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"Henry John Pettypiece\n\nHenry John Pettypiece (November 11, 1855 – 1942) was an Ontario journalist, businessman and political figure. ",
"He represented Lambton East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal member from 1898 to 1904.",
"\n\nHe was born in Anderdon Township, Lambton County, the son of Anthony Pettypiece, and apprenticed as a printer with the Amherstburg Echo. ",
"In 1879, he married Mary Meloche. ",
"He purchased the Forest Free Press in 1883 with William H. Auld; in 1888, he became sole owner. ",
"Pettypiece served as ticket agent at Forest for the Canadian Pacific Railway. ",
"He also served on the town council for Forest and was mayor in 1913 and 1914. ",
"Pettypiece served on the executive of the Canadian Free Press Association and was selected as president in 1903. ",
"In 1905, he was defeated by Hugh Montgomery for the seat in the provincial assembly. ",
"He died in Forest in 1942.",
"\n\nExternal links \n\nCommemorative biographical record of the county of Lambton, Ontario ..., JH Beers (1906)\nLambton County's Hundred Years, 1849 - 1949, V Lauriston (1949)\n\nCategory:1855 births\nCategory:1942 deaths\nCategory:Mayors of places in Ontario\nCategory:Ontario Liberal Party MPPs"
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"Wilbur E. “Bill” Garrett, a well-traveled photographer and onetime picture editor of National Geographic magazine, who was abruptly terminated as the magazine’s top editor in a policy disagreement, died Aug. 13 at his home in Great Falls, Va. He was 85.",
"\n\nThe cause was a stroke, said a son, Kenneth Garrett.",
"\n\nMr. Garrett left National Geographic in 1990 after 10 years as editor in a widely publicized dispute with the president and chairman of the National Geographic Society, Gilbert M. Grosvenor, scion of the family that had managed the society for a century.",
"\n\nBoth men were reticent in public speech about Mr. Garrett’s departure, but others at National Geographic said its origins lay in a festering feud over Mr. Garrett’s intent to attract younger readers by breaking tradition and boosting coverage of current and controversial events.",
"\n\nOn his watch, the magazine did stories on the postwar reconstruction of Vietnam, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker spill in Alaska’s Prince William Sound, AIDS and “Growing Up in East Harlem.” ",
"Grosvenor, his boss and predecessor as top editor, was said to have favored closer adherence to the magazine’s time-tested fare, including photographic celebrations of nature and descriptions of global cultural customs.",
"\n\nWilbur E. Garrett, with cameras, on assignment for National Geographic Society on the Taiwanese island of Quemoy in 1959. (",
"FRANC SHOR/National Geographic Creative)\n\nMr. Garrett joined National Geographic magazine as picture editor in 1954. ",
"His hiring was directed by Gilbert H. Grosvenor, the grandfather of Gilbert M. Grosvenor, and also a former National Geographic editor. ",
"The elder Grosvenor had seen some of Mr. Garrett’s work when the latter was a student at the University of Missouri’s School of Journalism.",
"\n\nWilbur Eugene Garrett, a native of Kansas City, Mo., was born Sept. 4, 1930. ",
"He attended the University of Missouri intending to become an engineer, but his college years were interrupted by two years in the Navy. ",
"He was a photographer aboard an aircraft carrier during the Korean War. ",
"He returned to Missouri as a journalism student, graduating in 1954.",
"\n\nAs National Geographic’s picture editor, he was responsible not only for photography but also for planning and editing stories. ",
"He began making annual trips to Vietnam in 1960, years before the U.S. became militarily committed to the Southeast Asian war. ",
"He went back year after year until 1968. ",
"The following year, he won the National Press Photographers Association’s Photographer of the Year award.",
"\n\nHe then stopped visiting Vietnam because too many of his friends had been killed, and he no longer wanted to risk his life as a war photographer, his son Kenneth Garrett said.",
"\n\nInstead, he took pictures on the Colorado River, at Angkor Wat in Cambodia and at Mayan ruins in Belize and Guatemala. ",
"He combined picture-taking trips to Alaska with family vacations with his wife and sons.",
"\n\nWhen Mr. Garrett became editor of the National Geographic magazine in 1980, he made it a point to travel several weeks a year to a place he’d never been to before, just to expand his understanding of the planet, his son said.",
"\n\nUnder Mr. Garrett’s leadership, the magazine published two of its best-known covers: “The Afghan Girl” in 1985 and the “holographic” cover in 1988.",
"\n\nGarrett was picture editor of National Geographic when it published this 1985 cover with Steve McCurry’s iconic photograph of a young Afghan girl in a Pakistan refugee camp. (",
"Steve McCurry/National Geographic/Steve McCurry/National Geographic)\n\n“The Afghan Girl,” as she became known at National Geographic, was taken by photographer Steve McCurry at a refugee camp in Pakistan in December 1984. ",
"Initially, the photograph was passed over for publication, but Mr. Garrett was dissatisfied with the images that had been selected, and he looked through a box of excess pictures, finding the one of the Afghan girl.",
"\n\nViewers would not forget that image: a girl, probably in her mid- to late teens, with piercing green eyes and a red shawl draped over her shoulders. ",
"It would become the only photograph to appear twice on the National Geographic cover, the second time for the magazine’s 125th anniversary issue in 2013.",
