fp16\n#pragma texformat default RGBA8\n/*==========================================================================*/\nhalf4 FxaaPixelShader(\n // See FXAA Quality FxaaPixelShader() source for docs on Inputs!", "\n FxaaFloat2 pos,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsolePosPos,\n FxaaTex tex,\n FxaaTex fxaaConsole360TexExpBiasNegOne,\n FxaaTex fxaaConsole360TexExpBiasNegTwo,\n FxaaFloat2 fxaaQualityRcpFrame,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt2,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsole360RcpFrameOpt2,\n FxaaFloat fxaaQualitySubpix,\n FxaaFloat fxaaQualityEdgeThreshold,\n FxaaFloat fxaaQualityEdgeThresholdMin,\n FxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeSharpness,\n FxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeThreshold,\n FxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeThresholdMin,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsole360ConstDir\n)\n{\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (1)\n half4 dir;\n half4 lumaNe = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(fxaaConsolePosPos.zy, 0, 0));\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n lumaNe.w += half(1.0 / 512.0);\n dir.x = -lumaNe.w;\n dir.z = -lumaNe.w;\n#else\n lumaNe.y += half(1.0 / 512.0);\n dir.x = -lumaNe.y;\n dir.z = -lumaNe.y;\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (2)\n half4 lumaSw = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(fxaaConsolePosPos.xw, 0, 0));\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n dir.x += lumaSw.w;\n dir.z += lumaSw.w;\n#else\n dir.x += lumaSw.y;\n dir.z += lumaSw.y;\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (3)\n half4 lumaNw = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(fxaaConsolePosPos.xy, 0, 0));\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n dir.x -= lumaNw.w;\n dir.z += lumaNw.w;\n#else\n dir.x -= lumaNw.y;\n dir.z += lumaNw.y;\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (4)\n half4 lumaSe = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(fxaaConsolePosPos.zw, 0, 0));\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n dir.x += lumaSe.w;\n dir.z -= lumaSe.w;\n#else\n dir.x += lumaSe.y;\n dir.z -= lumaSe.y;\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (5)\n half4 dir1_pos;\n dir1_pos.xy = normalize(dir.xyz).xz;\n half dirAbsMinTimesC = min(abs(dir1_pos.x), abs(dir1_pos.y)) * half(FXAA_CONSOLE__PS3_EDGE_SHARPNESS);\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (6)\n half4 dir2_pos;\n dir2_pos.xy = clamp(dir1_pos.xy / dirAbsMinTimesC, half(-2.0), half(2.0));\n dir1_pos.zw = pos.xy;\n dir2_pos.zw = pos.xy;\n half4 temp1N;\n temp1N.xy = dir1_pos.zw - dir1_pos.xy * fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt.zw;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (7)\n temp1N = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(temp1N.xy, 0.0, 0.0));\n half4 rgby1;\n rgby1.xy = dir1_pos.zw + dir1_pos.xy * fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt.zw;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (8)\n rgby1 = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(rgby1.xy, 0.0, 0.0));\n rgby1 = (temp1N + rgby1) * 0.5;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (9)\n half4 temp2N;\n temp2N.xy = dir2_pos.zw - dir2_pos.xy * fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt2.zw;\n temp2N = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(temp2N.xy, 0.0, 0.0));\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (10)\n half4 rgby2;\n rgby2.xy = dir2_pos.zw + dir2_pos.xy * fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt2.zw;\n rgby2 = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(rgby2.xy, 0.0, 0.0));\n rgby2 = (temp2N + rgby2) * 0.5;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (11)\n // compilier moves these scalar ops up to other cycles\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n half lumaMin = min(min(lumaNw.w, lumaSw.w), min(lumaNe.w, lumaSe.w));\n half lumaMax = max(max(lumaNw.w, lumaSw.w), max(lumaNe.w, lumaSe.w));\n#else\n half lumaMin = min(min(lumaNw.y, lumaSw.y), min(lumaNe.y, lumaSe.y));\n half lumaMax = max(max(lumaNw.y, lumaSw.y), max(lumaNe.y, lumaSe.y));\n#endif\n rgby2 = (rgby2 + rgby1) * 0.5;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (12)\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n bool twoTapLt = rgby2.w < lumaMin;\n bool twoTapGt = rgby2.w > lumaMax;\n#else\n bool twoTapLt = rgby2.y < lumaMin;\n bool twoTapGt = rgby2.y > lumaMax;\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (13)\n if (twoTapLt || twoTapGt) rgby2 = rgby1;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n return rgby2;\n}\n/*==========================================================================*/\n#endif\n\n\n\n/*============================================================================\n\nFXAA3 CONSOLE - OPTIMIZED PS3 PIXEL SHADER (WITH EARLY EXIT)\n\n==============================================================================\nThe code mostly matches the assembly.", "\nI have a feeling that 14 cycles is possible, but was not able to get there.", "\nMight have to increase register count to get full performance.", "\nNote this shader does not use perspective interpolation.", "\n\nUse the following cgc options,\n\n--fenable-bx2 --fastmath --fastprecision --nofloatbindings\n\nUse of FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA currently adds a cycle (16 clks).", "\nWill look at fixing this for FXAA 3.12.", "\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nNVSHADERPERF OUTPUT\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nFor reference and to aid in debug, output of NVShaderPerf should match this,\n\nShader to schedule:\n0: texpkb h0.w(TRUE), v5.zyxx, #0\n2: addh h2.y(TRUE), h0.w, constant(0.001953, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000).x\n4: texpkb h1.w(TRUE), v5.xwxx, #0\n6: addh h0.x(TRUE), h1.w, -h2.y\n7: texpkb h2.w(TRUE), v5.zwzz, #0\n9: minh h4.w(TRUE), h2.y, h2\n10: maxh h5.x(TRUE), h2.y, h2.w\n11: texpkb h0.w(TRUE), v5, #0\n13: addh h3.w(TRUE), -h0, h0.x\n14: addh h0.x(TRUE), h0.w, h0\n15: addh h0.z(TRUE), -h2.w, h0.x\n16: addh h0.x(TRUE), h2.w, h3.w\n17: minh h5.y(TRUE), h0.w, h1.w\n18: nrmh h2.xz(TRUE), h0_n\n19: minh_m8 h2.w(TRUE), |h2.x|, |h2.z|\n20: divx h4.xy(TRUE), h2_n.xzzw, h2_n.w\n21: movr r1.zw(TRUE), v4.xxxy\n22: maxh h2.w(TRUE), h0, h1\n23: fenct TRUE\n24: madr r0.xy(TRUE), -h2.xzzw, constant(cConst5.x, cConst5.y, cConst5.z, cConst5.w).zwzz, r1.zwzz\n26: texpkb h0(TRUE), r0, #0\n28: maxh h5.x(TRUE), h2.w, h5\n29: minh h5.w(TRUE), h5.y, h4\n30: madr r1.xy(TRUE), h2.xzzw, constant(cConst5.x, cConst5.y, cConst5.z, cConst5.w).zwzz, r1.zwzz\n32: texpkb h2(TRUE), r1, #0\n34: addh_d2 h2(TRUE), h0, h2\n35: texpkb h1(TRUE), v4, #0\n37: maxh h5.y(TRUE), h5.x, h1.w\n38: minh h4.w(TRUE), h1, h5\n39: madr r0.xy(TRUE), -h4, constant(cConst5.x, cConst5.y, cConst5.z, cConst5.w).xyxx, r1.zwzz\n41: texpkb h0(TRUE), r0, #0\n43: addh_m8 h5.z(TRUE), h5.y, -h4.w\n44: madr r2.xy(TRUE), h4, constant(cConst5.x, cConst5.y, cConst5.z, cConst5.w).xyxx, r1.zwzz\n46: texpkb h3(TRUE), r2, #0\n48: addh_d2 h0(TRUE), h0, h3\n49: addh_d2 h3(TRUE), h0, h2\n50: movh h0(TRUE), h3\n51: slth h3.x(TRUE), h3.w, h5.w\n52: sgth h3.w(TRUE), h3, h5.x\n53: addx.c0 rc(TRUE), h3.x, h3\n54: slth.c0 rc(TRUE), h5.z, h5\n55: movh h0(c0.NE.w), h2\n56: movh h0(c0.NE.x), h1\n\nIPU0 ------ Simplified schedule: --------\nPass | Unit | uOp | PC: Op\n-----+--------+------+-------------------------\n1 | SCT0/1 | mov | 0: TXLr h0.w, g[TEX1].zyxx, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 0: TXLr h0.w, g[TEX1].zyxx, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| SCB0 | add | 2: ADDh h2.y, h0.-w--, const.-x--;\n| | |\n2 | SCT0/1 | mov | 4: TXLr h1.w, g[TEX1].xwxx, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 4: TXLr h1.w, g[TEX1].xwxx, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| SCB0 | add | 6: ADDh h0.x, h1.w---,-h2.y---;\n| | |\n3 | SCT0/1 | mov | 7: TXLr h2.w, g[TEX1].zwzz, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 7: TXLr h2.w, g[TEX1].zwzz, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| SCB0 | max | 10: MAXh h5.x, h2.y---, h2.w---;\n| SCB1 | min | 9: MINh h4.w, h2.---y, h2;\n| | |\n4 | SCT0/1 | mov | 11: TXLr h0.w, g[TEX1], const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 11: TXLr h0.w, g[TEX1], const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| SCB0 | add | 14: ADDh h0.x, h0.w---, h0;\n| SCB1 | add | 13: ADDh h3.w,-h0, h0.---x;\n| | |\n5 | SCT0 | mad | 16: ADDh h0.x, h2.w---, h3.w---;\n| SCT1 | mad | 15: ADDh h0.z,-h2.--w-, h0.--x-;\n| SCB0 | min | 17: MINh h5.y, h0.-w--, h1.-w--;\n| | |\n6 | SCT1 | mov | 18: NRMh h2.xz, h0;\n| SRB | nrm | 18: NRMh h2.xz, h0;\n| SCB1 | min | 19: MINh*8 h2.w, |h2.---x|, |h2.---z|;\n| | |\n7 | SCT0 | div | 20: DIVx h4.xy, h2.xz--, h2.ww--;\n| SCT1 | mov | 21: MOVr r1.zw, g[TEX0].--xy;\n| SCB1 | max | 22: MAXh h2.w, h0, h1;\n| | |\n8 | SCT0 | mad | 24: MADr r0.xy,-h2.xz--, const.zw--, r1.zw--;\n| SCT1 | mov | 26: TXLr h0, r0, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 26: TXLr h0, r0, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| SCB0 | max | 28: MAXh h5.x, h2.w---, h5;\n| SCB1 | min | 29: MINh h5.w, h5.---y, h4;\n| | |\n9 | SCT0 | mad | 30: MADr r1.xy, h2.xz--, const.zw--, r1.zw--;\n| SCT1 | mov | 32: TXLr h2, r1, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 32: TXLr h2, r1, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| SCB0/1 | add | 34: ADDh/2 h2, h0, h2;\n| | |\n10 | SCT0/1 | mov | 35: TXLr h1, g[TEX0], const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 35: TXLr h1, g[TEX0], const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| SCB0 | max | 37: MAXh h5.y, h5.-x--, h1.-w--;\n| SCB1 | min | 38: MINh h4.w, h1, h5;\n| | |\n11 | SCT0 | mad | 39: MADr r0.xy,-h4, const.xy--, r1.zw--;\n| SCT1 | mov | 41: TXLr h0, r0, const.zzzz, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 41: TXLr h0, r0, const.zzzz, TEX0;\n| SCB0 | mad | 44: MADr r2.xy, h4, const.xy--, r1.zw--;\n| SCB1 | add | 43: ADDh*8 h5.z, h5.--y-,-h4.--w-;\n| | |\n12 | SCT0/1 | mov | 46: TXLr h3, r2, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| TEX | txl | 46: TXLr h3, r2, const.xxxx, TEX0;\n| SCB0/1 | add | 48: ADDh/2 h0, h0, h3;\n| | |\n13 | SCT0/1 | mad | 49: ADDh/2 h3, h0, h2;\n| SCB0/1 | mul | 50: MOVh h0, h3;\n| | |\n14 | SCT0 | set | 51: SLTh h3.x, h3.w---, h5.w---;\n| SCT1 | set | 52: SGTh h3.w, h3, h5.---x;\n| SCB0 | set | 54: SLThc0 rc, h5.z---, h5;\n| SCB1 | add | 53: ADDxc0_s rc, h3.---x, h3;\n| | |\n15 | SCT0/1 | mul | 55: MOVh h0(NE0.wwww), h2;\n| SCB0/1 | mul | 56: MOVh h0(NE0.xxxx), h1;\n\nPass SCT TEX SCB\n1: 0% 100% 25%\n2: 0% 100% 25%\n3: 0% 100% 50%\n4: 0% 100% 50%\n5: 50% 0% 25%\n6: 0% 0% 25%\n7: 100% 0% 25%\n8: 0% 100% 50%\n9: 0% 100% 100%\n10: 0% 100% 50%\n11: 0% 100% 75%\n12: 0% 100% 100%\n13: 100% 0% 100%\n14: 50% 0% 50%\n15: 100% 0% 100%\n\nMEAN: 26% 60% 56%\n\nPass SCT0 SCT1 TEX SCB0 SCB1\n1: 0% 0% 100% 100% 0%\n2: 0% 0% 100% 100% 0%\n3: 0% 0% 100% 100% 100%\n4: 0% 0% 100% 100% 100%\n5: 100% 100% 0% 100% 0%\n6: 0% 0% 0% 0% 100%\n7: 100% 100% 0% 0% 100%\n8: 0% 0% 100% 100% 100%\n9: 0% 0% 100% 100% 100%\n10: 0% 0% 100% 100% 100%\n11: 0% 0% 100% 100% 100%\n12: 0% 0% 100% 100% 100%\n13: 100% 100% 0% 100% 100%\n14: 100% 100% 0% 100% 100%\n15: 100% 100% 0% 100% 100%\n\nMEAN: 33% 33% 60% 86% 80%\nFragment Performance Setup: Driver RSX Compiler, GPU RSX, Flags 0x5\nResults 15 cycles, 3 r regs, 800,000,000 pixels/s\n============================================================================*/\n#if (FXAA_PS3 == 1) && (FXAA_EARLY_EXIT == 1)\n/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n#pragma regcount 7\n#pragma disablepc all\n#pragma option O2\n#pragma option OutColorPrec=fp16\n#pragma texformat default RGBA8\n/*==========================================================================*/\nhalf4 FxaaPixelShader(\n // See FXAA Quality FxaaPixelShader() source for docs on Inputs!", "\n FxaaFloat2 pos,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsolePosPos,\n FxaaTex tex,\n FxaaTex fxaaConsole360TexExpBiasNegOne,\n FxaaTex fxaaConsole360TexExpBiasNegTwo,\n FxaaFloat2 fxaaQualityRcpFrame,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt2,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsole360RcpFrameOpt2,\n FxaaFloat fxaaQualitySubpix,\n FxaaFloat fxaaQualityEdgeThreshold,\n FxaaFloat fxaaQualityEdgeThresholdMin,\n FxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeSharpness,\n FxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeThreshold,\n FxaaFloat fxaaConsoleEdgeThresholdMin,\n FxaaFloat4 fxaaConsole360ConstDir\n)\n{\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (1)\n half4 rgbyNe = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(fxaaConsolePosPos.zy, 0, 0));\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n half lumaNe = rgbyNe.w + half(1.0 / 512.0);\n#else\n half lumaNe = rgbyNe.y + half(1.0 / 512.0);\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (2)\n half4 lumaSw = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(fxaaConsolePosPos.xw, 0, 0));\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n half lumaSwNegNe = lumaSw.w - lumaNe;\n#else\n half lumaSwNegNe = lumaSw.y - lumaNe;\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (3)\n half4 lumaNw = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(fxaaConsolePosPos.xy, 0, 0));\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n half lumaMaxNwSw = max(lumaNw.w, lumaSw.w);\n half lumaMinNwSw = min(lumaNw.w, lumaSw.w);\n#else\n half lumaMaxNwSw = max(lumaNw.y, lumaSw.y);\n half lumaMinNwSw = min(lumaNw.y, lumaSw.y);\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (4)\n half4 lumaSe = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(fxaaConsolePosPos.zw, 0, 0));\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n half dirZ = lumaNw.w + lumaSwNegNe;\n half dirX = -lumaNw.w + lumaSwNegNe;\n#else\n half dirZ = lumaNw.y + lumaSwNegNe;\n half dirX = -lumaNw.y + lumaSwNegNe;\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (5)\n half3 dir;\n dir.y = 0.0;\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n dir.x = lumaSe.w + dirX;\n dir.z = -lumaSe.w + dirZ;\n half lumaMinNeSe = min(lumaNe, lumaSe.w);\n#else\n dir.x = lumaSe.y + dirX;\n dir.z = -lumaSe.y + dirZ;\n half lumaMinNeSe = min(lumaNe, lumaSe.y);\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (6)\n half4 dir1_pos;\n dir1_pos.xy = normalize(dir).xz;\n half dirAbsMinTimes8 = min(abs(dir1_pos.x), abs(dir1_pos.y)) * half(FXAA_CONSOLE__PS3_EDGE_SHARPNESS);\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (7)\n half4 dir2_pos;\n dir2_pos.xy = clamp(dir1_pos.xy / dirAbsMinTimes8, half(-2.0), half(2.0));\n dir1_pos.zw = pos.xy;\n dir2_pos.zw = pos.xy;\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n half lumaMaxNeSe = max(lumaNe, lumaSe.w);\n#else\n half lumaMaxNeSe = max(lumaNe, lumaSe.y);\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (8)\n half4 temp1N;\n temp1N.xy = dir1_pos.zw - dir1_pos.xy * fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt.zw;\n temp1N = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(temp1N.xy, 0.0, 0.0));\n half lumaMax = max(lumaMaxNwSw, lumaMaxNeSe);\n half lumaMin = min(lumaMinNwSw, lumaMinNeSe);\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (9)\n half4 rgby1;\n rgby1.xy = dir1_pos.zw + dir1_pos.xy * fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt.zw;\n rgby1 = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(rgby1.xy, 0.0, 0.0));\n rgby1 = (temp1N + rgby1) * 0.5;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (10)\n half4 rgbyM = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(pos.xy, 0.0, 0.0));\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n half lumaMaxM = max(lumaMax, rgbyM.w);\n half lumaMinM = min(lumaMin, rgbyM.w);\n#else\n half lumaMaxM = max(lumaMax, rgbyM.y);\n half lumaMinM = min(lumaMin, rgbyM.y);\n#endif\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (11)\n half4 temp2N;\n temp2N.xy = dir2_pos.zw - dir2_pos.xy * fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt2.zw;\n temp2N = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(temp2N.xy, 0.0, 0.0));\n half4 rgby2;\n rgby2.xy = dir2_pos.zw + dir2_pos.xy * fxaaConsoleRcpFrameOpt2.zw;\n half lumaRangeM = (lumaMaxM - lumaMinM) / FXAA_CONSOLE__PS3_EDGE_THRESHOLD;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (12)\n rgby2 = h4tex2Dlod(tex, half4(rgby2.xy, 0.0, 0.0));\n rgby2 = (temp2N + rgby2) * 0.5;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (13)\n rgby2 = (rgby2 + rgby1) * 0.5;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (14)\n#if (FXAA_GREEN_AS_LUMA == 0)\n bool twoTapLt = rgby2.w < lumaMin;\n bool twoTapGt = rgby2.w > lumaMax;\n#else\n bool twoTapLt = rgby2.y < lumaMin;\n bool twoTapGt = rgby2.y > lumaMax;\n#endif\n bool earlyExit = lumaRangeM < lumaMax;\n bool twoTap = twoTapLt || twoTapGt;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n // (15)\n if (twoTap) rgby2 = rgby1;\n if (earlyExit) rgby2 = rgbyM;\n /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n return rgby2;\n}\n/*==========================================================================*/\n#endif\n\n#endif // __FXAA3_INC__\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0, 0.0028328611898017, 0.004914004914004914, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.003484320557491289, 0, 0.0025575447570332483, 0.025, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0.0111731843575419, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0.005714285714285714, 0.004310344827586207, 0, 0.011518324607329843, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005376344086021506, 0.01818181818181818, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0056179775280898875, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0, 0.005780346820809248, 0.015533980582524271, 0.018518518518518517, 0.013011152416356878, 0, 0, 0, 0.018957345971563982, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006396588486140725, 0, 0, 0, 0.008539280691179426, 0.015384615384615385, 0.012145748987854251, 0.015384615384615385, 0.03076923076923077, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.002560819462227913, 0.008, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0.004081632653061225, 0, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0, 0.006042296072507553, 0, 0, 0.004048582995951417, 0, 0, 0.004, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0, 0, 0.008438818565400843, 0, 0, 0, 0.003937007874015748, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011695906432748537, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0045871559633027525, 0, 0, 0.01, 0, 0, 0, 0.01087438970261873, 0.058823529411764705, 0.00510204081632653, 0.08333333333333333, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0.002824858757062147, 0.006437768240343348, 0.018518518518518517, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0.006134969325153374, 0.014925373134328358, 0.014925373134328358, 0.03571428571428571, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0, 0.0048543689320388345, 0.014084507042253521, 0.014084507042253521, 0.03333333333333333, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0, 0, 0.0045045045045045045, 0.013333333333333334, 0.013333333333333334, 0.03125, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0, 0, 0.004201680672268907, 0.012658227848101266, 0.012658227848101266, 0.029411764705882353, 0.010526315789473684, 0.014285714285714285, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.003937007874015748, 0.012048192771084338, 0.012048192771084338, 0.027777777777777776, 0.009900990099009901, 0.013513513513513514, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0.003703703703703704, 0.011494252873563218, 0.011494252873563218, 0.02631578947368421, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0, 0.0034965034965034965, 0.01098901098901099, 0.01098901098901099, 0.025, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0, 0, 0.0033112582781456954, 0.010526315789473684, 0.010526315789473684, 0.023809523809523808, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0, 0, 0.003134796238244514, 0.010101010101010102, 0.010101010101010102, 0.022727272727272728, 0.008, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0, 0, 0.002976190476190476, 0.009708737864077669, 0.009708737864077669, 0.021739130434782608, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0, 0, 0.002840909090909091, 0.009345794392523364, 0.009345794392523364, 0.020833333333333332, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0, 0.0045792787635947334, 0.023255813953488372, 0.0125, 0.02, 0.015444015444015444, 0.003278688524590164, 0.010752688172043012, 0.006868131868131868, 0, 0.007090522335145356, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006039255158530448, 0, 0.007614213197969543, 0, 0, 0, 0.013769941225860621, 0.005378568473314025, 0, 0, 0, 0.006535947712418301, 0, 0.014398302515913914, 0.0051423324150596875 ]

[ "\n\n(Photo: Atlanta is one of just a handful of clubs with the prospects necessary to acquire Christian Yelich.(Photo: Corn Farmer\n\nEarlier this offseason, the Braves and Dodgers conducted a trade that is likely to have little bearing on the 2018 season in terms of on-field results. ", "Los Angeles sent Charlie Culberson, Adrian Gonzalez, Scott Kazmir, and Brandon McCarthy to Atlanta; Atlanta sent Matt Kemp the other way. ", "There was a little money involved, too.", "\n\nIt wasn’t so much the precise identities of the players that were relevant to the deal, however, but rather the manner in which it allowed the clubs to curate their payrolls over the next couple years. ", "The trade permitted the Braves to concentrate more of the salary in just the 2018 season while allowing the Dodgers to spread the money out over the next two years, thus avoiding the luxury tax. ", "For taking on the brunt of the payments now, the Braves received whatever production McCarthy will provide this season and whatever production Culberson will provide over the next few. ", "More importantly, however, they relieved themselves of a large financial obligation in 2019.", "\n\nIt’s hard not to look at that trade and see that the Braves are positioning themselves for a contending run starting in 2019. ", "Perhaps that’s the case. ", "There’s a pretty good argument, however, that they should consider accelerating their timeline. ", "It’s possible, with the right moves, that Atlanta could assemble a winning team a year earlier than expected.", "\n\nWaiting a year to truly contend makes some sense for the Braves. ", "Former No. ", "1 pick Dansby Swanson was disappointing last season, while Ozzie Albies only got his feet wet. ", "One of the top prospects in all of baseball, Ronald Acuna, is only 20 years old and has yet to take an at-bat in majors. ", "Give those three another year to develop, pair them Freddie Freeman and Ender Inciarte, make a big splash in free agency, and the Braves could be contenders — maybe even in favorites — in the National League East.", "\n\nWith Julio Teheran, Luiz Gohara, Sean Newcomb, Mike Foltynewicz, and Max Fried, the club has the basis for a solid rotation, with five other pitching prospects having appeared on FanGraphs’ midseason top-100 list this past summer. ", "With the Nationals possibly losing Bryce Harper, Daniel Murphy, and Gio Gonzalez to free agency next season, Atlanta could take a step forward just as Washington takes one back.", "\n\nIn addition to a potentially great young core of players, the Braves now possess almost no salary commitments for the 2019 season. ", "With Kemp’s obligations now the responsibility of the Dodgers and Nick Markakis contract set to expire after this season, Atlanta has less $40 million on the books for next year, per Cot’s Contracts. ", "Even after accounting for some extra salary for arbitration-eligible players, that number is unlikely to surpass $50 million by much. ", "Given that payroll at the beginning of last season was at $122 million and 2.5 million fans showed up to see a losing team in a new ballpark, the Braves should be able to exceed that payroll figure in future seasons, especially if they are fielding a winner.", "\n\nFanGraphs’ current projections call for Atlanta to win 74 games in 2018. ", "Not an obvious candidate for contention, in other words. ", "Almost everything is pointing to 2019 for the Braves. ", "With a few reasonable assumptions, however — that the projections are slightly bearish, that the club capitalizes on an advantageous trade and free-agent market — it’s possible to identify a means for Atlanta to contend now.", "\n\nRegarding that first point, the possibility that FanGraphs’ projections are a bit pessimistic at the moment, consider: Dan Szymborski released some ZiPS forecasts early in the offseason and found the Braves to be a roughly 80-win team at that point. ", "There has, of course, been some movement in the NL East since then — the Phillies have gotten a little better, the Marlins much worse — but not enough to move the needle substantially. ", "If we regard the Braves as an 80-win team, or even a 77-win team, their path to the postseason becomes a bit more clear.", "\n\nSo if that’s the point at which the club begins, how do they improve on it? ", "A look at the Braves’ depth chart reveals three clear positional holes: one in left field, where Acuna and some below-replacement players are situated; one in right field, where Nick Markakis plays; and one at third base, where Rio Ruiz is expected to get most of his appearances. ", "The Braves probably only need to fill one of those outfield holes, and then let Nick Markakis eventually cede time to Acuna when the latter is ready for the majors. ", "Add one outfielder and one third baseman, and the Braves are in the Wild Card mix with a fighting chance for an upset of the Nationals.", "\n\nThe Braves could sign Lorenzo Cain or J.D. Martinez to fill that outfield hole, but there is an even better outfielder on the market — namely, Christian Yelich. ", "Unlike Cain or Martinez, the means to acquiring Yelich isn’t through the best contract offer to the player, but rather the best package of prospects to his employer.", "\n\nFortunately, the Atlanta Braves have a good farm system, even after getting hit hard by penalties. ", "Yelich, meanwhile, is probably the best outfielder currently available, either in trade or in free agency. ", "Owed just $50 million for the next five seasons, Yelich’s contract would be no problem for Atlanta, who could surely provide Miami with enough talent to make a deal worthwhile. ", "Even if Acuna, Albies, and Swanson and are off the table — and they might not be — the Braves could offer two top pitching prospects while supplementing the deal with some of their depth. ", "Yelich would immediately add four wins to the Braves this season without significantly harming the team’s future outlook given his favorable contract.", "\n\nAs for third base, Mike Moustakas is just too obvious. ", "The lefty slugger would provide a great fit in Atlanta’s home park where home runs are much easier to come by than they were in Kansas City. ", "As I mentioned over at ESPN, Moustakas hit 24 of his 38 homers on the road last season and, over the last three years, has a 122 wRC+ on the road compared to 113 at home. ", "Even with just the 113 wRC+ for which he’s currently projected for, he’d be something close to a three-win upgrade for the Braves.", "\n\nIf the Braves are concerned about cash flow problems in 2018, they could pretty easily backload Moustakas’s deal to pay him something like $5 million in 2018 with $20-$25 million guarantees for the few years after, when the Braves will have incredible financial wiggle room. ", "Atlanta wouldn’t necessarily have to stop there if they wanted to provide a little more certainty to their pitching staff, but Yelich, or even Cain, plus Moustakas would be enough to make the Braves contenders without sacrificing much in terms of money, and they’ve got the prospect depth for Yelich. ", "Going for J.T. Realmuto right now has some appeal, as well, but that shouldn’t be a hold-up in a potential deal for Yelich.", "\n\nMaybe the Braves think waiting another year is the prudent choice given the uncertainty surrounding their young players, but they shouldn’t ignore the incredible opportunity that they have right now. ", "They could make these moves and still make a splash next offseason if they wanted to. ", "They’ve got payroll room and the prospects to contend this season. ", "Teams often see drops in attendance after opening a new ballpark, but the Braves could easily fight against that now and begin building a consistent winner that has the potential to draw even more fans. ", "A lot of teams appear to be sitting this offseason out. ", "The Braves shouldn’t be one of them." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.010638297872340425, 0.036231884057971016, 0, 0, 0.010256410256410256, 0.016216216216216217, 0, 0.0078125, 0, 0, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0.021052631578947368, 0.008264462809917356, 0.018779342723004695, 0.017167381974248927, 0.01694915254237288, 0.007518796992481203, 0.02, 0, 0.003875968992248062, 0, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0.005405405405405406, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0.014234875444839857, 0.01818181818181818, 0.007407407407407408, 0.024539877300613498, 0.012121212121212121, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0.015957446808510637, 0.006666666666666667, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.011695906432748537, 0.007692307692307693, 0.010830324909747292, 0.013289036544850499, 0.008130081300813009, 0.0049504950495049506, 0, 0, 0.0049261083743842365, 0, 0.027777777777777776 ]