"\n\nFor 17 years, she remained an enigma, an unknown and nameless woman whose face had become instantly recognizable to millions. ",
"In 2002, a National Geographic team was dispatched to find her. ",
"They found Sharbat Gula, then about 28 to 30 years old, living in the Afghan mountain region of Tora Bora.",
"\n\nThe holographic image was published in December 1988, as the cover of National Geographic’s 100th-anniversary issue, with the theme “Can Man Save This Fragile Earth?” ",
"Depending on which angle it was viewed from, the hologram on the cover illustrated the planet earth as an intact terrestrial ball or as an exploding sphere.",
"\n\nAfter leaving National Geographic, Mr. Garrett maintained his interest in photography. ",
"There was always a camera on his kitchen table. ",
"He participated in a variety of conservation and eco-tourism activities and led a foundation to help preserve the Mayan ruins of Belize and Guatemala.",
"\n\nSurvivors include his wife of 65 years, Lucille Hall Garrett of Great Falls; a son, Kenneth L. Garrett of Broad Run, Va.; four grandchildren; and two great-grandchildren. ",
"A son, Michael Dean Garrett, died in 2007.",
"\n\nIn his years at the helm of National Geographic, Mr. Garrett was sometimes described as the chief of what came to be known as the “Missouri Mafia,” from what sometimes seemed to be a disproportionately large number of Missouri graduates at the magazine.",
"\n\nHis editorial sessions were “dominated by a jocular authoritarianism,” a 1984 Washington Post article noted. “",
"Writers and editors tend to go on about the moons of Saturn or religious festivals on Grenada. . . . ",
"Out of those sessions, according to one who attends them, come ideas for unusual contemporary stores, such as ones on Burma, Kampuchea, children of the Dust Bowl, the shakeout from El Nino, and the global opium loop.”",
"\n\nAs Mr. Garrett explained to The Post, “We try to go to places that need to be explained. ",
"We get the stories that other people miss.”"
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[
"793 F.2d 1141\n55 USLW 2038\nUNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.George L. CARSON, Defendant-Appellant.",
"\nNo. ",
"85-2217.",
"\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Tenth Circuit.",
"\nJune 9, 1986.",
"\n\nBenjamin L. Burgess, Jr., U.S. Atty. ",
" (Robin D. Fowler, Asst. ",
"U.S. Atty., ",
"with him on brief), Wichita, Kan., for plaintiff-appellee.",
"\nMichael S. Holland, Russell, Kan., for defendant-appellant.",
"\nBefore BARRETT, LOGAN, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.",
"\nBARRETT, Circuit Judge.",
"\n\n\n1\nDefendant-appellant, George L. Carson, was charged by information with the unlawful possession of doves contrary to the migratory bird treaties among the United States, Great Britain, and the United Mexican States in violation of 16 U.S.C. Sec. ",
"703 and 50 C.F.R. Secs. ",
"20.35 and 20.72. ",
" Carson was found guilty and sentenced by a United States Magistrate on March 8, 1983. ",
" Carson appealed the magistrate's decision to the District Court for the District of Kansas, and on November 10, 1983, the district court reversed the magistrate and dismissed the action finding that the evidence introduced against Carson was the product of an illegal search.",
"\n\n\n2\nThe Government appealed to this court from the district court's order pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Sec. ",
"3731. ",
" Relying on the opinion of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in United States v. Fike, 449 F.2d 191 (5th Cir.1971), we held that Carson's consent to a police search of his vehicle purged the taint of an illegal prior search. ",
" United States v. Carson, 762 F.2d 833, 836 (10th Cir.1985) (Carson I). ",
" In Carson I we remanded the case to the district court to determine whether Carson's consent to the subsequent search was voluntary.",
"\n\n\n3\nOn remand, the district court found, among other things, that Carson's consent to the search was voluntary. ",
" (R., Vol. ",
"I, p. 148). ",
" Consequently, the district court reinstated Carson's original conviction. ",
" Carson now appeals from the district court's order on the ground that this court was clearly erroneous in Carson I in relying on United States v. Fike, supra, and in failing to recognize, consider or apply the holding of United States v. Melendez-Gonzalez, 727 F.2d 407 (5th Cir.1984), or the constitutional principles applicable to evidence seized as a direct result of a prior illegal search.",
"\n\nI.\n\n4\nThe facts before us in this appeal are the same as those in Carson I. For the sake of clarity, however, we set out our statement of facts from Carson I, 762 F.2d at 834-35, below:\n\n\n5\nOn September 1, 1982, the defendant was hunting doves in Russell County, Kansas. ",
" Joe Branick, a Russell County deputy sheriff approached him and observed him shooting nine doves. ",
" Tr. ",
"Vol. ",
"II, p. 4-5. ",
" While defendant was hunting, Branick looked into a five gallon pail and observed under a vest at least six dressed doves. ",
" Id. at 6. ",
" Branick also observed the remains of doves scattered on the tops of tall weeds in the field where defendant was hunting. ",
" Id. at 7. ",
" Branick concluded that these remains were fresh based on the way they clung to the weeds and the color of the blood. ",
" Id. Branick then got in touch with Doug Sonntag, a State Game Protector employed by the Kansas Fish and Game Commission concerning the legality of defendant's bag possession. ",
" Branick and Sonntag returned to the area where defendant was hunting and asked him for permission to search his pickup. ",
" Defendant consented, unlocked the vehicle, took out the pail, and sat in front of Sonntag, who picked up 12 freshly killed doves, lifted up a vest and removed 11 dressed doves. ",