[ "The data used to present our study findings are controlled by a third party, the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat), and cannot be shared publicly. ", "However, Istat releases anonymized individual data upon request with a valid reason for study purposes. ", "Interested researchers can replicate our study findings by registering with the contact center (<https://contact.istat.it/registrazione.php>), applying to gain access to the data, and following the protocol in our Methods section.", "\n\nIntroduction {#sec005}\n============\n\nThe National Health Service (NHS) implemented in Italy is funded through general taxation. ", "The NHS is committed to providing a basic package of \"essential\" healthcare services to the entire resident population. ", "The so-called \"essential levels of care\" (Livelli Essenziali di Assistenza, LEAs) include most primary, outpatient specialist, hospital, emergency and preventive care services.", "\n\nAbout two thirds of the healthcare services financed by the NHS are provided by public providers, while a third is provided by private providers under contract with the public service \\[[@pone.0232827.ref001]\\]. ", "Patients can freely choose between NHS providers and contracted private suppliers (accreditated providers), without additional charges. ", "For this reason, contracted private providers are assimilated to public suppliers.", "\n\nPrivate healthcare spending accounts for 26% of the total health expenditure \\[[@pone.0232827.ref002]\\]. ", "Private spending is 90% out-of-pocket, while the remaining 10% is used to buy private health insurance, which is either complementary or supplementary to the coverage provided by the NHS. ", "Based on current estimates, approximately 22% of the Italian population has an additional private coverage \\[[@pone.0232827.ref003]\\].", "\n\nLeaving aside the premiums paid for voluntary private insurance, private health expenditure in Italy essentially comprises three items.", "\n\nThe first consists of services excluded from the essential levels of care. ", "Most dental procedures, outpatient physiotherapy and long-term care are not included in the LEAs. ", "Individuals must pay out-of-pocket for the entire cost of services not envisaged by the LEAs.", "\n\nThe second includes the co-payments charged to patients. ", "Primary care and hospitalizations are provided free of charge. ", "Drugs, inappropriate attendance in emergency wards, specialist examinations and diagnostic procedures not consequent to hospitalization are provided upon co-payment by the patient. ", "Co-payment varies depending on family income and region of residence. ", "Individuals suffering from certain pathologies and low-income healthcare users are exempt from co-payment. ", "On average, Italians spend about 26 euros per capita a year for co-payments to buy drugs, and about 22 euros for co-payments related to specialist outpatient services \\[[@pone.0232827.ref004]\\].", "\n\nThe third item consists of services included in the LEAs (and therefore formally guaranteed by the NHS) that Italians prefer to purchase from private providers.", "\n\nIn addition to their public practice, the medical staff of the Italian NHS are also allowed to work as private professionals. ", "NHS physicians wishing to pursue their private practice can choose between two alternatives: the so-called *intra-moenia* and *extra-moenia*. *", "Intra-moenia* refers to private practice within the public facility where the physician is employed, whereas *extra-moenia* refers to an independent activity outside the NHS, performed in private facilities. ", "Patients who decide to avail themselves of *intra-moenia* services are required to pay the full price of the consultation. ", "This is the reason why intra-moenia practice may be considered private activity.", "\n\nThis paper is focused on the health services made available by the Italian NHS but that individuals prefer to seek in private facilities.", "\n\nPrevious research \\[[@pone.0232827.ref001], [@pone.0232827.ref005]--[@pone.0232827.ref008]\\] has highlighted that Italians choose the private sector for a number of reasons: 1) waiting times for private consultations are usually much shorter than those offered by public facilities; 2) patients may consider that certain private providers offer higher quality services than those guaranteed by the NHS; 3) patients may wish to choose a given health professional (this right is not envisaged in public facilities); 4) private facilities may be closer or more convenient to reach than public ones; 5) in some cases, the cost of a private consultation is comparable to the co-payment charged by the NHS.", "\n\nIf we set the Italian private health expenditure equal to 100, drugs account for about 41.8%, dental care for 20.2%, specialist examinations for 19%, diagnostic imaging procedures for 9.7%, lenses and glasses for 5.1%, and other expenses for 4.2% \\[[@pone.0232827.ref003]\\].", "\n\nIn this work, we will therefore investigate the propensity of Italians to seek private healthcare and pay for services they would be entitled to receive from the public sector. ", "We will use the data collected by the Italian National Institute of Statistics, focusing particularly on specialist outpatient services. ", "The purpose of this paper is to identify the sociodemographic and health service organizational factors associated with private specialist consultations.", "\n\nMaterials and methods {#sec006}\n=====================\n\nOur data were retrieved from the national survey \"Health conditions and use of health services\" carried out in 2012--2013. ", "This survey is part of the \"Multipurpose Surveys on Households\", introduced in 1993 and conducted every five years by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat) until 2013, when the questionnaire was reviewed to conform to the European standards. ", "The survey consists of a self-administered paper questionnaire and a face-to-face interview with paper questionnaire. ", "The collection methodology has been described in detail elsewhere \\[[@pone.0232827.ref009]--[@pone.0232827.ref011]\\].", "\n\nA total of 49,811 households were sampled, and respondents to the questionnaire were 119,073. ", "For this study, we selected adults (≥18 years of age) with a specialty visit over a lookback period of 12 months. ", "The outcome of interest was the use of a private versus public facility for the last specialty visit. ", "This information, together with medical specialty, was retrieved from two multiple-choice questions: (1) \"Were you seen by a specialist for medical consultation in the last 12 months, and if so, what was the area of specialization of the doctor that visited you?\" ", "and (2) \"Were you seen in a private facility or public/accreditated facility?\".", "\n\nConsidering the type of payment for the last specialty visit we excluded the intra-moenia activities from the analysis, in order to compare the private-private users (private facility and private funding) and the public-service users (NHS funding, including accreditated facilities). ", "To investigate the determinants of private use we adopted the distinction made by Andersen and Newman \\[[@pone.0232827.ref012]\\] who proposed a socio-behavioral model that has been extensively used in studies investigating the use of health services \\[[@pone.0232827.ref013]\\]. ", "We distinguished individual sociodemographic and illness level characteristics versus societal-organizational determinants of medical care utilization. ", "We assumed that sociodemographic factors are hardly modifiable by decision makers, while organizational factors are directly affected by the managerial strategies and policies adopted.", "\n\nWe considered the following sociodemographic factors: age, sex, marital status (never married, married, separated/divorced, widowed), educational attainment (primary school or lower, middle school, high school, university degree or higher), occupation (job seeker, employed, student, housewife, retired from work, other condition) and self-rated economic resources (excellent, adequate, low, insufficient). ", "Illness level was measured as the occurrence of chronic diseases in terms of multimorbidity (defined as the presence of ≥3 chronic conditions). ", "To depict the characteristics of the health services delivery system and health policies we considered the answer to the following multiple-choice question \"Why did you choose that type of facility?\". ", "The respondent could pick one or more reasons (closeness, minor costs, trust in this healthcare service, physician choice possibility, shorter waiting time, and better conditions and time flexibility). ", "Finally we explored, at individual level, the exemption from co-payment for public health services (not exempt, completely exempt) as a determinant highly influenced by health policies.", "\n\nTo control for regional differences that might impact the use of private or public facilities, the region of residence was also included in statistical analyses. ", "Italy is subdivided into 20 regions: Piedmont, Aosta Valley, Lombardy, Liguria, Trentino-South Tyrol, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Umbria, Marche, Lazio, Abruzzo, Molise, Campania, Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily, and Sardinia.", "\n\nSince the early 90s, regional governments have been granted broad autonomy in planning and organizing healthcare services in their own territory. ", "This means that the individual regional government is responsible for identifying hospitals to turn into hospital agencies and deciding how many local healthcare agencies to divide their territory into. ", "The appointment of the general managers of the healthcare agencies is also the responsibility of the regional council and it is at regional level that the criteria for crediting and remunerating both public and private suppliers are established.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#sec007}\n--------------------\n\nStatistical analyses were restricted to the most frequent medical specialties observed in the study sample, namely ophthalmology, cardiology, obstetrics/gynecology and orthopedics. ", "All analyses were stratified by these specialties.", "\n\nContinuous variables were summarized as mean ± standard deviation; discrete and categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages. ", "Categories with low percentages (\\<5%) were collapsed to get more robust estimates. ", "In particular, we merged students with housewives, and retired from work with the category \"others\"; we also merged excellent and adequate economic resources and, for obstetric/gynecological visits only, separated/divorced with widowed.", "\n\nIn order to identify the characteristics that distinguish private from public care users, first we compared the two groups using the chi-squared test or independent-sample *t*-test, as appropriate. ", "Second, we carried out a multivariable logistic regression analysis including all the potential predictors described earlier. ", "Categorical variables, including region of residence, were entered into the model as dummy variables. ", "The goodness of fit of the model was evaluated with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and the discriminative ability was assessed with the *C*-statistic.", "\n\nStatistical significance level was set at 0.01. ", "All analyses were performed using the Stata software package, version 15 (StataCorp. ", "2017. *", "Stata Statistical Software*: *Release 15*. ", "College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC).", "\n\nResults {#sec008}\n=======\n\nIn the sample of 50,871 adults with a visit in the past 12 months, the most frequent specialties were ophthalmology (n = 8,619, 16.9%), cardiology (n = 7,932, 15.6%), obstetrics/gynecology (n = 7,858, 15.5%) and orthopedics (n = 7,290, 14.3%); other specialty visits were carried out by less than 5% of respondents. ", "Globally the proportion of people who referred to a public facility in intra-moenia was 12.1% (ranging from 8.1% for dietetics to 15.5% for gastroenterology). ", "The characteristics of the study patients with a visit in the four most frequent specialties, excluding intramoenia visits, are summarized in [Table 1](#pone.0232827.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "About two thirds were female and mean age was 55.2±18.4 years. ", "Multimorbidity was present in 1 out of 4 patients. ", "Nearly 59% were married, 38% were employed and 62% declared adequate economic resources., ", "Approximately 1 out of 5 reported to be totally exempt from co-payment for health services. ", "Age and gender distribution widely differed across medical specialties: patients seen by a cardiologist were older (64.7±16.0) and more frequently male (56.5%), while obstetric/gynecological visits were more common among young women (42.7±13.1 years).", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0232827.t001\n\n###### Patients characteristics, overall and by medical specialty of the visit.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0232827.t001){#pone.0232827.t001g}\n\n Total (n = 27038) Cardiology (n = 7049) Orthopedics (n = 6212) Ophthalmology (n = 7745) Obstetrics-gynecology (n = 6932)\n ------------------------------------- ------------------- ----------------------- ------------------------ -------------------------- ----------------------------------\n **Female, n (%)** 17631 (63.1) 3067 (43.5) 3491 (56.2) 4141 (53.5) 6932 (100)\n **Age (years), mean ± SD** 55.2 ± 18.4 64.7 ± 16.0 57.1 ± 18.0 56.2 ± 18.7 42.7 ± 13.1\n **Educational attainment, n (%)** \n Primary or lower 7610 (27.2) 2939 (41.7) 1987 (32.0) 2129 (27.5) 555 (8.0)\n Middle school 7287 (26.1) 1784 (25.3) 1791 (28.8) 1898 (24.5) 1814 (26.2)\n High school 9478 (33.9) 1752 (24.9) 1866 (30.0) 2760 (35.6) 3100 (44.7)\n Degree or higher 3563 (12.8) 574 (8.1) 568 (9.1) 958 (12.4) 1463 (21.1)\n **Marital status, n (%)** \n Never married 5632 (20.2) 814 (11.5) 1234 (19.9) 1778 (23.0) 1806 (26.0)\n Married 16352 (58.5) 4276 (60.7) 3537 (56.9) 4358 (56.3) 4181 (60.3)\n Separated/divorced 2167 (7.8) 443 (6.3) 484 (7.8) 542 (7.0) 698 (10.1)\n Widow 3787 (13.6) 1516 (21.5) 957 (15.4) 1067 (13.8) 247 (3.6)\n **Occupational status, n (%)** \n Employed 10586 (37.9) 1783 (25.3) 2284 (36.8) 2833 (36.6) 3686 (53.2)\n Job seeker 2219 (7.9) 385 (5.5) 494 (7.9) 503 (6.5) 837 (12.1)\n Housewife 5028 (18.0) 1276 (18.1) 1142 (18.4) 1178 (15.2) 1432 (20.7)\n Student 1021 (3.7) 87 (1.2) 187 (3.0) 439 (5.7) 308 (4.4)\n Retired from work 8193 (29.3) 3274 (46.4) 1896 (30.5) 2587 (33.4) 436 (6.3)\n Other 891 (3.2) 244 (3.5) 209 (3.4) 205 (2.6) 233 (3.4)\n **Self-rated income, n (%)** \n Excellent 514 (1.8) 120 (1.7) 115 (1.9) 151 (1.9) 128 (1.8)\n Adequate 16870 (60.4) 4045 (57.4) 3597 (57.9) 4870 (62.9) 4358 (62.9)\n Low 8996 (32.2) 2465 (35.0) 2127 (34.2) 2346 (30.3) 2058 (29.7)\n Insufficient 1558 (5.6) 419 (5.9) 373 (6.0) 378 (4.9) 388 (5.6)\n **Multimorbidity, n (%)** 7281 (26.1) 2991 (42.4) 1798 (28.9) 1771 (22.9) 721 (10.4)\n **Exemption from copayment, n (%)** 6429 (23.0) 2538 (36.0) 1510 (24.3) 1878 (24.3) 503 (7.3)\n **Area of residence, n (%)** \n North-West 6524 (23.4) 1402 (19.9) 1491 (24.0) 1863 (24.1) 1768 (25.5)\n North-East 5742 (20.6) 1075 (15.2) 1304 (21.0) 1744 (22.5) 1619 (23.4)\n Center 5376 (19.2) 1296 (18.4) 1193 (19.2) 1467 (18.9) 1420 (20.5)\n South 7024 (25.1) 2247 (31.9) 1521 (24.5) 1805 (23.3) 1451 (20.9)\n Islands 3272 (11.7) 1029 (14.6) 703 (11.3) 866 (11.2) 674 (9.7)\n\nUse of private care exhibited a large variation across specialties, from 26.3% for cardiology and 32.0% for orthopedics to 46.1% for ophthalmology and 53.6% for obstetrics/gynecology. ", "Differences across regions were also present ([Fig 1](#pone.0232827.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}): Trentino-South Tyrol and Sardinia had the lowest use of private service for all specialties, while Apulia, Basilicata and Liguria had the highest.", "\n\n{#pone.0232827.g001}\n\nAs shown in [S1 Table](#pone.0232827.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, consistent among specialties, private service users were on average younger, had a higher education attainment, were more frequently employed, had more economic resources, had a lower number of concurrent chronic conditions and were less frequently exempt from co-payment.", "\n\nResults of multivariable logistic regression analysis by medical specialty (ophthalmology, cardiology and orthopedics), are presented in [Table 2](#pone.0232827.t002){ref-type=\"table\"}: females were more likely to seek private care than males; younger patients and employed patients were more likely to seek private care for ophthalmic conditions; patients with higher educational levels resorted more frequently to private healthcare for all specialties. ", "Multimorbidity and marital status were unrelated to private service use. ", "Interestingly higher self-reported economic status showed a significant dose-response effect with the use of private care, while exemption from co-payment reduces by half the propensity to private use.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0232827.t002\n\n###### Factors associated with use of private services for cardiologic, orthopedic and ophthalmic visits: Results of multivariable logistic regressions.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0232827.t002){#pone.0232827.t002g}\n\n Cardiologic (n = 7049) Orthopedic (n = 6212) Ophthalmic (n = 7745) \n ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ ----------------------- ----------------------- ------ ------------ ------------- ------ ------------ -------------\n **Gender** **0.008** **\\<0.001** **0.008**\n Male 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- \n Female 1.20 1.01--1.43 1.27 1.07--1.50 1.15 1.00--1.32 \n **Age (years)** 0.131 0.265 **\\<0.001**\n 18--34 [§](#t002fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- \n 35--49 0.94 0.63--1.40 1.14 0.85--1.54 0.67 0.52--0.85 \n 50--64 0.80 0.54--1.19 0.99 0.73--1.35 0.61 0.47--0.79 \n 65+ 0.93 0.60--1.42 1.09 0.75--1.58 0.61 0.45--0.83 \n **Educational attainment** **\\<0.001** **0.004** **\\<0.001**\n Primary or lower [§](#t002fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- \n Middle school 0.94 0.76--1.17 1.12 0.89--1.41 1.17 0.96--1.42 \n High school 1.41 1.14--1.75 1.35 1.06--1.72 1.49 1.22--1.83 \n Degree or higher 1.25 0.93--1.67 1.36 1.00--1.85 1.51 1.17--1.95 \n **Marital status** 0.155 0.020 0.781\n Never married [§](#t002fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- \n Married 1.22 0.93--1.60 1.17 0.93--1.48 1.01 0.83--1.23 \n Separated/divorced 1.02 0.69--1.51 0.91 0.65--1.27 0.97 0.73--1.30 \n Widow 1.21 0.88--1.67 0.98 0.71--1.35 1.09 0.83--1.44 \n **Occupational status** 0.015 0.049 **\\<0.001**\n Job seeker [§](#t002fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- \n Employed 1.54 1.06--2.25 1.23 0.91--1.67 1.67 1.26--2.20 \n Housewife/student 1.27 0.83--1.92 0.98 0.70--1.38 1.28 0.95--1.72 \n Retired from work or other 1.30 0.87--1.95 1.01 0.71--1.43 1.35 0.99--1.84 \n **Self-rated income** **\\<0.001** **\\<0.001** **\\<0.001**\n Insufficient [§](#t002fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- \n Low 1.43 0.98--2.10 1.43 0.99--2.08 1.40 1.02--1.92 \n Adequate or Excellent 2.13 1.47--3.10 2.01 1.40--2.90 1.82 1.33--2.48 \n **Multimorbidity** 0.852 0.237 0.197\n No [§](#t002fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- \n Yes 1.01 0.86--1.19 1.09 0.90--1.31 0.92 0.76--1.09 \n **Exemption from copayment** **\\<0.001** **\\<0.001** **\\<0.001**\n Not exempt [§](#t002fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- 1.00 \\- \n Completely exempt 0.46 0.38--0.56 0.45 0.36--0.57 0.49 0.40--0.59 \n\n^§^ Reference category.", "\n\nOR and 99% CI estimates are adjusted for region of residence; p-value refer to likelihood ratio test between multivariable nested models (with and without the variable).", "\n\nAs for obstetric/gynecological visits ([Table 3](#pone.0232827.t003){ref-type=\"table\"}), we found that higher educational attainment, higher income and being employed were significantly associated with a higher use of private care, while being exempt from copayment and being separated/divorced or widowed was associated with a lower use. ", "The odds ratios associated with the region of residence are reported in the [S2 Table](#pone.0232827.s002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "All the models had an acceptable goodness of fit (Hosmer-Lemeshow test p-value\\>0.1) but a low discriminative ability (*C*-statistic\\<0.7).", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0232827.t003\n\n###### Factors predisposing to the use of private services for obstetric-gynecological visits: Results of multivariable logistic regression model.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0232827.t003){#pone.0232827.t003g}\n\n Obstetric-gynecological (n = 6392) \n ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------------ -------------\n **Age (years)** 0.204\n 18--30 [§](#t003fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.00 \\- \n 31--45 0.90 0.74--1.11 \n 46--60 0.83 0.67--1.04 \n \\>60 0.83 0.59--1.18 \n **Educational attainment** **\\<0.001**\n Primary or lower [§](#t003fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.00 \\- \n Middle school 1.51 1.12--2.03 \n High school 1.87 1.38--2.52 \n Degree or higher 2.05 1.48--2.83 \n **Marital status** **0.004**\n Never married [§](#t003fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.00 \\- \n Married 0.97 0.82--1.15 \n Separated/divorced or widow 0.76 0.60--0.96 \n **Occupational status** **\\<0.001**\n Job seeker [§](#t003fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.00 \\- \n Employed 1.35 1.08--1.68 \n Housewife/student 1.04 0.82--1.32 \n Retired from work or other 0.95 0.70--1.32 \n **Self-rated income** **\\<0.001**\n Insufficient [§](#t003fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.00 \\- \n Low 1.61 1.18--2.21 \n Adequate or Excellent 2.44 1.78--3.33 \n **Multimorbidity** 0.779\n No [§](#t003fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.00 \\- \n Yes 1.03 0.82--1.29 \n **Exemption from copayment** **\\<0.001**\n Not exempt [§](#t003fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 1.00 \\- \n Completely exempt 0.41 0.31--0.56 \n\n^§^Reference category\n\nOR and 99% CI estimates are adjusted for the region of residence; p-value refer to the likelihood ratio test between multivariable nested models (with and without the variable).", "\n\n[Fig 2](#pone.0232827.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the proportions of the reasons given for the choice of the private or the public sector. ", "Trust in the private healthcare service was the main reason for private users (52.5%) followed by waiting time (26.7%) and physician choice (20.1%). ", "Public users reported trust in the healthcare service as well as closeness in 1 out of 3 cases, while minor costs were reported in 26.9% of cases. ", "As to the reasons for the private service choice, the proportions varied significantly across specialties ([S3 Table](#pone.0232827.s003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Trust in the healthcare services was the main reason for all specialties, although it was more common among obstetrics-gynecology private users (57.6%) and less common among cardiology private users (46.8%); waiting time was the second reason, except for obstetrics-gynecology, where the second reason was the possibility of choosing the physician.", "\n\n{#pone.0232827.g002}\n\nDiscussion {#sec009}\n==========\n\nItaly is a country with a high propensity to seek specialist care resort in the private sector. ", "Our results indicate that more than 40% of specialist examinations are paid out-of-pocket, most of which performed by private providers (30%). ", "We should point out that these levels of recourse to private services are consistent with two previous studies based on the same data \\[[@pone.0232827.ref014], [@pone.0232827.ref015]\\], but are markedly lower than those of other research studies carried out in Italy. ", "A recent survey \\[[@pone.0232827.ref003]\\] estimated that over 50% of specialist examinations in Italy are provided by the private sector. ", "In a previous survey by the National Institute of Statistics 48% of specialist examinations were performed privately and fully paid by patients \\[[@pone.0232827.ref005], [@pone.0232827.ref008]\\].", "\n\nIn our study, the use of the private sector varies considerably depending on the medical specialty: 26.3% of cardiac examinations and 32.0% of orthopedic examinations are performed privately; much higher percentages are reported for ophthalmological (46.1%) and obstetric-gynecological examinations (53.6%).", "\n\nAn explanation of this finding is the patients' desire to be followed over time by the same trusted specialist. ", "Ophthalmological, obstetric and gynecological examinations are frequently routine check-ups, which patients undergo periodically---more so than orthopedic and cardiologic consultations. ", "For such examinations, it is hence understandable that patients prefer to be followed over time by the same physician, with whom they establish a relationship of confidence and trust. ", "As mentioned above, patients can choose the facility within the NHS where they want to be examined (or hospitalized), but they are not free to choose the physician. ", "Conversely, the choice of a given physician is guaranteed in the private sector.", "\n\nOrthopedic and cardiologic examinations are instead more sporadic, do not necessarily require the establishment of a stable relationship with the specialist and are linked to individual health problems. ", "Indeed, as reported in our results, cardiology and orthopedics patients choose private service to receive the consultation in a trusted facility but also to avoid long waiting times.", "\n\nConcerning the sociodemographic factors that may influence the extent to which people use the private healthcare sector, we identified four factors: family income, educational level, being employed, female gender.", "\n\nResults concerning family income and educational level are consistent with previous research, involving both Italy \\[[@pone.0232827.ref007], [@pone.0232827.ref016]--[@pone.0232827.ref018]\\] and other countries where a NHS is implemented, showing that the probability of using private care \\[[@pone.0232827.ref019]--[@pone.0232827.ref022]\\] and taking out a private health insurance \\[[@pone.0232827.ref023]--[@pone.0232827.ref027]\\] increases with income and education.", "\n\nThe other two factors (i.e., being employed and female gender) that also emerged as being relevant in a previous research \\[[@pone.0232827.ref014], [@pone.0232827.ref021]\\], are perhaps less easy to interpret.", "\n\nAs to the employment factor: other things being equal (e.g., income or education level), the most plausible explanation for the higher use of private facilities among employed people is that services booked through the NHS cause some inconvenience for the user, some \"transaction costs\", that are not envisaged by private services, regardless of whether the individual is subject to co-payment or not. ", "First, a formal referral by the family doctor is required to book a specialist examination or diagnostic procedure within the NHS. ", "In the private sector, the family doctor's referral is not necessary. ", "To schedule an appointment within the NHS, the patient has to contact the CUP (*Centro Unico di Prenotazione*, or single booking center) of the public service: in many cases, this involves going in person to a local health office, at given opening hours, and queuing up at the counter. ", "A phone call is usually enough to book a private appointment. ", "Also, private appointments usually allow for greater flexibility in terms of hours: it is possible to book an appointment in the afternoon or evening, outside the normal working hours. ", "This flexibility is not envisaged in most public facilities. ", "All these factors make it more convenient for a worker to set an appointment privately.", "\n\nAs to the gender, one possible reason of our finding that women are more likely to turn to the private sector is that they may be more inclined to disclose their symptoms and establish an ongoing relationship with the healthcare professionals. ", "Therefore, the possibility offered by the private sector to be followed by the same professional over time may play an important role.", "\n\nConsidering the exemption from co-payment the results does not require special explanations. ", "In fact we saw that individuals who are exempt from co-payment---and therefore can undergo examinations and procedures provided by the NHS at no charge---are more likely to use the public service. ", "This result is supported by a previous Italian study \\[[@pone.0232827.ref014]\\].", "\n\nStrengths and limitations {#sec010}\n-------------------------\n\nThe main strength of our study is that it is based on a large and representative sample of the Italian population, based on a national survey conducted after the economic crisis. ", "We acknowledge that these data could appear outdated, however this survey investigates much more domains as compared to more recent European surveys (e.g., EHIS 2015). ", "Some limitations deserve to be commented: (1) we investigated only the last visit of the year, so the share of utilization of private services may be underestimated; (2) multivariable regression analysis, which included only sociodemographic characteristics and the exemption from copayment as explanatory variables, showed low discriminatory ability, suggesting that health service organizational factors might be the main drivers for the choice to seek specialist care in the private sector; (3) this is not the first Italian study to analyze the determinants of private care seeking for specialty visits \\[[@pone.0232827.ref014]--[@pone.0232827.ref015]\\], however is the first to investigate the determinants for each specialty.", "\n\nConclusions {#sec011}\n===========\n\nThe attitude of the population to use private services for specialist visits is linked both to sociodemographic factors (age, gender, income, occupation and educational attainment) and to health services organizational factors (copayment, waiting time, freedom to choose the physician). ", "What policy implications can thus be drawn from these results? ", "In the short run, policy makers can only intervene on modifiable, organizational factors and italian regional governments may act upon the factors that make private health facilities more attractive in order to reduce private care use in a public-financed, universal coverage system. ", "To this end, they could make booking procedures more user-friendly, allow patients to select the physician of their choice, and reform the co-payment system.", "\n\nSupporting information {#sec012}\n======================\n\n###### Comparison between public and private health services users for cardiologic, orthopedic, ophthalmic and obstetric-gynecological visits.", "\n\n(DOCX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### Logistic regression model estimates for Italian regions (cardiologic, orthopedic, ophthalmic and obstetric-gynecological visits).", "\n\n(DOCX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### Reasons endorsed for the choice of private sector for cardiologic, orthopedic, ophthalmic and obstetric-gynecological visits.", "\n\n(DOCX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.012345679012345678, 0.009615384615384616, 0.004347826086956522, 0.007692307692307693, 0.008333333333333333, 0.017045454545454544, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0.005319148936170213, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005154639175257732, 0.006172839506172839, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0.004807692307692308, 0, 0, 0, 0.007122507122507123, 0.0036231884057971015, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0.011673151750972763, 0, 0.017094017094017096, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014388489208633094, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015444015444015444, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02, 0.023529411764705882, 0, 0, 0.08333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012605042016806723, 0, 0.029832935560859187, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00015010507355148604, 0.005847953216374269, 0, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0, 0.0002704895861509332, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0.007194244604316547, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016985138004246284, 0.009478672985781991, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0.0034965034965034965, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0.0027359781121751026, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004975124378109453, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "//! ", "moment.js locale configuration\n\n;(function (global, factory) {\n typeof exports === 'object' && typeof module !", "== 'undefined'\n && typeof require === 'function' ? ", "factory(require('../moment')) :\n typeof define === 'function' && define.amd ? ", "define(['../moment'], factory) :\n factory(global.moment)\n}(this, (function (moment) { 'use strict';\n\n\n var zhTw = moment.defineLocale('zh-tw', {\n months : '一月_二月_三月_四月_五月_六月_七月_八月_九月_十月_十一月_十二月'.split('_'),\n monthsShort : '1月_2月_3月_4月_5月_6月_7月_8月_9月_10月_11月_12月'.split('_'),\n weekdays : '星期日_星期一_星期二_星期三_星期四_星期五_星期六'.split('_'),\n weekdaysShort : '週日_週一_週二_週三_週四_週五_週六'.split('_'),\n weekdaysMin : '日_一_二_三_四_五_六'.split('_'),\n longDateFormat : {\n LT : 'HH:mm',\n LTS : 'HH:mm:ss',\n L : 'YYYY/MM/DD',\n LL : 'YYYY年M月D日',\n LLL : 'YYYY年M月D日 HH:mm',\n LLLL : 'YYYY年M月D日dddd HH:mm',\n l : 'YYYY/M/D',\n ll : 'YYYY年M月D日',\n lll : 'YYYY年M月D日 HH:mm',\n llll : 'YYYY年M月D日dddd HH:mm'\n },\n meridiemParse: /凌晨|早上|上午|中午|下午|晚上/,\n meridiemHour : function (hour, meridiem) {\n if (hour === 12) {\n hour = 0;\n }\n if (meridiem === '凌晨' || meridiem === '早上' || meridiem === '上午') {\n return hour;\n } else if (meridiem === '中午') {\n return hour >= 11 ? ", "hour : hour + 12;\n } else if (meridiem === '下午' || meridiem === '晚上') {\n return hour + 12;\n }\n },\n meridiem : function (hour, minute, isLower) {\n var hm = hour * 100 + minute;\n if (hm < 600) {\n return '凌晨';\n } else if (hm < 900) {\n return '早上';\n } else if (hm < 1130) {\n return '上午';\n } else if (hm < 1230) {\n return '中午';\n } else if (hm < 1800) {\n return '下午';\n } else {\n return '晚上';\n }\n },\n calendar : {\n sameDay : '[今天] LT',\n nextDay : '[明天] LT',\n nextWeek : '[下]dddd LT',\n lastDay : '[昨天] LT',\n lastWeek : '[上]dddd LT',\n sameElse : 'L'\n },\n dayOfMonthOrdinalParse: /\\d{1,2}(日|月|週)/,\n ordinal : function (number, period) {\n switch (period) {\n case 'd' :\n case 'D' :\n case 'DDD' :\n return number + '日';\n case 'M' :\n return number + '月';\n case 'w' :\n case 'W' :\n return number + '週';\n default :\n return number;\n }\n },\n relativeTime : {\n future : '%s內',\n past : '%s前',\n s : '幾秒',\n ss : '%d 秒',\n m : '1 分鐘',\n mm : '%d 分鐘',\n h : '1 小時',\n hh : '%d 小時',\n d : '1 天',\n dd : '%d 天',\n M : '1 個月',\n MM : '%d 個月',\n y : '1 年',\n yy : '%d 年'\n }\n });\n\n return zhTw;\n\n})));\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0.005897219882055603, 0.0011273957158962795 ]

[ "I believe that more storage is definitely better. ", "That may be your plans now, but as you learn all that this phone can do you migiht want to do more down the road. ", "It's better safe than sorry. ", "I am very glad I bought the 32 and added another 32 sd card. ", "Good luck and welcome!", "\n\nI always opt for the largest memory available. ", "As long as the price difference is reasonable. ", "I would rather have space I don't end up using than being stuck wishing i had more space. ", "I spend extended periods of time without access to a wifi or cellular data connection so the ability to store loads of data locally is important to me. ", "Imho for 50 dollars and no negative tradeoffs the choice is clear.", "\n\nI choose the 32GB version because I like to swap mSD cards between phone and tablet when travelling and I prefer to not have to worry about rationing storage space on the phone.", "\n\nThat said, there's no reason why a person couldn’t get along with only 16GB of space. ", "That’s plenty of space for using the phone, you just need to be mindful about clearing out older stuff (apps, games, videos, pictures) more often.", "\n\nSame... In canada, the 16 gb is a no brainer. ", "It's as cheap as $99-$159. ", "You can get a 32 gb MicroSD for like $18 bucks and get a total of nearly 48 gb. ", "I think 12 gb is more than enough for apps. ", "I've downloaded so many, and still haven't cracked 10 gb. ", "The majority of downloads, videos, photos, attachments, documents, even larger games that require like 400 mb downloads is all saved to my SD card.", "\n\nWhy do you need to be mindful though? ", "You can set it so that your photos, videos, downloads, documents are saved to the external SD Card... I think I have well over 100+ apps, and I still have so much gb free on the phone's memory.", "\n\nWith dropbox providing me 50gb as well, I don't see the need to be mindful at all. ", "I don't mean any offence, but it's more about having the largest for largest sake, than actual need." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0.0051813471502590676, 0.011764705882352941, 0 ]

[ "Hotel Map\n\nNews\n\nThe luxury cruise ship turns into a shipyard 'floating hotels'\n\nGenting Hong Kong recently announced that its star cruises \"scales\" (SuperStar Libra) will become the company's German shipyard MV Werften a \"floating\" hotel.", "\n\n\"Scales\" vessel has reached 30 years, the 216 - meter - long ship will become a special hotel MV Werften shipyard.", "The \"floating\" hotel has about 700 guest rooms, can accommodate 1400 people.", "\n\nIt is understood that after 30 years of sea, \"the scales\" cruise finally stopped in Germany Wismar Werften shipyard dock, the current issue of the ongoing \"scales\" remodeling, plans to officially open in August.", "Future genting group's new employees, partners, and suppliers of the ship project priority will be to use the special hotel.", "\n\nGenting group's MV Werften shipyard is original Nordic Yards, made up of three Wismar shipyards, Germany northeast of Stralsund and Rostock.2016, genting group in order to build a new cruise ship for the above several shipyards, and will be a new shipyard named Werften MV.", "\n\nIt is understood that the MV Werften Wismar and Warnemunde factory is building 204000 tons of global luxury cruise, the first ship will be delivered in 2020, the second ship will be delivered in 2021.Genting said in a statement, MV Werften booming business means that the personnel in the rapidly growing demand.", "In Wisma three factories, one of the number of employees will increase to 1500 people, there are a number of contractors.", "\"Scales\" 700 cabin will provide enough capacity, ensure employees quick commute.", "\n\nDue to the genting group xingmeng lines with crystal cruise future in MV shipyard will have a large number of new projects, so the move is seen as a disguised way to reduce costs.", "\n\nMV Werften chief executive Peter Fetten said: \"the libra star as a floating hotel is a very clever way, so I can let staff accommodation more flexible more relaxed, more convenient and shipyard also closer.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.004784688995215311 ]

[ "<?", "php\n/**\n * @package Joomla.", "Administrator\n * @subpackage com_finder\n *\n * @copyright Copyright (C) 2005 - 2020 Open Source Matters, Inc. All rights reserved.", "\n * @license GNU General Public License version 2 or later; see LICENSE.txt\n */\n\ndefined('_JEXEC') or die;\n\nJHtml::_('behavior.keepalive');\nJHtml::_('behavior.core');\nJHtml::_('jquery.framework');\nJHtml::_('script', 'com_finder/indexer.js', array('version' => 'auto', 'relative' => true));\nJFactory::getDocument()->addScriptDeclaration('var msg = \"' . ", "JText::_('COM_FINDER_INDEXER_MESSAGE_COMPLETE') . '\";');", "\n?", ">\n\n<div id=\"finder-indexer-container\">\n\t<br /><br />\n\t<h1 id=\"finder-progress-header\"><?php echo JText::_('COM_FINDER_INDEXER_HEADER_INIT'); ?", "></h1>\n\n\t<p id=\"finder-progress-message\"><?php echo JText::_('COM_FINDER_INDEXER_MESSAGE_INIT'); ?", "></p>\n\n\t<div id=\"progress\" class=\"progress progress-striped active\">\n\t\t<div id=\"progress-bar\" class=\"bar bar-success\" aria-valuenow=\"0\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"100\"></div>\n\t</div>\n\n\t<input id=\"finder-indexer-token\" type=\"hidden\" name=\"<?php echo JFactory::getSession()->getFormToken(); ?", ">\" value=\"1\" />\n</div>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0.015151515151515152, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0.0033783783783783786, 0 ]

[ "Leif Garret claims in his new book “Idol Truth” that Michael Jackson asked him to teach him how to masturbate. ", "When the incident happened, Leif was 17 years old and Michael was 20. ", "Leif was the bigger star at the time, he was an actor and singer and was popular for his songs “Surfin’ USA”, “Runaround Sue” and “I was made for dancin’. ", "Michael’s first famous album as a solo singer “Off The Wall” was not released yet.", "\n\nThe two of them met while they were both on tour and became close friends.", "\n\nThe incident between them happened in Feburuary 1979 in a hotel bar in Switzerland. ", "According to Leif, Michael approached him one night, asking “Can you tell me how to masturbate?” ", "Leif chose not to teach Michael and gave him a key to his room instead, where he directed him to his stash of “naughty” magazines for inspiration.", "\n\n“Leif makes no judgement about what went down and explaines in his book admitting that as Jackson is not around to defend himself he will make no assumptions on Michael’s true intentions” – Paul Cashmere\n\nWhy is this story important?", "\n\nOf course, it isn’t pedophilia or child molestation when a 20-year-old asks a young dude who is three years younger than himself, to tell him how to masturbate. ", "I think it’s pretty common that 17-year-olds date young overage people between 18-20. ", "I don’t think that’s a problem at all. ", "However, Michael didn’t approach Leif in a normal way, asking him out or something similar to that. ", "I think it’s pretty unusual that a grown man asks anyone to tell him how to masturbate, that could technially be considered harassment. ", "In fact, I’m pretty sure that MJ knew how to do that. ", "Leif’s story is interesting for another reason.", "\n\nJust a few months later, Michael Jackson became friends with 13-year-old Terry George and sexually harassed the child over the telephone by masturbating, so that Terry could hear it. ", "He also asked Terry if he masturbates.", "\n\nYou can read Terry’s story here:\n\nOther accusers like Jimmy Safechuck (10), Jordan Chandler (13) and Gavin Arvizo (13) have also stated that Michael Jackson started to molest them by wanting to teach them how to masturbate and later convinced the children that it was their idea. ", "That is why Leif’s story is an important piece of the puzzle. ", "You could still consider Leif a young friend of Michael, because he was underage.", "\n\nSource:" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.018018018018018018, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0, 0.020618556701030927, 0.00684931506849315, 0.01276595744680851, 0, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0.02, 0, 0, 0, 0.016216216216216217, 0.02631578947368421, 0.01773049645390071, 0.016129032258064516, 0.024691358024691357, 0 ]

[ "<?", "php\n\nnamespace UniteCMS\\CoreBundle\\Field\\Types;\n\nuse UniteCMS\\CoreBundle\\Content\\ContentInterface;\nuse UniteCMS\\CoreBundle\\Content\\FieldData;\nuse UniteCMS\\CoreBundle\\ContentType\\ContentTypeField;\n\nclass GeoLocationType extends AbstractFieldType\n{\n const TYPE = 'geoLocation';\n const GRAPHQL_INPUT_TYPE = 'UniteGeoLocationInput';\n\n /**\n * {@inheritDoc}\n */\n protected function allowedReturnTypes(ContentTypeField $field) {\n return ['UniteGeoLocation'];\n }\n\n /**\n * {@inheritDoc}\n */\n protected function resolveRowData(ContentInterface $content, ContentTypeField $field, FieldData $fieldData, array $args = []) {\n return [\n 'provided_by' => $fieldData->resolveData('provided_by', null),\n 'id' => $fieldData->resolveData('id', null),\n 'type' => $fieldData->resolveData('type', null),\n 'display_name' => $fieldData->resolveData('display_name', null),\n 'latitude' => $fieldData->resolveData('latitude', null),\n 'longitude' => $fieldData->resolveData('longitude', null),\n 'bound_south' => $fieldData->resolveData('bound_south', null),\n 'bound_west' => $fieldData->resolveData('bound_west', null),\n 'bound_north' => $fieldData->resolveData('bound_north', null),\n 'bound_east' => $fieldData->resolveData('bound_east', null),\n 'country_code' => $fieldData->resolveData('country_code', null),\n 'locality' => $fieldData->resolveData('locality', null),\n 'sub_locality' => $fieldData->resolveData('sub_locality', null),\n 'postal_code' => $fieldData->resolveData('postal_code', null),\n 'street_name' => $fieldData->resolveData('street_name', null),\n 'street_number' => $fieldData->resolveData('street_number', null),\n 'stairs_number' => $fieldData->resolveData('stairs_number', null),\n 'door_number' => $fieldData->resolveData('door_number', null),\n ];\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.0024962556165751375 ]

[ "Covalently deposited dyes: a new chromogen paradigm that facilitates analysis of multiple biomarkers in situ.", "\nMultiplexed analysis of multiple biomarkers in a tissue sample requires use of reporter dyes with specific spectral properties that enable discrimination of signals. ", "Conventional chromogens with broad absorbance spectra, widely used in immunohistochemistry (IHC), offer limited utility for multiplexed detection. ", "Many dyes with narrow absorbance spectra, eg rhodamines, fluoresceins, and cyanines, potentially useful for multiplexed detection are well-characterized; however, generation of a chromogenic reagent useful for IHC analysis has not been demonstrated. ", "Studies reported herein demonstrate utility of tyramine-chemistry for synthesis of a wide variety of new chromogenic dye conjugates useful for multiplexed in situ analysis using conventional light microscopes. ", "The dyes, useful individually or in blends to generate new colors, provide signal sensitivity and dynamic range similar to conventional DAB chromogen, while enabling analysis of co-localized biomarkers. ", "It is anticipated that this new paradigm will enable generation of a wide variety of new chromogens, useful for both research and clinical biomarker analysis that will benefit clinicians and patients." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0.004, 0, 0.0049261083743842365, 0 ]

[ "As the lights of the strip ­glimmer below, Pandora co-founder/CEO Tim Westergren stands before two dozen advertising executives in a 61st floor suite in the Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas. ", "It’s the first day of 2017’s Consumer Electronics Show (CES), and he’s pitching Pandora’s new direction. “", "In my opinion, the other music subscription products out there are unsatisfying,” he says, referring to the on-demand streaming services the new Pandora Premium will begin competing with later in 2017. “", "They give you millions of songs, a search box and ‘good f—ing luck.'\"", "\n\nClad in his usual uniform -- button-down shirt, dad jeans, hiking sneakers -- the 51-year-old Westergren proposes that the ­solution lies in Pandora’s Music Genome Project, which enables the service to recommend songs based on 450 ­characteristics, plus the data Pandora has collected on listener preferences. ", "Those assets will power Pandora Premium when it launches before the end of March, as they do the ­service’s free radio and ad-free $4.99-a-month Pandora Plus tiers.", "\n\nPandora dominates the U.S. online radio market with a staggering 78 ­million monthly users, 4.3 ­million of whom pay for Pandora Plus, and brought in $1.2 ­billion in revenue in 2015. ", "But it’s only now about to enter the bruisingly competitive on-demand subscription market dominated by Spotify and lately disrupted by Apple Music and Amazon Music Unlimited. ", "The talk of 2017’s CES? ", "Amazon’s Alexa Voice Service, the software that enables voice ­control on ­compatible devices -- just as it allows Amazon Music Unlimited listeners to ask out loud for songs and playlists. ", "And not long after the conference, Apple announced it would begin ­producing its own movies and shows exclusively for Apple Music subscribers, specifically to open up an advantage over Spotify.", "\n\nPandora Premium, explains Westergren, will combine the play-what-you-want flexibility of Spotify with “lean back” radio features that will appeal to casual fans. “", "Playing music that you’ve never heard but you love, that’s the goal for a music service,” he says. “", "If you can do that consistently, that’s all she wrote -- that’s a customer forever.”", "\n\nWestergren, who studied political science and music at Stanford and spent his 20s playing keyboards in rock bands, believes that ­introducing users to new music also benefits developing acts. ", "On some level, he has always wanted to build the kind of company that would have helped him when he was a ­gigging ­musician. ", "While Spotify and Apple Music ­distinguish ­themselves with ­tastemaker playlists and A-list exclusives, Pandora has always emphasized how its algorithm positions unknown acts alongside the superstars. “", "There’s a genuine idealism about it all,” says Republic Records COO Avery Lipman. “", "I’ve had meetings with other services and I thought, ‘For God’s sakes, get someone with a ­tattoo and an earring in the room.'\"", "\n\nWith just over 2,000 ­employees ­(excluding Ticketfly, which it bought in October), Pandora, which went public in 2011, is no scrappy startup. ", "But it is ­streamlining: On Jan. 12, the company announced that it laid off 7 percent of its ­workforce. “", "There’s nothing ­positive about letting people go,” says Westergren the next day. “", "But we’re doing this the right way, and it’s a more focused company.”", "\n\nAs it seeks to convert 10 percent of an expected 110 ­million users to premium-tier subscribers by 2020 -- which would majorly boost its bottom line, even if it would still lag behind its ­competitors -- the ­service must reassure its ­stockholders. ", "They include activist hedge fund Corvex Management, which owns a ­significant stake and in the past has pushed for a sale of the ­company. ", "Pandora’s stock fell from a 2014 high of $37 to $13 on the day of Westergren’s Las Vegas ­presentation. ", "The next morning, after a SiriusXM executive dismissed rumors of a takeover, the stock fell another 4 percent. ", "The following week, in the wake of the layoffs but after Pandora announced that ad sales and Plus sign-ups beat expectations, it rose.", "\n\nWestergren struck a ­persuasively optimistic note in a Jan. 12 ­letter to investors, writing, “We are ­realizing the advantages of having a very large, endemic audience.” ", "In the last quarter of 2016, the letter said, Pandora picked up 375,000 Plus ­subscribers, 70 percent of them through its ­existing app -- with, that is, “minimal customer acquisition costs.” ", "Which, he wrote, “bodes well for the launch of Premium later this quarter.”", "\n\nBut to enter the on-demand ­business, Pandora needed to strike deals with record labels -- and to do that, it had to agree to slightly higher royalty rates for its radio service. (", "Westergren, who has held a ­variety of titles in addition to his seat on the board of directors, was named CEO in March 2016 to finish negotiating those deals and lead the company to the paid-­subscription promised land.) “", "They basically agreed to wipe out the current profit on their ongoing business in order to get into a new one,” says Michael Pachter, an analyst at Wedbush Securities.", "\n\n“Our big dilemma was, our radio product was ­profitable,” says Westergren. “", "To step outside of that is a massive change. ", "And when you’re a public company, you’re making a very public bet.”", "\n\nIn 2016, on-demand streaming went from the fastest-­growing sector of the U.S. music ­industry to the dominant one -- and spurred real growth in the recorded-music ­business for the first time in a decade. ", "In 2017, the streaming business will begin to solidify. ", "By December, Spotify will likely have gone public, Apple Music may be a formidable competitor or a ­distant No. ", "2, and Amazon will have ­established itself as either a ­significant force or, possibly, an also-ran.", "\n\nWhatever headway Pandora makes against its competitors, paid ­subscriptions generate so much more money than ad-supported listening that the company certainly stands to increase its revenue. ", "Meanwhile, the record labels are welcoming Pandora into the fray: The paid tiers are all upside for music companies (although not necessarily artists, who get paid directly for online radio), and the company’s free operation poses less of a threat to ­subscription services than YouTube. ", "Perhaps most important, Pandora will provide more of the competition that label and ­publishing executives hope will ­prevent one ­company from ­owning the ­subscription business the way Apple dominated downloads.", "\n\nSome technology executives would say that Pandora is pivoting, moving away from a slow-growth business before getting left behind. ", "But Westergren is committed to online radio -- and he’s not like most technology executives. ", "After ­college he toured clubs and ­struggled to build an audience in bands. (", "Yellowwood Junction was the biggest -- Pandora’s algorithm compares it with the Gin Blossoms.)", "\n\nIn person, Westergren is ­unassuming: Before an interview over dinner at a neighborhood Italian ­restaurant in San Francisco, he asks for a quiet table in back, then ­immediately lets the matter drop when the waiter tells him the rear is closed off.", "\n\n“Starting a business was never my life plan,” says Westergren. “", "I’m not in the mold of [Uber CEO] Travis Kalanick and those guys who are gunning from day one. ", "I know a lot of them, but it’s not my social circle -- I’d rather stay home with my ­family.” (", "Westergren, who’s reluctant to reveal details about his personal life, lives with his wife and child in San Francisco.) ", "When Pandora went ­public, his stock was worth more than $50 million -- and his big splurge was a used Steinway baby grand piano.", "\n\nAfter Westergren had his fill of sleeping in vans on tour, he began working as a film soundtrack ­composer and got interested in how directors spoke about music. ", "Instead of describing it as “upbeat” or “Beatles-esque,” he wondered, couldn’t they classify it by objective characteristics -- rhythm, melody, instruments used? ", "In 1999, with the help of two friends, Will Glaser and Jon Kraft, Westergren started the company that became Pandora, hiring moonlighting musicians to rate songs on hundreds of characteristics.", "\n\nFinding a business model was harder. ", "At one point in 2003, ­running the company on maxed-out credit cards, Westergren got so panicked that he went to a hospital emergency room, thinking (wrongly) that he was having a heart attack. ", "In 2004, Pandora launched its ad-­supported online radio service, paying labels and artists according to government-set online radio royalty rates. ", "That system helped Pandora grow. ", "But it didn’t give the company the ­flexibility it needed to keep up with newer rivals. ", "By the beginning of 2016 -- when Spotify had captured about 25 million subscribers and Apple more than 10 million -- Westergren says Pandora’s growth was “kind of at a standstill.”", "\n\nThe day before Westergren is to make his pitch in Las Vegas, Pandora’s downtown Oakland office buzzes with the typical muted energy of a tech company, ­programmers bent over desks with their headphones on. ", "In the conference room named Paul (which overlooks a courtyard alongside John, George and Ringo), Steve Hogan, the amiable manager of music ­operations and longtime overseer of the Music Genome, uses a wall-mounted screen to show how the company’s ­software breaks music down into a kind of math. “", "If you pick one song, we can calculate the distance between that song and every other song in our ­collection,” says Hogan. “", "We could give you a ranked list and say, ‘Starting with “Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da” by The Beatles, here are your top thousand closest matches.’\"", "\n\nOne of the most striking things about Pandora Premium is what it doesn’t have: human-curated ­playlists, like those on Spotify and Apple Music. ", "Users can select a few tracks that fit a certain mood or style, have Pandora build a station around them and either sit back and enjoy or decide which of the selected tracks to keep. ", "The idea is that Pandora has so much data on songs and ­individual users’ reactions to them that it can pick them better than a DJ. ", "Ahmir “Questlove” Thompson, the company’s ­“artist ambassador” and adviser, says: “You have musicians” -- Pandora’s researchers -- “putting their ­knowledge together to give you something that you might have missed.” (", "Questlove has said he was given equity in the company for his role there.)", "\n\nThe Music Genome operates in the background of Pandora Premium. ", "When a queue ends, the app automatically plays music suggested by those songs, so users aren’t left with what Westergren mockingly calls “deafening silence.” ", "The design of the ­service combines DNA from Pandora and Rdio, a respected but lesser-known ­subscription service that sold Pandora some of its assets after it went bankrupt. “", "It’s the elegance of Rdio and the ­simplicity of Pandora fused together,” says Chris Becherer, who came from Rdio and is vp product at Pandora’s listener group. ", "Questlove particularly loves one little touch: The ­background of the mobile app changes color to complement the cover of the album that’s playing.", "\n\nPandora Plus, the $4.99-a-month ad-free radio option, allows users to skip and repeat songs and listen offline. ", "While all three tiers share a sensibility and design ­aesthetic, the lower two don’t exist mainly to market the on-demand ­service, as Spotify’s free service does -- they’re different products that target ­different ­consumers. ", "Pandora may have an ­easier time ­persuading users to upgrade, though, since the distinctions among them will be so substantial. “", "We think of it as a ­pyramid,” says Westergren, “not a funnel.”", "\n\nThe launch of premium not only represents a major shift in Pandora’s business model -- it required Westergren to make amends with pretty much the entire music industry. ", "On the ­morning of March 28, 2016, shortly before Pandora announced that he would become CEO, Westergren sent three emails, one each to the chief executives of the major record companies. “", "I said, ‘I’m taking this job, and I want to come talk to you,’ ” he remembers. ", "Two days later, he flew to New York to meet with Doug Morris, the CEO of Sony Music Entertainment.", "\n\n“I was prepared to get my ass handed to me,” says Westergren. ", "In 2012, Pandora began pushing the Internet Radio Fairness Act, which would have substantially lowered the royalties it paid to labels and ­musicians. ", "At one point, Westergren sent independent ­musicians an open letter encouraging them to sign an “Artists for Internet Radio” petition that supported outlets like Pandora -- without mentioning that the company was pushing to lower rates. ", "And in a bold 2013 work-around, Pandora bought KXMZ, a small radio station in Rapid City, S.D., then filed a motion in a rate court to pay the lower rates such stations were entitled to online.", "\n\nDuring Pandora’s disputes with labels and publishers, lobbyists played up Westergren’s wealth: At one point he was making about $1 ­million a month selling stock. (", "Today, Westergren says, “There isn’t a single personal financial adviser who wouldn’t be advising anybody whose entire net worth is in one stock to sell.”) “", "It got so nasty and personal,” says Westergren. “", "We put a big target on our back, the way we approached it.”", "\n\nIn 2013, as Spotify gained ground, Westergren (then chief ­strategy ­officer), president/CFO Mike Herring and former chief technology ­officer Tom Conrad reversed strategy, agreeing to work with the labels and publishers rather than against them. “", "We decided that fighting in Washington was never going to ­create a business model,” says Herring. “", "The way we were going to make this a big business was to have the music ­industry on our side.”", "\n\nThat took years of work, ­including a serious investment in building promotional tools to help labels and artists. ", "Pandora introduced an Artist Marketing Platform that allows acts to record brief promotional ­messages that play before their songs in certain areas at no charge; bought data ­company Next Big Sound so it could share more information with ­artists; and purchased Ticketfly, which means Pandora can now sell tickets to shows that it helps to market. “", "They’re focused on trying to repair their relationships in the music business,” says ASCAP CEO Elizabeth Matthews. “", "Especially with creators.”", "\n\n?", "Westergren says productive ­negotiations with the labels really didn’t start until he could “look across the table and say, ‘You know what? ", "We f—ed up.’ ” (", "Westergren replaced former CEO Brian McAndrews, who had a background in ­advertising but, several music industry sources say, was less adept at dealing with label executives.)", "\n\nWhen Westergren met with Morris, he told him, “‘Mr. Morris, when I was 25 years old I was playing in rock bands, touring around in a van, and I read all about you. ", "I never thought that one day I’d walk into your office and shake your hand.’” ", "They talked music for about an hour. ", "By September, Pandora had the deals it needed. “", "Pandora went from a pariah to a partner,” says RIAA CEO Cary Sherman.", "\n\nIn the music business, ­nothing salves the wounds of former ­opponents faster than an ­opportunity to make money together. ", "And Pandora represents a big ­opportunity. “", "They have 80 million users,” says Sony/ATV Music Publishing ­chairman/CEO Martin Bandier, “so we all want it to work.”", "\n\nThe question for Pandora, of course, is how many of these users will pay up. “", "I’ve seen this movie before,” says Westergren. “", "When Pandora came on the scene we were far from the first and there were big incumbents: Yahoo, Microsoft, AOL. ", "If you build a better product, people will come to you.”", "\n\nTim Westergren and Questlove talk about Pandora's Music Genome Project, which involves trained musicians categorizing songs to create Pandora's algorithm. ", "Watch them discuss the process below.", "\n\nThis article originally appeared in the Jan. 28 issue of Billboard." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.010869565217391304, 0.009433962264150943, 0.0049261083743842365, 0, 0.003205128205128205, 0, 0.005376344086021506, 0.011428571428571429, 0, 0.010582010582010581, 0.010362694300518135, 0.006060606060606061, 0, 0, 0.005154639175257732, 0, 0.009852216748768473, 0.024096385542168676, 0, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011976047904191617, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0.009900990099009901, 0.0051813471502590676, 0.003472222222222222, 0.004694835680751174, 0, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010362694300518135, 0, 0, 0.006756756756756757, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.013422818791946308, 0.008, 0.007246376811594203, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.013513513513513514, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0.024844720496894408, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.005291005291005291, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.015625, 0, 0.004219409282700422, 0, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0.008, 0, 0, 0, 0.008571428571428572, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005714285714285714, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0.028985507246376812, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0.01910828025477707, 0, 0.014492753623188406 ]