" Id. at 11. ",
" Sonntag testified that it was his opinion that the dressed doves had been killed earlier that day because they were still warm, of a light pinkish color and their blood was wet and sticky. ",
" Tr. ",
"Vol. ",
"III, p. 11. ",
" A second State Game Protector, Madora, handled the doves later that evening and concurred with Sonntag that the dressed doves had been killed that day. ",
" Id. at 25, 27-28.",
"\n\n\n6\nAt trial before the magistrate and during cross-examination, Branick admitted that he lifted up the vest in order to observe the dressed doves. ",
" Tr. ",
"Vol. ",
"II, p. 22. ",
" Defendant objected to the evidence from this search later during testimony from Sonntag. ",
" Id. at 45. ",
" The trial was continued to allow the defendant to file and brief a motion to suppress. ",
" Id. at 55-57. ",
" The magistrate ruled on May 12, 1983, without a suppression hearing, that the defendant had waived his right to object to the evidence because he failed to file a pre-trial motion to suppress the evidence as required by Fed.",
"R.Crim.",
"P. 12(b)(3). ",
" The trial resumed May 23, 1983 and the defendant was found guilty.",
"\n\n\n7\nThe defendant appealed the judgment to the district court who found that the magistrate had abused his discretion in failing to hear the reason for the defendant's failure to file the pre-trial motion to suppress and for failing to address the question of whether the search was legal. ",
" The trial court then set aside the conviction and dismissed the action because it determined that Branick's search was illegal.",
"\n\n\n8\nIn Carson I, we affirmed the district court's ruling that the magistrate erred in refusing to grant defendant relief from the waiver provision of Rule 12(f) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. ",
" Id. at 835. ",
" We also agreed with the district court that the first search by Branick, in which he picked up the vest to reveal the six dressed doves, was in violation of the Fourth Amendment. ",
" Id. We noted, however, that neither the district court nor the magistrate discussed the validity and effect of the subsequent consensual search. ",
" Id.\n\n\n9\nBefore considering the validity and effect of the consensual search, we quoted the defendant's testimony regarding the second search as follows:\n\n\n10\nThe officers returned to the area and encountered defendant at his pickup. ",
" Defendant testified, Tr. ",
"Vol. ",
"III, pp. ",
"60-64:\n\n\n11\n\"Q. What occurred when the two of them came to the pickup?",
"\n\n\n12\nA. We stood around talking a little bit, and just visiting. ",
" Mr. Branick said, well George, he said, I want to tell you that I think you shot too many doves and I couldn't believe it. ",
" I thought, uh, oh, here we go again. ",
" So I asked him, I said what makes you think that? ",
" And he said because I saw some feathers and some blood and something else, he said, sticking in some weeds or something, which I never did see, quite frankly.",
"\n\n\n13\nQ. Did he tell you at that time he had searched your bucket?",
"\n\n\n14\nA. No, he did not.",
"\n\n\n15\nQ. Okay, what else did he say?",
"\n\n\n16\nA. Well, he asked again, Mr. Branick asked if he could ... if they could look into my pickup and I said, well certainly....\n\n\n17\nQ. What happened then?",
"\n\n\n18\nA. We got back to the ... the pickup where the vehicles were. ",
" I unlocked the truck on the driver's side. ",
" I reached across the passenger side and got the bucket and brought it out toward the rear of my pickup and set it on the ground. ",
" Mr. Sonntag then proceeded to take the freshly killed undressed doves off the top of the hunting jackets, laid them on the ground. ",
" Then he lifted out two hunting jackets, then lifted off the plastic bag....\n\n\n19\nQ. Now, in regard to the doves, how many dressed doves were there?",
"\n\n\n20\nA. There were 12.\"",
"\n\n\n21\nCarson I, 762 F.2d at 835-36. ",
" In light of this testimony, we held in Carson I that Carson's consent to the second search purged the evidence obtained thereby of any taint from the unlawful first search. ",
" We supported our holding relying exclusively on the Fifth Circuit's decision in United States v. Fike, supra. ",
" Carson I, 762 F.2d at 836. ",
" Recognizing, however, that the admissibility of the evidence obtained through the second search depended upon whether Carson's consent was voluntary under Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 93 S.Ct. ",
"2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973), a finding not made by either the magistrate or the district court, we remanded the issue to the district court as follows:\n\n\n22\nThe argument [by the Government] is that the defendant's consent to the second search was brought to the attention of the trial court but not considered by it. ",
" Because the validity of the second search involves a question of fact, the voluntary consent to the second search, the district court, on remand, may wish to remand the case to the magistrate for determination of the facts.",
"\n\n\n23\nId. at 837.",
"\n\n\n24\nOn remand the district court found that Carson's consent to the second search was voluntary:\n\n\n25\nThis Court, having reviewed the transcript and record of trial proceedings before the Magistrate ... finds that under the totality of the circumstances, Mr. Carson's consent was the product of his own free will and unconstrained choice. ",
" The Court finds that Mr. Carson's consent to the search was voluntary.",
"\n\n\n26\n(R., Vol. ",
"I, p. 137.) ",
" Based on this factual determination the district court reinstated and affirmed Carson's conviction by the magistrate. ",
" (R., Vol. ",
"I, p. 148.)",
"\n\n\n27\nIn the instant appeal, Carson challenges his conviction contending that this court clearly erred in Carson I in holding that \"defendant's consent purged the second search of any taint from the first search.\" ",
" Carson I, 762 F.2d at 836. ",
" First, Carson contends we clearly erred in Carson I in relying on United States v. Fike, supra, in light of the Fifth Circuit's subsequent decision in United States v. Melendez-Gonzalez, supra, and constitutional principles articulated by the Supreme Court. ",
" Second, Carson contends that even if the subsequent consensual search purges the taint of the prior illegal search, the evidence should be excluded because it was obtained as a direct result of the initial illegal search.",
"\n\nII.",
"\n\n28\nBefore considering the merits of this appeal, two procedural issues raised by the parties should be addressed. ",
" First, Carson contends that the Fifth Circuit's decision in United States v. Melendez-Gonzalez, supra, sets forth the appropriate rule of law applicable to Carson I and effectively overrules the Fifth Circuit's decision in United States v. Fike, supra, relied upon by this court in Carson I. \"United States v. Melendez-Gonzalez, 727 F.2d 407 (5th Cir.1984), not cited by this court in its initial Carson opinion, fully discusses the doctrine of 'consent to search,' its legal consequences and specifically rejected this court's holding that evidence derived from the first illegal search is admissible based upon a subsequent consent to search. ",
" Id. at 413-14.\" ",
" (Appellant's Brief, p. 11.) ",
" It is well settled that the decisions of one circuit court of appeals are not binding upon another circuit. ",
" Newsweek, Inc. v. United States Postal Service, 663 F.2d 1186, 1196 (2d Cir.1981), affirmed, 462 U.S. 810, 103 S.Ct. ",
"2717, 77 L.Ed.2d 195 (1983). ",
" While we often rely upon the analysis and decisions of other circuit courts of appeals, as we did in Carson I, we are not bound by their decisions or modifications of those decisions. ",
" As such, we are not bound by any modifications of United States v. Fike, supra, by subsequent Fifth Circuit decisions. ",
" We do not believe that United States v. Melendez-Gonzalez, supra, sets forth the correct rule of law nor are we in any way bound by it.",
"\n\n\n29\nSecond, the Government argues that Carson I is law of the case which limits our review in the instant appeal to the district court's factual finding that Carson's consent was voluntary. ",
" We recognize that law of the case is not a jurisdictional rule; rather it is a rule to be applied at the sound discretion of the court to effectuate the proper administration of justice:\n\n\n30\n\"In the absence of statute the phrase, law of the case, as applied to the effect of previous orders on the later action of the court rendering them in the same case, merely expresses the practice of courts generally to refuse to reopen what has been decided, not a limit to their power.\" ",
" Messenger v. Anderson, 225 U.S. 436 444, 32 S.Ct. ",
"739, 740, 56 L.Ed. ",
"1152. ",
" The practice is not rigidly binding, but generally an appellate court will not depart from a rule of law established on an earlier appeal in deciding the same issues, except for cogent reasons.",
"\n\n\n31\nBromley v. Crisp, 561 F.2d 1351, 1363 (10th Cir.1977), cert. ",
"denied, 435 U.S. 908, 98 S.Ct. ",
"1458, 55 L.Ed.2d 499 (1978). ",
" Considering Carson's arguments and the district court's observations regarding our holding in Carson I, we believe the administration of justice in this circuit will be furthered by our review and application of the Carson I rule here. ",
" We therefore decline to limit our review to the district court's finding that Carson's consent was voluntary.",
"\n\nIII.",
"\nA.\n\n32\nThe precise legal issue which Carson raises in the case at bar is whether voluntary consent to a search necessarily means that the evidence is obtained free of police exploitation of the fruits of prior unlawful conduct or is obtained in a manner sufficiently distinguishable from the prior illegality to purge the evidence of the primary taint. ",
" Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 487-88, 83 S.Ct. ",
"407, 417-18, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963). ",
" We reaffirm our rule in Carson I. We hold that voluntary consent, as defined for Fourth Amendment purposes, is an intervening act free of police exploitation of the primary illegality and is sufficiently distinguishable from the primary illegality to purge the evidence of the primary taint.",
"\n\n\n33\nOur holding is supported by the United States Supreme Court's opinion in Wong Sun v. United States, supra. ",
" In Wong Sun, supra, at 487, 83 S.Ct. ",
"at 471 the Supreme Court considered whether evidence seized as a result of prior, illegally obtained statements should be excluded as \"fruits of the poisonous tree.\" ",
" The Court noted that under the facts of Wong Sun, neither one of the two established exceptions to the \"fruit of the poisonous tree\" doctrine, the independent source rule, Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States, 251 U.S. 385, 392, 40 S.Ct. ",
"182, 183, 64 L.Ed. ",
"319 (1920), nor the attenuation doctrine, Nardone v. United States, 308 U.S. 338, 341, 60 S.Ct. ",
"266, 268, 84 L.Ed. ",
"307 (1939), applied to cure the taint of the primary illegality. ",
" Nonetheless, the Court held that even though evidence would not have come to light but for prior illegal police conduct, such evidence is not inadmissible per se :\n\n\n34\nWe need not hold that all evidence is \"fruit of the poisonous tree\" simply because it would not have come to light but for the illegal actions of the police. ",