[ "Do You Prefer Dudes, Brahs, Buddies, or Guys?", "\n\nThis I believe: everyone has a type. ", "Some people may be more flexible than others, but we all naturally gravitate towards people with certain characteristics. ", "I don't think this is a bad thing—shared interests and priorities are very important. ", "When it comes to men, most of us can be separated into four broad categories:" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nSending html content as mail body laravel mail sending application\n\nMy controller is \npublic function basic_email() {\n $data = array('name'=>\"Virat Gandhi\",'roll'=>\"123\");\n Mail::send(['text'=>'mail'], $data, function($message) {\n $message->to('xyz@gmail.com', 'Basil Baby')->subject\n ('Laravel Basic Testing Mail');\n $message->from('abc@yahoo.com','Virat Gandhi');\n });\n echo \"Basic Email Sent. ", "Check your inbox.\";", "\n\n}\nMy blade is \nHi, {{ $name }}\n your roll number is {{$roll}}\n please click on the link to <a href=\"#\">verify your account</a>\n\nMail is being received. ", "but the mail body is displaying html content as such. ", "How to make verify you account a html link in mail body\n\nA:\n\nChange your key text to html in your send function.", "\ntext key send data as a plain text\nMail::send( ['html' => 'mail']...\n\nAlso change {{}} to {!! !!}", "\nReference:\nLaravel -> Mail\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.01201923076923077, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to align text to the right of the screen and has background color?", "\n\nI am trying to get a text to display on the right hand side of the screen. ", "It needs a background color of black and the background width should not extend the whole width of the screen and only the text, which I achieved by doing display: block. ", "Now I cant seem to align the text to the right of the screen. ", "I tried doing text-align: right but nothing happens.", "\n\n.mytext {\r\nbackground: black;\r\ncolor: white;\r\ndisplay: inline;\r\ntext-align: right;\r\n}\n<p class=\"mytext\">hello hello</p>\n\nA:\n\ntext-align should be applied on the parent, not the element it self.", "\nAlso it will only have an effect on inline level elements (inline and inline-block), and will only be visible if there's space for it to move the element.", "\n\ndiv {\r\n text-align: right;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mytext {\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n background: black;\r\n color: white;\r\n}\n<div>\r\n <p class=\"mytext\">hello hello</p>\r\n</div>\n\nor you could use floats, but i wouldn't recommend it since it's achievable using text-align property, and we all know how weird floats are.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Indoor location for iOS with iBeacons\n\nAre you planning to deploy iBeacons at your venue? ", "How would you like to use them to provide indoor location–not just proximity–for iPhones and iPads? ", "Accuware has released an iOS app that does it. ", "And you can try it for free.", "\n\nAccuware Wearabouts for iOS uses iBeacons’ signals not just to trigger proximity events, but to deliver actual location coordinates. ", "You can now follow the whereabouts of participating devices as they move about in your site.", "\n\nWhat can you do with Wearabouts?", "\n\nHere is a typical application that makes good use of Wearabouts.", "\n\nA museum decides to provide its visitors with a unique experience that will entice them to undertake a journey of exploration and discovery. ", "Visitors can select from various curated routes and follow their interests, finding key items in various collections, deep diving into history, relevant facts, contextual information and related items.", "\n\nTablets loaded with apps are available for checkout. ", "iPads make ideal companions for the journey. ", "Strategically placed iBeacons mark the location of key exhibits, enabling the right contextual information to display as visitors approach them. ", "Items available nearby are highlighted. ", "User’s queries return facts and location of related items in the collection. ", "The route is not rigid, as exploration requires a flexible itinerary that can be adjusted on the fly.", "\n\nEvery day, museum curators and staff will want to learn what routes are the most popular, which sections the most visited and which spaces are skipped. ", "How much time do visitors spend, and where do they dwell. ", "In other words, quantifying visitors’ journeys delivers insights and informs of the best organization of these spaces to maximize engagement.", "\n\nA Wearabouts app running on every tablet collects the raw data for understanding visitors’ behavior. ", "The time-stamped sequence of locations the iPads take throughout the day provides the trail of breadcrumbs that enables the analysis. ", "From now on, exhibit layout decisions will be based on actual data. ", "As a bonus, no tablet can disappear without a trace.", "\n\nIndoor location in iOS\n\nSimilar applications are possible when using gamification, such as in event marketing. ", "Guiding visitors at a trade show to learn about new products and discover their features is a journey that can be enhanced with indoor location, by dispensing contextual information in the right sequence based on the user’s route. ", "Another common use is in games like treasure hunt.", "\n\nDevice location can be the driver in these cases. ", "Indoor location enables also geofencing, when user activities must be constrained within a virtual boundary, as often required in gaming.", "\n\nMany other location-aware applications are possible, such as locating doctors and nurses in a large hospital, finding staff members across a multi-story office building, or locating family members (children!) ", "in a large venue. ", "Any device running iOS 8 (or higher) is supported.", "\n\nNote that users’ privacy is never compromised in any way, as the collection of location data is completely anonymous.", "\n\nGetting started\n\nWant to take Wearabouts for a spin? ", "Just a few steps will get you there:\n\nContact Accuware to request a testing account.", "\n\nDownload and install the Accuware Indoors iOS This one is required for fingerprinting ambient iBeacon signals\n\nDownload and install the Accuware Wearabouts app on every device to be located. ", "Each and every Device ID must be registered at the site via the online dashboard.", "\n\nFingerprint the venue. ", "Use the Quick Start Guide for step-by-step guidance.", "\n\nPlease note that Bluetooth Beacon Tracker, WiFi Location Monitor and Wearabouts have been removed from our offer as standalone technologies. ", "They still may be used to complement our current products Sentinel and Dragonfly whenever that would be needed.", "\n\nWe use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. ", "If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it.", "Ok" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.011111111111111112, 0.02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010362694300518135, 0, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0.013986013986013986, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Atmospheric DMSO degradation in the gas phase: Cl-DMSO reaction. ", "Temperature dependence and products.", "\nThe reactions of Cl atoms and ClO radicals with CH3-SOCH3 (DMSO) have been studied using the discharge flow method with direct detection of DMSO, CO, and products by mass spectrometry. ", "The absolute rate constant at room temperature measured for reaction 1, (CH3)2SO + Cl --> products, was k(1) = (1.7 +/- 0.3) x 10(-11) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1). ", "For reaction 2, (CH3)2SO + ClO --> products, only an upper limit could be established, k(2) < or = 6 x 10(-14) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) Reaction 1 has been found to proceed through adduct formation and further decomposition involving the cleavage of the C-S bound. ", "The pressure effect on the Cl-DMSO reaction from 0.5 to 3 Torr was negligible, and the temperature dependence in the range 273-335 K was also very slight. ", "The results obtained are related to previous studies of sulfur compounds, and the atmospheric implications are also discussed in relation to the homogeneous sinks of DMSO. ", "Tropospheric lifetimes of DMSO based on average Cl and ClO concentrations and the measured rate constants have been calculated showing that the contribution of reaction 1 must be of minor relevance in the marine boundary layer. ", "Reaction 2 is so slow that it does not play any role within the atmospheric sulfur chemistry." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.0076045627376425855, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "What the pros say about Kickers Soccer Club…\n\n“My sister has played for the Kickers Soccer Club for years and I have had a firsthand look watching a few games, meeting coaches and administrators for the club. ", "They are top notch and have the players' best interest in mind at all times. ", "I fully support the Kickers in their great work developing not only good soccer players but also shaping the whole lives of these kids. ", "Everyone should be a Kicker!”Ethan Finlay, Columbus Crew (MLS), Minnesota United and US Men's National Team\n\n\"Kickers Soccer Club is a soccer club that places the development of each individual player at the heart of its soccer program. ", "The curriculum takes a developmental approach which establishes a clear pathway for players to improve, achieve and enjoy. ", "Whilst the acquisition of the players' soccer techniques, tactics and understanding is paramount to the Kickers philosophy, a Kickers soccer player is also expected to 'give back'. ", "In this sense the Kickers soccer program develops both players and people so that they can succeed on and off the pitch. ", "If all youth soccer organisations shared the values and expertise of the Kickers Soccer Club then the sport would flourish at a much quicker rate.", "\"Gareth Long--Senior Lecturer in Coach and Physical Education at the University College Plymouth, St Mark and St John, Plymouth, UK; former Head Men’s Soccer Coach at the University College Plymouth; English Football Association Education Tutor.", "\n\n\"Kickers SC focuses on doing the right things at the right time and in the right way to let the player progress on a relevant player pathway that will give all participants the best chance to reach their potential at any level. ", "With forward thinking coaches and structures in place it will benefit all players with more touches on the ball and make it enjoyable for everyone.", "\"Scott Russell - Former First Team Coach for Plymouth Argyle (English team) and current scout for Hanover 96 (German team) and Standard Liege (Belgian team)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.009569377990430622, 0, 0, 0.02109704641350211, 0, 0.011049723756906077, 0.008264462809917356, 0.00684931506849315, 0.02040816326530612, 0.004347826086956522, 0, 0.012738853503184714 ]

[ "988 F.2d 120\n148 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2320\nNOTICE: Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3 provides that dispositions other than opinions or orders designated for publication are not precedential and should not be cited except when relevant under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, or collateral estoppel.", "NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, Petitioner,v.FARMER BROTHERS CO., ", "Respondent.", "\nNo. ", "91-70530.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.", "\nArgued and Submitted Feb. 4, 1993.Decided Feb. 26, 1993.", "\n\nOn Application to Enforce the Order of the National Labor Relations Board, No. ", "31-CA-17677.", "\nNLRB\nAFFIRMED.", "\nBefore BEEZER, BRUNETTI and DAVID R. THOMPSON, Circuit Judges.", "\n\n\n1\nMEMORANDUM*\n\n\n2\nThe National Labor Relations Board (the \"Board\") petitions for enforcement of its order finding that Farmer Brothers Co.'s (the \"Company\") interrogation of employee James Stayton-McGriff (\"McGriff\") about his former union involvement, termination of McGriff because he engaged in protected concerted activities both through the Food, Industrial and Beverage Warehouse Drivers and Clerical Employees Union, Teamsters Local 630 (the \"Union\") and directly, and other acts of interference violated Sections 8(a)(1) and 8(a)(3) (29 U.S.C. §§ 158(a)(1) and (a)(3) (1992)) of the National Labor Relations Act (the \"Act\"). ", " The Board ordered the Company to cease and desist from interfering in employees' exercise of their rights under the Act and to place McGriff at the top of the permanent hire list with back pay. ", " The Company contends that the Administrative Law Judge's (\"ALJ\") credibility determinations, which were adopted by the Board, were erroneous, and that even if the determinations were correct the Company did not violate the provisions of the Act. ", " The Company also challenges the Board's remedy as punitive and contends that, if anything, McGriff should be returned to his former position as a casual driver. ", " We affirm the Board's decision in all respects.", "\n\n\n3\n* An ALJ's determinations on credibility which have been adopted by the Board are upheld unless the \" 'clear preponderance of all the relevant evidence convinces that they are incorrect.' \" ", " Did Building Services, Inc. v. N.L.R.B., 915 F.2d 490, 494 (9th Cir.1990) (quoting N.L.R.B. v. Luisi Truck Lines, 384 F.2d 842, 846 (9th Cir.1967)). ", " The Board's affirmance of an ALJ's findings on credibility will not be overturned unless they are \" 'inherently incredible or patently unreasonable.' \" ", " N.L.R.B. v. Hospital & Institutional Workers Union, 577 F.2d 649, 652 (9th Cir.1978) (quoting N.L.R.B. v. Anthony Co., 557 F.2d 692, 695 (9th Cir.1977)).", "\n\n\n4\nThe Company contends the ALJ himself found McGriff's testimony to be \"inherently incredible,\" and erred in giving the testimony any credence. ", " The ALJ did note McGriff \"was the type of witness who, in attempting to establish his credibility, achieves the opposite effect,\" and he \"found utterly appalling [McGriff's] attribution of stereotypical racist language to [business agent] Willie Lykes ... and racist comments to [Company managers] Stiff and Andrade.\" ", " The ALJ also expressed his \"utter lack of confidence in the truth\" of McGriff's testimony.", "\n\n\n5\nAlthough the ALJ found there were \"areas\" where \"McGriff was not candid,\" he did not find McGriff to be \"inherently incredible.\" ", " The ALJ's carefully written opinion indicates that he did not disbelieve everything that McGriff said. ", " He stressed \"that witnesses sometimes relate an amalgam of truth and falsehood and that, in said circumstances, it is not unusual--and, indeed, common--for a trier of fact to believe some, but not all, of a witness's testimony.\"", "\n\n\n6\nThe ALJ's reaction to the testimony of Company officials Stiff (traffic manager), Allen (distribution manager), and Berger (vice president) was also one of \"utter lack of confidence.\" ", " He found these men were \"utterly disingenuous witnesses whose main purpose ... appeared to be to buttress [the Company's] position during the trial and not to be truthful.\" ", " He described Allen particularly as \"mendacious.\"", "\n\n\n7\nThe ALJ wrote that his determinations were \"based upon the record as a whole, concentrating upon factors such as conflicts with more credible witnesses and supposedly corroborative ones, the types of questions asked and answered, and upon the reasonable nature of the testimony.\" ", " The Company charges that \"throughout the entire transcript there is only one instance in which the ALJ used true corroborative testimony from a credible witness to resolve\" a credibility conflict. ", " That is false. ", " For example, Berger denied that he had ever asked about union participation in an interview, because he would not ask that kind of question. ", " Wallace, another casual driver, testified that Berger had asked him about his participation in the Union, corroborating McGriff's statement that he had been asked about the Union. ", " Galvin, another casual driver, corroborated McGriff's testimony that Farmer (Company president), too, asked about participation in the Union. ", " McGriff's attorney Nelson corroborated McGriff's testimony that he was terminated because he had gone to the Union. ", " Nelson stated both Allen and Berger had telephoned him and told him that the Company would rather \"shut down\" than give in to Union pressure, and that McGriff would not be hired as a permanent driver regardless of any contract rights.", "\n\n\n8\nOn another occasion details in McGriff's testimony which were confirmed by Stiff lent credence to McGriff's testimony. ", " McGriff said Stiff reviewed his (McGriff's) evaluations with him and told him that he had \"passed,\" which Stiff denied. ", " McGriff said that one of the evaluation sheets, which was subsequently filled out, was blank at the time, and that another one had not been edited when he saw it. ", " Stiff confirmed that one trucker initially turned in a blank form, and that he had altered the other evaluation after it was received on behalf of the evaluator.", "\n\n\n9\nOther deductions were possible because the Company's employees contradicted themselves or each other. ", " For example, Berger said that he always interviewed new employees with Farmer, in Berger's office, but then admitted that he sometimes used the empty room behind Allen's office (the room McGriff said he was interviewed in by Berger) to interview people alone. ", " The testimony that McGriff was dismissed on the basis of poor evaluations was belied by the fact that McGriff's evaluations met Company policy requirements, and that nobody had ever failed the evaluation process before. ", " Allen and Stiff gave conflicting testimony as to whether they had ever examined McGriff's evaluations together. ", " Stiff related that the Company did not need so many casual drivers since business was slow; however, a slow business period would not affect a casual driver's status, as the Company had no duty to give them any work.", "\n\n\n10\nBesides, some of the violations were not based on McGriff's own testimony. ", " Allen admitted he had told McGriff about a layoff of warehouse employees during which other employees were forced to work overtime. ", " Allen could not explain why other workers would have to work overtime if the layoff was mandated by economic concerns, not reprisal for Union grievances as McGriff had testified. ", " Allen also mentioned that an independent contractor had lower labor costs and that the Company considered contracting out to them. ", " Yet another violation was based in part on Allen and Berger's comments to Nelson.", "\n\n\n11\nThe ALJ sometimes chose to believe McGriff when McGriff's testimony was in direct conflict with a Company official's testimony. ", " The decision to believe McGriff in certain circumstances was not unreasonable but was \"[b]ased upon what [the ALJ perceived] as fabricated testimony by [the Company's] managers regarding the timing and sequence of McGriff's employment interviews\" and the fact that the managers' testimony was \"controverted\" by credible witnesses on key matters. ", " On several occasions when McGriff's testimony was contradicted by testimony of witnesses whom the ALJ found credible, the ALJ did not credit McGriff.", "\n\n\n12\nWe hold the clear preponderance of the relevant evidence supports the ALJ's findings on credibility.", "\n\nII\n\n13\nThe Company also contests the ALJ's determination that the Company's actions violated the Act. ", " A violation must be established by the preponderance of the substantial evidence. ", " 29 U.S.C. § 160(c) (1992). ", " Substantial evidence is \"more than a mere scintilla. ", " It means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept to support a conclusion.\" ", " N.L.R.B. v. O'Neill, 965 F.2d 1522, 1526 (9th Cir.1992) (citation omitted). ", " This court \"defer[s] to the Board's reasonable interpretation and application of the Act.\" ", " Did Building Services, 915 F.2d at 494.", "\n\n\n14\nThe ALJ held that the Company violated § 8(a)(1) by interrogating McGriff about his Union sympathies. ", " An interrogation does not violate the Act unless, \"under the circumstances, it reasonably tends to restrain or interfere with employee union activity.\" ", " N.L.R.B. v. Brooks Cameras, Inc., 691 F.2d 912, 919 (9th Cir.1982). ", " Relevant factors include the background, the nature of the information sought, the identity of the questioner, and the place and method of interrogation. ", " Rossmore House, 269 N.L.R.B. 1176, 1178 n. 20 (1984), enforced, 760 F.2d 1006 (9th Cir.1985). ", " Applying these factors, we conclude the ALJ's determination that the interrogation was coercive was proper. ", " The interrogation about union membership was done by the highest ranking Company officials; the interrogation seems to have been designed to screen out strong union adherents; and the officials' other comments indicate there was an environment of hostility toward the Union.", "\n\n\n15\nThe ALJ concluded that the Company violated the Act by informing employees that problems could be resolved without resort to the Union or grievance process. ", " While an employer is permitted (even encouraged) to establish an open-door policy, the employer cannot discourage employees from taking advantage of the Union or the grievance process. ", " Prince Trucking Co., 283 N.L.R.B. 806 (1987). ", " Here Allen's statement that \"most problems could be settled right in the office without going downtown,\" read in the context of the other anti-Union statements and particularly the recent history of conflict with the Union office \"downtown,\" was reasonably interpreted by the ALJ to inhibit resort to the Union to air grievances.", "\n\n\n16\nNone of the Company's remaining challenges to the findings of violations have merit. ", " Some of those challenges were not based on the legal basis of the violations but solely on repetition of the attacks on the ALJ's credibility findings. ", " As we uphold those credibility findings, we see no reason to disturb the ALJ's legal conclusions. ", " The legal basis of the other violations were not challenged in respondent's brief.", "\n\nIII\n\n17\nThe Company asserts that McGriff's termination was lawful because McGriff did not have an honest and reasonable belief that he had a contractual right to be placed on the permanent hire list. ", " The Company relies on N.L.R.B. v. City Disposal Systems, Inc., 465 U.S. 822 (1984), for the proposition that an employee is not engaging in \"concerted activity\" within the meaning of 29 U.S.C. § 157 (1992) unless the employee has an \"honest and reasonable\" belief that he has a valid contractual right. ", " City Disposal, 465 U.S. at 840. ", " An employee's assertion of his rights need not turn out to be correct as long as it is honest and reasonable. ", " Id.\n\n\n18\nMcGriff's belief that he had fulfilled the requirements to be placed on the permanent hire list was based on the trip sheets, which mistakenly showed that he had completed 40 tours, and his ignorance of the side agreement under which the Union agreed that only extra tours would count toward the 40 tours. ", " The Company states that McGriff did not have an \"honest and reasonable belief\" in the validity of his contractual right because he learned of the side agreement before seeking to vindicate his rights.", "\n\n\n19\nMcGriff did know about the side agreement by the time he had his lawyer draw up the letter to the Company, but intended to estop the Company from relying on it based on the mistaken trip sheets. ", " The ALJ recognized that \"whether [McGriff] was correct or incorrect in light of the [side agreement] McGriff's contention was based upon the trip sheets which credited him with in excess of 40 tours of duty toward hiring.\" ", " The ALJ did not err in concluding that McGriff's effort to estop the Company was \"honest and reasonable.\"", "\n\nIV\n\n20\nThe Company protests that its decision to terminate McGriff was lawful because it was unrelated to his efforts to force himself onto the board. ", " Initially, \"the General Counsel bears the burden of proving that the employee's exercise of a protected activity was a motivating factor in the termination,\" and then the burden shifts to the employer to \"show by a preponderance of the evidence that it would have terminated the employee despite the protected activity.\" ", " Dash v. N.L.R.B., 793 F.2d 1062, 1066 (9th Cir.1986).", "\n\n\n21\nAccording to the Company, the decision to terminate McGriff was based on three factors. ", " First, McGriff pestered Stiff about the letter of intent. ", " As the ALJ observed, McGriff's pestering of Stiff is part of McGriff's exercise of his rights. ", " McGriff cannot be terminated for asserting rights he honestly and reasonably believed he had. ", " This reason is not independent of McGriff's dispute with the Company.", "\n\n\n22\nSecond, there was not enough work for all the casual employees since business was slow, and the Company chose to terminate McGriff because his evaluations were the lowest. ", " The ALJ logically discounted this argument. ", " The Company had no obligation to give the casual drivers any work. ", " In fact, they went without work for substantial periods (e.g. casual driver Stout worked only five local runs from 4/1-6/8; Wallace worked only one local run from 3/31-5/13). ", " As noted above, McGriff testified in detail that Stiff had gone over his evaluations with him and told him that he had \"passed,\" and details in his testimony were corroborated by Stiff. ", " McGriff's evaluations were generally favorable, and were certainly not grounds for dismissal under the Company's own policy (which required only that an employee receive \"favorable\" scores on three of five evaluations).", "\n\n\n23\nThird, McGriff was not compatible with the other employees. ", " The Company managers did not cite any specific comments about McGriff but rather relied on vague remarks that coworkers disliked him. ", " The timing of McGriff's discharge, as his attempts to exercise his rights were beginning to annoy Company officials, supports the ALJ's conclusion that the discharge was not based on incompatibility, and buttresses the ALJ's decision to credit McGriff's allegations (reaffirmed by Nelson) that the discharge was in response to McGriff's resort to the Union and to legal remedies. ", " See Seaboard Farms of Athens, Inc., 292 N.L.R.B. 776 (1989); Asociacion Hospital Del Maestro, Inc., 291 N.L.R.B. 198 (1988). ", " The fact that McGriff's evaluations, completed by fellow truckers, were all good or excellent (with the exception of one trucker who objected to McGriff's smoking) also contradicts the Company's claim of incompatibility.", "\n\nV\n\n24\nThe Company contends that McGriff should only be reinstated as a casual driver, not be put at the top of the permanent hire list. ", " This court defers to the Board's judgment in crafting a remedy because of the Board's superior expertise in the area of labor law. ", " N.L.R.B. v. Gissel Packing Co., 395 U.S. 575, 612 n. 32 (1969). ", " The Board's \"choice of remedy must ... be given special respect by reviewing courts.\" ", " Id. Accord Sure-Tan, Inc. v. N.L.R.B., 467 U.S. 883, 898-899 (1984).", "\n\n\n25\nThe purpose of the remedy is to return a discharged employee to the position he would have been in had he not suffered discrimination. ", " N.L.R.B. v. Rutter-Rex Manufacturing Co., 396 U.S. 258, 265 (1969). ", " Though the Company opines that McGriff should be returned to the casual employee corps, this remedy is not satisfactory to restore McGriff to his rightful place.", "\n\n\n26\nIt is within the Board's remedial powers to order a probationary employee to be reinstated as a permanent employee. ", " Gulf States United Telephone Co., 253 N.L.R.B. 603, 603 n. 2 (1980), enforced, 694 F.2d 92 (5th Cir.1982). ", " Any uncertainty about the employee's projected status should be resolved against the \"wrongdoer\" employer. ", " Id. McGriff's cohort of casual drivers are now permanent drivers, and the ALJ realistically concluded that McGriff would have attained the same position given the same opportunity. ", " Id. Reinstatement as a casual driver would not be completely effective, given that the Company would have no contractual obligation to give him work and he might suffer because of his role in this litigation. ", " The ALJ found that McGriff would have made the necessary number of tours by this time and that he had already passed the evaluation process, a conclusion which was supported in his opinion. ", " Id. This remedy is appropriate.", "\n\n\n27\nWe will enforce the order. ", " The Board's decision is AFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n*\n This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or used by the courts of this circuit except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0, 0.0425531914893617, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0.031746031746031744, 0.009433962264150943, 0.01020408163265306, 0.004032258064516129, 0.018404907975460124, 0.02040816326530612, 0.010256410256410256, 0.006578947368421052, 0.012987012987012988, 0.01282051282051282, 0.02040816326530612, 0.015625, 0.021739130434782608, 0.007462686567164179, 0.01904761904761905, 0, 0.021164021164021163, 0, 0.02, 0.0035087719298245615, 0.005025125628140704, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0.016483516483516484, 0.013888888888888888, 0.01694915254237288, 0.01694915254237288, 0.024193548387096774, 0.02459016393442623, 0, 0.006134969325153374, 0.009345794392523364, 0.015267175572519083, 0.009009009009009009, 0.02631578947368421, 0.0091324200913242, 0.012345679012345678, 0.014925373134328358, 0.011049723756906077, 0.015037593984962405, 0.03614457831325301, 0.022388059701492536, 0.008620689655172414, 0.019867549668874173, 0.009433962264150943, 0.028846153846153848, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0.010752688172043012, 0.04878048780487805, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0.0035971223021582736, 0.012269938650306749, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0.006042296072507553, 0.01098901098901099, 0.006493506493506494, 0.01, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0.0031545741324921135, 0.0049504950495049506, 0.004975124378109453, 0.0044444444444444444, 0.028037383177570093, 0.006535947712418301, 0, 0.03636363636363636, 0.02127659574468085, 0.03333333333333333, 0.041237113402061855, 0, 0.028169014084507043, 0.0056179775280898875, 0.021739130434782608, 0.014492753623188406, 0.0056179775280898875, 0.015957446808510637, 0.004524886877828055, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0.01832460732984293, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0.007246376811594203, 0.015037593984962405, 0.015151515151515152, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.012269938650306749, 0.00819672131147541, 0.01834862385321101, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0.0047169811320754715, 0.005208333333333333, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0.005917159763313609 ]

[ "3*g = 0, -2*g + 19 = 3*r. ", "Let s = 6 - 6. ", "Which is the nearest to -1/2? ", " (a) s (b) 4/3 (c) r\na\nLet y = 19 + 3. ", "Let v = y + -42. ", "Let h = 19.5 + v. Which is the closest to 1/5? ", " (a) -4 (b) h (c) 0.1\nc\nLet f = -0.25 - 13.75. ", "Let n = f + 11.7. ", "Let x = n + 1.3. ", "Which is the closest to x? ", " (a) -0.4 (b) -0.5 (c) 0.3\nb\nLet s(z) = -z - 4. ", "Let y = -32 - -25. ", "Let k be s(y). ", "Which is the nearest to 2/7? ", " (a) k (b) 1 (c) 0.3\nc\nSuppose k - 2*x - 1 = 0, 10*k - 8*k = -2*x + 8. ", "Which is the closest to 10? ", " (a) k (b) 0 (c) 2\na\nLet l = 2.9553 + 0.0447. ", "What is the closest to 0.1 in 0.4, 1/5, -0.1, l?", "\n1/5\nSuppose 129 - 141 = 12*r. ", "What is the closest to r in -0.4, 6, 0.5?", "\n-0.4\nLet t = -205.9 + 206. ", "What is the nearest to -1 in 5, 0.05, t?", "\n0.05\nLet t = 8 - 5. ", "Let s = 4 + -6. ", "Let h = 344 - 345. ", "Which is the nearest to h? ", " (a) 1 (b) s (c) t\nb\nLet k be (-2)/(-1)*2/3. ", "Let y = -269.2 + 271.2. ", "Which is the nearest to -3? ", " (a) y (b) -5 (c) k\nb\nLet p be ((-1)/5)/(-8*(-2)/32). ", "Suppose -2*b + 0*b = 16. ", "Let w(f) = -f**3 - 7*f**2 + 8*f + 2. ", "Let a be w(b). ", "What is the closest to p in 1, -3, a?", "\n1\nLet l = 13/102 + 2/51. ", "Let g be ((-10)/40)/((-5)/(-12)). ", "Let i be 5/(-5) + (-11)/(-8). ", "Which is the nearest to 3/2? ", " (a) g (b) i (c) l\nb\nLet s(r) = r**3 + 3*r**2 - 3*r. ", "Let m be s(-2). ", "Suppose -2*g - 3*g + m = 0. ", "Let x be (-3*(0 - -2))/g. ", "Which is the nearest to -1? ", " (a) 2 (b) x (c) 0.1\nc\nLet u = -2224.8 - -2225. ", "Let o = -6 - -1. ", "Which is the closest to 0.2? ", " (a) o (b) -1 (c) u\nc\nSuppose -4*f = 117 + 255. ", "Let u = -187/2 - f. What is the nearest to 0 in -2/5, 0.042, u?", "\n0.042\nLet s be ((-4)/(-18))/((-2)/6). ", "Let w = 259.1 - 259. ", "Which is the nearest to s? ", " (a) w (b) -4 (c) -1/10\nc\nLet w = 1.5 + -1.2. ", "Suppose j + 3*j + 38 = 5*n, n + j = 13. ", "Suppose f = 2*t - 7, 3*t - 24 + n = -2*f. ", "Which is the nearest to t? ", " (a) w (b) -3 (c) 5/3\nc\nSuppose 41 - 6 = 5*d. ", "Suppose 0 = -3*o - d*x + 3*x - 2, 2*x = 4*o - 12. ", "Let z be o/3 - (-8)/(-12). ", "What is the nearest to -2 in 1, 4, z?", "\nz\nLet r = -808 + 807. ", "Which is the nearest to r? ", " (a) -0.06 (b) -1 (c) 6\nb\nLet n be (-2)/(-7) + (-100)/(-91). ", "Let w = n - 80/39. ", "Let u be (-2)/(-20)*(-15)/(-2). ", "Which is the nearest to 0? ", " (a) 5 (b) u (c) w\nc\nLet m = 2088 + -2086. ", "Which is the closest to 3? ", " (a) -1/8 (b) -0.2 (c) m (d) -75\nc\nLet y = 1.9 - 2. ", "Let h = 494.442 - 495. ", "Let u = -0.158 - h. Which is the closest to y? ", " (a) u (b) -2 (c) -0.3\nc\nSuppose 0 = 3*z - 2*z + 1. ", "Suppose -d = 5*t - 16, 3*t = 6*d - 4*d + 7. ", "Let m = 621 - 1862/3. ", "Which is the closest to m? ", " (a) -0.5 (b) z (c) d\nc\nLet n = 2 + -1. ", "Suppose h - 4*j = 78, -j + 321 = 5*h + 2*j. ", "Let y = h - 129/2. ", "Which is the closest to -0.1? ", " (a) n (b) -4 (c) y\na\nLet z(r) = r**2 + 5*r + 11. ", "Let s be z(-3). ", "What is the nearest to -0.8 in 4, s, 2/5?", "\n2/5\nLet i = -1.09 - -0.89. ", "Let s = -38 + 28. ", "Let z be (-4)/14 - 96/56. ", "What is the nearest to i in z, s, 5?", "\nz\nLet j = 0.035 - 0.305. ", "Let s = j - 0.13. ", "Which is the closest to -2/5? ", " (a) s (b) 5 (c) -1\na\nLet i = -33 - -36. ", "Suppose -i*h = -15, -h + 0 = f - 4. ", "Let d = -0.3 + -1.7. ", "What is the nearest to f in d, 2/7, -2/3?", "\n-2/3\nLet x(b) = 6*b + 1. ", "Let a be x(-1). ", "Suppose 0 = -0*o + 4*o. ", "Let i = -8.45 + 8.25. ", "What is the nearest to o in 0.1, a, i?", "\n0.1\nLet q = -81 + 58. ", "Let g = 25.58 - 2.38. ", "Let r = q + g. Which is the closest to 1? ", " (a) 0 (b) 5 (c) r\nc\nLet f = 205 - 204. ", "What is the closest to f in 0.3, 4, 2, 6.5?", "\n0.3\nLet w = 501.5 - 501. ", "Let h = 0.1 + -1.1. ", "Which is the nearest to 2? ", " (a) 4/7 (b) w (c) h\na\nLet c = 289.71 + -291. ", "Let h = -1.19 - c. Let z = -220/3 + 74. ", "What is the closest to z in 0.4, 3/8, h?", "\n0.4\nLet m = -5.01 + 0.01. ", "Let z be 56/102 + (-60)/(-510). ", "What is the nearest to z in 2/7, m, 2?", "\n2/7\nLet x = 0.7 + -0.7. ", "Suppose 0 = 5*z - z - 36. ", "Let w be (-3)/(3 - z/(-2)). ", "What is the closest to w in x, -0.1, -2/9?", "\n-2/9\nLet p be 67/(-670) + 16/10. ", "Let j = -0.2 + 0.1. ", "Which is the closest to j? ", " (a) -5 (b) -2 (c) p\nc\nLet u = -2.9 - -3. ", "Let x = 7.7 + 78.5. ", "Let c = -86 + x. What is the nearest to u in 0.3, 3, c?", "\nc\nLet k = -1234 + 1233. ", "Which is the closest to k? ", " (a) -1/2 (b) 0.1 (c) 5 (d) 1\na\nLet l be ((-16)/(-72))/(12/234). ", "What is the closest to -1 in -0.1, -0.3, l?", "\n-0.3\nLet q = -2 + 6. ", "Let v = 4 - q. Let h = 1 + v. What is the closest to -3 in 0.4, h, 2/3?", "\n0.4\nSuppose -u + 13 = 3*d - 5, -3*d = -3*u - 6. ", "Suppose u = -5*y + 3*q - 21, -15 = y - 4*q. ", "Which is the closest to y? ", " (a) -3 (b) 0.3 (c) -5\na\nLet l = 1 + -0.5. ", "Let m = 24 - 36. ", "Let q = m + 16. ", "Which is the nearest to 2/5? ", " (a) l (b) q (c) 0.4\nc\nLet w = 4423 + -4421.057. ", "Let x = 0.057 + w. Which is the nearest to -11? ", " (a) -5 (b) 1/4 (c) x\na\nLet p = 0.973 + 0.027. ", "Let x = 727/7 + -104. ", "What is the nearest to -5 in -2, p, x?", "\n-2\nLet g = 2/43315 + -68914183/389835. ", "Let u = 177 + g. Let j = -1 - -1.1. ", "Which is the closest to -0.3? ", " (a) -0.5 (b) j (c) u\na\nLet z = 0.291 - 0.291. ", "Which is the nearest to -4? ", " (a) -5 (b) -1 (c) z\na\nLet g = 0.17 - -9.83. ", "Let p = 11 - g. Let f be 9/(1*21/9) - 3. ", "Which is the closest to p? ", " (a) -0.5 (b) f (c) 0.3\nb\nLet c = -0.034 - -0.007. ", "Let i = -2.027 - c. What is the nearest to -2/5 in i, 5, 0.1?", "\n0.1\nLet n = 0.6 + -0.2. ", "Let q = 0.1 + -0.06. ", "Let a = -0.06 - q. What is the nearest to a in n, -4, 1?", "\nn\nSuppose -63 = 50*w + 387. ", "What is the closest to 0 in w, -5/6, -4/15?", "\n-4/15\nLet w = -1/103 - -213/721. ", "What is the closest to w in 2/5, 2/9, 2?", "\n2/9\nLet v = -2 - -1. ", "Let i be (v + (-21)/(-9))*(-3)/(-22). ", "Which is the closest to -1/5? ", " (a) -0.4 (b) -4 (c) i\na\nLet m be 2 - (3 - 76/68). ", "Let t = 5 + 2. ", "Let l = t + 1. ", "Which is the nearest to 0.1? ", " (a) m (b) -5 (c) l\na\nLet w = 155 + -154.9. ", "Which is the closest to 3? ", " (a) 3/5 (b) 5 (c) w\nb\nLet w = 3.04 - 0.16. ", "Let i = -0.12 - w. Let l = 740/9 - 82. ", "Which is the nearest to 0? ", " (a) i (b) 1/7 (c) l\nb\nLet q be (4/(-12) + 5)/(12/(-18)). ", "What is the nearest to -33 in 3, q, 3/8?", "\nq\nLet c = 2.053 - 0.017. ", "Let o = c - 0.036. ", "What is the nearest to -0.1 in -0.4, o, 3/2?", "\n-0.4\nSuppose 0 = 2*o - j + 23 - 24, -j = 3*o - 14. ", "Which is the closest to 0.1? ", " (a) o (b) -0.1 (c) -23\nb\nLet j be (-392)/(-686)*(-7)/(-2). ", "What is the closest to -0.2 in -0.5, 9, 1, j?", "\n-0.5\nLet o be (2/(-6))/(4/(36/19)). ", "Which is the closest to 1/4? ", " (a) -4 (b) 2/5 (c) o\nb\nLet g = 4 - -2. ", "Suppose -g + 2 = -v. ", "Which is the nearest to -2? ", " (a) 2 (b) -0.5 (c) v\nb\nLet l = 4.1 - 0.6. ", "Let z = 3.8 - l. Suppose -2*q + m + 0 + 3 = 0, 24 = -4*q - 4*m. ", "Which is the closest to q? ", " (a) -1 (b) z (c) -11\na\nLet n = -7031/3 - -2343. ", "What is the nearest to n in 1/8, 5, -4, 0.2?", "\n1/8\nLet a = 1074 + -11816/11. ", "What is the closest to a in 0.5, -0.29, 0.1, 0.2?", "\n-0.29\nLet s = 1171 + -1157. ", "Which is the nearest to 0.1? ", " (a) s (b) 4 (c) 0.4\nc\nLet r = -52.74 + 52. ", "Let n = -2.74 - r. What is the nearest to n in -2/5, -3/2, -0.5?", "\n-3/2\nSuppose 4*x + 2*k = 5*k + 14, 2*k = 4*x - 12. ", "Which is the closest to -5? ", " (a) 4 (b) x (c) 0.1 (d) 0.6\nc\nLet l = 0.1 - 0.2. ", "Let m = -13442 - -13437. ", "What is the closest to l in -1, -3, m?", "\n-1\nLet h = -73.3 + 73. ", "Let f = -7 + 5. ", "Which is the nearest to h? ", " (a) 3/2 (b) 2/23 (c) f\nb\nLet p = -27.1 + 22.1. ", "What is the closest to 1/2 in p, 0.3, 2?", "\n0.3\nLet p = -13 - -8. ", "Let b = 0.01 - -29.89. ", "Let a = b + -30. ", "What is the nearest to a in 5, p, 1/4?", "\n1/4\nLet i be ((-6)/12)/(34/(-16) - -2). ", "Suppose 3*q + 7 = -i*q. ", "Which is the nearest to -1.1? ", " (a) -1/4 (b) q (c) 0.4\nb\nLet o = -0.3 - -0.6. ", "Suppose s = 4*f - 2*f - 7, -11 = -4*f - s. Let p = 0 - -0.1. ", "Which is the closest to 2/3? ", " (a) o (b) f (c) p\na\nLet d = 24.56 - 18.56. ", "Let h(m) = m**3 + 4*m**2 + m - 2. ", "Let s be h(-3). ", "Which is the nearest to 1/3? ", " (a) d (b) s (c) 2/11\nc\nLet n = 636 + -634. ", "What is the closest to -3 in 5, -1, n?", "\n-1\nLet q = -273.4 - -273. ", "Which is the nearest to -2/3? ", " (a) q (b) 0.6 (c) -2/11 (d) 0.1\na\nLet p be 62/(-15) - (-28)/7. ", "What is the nearest to -6 in p, 5, 0?", "\np\nLet j = -200 - -193. ", "Which is the nearest to -2/5? ", " (a) j (b) 0 (c) -2/19\nc\nLet n = -24 - -23. ", "Let i = 16.4 - 16. ", "What is the nearest to i in 5, n, 0.1?", "\n0.1\nLet w = -3.44 + 3.94. ", "Which is the nearest to w? ", " (a) 1/2 (b) -0.1 (c) -3\na\nLet z = -695 + 693.1. ", "What is the nearest to 0 in 16, 0.4, z, 2?", "\n0.4\nLet g = 0.395 - 0.295. ", "What is the closest to g in -1, 0.3, 2?", "\n0.3\nLet d = 9 + 6." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0, 0.02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.046511627906976744, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0392156862745098, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.04, 0.02631578947368421, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0.07407407407407407, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0 ]

[ "Updates\n\nGiving\n\nArthur Hsu\n\nWhat motivated me to enroll at RTS was having a good Reformed theological education. ", "I did consider going to seminary before, but none of the local seminaries I knew were from the Reformed tradition, and I felt a bit frustrated. ", "In 2010, one of my friends told me about RTS Washington; I was very excited. ", "At first, I just wanted to equip myself more. ", "I was not entirely thinking about future pastoral ministry. ", "From the beginning of my time at RTS, I knew it was the right decision. ", "The path of future pastoral ministry became increasingly clear since my first class at RTS.", "\n\nI changed my career from being a graphic designer to serving as a full-time member of the pastoral staff in a Reformed Chinese church. ", "God has providentially led me to serve in my current church even before I graduated from RTS in 2018. ", "I did not come from a Reformed church background, but through the help and directions given by my RTS professors, God guided me and my family to this new call in life. ", "Before RTS, I only had the basic understanding of Reformed theology, serving in a non-denominational church, doing lay-preaching and teaching ministry. ", "After graduating, I feel like I really have a great and solid education that is theologically sound and practically oriented, preparing me to serve in the full spectrum of pastoral ministry." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Fibrolamellar carcinoma presenting as a pancreatic mass: case report and review of the literature.", "\nFibrolamellar carcinoma is a subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma with distinct clinicopathologic features including presentation at a younger age. ", "Although early studies suggested that fibrolamellar carcinoma had a better prognosis than conventional hepatocellular carcinoma, most later studies have found no difference. ", "Patients often have lymph node metastases at presentation in addition to the hepatic primary. ", "We describe an unusual case in a Thai boy who presented with a pancreatic mass that was clinically suspected to be a primary pancreatic tumor, but on biopsy was found to be metastatic fibrolamellar carcinoma. ", "To our knowledge, this manner of presentation has not been previously reported for fibrolamellar carcinoma, nor has metastatic spread to the pancreas." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Top officials in the US Navy reportedly threatened to resign or be fired should President Trump follow through with an order to keep disgraced Navy SEAL Edward Gallagher in the service, The New York Times reported.", "\n\nHours later, Navy Secretary Richard Spencer denied that he said he would resign while speaking at a security conference in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Reuters reported.", "\n\n“Contrary to popular belief, I’m still here. ", "I did not threaten to resign,” he said.", "\n\nThe New York Times also reported that Rear Adm. Collin Green, who leads the SEALs, said he would resign.", "\n\nRegarding Gallagher, Spencer said earlier in the day that he should be judged by his peers.", "\n\n“I believe the process matters for good order and discipline,” Spencer told Reuters while attending the forum. “", "I think we have a process in place, which we’re going forward with, and that’s my job.”", "\n\nGallagher was convicted in July of illegally posing with the dead body of an ISIS fighter. ", "The decision resulted in a rank and pay-grade demotion — and potentially the loss of his Navy SEALs Trident Pin.", "\n\nThe announcement from Spencer puts him on a collision course with Trump, who personally intervened to ensure Gallagher is not expelled from the SEALs and that he would remain entitled to his pension.", "\n\n“The Navy will NOT be taking away Warfighter and Navy Seal Eddie Gallagher’s Trident Pin. ", "This case was handled very badly from the beginning. ", "Get back to business!” ", "Trump tweeted Thursday." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.02336448598130841, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0, 0.02830188679245283, 0.010752688172043012, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0.017857142857142856, 0.009950248756218905, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "<!", "DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n <head>\n <meta charset=\"utf-8\" />\n <link rel=\"shortcut icon\" href=\"%PUBLIC_URL%/favicon.ico\" />\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\" />\n <meta name=\"theme-color\" content=\"#000000\" />\n <meta\n name=\"description\"\n content=\"Web site created using create-react-app\"\n />\n <link rel=\"apple-touch-icon\" href=\"logo192.png\" />\n <!--", "\n manifest.json provides metadata used when your web app is installed on a\n user's mobile device or desktop. ", "See https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/web-app-manifest/\n -->\n <link rel=\"manifest\" href=\"%PUBLIC_URL%/manifest.json\" />\n <!--", "\n Notice the use of %PUBLIC_URL% in the tags above.", "\n It will be replaced with the URL of the `public` folder during the build.", "\n Only files inside the `public` folder can be referenced from the HTML.", "\n\n Unlike \"/favicon.ico\" or \"favicon.ico\", \"%PUBLIC_URL%/favicon.ico\" will\n work correctly both with client-side routing and a non-root public URL.", "\n Learn how to configure a non-root public URL by running `npm run build`.", "\n -->\n <title>Minigo Joseki Explorer</title>\n </head>\n <body>\n <noscript>You need to enable JavaScript to run this app.</noscript>\n <div id=\"root\"></div>\n <!--", "\n This HTML file is a template.", "\n If you open it directly in the browser, you will see an empty page.", "\n\n You can add webfonts, meta tags, or analytics to this file.", "\n The build step will place the bundled scripts into the <body> tag.", "\n\n To begin the development, run `npm start` or `yarn start`.", "\n To create a production bundle, use `npm run build` or `yarn build`.", "\n -->\n </body>\n</html>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.002380952380952381, 0.008403361344537815, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "BorgerRio\n\nBorgerRio is a multicultural street festival organised every year at the Turnhoutsebaan, one of the busiest traffic lanes in the ethnically diverse Borgerhout district. ", "During the event, the motorised traffic in the street is halted for one day in order to create space for a street market, stages with musicians, sports and many other activities. ", "The highlight of the festival is the visually spectacular parade in the afternoon when hundreds of colourful performers of diverse nationalities, like samba dancers, street bands and stilt walkers, march through the street. ", "In recent years, the free-entrance festival attracted around 35,000 visitors in one day (Het Nieuwsblad, 2012).", "\n\nThe primary goal of the festival is to create a positive image of the neighbourhood. ", "The festival is expected to enhance the economic performance of the local entrepreneurs by attracting more visitors to the shops in the street. ", "On the other hand, the festival also aims to improve the social cohesion by bringing the diverse groups in the neighbourhood together one day a year. ", "Rather than expressing the vision of one organisation, BorgerRio is the result of a collaboration between various actors that wanted to improve the image of their neighbourhood. ", "BorgerRio originated from the combination of two private initiatives: the ‘Environmental Festival’ organised by the Ecological House and the ‘Holiday Street Fair’ organised by the local trade association. ", "For ten years, the environmental service of the Antwerp municipality had been organising annually in June an ‘Environmental Festival’ with a cultural and an environmental-educational programme[1]. ", "The idea to organise a big multicultural street parade, however, was launched in 2006 by the local trade association Voorstad. ", "The trade association had their annual ‘Holiday Street Fair’ in June, when local vendors put up stands on the street to sell their goods. ", "The street fair, however, did not attract many people. ", "The Turnhoutsebaan had a bad reputation as this street was often depicted in the media as the scene of urban riots and decay. ", "In addition, the trade association noticed that most shopkeepers of immigrant origin did not participate in the street fair. ", "Therefore, the trade association launched the idea to organise a multicultural parade as a way to counter the negative image of the neighbourhood and as a way to involve shopkeepers of diverse origins in the street fair. ", "With this proposal, the local trade association won a € 2,500 subsidy in a public contest organised by the Antwerp municipality in 2006. ", "At the time, the trade association stated:\n\n‘We would like to create an added value to our traditional Holiday Street Fair. ", "Something with many colours, just like the people of Borgerhout. ", "Besides a street fair, a joyful parade will march through the streets. ", "We are looking for Moroccan, South American, African and other groups that can bring exotic music and dance’ (Gazet van Antwerpen, 2006).", "\n\nThe City District of Borgerhout played an important role in bringing together these different bottom-up initiatives around a common objective. ", "In particular, the Cultural Antenna of the Borgerhout District sought to create a unity among the divergent initiatives and to reduce the empty spots in the festival. ", "With project subsidies, the district organised cultural events and provided stages with performing artists to fill the spatial gaps in the street festival. ", "The Borgerhout District soon became the most important financer of the festival as it increased its support from € 3,000 to € 22,000 over a timespan of eight years. ", "Since the festival not only had environmental aims but also deals with culture, youth, sport, diversity and development, the district decided to provide a budget to support the events related to these different departments. ", "For 2014 edition, the total budget for the BorgerRio festival was estimated around € 65,000. ", "Besides the € 22,000 of the district, the trade association contributes around € 17,000 of their own means. ", "The contribution from the municipality of Antwerp, however, diminished from € 15,000 in 2013 to € 7,500 in 2014 due to budget cuts.", "\n\nPerception and use of the concept of diversity\n\nBorgerRio attempts to mobilise the existing ethnocultural diversity in the neighbourhood as an asset to turn around the negative news reports that often depict the busy traffic lane with its many immigrant inhabitants as a dangerous zone marred by crime and riots. ", "The festival promotes a positive image of ethnocultural diversity through a visually spectacular parade with performers from different ethnic traditions. ", "The idea of diversity promoted by the festival, however, can be criticised as a form of exoticism. ", "By showcasing stereotypical elements of separate ethnocultural traditions, ethnocultural groups are represented as fixed and discrete units. ", "The initiative for the festival came from Flemish organisations with few migrants among their members. ", "In 2013, the local trade association was renamed as BOHO 2140 and actively sought to include more migrant entrepreneurs in its activities. ", "At BorgerRio, an ‘Arabic oasis’ was set up for the Moroccan community in the street. ", "Despite the use of stereotypical representations, the festival succeeded in attracting several migrant organisations to participate in the festival. ", "As the president of the trade associations stated:\n\n“There are people of more than a hundred nationalities in this district. ", "Every culture has to feel involved in this event”.", "\n\nBesides bringing together people of diverse ethnocultural backgrounds, people from all kinds of socio-economic backgrounds are able to join due to the fact that the festival has a free entry.", "\n\nMain factors influencing success or failure\n\nA bottom-up approach and the collaboration between different actors can be seen as the major internal success factors of the festival. ", "BorgerRio started as a joint project of a local trade association, an environmentalist organisation and other local groups. ", "In addition to the many volunteers from local organisations, an external success factor is that the City District of Borgerhout and the Antwerp municipality came to support the event with annual project subsidies and coordination. ", "The public coordinator from the Borgerhout District believed that a bottom-up organisation was the major internal success factor of the event:\n\n“The biggest success factor in my eyes comes from organising the event not ‘for’ them but ‘with’ them. ", "An organiser should not decide what has to be programmed. […] ", "I really believe in the demand, not in the supply. […] ", "If half of the shopkeepers do not participate in this festival, you should not continue it. ", "It only works if they participate. ", "That is the success factor.”", "\n\nA problem that arose was the fact that not all inhabitants of the area were in favour of the festival. ", "In 2012, a radical Islamist group called Sharia4Belgium demonstrated against the parade, which was in their eyes immoral because of the scantily clad dancers. ", "The further development of the initiative depends heavily on the foreseen budgets. ", "Our interviewees fear further budget cuts because the festival is no longer ‘new’ or ‘fashionable’ enough for politicians. ", "It also has been suggested that the organisers should look more for private investors.", "\n\nConclusion\n\nBorgerRio is a visually spectacular festival that mobilises exotic images of ethnocultural diversity in order to counter the negative reputation of a deprived neighbourhood. ", "The festival is aimed at improving the economic performance of the local shops as well as enhancing the social cohesion between the migrant and non-migrant inhabitants living around this busy traffic lane. ", "By creating a positive image of ethnocultural diversity, the festival highlights the advantages of living in this area and attracts more customers to the shops in this street, thus contributing to the economic performance of the local entrepreneurs Nevertheless, the festival tends towards exoticism in its portrayal of other cultures. ", "The innovative potential of the project seems to be situated in the decentralised and bottom-up approach of the festival. ", "The public district coordinator gives the different private organisations the freedom and the responsibility to fill in their part of the festival as they want.", "\n\nDIVERCITIES\n\nThis project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No. ", "319970. ", "SSH.2012.2.2.2-1; Governance of cohesion and diversity in urban contexts." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0056179775280898875, 0.014634146341463415, 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0, 0.0031746031746031746, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0, 0.0136986301369863 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to get text from url and put it inside textView?", "\n\nI'm new in android development and I really can't figure out how to do that. ", "So, I'm building an android app that stream music online via url. ", "There is an url that shows current song. ", "here is the url\nI created a textView in my activity_main file to put current song text inside it, but I can't figure out how. ", "I understand that I need to make variable url, then I need to parse that URL and put it inside text view. ", "Or not?", "\nHere is my MainActivity.java: \nimport androidx.appcompat.app.", "AppCompatActivity;\n\nimport android.media.", "AudioManager;\nimport android.media.", "MediaPlayer;\nimport android.os.", "AsyncTask;\nimport android.os.", "Bundle;\nimport android.view.", "View;\nimport android.widget.", "ProgressBar;\nimport android.widget.", "Button;\nimport android.widget.", "TextView;\n\npublic class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {\n\n private Button btn;\n private TextView currentSong;\n private boolean playPause;\n private MediaPlayer mediaPlayer;\n private boolean initialStage = true;\n private ProgressBar pgsBar;\n\n @Override\n protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);\n btn = (Button) findViewById(R.id.audioStreamBtn);\n currentSong = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.currentSong);\n mediaPlayer = new MediaPlayer();\n mediaPlayer.setAudioStreamType(AudioManager.", "STREAM_MUSIC);\n pgsBar = findViewById(R.id.progressBar);\n pgsBar.setVisibility(View.", "GONE);\n btn.setOnClickListener(new View.", "OnClickListener() {\n @Override\n public void onClick(View view) {\n if (!", "playPause) {\n btn.setText(\"Stop\");\n\n if (initialStage) {\n new Player().execute(\"stream url ...\");\n } else {\n if (!", "mediaPlayer.isPlaying())\n mediaPlayer.start();\n }\n\n playPause = true;\n\n } else {\n btn.setText(\"Play\");\n\n if (mediaPlayer.isPlaying()) {\n mediaPlayer.pause();\n }\n\n playPause = false;\n }\n }\n });\n }\n\n class Player extends AsyncTask<String, Void, Boolean> {\n\n @Override\n protected Boolean doInBackground(String... strings) {\n Boolean prepared = false;\n\n try {\n mediaPlayer.setDataSource(strings[0]);\n mediaPlayer.setOnCompletionListener(new MediaPlayer.", "OnCompletionListener() {\n @Override\n public void onCompletion(MediaPlayer mediaPlayer) {\n initialStage = true;\n playPause = false;\n btn.setText(\"Play\");\n mediaPlayer.stop();\n mediaPlayer.reset();\n }\n });\n\n mediaPlayer.prepare();\n prepared = true;\n\n } catch (Exception e) {\n prepared = false;\n }\n\n return prepared;\n }\n\n @Override\n protected void onPostExecute(Boolean aBoolean) {\n super.onPostExecute(aBoolean);\n\n if (pgsBar.getVisibility() == View.", "VISIBLE) {\n pgsBar.setVisibility(View.", "GONE);\n btn.setEnabled(true);\n }\n\n mediaPlayer.start();\n initialStage = true;\n }\n\n @Override\n protected void onPreExecute() {\n mediaPlayer.reset();\n super.onPreExecute();\n pgsBar.setVisibility(View.", "VISIBLE);\n btn.setEnabled(false);\n }\n }\n}\n\nHow do I pull out this text and put it in my textView \"currentSong\"?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can use okHttp library to make a network request to URL and it will get back the response as string. ", "Modify the response according to your liking and use that value for setText() of text view .", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0.03225806451612903, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0.010852713178294573, 0, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0.004608294930875576, 0.005457025920873124, 0.0026455026455026454, 0.018867924528301886, 0.0033333333333333335, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "ＡＫＢ４８総監督の高橋みなみ（２４）が９日、ＮＨＫ「クローズアップ現代」（月～木曜後７・３０）に生出演。社会世相問題を取り扱うＮＨＫの硬派番組にアイドルが参加するのは異例だが、高橋は「私たちは“内向き”ですか？～若者たちは今～」というテーマで“コメンテーター”を務めた。", "\n\n国谷裕子キャスター（５８）に「ＡＫＢ４８の総監督として３００人以上の若者のリーダーを務めている高橋みなみさん」と紹介された高橋。番組では「最近の若者は将来の不安について自分自身への不安よりも国や社会全体への不安の方が多い」という意識調査結果が示され、その後に高橋の意見が求められた。", "\n\n\n\n高橋は「私自身もいまはお仕事をさせてもらっていますが、将来の不安はありますね。自分が５０代、６０代になってどういう風に日本はなっているのだろうか、戦争は起きていないか、年金はもらえるのかなど不安に思ったことはあります」と話した。", "\n\n\n\n続けて「いまの若い世代の子たちは自分の思いを話すのが苦手なコが多いと思います」と言い、「メールだとすごくきちんとした考えを持っているのですが、みんなの前で話してって言うと手を挙げない。誰かが言ってくれるのを待っている感じです。でも１対１で話すと熱い気持ちを持っているなと思います」と冷静にはっきりとした口調で話した。", "\n\n\n\nまた、社会の役に立ちたいと思う若者が増えているというリポート結果については「私もアイドル活動をしていますが、社会の役に立っているのか考えたことはありました。ＡＫＢは東日本大震災の復興支援で月に一度訪問活動をしているんですけど、被災地で『ありがとう。来てくれて。若いコが来てくれると活気づくよ』と…。こういう言葉をかけてもらえて、アイドル活動が誰かのためになっているんだなって自信になりました」と社会貢献への思いを口にしていた。", "\n\n\n\n番組最後には、若者がどのような場で発言すればよいか尋ねられると、高橋は「私の学生の頃にもそういう場はあまりなかった。大人が若者に皆で話してごらんっていう場所を作ることが大切だと思います」と持論を展開していた。" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004608294930875576, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nSpring Android mapping not working to pojo\n\nI am getting a JSON:\n[{\"LocationId\":1,\"LocationCode\":\"Area A\"},{\"LocationId\":2,\"LocationCode\":\"Area B\"}]\n\nfrom a web api in android app using spring but its failing to map to a POJO:\n@JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)\npublic class DataLocation {\n private String LocationId;\n private String LocationCode;\n\n public String getLocationId(){\n return LocationId;\n }\n public String getLocationCode(){\n return LocationCode;\n }\n}\n\nThis is the code that gets json:\nRestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate();\nrestTemplate.getMessageConverters().add(new MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter());\nResponseEntity<DataLocation[]> forNow = restTemplate.getForEntity(url, DataLocation[].class);\n\nAnyone know why its failing to map?", "\nEDIT\nthis link helped to create a pojo that can be converted to json via spring. ", "So the resultant POJO must look like this:\n@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.", "Include.", "NON_NULL)\n@JsonPropertyOrder({\n \"LocationId\",\n \"LocationCode\"\n})\npublic class DataLocation {\n\n @JsonProperty(\"LocationId\")\n private Integer locationId;\n @JsonProperty(\"LocationCode\")\n private String locationCode;\n @JsonIgnore\n private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new HashMap<String, Object>();\n\n @JsonProperty(\"LocationId\")\n public Integer getLocationId() {\n return locationId;\n }\n\n @JsonProperty(\"LocationId\")\n public void setLocationId(Integer locationId) {\n this.locationId = locationId;\n }\n\n @JsonProperty(\"LocationCode\")\n public String getLocationCode() {\n return locationCode;\n }\n\n @JsonProperty(\"LocationCode\")\n public void setLocationCode(String locationCode) {\n this.locationCode = locationCode;\n }\n\n @JsonAnyGetter\n public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {\n return this.additionalProperties;\n }\n\n @JsonAnySetter\n public void setAdditionalProperty(String name, Object value) {\n this.additionalProperties.put(name, value);\n }\n\n}\n\nA:\n\nIf you are curious, the reason why is probably because it is a very bad practice to capitalize the name of your fields like that. ", "\nUsually, if the JSON provided is in a standard camelCase, kebab-case, snake_case, Spring will be able to handle those mappings. ", "\nFor the odd cases where it can't @JsonProperty is a very handy tool, especially when you need to convert odd values in a setter, etc. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.007416563658838072, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0.008950366151342554, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0 ]

[ "/**\n * @file include/retdec/capstone2llvmir/x86/x86_defs.h\n * @brief Additional (on top of Capstone) definitions for x86 translator.", "\n * @copyright (c) 2017 Avast Software, licensed under the MIT license\n */\n\n#ifndef RETDEC_CAPSTONE2LLVMIR_X86_X86_DEFS_H\n#define RETDEC_CAPSTONE2LLVMIR_X86_X86_DEFS_H\n\n/**\n * A flag register addition to @c x86_reg from capstone/x86.h.", "\n * Translator works with flag registers explicitly, but they are modeled only\n * as @c X86_REG_EFLAGS in the original @c x86_reg enum.", "\n * This is intentionally not a strongly typed enum to keep it consistent\n * with @c x86_reg enum.", "\n */\nenum x86_reg_rflags\n{\n// FLAGS\n\tX86_REG_CF = X86_REG_ENDING + 1, // 0\n\t// reserved 1\n\tX86_REG_PF, // 2\n\t// reserved 3\n\tX86_REG_AF, // 4\n\t// reserved 5\n\tX86_REG_ZF, // 6\n\tX86_REG_SF, // 7\n\tX86_REG_TF, // 8\n\tX86_REG_IF, // 9\n\tX86_REG_DF, // 10\n\tX86_REG_OF, // 11\n\tX86_REG_IOPL, // 12-13\n\tX86_REG_NT, // 14\n\t// reserved 15\n// EFLAGS\n\tX86_REG_RF, // 16\n\tX86_REG_VM, // 17\n\tX86_REG_AC, // 18\n\tX86_REG_VIF, // 19\n\tX86_REG_VIP, // 20\n\tX86_REG_ID // 21\n\t// reserved 22-31\n// RFLAGS\n\t// reserved 32-63\n};\n\n/**\n * An FPU status register addition to @c x86_reg from capstone/x86.h.", "\n * Translator works with status registers explicitly, but they are modeled only\n * as @c X86_REG_FPSW in the original @c x86_reg enum.", "\n * This is intentionally not a strongly typed enum to keep it consistent\n * with @c x86_reg enum.", "\n */\nenum x87_reg_status\n{\n// Exception flags\n// One or more fp exceptions have been detected since the bits were last\n// cleared.", "\n\tX87_REG_IE = X86_REG_ID + 1, // 0 -- invalid operation\n\tX87_REG_DE, // 1 -- denormalized operand\n\tX87_REG_ZE, // 2 -- zero divide\n\tX87_REG_OE, // 3 -- overflow\n\tX87_REG_UE, // 4 -- underflow\n\tX87_REG_PE, // 5 -- precision\n// Stack fault\n// Indicates that stack overflow or underflow has occurred with x87 FPU data\n// register stack.", "\n\tX87_REG_SF, // 6\n// Error summanry status\n\tX87_REG_ES, // 7\n// Condition code\n// Indicate the results of fp comparison and arithmetic operations.", "\n\tX87_REG_C0, // 8\n\tX87_REG_C1, // 9\n\tX87_REG_C2, // 10\n\tX87_REG_C3, // 14\n// Top of stack pointer\n\tX87_REG_TOP, // 11-13\n// FPU busy\n\tX87_REG_B // 15\n};\n\n/**\n * An FPU control register addition to @c x86_reg from capstone/x86.h.", "\n * Translator works with control registers explicitly, but it looks like they\n * are not modeled in the original @c x86_reg enum.", "\n * This is intentionally not a strongly typed enum to keep it consistent\n * with @c x86_reg enum.", "\n */\nenum x87_reg_control\n{\n// Exception Masks\n\tX87_REG_IM = X87_REG_B + 1, // 0 -- invalid operation\n\tX87_REG_DM, // 1 -- denormal operand\n\tX87_REG_ZM, // 2 -- zero divide\n\tX87_REG_OM, // 3 -- overflow\n\tX87_REG_UM, // 4 -- underflow\n\tX87_REG_PM, // 5 -- precision\n\t// reserved 6-7\n// Precision control\n\tX87_REG_PC, // 8-9\n// Rounding Control\n\tX87_REG_RC, // 10-11\n// Infiinity control\n\tX87_REG_X, // 12\n\t// reserved 13-15\n};\n\n/**\n * Representation of x86 address spaces.", "\n *\n * Based on values in X86ISelDAGToDag.cpp.", "\n */\nenum class x86_addr_space\n{\n\tDEFAULT = 0,\n\tGS = 256,\n\tFS = 257,\n\tSS = 258\n};\n\n#endif\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.022727272727272728, 0.01702127659574468, 0.014814814814814815, 0.01020408163265306, 0.0017391304347826088, 0.007407407407407408, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0.002890173410404624, 0.006666666666666667, 0.004201680672268907, 0.007692307692307693, 0.01020408163265306, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0 ]

[ "Tuesday, August 20, 2013\n\nWhat happened to English grammar?", "\n\nI mean seriously – did people forget what they learned in\nschool? ", "Or are they not teaching it anymore?", "\n\nI’m specifically referring to the use of I and me. ", "I read it\nin books, see it on television, face book and hear it constantly.", "\n\nDo people really not know the proper use of pairing the two\nwords with an and between them. ", "Joe and I – Joe and me.", "\n\nI seldom hear me anymore.", "\nIt’s always and I.\n\nI was taught if you weren't sure which to use, I or me, to simply leave off the first part – Joe and.", "\n\nPretty simple really. ", "Joe and I went to the\nstore – Leave off Joe and – I went to the store. ", "Correct.", "\n\nCome to the store with Joe and I – leave off Joe and – Come to\nthe store with I??? ", "Seriously, would anyone speak that way? ", "Of course not, you’d say Come to the store\nwith me. ", "So obviously me is correct.", "\n\nBut that’s not what people are saying, or\nwriting.", "\n\nI watched a program the other night on the Hallmark Channel.", "\nThey consistently used and I. Didn't matter that it was incorrect.", "\n\nIs this what’s being taught in our schools today?", "\n\nIs this\nthe new language?", "\n\nI know many publishers are doing away with commas. ", "In fact, The\nChicago Manual of Style has changed using a comma after and in a series. ", "I’ll\nhave bacon, eggs, and toast. ", "Why?", "\nApparently The Chicago Manual of Style has replaced The Elements of\nStyle (Strunk and White) and that's what publishers use today.", "\n\nI know sometimes commas are overused,\nespecially in run on sentences. ", "But there is a need for them. ", "Commas indicate pause. ", "I've read\nsentences more than once so they’d make sense, because of a lack of commas.", "\n\nWhat is this world\ncoming to?", "\n\nAre people too lazy to speak and write properly? ", "Aren't there enough editors knowledgeable about grammar to correct these\nerrors?", "\n\n16 comments:\n\nGood take on the \"I or me\" problem. ", "Anyone who makes that mistake deserves two hoots and a kick in the butt. ", "But we must be aware that the English language is evolving. ", "Most grammar books and online grammar sites are still echoing what was written in 1913 (or maybe 1813), and don't conform to 2013 speech patterns.", "\n\nAnd don't get me started on the Chicago Mangle of Style. ", "Since your blog doesn't have an adult content warning, I can't say what I think of them.", "\n\nIt appalls me, especially when I see it in print somewhere I know it had to have been edited at least once. ", "People don't take pains with their grammar any more. ", "Now, I'm not saying I don't make mistakes, but I do make an effort to learn from them. (", "My kids heard this rant on a regular basis.)", "\n\nRoseanne, I think people misuse intentionally. ", "They think using \"I\" makes them sound more intellectual. ", "I'm amazed a the educated people who make this mistake. ", "Your examples were clear and simple. ", "Nice job. ", "You didn't even touch on the objective or nominative case which might've confused folks but is the way I learned to tell the difference. ", "Schools are teaching this correctly, at least as of 6 years ago. ", "And I still use the Oxford comma (lawyers do, too. ", "My husband sent me an article about the reasons for that.) ", "If my editor wants me to leave it off, I can go through and do a search, but I write with it. ", "Good post, Roseanne.", "\n\nI'm a retired English professor, so this cuts close to the bone. ", "My wife and I watch \"The Young and the Breastless,\" and I hear something like this fairly often: \"He gave it to him and I.\" The writers write that, and it gets past the proofreaders. ", "As to what they teach in schools, I used to say to students, \"What is wrong with this: 'Me is very happy!'?\" ", "They would answer, \"It don't sound right.\" ", "No one taught them about the objective or nominative case. ", "Either that, or they didn't listen. ", "Well, that's enough. ", "Language and grammar evolve, but they also deteriorate if society loses respect for them.", "\n\nI know what you mean, Susan. ", "I yell at the TV when I hear it. ", "My husband laughs at me, but it drives me up a wall. ", "I agree, Kathy. ", "If they'd just stop and think. ", "Thank you, Marsha, that's how we were taught to tell the difference. ", "Made it so easy. ", "John, I'm afraid it's going to deteriorate because it's being used more and more every day. ", "Guess I'll just have to grin and bear it. ", "Not easy for me. ", "LOL\n\nKudos to you for this post. ", "Your method of dropping the Jim and easily explains it to kids or adults who have forgotten the proper way. ", "I'm afraid with our grandkids we are just trying to get them to say He and I instead of me and him!! ", "or to remember to put themselves last..my brother and I not me and my brother!", "\n\nI fear that we are losing the language as it degenerates into a form of non-capitalized, non-punctuated, and phonetically spelled gibberish. ", "The English teachers that I had in school would be apoplectic at the way the language is used today. ", "Among my personal peeves is the backwards us of the 'you and me' phrase. ", "The 'I or me' is supposed to come last yet it has become common usage to say, \"Me and Jim went to the store\". ", "It is like fingernails on a blackboard each time I hear that, and my distain for the speaker and whatever school district they attended is boundless.", "\n\nI agree, Randall. ", "Unfortunately, I have to admit to being guilty of saying me and Jim also, as in Carol went the store with me and Jim. ", "Not correct, I know, but I'd even take that if it helped people distinguish between me and I. Because it shows so easily that you can leave off the and Jim.", "\n\nRoseanne, I think each of those when I'm writing them and I have had editors change the right way to the wrong way. ", "I usually change them back. ", "Sometimes it's the stupid grammar thing on the spell check that wants to make the change. ", "Then I really have to check what I want to put. ", "Most often the grammar check is wrong. ", "About commas, I use them sparingly and put them in when I have to take a breath. ", "I've had editors take out all commas. ", "Another thing that bugs me is using that in a sentence. ", "Sometimes you need that to make the sentence clear or to make the prose sound right.", "\n\nRoseanne, this was one of my father's pet peeves, and I find the misuse of pronouns extremely annoying. ", "I might not have remembered grammar rules from HS English, but Dad drummed them into me by relentlessly repeating the relevant rule every time we made a mistake.", "\n\nJL, that's really sad that editors don't know the proper use of grammar, commas etc. ", "I do a search for 'that' in every manuscript. ", "Most of them can be deleted and I'm getting better about not using them to begin with. ", "I think part of the problem is the way we speak today. ", "Even I'm guilty of not using proper grammar when I speak. ", "We've become lazy and tend to use too much slang. ", "We pick up phrases like \"I go\" instead of 'I said'. ", "I loved English in school. ", "Loved diagramming sentences. ", "Not saying I'm perfect, far from it. ", "I'm sure I make other errors that drive people crazy. ", "I know I tend to repeat words for one thing.", "\n\nIt's funny how we learn. ", "As I said, I loved high school English, so many of the rules have stuck with me. ", "Doesn't matter how we learn or who we learn from, just that we learn. ", "It's not just young people who misuse the words, I've heard it from many adults on different TV shows. ", "I guess I'll just have to keep screaming at the TV or learn to live with it, and I seriously doubt I'll ever accept it.", "\n\nIn the UK, the extra comma is not used. ", "It's just horrible! ", "Bacon, eggs and toast. ", "This is what I was taught. ", "The extra comma seems so wrong it's almost indigestible. ", "However, never mind that. ", "It's all about different styles of English. ", "I've had to learn to accept a more global style of grammar.", "\n\nHowever, the I and me is simply grammatical. ", "It's all to do with nouns. ", "Seven years of Latin would sort it out." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.08695652173913043, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0.028169014084507043, 0, 0.023529411764705882, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0, 0.05, 0, 0.00546448087431694, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0.05, 0.01694915254237288, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Pterostylis falcata\n\nPterostylis falcata, commonly known as the sickle greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to south-eastern Australia. ", "It has a rosette of bright green leaves at the base of the plant and a single green and white, sickle-shaped flower. ", "It is widespread and often common in Victoria but also occurs further north and west, and in Tasmania\n\nDescription\nPterostylis falcata is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a rosette of three to six bright green leaves surrounding the base of the flowering stem. ", "Each leaf is lance-shaped to egg-shaped, long and wide. ", "A single dark green and white flower long and wide is borne on a spike high. ", "The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or \"galea\" over the column. ", "The dorsal sepal is much longer than the petals and gradually tapers to a point. ", " There is a wide gap between the galea and the lateral sepals. ", "The lateral sepals are erect and have narrow tips long and a deep V-shaped sinus between them. ", "The labellum is long, wide, brown and curved and half of it protrudes through the sinus. ", "Flowering occurs from September to February.", "\n\nTaxonomy and naming\nPterostylis falcata was first formally described in 1915 by Richard Sanders Rogers and the description was published in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. ", "The specific epithet (falcata) is a Latin word meaning \"curved like a sickle\".", "\n\nDistribution and habitat\nThe sickle greenhood occurs in the south-eastern states of Australia where it grows in wet places such as near creeks and the rosette is sometimes covered by flowing water. ", "It is most common and widespread in Victoria but is also found in eastern New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Queensland, South Australia and Tasmania but is classed as \"endangered\" in the last two of these states.", "\n\nReferences\n\nfalcata\nCategory:Endemic orchids of Australia\nCategory:Orchids of the Australian Capital Territory\nCategory:Orchids of New South Wales\nCategory:Orchids of Queensland\nCategory:Orchids of South Australia\nCategory:Orchids of Tasmania\nCategory:Orchids of Victoria (Australia)\nCategory:Plants described in 1915" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0, 0, 0.006666666666666667, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0.004366812227074236, 0.003134796238244514 ]