" Rather, the more apt question in such a case is \"whether, granting establishment of the primary illegality, the evidence to which instant objection is made has been come at by exploitation of that illegality or instead by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint.\" ",
" Maguire, Evidence of Guilt, 221 (1959).",
"\n\n\n35\nWong Sun, 371 U.S. at 487-88, 83 S.Ct. ",
"at 417. ",
" The rule of Wong Sun is quite clear: evidence should not be excluded as a \"fruit of the poisonous tree\" simply because it comes to light as a result of prior illegal police activity; rather evidence, the knowledge of which is obtained as a result of prior police illegality, is admissible so long as (1) it has not been subsequently obtained through exploitation of that illegality, or (2) it has been subsequently obtained by means sufficiently distinguishable from the prior illegality to purge the evidence of the taint. ",
" Accord, Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. 796, 104 S.Ct. ",
"3380, 82 L.Ed.2d 599 (1984).",
"\n\n\n36\nBefore proceeding further, however, we believe it will be useful for purposes of this opinion to discuss the implications of this pivotal language from Wong Sun. ",
" We note that in the first sentence of the above-quoted language of Wong Sun, the Supreme Court rejected a \"but for\" exclusionary rule for evidence which comes to light as a result of illegal actions of the police. ",
" See, e.g., Dunaway v. New York, 442 U.S. 200, 217, 99 S.Ct. ",
"2248, 2259, 60 L.Ed.2d 824 (1978); Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 603, 95 S.Ct. ",
"2254, 2261, 45 L.Ed.2d 416 (1974). ",
" See also, United States v. Fallon, 457 F.2d 15, 20 (10th Cir.1972) (\"the [evidence] would not have been obtained had the defendant not been stopped and detained. ",
" However, we do not read the Wong Sun case as holding that a \"but for\" factual connection is legally sufficient [to render the evidence inadmissible]\"). ",
" As the Supreme Court makes quite clear, for purposes of the \"fruit of the poisonous tree\" doctrine, the issue of whether evidence is admissible is not resolved by determining that the actions of the police in obtaining evidence were completely lawful. ",
" The issue is resolved by determining whether the evidence is obtained either free of exploitation of police illegality or by means sufficiently distinguishable to purge the taint of the illegality.",
"\n\n\n37\nUnfortunately, the Supreme Court has not defined the terms \"exploitation\" or \"sufficiently distinguishable\" used in Wong Sun. ",
" For purposes of this opinion, it is important to define what we believe the Supreme Court intended when it adopted and employed these terms. ",
" In the context of voluntary consent, we hold that \"exploitation of the primary illegality\" means that the police use the fruits of the primary illegality to coerce defendant into granting his consent.",
"\n\n\n38\nEvidence obtained pursuant to consent \"has been come at\" by defendant's grant of consent, not by the police request, regardless of how reasonable the request might be. ",
" The exploitation issue focuses solely on defendant's grant of consent, not on the bare request, or the reasons underlying it. ",
" While the police may exert coercion in the manner in which they request defendant's consent, the request itself, even if motivated by the fruits of the prior illegality, is not exploitation. ",
" As the Supreme Court recently stated in Moran v. Burbine, --- U.S. ----, ----, 106 S.Ct. ",
"1135, 1141-42, 89 L.Ed.2d 410 (1986): \"[T]he state of mind of the police is irrelevant to the question of the intelligence and voluntariness of [defendant's] election to abandon his rights.\"",
"\n\n\n39\nUnder the Fourth Amendment, evidence obtained pursuant to defendant's consent is admissible only if defendant's grant of consent is voluntary under the totality of the circumstances. ",
" Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 248-49, 93 S.Ct. ",
"2041, 2058-59, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973). ",
" Therefore, in a case in which evidence is obtained pursuant to consent granted subsequent to illegal police actions, the \"exploitation\" issue under Wong Sun is resolved simply by determining whether or not defendant's grant of consent was voluntary under the totality of the circumstances. ",
" The police officers' reason or basis for asking for defendant's consent is irrelevant to the \"exploitation\" issue unless the manner in which the police officers request consent renders defendant's consent involuntary. ",
" When defendant's grant of consent is voluntary, then there is no exploitation; as we will discuss infra, the findings of voluntary consent and \"exploitation\" are mutually exclusive.",
"\n\n\n40\nWe also hold that in the context of voluntary consent, the \"sufficiently distinguishable\" standard in Wong Sun refers to means of obtaining evidence substantially independent of the prior illegality. ",
" This standard contemplates an exception different than the \"independent source rule\" or the \"attenuation doctrine\" expressly found not to apply in Wong Sun. ",
" The \"independent source rule\" states that while knowledge of facts illegally acquired may not be used at all against defendant, the knowledge of these facts may be used against defendant if it is gained from an independent source. ",
" Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States, 251 U.S. 385, 392, 40 S.Ct. ",
"182, 183, 64 L.Ed. ",
"319 (1920). ",
" We do not believe the independent source rule applies when the police request consent to search based on the knowledge of facts illegally acquired. ",
" Yet, in Wong Sun, the Court held that even though the independent source rule or the attenuation doctrine did not apply, evidence obtained is not necessarily inadmissible merely because it comes to light as a result of illegal police actions. ",
" The \"sufficiently distinguishable\" inquiry, then, does not turn on whether the evidence is obtained by an independent source; rather, the inquiry turns on whether the evidence is obtained by means, although influenced by prior illegal police actions, which are different enough from the prior illegality to be \"sufficiently distinguishable.\" ",
" Because it is the grant of consent not the request for consent which validates evidence seized thereby, we hold consent to search, if voluntary, is a sufficiently distinguishable means of obtaining evidence from other prior illegal police actions to purge the evidence of the primary taint.",
"\n\n\n41\nWe believe our definitions of the standards articulated in Wong Sun are necessary to effectuate the Supreme Court's analysis. ",
" The Supreme Court's rejection of a \"but for\" exclusionary rule and the Court's adoption of the Wong Sun standards would be meaningless were we to hold that evidence obtained pursuant to consent is inadmissible when a police request to search is predicated upon prior illegal police actions. ",
" We would be hard pressed to find any fact situation in which evidence obtained pursuant to voluntary consent could ever be purged of the taint of the prior illegality. ",
" Because the authority to search in a consent case arises out of defendant's grant of consent, under Wong Sun, the \"exploitation\" standard must focus on the voluntariness of defendant's consent, not the police officers' reasons for requesting consent. ",
" Likewise, the \"sufficiently distinguishable\" standard focuses on the method by which evidence is obtained. ",
" In a consent case, because the method of obtaining evidence is the defendant's grant of consent, the \"sufficiently distinguishable\" standard focuses on the grant of consent and not on the police officers' reasons for attempting to use that method of obtaining evidence.",
"\n\nB.\n\n42\nWe next decide what standard of \"voluntariness\" satisfies either one of the two Wong Sun standards. ",
" We hold that the tests articulated by the Supreme Court and this court to determine Fourth Amendment \"voluntariness,\" satisfy, by definition, either Wong Sun standard. ",
" In Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 248-49, 93 S.Ct. ",
"2041, 2058-59, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973), the Supreme Court held that consent to a Fourth Amendment search must be voluntary in fact and free of coercion under the totality of the circumstances:\n\n\n43\nWe hold only that when ... the State attempts to justify a search on the basis of his consent, the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments require that [the Government] demonstrate that the consent was in fact voluntarily given, and not the result of duress or coercion, express or implied. ",
" Voluntariness is a question of fact to be determined from all the circumstances, and while the subject's knowledge of a right to refuse is a factor to be taken into account, the prosecution is not required to demonstrate such knowledge as a prerequisite to establishing a voluntary consent.",
"\n\n\n44\nThis court has set out a three-tiered standard for determining whether the Government has sustained the burden of showing that consent to search was in fact voluntary under Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, supra:\n\n\n45\n(1) There must be clear and positive testimony that consent was \"unequivocal and specific\" and \"freely and intelligently\" given; (2) the government must prove consent was given without duress or coercion, express or implied; and (3) the courts indulge every reasonable presumption against the waiver of fundamental constitutional rights and there must be convincing evidence that such rights were waived.",
"\n\n\n46\nUnited States v. Abbott, 546 F.2d 883, 885 (10th Cir.1977), citing Villano v. United States, 310 F.2d 680, 684 (10th Cir.1962). ",
" See also, United States v. Gay, 774 F.2d 368, 376 (10th Cir.1985); United States v. Recalde, 761 F.2d 1448, 1453 (10th Cir.1985). ",
" It is clear that Fourth Amendment \"voluntariness\" requires a showing by the Government that defendant's consent is free of police coercion and is voluntary in fact. ",
" By definition, then, Fourth Amendment \"voluntariness\" necessarily requires a finding by the district court that the evidence was obtained freely and not by police \"exploitation of [the primary] illegality....\" Wong Sun, supra, 371 U.S. at 487-88, 83 S.Ct. ",
"at 417, making the two findings mutually exclusive. ",
" Moreover, under Wong Sun, a search conducted pursuant to voluntary consent is a sufficiently distinguishable means of obtaining evidence to purge it of the taint of the primary illegality.",
"\n\n\n47\nWhile \"voluntariness\" for Fourth Amendment consent satisfies the Wong Sun standards, the tests for \"voluntariness\" to waive other constitutionally protected rights differ and therefore do not necessarily satisfy the Wong Sun standards. ",
" For example, the standard of \"voluntariness\" for consent to waive Fourth Amendment rights differs from the standard of \"voluntariness\" for consent to waive Fifth Amendment rights. ",
" A valid waiver of Fourth Amendment rights may not be presumed but may only be effected when the Government discharges its burden of proving that defendant's consent is voluntary in fact; a valid waiver of Fifth Amendment rights may be presumed when an incriminating statement is made by defendant after he is given the warnings required by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. ",