[ "There’s one big reason Senate Republicans are standing staunchly with Scott Pruitt: Confirming a replacement might be impossible.", "\n\nEven as the embattled EPA administrator faced another day of difficult headlines on Monday, there is no push from the Senate GOP to shove Pruitt out. ", "Instead, Republicans are gently rapping him for his ethical transgressions and praising his deregulatory regime.", "\n\n\nThere’s no question that GOP senators are growing tired of defending Pruitt. ", "But turning on him would likely backfire, as the shrunken Republican majority would struggle to confirm any EPA administrator, let alone another one as conservative and driven to overturn former President Barack Obama’s environmental rules and regulations.", "\n\n“I don’t think that would be easy, let me put it that way,” said Sen. Orrin Hatch (R-Utah).", "\n\n“I assume it’d be very difficult,” said Sen. Jerry Moran (R-Kan.).", "\n\nSign up here for POLITICO Huddle A daily play-by-play of congressional news in your inbox. ", "Email Sign Up By signing up you agree to receive email newsletters or alerts from POLITICO. ", "You can unsubscribe at any time. ", "This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.", "\n\nPruitt barely got through the confirmation process last time — opposed by Sen. Susan Collins (R-Maine) but lifted to a majority through the support of a pair of red state Democrats. ", "Since then, Republicans have lost a Senate seat in Alabama and Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.) is recovering from cancer treatment, giving the GOP effectively a 50-49 majority that makes any controversial confirmation a risky bet.", "\n\n“Anything is going to be hard right now at 50-49 to confirm, especially if it’s a high profile position,” said Sen. John Thune of South Dakota, the No. ", "3 GOP leader.", "\n\nAnd now the midterms are in sight. ", "Republicans are particularly eager to avoid putting the vulnerable Sen. Dean Heller (R-Nev.) in the position of being the deciding vote on a new EPA chief in the mold of Pruitt. ", "Heller has faced a backlash in increasingly-blue Nevada for confirming some of President Donald Trump’s nominees, and a vote on a conservative EPA administrator would offer Democrats another opportunity for outrage.", "\n\nApart from the political concerns, there are also practical ones. ", "Senate Republicans are already facing an unwelcome trio of Cabinet confirmations that are all dicey on their own: Mike Pompeo to be secretary of state, Gina Haspel to lead the CIA and Ronny Jackson to helm the Veterans Affairs department.", "\n\nThere are also dozens of lower-level nominees that Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) is hoping to confirm over the course of the year. ", "Adding a fourth Cabinet confirmation would sap time from the Senate calendar and Republicans of their political capital in a tough election year.", "\n\n“Our most precious quantity is time. ", "We’re pretty well booked. ", "We don’t need any extra confirmations,” said Sen. Roger Wicker (R-Miss.), a McConnell ally.", "\n\nTrump has mounted a strong defense of Pruitt, saying over the weekend he’s doing a “great job.” ", "The president’s allies in Congress said that they believe Pruitt is safe, for now.", "\n\n“There’s no vacancy yet,” said Senate Majority Whip John Cornyn (R-Texas). “", "The president has gone out of the way to say he has confidence in him. ", "So I just have to assume he’s sticking around.”", "\n\nOf course, ousted Cabinet secretaries from Tom Price to David Shulkin to Rex Tillerson know that the president’s support can turn on a dime. ", "And Pruitt’s big problem is that the bad headlines keep coming. ", "On Monday, the Atlantic reported on emails that showed Pruitt personally ordered a raise for an aide over the White House’s objections.", "\n\nMoreover, he’s faced ethical and management criticisms from the early days of his tenure. ", "Pruitt’s been hit for his frequent first-class flights, use of an unprecedented 24/7 security detail, spending $43,000 on a private phone booth and a $50-per-night lease on a Washington condo owned by a lobbyist couple, among other issues.", "\n\nThose events prompted a federal ethics watchdog Monday to demand the agency’s top ethics official closely examine Pruitt’s behavior — and a mild rebuke from some Republicans.", "\n\n“I don’t appreciate the way he seems to have abused taxpayer dollars,” said Sen. Joni Ernst (R-Iowa).", "\n\nBut supporters say Pruitt had made honest mistakes and deserves a second chance.", "\n\n“He’s had a few troubles. ", "It’s hard for anybody who’s a mover and shaker not to have some troubles,” Hatch said.", "\n\nPruitt has used his time atop EPA to launch a sweeping deregulatory push, beginning the process of wiping away Obama-era regulations on everything from power plant emissions to fuel efficiency standards to chemical safety rules for industrial facilities. ", "He’s pushed to trim his agency’s budget by a third and overseen the reduction in staff to Reagan-era levels.", "\n\nAnd he’s questioned the scientific consensus that human activity drives climate change, urging a scientific debate on the work underpinning that conclusion.", "\n\n“I feel that my reservations about Scott Pruitt have proven to be validated over and over. ", "And the policies that he has pursued are antithetical to the agency,” said Collins, the lone GOP senator to oppose Pruitt. ", "Still, she would not say he should go: “It’s really up to the president.”", "\n\nSen. John Barrasso (R-Wyo.), ", "who chairs the Environment and Public Works Committee, said he would refrain from judging Pruitt until the White House completes its probe into his activities.", "\n\n“In terms of what he’s been doing, in terms of rolling back regulations and doing the key administration issues, I’m supportive of his activities,” Barrasso said. “", "We have a lot of other people that need to be confirmed. ", "This is not the time to add another opening on top of that.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.015503875968992248, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0.025, 0.0078125, 0.010752688172043012, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0.010869565217391304, 0.013333333333333334, 0.006493506493506494, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0.016853932584269662, 0.013953488372093023, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0.013333333333333334, 0.013793103448275862, 0, 0, 0.02197802197802198, 0.01020408163265306, 0.024390243902439025, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0.027972027972027972, 0.015625, 0.014814814814814815, 0, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0.009708737864077669, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0.011673151750972763, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0.018867924528301886, 0.006024096385542169, 0, 0 ]

[ "An exposure apparatus projects and exposes an image of a pattern of a mask (or a reticle) on a photosensitive substrate (e.g., wafer or a glass plate coated by a photoresist). ", "More specifically, the exposure apparatus uses a projection optical system to project and expose the image in a photolithography process, in which semiconductor devices or the like are manufactured. ", "The projection optical system is required to have a higher resolution due to the increasing level of integration of semiconductor devices or the like manufactured with the exposure apparatus.", "\nTo improve the resolution of the projection optical system, the projection optical system needs to shorten the wavelength λ of its illumination light (exposure light) and increase the numerical aperture NA at its image side. ", "The resolution of the projection optical system is written as k*λ/NA (where k is a process coefficient). ", "The image-side numerical aperture NA is written as n*sinθ, where n is the refractive index of a medium (usually gas, such as air) that arranged between the projection optical system and the photosensitive substrate, and θ is the maximum incident angle at which light enters the photosensitive substrate.", "\nWhen the maximum angle θ is set larger in an effort to increase the image-side numerical aperture, the angle at which light is emitted from the projection optical system and the angle at which the light enters the photosensitive substrate increase. ", "This increases reflection loss occurring at an optical surface. ", "As a result, the projection optical system cannot obtain a large effective numerical aperture at its image side. ", "One conventional technique for increasing the image-side numerical aperture is an immersion technique (refer to, for example, Patent Document 1), with which an optical path formed between a projection optical system and a photosensitive substrate is filled with a medium such as a liquid having a high refractive index.", "\nPatent Document 1: International Patent Publication No. ", "WO2004/019128" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.004424778761061947, 0.009523809523809525, 0.0033003300330033004, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0 ]

[ "Ralph Lauren quietly shuttered its two-year-old 20,000-square-foot store last week. ", "Other brands are expected to close boutiques in a city that has lost its luster for cash-rich mainland Chinese tourists.", "\n\nOrganizers gave a statement to WWD, but declined to elaborate on the reasons.", "\n\nON LEAVE: The English Gentleman, an always dramatic, static presentation of Savile Row tailoring and a fixture on the London Collections: Men calendar, is taking a break this season. “", "The English Gentleman has gone on holiday, but looks forward to seeing you at LC:M in January,” organizers said in a statement to WWD, but declined to elaborate on the reasons.", "\n\nThe January 2015 showcase will go forward, according to Anda Rowland, vice chairman of Anderson & Sheppard, who helps to put together the event. ", "She said the winter presentation is already in the works, and a social media campaign around the English gentleman’s preparations for his “summer holiday” has been shot by Sean Thomas and will launch on June 12.", "\n\nThe English Gentleman showcases vintage and contemporary Savile Row designs, and the backdrop is always dramatic: Past venues have included Spencer House, Lord’s Cricket Ground and the Cabinet War Rooms. ", "Models have dressed as soldiers and as gentlemen preparing for a day of shooting à la “Downton Abbey,” while last January they posed in Forties-inspired attire as they played at outsmarting the Axis powers in the War Rooms.", "\n\nDuring the upcoming London shows, many of the Savile Row brands, including Anderson & Sheppard and Huntsman, will be holding presentations.", "\n\nWWD's Ultimate Holiday Gift Guide is brought to you by @styleontherise and is complete with the perfect presents for everyone on your list. ", "Click the link in our bio to start shopping NOW. #", "WWDHoliday #Sponsored\n\n@rebeccaminkoff is bringing self-checkout to high fashion: The brand has partnered with @queuehop to bring its customers self-checkout options, beginning this holiday season at its SoHo store. (", "📷: @aurorarosephoto)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0.010752688172043012, 0.005681818181818182, 0.013605442176870748, 0.004739336492890996, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0.014184397163120567, 0.02112676056338028, 0.02, 0.009216589861751152, 0.05 ]

[ "Une commission scolaire de l’Outaouais devra rendre des comptes au ministre de l’Éducation parce que ses écoles ont accepté que près de 200 élèves soient soustraits à des contenus d’éducation à la sexualité, un nombre gigantesque par rapport au reste du Québec.", "\n\n«Si on se rend compte qu’il y a des failles qui sont exploitées par des groupes de parents, on va resserrer les balises, dit le ministre de l’Éducation, Jean-François Roberge. ", "Les exemptions, ça doit être vraiment, vraiment exceptionnel.»", "\n\nÉCOUTEZ l'entrevue du ministre Jean-François Roberge à QUB Radio:\n\nDepuis un an, l’éducation à la sexualité est censée être de retour dans toutes les écoles du Québec. ", "Les parents qui souhaitent que leurs enfants soient sortis de la classe lorsque certains sujets sont abordés doivent se plier à une procédure établie par le ministère.", "\n\nDans l’ensemble de la province, les écoles ont reçu 540 demandes d’exemption, dont 237 ont été acceptées par les directions, selon le ministère.", "\n\nOr, 81 % de ces dérogations accordées viennent de la même commission scolaire, soit Portages-de-l’Outaouais (CSPO). ", "Ailleurs, moins d’une cinquantaine d’élèves à travers le Québec ont pu sortir de la classe pendant les ateliers.", "\n\n«Est-ce que ces demandes ont bien été analysées par la CSPO?» ", "se demande le ministre, qui a l’intention de demander des comptes à l’organisation.", "\n\nLourdeur\n\nSur le terrain, le personnel de la CSPO a dû gérer chacune de ces demandes à la pièce, ce qui a entraîné de la lourdeur, explique Suzanne Tremblay, du syndicat des profs de l’Outaouais.", "\n\nPar exemple, que faire lorsqu’un élève du primaire doit quitter le local le temps d’un atelier? ", "C’est souvent le technicien en éducation spécialisé qui devait s’en occuper, au lieu d’être en classe pour donner son appui habituel, illustre Mme Tremblay.", "\n\nMais comment expliquer un tel volume dans une petite commission scolaire basée à Gatineau?", "\n\nLe président de Parents engagés de l’Outaouais, Ibrahim Sballil, croit que son organisme a eu un important rôle à jouer.", "\n\nSon association est composée essentiellement de parents musulmans, mais est ouverte à toutes les religions, précise-t-il.", "\n\nDès le départ, les parents n’ont pas été consultés par le gouvernement sur le contenu, critique-t-il. ", "Le regroupement a demandé à la CSPO une rencontre d’information à laquelle quelque 300 parents ont assisté à l’automne 2018.", "\n\nÉCOUTEZ l'entrevue de Laurence Desjardins, sexologue à RÉZO, à QUB Radio:\n\nTrans et homosexualité\n\nCe sont les thèmes de l’homosexualité et de la réalité transgenre qui étaient au cœur des demandes. ", "Plus précisément, l’idée que les gens ne choisissent pas leur orientation sexuelle, et que le sexe biologique ne détermine pas le genre de la personne, explique M. Sballil.", "\n\nIl ne reproche pas au programme d’en parler, mais croit qu’il manque de «neutralité» en présentant le point de vue religieux comme une «perspective à combattre».", "\n\n«Je diverge totalement d’opinion, dit le ministre Roberge. ", "Les cours d’éducation à la sexualité ne sont ni proreligion ni anti-religion.»", "\n\nLa Commission scolaire Portages-de-l’Outaouais a refusé notre demande d’entrevue.", "\n\nLes élèves dispensés d’éducation sexuelle\n\nCommission scolaire Portages-de-l’Outaouais\n\n214 demandes\n\n192 acceptées\n\nAilleurs au Québec\n\n326 demandes\n\n45 acceptées\n\nTotal\n\n540 demandes\n\n237 acceptées\n\nSource: Ministère de l’Éducation\n\nLes élèves montréalais n’ont pas été exclus\n\nLes écoles de la métropole ont refusé toutes les demandes d’exemption reçues, des décisions qui contrastent avec celles prises en Outaouais, selon une compilation du Journal.", "\n\n«Quand on regarde le nombre pour l’ensemble du Québec, je ne vois pas de grand scandale», dit le ministre de l’Éducation, Jean-François Roberge.", "\n\n«Ailleurs [qu’à la Commission scolaire Portages-de-l’Outaouais], il y a peut-être des groupes de parents qui se sont mobilisés, mais qui se sont fait dire non», suggère-t-il.", "\n\nLe Journal a obtenu par demande d’accès à l’information le nombre de demandes reçues et accordées dans chaque commission scolaire, et aucune de celles situées à Montréal n’a noté avoir exempté des élèves, malgré la clientèle multiethnique.", "\n\nC’est le cas à la Commission scolaire de la Pointe-de-l’Île (CSPI), qui a reçu des demandes pour 13 élèves.", "\n\n«On s’attendait à en recevoir beaucoup plus que ça», avoue Valérie Biron, du secrétariat général.", "\n\nMoins que prévu\n\nSelon les balises du ministère, les parents pouvaient invoquer deux motifs pour demander une dérogation. ", "Le premier est un possible tort psychologique que pourrait causer l’exposition à certains contenus, comme lorsque l’enfant a été victime d’agression sexuelle.", "\n\nMais dans la grande majorité des demandes, c’est le deuxième motif qui a été invoqué, soit une atteinte à un droit fondamental garanti par les chartes canadiennes et québécoises, généralement pour des raisons religieuses.", "\n\nLes parents devaient alors prêter serment et prouver le caractère «sérieux» de la demande. ", "Ils devaient préciser les contenus à éviter pour leur enfant.", "\n\nDans tous les cas, la décision finale revenait à la direction de l’école. ", "La CSPI a toutefois mis sur pied un comité pour faire des recommandations aux directeurs.", "\n\nPar exemple, des parents ne croyant pas à l’homosexualité alléguaient que cela minerait leur autorité parentale si leur jeune en entendait parler, illustre-t-elle.", "\n\n«Le comité n’était pas fermé à l’idée d’accepter certaines demandes.»", "\n\nMais aucun de ces parents n’a prouvé qu’il y aurait de préjudice sérieux si leur enfant assistait aux cours." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.007662835249042145, 0.011235955056179775, 0.016129032258064516, 0.029411764705882353, 0.005988023952095809, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0.008928571428571428, 0.015625, 0.012048192771084338, 0.01015228426395939, 0.01020408163265306, 0.00641025641025641, 0.021739130434782608, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0.016129032258064516, 0.01990049751243781, 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0.010964912280701754, 0.02054794520547945, 0.005681818181818182, 0.004149377593360996, 0.009174311926605505, 0.010101010101010102, 0.016129032258064516, 0.006329113924050633, 0.004484304932735426, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.011235955056179775, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0.01818181818181818 ]

[ "Belgium offers to help Uttarakhand govt in Ganga cleaning programme\n\nDehradun: Belgium on Tuesday expressed its willingness to invest in herbal, food processing and spice sectors in Uttarakhand and offered its technical expertise in the state government's river cleaning programme.", "\n\nWaste accumulation in the Ganga. ", "AFP\n\nThe European nation also offered help in preparing a blueprint for the state government's proposed smart city project.", "\n\nThe proposals were made by a delegation of Belgian trade counsellors led by its Indian ambassador Jan Luykx at a meeting with Uttarakhand Chief Minister Trivendra Singh Rawat.", "\n\nRawat asked the Belgian ambassador and the delegation to form a joint working group with officials from Uttarakhand and explore the areas where they could invest and assist, an official release said here.", "\n\nReferring to the Belgian technology in sewer and water treatment, Rawat told the delegation to explore assisting in the Clean Ganga Mission and in development of renewable energy, especially solar energy in the state.", "\n\nThe chief minister also briefed the delegation about Uttarakhand's growth potential in organic farming, medicinal and aromatic herbs plantation and production of hydro-electricity." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0.0045662100456621, 0.005494505494505495 ]

[ "Semiconductor circuits are fabricated on chips th at are then mounted in various forms of packages that are, in turn, incorporated into larger circuits that are assembled on printed circuit boards or the like. ", "Ideally, the packaging operation is carried out on a large number of dies that are packaged together. ", "In this arrangement, the dies are connected to a lead frame that consists of a number of copper traces that are connected together to form a single fabric. ", "After the dies are bonded to the traces, connections are made between the pads on the die and the traces via wire bonds, or the like. ", "A plastic layer is molded over the dies to protect the dies. ", "The resultant sheet is then divided into individual packaged circuits by cutting the sheet along lines that separate the various dies and remove the portions of the fabric that were intended merely to keep the sheet together during the packaging process.", "\nOne class of integrated circuit requires that the space over the die be a cavity that is evacuated or filled with a gas. ", "For example, RF circuits require such an air gap. ", "This cavity must be sealed to protect the integrated circuit and or prevent the environment over the die from being altered by the air that surrounds the package.", "\nA number of prior art methods have been proposed to provide such a cavity in an inexpensive plastic package. ", "For example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,946,556 teaches a packaging system in which a lid is used to create a cavity over the die. ", "This design requires that the air cavity be sealed using adhesive. ", "In addition, the lid covers must be attached to the dies one at a time. ", "The adhesive seal of the lid to the underlying portion of the package is not sufficiently reliable. ", "In addition, the need to individually place the lids over the dies substantially increases the manufacturing time, and hence, the cost of the packaged part. ", "An arrangement which utilizes the mold compound to seal the lid over the air cavity is taught in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,362,679. ", "While this arrangement solves the problem associated with the lack of reliability of the adhesive seats, the method still requires that each of the metal caps be individually placed over the dies prior to the encapsulation process. ", "Hence, the problems associated with manufacturing time still remain." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "A holiday for allergy sufferers in Salzkammergut\n\nGluten-free, lactose-free, vegan & vegetarian\n\nGuests with allergies and specific diets are given very special attention by our chef de cuisine. ", "Gluten-free and lactose-free, as well as vegan and vegetarian cooking are not a problem at Hotel Sommerhof. ", "Spend a holiday at our 4-star family-run hotel in Salzkammergut, which is also good for you in terms of food.", "\n\nA holiday for allergy sufferers\n\nWe have guests who have special dietary requirements every week. ", "As a result of us being a small hotel we can easily take your special requirements into account. ", "It is not a problem for our kitchen team to prepare gluten-free and lactose-free dishes. ", "Look forward to a worry-free, relaxing holiday with a good feeling.", "\n\nA holiday with food allergies\n\nEnjoy your meal in the restaurant\n\nHoliday with coeliacWe can offer you the following gluten-free products with advance notification:\n\nDifferent varieties of baked goods and rolls, cakes\n\nPasta\n\nFlour and breadcrumbs for coatings\n\nCold meats, ham\n\nIce cream\n\nWe use corn starch as well as potato starch to thicken our sauces and soups. ", "These dishes can therefore be eaten by coeliac sufferers without any problems.", "\n\nHoliday with lactose intoleranceWe can offer you the following lactose-free products with advance notification:\n\nMilk, cheese, curd (quark), yoghurt, butter\n\nCold meats, ham\n\nIce cream\n\nVegan Hotel Austria\n\nMore and more people are following a full or partial vegan or vegetarian diet. ", "At Hotel Sommerhof we are happy to offer you dishes adapted to your habits that you will love.", "\n\nIt is important that you can rely on specialists regarding food allergies on holiday too. ", "Our appropriately trained and experienced kitchen team prepares gluten-free, lactose-free, vegan and vegetarian cooking with the greatest care. ", "So you can enjoy your holiday without any worries.", "\n\nIf you want vegan, vegetarian, gluten-free or lactose-free catering on holiday at the Sommerhof, please let us know beforehand so that our chef can prepare especially for you.", "\n\nAs a result you can find everything you need for an all-round successful holiday without any complaints at Hotel Sommerhof in Gosau in the beautiful Salzkammergut region: the stunning nature in the Gosau valley in Salzkammergut in the heart of Austria, comfortable rooms, magical day trip destinations around Gosau and the Dachstein and catering adapted to your specific requirements.", "\n\nSend us a no-obligation enquiry today and enjoy your holiday despite your allergy in the picturesque Gosau valley in Salzkammergut." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.005128205128205128, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012953367875647668, 0.007518796992481203 ]

[ "The present invention relates generally to the field of packaging, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a shipping package for protection of a floral grouping during shipping and handling thereof." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0 ]

[ "Co-occurring eating and psychiatric symptoms in Taiwanese college students: effects of gender and parental factors.", "\nTo test whether gender and parental factors moderate the relationships between symptoms of eating disorder (ED) and other psychiatric symptoms. ", "A total of 5,015 new entrants completed several questionnaires and 541 individuals with ED symptoms were identified by the Adult Self-Report Inventory-4 that assessed a wide range of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition psychopathology. ", "The participants also reported on their parents' attitude toward them before their ages of 16. ", "ED symptoms, female gender, less parental care, and more parental protection were associated with more severe co-occurring psychiatric symptoms. ", "Gender and parental factors also demonstrated differential moderating effects on the relationships between ED and co-occurring psychiatric symptoms. ", "Parenting counseling may be individualized to young adults with ED symptoms and different co-occurring psychiatric symptoms." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0.007434944237918215, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0.013422818791946308, 0.008064516129032258 ]

[ "Pages\n\nWednesday, January 16, 2013\n\nThe Arrow Drinking Game\n\nWell hey there, friends and sloppy drunkards! ", "It's time yet again for another Drinking Game! ", "Our inspiration this go round? ", "The CW's amazeballs new show, Arrow! ", "Which comes back TONIGHT after weeks of being on a stupid \"winter hiatus\" (which IS SO NOT A THING, DAMNIT!) ", "So what better way to celebrate the return of our new favorite superhero than by introducing our newest Drinking Game and promptly getting sloshed! ", "So. ", "Here it is:\n\nThe Arrow Drinking Game:\n\nDid someone call for shots?", "\n\nTake a shot of your drink of choice whenever any of the following happens......\n\n*Training montage! *", "Oliver is shirtless.*A Starling City baddie's name is crossed off Oliver's list. *", "Island flashback.*Oliver abruptly leaves an event and/or conversation.*Diggle \"sets Oliver straight.", "\"*Someone refers to the Green Arrow as \"The Hood.", "\"*You spy the giant Q on the Queens building.*Laurel acts self-righteous, sanctimonious, or generally better than anyone amassed in whatever room she happens to be in at that moment. *", "The name Diggle makes you giggle. :) *", "Detective Lance outwardly dislikes Oliver.*Felicity awkwardly flirts with Oliver. *", "Laurel mentions that she's a lawyer.*Diggle brings up his tour in Afghanistan.*Oliver gives us the ol' \"you have failed this city\" line.", "\n\nSo them's the rules, y'all. ", "Now get your drink and get to it! ", "And don't forget, you better drink responsibly or you have failed this city!", "\n\n1 comment:\n\nYou left out the most obvious. ", "I don't drink, but I roll my eyes whenever anyone refers to \"this City.\" ", "Which they do. ", "Ad nauseam.", "\n\nLOVE the show! ", "I just wish they would be a little more specific on the \"crimes\" of the baddies. ", "They are sometimes so vague it almost sounds like you're on the \"list\" merely for being deemed a 1%er. ", "The evil rich? ", "Really?! ", "I've had to learn to ignore the undertones of politics, which at times can reek of elitist, liberal BS.", "\n\nBTW - Why such a Laurel hater? ", "I'm usually pretty tough on the females, but think she's great." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.024096385542168676, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0 ]

[ "Effect of sperm-immobilizing antibodies on the acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa.", "\nTo study by a triple stain technique the effect of sperm-immobilizing antibodies on the acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa. ", "The spermatozoa were allowed to swim up and culture in a medium containing 7.5% (vol/vol) serum with sperm-immobilizing antibodies or control serum up to 6 hours. ", "Sperm mobility was analyzed, and the percentage of live acrosome reacted spermatozoa was determined. ", "Samples were collected from patients referred to university hospital infertility clinics. ", "Serum samples were drawn from seven patients with sperm-immobilizing antibodies. ", "All the sera were heat activated and stored at -40 degrees C until use. ", "Semen samples were taken from two healthy donors. ", "During culture for 6 hours, the percentage of live sperm showing the acrosome reaction increased significantly (P less than 0.01) in the control group but not in the sperm-immobilizing antibodies group. ", "However, the inhibitory effect of sperm-immobilizing antibodies on the acrosome reaction was reversed when sperm was reincubated in medium with control serum (P less than 0.01). ", "Sperm-immobilizing antibodies block fertilization at least in part by inhibiting the acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "*w + 129\nLet c(a) = -225*a**2 - 180*a + 90. ", "Let k(v) = -3*v**2 - 2*v + 1. ", "Let i(l) = c(l) - 90*k(l). ", "Let b(z) = -5*z. ", "Calculate b(i(n)).", "\n-225*n**2\nLet p(f) = 2*f**2. ", "Let s(j) be the second derivative of 8*j**4/3 + 64*j. ", "What is p(s(d))?", "\n2048*d**4\nLet k be (2 + -4)*(-3)/(-2). ", "Let l(x) = 55*x**2. ", "Let r(n) = 8*n**2. ", "Let q(a) = k*l(a) + 20*r(a). ", "Let j(s) = 6*s. ", "Determine q(j(u)).", "\n-180*u**2\nLet h(l) = 33*l**2. ", "Let k(m) = -6*m**2 + 10*m**2 + 10*m**2 - 6*m**2. ", "Determine k(h(y)).", "\n8712*y**4\nLet y(l) = -22*l**2 + 3*l - 142. ", "Let a(r) = 36*r**2 - 5*r + 283. ", "Let j(x) = -3*a(x) - 5*y(x). ", "Let v(f) = 2*f**2. ", "Give v(j(o)).", "\n8*o**4 - 1112*o**2 + 38642\nLet l(x) = 4*x**2. ", "Let q(y) be the first derivative of 0*y**2 + 2 - 2/3*y**3 + 0*y. ", "Give q(l(i)).", "\n-32*i**4\nLet b(j) = -924*j. ", "Let h(t) = -32*t. ", "Calculate h(b(v)).", "\n29568*v\nLet d(i) be the first derivative of 7*i**2 + 1. ", "Let k(f) = -325*f**2 - 20*f + 60. ", "Let p(b) = -16*b**2 - b + 3. ", "Let q(g) = k(g) - 20*p(g). ", "Calculate d(q(v)).", "\n-70*v**2\nLet l(f) = 44*f**2. ", "Let x(h) be the first derivative of 2*h**3/3 - 15. ", "Determine x(l(k)).", "\n3872*k**4\nLet g be (12/24)/((-2)/(-52)). ", "Let o(f) = 2*f - g*f + 92*f. ", "Let w(h) = -2*h**2. ", "Give w(o(j)).", "\n-13122*j**2\nLet q(m) be the first derivative of -13*m**3/3 - 1. ", "Let f(r) = -r**2. ", "Give f(q(w)).", "\n-169*w**4\nLet k(d) = 3*d**2. ", "Let f be (-329)/(-35) + (-6)/15. ", "Let n(u) = -72 + 37 - f*u + 35. ", "What is n(k(s))?", "\n-27*s**2\nLet q(z) = -2*z**2. ", "Let u(n) = -5*n. ", "Let s(x) = -14*x. ", "Suppose 29 - 23 = -v. ", "Let r(m) = v*s(m) + 17*u(m). ", "Give r(q(o)).", "\n2*o**2\nLet m(s) = -s**2. ", "Let n(c) = 765*c - 13. ", "Give n(m(g)).", "\n-765*g**2 - 13\nLet s(c) = -2*c. ", "Let l(k) = 21*k - 6. ", "Let d(b) = 63*b - 17. ", "Let g(i) = 6*d(i) - 17*l(i). ", "Determine s(g(o)).", "\n-42*o\nLet i(l) be the third derivative of 13*l**7/2520 - 5*l**4/8 + 18*l**2. ", "Let n(s) be the second derivative of i(s). ", "Let u(x) = -2*x**2. ", "Determine u(n(b)).", "\n-338*b**4\nLet r(p) = 10*p**2 + 7*p + 7. ", "Let v(u) = 3*u**2 + 2*u + 2. ", "Let f(i) = 6*r(i) - 21*v(i). ", "Let k(l) = -14*l**2. ", "What is k(f(j))?", "\n-126*j**4\nLet f(u) = 2*u**2. ", "Let g(k) be the second derivative of 5/2*k**2 + 0*k**3 + 1/24*k**4 - 8*k + 0. ", "Let h(d) be the first derivative of g(d). ", "Give f(h(i)).", "\n2*i**2\nLet c(a) = -a + 14. ", "Let z be c(12). ", "Let h(t) = -2*t**2 - z*t**2 + 2*t**2 - 5*t**2. ", "Let w(x) = x. Give w(h(j)).", "\n-7*j**2\nLet j(n) = 104471 - 4*n - 104471. ", "Let m(i) be the second derivative of 0*i**2 - i + 1/6*i**4 + 0 + 0*i**3. ", "Determine j(m(u)).", "\n-8*u**2\nLet o(h) = -2*h**2. ", "Let k(i) = 96*i - 7 - 200*i + 108*i - 3. ", "What is o(k(j))?", "\n-32*j**2 + 160*j - 200\nLet a(c) = 57*c + 24. ", "Let w(u) = -6100*u - 2562. ", "Let o(j) = -427*a(j) - 4*w(j). ", "Let v(n) = -2*n**2. ", "Determine o(v(k)).", "\n-122*k**2\nLet q(k) = -k**2 - 133*k. ", "Let n(h) = 460*h. ", "What is q(n(r))?", "\n-211600*r**2 - 61180*r\nLet i(o) = 3*o**2. ", "Let z(x) = -2*x. ", "Let b = -27 + 35. ", "Let t(p) = p. Let w(k) = b*t(k) + 3*z(k). ", "Determine w(i(s)).", "\n6*s**2\nLet o(h) = 407 - 407 + h. Let z(f) = 16*f**2 - 6*f. ", "Let v(p) = 95*p**2 - 35*p. ", "Let i(u) = 6*v(u) - 35*z(u). ", "What is o(i(g))?", "\n10*g**2\nLet r(h) = -h**2 + 3*h**2 - 3*h**2. ", "Let n(c) = 61*c**2 - 89*c**2 + 22*c**2 + 42*c**2. ", "Calculate r(n(w)).", "\n-1296*w**4\nLet w(l) = 31*l. ", "Let b(n) = -n**3 - 15*n**2 + 15*n - 14. ", "Let f be b(-16). ", "Let v(y) = 0*y**2 - 3*y**f - 77*y + 77*y. ", "Determine v(w(k)).", "\n-2883*k**2\nLet m(r) = -16*r**2 + 6*r**2 + 9*r**2. ", "Let h(t) = 2*t + 178. ", "Give h(m(s)).", "\n-2*s**2 + 178\nLet n(d) = -1 - 3*d + 2 - 1. ", "Let f(t) = 11*t - 59*t + 63*t. ", "What is n(f(y))?", "\n-45*y\nLet j(t) = -453*t. ", "Let k(h) be the third derivative of h**5/60 + 16*h**2 - 3*h. ", "Determine j(k(p)).", "\n-453*p**2\nLet u(z) = 7*z. ", "Let y(h) = h - 1. ", "Let x(s) = -s - 1. ", "Let p(l) = 3*l - 10. ", "Let c(f) = p(f) - 3*x(f). ", "Let q(t) = 4*c(t) - 28*y(t). ", "What is q(u(m))?", "\n-28*m\nLet i be 2/8*(-224)/(-28). ", "Let g(s) be the second derivative of 0*s**i - 1/3*s**3 + 0 + s. Let z(y) = -3*y. ", "Calculate z(g(w)).", "\n6*w\nLet i(z) = -5*z**2. ", "Let b(d) = 3601*d - 1. ", "Give b(i(s)).", "\n-18005*s**2 - 1\nLet r(a) = 25*a - 3*a + 5*a - 4*a. ", "Let p(c) = -7*c**2. ", "Calculate p(r(d)).", "\n-3703*d**2\nLet x(c) = -4684 + 9365 - 99*c - 4681. ", "Let s(i) = -7*i**2. ", "Give s(x(v)).", "\n-68607*v**2\nLet y(n) = 5*n**2. ", "Let r(w) be the first derivative of -w**2/2 + 3*w - 3. ", "Let x be r(0). ", "Let k(j) = -x*j + 2*j + 10*j - 7*j. ", "Determine k(y(a)).", "\n10*a**2\nLet f(q) = 67*q - 132*q + 62*q. ", "Let h(p) = -55*p**2. ", "Determine f(h(u)).", "\n165*u**2\nLet b(o) be the first derivative of -29*o**3 + 326. ", "Let s(z) = -2*z**2. ", "Calculate s(b(a)).", "\n-15138*a**4\nLet m(p) = 316918*p**2. ", "Let a(s) = -3*s. ", "Determine a(m(c)).", "\n-950754*c**2\nLet o(f) be the first derivative of 63*f**2/2 - 4*f + 431. ", "Let a(p) = -p. ", "Give o(a(g)).", "\n-63*g - 4\nLet j(i) = -48482*i**2 - i. Let u(m) = 16*m. ", "What is u(j(f))?", "\n-775712*f**2 - 16*f\nLet p(w) = -3*w. ", "Let q be (-1470)/(-54) - 2/9. ", "Suppose 5*n + 30 = 3*c - c, -3*c = -3*n - q. Let d(f) = -c*f - 2*f + 5*f. ", "Give d(p(a)).", "\n6*a\nLet p = 14 - 14. ", "Suppose -c + 2*y + 29 = p, -3*y + 5*y = -c + 9. ", "Let r(g) = -c + 19 - 2*g. ", "Let m(k) = -k. ", "Determine m(r(w)).", "\n2*w\nLet n(b) = -b. ", "Let f be ((-24)/(-16))/(6/8). ", "Let c = 0 + f. Let r(a) = 3*a + c*a - 2*a - a. What is n(r(i))?", "\n-2*i\nLet h(i) = 9*i + 2*i**2 - 3*i + 4*i**2 + 4*i**2 - 6. ", "Let q(z) = 40*z**2 + 25*z - 25. ", "Let k(w) = -25*h(w) + 6*q(w). ", "Let u(o) = -2*o. ", "Calculate u(k(l)).", "\n20*l**2\nLet m(a) = -3*a. ", "Let x(p) be the second derivative of -p**5/120 + 5*p**3/2 + 2*p. ", "Let q(b) be the second derivative of x(b). ", "What is q(m(h))?", "\n3*h\nLet s(j) be the third derivative of -j**7/420 + j**5/120 - 7*j**4/12 + 5*j**2. ", "Let f(n) be the second derivative of s(n). ", "Let m(t) = -2*t**2. ", "What is f(m(k))?", "\n-24*k**4 + 1\nLet z(a) = 6*a. ", "Let q(n) = -115*n + 18. ", "Give z(q(s)).", "\n-690*s + 108\nLet z(x) = 12*x - 147. ", "Let v(m) = 38*m**2. ", "Determine v(z(l)).", "\n5472*l**2 - 134064*l + 821142\nLet s(y) = 98*y + 99*y - 396*y + 102*y + 99*y. ", "Let f(m) = 16*m - 6*m + 13*m. ", "Calculate f(s(d)).", "\n46*d\nLet x(k) = 1 - 1 - 3*k**2. ", "Let q(g) be the second derivative of -2*g**4/3 - 100*g. ", "Determine x(q(s)).", "\n-192*s**4\nLet g(z) = -92*z**2 - 16*z - 12. ", "Let q(w) = 184*w**2 + 35*w + 26. ", "Let t(f) = -13*g(f) - 6*q(f). ", "Let m(s) = s. Give t(m(j)).", "\n92*j**2 - 2*j\nSuppose -91 - 8 = -9*l. ", "Let z(h) = -l*h**2 + 17*h**2 - 8*h**2. ", "Let b(u) = -14*u + 2. ", "What is z(b(d))?", "\n-392*d**2 + 112*d - 8\nLet p(h) = 10*h**2 - 2*h. ", "Let u(a) = -1350*a**2 + 275*a. ", "Let y(d) = 825*p(d) + 6*u(d). ", "Let w(f) = 3*f. ", "Calculate y(w(r)).", "\n1350*r**2\nLet h(g) = 23*g. ", "Let t(i) be the second derivative of -i**5/120 - i**3/3 - 5*i. ", "Let a(v) be the second derivative of t(v). ", "What is h(a(d))?", "\n-23*d\nLet c(n) = -4*n**2 - 98. ", "Let t(w) = 135*w. ", "Give c(t(i)).", "\n-72900*i**2 - 98\nLet o(q) = -3*q**2 + 7*q + 7. ", "Let b(j) = j**2 - 2*j - 2. ", "Let t(u) = -7*b(u) - 2*o(u). ", "Let l(a) = -69*a**2 + 1. ", "Calculate t(l(f)).", "\n-4761*f**4 + 138*f**2 - 1\nLet c(q) = -104*q**2 + 32*q**2 + 55*q**2 + 41*q**2. ", "Let n(k) = k**2. ", "Let w(l) = 4*l**2. ", "Let f(z) = -9*n(z) + 2*w(z). ", "Calculate c(f(b)).", "\n24*b**4\nLet q(r) = -4*r**2 + 285*r + 3. ", "Let y(u) = -u. ", "Determine y(q(c)).", "\n4*c**2 - 285*c - 3\nLet t(f) = -7592*f + 4. ", "Let o(c) = 16*c**2. ", "What is t(o(m))?", "\n-121472*m**2 + 4\nLet p(r) = 393*r + 392*r - 784*r. ", "Let u(v) = 2*v**2. ", "What is p(u(q))?", "\n2*q**2\nLet g(r) = -81*r**2 + 3*r + 16. ", "Let y(i) = 11*i**2. ", "What is g(y(a))?", "\n-9801*a**4 + 33*a**2 + 16\nLet c(p) be the third derivative of -7*p**4/12 - 7363*p**2. ", "Let l(w) be the first derivative of w**3/3 + 1. ", "Give l(c(k)).", "\n196*k**2\nLet a(l) = -136*l. ", "Let y(z) = z - 53. ", "Give y(a(v)).", "\n-136*v - 53\nLet d(t) = -t. ", "Let p(k) be the first derivative of -70*k**3/3 + 152. ", "Determine p(d(r)).", "\n-70*r**2\nLet y(m) = 9*m - 5*m - 2*m. ", "Let u(v) = v + 34. ", "Give u(y(w)).", "\n2*w + 34\nLet y(f) = 278 + 0*f - 87 - 93 - 2*f - 88. ", "Let p(x) = -x. ", "Determine y(p(a)).", "\n2*a + 10\nLet b(w) = 11*w**2 + 5. ", "Let v(z) = 2*z + 168. ", "Calculate b(v(x)).", "\n44*x**2 + 7392*x + 310469\nLet j(c) be the second derivative of 0*c**3 + 0*c**2 - 7/4*c**4 + 0 - 31*c. ", "Let y(u) = u. Determine j(y(r)).", "\n-21*r**2\nLet a(o) = 62*o**2. ", "Let g(l) = -l + 20. ", "Let p(j) = -j + 16. ", "Let q(n) = 4*g(n) - 5*p(n). ", "What is a(q(s))?", "\n62*s**2\nLet j(l) = l**2. ", "Let k(a) = -15*a + 31. ", "Let n(d) = 14*d - 27. ", "Let z(y) = 5*k(y) + 6*n(y). ", "What is z(j(g))?", "\n9*g**2 - 7\nLet l(w) be the first derivative of 8 + 0*w - 3/2*w**2. ", "Let o(v) = v. What is o(l(s))?", "\n-3*s\nLet o(p) = -2*p. ", "Let y(b) = 27 - 9 + 31*b - 11 + 27*b - 8. ", "What is y(o(r))?", "\n-116*r - 1\nLet k(l) " ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0.027777777777777776, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03125, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "I know this match-up has already been done, consider this a bump of sorts for older threads. ", "Please note that \"retake LSAT and apply next year\" is not a choice\n\nRather than go over my exhaustive pro/con list for both schools, I'll try to put my dillemma succintly. ", "LC passed the gut test during my visit, and I loved Portland (will likely practice in the region, but I'm keeping an open mind- OOS btw), but UO's curriculum is closer to what I'm looking for (public interest law with a political bent), and a JD from there would have a better reputation outside of Oregon.", "\n\nI liked the social atmosphere at LC more, but I also like having big-school stuff to do (two words: Ducks football). ", "I like Eugene's weather a bit more (it's sunnier generally), but Portland's is still nice.", "\n\nOK, that wasn't too succinct, but you get the crux of it haha. ", "If you need more info, I'll add to my list as needed.", "\n\nI would guess, JUST guess, mind you, that if you are interested in Oregon politics or a state law job, OU would be the better choice. ", "One function of state schools is to supply the needs of state government. ", "At least, that's how it is down here in N.Mex.", "\n\nHmm.. I've applied to both of these schools, accepted at Lewis and Clark and waiting on U of O. I was under the impression that the L&C degree would be more \"portable\" than the U of O degree... but I could be totally wrong. ", "In answer to your poll- I would go Lewis and Clark. ", "But I'm curious to hear other folks' opinion, because I am basically in the same position. ", "Subscribed!", "\n\nCase2L wrote:SInce you're OOS, should we assume that cost is relatively equal?", "\n\nCost is relatively equal, but I'm trying to pick a school based on non-monetary reasons; regardless of where I go, I'll find a way to pay for it and emerge with as little debt as possible\n\nBeautifulSW wrote:I would guess, JUST guess, mind you, that if you are interested in Oregon politics or a state law job, OU would be the better choice. ", "One function of state schools is to supply the needs of state government. ", "At least, that's how it is down here in N.Mex.", "\n\n.", "\n\nThat's interesting, I haven't heard that (LC seems pretty well represented in state govt too), but it makes sense.", "\n\nThis decision was friggin tough enough without the 4/15 deposit deadlines breathing down my neck, now it's borderline torture\n\nBoth schools have their own pros and cons. ", "However, one thing I would like to caution you about is this idea you may have that it is \"sunnier generally\" in Eugene, as someone that has gone to undergrad at UO and will be going their in the fall for LS I can assure you that sightings of the sun in Eugene are about as common as those of UFOs.", "\n\nProZach wrote:Both schools have their own pros and cons. ", "However, one thing I would like to caution you about is this idea you may have that it is \"sunnier generally\" in Eugene, as someone that has gone to undergrad at UO and will be going their in the fall for LS I can assure you that sightings of the sun in Eugene are about as common as those of UFOs.", "\n\nDuly noted, that comment was based on my visit there along with the opinion of a few people I met along the way, apparently I've been led astray haha\n\nI'm in exactly the same position... $$ at both schools (slightly more at L&C). ", "I also had a good gut reaction when I visited L&C and an exceptionally bad one at Oregon... I am going with L&C because I prefer the atmosphere, love the city, and hope to crack the Portland market. ", "I am going with L&C over not only Oregon but also Baylor, UC Boulder (Sticker), and a full ride at UNLV... Good luck and perhaps I will see you there this fall" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0.0029154518950437317, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010067114093959731, 0, 0.010067114093959731, 0, 0.005025125628140704, 0.018867924528301886 ]