"1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). ",
" See Oregon v. Elstad, --- U.S. ----, ----, 105 S.Ct. ",
"1285, 1292-94, 84 L.Ed.2d 222 (1985). ",
" Yet, while statements may be made pursuant to an otherwise valid, voluntary waiver of Fifth Amendment rights, Fifth Amendment \"voluntariness\" does not necessarily purge the taint of an underlying Fourth Amendment violation, such as an illegal arrest. ",
" Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 95 S.Ct. ",
"2254, 45 L.Ed.2d 416 (1975). ",
" The distinctions among the standards of voluntariness has led to confusion in many cases. ",
" We believe that Brown v. Illinois, supra, clarifies the law in this area.",
"\n\n\n48\nIn Brown v. Illinois, supra, the Supreme Court held that the mere giving of \"Miranda warnings, alone and per se, cannot always make the act sufficiently a product of free will to break, for Fourth Amendment purposes, the causal connection between the illegality and the confession.\" ",
" Id. at 603 and 605, 95 S.Ct. ",
"at 2261 and 2262-63. ",
" Noting the differences between the Fourth and Fifth Amendments with respect to consent, the Court stated that Miranda warnings, which establish Fifth Amendment voluntariness, must be considered with other factors, such as the temporal proximity of the arrest and the confession, the presence of intervening circumstances, and the purpose and flagrancy of the official misconduct, evaluated upon the facts of each case, for the trial court to determine \"whether a confession is the product of a free will under Wong Sun....\" Id. at 603-04, 95 S.Ct. ",
"at 2261-62.",
"\n\n\n49\nThe implication of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Illinois is that in order for incriminating statements to be purged of the taint of an underlying Fourth Amendment violation, defendant's consent must meet the voluntariness standard of the Fourth Amendment.",
"\n\n\n50\n[A]lthough a confession after proper Miranda warnings may be found \"voluntary\" for purposes of the Fifth Amendment, this type of \"voluntariness\" is merely a \"threshold requirement\" for Fourth Amendment analysis, 422, U.S. at 604 [95 S.Ct. ",
"at 2262]. ",
" Indeed, if the Fifth Amendment has been violated, the Fourth Amendment issue would not have to be reached.",
"\n\n\n51\nBeyond this threshold requirement, Brown articulated a test designed to vindicate the \"distinct policies and interests of the Fourth Amendment.\" ",
" Id., at 602 [95 S.Ct. ",
"at 2262].....\n\n\n52\nDunaway v. New York, 442 U.S. 200, 217, 99 S.Ct. ",
"2248, 2259, 60 L.Ed.2d 824 (1978) (footnote omitted) citing Brown v. Illinois, supra.",
"\n\n\n53\nWe believe that to the extent the Government is required to show attenuation between the primary police illegality and the evidence obtained beyond the Fifth Amendment \"voluntariness\" standard, the Supreme Court intended in Brown v. Illinois, supra, that a defendant's consent to waive his Fifth Amendment rights also meet the Fourth Amendment \"voluntariness\" standard to satisfy either Wong Sun standard. ",
" The Supreme Court concluded its opinion noting that the holding in Brown v. Illinois is a limited one: \"We decide only that the Illinois courts were in error in assuming that the Miranda warnings, by themselves, under Wong Sun always purge the taint of an illegal arrest.\" ",
" Id. 422 U.S. at 605, 95 S.Ct. ",
"at 2262-63. ",
" Fourth Amendment voluntariness is not a \"threshold requirement;\" it is the sole constitutional requirement for determining whether \"the taint of a prior illegality\" has been purged under Wong Sun.",
"\n\n\n54\nTo summarize, under Wong Sun, illegal police actions do not necessarily render inadmissible all verbal or physical evidence obtained subsequent to and as a result of the illegal police conduct. ",
" Likewise it is clear under Brown v. Illinois, that adherence to minimal procedural requirements such as the giving of Miranda warnings, does not necessarily establish \"voluntariness\" sufficient to purge evidence of the taint of prior Fourth Amendment violations. ",
" Brown v. Illinois, supra, implies that consent must be voluntary in fact (the Fourth Amendment voluntariness standard) in order for defendant's consent both to act as a waiver of constitutional rights and to render evidence sufficiently independent of any previous Fourth Amendment violation to purge it of the primary taint. ",
" The factors articulated in Brown v. Illinois are examples of the kinds of facts which a court should consider in addition to the threshold finding of Fifth Amendment voluntariness to bring defendant's consent within Fourth Amendment voluntariness standards.",
"\n\nIV.",
"\n\n55\nWe hold that the law of this circuit, that consent which is voluntary for purposes of the Fourth Amendment satisfies either Wong Sun standard, is consistent with the Supreme Court's decisions interpreting Wong Sun and the Fifth Circuit's decision in United States v. Fike, supra. ",
" We reject Carson's proposed analysis to the contrary and his reliance on United States v. Melendez-Gonzalez, supra, as a correct statement of the law.",
"\n\n\n56\nIn United States v. Fike, supra, defendant left a stolen automobile with a car dealer while he test drove one of the dealer's vehicles. ",
" Defendant failed to return the vehicle within two hours and the dealer called the police to the car lot. ",
" There the police searched the stolen automobile, removed it to the sheriff's office, and arrested defendant. ",
" While in custody, defendant consented to a second police search of the automobile. ",
" The second search yielded the vehicle identification number from the frame of the car which was admitted at trial. ",