[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to BGA (ball grid array) based IC (integrated circuit) encapsulation and more particularly to a highly adaptable resilient pin assembly used in a BGA based IC encapsulation.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nCurrently, a BGA based IC encapsulation is the dominant one of a variety of IC encapsulations. ", "It has the advantages of having a relatively large number of pins produced per unit area (i.e., more features obtained), and less space occupied and less weight per group of pins (i.e., further reduction of IC chip size). ", "In 1997, Intel Corp. had successfully conducted a reliability test on memory devices produced by the BGA based IC encapsulation. ", "Also, such memory devices are used as flash memory. ", "Moreover, many DRAM (dynamic random access memory) or Direct Rambus DRAM memories are manufactured by the BGA based IC encapsulation.", "\nBut whether an encapsulated IC chip is acceptable can only be determined by testing. ", "As such, a suitable IC test device is required as shown in FIG. ", "1. ", "Components of the prior IC test device are fixed in place. ", "In other words, the IC test device has no replaceable parts. ", "For example, CPU (central processing unit) and memories are formed on a circuit board by soldering. ", "Also, contacts of the IC test device with IC chips are formed on the IC test device. ", "In addition, the IC test device has no detachable components. ", "Hence, a different IC test device is required if arrangement, spacing, or the number of tin balls of IC chips is different even when the same encapsulation is performed. ", "In other words, it is poor in compatibility. ", "Hence, a need for improvement exists." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0.01327433628318584, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0.0045045045045045045, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.015037593984962405, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0.023529411764705882, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "En rysk ambulans gjorde en insats på Södermalm på tisdagen, men ingen verkar veta varför. ", "Nu reder DN Sthlm ut vad som har hänt.", "\n\n– Vår ambulans har transporterat en patient från Sverige till S:t Petersburg, säger Pavel Mitrofanov på ambulansföretaget S:t Petersburg Neotlozka till DN." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0.025477707006369428 ]

[ "package jsoniter\n\nimport \"fmt\"\n\n// ReadNil reads a json object as nil and\n// returns whether it's a nil or not\nfunc (iter *Iterator) ReadNil() (ret bool) {\n\tc := iter.nextToken()\n\tif c == 'n' {\n\t\titer.skipThreeBytes('u', 'l', 'l') // null\n\t\treturn true\n\t}\n\titer.unreadByte()\n\treturn false\n}\n\n// ReadBool reads a json object as BoolValue\nfunc (iter *Iterator) ReadBool() (ret bool) {\n\tc := iter.nextToken()\n\tif c == 't' {\n\t\titer.skipThreeBytes('r', 'u', 'e')\n\t\treturn true\n\t}\n\tif c == 'f' {\n\t\titer.skipFourBytes('a', 'l', 's', 'e')\n\t\treturn false\n\t}\n\titer.", "ReportError(\"ReadBool\", \"expect t or f, but found \"+string([]byte{c}))\n\treturn\n}\n\n// SkipAndReturnBytes skip next JSON element, and return its content as []byte.", "\n// The []byte can be kept, it is a copy of data.", "\nfunc (iter *Iterator) SkipAndReturnBytes() []byte {\n\titer.startCapture(iter.head)\n\titer.", "Skip()\n\treturn iter.stopCapture()\n}\n\ntype captureBuffer struct {\n\tstartedAt int\n\tcaptured []byte\n}\n\nfunc (iter *Iterator) startCapture(captureStartedAt int) {\n\tif iter.captured !", "= nil {\n\t\tpanic(\"already in capture mode\")\n\t}\n\titer.captureStartedAt = captureStartedAt\n\titer.captured = make([]byte, 0, 32)\n}\n\nfunc (iter *Iterator) stopCapture() []byte {\n\tif iter.captured == nil {\n\t\tpanic(\"not in capture mode\")\n\t}\n\tcaptured := iter.captured\n\tremaining := iter.buf[iter.captureStartedAt:iter.head]\n\titer.captureStartedAt = -1\n\titer.captured = nil\n\tif len(captured) == 0 {\n\t\tcopied := make([]byte, len(remaining))\n\t\tcopy(copied, remaining)\n\t\treturn copied\n\t}\n\tcaptured = append(captured, remaining...)\n\treturn captured\n}\n\n// Skip skips a json object and positions to relatively the next json object\nfunc (iter *Iterator) Skip() {\n\tc := iter.nextToken()\n\tswitch c {\n\tcase '\"':\n\t\titer.skipString()\n\tcase 'n':\n\t\titer.skipThreeBytes('u', 'l', 'l') // null\n\tcase 't':\n\t\titer.skipThreeBytes('r', 'u', 'e') // true\n\tcase 'f':\n\t\titer.skipFourBytes('a', 'l', 's', 'e') // false\n\tcase '0':\n\t\titer.unreadByte()\n\t\titer.", "ReadFloat32()\n\tcase '-', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9':\n\t\titer.skipNumber()\n\tcase '[':\n\t\titer.skipArray()\n\tcase '{':\n\t\titer.skipObject()\n\tdefault:\n\t\titer.", "ReportError(\"Skip\", fmt.", "Sprintf(\"do not know how to skip: %v\", c))\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (iter *Iterator) skipFourBytes(b1, b2, b3, b4 byte) {\n\tif iter.readByte() !", "= b1 {\n\t\titer.", "ReportError(\"skipFourBytes\", fmt.", "Sprintf(\"expect %s\", string([]byte{b1, b2, b3, b4})))\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\tif iter.readByte() !", "= b2 {\n\t\titer.", "ReportError(\"skipFourBytes\", fmt.", "Sprintf(\"expect %s\", string([]byte{b1, b2, b3, b4})))\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\tif iter.readByte() !", "= b3 {\n\t\titer.", "ReportError(\"skipFourBytes\", fmt.", "Sprintf(\"expect %s\", string([]byte{b1, b2, b3, b4})))\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\tif iter.readByte() !", "= b4 {\n\t\titer.", "ReportError(\"skipFourBytes\", fmt.", "Sprintf(\"expect %s\", string([]byte{b1, b2, b3, b4})))\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (iter *Iterator) skipThreeBytes(b1, b2, b3 byte) {\n\tif iter.readByte() !", "= b1 {\n\t\titer.", "ReportError(\"skipThreeBytes\", fmt.", "Sprintf(\"expect %s\", string([]byte{b1, b2, b3})))\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\tif iter.readByte() !", "= b2 {\n\t\titer.", "ReportError(\"skipThreeBytes\", fmt.", "Sprintf(\"expect %s\", string([]byte{b1, b2, b3})))\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\tif iter.readByte() !", "= b3 {\n\t\titer.", "ReportError(\"skipThreeBytes\", fmt.", "Sprintf(\"expect %s\", string([]byte{b1, b2, b3})))\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006486486486486486, 0.011904761904761904, 0.041666666666666664, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nPseudo code for android\n\nI am trying to write Pseudo Code for android. ", "Here is what I am writing is it good?", "\nMainActivity.java:\nStart program\nIf Create account button is chosen\n Display activity_2\nElse\n Display activity_3\n\nA:\n\nMainActivity.java:\nStart Activity \nIf already has account \n Display LoginActivity Or logInButton which will take you to LoginActivity\nElse\n Display SignUpActivity Or SingupButton which will take you to SignUpActivity\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0 ]

[ "[A case of leiomyosarcoma of the kidney].", "\nA case of renal leiomyosarcoma seen in a 65-year-old man is reported. ", "On November 15, 1985, he complained of right flank pain and high fever. ", "On right renal angiography and computed tomography showed a mass on lower pole of the right kidney. ", "On December 10, 1985, the patient underwent right radical nephrectomy. ", "The histological diagnosis was leiomyosarcoma probably originating from the right renal capsule. ", "Forty-six cases of renal leiomyosarcoma, including this case, in the Japanese literature have been reviewed and are discussed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The Australian government will push ahead for a Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal without the United States and is open to Indonesia, China and others seeking to join the agreement.", "\n\nThe Australian trade minister, Steven Ciobo, made the call for countries to push ahead with a so-called TPP 12-minus-one agreement now that the US president, Donald Trump, has signed an order that the US will not join the deal.", "\n\nOn Monday evening, the prime minister, Malcolm Turnbull, reportedly confirmed Australia’s commitment to the TPP in a phone conversation with Japan’s prime minister, Shinzo Abe.", "\n\nAt a media conference on Tuesday, Turnbull said there was no question that the US pulling out was a “big loss” for the TPP. ", "Asked if TPP countries should push for China to join, Turnbull said there was “potential” for it do so.", "\n\n“It is possible that US policy could change over time on this, as it has done on other trade deals,” he said, noting that Congress and the secretary of state, Rex Tillerson, were in favour of the TPP.", "\n\n“There is also the opportunity for the TPP to proceed without the United States.”", "\n\nOn Tuesday Ciobo told ABC’s AM that a TPP with the US “can’t go ahead unless the US was to change its mind” but Japan, Australia and others wanted to hold on to the gains negotiated so far under the deal.", "\n\nHe said Australia had had talks with Canada, Mexico, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia, Chile and Peru to salvage the deal without US involvement.", "\n\nAsked about China joining in the US’s stead, Ciobo said the original architecture enabled other countries to join.", "\n\n“Certainly I know Indonesia has expressed a possible interest and there would be scope for China, if we’re able to reformulate it, to be a TPP 12 minus one [country] ... [and] for countries like Indonesia or China, or indeed other countries, to consider joining.”", "\n\nCiobo said there were a number of “competing factors” that would complicate a TPP 12-minus-one agreement, including that Mexico and Canada may first have to deal with Trump attempting to renegotiate the North American free trade agreement.", "\n\n“It’s a moving space but it’s an important space – we must continue to pursue giving Aussie exporters the best chance, to get preferential access for Australian exports.”", "\n\nCiobo confirmed the Australian government had not done modelling about the possible size of benefits under a TPP 12-minus-one agreement, because it had been a “hypothetical” until Trump signed the order.", "\n\nHe said the agreement was good for Australia because it improved access to markets including Canada and Mexico and lowered compliance costs.", "\n\nAsked whether the Turnbull government would push for parliament to ratify the TPP despite the US withdrawal, Ciobo said it would “keep that option alive”.", "\n\n“We’re not going to be like [opposition leader] Bill Shorten and the Labor party and walk away from this deal because it requires a little bit of elbow grease.”", "\n\nLabor supports the TPP in principle but has said it is pointless to consider it in parliament given the US’s withdrawal. ", "It has come under pressure from its union backers to reject the deal outright.", "\n\nAccording to the final chapter of the TPP, the trade agreement can go ahead only if at least six of its 12 original members have ratified the agreement, and if those six countries represent 85% of the combined GDP of all 12 countries.", "\n\nIt means the deal cannot come into force if the US or Japan fails to ratify the agreement because, between them, they represent 79% of the GDP of all 12 original signatories. ", "Without the US or Japan involved there is no way for the remaining signatories to fulfil the 85% requirement.", "\n\nOn Tuesday Labor’s trade spokesman, Jason Clare, said Trump’s executive order “put the final nail in the coffin of the TPP”, declaring the deal “officially dead”.", "\n\nIn a statement Clare said the US decision “makes a mockery of all the nonsense we’ve heard from Malcolm Turnbull last week that he can change Donald Trump’s mind and that this legislation would help”.", "\n\n\n\nClare did not appear to put much stock in the possibility of a TPP 12-minus-one agreement, warning the TPP would “have no effect at all” without the US.", "\n\n“It’s over. ", "Donald Trump has killed the TPP. ", "It’s time for Malcolm Turnbull to wake up and move on, and develop a real economic plan for Australia.”", "\n\n\n\nCiobo said the Coalition would not walk away from “high-quality trade deals” and accused Labor of poor economic leadership." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.005434782608695652, 0.008733624454148471, 0.016853932584269662, 0.007936507936507936, 0.019417475728155338, 0.01485148514851485, 0.012048192771084338, 0.014563106796116505, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0.012448132780082987, 0.005813953488372093, 0.014634146341463415, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0.012345679012345678, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0.00423728813559322, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0.01485148514851485, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0.06060606060606061, 0.009708737864077669, 0.023622047244094488 ]

[ "The San Francisco Planning Commission along with the city's Board of Supervisors have approved Apple's plans for an upcoming Union Store Apple Store. ", "Now that the city has approved its plans, the company can being construction on the new store, which will be located just three blocks away from its existing store in San Francisco.", "\n\n\"We are thrilled that the city of San Francisco has given its final approval to begin work on our new store and public plaza, which will make a wonderful addition to Union Square and create hundreds of local jobs,\" said Apple spokeswoman Amy Bessette when talking to Re/code. ", "She continued: \"Our Stockton Street store has been incredibly popular, welcoming over 13 million customers since it opened nine years ago, and we look forward to making a new home on Union Square.\"", "\n\nWe should expect the new flagship Apple Store to feature 44-foot tall sliding glass panels at its entry, with an Apple rep calling the new location \"more iconic\" than its well-known Fifth Avenue store in New York City." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.02666666666666667, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0.00909090909090909 ]

[ "Danish group opens development center in Bucharest, builds software for NATO\n\nSystematic A/S, the biggest privately owned software company in Denmark, has opened a development center in Bucharest that produces communication software for NATO. ", "The company’s goal is to increase its team to 100 programmers within a year and start delivering full scale projects, the group’s representatives have told Romania-Insider.com. ", "The development center in Bucharest is the first Systematic has opened outside Denmark.", "\n\nThe group, which is owned by Danish investor Michael Holm, the Romanian honorary Consul in Århus Denmark, has officially set foot in Bucharest earlier this year. ", "It bought a small local developer, Conscensia SRL, a subsidiary to the Danish outsourcing company of the same name, which had previously delivered on some Systematic projects.", "\n\nThe group currently has 40 employees in Bucharest, working on 4 different projects: three projects for the defense business unit and one focusing on the school system in Denmark.", "\n\n“We are having great success in all of our five business units (Defense, Healthcare, Library & Learning, Intelligence & National security, and the Public sector) and we are constantly taking in new projects. ", "In order for us to keep up with the demand and deliver, we have to scale with skilled developers. ", "The first milestone here in Romania is 100 developers, which we hope to be able to find within a year,” Tue Lassen, the general manager of Systematic Romania, has told Romania-Insider.com.", "\n\n“Looking into the future, our limitations are currently related to the pace at which we can find the right profiles. ", "In this process, it is just crucial that it is the right people that we attract and onboard. ", "People with the right motivation, skills and a personality that match our company values. ", "That is much more important than finding 150 or 200 people in a short time frame,” he added.", "\n\nSystematic’s main goal for its development center in Bucharest is to have it deliver full scale projects instead of just working on parts of projects coordinated in Denmark, which would allow the group to increase its business.", "\n\n“From a strategical point of view, we will be able to deliver more projects if we have multiple locations which can handle the project management responsibility. ", "This means that we will go from having minor parts of our projects coded outside Denmark to having the possibility of placing all aspects of a project in Romania – e.g. roles as project managers, architects, UX experts etc. – ", "all competencies which we will have to build up here in Romania,” Lassen explained.", "\n\nThe young manager, who has been in Romania for over a year coordinating the Conscensia local office, says he admires the Romanian developers’ professional competence level and that this will help build a strong development center with close ties to the Danish mother organization in Aarhus.", "\n\n“Romanians have amazed me very much from a professional point of view; I have seen a workforce that is highly educated, motivated and capable of carrying out assignments and taking them to the next level. ", "This requires communication and dialogue, which our Romanian colleagues are very good at, which probably also is linked to the fact that the Romanian population is incredible with languages whether it being English, another Latin language or German. ", "Romanians asks questions and do not just accept as-is. ", "This contributes to improvements and development of the final product for our clients.”", "\n\nEstablished in 1985, Systematic A/S develops software and system solutions to customers in both the public and private sector, with clients in over 50 countries. ", "More than 500,000 people worldwide now use Systematic solutions and services. ", "Systematic is also number one company delivering defense communication systems to NATO countries. ", "The center in Bucharest is mainly involved in the NATO projects.", "\n\n“We are currently having 3 teams working for our defense Business unit, which all are delivering on NATO projects. ", "The primary focus on these projects are to develop best in class communication tools, which can be used on multiple levels striving from having a clear overview of the battlefield for headquarters, to dialogue with & between armed vehicles and troops in the field,” says the Systematic Romania general manager.", "\n\nOverall, Systematic has close to 800 employees and is headquartered in Aarhus, Denmark, with offices in Copenhagen, Australia, Finland, France, Germany, New Zealand, Singapore, Sweden, Romania, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States.", "\n\nDeloitte opens service center in Bucharest, will hire 650 IT experts\n\nUS firm Fitbit hires 200 people at its research center in Bucharest\n\nHuawei opens global service center in Bucharest\n\n[email protected]" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.00823045267489712, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0.012195121951219513, 0.011428571428571429, 0, 0.01904761904761905, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004424778761061947, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0.01282051282051282, 0.02040816326530612, 0.015625, 0.008547008547008548, 0.0032258064516129032, 0.003787878787878788, 0.00966183574879227 ]

[ "Hans Hoefer’s magical images of a bygone Bali\n\nThis from a series of photos that the legendary Hans Hoefer took ( and manipulated, see below) in the ’70s in Bali. ", "For more on Hans Hoefer’s story please read here.", "\n\nHans tells us: “The SX-70 polaroid camera was not considered a pro camera at the time, catering to hobby photography. ", "Only later, sometime in the late 80s the SX 70 process and film was “elevated” by a number of artists worldwide for their works, and became better known among serious photographers and artists.", "\n\n“I took that camera on assignment as a quick solution to satisfy requests for pictures from my “people subjects”. ", "I just could pull out a picture for them creating lots of “instant” happiness all around, which in turn benefited my “other” photography.", "\n\n“I discovered that I could manipulate the emulsion when I squeezed a reject picture between my fingernails during a bus ride home. ", "As an art and design graduate I could see instantly what I could do with this. ", "I pasted a small steel plate to the back of the camera, and made my own tools from dentist equipment.", "\n\n“A particular feature of this technique was that I had only 20 minutes after each shot to do the manipulations before the pictures chemistry became fixed (like, frozen) and could not be manipulated any further. ", "There always was a certain frenzy connected to the process. ", "The immediacy and finality of the process has a lot in common with aquarelle in wet painting technique. ", "You cannot correct it once done.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.012269938650306749, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0 ]

[ "Korea is back in the eye of a perfect storm\n\nUNITED NATIONS — Thunder clouds are swirling over the Korean peninsula as a perfect storm of political instability and regional geopolitical challenges rumble through South Korea.", "\n\nNorth Korea’s missile and nuclear tests, as well as Chinese bullying, have thrust the region into a dangerous cycle which could affect South Korea’s hard won peace and prosperity sixty-seven years after the devastating Korean War. ", "Events over the next six months will be crucial.", "\n\nU.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson with U.S. Gen. Vincent K. Brooks, third right, and South Korean Deputy Commander of the Combined Force Command Gen. Leem Ho-young, third left,at the border village of Panmunjom with North Korea in the background on March 17. / ", "Lee Jin-man / AP\n\nPolitical crisis has returned to South Korea, a vibrant if fractious democracy for over a generation. ", "President Park Geun-Hye, the once popular but tough president has been forced from office after a bitter drawn out impeachment scandal.", "\n\nPresident Park, the now tarnished daughter of Park Chung-Hee the strongman who rebuilt the shattered South Korean economy, was a close American ally.", "\n\nElections slated for May will no longer be the polite formality as expected where former UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon would swan into the Blue House, but a tough knockdown contest between the now discredited right and an ascendant left.", "\n\nNot since the countdown to the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympics has there been such political tension.", "\n\nYet today’s Korea faces a very different dynamic as young people have grown up in a safe, secure and prosperous society no longer shadowed by the Korean War of 1950-53 and the arduous rebuilding era of the 1960’s and 1970’s.", "\n\nThe candle-holding protesters are hardly the militant firebomb throwing hyper political youth of the mid-1980’s.", "\n\nNorth Korea’s nuclear tests and missile provocations continue. ", "While the UN Security Council has slapped salvos of economic sanctions on the Pyongyang regime, the reality remains that the quaintly titled Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) holds workable if rudimentary nuclear weapons and is doggedly working for the delivery means through repeated rocket testing.", "\n\nNorth Korea’s communists pose a real and present danger not only to neighboring South Korea, but to Japan and the USA, and most especially American military bases in Japan and Guam. ", "Before long the Hawaiian islands and West Coast may be in effective range.", "\n\nResponding to the emerging missile threat, the U.S. and South Korean governments agreed to deploy Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) anti-missile system to counter North Korea.", "\n\nThe decision by the Obama administration is now being carried out by the Trump team. ", "The U.S. Mutual Defense Treaty with Seoul has offered both defense and crucial deterrence behind which South Korea’s socio/economic miracle flourished.", "\n\nThough THAAD is a defensive system for the Korean peninsula, the People’s Republic of China, has vigorously opposed the ongoing deployment as posing a threat to the Chinese Mainland!", "\n\nBeijing has encouraged consumer boycotts of South Korean Pop stars, TV shows, tourism, and businesses over initial THAAD deployments. ", "Given that the PRC is South Korea’s largest trading partner, Beijing’s boycott has teeth. ", "But such blunt tactics can also backfire, as the Koreans don’t savor being treated as the errant “little brother.”", "\n\nIn a diplomatic attempt to defuse the brewing crisis, U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson visited Japan, Korea, and China and not a moment too soon.", "\n\nAs Secretary Tillerson told the press in Tokyo, “I think it’s important to recognize that the political and diplomatic efforts of the past 20 years to bring North Korea to the point of denuclearization have failed.”", "\n\nNow all parties, including China, need to soberly assess the impending danger from North Korea and to unceasingly work to resolve the crisis.", "\n\nWill Washington work to restart the moribund multilateral Six Party Talks in which both Korean states and the regional neighbors, China, Japan, Russia and the United States work for a diplomatic solution?", "\n\nThe disinterested Obama Administration’s “strategic patience” towards Korea allowed Pyongyang years of extra time to develop its military resources.", "\n\nA double-edged dilemma follows South Korea’s post-election period, as the likely new president in Seoul will come from the leftist political opposition which firmly opposes THAAD.", "\n\nWill the opposition curry favor with Beijing at the expense of Washington? ", "Moreover how will the USA who has invested military and political capital in the THAAD deployment react to an about face by its ally in Seoul?", "\n\nFacing such an uncertainty from Seoul, would President Donald Trump then consider active military measures to neutralize North Korea’s military threat which has gone beyond the Korean peninsula and may soon threaten the USA?", "\n\nDeterrence and diplomacy are confronted by Pyongyang’s dangerous escalation. ", "North Korea has offered no concessions to contain the crisis.", "\n\nFollowing a recent Security Council meeting, American UN Ambassador Nikki Haley stated, “We have to see some sort of positive action by North Korea before we can take them seriously.”", "\n\nJohn J. Metzler is a United Nations correspondent covering diplomatic and defense issues. ", "He is the author of Divided Dynamism the Diplomacy of Separated Nations: Germany, Korea, China (2014). [", "See pre-2011 Archives]\n\nShare This Post! ", "Want to help out the Free Press in America? ", "If you enjoyed this article we'd really appreciate a quick share. ", "Every share makes a big difference and helps us focus on what we do the best: The news! ", "Thanks from World Tribune Editors and Correspondents!", "\n\nRelated\n\nFACEBOOK Comments\n\nLogin To Your FaceBook to Make Comments\n\nShare This Post!", "\n\nWant to help out the Free Press in America? ", "If you enjoyed this article we’d really appreciate a quick share. ", "Every share makes a big difference and helps us focus on what we do the best, the news.", "Thanks from World Tribune correspondents and staff!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.004464285714285714, 0, 0, 0.018726591760299626, 0.016666666666666666, 0.007407407407407408, 0.013245033112582781, 0.012396694214876033, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00964630225080386, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.004608294930875576, 0, 0, 0.006666666666666667, 0, 0, 0, 0.004424778761061947, 0, 0, 0.016216216216216217, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0.03773584905660377, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0.0196078431372549 ]

[ "{\n \"type\": \"Program\",\n \"body\": [\n {\n \"range\": [\n 0,\n 15\n ],\n \"loc\": {\n \"start\": {\n \"line\": 1,\n \"column\": 0\n },\n \"end\": {\n \"line\": 1,\n \"column\": 15\n }\n },\n \"type\": \"VariableDeclaration\",\n \"declarations\": [\n {\n \"range\": [\n 4,\n 15\n ],\n \"loc\": {\n \"start\": {\n \"line\": 1,\n \"column\": 4\n },\n \"end\": {\n \"line\": 1,\n \"column\": 15\n }\n },\n \"type\": \"VariableDeclarator\",\n \"id\": {\n \"range\": [\n 4,\n 15\n ],\n \"loc\": {\n \"start\": {\n \"line\": 1,\n \"column\": 4\n },\n \"end\": {\n \"line\": 1,\n \"column\": 15\n }\n },\n \"type\": \"Identifier\",\n \"name\": \"𞸆_$\"\n },\n \"init\": null\n }\n ],\n \"kind\": \"var\"\n }\n ],\n \"sourceType\": \"script\",\n \"tokens\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Keyword\",\n \"value\": \"var\",\n \"range\": [\n 0,\n 3\n ],\n \"loc\": {\n \"start\": {\n \"line\": 1,\n \"column\": 0\n },\n \"end\": {\n \"line\": 1,\n \"column\": 3\n }\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Identifier\",\n \"value\": \"\\\\u{1EE06}_$\",\n \"range\": [\n 4,\n 15\n ],\n \"loc\": {\n \"start\": {\n \"line\": 1,\n \"column\": 4\n },\n \"end\": {\n \"line\": 1,\n \"column\": 15\n }\n }\n }\n ],\n \"range\": [\n 0,\n 15\n ],\n \"loc\": {\n \"start\": {\n \"line\": 1,\n \"column\": 0\n },\n \"end\": {\n \"line\": 1,\n \"column\": 15\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0 ]

[ "The 2018 season exposed a lot of weaknesses in this Green Bay Packers team, but as we turn our focus to 2019, here are five potential free agents that could give this roster a boost.", "\n\nHeading into GM Brian Gutekunst’s second offseason with the Green Bay Packers, he will have roughly $44 million in cap space to utilize in free agency.", "\n\nIf Green Bay hopes to accelerate this mini-rebuild they will need to be more active in free agency, rather than just relying on the draft as they did during the Ted Thompson era.", "\n\nThere are plenty of free agents available and by no means will they get everyone on this list, but all five should be on Gutenkust’s radar.", "\n\n1. ", "Landon Collins, Safety\n\nGreen Bay has done a nice job at upgrading their secondary at the cornerback position, but Gutekunst still needs to find someone to solidify the backend of the secondary.", "\n\nDue to injuries, trading Ha Ha Clinton-Dix, and cutting Jermaine Whitehead, the Green Bay Packers have struggled to find a reliable player at safety.", "\n\nLandon Collins is a physical safety that excels in stopping the run and is a very good tackler, limiting the receivers yards after catch. ", "An area that the Packers’ secondary has had issues with.", "\n\nIn 2018, Collins played in 12 games and recorded 96 total tackles, the 11th-most in the NFL, even though he didn’t play in four games. ", "He also added five tackles for loss, two quarterback hits and four pass deflections.", "\n\nDurability shouldn’t be a concern with Collins as this is the first season he has played less than 15 games in a season.", "\n\nThis was Collins final year of his four-year deal with the New York Giants that paid him a total of $6.1 million. ", "In recent years the safety position has been devalued, so this may not be a situation where Green Bay will have to overpay to bring Collins in." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.013071895424836602, 0.005555555555555556, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0.019867549668874173, 0, 0, 0.014598540145985401, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.017241379310344827, 0.006993006993006993 ]

[ "Una marcha que comenzó de manera pacifica en Ventanas por los episodios de contaminación vividos en Quintero y Puchuncaví en la región de Valparaíso, terminó en un enfrentamiento entre los manifestantes y Carabineros.", "\n\nFueron cerca de 300 personas las que a eso de las 11:00 se encontraban marchando con pancartas, batucadas y mascarillas, mostrando su descontento por la situación actual que están viviendo las comunas afectadas.", "\n\nLas personas que se encontraban en el lugar acusaron un uso desmedido de la fuerza por parte de personal uniformado, que se encontraba en el lugar con un camión lanza agua y lanzando bombas lacrimógenas.", "\n\nEn medio de los altercados, detuvieron a una mujer embarazada de 8 meses que posteriormente fue trasladada al hospital Adriana Cousiño y desde el centro asistencial declararon que se encontraba bien y no tendría síntomas de perdida.", "\n\nAnte los incidentes ocurridos y según informó el teniente Rolando Molina de la comisaría de Quintero, hubo un total de 15 detenidos por desórdenes, de los cuales 2 eran menores de edad, 13 eran hombres y 2 mujeres, quienes fueron puestos a disposición de la fiscalía.", "\n\nLos hechos iniciaron cerca de las 13:00 horas y concluyeron a eso de las 16:00.", "\n\nRevisa aquí los videos captadas por manifestantes" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.02304147465437788, 0.009389671361502348, 0.014634146341463415, 0.021367521367521368, 0.022304832713754646, 0, 0.0196078431372549 ]

[ "118 F.3d 1575\nIleana Doina Grunberg, Carina Ruxandra Grunbergv.", "Immigration & Naturalization Service\nNO. ", "96-3641\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Third Circuit.", "\nJune 30, 1997\n\n1\nAppeal From: B.I.A. ,No.a71798310, a72418090\n\n\n2\nAffirmed.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.015873015873015872, 0.024390243902439025, 0.03773584905660377, 0, 0 ]

[ "Normal reproductive organ development in Wistar rats exposed to bisphenol A in the drinking water.", "\nBisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used primarily as a monomer in the manufacture of numerous chemical products, such as epoxy resins and polycarbonate. ", "The objective of this study was to evaluate potential effects of BPA on sexual development of male rats and was designed to clarify low-dose observations reported as preliminary results by Sharpe et al. (", "1996). ", "The protocol for the present study followed the same treatment schedule as reported by Sharpe et al. (", "1995, 1996), but included more treatment groups, a greater number of animals per group, and a more comprehensive number of reproductive endpoints. ", "Groups of 28 female Han-Wistar albino rats were exposed to drinking water that contained 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, or 10 ppm BPA or 0.1 ppm diethylstilbestrol (DES), 7 days per week, for a total of 10 weeks. ", "Treatment of the females began at 10 weeks of age and continued throughout a 2-week premating period, 2 weeks of mating (to untreated males), 21-22 days of gestation, and 22 days of lactation. ", "Offspring weanling males were given untreated drinking water and maintained until 90 days of age when evaluations were made of various reproductive organs. ", "Consistent with Sharpe et al. (", "1996) the female offspring were not evaluated. ", "No treatment-related effects on growth or reproductive endpoints were observed in adult females exposed to any concentration of BPA. ", "Similarly, no treatment-related effects were observed on the growth, survival, or reproductive parameters (including testes, prostate and preputial gland weights, sperm count, daily sperm production, or testes histopathology) of male offspring from dams exposed to BPA during gestation and lactation. ", "DES administered in the drinking water at 0. ", "1 ppm resulted in decreased body weight, body weight change, and food consumption in adult females. ", "In addition, an increase in the duration of gestation and a decrease in the number of pups delivered and number of live pups were also observed in animals exposed to DES. ", "In conclusion, these results do not confirm the previous findings of Sharpe et al. (", "1996) and show that low doses of BPA had no effects on male sexual development in the rat." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.01020408163265306, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004975124378109453, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0 ]

[ "The present invention relates generally to airflow intake modulation associated with aircraft engines. ", "More particularly, the present invention relates to a mechanical system and method that modulates airflow in an aircraft inlet diffuser that is used in conjunction with an aircraft engine that integrates both a center turbine engine and a constant volume combustor (“CVC”) or ramjet arrangement with intakes formed co-centrically about the turbine. ", "The airflow modulation directs airflow to each engine system separately and to both in combination to allow the aircraft to operate in multiple modes at different airspeeds.", "\nThe aircraft industry has desired the development hypersonic aircraft that can takeoff and land at conventional airfields. ", "To facilitate the design of such an aircraft, duel or integrated aircraft engines have been incorporated into the aircraft that utilize turbo jet propulsion during takeoff and landing and at air speeds of zero to Mach 2-3. ", "Above Mach 2-3, a CVC such as a continuous detonation engine (“CDE”) or a pulse detonation engine (“PDE”) is used to maintain hypersonic speed. ", "Likewise a ramjet type engine may be used at the higher speeds. ", "As such, at the upper limit speed of the turbo jet, such an aircraft is designed to transition to CVC or ramjet propulsion to maintain hypersonic air speeds, and then to transition back to the turbo jet engine, when the speed goes below Mach 2-3. ", "The use of multiple engine types on a single aircraft creates many design difficulties for the aircraft. ", "Prior designs required separate flow paths leading to each engine to facilitate operation of the engines and has resulted in unwanted increased weight, complexity and cost.", "\nFurther, attempts to integrate different types of engines into a single structure to produce hybrid engines may result in the reduced efficiency and speed. ", "For example, in the SR-71 Blackbird J58 engine, Pratt & Whitney, West Palm Beach, Fla. variable geometry was used to bypass flow after the fourth stage of the compressor to outer combustors that operated similar to a ramjet. ", "Because the modified ramjet was integrated within the structure turbojet, the J58 engine could only achieve a top speed of approximately Mach 3, well below the capacity of a conventional ramjet.", "\nIn order to address some of the design difficulties associated with hybrid engines and multiple engine systems, prior designs integrated a turbo jet engine or CVC engine(s) into the aircraft structure to share a common airstream. ", "The airflow management of the airstream in such designs is critical to the efficient and stable operation of the integrated engines. ", "In an example of a previous airflow management system, a moveable member within the airstream inlet acts as a simple airflow shutoff for either directing airflow into the turbine or directing airflow into the CVC engines. ", "While previous airflow management systems allow for immediate transitioning between integrated engines, such prior designs do not provide for airflow management that includes articulation to provide modified airflow during transition speeds, or to allow both engines to operate simultaneously in a designed duel engine mode.", "\nAs such, there is a great need in the art for an aircraft engine airflow management system that provides a smooth transition between operation of the turbo jet engine to a hypersonic engine by allowing both integrated engines to operate simultaneously in an intermediate speed mode." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004484304932735426, 0.006944444444444444, 0, 0.004048582995951417, 0, 0, 0, 0.0044444444444444444, 0.005154639175257732, 0.004329004329004329, 0, 0.0045045045045045045, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nTransforming list into smaller subset in R without repetition\n\nI have searched enough but couldn't find the answer. ", "If this is already asked please post the link.", "\nI have a list which looks like this\nsample.list <- as.list(c(\"a\",\"b\",\"c\"))\n\nI want to transform this list like below:\n\n{a,b}\n{a,c}\n{b,c}\n\nI don't want entries like {b,a} or {c,b} etc. ", "\nThis is just sample list, actual list can be of any length\n\nA:\n\nWe can use combn\n combn(sample.list,2)\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Bis(alkylidynyl)tellurides and ditellurides.", "\nThe tellurocarbonylates [M(CTe)(CO)2(Tp*)]- (M = Mo, W; obtained from [M([triple bond, length as m-dash]CBr)(CO)2(Tp*)] and Li2Te or [M([triple bond, length as m-dash]CLi)(CO)2(Tp*)] and Te) react with an additional equivalent of [M([triple bond, length as m-dash]CBr)(CO)2(Tp*)] to give bis(alkylidynyl)tellurides, [M2(μ-CTeC)(CO)4(Tp*)2], whilst oxidation with [Fe(η-C5H5)2]PF6 affords the corresponding ditellurides [M2(μ-CTe2C)(CO)4(Tp*)2]. ", "The unprecedented M[triple bond, length as m-dash]CTeC[triple bond, length as m-dash]M and M[triple bond, length as m-dash]CTe2C[triple bond, length as m-dash]M bridges are discussed with reference to more conventional but rare alkylidynyltelluroethers [M([triple bond, length as m-dash]CTeR)(CO)2(Tp*)] (R = Me, nBu, Ph)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.002242152466367713, 0.006211180124223602 ]

[ "Get the FREE Mirror Football newsletter by email with the day's key headlines and transfer news Sign up Thank you for subscribing We have more newsletters Show me See our privacy notice Invalid Email\n\nPaul Lambert is increasingly confident Aston Villa can keep Ron Vlaar and hopes to tempt him to stay on a new deal.", "\n\nDutch centre-back Vlaar remains a wanted man after his outstanding World Cup.", "\n\nThe stopper has just 12 months left on his contract at Villa Park and Southampton are after him, but Vlaar held “positive” talks with Villa boss Lambert at the team’s hotel in his native Holland on Saturday.", "\n\nThe Villa club captain watched their 4–1 loss to Groningen and is now due back at training on Monday to prepare for the new campaign which opens at Stoke on August 16.", "\n\nAnd despite Villa originally scrapping major new contract talks when owner Randy Lerner put the club up for sale in May, officials are now prepared to hold them with Vlaar as the American is not close to selling up.", "\n\nLambert said: “I had a really brief conversation with Ron. ", "No doubt I will sit with him when we have a bit more time when we’re back.", "\n\n(Image: Getty)\n\n“He’s positive and raring to go. ", "He’s looking forward to getting going. ", "That, in itself, is a plus.", "\n\n“He loves it here. ", "That’s him back now - he’s looking forward to the Stoke game.”", "\n\nVlaar is unlikely to be involved in Villa’s friendly on Tuesday at League One Walsall.", "\n\nLambert added long-term absentees Christian Benteke and Libor Kozak won’t be fit for the start of the season at the Potters.", "\n\nBut the Scot has not ruled out Joe Cole playing despite injuring his thigh in pre-season.", "\n\nLambert added: “In terms of injuries, Libor is doing great. ", "He won’t be fit for the start of the season. ", "Christian won’t be fit either. ", "But they are both ahead of their scheduled time.", "\n\n“Joe is doing great. ", "He started running again. ", "We will see how he is this time next week.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0.004784688995215311, 0.005917159763313609, 0.004608294930875576, 0.03278688524590164, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0.011363636363636364, 0.023809523809523808, 0.02197802197802198, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0 ]

[ "Monopoly\nMedia Manipulation\n\nMay 2001\n\nIn a capitalist “democracy” like the\nUnited States, the corporate news media faithfully reflect the dominant\nclass ideology both in their reportage and commentary. ", "At the same time,\nthese media leave the impression that they are free and independent,\ncapable of balanced coverage and objective commentary. ", "How they achieve\nthese seemingly contradictory but legitimating goals is a matter worthy\nof study. ", "Notables in the media industry claim that occasional inaccuracies\ndo occur in news coverage because of innocent error and everyday production\nproblems such as deadline pressures, budgetary restraints, and the difficulty\nof reducing a complex story into a concise report. ", "Furthermore, no communication\nsystem can hope to report everything, hence selectivity is needed.", "\n\nTo be sure, such pressures and problems\ndo exist and honest mistakes are made, but do they really explain the\nmedia’s overall performance? ", "True the press must be selective, but what\nprinciple of selectivity is involved? ", "I would argue that media bias\nusually does not occur in random fashion; rather it moves in more or\nless consistent directions, favoring management over labor, corporations\nover corporate critics, affluent whites over low income minorities,\nofficialdom over protestors, the two-party monopoly over leftist third\nparties, privatization and free market “reforms” over public sector\ndevelopment, U.S. dominance of the Third World over revolutionary or\npopulist social change, and conservative commentators and columnists\nover progressive or radical ones.", "\n\nSuppression by Omission\n\nSome critics complain that the press\nis sensationalistic and invasive. ", "In fact, it is more often muted and\nevasive. ", "More insidious than the sensationalistic hype is the artful\navoidance. ", "Truly sensational stories (as opposed to sensationalistic)\nare downplayed or avoided outright. ", "Sometimes the suppression includes\nnot just vital details but the entire story itself, even ones of major\nimport. ", "Reports that might reflect poorly upon the national security\nstate are least likely to see the light of day. ", "Thus we hear about political\nrepression perpetrated by officially designated “rogue” governments,\nbut information about the brutal murder and torture practiced by U.S.-sponsored\nsurrogate forces in the Third World, and other crimes committed by the\nU.S. national security state are denied public airing, being suppressed\nwith a consistency that would be called “totalitarian” were it to occur\nin some other countries.", "\n\nThe media downplay stories of momentous\nmagnitude. ", "In 1965 the Indonesian military — advised, equipped, trained,\nand financed by the U.S. military and the CIA — overthrew President\nAchmed Sukarno and eradicated the Indonesian Communist Party and its\nallies, killing half a million people (some estimates are as high as\na million) in what was the greatest act of political mass murder since\nthe Nazi Holocaust. ", "The generals also destroyed hundreds of clinics,\nlibraries, schools, and community centers that had been established\nby the Communists. ", "Here was a sensational story if ever there was one,\nbut it took three months before it received passing mention in Time\nmagazine and yet another month before it was reported in the New York\nTimes (April 5, 1966), accompanied by an editorial that actually praised\nthe Indonesian military for “rightly playing its part with utmost caution.”", "\n\nOver the course of forty years, the\nCIA involved itself with drug traffickers in Italy, France, Corsica,\nIndochina, Afghanistan, and Central and South America. ", "Much of this\nactivity was the object of extended congressional investigation — by\nSenator Church's committee and Congressman Pike’s committee in the 1970s,\nand Senator Kerry's committee in the late 1980s. ", "But the corporate capitalist\nmedia seem not to have heard about it.", "\n\nAttack and Destroy the Target\n\nWhen omission proves to be an insufficient\nmode of censorship and a story somehow begins to reach larger publics,\nthe press moves from artful avoidance to frontal assault in order to\ndiscredit the story. ", "In August 1996, the San Jose Mercury News, drawing\nfrom a year-long investigation, ran an in-depth series about the CIA-contra\ncrack shipments that were flooding East Los Angeles. ", "Holding true to\nform, the major media mostly ignored the issue. ", "But the Mercury News\nseries was picked up by some local and regional newspapers, and was\nflashed across the world on the Internet copiously supplemented pertinent\ndocuments and depositions supporting the charges against the CIA. ", "African\nAmerican urban communities, afflicted by the crack epidemic, were up\nin arms and wanted to know more. ", "The story became difficult to ignore.", "\nSo, the major media began an all-out assault. ", "A barrage of hit pieces\nin the Washington Post and New York Times and on network television\nand PBS assured us that there was no evidence of CIA involvement, that\nthe Mercury News series was “bad journalism,” and that its investigative\nreporter Gary Webb was irresponsibly playing on the public's gullibility\nand conspiracy mania. ", "By a process of relentless attack and shameless\nmendacity, the major media exonerated the CIA from any involvement in\ndrug trafficking.", "\n\nLabeling\n\nLike all propagandists, mainstream media\npeople seek to prefigure our perception of a subject with a positive\nor negative label. ", "Some positive ones are: “stability,” “the president’s\nfirm leadership,” “a strong defense,” and “a healthy economy.” ", "Indeed,\nnot many Americans would want instability, wobbly presidential leadership,\na weak defense, and a sick economy. ", "The label defines the subject without\nhaving to deal with actual particulars that might lead us to a different\nconclusion.", "\n\nSome common negative labels are: “leftist\nguerrillas,” “Islamic terrorists,” “conspiracy theories,” “inner-city\ngangs,” and “civil disturbances.” ", "These, too, are seldom treated within\na larger context of social relations and issues. ", "The press itself is\nfacilely and falsely labeled “the liberal media” by the hundreds of\nconservative columnists, commentators, and talk-shows hosts who crowd\nthe communication universe while claiming to be shut out from it. ", "Some\nlabels we will never be exposed to are “class power,” “class struggle,”\nand “U.S. imperialism.”", "\n\nA new favorite among deceptive labels\nis “reforms,” whose meaning is inverted, being applied to any policy\ndedicated to undoing the reforms that have been achieved after decades\nof popular struggle. ", "So the destruction of family assistance programs\nis labeled “welfare reform.” “", "Reforms” in Eastern Europe, and most recently\nin Yugoslavia, have meant the heartless impoverishment of former Communist\ncountries, the dismantling of what remained of the public economy, its\ndeindustrialization and expropriation at fire sale prices by a corporate\ninvestor class, complete with massive layoffs, drastic cutbacks in public\nassistance and human services, and a dramatic increase in unemployment\nand human suffering. “", "IMF reforms” is a euphemism for the same kind\nof bruising cutbacks throughout the Third World. ", "As Edward Herman once\nnoted, “reforms” are not the solution, they are the problem.", "\n\nIn April 2001, the newly elected prime\nminister of Japan, Junichiro Koisumi, was widely identified in the U.S.\nmedia as a “reformer.” ", "His free-market “reforms” include the privatization\nof Japan’s postal saving system. ", "Millions of Japanese have their life\nsavings in the postal system and the “reformer” Koisumi wants private\ninvestors to be able to get their hands on these funds.", "\n\n“Free market” has long been a pet label,\nevoking images of economic plenitude and democracy. ", "In reality, free-market\npolicies undermine the markets of local producers, provide state subsidies\nto multinational corporations, destroy public sector services, and create\ngreater gaps between the wealthy few and the underprivileged many.", "\n\nAnother favorite media label is “hardline.”", "\nAnyone who resists free-market “reforms,” be it in Belarus, Italy, Peru,\nor Yugoslavia, is labeled a “hardliner.” ", "An article in the New York\nTimes (10/21/97) used “hardline” and “hardliner” eleven times to describe\nBosnian Serb leaders who opposed attempts by NATO forces to close down\nthe “hardline Bosnian Serb broadcast network.” ", "The radio station in\nquestion was the only one in all of Bosnia that offered a perspective\ncritical of Western intervention in Yugoslavia. ", "The forceful closing\nof this one remaining dissenting media voice was described by the Times\nas “a step toward bringing about responsible news coverage in Bosnia.”", "\nThe story did note “the apparent irony” of using foreign soldiers for\n“silencing broadcasts in order to encourage free speech.” ", "The NATO troops\nwho carried out this repressive task were identified with the positive\nlabel of “peacekeepers.”", "\n\nIt is no accident that labels like \"hardline\"\nare never subjected to precise definition. ", "The efficacy of a label is\nthat it not have a specific content which can be held up to a test of\nevidence. ", "Better that it be self-referential, propagating an undefined\nbut evocative image.", "\n\nPreemptive Assumption\n\nFrequently the media accept as given\nthe very policy position that needs to be critically examined. ", "Whenever\nthe White House proposes an increase in military spending, press discussion\nis limited to how much more spending is needed, how much updating of\nweaponry; are we doing enough or need we do still more? ", "No media exposure\nis given to those who hotly contest the already gargantuan arms budget\nin its totality. ", "It is assumed that U.S. forces must be deployed around\nthe world, and that hundreds of billions must be spent each year on\nthis global military system.", "\n\nLikewise with media discussion of Social\nSecurity “reform,” a euphemism for the privatization and eventual abolition\nof a program that is working well. ", "The media preemptively assume the\nvery dubious position that needs to be debated: that the program, is\nin danger of insolvency (in thirty years) and therefore in need of drastic\noverhauling today. ", "Social Security operates as a three-pronged human\nservice: in addition to retirement pensions, it provides survivors’\ninsurance (up until the age of 18) to children in families that have\nlost their breadwinner, and it offers disability assistance to persons\nof pre-retirement age who have sustained serious injury or illness.", "\nBut from existing press coverage you would not know this — and most\nAmericans do not.", "\n\nFace-Value Transmission\n\nMany labels are fabricated not by news\nmedia but by officialdom. ", "U.S. governmental and corporate leaders talk\nabout “our global leadership,” “national security,” “free markets,”\nand “globalization” when what they mean is “All Power to the Transnationals.”", "\nThe media uncritically and dutifully accept these official views, transmitting\nthem to wider publics without any noticeable critical comment regarding\nthe actual content of the policy. ", "Face-value transmission has characterized\nthe press’s performance in almost every area of domestic and foreign\npolicy.", "\n\nWhen challenged on this, reporters respond\nthat they cannot inject their own personal views into their reports.", "\nActually, no one is asking them to. ", "My criticism is that they already\ndo, and seldom realize it. ", "Their conventional ideological perceptions\nusually coincide with those of their bosses and with officialdom in\ngeneral, making them face-value purveyors of the prevailing orthodoxy.", "\nThis uniformity of bias is perceived as “objectivity.”", "\n\nThe alternative to challenging face-value\ntransmission is not to editorialize about the news but to question the\nassertions made by officialdom, to consider critical data that might\ngive credence to an alternative view. ", "Such an effort is not an editorial\nor ideological pursuit but an empirical and investigative one, albeit\none that is not usually tolerated in the capitalist press beyond certain\nsafely limited parameters.", "\n\nSlighting of Content\n\nOne has to marvel at how the corporate\nnews media can give so much emphasis to surface happenings, to style\nand process, and so little to the substantive issues at stake. ", "A glaring\nexample is the way elections are covered. ", "The political campaign is\nreduced to a horse race: Who will run? ", "Who will get the nomination?", "\nWho will win the election? ", "News commentators sound like theater critics\nas they hold forth on how this or that candidate projected a positive\nimage, came across effectively, and had a good rapport with the audience.", "\nThe actual issues are accorded scant attention, and the democratic dialogue\nthat is supposed to accompany a contest for public office rarely is\nheard through the surface din.", "\n\nAccounts of major strikes — on those\nrare occasions the press attends to labor struggles — offer a similar\nslighting of content while focusing heavily on process. ", "We are told\nhow many days the strike has lasted, the inconvenience and cost to the\npublic and the economy, and how negotiations threaten to break down.", "\nMissing is any reference to the substance of the conflict, the grievances\nthat drive workers reluctantly to the extreme expediency of a strike,\nsuch as, cutbacks in wages and benefits, loss of seniority, safety issues,\nor the unwillingness of management to negotiate a contract.", "\n\nMedia pundits often talk about the “larger\npicture.” ", "In fact, their ability or willingness to link immediate events\nand issues to larger social relations is almost nonexistent, nor would\na broader analysis be tolerated by their bosses. ", "Instead, they regularly\ngive us the smaller picture, this being a way of slighting content and\nremaining within politically safe boundaries. ", "Thus the many demonstrations\nagainst international free-trade agreements beginning with NAFTA and\nGATT are reported, if at all, as contests between protestors and police\nwith little reference to the issues of democratic sovereignty and unaccountable\ncorporate power that impel the protestors.", "\n\nConsider the press treatment of the\nsuppression of the vote in Florida during the 2000 presidential campaign.", "\nAfter a count of ballots by the Miami Herald and USA Today, that took\na limited view of what was open to challenge, major media across the\ncountry announced that Bush in fact won in Florida. ", "Other investigations\nindicate that such was not the case at all, but these remain largely\nunpublicized. ", "Furthermore, press treatment has focused almost exclusively\non problems relating to questionable counts, with much discussion of\nballot “dimples” and “chads.” ", "But in the aftermath, hardly a word was\nuttered about the ballots that were never collected, and the thousands\nof people who were disfranchised by the repressive ploys of Florida\nofficials and state troopers. ", "Again, what we got was the smaller (safer)\npicture, one that does not challenge the legitimacy of the electoral\nprocess and the authorities who preside over it.", "\n\nFalse Balancing\n\nIn accordance with the canons of good\njournalism, the press is supposed to tap competing sources to get both\nsides of an issue. ", "In fact, both sides are seldom accorded equal prominence.", "\nOne study found that on NPR, supposedly the most liberal of the mainstream\nmedia, right-wing spokespeople are often interviewed alone, while liberals\n— on the less frequent occasions they appear — are almost always offset\nby conservatives. ", "Furthermore, both sides of a story are not usually\nall sides. ", "The whole left-progressive and radical portion of the opinion\nspectrum is amputated from the visible body politic.", "\n\nFalse balancing was evident in a BBC\nWorld Service report (December 11, 1997) that spoke of “a history of\nviolence between Indonesian forces and Timorese guerrillas” — with\nnot a hint that the guerrillas were struggling for their lives against\nan Indonesian invasion force that had slaughtered some 200,000 Timorese.", "\nInstead, the genocidal invasion of East Timor was made to sound like\na grudge fight, with “killings on both sides.” ", "By imposing a neutralizing\ngloss, the BBC announcer was introducing a serious distortion.", "\n\nThe U.S.-supported wars in Guatemala\nand El Salvador during the 1980s were often treated with that same kind\nof false balancing. ", "Both those who burned villages and those who were\nhaving their villages burned were depicted as equally involved in a\ncontentious bloodletting. ", "While giving the appearance of being objective\nand neutral, one actually neutralizes the subject matter and thereby\ndrastically warps it.", "\n\nFollow-up Avoidance\n\nWhen confronted with an unexpectedly\ndissident response, media hosts quickly change the subject, or break\nfor a commercial, or inject an identifying announcement: “We are talking\nwith [whomever].” ", "The purpose is to avoid going any further into a politically\nforbidden topic no matter how much the unexpected response might seem\nto need a follow-up query. ", "An anchorperson for the BBC World Service\n(December 26, 1997) enthused: “Christmas in Cuba: For the first time\nin almost forty years Cubans were able to celebrate Christmas and go\nto church!” ", "She then linked up with the BBC correspondent in Havana,\nwho observed, “A crowd of two thousand have gathered in the cathedral\nfor midnight mass. ", "The whole thing is rather low key, very much like\nlast year.” ", "Very much like last year? ", "Here was something that craved\nclarification. ", "Instead, the anchorperson quickly switched to another\nquestion: \"Can we expect a growth of freedom with the pope’s visit?“", "\n\nOn a PBS talk show (January 22, 1998),\nhost Charlie Rose asked a guest, whose name I did not get, whether Castro\nwas bitter about “the historic failure of communism”. ", "No, the guest\nreplied, Castro is proud of what he believes communism has done for\nCuba: advances in health care and education, full employment, and the\nelimination of the worst aspects of poverty. ", "Rose fixed him with a ferocious\nglare, then turned to another guest to ask: \"What impact will the pope's\nvisit have in Cuba?“ ", "Rose ignored the errant guest for the rest of the\nprogram.", "\n\nFraming\n\nThe most effective propaganda relies\non framing rather than on falsehood. ", "By bending the truth rather than\nbreaking it, using emphasis and other auxiliary embellishments, communicators\ncan create a desired impression without resorting to explicit advocacy\nand without departing too far from the appearance of objectivity. ", "Framing\nis achieved in the way the news is packaged, the amount of exposure,\nthe placement (front page or buried within, lead story or last), the\ntone of presentation (sympathetic or slighting), the headlines and photographs,\nand, in the case of broadcast media, the accompanying visual and auditory\neffects.", "\n\nNewscasters use themselves as auxiliary\nembellishments. ", "They cultivate a smooth delivery and try to convey an\nimpression of detachment that places them above the rough and tumble\nof their subject matter. ", "Television commentators and newspaper editorialists\nand columnists affect a knowing tone designed to foster credibility\nand an aura of certitude, or what might be called “authoritative ignorance,”\nas expressed in remarks like “How will this situation end? ", "Only time\nwill tell.” ", "Or, “No one can say for sure.” ", "Trite truisms are palmed\noff as penetrating truths. ", "Newscasters learn to fashion sentences like\n“Unless the strike is settled soon, the two sides will be in for a long\nand bitter struggle.” ", "And “The space launching will take place as scheduled\nif no unexpected problems arise.” ", "And “Unless Congress acts soon, this\nbill is not likely to go anywhere.” ", "Stuff Just Happens\n\nMany things are reported in the news\nbut few are explained. ", "Little is said about how the social order is\norganized and for what purposes. ", "Instead we are left to see the world\nas do mainstream pundits, as a scatter of events and personalities propelled\nby happenstance, circumstance, confused intentions, bungled operations,\nand individual ambition — rarely by powerful class interests. ", "Passive\nvoice and impersonal subject are essential rhetorical constructs for\nthis mode of evasion. ", "So we read or hear that “fighting broke out in\nthe region,” or “many people were killed in the disturbances,” or \"famine\nis on the increase.” ", "Recessions apparently just happen like some natural\nphenomenon (\"our economy is in a slump\"), having little to do with the\nconstant war of capital against labor and the contradictions between\nproductive power and earning power.", "\n\nIf we are to believe the media, stuff\njust happens. ", "Consider “globalization,” a pet label that the press presents\nas a natural and inevitable development. ", "In fact, globalization is a\ndeliberate contrivance of multinational interests to undermine democratic\nsovereignty throughout the world. ", "International “free trade” agreements\nset up international trade councils that are elected by no one, are\naccountable to no one, operate in secrecy without conflict of interest\nrestrictions, and with the power to overrule just about all labor, consumer,\nand environmental laws, and all public services and regulations in all\nsignatory nations. ", "What we actually are experiencing with GATT, NAFTA,\nFTAA, GATS, and the WTO is deglobalization, an ever greater concentration\nof politico-economic power in the hands of an international investor\nclass, a global coup d'etat that divests the peoples of the world of\nany trace of protective democratic input.", "\n\nIn keeping with the liberal paradigm,\nthe media never asks why things happen the way they do. ", "Social problems\nare rarely associated with the politico-economic forces that create\nthem. ", "So we are taught to truncate our own critical thinking. ", "Imagine\nif we attempted something different. ", "Suppose we report, as is seldom\nreported, that the harshly exploitative labor conditions existing in\nso many countries generally has the backing of their respective military\nforces. ", "Suppose further that we cross another line and note that these\nrightwing military forces are fully supported by the U.S. national security\nstate. ", "Then suppose we cross that most serious line of all and instead\nof just deploring this fact we also ask why successive U.S. administrations\nhave involved themselves in such unsavory pursuits throughout the world.", "\nSuppose we conclude that the whole phenomenon is consistent with a dedication\nto making the world safe for free-market corporate capitalism, as measured\nby the kinds of countries that are helped and the kinds that are attacked.", "\nSuch an analysis almost certainly would not be printed anywhere except\nin a few select radical publications. ", "We crossed too many lines. ", "Because\nwe tried to explain the particular situation (bad labor conditions)\nin terms of a larger set of social relations (corporate class power),\nour presentation would be rejected out of hand as “Marxist” — which\nindeed it is, as is much of reality itself.", "\n\nIn sum, the news media’s daily performance\nunder what is called “democratic capitalism” is not a failure but a\nskillfully evasive success. ", "We often hear that the press “got it wrong”\nor “dropped the ball” on this or that story. ", "In fact, the media do their\njob remarkably well. ", "Media people have a trained incapacity for the\nwhole truth. ", "Their job is not to inform but disinform, not to advance\ndemocratic discourse but to dilute and mute it. ", "Their task is to give\nevery appearance of being conscientiously concerned about events of\nthe day, saying so much while meaning so little, offering so many calories\nwith so few nutrients. ", "When we understand this, we move from a liberal\ncomplaint about the press's sloppy performance to a radical analysis\nof how the media maintain the dominant paradigm with much craft and\ncraftiness." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008356545961002786, 0, 0.0029585798816568047, 0.006172839506172839, 0.014634146341463415, 0, 0.004219409282700422, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0.008733624454148471, 0, 0, 0, 0.01812688821752266, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0.012195121951219513, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0.006172839506172839, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0045662100456621, 0, 0.006134969325153374, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004761904761904762, 0, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0.003076923076923077, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005128205128205128, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003424657534246575, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004149377593360996, 0, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005208333333333333, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01775147928994083, 0.005076142131979695, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013114754098360656, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Expression of three mouse homologs of the Drosophila segment polarity gene cubitus interruptus, Gli, Gli-2, and Gli-3, in ectoderm- and mesoderm-derived tissues suggests multiple roles during postimplantation development.", "\nThree mouse genes, Gli, Gli-2, and Gli-3, which share a similar zinc finger domain with the products of the Drosophila segment polarity gene cubitus interruptus and the Caenorhabditis elegans sex-determining gene tra-1 were cloned and characterized. ", "The expression patterns during postimplantation development of the three genes were analyzed by Northern blot, whole-mount, and section in situ hybridizations. ", "Expression was first detected during gastrulation in both the ectoderm and mesoderm. ", "Later in development, their expression became more restricted in various ectoderm- and mesoderm-derived tissues and was not detectable after completion of organogenesis. ", "Interestingly, in the developing neural tube, Gli showed a narrow ventral domain of expression, whereas Gli-2 and Gli-3 showed a broad and dorsally restricted domain. ", "Expression of these three Gli genes in various ectoderm- and mesoderm-derived tissues suggests that they play multiple roles during postimplantation development. ", "Consistent with this hypothesis, a naturally occurring Gli-3 mutation, the mouse extra-toes mutant; shows defects in both mesoderm- and ectoderm-derived tissues." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.00904977375565611, 0.01195219123505976, 0, 0, 0, 0.005988023952095809, 0, 0 ]

[ "Weekly Roundup\n\nAs you probably noticed, most of us took a nice little break this weekend away from our computers. ", "Most of us, that is, except for Sam, who put together his review of the My Morning Jacket show on Friday night at Radio City Music Hall. ", "I got a text or two from him while he was there, and then subsequently not there but high on after-show adrenaline; the conversation looked exactly like this:\n\n“Oof fucking awesome”\n“How was it dude? ", "Setlist? ", "How long did they play?”", "\n“2:45. ", "They played all mmj. ", "26 songs. ", "Twas awesome. ", "Writing up as we speak”\n“Oh wow! ", "Man, I should fly out for NYE. ;)”", "\n“Honestly.. They are just amazing. ", "They can kill at any venue”\n\nI think it’s safe to say he had a fun time. ", "I’ll be checking the show out today as it’s already up on the Archive, and Sam’s review is coming up next. ", "In the meantime, check back through the stuff we posted last week in case you missed anything.", "\n\nLollapalooza 2008 Schedule ReleasedThe lineup for Lollapalooza 2008 has been locked and loaded for a while now, and they just announced the schedule. ", "I had a feeling that they may be breaking up the schedule in a way that respected the fact that…\n\nMore Bonnaroo 2008 Videos Sigur Ros – Bonnaroo – Gobbledigook [YouTube] The boys over at Hidden Track put together an unbelievably large list of videos that you can watch from Bonnaroo 2008, a lot of which came straight from the webcast and that…\n\nThe Dandy Warhols | 2008 Tour Dates Dandy Warhols – Not If You Were The Last Junkie On Earth [YouTube] I wouldn’t go out a limb and say that I’m a huge fan of The Dandy Warhols, but I saw that they announced a decent tour…\n\nStreet Scene 2008 Lineup With the abundance of larger festivals, one of the overlooked niches of the scene these days are the abundance of city street festivals. ", "So far this summer, one of the best of these fests is San Diego’s Street Scene….", "\n\nHootenany with WeezerEveryone who has ever played a song on the guitar has probably played a Weezer song at some point in their life. ", "With their easy to learn power chords and sing along choruses, there is not much stopping one from…\n\nHeady LinksIt has been an über hectic week for both Justin and I, leading to a little bit lighter posting on the site. ", "I’ve been dealing with all sorts of projects mixing this way and that with moments of frenzy and…" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.014598540145985401, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0, 0.018691588785046728, 0, 0.006578947368421052, 0.001366120218579235, 0.0125, 0.014705882352941176, 0.004545454545454545, 0 ]

[ "[A comparative analysis of the action of red and infrared laser radiation and ultrasound on the regeneration of locally irradiated skeletal muscle and on immune system function in the rat].", "\nThe study was made of a regeneration ability of the rat skeletal muscle which had been mechanically injured and exposed to a 20 Gy irradiation, of the thymus and bone marrow condition after local exposure of the muscle to red and infrared laser radiation and ultrasound. ", "These factors were found to stimulate regeneration of the injured soft tissues and to reduce cytogenetic damage to bone marrow cells in the irradiated zone under growing immunosuppression. ", "The stimulation was most potent in prolonged exposure to the ultrasound." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "A novel antisense oligonucleotide targeting survivin expression induces apoptosis and sensitizes lung cancer cells to chemotherapy.", "\nSurvivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein, deserves attention as a selective target for cancer therapy because it lacks expression in differentiated adult tissues but is expressed in a variety of human tumors. ", "We designed 20-mer phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides targeting different regions of survivin mRNA and investigated their ability to down-regulate survivin mRNA and induce apoptosis in the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. ", "Oligonucleotide 4003, which targets nucleotides 23-251 of survivin mRNA, was identified as the most potent compound. ", "As measured by real-time PCR, 4003 down-regulated survivin mRNA in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 200 nM. Its maximum effect was achieved at a concentration of 400 nM, at which mRNA was down-regulated by 70%. ", "As revealed by increased caspase-3-like protease activity, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and trypan blue uptake, treatment with 4003 induced apoptosis and sensitized tumor cells to the chemotherapeutic agent etoposide. ", "Oligonucleotide 4003 did not reduce the viability of normal blood leukocytes with marginal levels of survivin mRNA." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0045871559633027525, 0, 0 ]

[ "About The Top 100 of 2014\n\nVintage showed its trump card in this year’s wine releases, influencing key shifts in the makeup of the 2014 Top 100 list, which includes wines from 14 foreign countries and three U.S. states. ", "California, France and Italy play major roles as in years past, but with an atypical mix of grape varieties and regions. ", "Meanwhile, some countries saw big upticks in their numbers on the list, due to magnificent vintages and continued improvements in the vineyards and wineries.", "\n\nOur editors found dozens of thought-provoking wines among the 18,000 we tasted in 2014. ", "Whether from emerging labels and regions or historic estates upholding tradition, these wines turned our heads for a singularity and authenticity we call the X-factor.", "\n\nOur selection also prioritizes quality (based on score), value (based on price) and availability (based on the volume of cases either made or imported). ", "These criteria were applied to determine the Top 100 from among the more than 5,400 wines that rated outstanding (90 points or higher on Wine Spectator’s 100-point scale) this year.", "\n\nOverall, the average score of the wines in this year’s list is 93 points and the average price $47—an excellent quality/price ratio and a slightly lower average price than the 2013 list.", "\n\nMany wines on the list are made in limited quantities, a reflection of the greater wine world. ", "As such, our Top 100 is not a “shopping list,” but rather a guide to wineries to watch in the coming months and years, comprising the producers and wines our editors were particularly passionate about in 2014.", "\n\nWe hope you enjoy this exciting list of great values, rising stars and veteran producers that make up Wine Spectator’s Top 100 of 2014." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0, 0, 0, 0.0072992700729927005 ]

[ "Popeadelphia, Day 1: A Walk Through Philadelphia During the Papal Visit\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTwo Quick Things:\n\n1) Walking around today made me realize that the City of Philadelphia should make #PopenStreets a yearly event (maybe just rename it ‘Open Streets,’ though)… I feel like everyone saw the city anew today with so much of Center City closed to vehicle traffic, everyone on the streets was so happy and smiling at each other. ", "Hell, there were probably more photographers and sightseers on the Ben Franklin Bridge when I was up there today than people using it to actually cross… SERIOUSLY, we need to do this more often!", "\n\n2) The installation you see happening in a couple of photos is Isabelle Gorilla installing for HAHAxPara… LOVE this series!", "\n\nMORE:\n\n“Popeadelphia, Day 2” photos HERE!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0047169811320754715, 0, 0.016, 0 ]

[ "FlightGlobal combines with Diio and FlightStats to create a powerhouse in air travel data analytics – Reed Business Information\n\nFlightGlobal, a leading aviation information group, today announces the acquisition of two pioneering US businesses that will help create a powerhouse in data analytics for the global air travel sector. ", "Diio LLC, a leading provider of airline market intelligence tools, and FlightStats Inc., a pioneer in flight data services, will now sit alongside FlightGlobal’s existing portfolio of fleet, aircraft finance and schedules data services.", "\n\nWith these latest transactions, FlightGlobal emerges with a world-class air travel data and analytics capability, building on the acquisition of the Innovata airline schedules business in 2014. ", "Diio and FlightStats already work closely with FlightGlobal as long-standing commercial partners and significant users of the group’s schedules data.", "\n\nDiio LLC, headquartered near Washington DC, provides a portfolio of online intelligence tools for the global air transport and travel industry, both under its own brand and those of its partners. ", "The company’s flagship Diio Mi service brings together schedules, fares and traffic data into a single online market intelligence toolset, used extensively by airlines and airports principally in North America. ", "In cooperation with the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and Airlines Reporting Corporation (ARC), Diio powers such products as IATA PaxIS, ARC DataXpert Market Intelligence and IATA/ARC Direct Data Solutions (DDS). ", "Diio also hosts the SRS Analyser schedules analysis tool, developed for international markets in cooperation with FlightGlobal and IATA.", "\n\nFlightStats Inc., based in Portland, Oregon, is a pioneer in making real-time global flight data available to power services and decision-support tools for many of the world’s leading airlines, travel agencies, mobile app developers and online services. ", "Its cutting-edge technology combines vast volumes of data from over 400 sources, including live aircraft tracking, to build an evolving picture of the status of flight arrivals and departures across the airline system. ", "The company is already actively working with FlightGlobal on ways to help clients improve workflow processes around flight disruptions and to gain insights into the cause of delays.", "\n\nChristopher Flook, who heads the FlightGlobal business as RBI Managing Director, says: “With the talent, technology and resources we have now assembled, FlightGlobal is well-placed to help the air travel sector take the next significant step forward in managing, integrating and analysing its data. ", "We already worked well together as standalone businesses, but coming together as a single group now allows us greater ability to combine our data and experience to deliver huge value for our customers.”", "\n\nDavid Hoppin, Diio CEO, says: “Diio was founded fifteen years ago with the vision that we could combine fast database technology and expert user-interface design to make it easy for airline decision-makers to assemble facts in time to inform the decision at hand. ", "The company’s uninterrupted growth since 2001 confirmed the vision. ", "Now, as part of the FlightGlobal family, we can leverage best-in-class data assets and the resources of a much larger organisation to go after exciting growth opportunities in all parts of the world.”", "\n\nFlightStats founders, Chairman Jeff Kennedy and CEO Tod Hutchinson, said: “As a standalone company we’ve invested heavily in a modern data management platform that enables us to acquire, process and deliver data at huge scale and speed. ", "With the additional resources that the FlightGlobal group now brings, we’re excited about the ability to move faster still and to combine data in new and innovative ways to solve high value problems for the industry. ", "Together we’re well-positioned to be a critical hub in the travel ecosystem.”", "\n\nFlightGlobal, headquartered in London, is the aviation arm of Reed Business Information, which itself sits within the Risk & Business Analytics business area of RELX Group.", "\n\nShare this:\n\nLike this:\n\nRelated\n\nAbout The Travel Marketing Store\n\nThis is the official blog of The Travel Marketing Store. ", "We provide a range of business services related to travel marketing including strategic consulting, a business directory, newsletters, travel marketing events and conferences." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.015060240963855422, 0.012711864406779662, 0.01020408163265306, 0.013422818791946308, 0.005050505050505051, 0, 0.034782608695652174, 0.014705882352941176, 0.00390625, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.013289036544850499, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0.005, 0.012552301255230125, 0.004608294930875576, 0, 0.022988505747126436, 0.015748031496062992, 0 ]

[ "So what did it take to puncture conservative bravado about feting and fawning over Breitbart shock jock Milo Yiannopoulos? ", "His constant race baiting? ", "No. ", "His\n\nmisogyny? ", "No. ", "Apparently, his defense of pedophilia—pederasty, to be exact, because evidently even this nihilist makes a distinction between sex with pre-pubescent and post-pubescent boys.", "\n\nCPAC cancelled its invite to Milo to speak at its annual conference this week after tapes surfaced in which Milo claimed that \"sex between 13-year-olds and older men can be 'life affirming.'\" ", "Socrates might have agreed with him but this was too much for CPAC and Simon & Schuster that also cancelled his book deal. ", "But Berkley College Republicans so far at least are still vowing to invite him back (along with right-wing conspiracy theorist Alex Jones) to deliver his previous speech that got aborted when far-left radicals declared war on the campus.", "\n\nThe radicals were nihilists in their own right, but if Republicans have a right to invite Milo, others have a right to judge them.", "\n\nAnd what these invitations say about Republicans is not that they are some brave anti-PC warriors scoring one for free speech, I note in my column at The Week—but that they are fools who are declaring their moral bankruptcy by allying themselves with the equivalent of the Joker from Batman.", "\n\nGo here to read the whole thing." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.016260162601626018, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0.008130081300813009, 0.008438818565400843, 0.007575757575757576, 0.006825938566552901, 0 ]

[ "Site Navigation\n\nSite Mobile Navigation\n\nNo Pardon for Billy the Kid\n\nPHOENIX — In his final weeks in office, Gov. Bill Richardson of New Mexico flew to Cuba and North Korea on freelance negotiating trips and then traveled back in history, to the Old West, to decide whether to pardon a notorious outlaw.", "\n\nWhen Mr. Richardson announced in Santa Fe, N.M., on Friday, his last day in office, that he would not pardon Billy the Kid, he prompted sighs of relief from descendants of those who hunted down the young gunman. ", "He also underscored the expansive view he has long held of himself as a politician and diplomat.", "\n\n“If one is to rewrite a chapter as prominent as this, there had better be certainty as to the facts, the circumstances and the motivations of those involved,” Mr. Richardson said in announcing that he would not tamper with the history of a man whose life was spent “pillaging, ravaging and killing the deserving and the innocent alike.”", "\n\nPhoto\n\nGov. Bill Richardson of New Mexico, seen in his office in August, will not pardon Billy the Kid.", "Credit\nMark Holm for The New York Times\n\nAt issue was a pardon that Lew Wallace, a territorial governor, apparently offered Billy the Kid in 1879 if the outlaw would testify before a grand jury about a killing he had witnessed. ", "The Kid testified, but Mr. Wallace never followed through.", "\n\nMr. Richardson, a history buff who has a replica of Mr. Wallace’s office chair in his desk, said his reading of the historical record convinced him that a pardon was offered, but he said he lacked enough evidence to know why Mr. Wallace had decided against the deal.", "\n\nMr. Richardson said he also factored into his decision that Billy the Kid, who also went by the names Henry McCarty and William H. Bonney, killed two lawmen after the deal fell through and he had escaped from jail.", "\n\nPhoto\n\nWilliam Bonney, also known as Billy the Kid.", "Credit\nLincoln County Heritage Trust, via Associated Press\n\nMr. Richardson’s very public contemplation of a pardon provoked strong reactions in the state — even more so because people who claim family links to the central characters in the drama still live there.", "\n\nWhile considering the pardon, Mr. Richardson discussed the matter with three grandchildren and two great-grandchildren of Sheriff Pat Garrett, who shot Billy the Kid to death in 1881. ", "They had opposed the proposed pardon, as did Mr. Wallace’s great-grandson William Wallace.", "\n\n“Best to leave history alone,” Susannah Garrett, a granddaughter of the sheriff, said in an e-mail. “", "May he rest in peace.”", "\n\nMr. Richardson said on ABC’s “Good Morning America,” where he announced his decision, “It’s living history.”", "\n\nA version of this article appears in print on January 1, 2011, on Page A10 of the New York edition with the headline: For 2nd Time in 131 Years, Billy the Kid Is Denied Pardon. ", "Order Reprints|Today's Paper|Subscribe" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.003289473684210526, 0.014018691588785047, 0, 0.0029585798816568047, 0.01904761904761905, 0.017543859649122806, 0.017241379310344827, 0.011194029850746268, 0.018518518518518517, 0.03773584905660377, 0.015209125475285171, 0.016129032258064516, 0.022222222222222223, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0.00558659217877095, 0 ]

[ "Heckuva game, even though I had only the services of a radio to hear it. ", "What's really exciting about all this is that the Hornets are still a work in progress. ", "Still, the level at which they are playing makes them competitive with the best in the NBA. ", "Should continue to be a great season." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0.010869565217391304, 0 ]

[ "[Accuracy of lactase gene C/T-13910 polymorphism and hydrogen breath test in a gastroenterology outpatient clinic: a retrospective study].", "\nAdult type hypolactasia is the most prevalent carbohydrate malabsorption. ", "To assess the distribution of lactase gene C/T-13910 polymorphism and the accuracy and concordance of a genetic test and H(2) breath test in the diagnosis of adult type hypolactasia. ", "496 patients with symptoms of lactose intolerance were enrolled in a retrospective study who underwent genetic test using TaqMan polymerase chain reaction and H(2) breath test. ", "The prevalence of C/T-13910 genotypes was: CC 48.1%, TC: 40.5%, and TT: 11.4%. ", "When the genetic test was taken as reference, the sensitivity of the breath test was 84.3%, with a specificity of 95.7%, a positive predictive value of 96.7% and negative predictive value of 80.4%. ", "Conversely, the accuracy of genetic test was: sensitivity 96.6%, specificity 80.4%, positive predictive value 84.3% and negative predictive value 95.7%. ", "The concordance value between the two tests (kappa index) was 0.78. ", "The results were discordant in 11.1% of the cases. ", "In symptomatic patients, the lactase non-persistence genotype CC occurred in almost half of the patients. ", "Both the genetic and the breath tests are sufficiently accurate, with good predictive value and they can be used to set up the diagnosis. ", "Discordant results should be carefully interpreted." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0.0379746835443038, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "North Korea Tech\n\nNorth Korea Tech is a San Francisco-based blog authored by Martyn Williams which covers consumer electronics and technology developments in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. ", "According to Williams, he was inspired to start the blog after a 15-year stint as a Tokyo-based correspondent for IDG News Service during which he became interested in the \"knowledge and prosperity gap between North and South Korea.\"", "\n\nThe site has broken stories about North Korean cell phones, internet domains, and online TV services and has been cited by Agence France Press, Vice Magazine, and Tech Crunch, among others.", "\n\nIt was the victim of a DDoS attack on 2016.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Technology blogs\nCategory:Science and technology in North Korea" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.004975124378109453, 0.008583690987124463, 0.010471204188481676, 0.022222222222222223, 0 ]

[ "/*********************************************************************************\n * *\n * The MIT License (MIT) *\n * *\n * Copyright (c) 2015-2020 aoju.org and other contributors. ", " *\n * *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy *\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to deal *\n * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights *\n * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell *\n * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is *\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: *\n * *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in *\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software. ", " *\n * *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR *\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, *\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE *\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER *\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, *\n * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN *\n * THE SOFTWARE. ", " *\n ********************************************************************************/\npackage org.aoju.bus.http.metric.http;\n\nimport org.aoju.bus.core.lang.", "Http;\nimport org.aoju.bus.core.lang.exception.", "InstrumentException;\nimport org.aoju.bus.http.", "Httpv;\nimport org.aoju.bus.http.", "NewCall;\nimport org.aoju.bus.http.", "Results;\nimport org.aoju.bus.http.", "Results.", "State;\nimport org.aoju.bus.http.magic.", "RealResult;\nimport org.aoju.bus.http.metric.", "Cancelable;\n\nimport java.io.", "IOException;\nimport java.util.concurrent.", "CountDownLatch;\n\n/**\n * 同步 Http 请求任务\n *\n * @author Kimi Liu\n * @version 6.1.0\n * @since JDK 1.8+\n */\npublic class SyncHttp extends CoverHttp<SyncHttp> {\n\n public SyncHttp(Httpv client, String url) {\n super(client, url);\n }\n\n /**\n * 发起 GET 请求（Rest：获取资源，幂等）\n *\n * @return 请求结果\n */\n public Results get() {\n return request(Http.", "GET);\n }\n\n /**\n * 发起 HEAD 请求（Rest：读取资源头信息，幂等）\n *\n * @return 请求结果\n */\n public Results head() {\n return request(Http.", "HEAD);\n }\n\n /**\n * 发起 POST 请求（Rest：创建资源，非幂等）\n *\n * @return 请求结果\n */\n public Results post() {\n return request(Http.", "POST);\n }\n\n /**\n * 发起 PUT 请求（Rest：更新资源，幂等）\n *\n * @return 请求结果\n */\n public Results put() {\n return request(Http.", "PUT);\n }\n\n /**\n * 发起 PATCH 请求（Rest：更新资源，部分更新，幂等）\n *\n * @return HttpCall\n */\n public Results patch() {\n return request(Http.", "PATCH);\n }\n\n /**\n * 发起 DELETE 请求（Rest：删除资源，幂等）\n *\n * @return 请求结果\n */\n public Results delete() {\n return request(Http.", "DELETE);\n }\n\n /**\n * 发起 HTTP 请求\n *\n * @param method 请求方法\n * @return 请求结果\n */\n public Results request(String method) {\n if (method == null || method.isEmpty()) {\n throw new IllegalArgumentException(\"Request method method cannot be empty!\");", "\n }\n RealResult result = new RealResult(this, httpClient.executor());\n SyncHttpCall httpCall = new SyncHttpCall();\n // 注册标签任务\n registeTagTask(httpCall);\n CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);\n httpClient.preprocess(this, () -> {\n synchronized (httpCall) {\n if (httpCall.canceled) {\n result.exception(State.", "CANCELED, null);\n latch.countDown();\n return;\n }\n httpCall.call = prepareCall(method);\n }\n try {\n result.response(httpCall.call.execute());\n httpCall.done = true;\n } catch (IOException e) {\n result.exception(toState(e), e);\n } finally {\n latch.countDown();\n }\n }, skipPreproc, skipSerialPreproc);\n boolean timeout = false;\n if (result.getState() == null) {\n timeout = !", "timeoutAwait(latch);\n }\n // 移除标签任务\n removeTagTask();\n if (timeout) {\n httpCall.cancel();\n return timeoutResult();\n }\n IOException e = result.getError();\n State state = result.getState();\n if (e !", "= null && state !", "= State.", "CANCELED\n && !", "nothrow) {\n throw new InstrumentException(\"Abnormal execution\", e);\n }\n return result;\n }\n\n\n static class SyncHttpCall implements Cancelable {\n\n NewCall call;\n boolean done = false;\n boolean canceled = false;\n\n @Override\n public synchronized boolean cancel() {\n if (done) {\n return false;\n }\n if (call !", "= null) {\n call.cancel();\n }\n canceled = true;\n return true;\n }\n\n }\n\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.002551020408163265, 0.0048484848484848485, 0.0029940119760479044, 0.003424657534246575, 0.0045662100456621, 0, 0, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0.02185792349726776, 0.02040816326530612, 0.02054794520547945, 0.027972027972027972, 0.025806451612903226, 0.02, 0.01048951048951049, 0.004901960784313725, 0, 0.007326007326007326, 0.058823529411764705, 0.125, 0.034482758620689655, 0.002398081534772182, 0 ]

[ "Isabella, Alabama\n\nIsabella, also known as Benson or Bensen, is an unincorporated community in Chilton County, Alabama, United States. ", "Isabella is home to Isabella High School. ", "The community is centered on the school, as Isabella was never a center of trade or professional services.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Chilton County, Alabama\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Alabama" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.02962962962962963, 0.047619047619047616, 0.009433962264150943, 0 ]

[ "Endovascular aortic repair should be the gold standard for ruptured AAAs, and all vascular surgeons should be prepared to perform them.", "\nWhen ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are not treated, they cause death. ", "In addition, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (RAAAs) have high mortality (35%-70%) and morbidity rates when treated by standard open surgical methods. ", "These high perioperative mortality and morbidity rates have not been substantially reduced despite the introduction of many improvements in open operative technique or perioperative care. ", "Endovascular approaches to treat AAAs introduced in the early 1990s provided an opportunity to substantially alter treatment outcomes when rupture occurred. ", "This article details how these endovascular approaches, which include endovascular stented grafts, can be applied to the treatment of RAAAs, and what advantages these new catheter-based approaches to treatment offer." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Following please find the Daily EnronOnline Executive Summary.", "\nEnronOnline Executive Summary for 11/20/00\nTransaction Summary\t\nExternal Transactions Today\t4,680\nAverage Daily External Transactions (30 day Trailing Avg)\t3,654\nTotal Life to Date Transactions\t455,866\n\nEnronOnline Daily % of Entity's Total Transactions for 11/20/00\tTrans\tPercent\nEnron North America\t4,126\t80%\nEnron Europe Limited\t237\t43%\nGlobal Products\t121\t28%\nEnron Metals\t196\t16%\n\nEnronOnline Percentage of Total Corporate Transactions \n(30 day Trailing Avg)\t51%\n\nGross Notional Value of EnronOnline Transactions\tTotal\nToday\t2,839,408,062\nMTD\t43,365,539,292\nLTD\t256,794,243,707\nAverage Daily Notional Value (30 Day Trailing Avg)\t2,550,446,359\n\t\nNotional Revenue from Physical Flows to Date\t17,301,542,320\n\nCounterparties, Users, and Products Offered\t\nCounterparties having transacted to date\t572\nNew Counterparties transacting for the first time today\t1\nNumber of Products Offered Today\t1,208\nTotal Number of External Users Logged on Today\t2,983\nAverage # of External Users logged on (30 day Trailing Avg)\t2,782" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Enron Emails" }

[ 0.016129032258064516, 0.004916420845624385 ]

[ "Q:\n\n指定した通りに配列の要素を書き換えたい\n\n二次元配列の要素を、別の配列のデータに従って入れ替えたいです。", "\n今、1つの配列に縦5横6の二次元配列があり、配列(array)の中身は全て \".\" ", "で埋まっています。つまりarrayは\narray = [\n [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"] ", " # ←①\n]\n\nとなっています。", "\nこの \".\" ", "を str_array 配列の数字に従って書き換えたいです。たとえば str_array が\nstr_array = [[1, 1, 0], [1, 3, 2], [3, 3, 1]]\n\nのときを考えます。この str_array は要素を3つもっています。", "\n\n最初の [1, 1, 0] はarrayの最後のブロック（①で示したもの）を書き変えます。", "\n\n[1, 1, 0] の 0 は [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"] ", "の左から0番目の場所を表し、1, 1 は縦横1つずつの \".\" ", "を書き換えることを示します。", "\nこれによって、最後のブロックが [\"#\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"] ", "になるということです。", "\n\n次の [1, 3, 2] は左から2番目の \".\" ", "を書き換えます。今 array は\narray=[\n [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\"#\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"]", "\n]\n\nという状態であり、一番下のブロックの左から2番目が空いているので、縦1横3で \"#\" を敷き詰め、下のように書き換わります。", "\narray=[\n [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\"#\",\".\",\"#\",\"#\",\"#\",\".\"]", "\n]\n\n最後の [3, 3, 1] は左から1番目の \".\" ", "を書き換えますが、一番下のブロックには縦横3つをもう入れ替えられないので、\narray=[\n [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\"#\",\"#\",\"#\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\"#\",\"#\",\"#\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\"#\",\"#\",\"#\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\"#\",\".\",\"#\",\"#\",\"#\",\".\"]", "\n]\n\nと array を書き換えます。", "\n\n最終的に、\narray=[\n [\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\"#\",\"#\",\"#\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\"#\",\"#\",\"#\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\".\",\"#\",\"#\",\"#\",\".\",\".\"],", "\n [\"#\",\".\",\"#\",\"#\",\"#\",\".\"]", "\n]\n\nを出力させたいです。", "\nこれを行えるようなアルゴリズムとしてfor文をまず思いつきました。次にスタート \".\" ", "を入れ替えられるように 4 * 6 + 1 という風に (縦幅-1) * 横幅 + スタートの順番 という式を使うのではと思いましたが、これらをどう組み合わせればいいのかわかりません。特に \".\" ", "が既に埋まっていて \"#\" になっている時とそうでない時で処理が違います。このプログラムはどのように書けますか？", "\n今の断片コードですが、\nfor i in range(len(str_array))\n str_array[0][i] * str_array[1][i] + x\n\n(xはスタートの順番）と書きました。", "\n\nA:\n\nごく簡単に説明すると、str_array で指定された矩形領域を走査して、領域内の要素が全て '.' ", "の場合は '#' に置き替えています。", "\n以下の実行例では str_array に [5, 1, 5] を追加しています。なお、エラーチェック(array の range check)はしていないので、str_array の内容によってはエラーが発生します。", "\nstr_array = [[1, 1, 0], [1, 3, 2], [3, 3, 1], [5, 1, 5]]\n\nl = len(array) - 1\nfor str in str_array:\n h, w, s = str # height, width, start\n for r in range(l, h-2, -1):\n if all(map(all, [[i == '.' ", "for i in array[y][s:s+w]] for y in range(r, r-h, -1)])):\n for y in range(r-h+1, r+1):\n array[y][s:s+w] = ['#'] * w\n break\n=> \n[['.', '.', '.', '.', '.', '#'],", "\n ['.', '#', '#', '#', '.', '#'],", "\n ['.', '#', '#', '#', '.', '#'],", "\n ['.', '#', '#', '#', '.', '#'],", "\n ['#', '.', '#', '#', '#', '#']]", "\n\n＃ テトリスを想い起こしました\nコメント欄の質問に対する回答\n\nl = len(array) - 1 はどういう意味があるのでしょうか？", "\n\narray の内容を調べ始める位置(インデックス)です。この場合、array の最後の要素からチェックする必要があるので、そのインデックス番号を取り出しています。ループ内不変定数になるので、予め変数 l に代入していますけれども、for r in range(len(array)-1, h-2, -1): としても実際には Python インタープリタで最適化されるのではないかと思います。", "\n\nfor r in range(l, h-2, -1):　で h-2, -1 としているのはなぜでしょうか？", "\n\n実際に調べる範囲は array[l] から array[h-1] で十分だからです。例えば [3, 3, 1] の場合、「高さ」が 3 なので、\n- array[4], array[3], array[2] \n- array[3], array[2], array[1] \n- array[2], array[1], array[0] \n\nをチェックする事になります。これ以降(例えば array[1], ...)は array の領域から外れる(はみ出る)事になります。", "\n\n[[i == '.' ", "for i in array[y][s:s+w]] for y in range(r, r-h, -1)] の部分は何をしているのでしょうか？", "\n\nall() で判定するため、'.' ", "との比較結果(True or False)のリストを作っています。矩形領域内の全ての要素が '.' ", "であれば、'#' に置き換える事ができるわけです。", "\n\nfor y in range(r-h+1, r+1): の r-h+1 と r+1 はどういう意味なのでしょうか？", "\n\nこれは range(r, r-h, -1) と同値です。方向が逆になっているだけで、入れ替えても結果は同じになります。", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.01990049751243781, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005050505050505051, 0.09090909090909091, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0.05, 0.02, 0.04, 0.03389830508474576, 0.01639344262295082, 0 ]

[ "986 F.2d 225\nHorace FIELDS, Appellant,v.John D. KELLY, a member of the North Dakota State Bar Boardin both his individual and official capacities; Malcolm H.Brown, a member of the North Dakota State Bar Board, in bothhis individual and official capacities; Gerald D. Galloway,a member of the North Dakota State Bar Board, in both hisindividual and official capacities; North Dakota State BarBoard, and for the purposes of the injunctive relief soughtherein, an administrative agency of the State of NorthDakota, established by an Act of the North DakotaLegislative Assembly, Appellees.", "\nNo. ", "92-1346.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Eighth Circuit.", "\nSubmitted Nov. 12, 1992.Decided Feb. 17, 1993.", "\n\nDavid C. Thompson, Fargo, ND, for appellant.", "\nJames S. Hill, Bismarck, ND, for appellee.", "\nBefore JOHN R. GIBSON and MAGILL, Circuit Judges, and BOGUE,* District Judge.", "\nJOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.", "\n\n\n1\nHorace Fields, who failed the North Dakota bar examination, sued the North Dakota Bar Board and its members under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (1988) for deprivation of property without due process. ", " The district court1 dismissed the complaint and Fields appeals. ", " He argues first that he presented a material issue of fact as to whether the Bar Board raised the passing score for an improper reason, and second that the Bar Board denied him due process and equal protection by not permitting him free access to the Multistate Bar Examination questions and answers. ", " We affirm the judgment of the district court.", "\n\n\n2\nHaving already failed the Virginia bar six times, Horace Fields, a 1971 Howard University School of Law graduate, sat for the North Dakota bar in July 1987. ", " The North Dakota bar examination consisted of a six question essay examination and the Multistate Bar Examination, which is a 200 question multiple choice test used by most states. ", " National Conference of Bar Examiners, The Bar Examiners' Handbook 30:1, 30:401 (Stuart Duhl ed., ", "3d ed. ", "1991). ", " The essay and multiple choice portions are scaled so the two scores can be averaged. ", " To pass the examination an applicant must achieve an average score of 130. ", " Fields received a scaled score of 88 on the essay section and 88 on the Multistate section. ", " His average score, obviously, was 88. ", " Fields' Multistate score was the second lowest ever recorded in North Dakota and his essay score was the lowest since 1984.", "\n\n\n3\nThe North Dakota Bar Board notified Fields that he had failed the examination and that it would recommend to the North Dakota Supreme Court that Fields not be admitted to the bar. ", " Fields requested that his Multistate be hand scored; this procedure did not alter his score. ", " Pursuant to Rule 6 of the North Dakota Admission to Practice Rules, Fields requested review of the Board's negative recommendation, and the Board set a hearing date. ", " By telephone Fields requested a continuance of the hearing, which the Board denied; the Board proceeded in its review without Fields in attendance, and confirmed its original negative recommendation. ", " Fields did not appeal to the North Dakota Supreme Court, as he was entitled to do under Rule 6(C),2 but permitted the time for appeal to expire.", "\n\n\n4\nAs part of the Bar Board review procedure under Rule 6, Fields was provided with copies of the North Dakota essay questions, model answers, and copies of his own answers. ", " Rule 6 did not provide for review of the Multistate. ", " After time for appeal of the Board's decision had expired, Fields requested access to the Multistate examination and his answers. ", " The Bar Board at first refused to grant Fields any access because he had no appeal proceeding pending, but after Fields' counsel argued the issue at a meeting of the Board, the Board granted permission for Fields or his counsel to review the examination papers under the guidelines established by the National Conference of Bar Examiners, that is, under supervision and without taking notes.", "\n\n\n5\nFields then brought this suit against the Board and its members, alleging that the Bar Board denied him due process and equal protection in raising the minimum passing score and in refusing greater access to the Multistate test and answers.", "\n\n\n6\nThe district court announced its intent to dismiss on the grounds that, since Fields had not appealed to the North Dakota Supreme Court, the case was unripe, as in Feldman v. State Board of Law Examiners, 438 F.2d 699 (8th Cir.1971) Fields v. Kelly, No. ", "A1-91-012 (D.N.D. Oct. 28, 1991). ", " The court granted Fields' motion for reconsideration, but dismissed the case on January 8, 1992.", "\n\n\n7\nWe affirm on different grounds, since our examination of North Dakota Admission to Practice Rule 6 convinces us that, though Fields failed to appeal to the North Dakota Supreme Court, action on his application became final when he permitted the time for appeal to expire. ", " This procedural point distinguishes Fields' case from Feldman, in which we concluded that we lacked jurisdiction because there had been no final decision on Feldman's application. ", " 438 F.2d at 702-03.", "\n\nI.\n\n8\nFields' first argument is that the Bar Board denied him due process because it raised the minimum passing score, not for the legitimate reason of testing for competence, but for the illegitimate reason of keeping out-of-state applicants out of the North Dakota Bar. ", " We need not delve into this issue, since the Board only raised the passing score from 125 to 130. ", " Fields' score of 88 would have failed under either standard, and therefore Fields was not harmed by the Board's action, regardless of its motive.", "\n\nII.", "\n\n9\nSecond, Fields argues that he was deprived of property rights without due process when the Bar Board denied him access to the Multistate examination and answers and that he was denied equal protection of the laws, because permitting unregulated review of the essay portion and not of the Multistate creates an irrational distinction.", "\n\n\n10\nWe easily answer Fields' equal protection argument by pointing out that the reason for limiting access to the Multistate is that some of the same questions appear in following years. ", " Bar Examiner's Handbook at 30:103. ", " Therefore, questions must be kept secret in order to preserve the fairness of the test for later applicants. ", " This is a rational basis for deciding not to make the examination public. ", " See Jones v. Board of Com'rs, 737 F.2d 996, 1000-01 (11th Cir.1984) (applying rational basis review to restrictions on right to practice law).", "\n\n\n11\nFields' due process argument varies from the usual argument of the disappointed bar applicant; many such applicants have argued that they were deprived of the right to practice law and that review of their examination papers was part of the process to which they were entitled before the State took away their right.3 Instead, Fields argues that inspection is itself a property right. ", " He asserts that under North Dakota law, specifically North Dakota Constitution Article XI, section 6, and North Dakota Century Code § 44-04-18 (1978), he has a right to inspect \"public records,\" that his Multistate examination and answers are such records, and that by refusing to let him inspect the records the Bar Board deprived him of his state law right without due process.", "\n\n\n12\nThe record demonstrates that Fields received ample process. ", " Minutes of the North Dakota Bar Board reflect that Fields' request to inspect his Multistate examination was presented to the Board on April 12, 1989. ", " Counsel appeared before the Board on June 15, 1989 to argue the inspection issue. ", " The Board then gave Mr. Fields the opportunity to review the examination under supervision and without taking notes. ", " Mr. Fields thus received a hearing at the administrative level. ", " North Dakota case law also shows that state courts can grant a writ of mandamus to remedy violations of the North Dakota open records laws, see Forum Public Co. v. City of Fargo, 391 N.W.2d 169 (N.D.1986), an option which Fields did not pursue. ", " Fields received a predeprivation hearing and had a fully adequate postdeprivation remedy available. ", " He cites no authority indicating that this is inadequate process.", "\n\n\n13\nWe affirm the judgment of the district court.", "\n\n\n\n*\n The Honorable Andrew W. Bogue, Senior United States District Judge for the District of South Dakota, sitting by designation\n\n\n1\n The Honorable Patrick A. Conmy, Chief United States District Judge for the District of North Dakota\n\n\n2\n North Dakota Admission to Practice Rule 6(C)(1) provides:\nAn applicant who, after formal hearing, receives notice that the State Bar Board will recommend against admission or has given a negative decision on licensure may request review of that recommendation or decision by the Supreme Court. ", " The review may be requested by written petition directed to the Clerk. ", " The petition must be filed within 30 days after the Board's mailing of the notice of the results of the formal hearing.", "\n\n\n3\n A number of federal courts have rejected this argument on the grounds that a state gives the applicant due process by permitting him to sit for the examination again. ", " E.g., Jones, 737 F.2d at 1002-03; Lucero v. Ogden, 718 F.2d 355 (10th Cir.1983), cert. ", "denied, 465 U.S. 1035, 104 S.Ct. ", "1308, 79 L.Ed.2d 706 (1984); Whitfield v. Illinois Bd. ", "of Law Examiners, 504 F.2d 474, 478 (7th Cir.1974) (per curiam); cf. ", "Brewer v. Wegmann, 691 F.2d 216 (5th Cir.1982) (per curiam) (no right of access to examination papers that were destroyed), cert. ", "denied, 461 U.S. 908, 103 S.Ct. ", "1881, 76 L.Ed.2d 811 (1983); Parrish v. Board of Com'rs, 533 F.2d 942 (5th Cir.1976) (finding right to disclosure of examination papers not as matter of due process, but as discovery on equal protection claims). ", " But see Richardson v. McFadden, 540 F.2d 744, 752 (4th Cir.1976), on rehearing en banc, 563 F.2d 1130 (4th Cir.1977) (per curiam), cert. ", "denied, 435 U.S. 968, 98 S.Ct. ", "1606, 56 L.Ed.2d 59 (1978). ", " See generally Tyler v. Vickery, 517 F.2d 1089, 1104-05 (5th Cir.1975), cert. ", "denied, 426 U.S. 940, 96 S.Ct. ", "2660, 49 L.Ed.2d 393 (1976); David P. Chapus, Annotation, Failed Applicant's Right of Access to Bar Examination Questions and Answers, 57 A.L.R.4th 1212 (1987); Michael S. Davis, Comment, Review of Failing Bar Examinations: Does Reexamination Satisfy Due Process?, ", "52 Boston U.L.Rev. ", "286 (1972)\nFields cites state court cases permitting applicants to review their examinations: In re Peterson, 459 P.2d 703 (Alaska 1969); In re Obermeyer, 717 P.2d 382, 390 (Alaska 1986), abrogated on other grounds, In re Bettine, 840 P.2d 994 (Alaska 1992); Taylor v. Safly, 276 Ark. 541, 637 S.W.2d 578 (1982) (suggesting administrative body permit review). ", " If by citing these cases he means to argue that review of the Multistate is necessarily part of the process due an applicant, we reject the argument for the reasons stated by the Circuit Courts we have cited above. ", " The state court cases Fields cites are inapposite, since those courts were discharging their duties to supervise the admission process, not interpreting the due process clause of the United States Constitution. ", " E.g., Peterson, 459 P.2d at 709; see Davis, supra at 290.", "\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.015306122448979591, 0, 0, 0.0425531914893617, 0, 0.06521739130434782, 0.046511627906976744, 0.038461538461538464, 0.06451612903225806, 0.010416666666666666, 0.015151515151515152, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0.00546448087431694, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016216216216216217, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0.014778325123152709, 0.00684931506849315, 0.011363636363636364, 0.01818181818181818, 0.022727272727272728, 0.017811704834605598, 0.012244897959183673, 0.019305019305019305, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0.010830324909747292, 0.016483516483516484, 0.05, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.01, 0.013605442176870748, 0, 0.008902077151335312, 0.010582010582010581, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005089058524173028, 0.010498687664041995, 0.015151515151515152, 0.026143790849673203, 0.011904761904761904, 0.01680672268907563, 0.015151515151515152, 0.008097165991902834, 0, 0, 0, 0.005607476635514018, 0.0136986301369863, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0.030303030303030304, 0.017543859649122806, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0, 0.004672897196261682, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0, 0.02531645569620253, 0, 0.011194029850746268, 0.05263157894736842, 0.011019283746556474, 0.009216589861751152, 0.004694835680751174, 0.05, 0 ]

[ "Nate’s Kosher Red Hots and the Meaning of Life\n\nIt’s a very special time, when you are 18, away from home and out from under your parents’ control for the first time. ", "There’s a whole world to explore. ", "Everything is new. ", "Forbidden mysteries can at last be investigated. ", "Long forbidden pleasures can be tasted. ", "Anything is possible.", "\n\nImagine how I felt when I arrived at the University of Illinois as a freshman. ", "I was a thousand miles from home and from parental authority. ", "I was living off campus in a house with twenty other young men. ", "There was no dorm mother, or dorm father either. ", "We could do anything we wanted.", "\n\nShortly after I arrived, one of the upperclassmen decided it was time to introduce me to one of the most exquisite delights that Champaign, Illinois had to offer. ", "Our house stood on the corner of Fourth and Green in Champaign. ", "Across Fourth Street was a commercial building that in one tiny corner housed a small carry-out food place. ", "I won’t call it a restaurant. ", "The sign over the door said, “Nate’s Kosher Red Hots.” ", "My new friend Gary said, “Al, you have to try a Nate’s Kosher Red Hot. ", "You have never tasted anything like it in your life.” ", "I was ready to enter life in the fast lane and experience life to the fullest, so I readily agreed.", "\n\nGary and I walked across the street and sauntered into Nate’s. ", "It was rather dark inside, illuminated as it was by a couple of dingy fluorescent fixtures. ", "There was a small area in the front where people could stand and wait for their order, and three pinball machines, complete with flashing lights and ringing bells. ", "The student playing one of the games was totally engrossed, oblivious to his surroundings.", "\n\nAt the back of the waiting area a window opened onto the kitchen. ", "From the window a strange mixture of pungent aromas wafted into my nostrils. ", "Gary was right. ", "I had never been in a place like this before. ", "If the food was as alien as the ambiance, I was in for a new experience in dining.", "\n\nAt that moment, a woman appeared in the ordering window. ", "Gary nudged me and whispered, “It’s Mrs. Nate!” ", "I was taken by surprise. ", "I had never seen anyone like Mrs. Nate before. ", "She was a tall and very attractive woman, who seemed to be about forty years old. ", "Her long reddish hair cascaded down to her shoulders. ", "Beads of sweat trickled slowly down her forehead. ", "Her face and body language told a story. ", "It seemed to me that she had seen and done just about everything there was to see and do. ", "Now, after a lifetime of experiences, she was serving wieners at Nate’s in Champaign, Illinois. ", "She looked at me and said, “What’ll it be?”", "\n\nHer voice fit perfectly with her appearance. ", "It was deep, a little husky, and friendly. ", "Gary had already told me how to order, so I said, “Give me a New York dog with extra peppers.” ", "Mrs. Nate nodded, made a quick note on her order pad, then turned back to the stove.", "\n\nOf course, her name was not really “Mrs. Nate.” ", "None of us ever found out what her real name was. ", "There was a tantalizing air of mystery about her. ", "A rumor went around that she had come from Chicago, but none of us knew for sure. ", "During my years there, all of my attempts at small talk never got her to reveal anything about her past. ", "The other guys I lived with never found out anything either.", "\n\nAfter a few minutes, Mrs. Nate came back to the window with a small paper sack. “", "One New York dog with extra peppers!” ", "she called out. ", "I went to the window, paid, and took my purchase back across the street.", "\n\nGary and I walked into our house and went to the empty dining room. ", "We unwrapped our Red Hots, and I got my first real look at one. ", "It was amazing. ", "In an oversized hot dog bun sat the biggest, fattest wiener I had ever seen. ", "The bun was lavishly spread with mustard, and heaped on top of the wiener was a mound of sauerkraut at least an inch thick. ", "Nestled beside the kraut were three bright green jalapeno peppers. ", "I wasn’t sure I could open my mouth wide enough to take a bite. ", "Besides that, I had never eaten a jalapeno pepper before. ", "I had never even seen one.", "\n\nAs if to show how to do it, Gary lifted his Red Hot out of its wrapping paper, opened his mouth wide, and took a big bite. ", "A look of pure bliss spread across his face as he chewed. ", "As he swallowed, he looked in my direction to see what I would do. ", "There was no turning back now. ", "I had to take a bite.", "\n\nI lifted the Red Hot toward my mouth. ", "As it approached, the mixed pungency of sauerkraut, and mustard shot directly from my nose to the olfactory lobes of my brain. ", "I opened my mouth and the Red Hot slid in. ", "I bit down hard.", "\n\nWhat happened next is hard to describe. ", "All my sensory channels were overloaded at the same instant. ", "As my teeth dug through the sauerkraut and broke the skin of the wiener, a gush of delicious fluid filled my mouth. ", "The tastes of the wiener, the sauerkraut, the mustard, and the bread all mixed together to form an indescribable combination. ", "The sauerkraut and mustard dominated my sense of smell. ", "The strongest sensation, however, was that of PAIN. ", "The jalapeno pepper I had bitten into added a bitter taste and a level of spiciness that made the description “Red Hot” seem like a gross understatement. ", "I ran to the kitchen to get a glass of water to put out the fire in my mouth.", "\n\nWhen I came back, Gary said, “Well, how do you like it?” “", "Great,” I said. ", "not wanting to appear to be a wimp. ", "Gary then took another bite of his Red Hot and looked to me to do the same. ", "There was no getting around it. ", "I would have to eat the whole thing. ", "I took another bite. ", "This time I knew what to expect, so I could handle my reactions a little better. ", "Also, I was better prepared with a glass of water at my side. ", "I ate the whole thing.", "\n\nAs time went by, I came to appreciate the gustatory pleasure that could only come from eating a Nate’s New York dog with extra peppers. ", "I visited Nate’s often, exchanging light banter with Mrs. Nate and always coming away with a little paper sack that held a ticket to the land of gross sensory overload. ", "I was hooked on Nate’s Kosher Red Hots.", "\n\nMy relationship with Mrs. Nate and her incredible Red Hots went on for three years. ", "Then one day, a new sign went up over the little shop on the corner of Fourth and Green. ", "It said, “Abe’s Kosher Red Hots.” ", "A shiver of apprehension ran down my spine. ", "I walked in. ", "The place was as dark and gloomy as ever. ", "The pinball games were still there. ", "The same student was playing one. ", "The same smells were coming out of the kitchen. ", "But Mrs. Nate was gone. ", "Now there was a guy with hairy arms and a tank top T-shirt. ", "I ordered a New York dog with extra peppers. ", "The guy gave me my order; I paid and went back to the house. ", "I bit into my Red Hot, but somehow it didn’t taste the same. ", "The mustard didn’t have the bite; the peppers didn’t have the sting. ", "Somehow the mystery was gone.", "\n\nWhere was Mrs. Nate? ", "Had she gone back to Chicago? ", "For that matter, where was Nate? ", "Had he ever even existed? ", "And who was Abe anyway? ", "These were questions for which there were no answers. ", "I never went back to Abe’s again for a Red Hot. ", "I had turned the page on one chapter of my life, and entered another. ", "I was older, wiser, but definitely not happier. ", "I had lost something wonderful. ", "I had lost the mystery. ", "As I’ve moved on through life from that point, I’ve eaten many hot dogs. ", "But never have any of them come even remotely close to a Nate’s New York dog with extra peppers, served up by a worldly wise and perspiring Mrs. Nate.", "\n\nCopyright (c) 1996-2012\n\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.011976047904191617, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.028169014084507043, 0, 0, 0.03076923076923077, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0.011904761904761904, 0.02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011834319526627219, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006666666666666667, 0 ]

[ "Bilateral orbital involvement of IgG4-related disease detected on 18F-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography: A Clinical Case Report.", "\nIgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic immune-mediated fibro-inflammatory condition, which could involve multiple structures, including the pancreas, salivary glands, and lymph nodes. ", "However, cases of IgG4-RD involving the bilateral orbits, salivary glands, submandibular glands, lymph nodes, and prostate are rare. ", "A 51-year-old man complaining of bilateral exophthalmos, reduced vision, and weight loss of 15 kg over 2 years presented to our department for evaluation. ", "Based on the elevated serum IgG4 level, postoperative pathology, and the features of F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), which revealed diffuse increased FDG uptake in many structures, he was diagnosed with IgG4-related disease involving the bilateral orbits, salivary glands, submandibular glands, lymph nodes, and prostate. ", "Because of the significant bilateral proptosis and exposure keratoconjunctivitis in the right eye, bilateral soft-tissue masses located in the orbits were resected, and the patient was started on oral methylprednisolone with gradual tapering. ", "The patient's symptoms gradually relieved after the operation and glucocorticoid therapy. ", "Four months later, cranial axial CT revealed remarkable narrowing of soft-tissue masses in the bilateral orbits, and his serum IgG4 level reduced sharply. ", "IgG4-RD should be considered in cases of diffuse FDG uptake in the bilateral orbits, salivary glands, submandibular glands, lymph nodes, and prostate on PET/CT." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.005208333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0.0125 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to determine the value of a variable extends to one line or several lines?", "\n\nI am using liquid to format some data into a document. ", "I am fetching the value of a variable and printing it and just after that i want to put a border line. ", "The problem is that if it is of one line then there is no problem but if the {{ business.name }} extends to several lines, then there is problem in printing of border line, since border line is printed just after first line. ", "\nHow can we determine that the value of the variable extends to several lines or one line, so that i could place the border line according to that.", "\n<div> {{ business.name }} </div> \n<div class=\"border-top\"> </div>\n\nA:\n\nThe way to calculate the number of lines is using jQuery, which is counting the height of the <div> containing the business.name.", "\nHowever, instead of using the jQuery, the following are other alternatives:\n<div class=\"border-bottom\"> {{ business.name }} </div>\n\nAnother alternative is:\n<div>\n{{ business.name }}\n <div class=\"border-class-here\"></div>\n</div>\n\nHope this helps\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004975124378109453, 0.004 ]

[ "\"True Tori\": Dean And Tori Fight Over Dinner\n\nTrue Tori has given us an interesting look into the lives of Tori Spelling and husband Dean McDermott, and a recent episode shows just how bad their disagreements have gotten.", "\n\nThe couple argue over how to cook a potato in the microwave, with Dean saying he just wanted to help and Tori saying she felt like he was criticizing her skills in the kitchen. ", "The argument leads to a bigger issue, however, and Dean eventually asks why she's still with him. ", "Tori can't give an answer.", "\n\n\"When there's children involved, you look at a relationship differently than you would if there were no children. ", "And I think every woman would agree with that,\" she said later in an interview.", "\n\nThe show has documented the couple's journey towards a healthy relationship after McDermott reportedly cheated on her while filming Chopped Canada. ", "The woman in question, Emily Goodhand, has said that Dean confided in her that he was in a \"sexless marriage\". ", "Tori only recently saw a photo of Goodhand and called her \"unattractive\", which led to more worries.", "\n\n“Oh god, I’m devastated. ", "Am I a bitch if I say I think she’s unattractive? ", "In my mind she looks like an Amish woman from the 1800s,” she said. “", "Before this, I would never have felt threatened by that girl.’ ", "I’d be like, ‘My husband would never,’ but now all bets are off. ", "It could be anyone.”", "\n\nSpelling recently posted a mysterious caption on a photo of herself in the hospital, leading some to wonder if things are over between the couple.", "\n\n\"This sick in hospital I finally see how quickly life can take it all away frm you. ", "We all need 2 step up frm inside& go 4 it! ", "W/our friends by our side. ", "Sadly I've finally faced truth that 1 person will never be there 4 me,\" she wrote." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.004524886877828055, 0.00558659217877095, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0, 0, 0.006666666666666667, 0.018018018018018018, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]