" Automobile license tags and bolt cutters observed in the trunk as a result of the first search were not introduced at trial.",
"\n\n\n57\nOn appeal defendant challenged the legality of both searches. ",
" The court explained defendant's argument as follows: \"The appellant does not contend that the consent to the second search was tainted by the first search but rather that the second search itself was tainted. ",
" Assuming consent, appellant argues, the second search would not have taken place 'but for' the first search, and, as a result, it is tainted.\" ",
" United States v. Fike, 449 F.2d at 194 (footnote omitted). ",
" The Fifth Circuit rejected defendant's \"but for\" analysis rendering the evidence inadmissible:\n\n\n58\nIt is possible that \"but for\" the first search the police would not have taken the car, would not have taken the defendant into custody, and would not have conducted the second search which yielded the challenged evidence. ",
" However, assuming, but not deciding, that the first search was illegal, we hold that the evidence gained as a result of the second search, the only evidence of which the defendant complains, was admissible. ",
" This is so because the voluntary consent of the defendant to the second search, found by the district court and affirmed by this Court, was an independent act sufficient to break the causal connection between the alleged primary illegality and the evidence found as a result of the second search and admitted at trial. ",
" The consent not only, as discussed above, served to validate the second search for Fourth Amendment purposes but also purged the second search of the \"primary taint.\"",
"\n\n\n59\nId. at 193. ",
" Relying on its earlier opinion in Bretti v. Wainwright, 439 F.2d 1042 (5th Cir.), ",
"cert. ",
"denied, 404 U.S. 943, 92 S.Ct. ",
"293, 30 L.Ed.2d 257 (1971), the court concluded that as a matter of law voluntary consent is an independent act sufficient to break the causal connection between prior illegal activity and a subsequent search.",
"\n\n\n60\nIn Bretti the search would not have taken place \"but for\" the arrest, yet the Court, once voluntary consent was found, determined that evidence seized as a result of the search was admissible. ",
" We feel that this reasoning applies equally well to the case at bar, where voluntary consent similarly breaks the \"but for\" chain and allows admissibility.",
"\n\n\n61\nConsent to search has been repeatedly recognized as sufficient to waive Fourth Amendment rights. ",
" It is also an independent act sufficient to break any causal chain which may exist between the alleged primary illegality of the first search and the evidence seized as a result of the second search and introduced at trial.",
"\n\n\n62\nUnited States v. Fike, 449 F.2d at 194 (citations omitted).",
"\n\n\n63\nUnited States v. Melendez-Gonzalez, supra, which Carson contends is contrary to and overrules United States v. Fike, supra, involved the stop of an automobile by a roving border patrol to search for illegal aliens. ",
" Law enforcement agents conducted a search of the vehicle at the time of the stop. ",
" Upon opening the trunk, the law enforcement agents smelled marijuana. ",
" No evidence was seized at that time and the defendant was taken to the nearest police station. ",
" Defendant signed a consent to search form after the agents gave Miranda warnings and advised him of his right to refuse to sign the consent form.",
"\n\n\n64\nThe Fifth Circuit held that both the stop and the ensuing roadside search were illegal because the agents did not have probable cause for either. ",
" The court also held that even if the initial stop were lawful, the roadside search would nonetheless be illegal because it was neither supported by probable cause nor conducted pursuant to voluntary consent. ",
" Id. at 412-13. ",
" Finally the court reversed the district court's finding and conclusion that the defendant's consent to the second search at the police station \"was voluntarily given, and that such consent vitiates the allegedly illegal stop.\" ",
" United States v. Melendez-Gonzalez, 727 F.2d at 413. ",
" In reversing the district court, the Fifth Circuit held, without citing United States v. Fike, supra:\n\n\n65\nWe do not dispute the fact that defendant actually signed the consent form or even that he did so voluntarily. ",
" Further, we accept the well-established rule that \"a search conducted pursuant to consent is excepted from requirements of probable cause on a warrant.\" ",
" There is no authority, however, which justifies an earlier illegal search based upon the later consent to an additional search.",
"\n\n\n66\n... In the present case, defendants' reasonable expectation of privacy was violated on the highway when the agents sprung the trunk and first smelled marijuana. ",
" The fact that the agents did not continue their exploration at this point does not make their actions any less a \"search.\" ",
" Since for all practical purposes, the search was conducted on the highway, the consent form which defendants signed at the station simply came too late.",
"\n\n\n67\nId. at 413-14 (citations omitted). ",
" We agree that voluntary consent to search given after an illegal search, does not transform the prior illegal search into a legal one. ",
" We disagree with the Fifth Circuit, however, to the extent Melendez-Gonzalez holds that evidence is not purged of the taint of prior illegal police activity when a subsequent search, to which the defendant voluntarily consents, yields that evidence.",
"\n\n\n68\nMelendez-Gonzalez indicates that in the Fifth Circuit something more than Fourth Amendment \"voluntariness\" is needed for defendant's consent to purge the taint of prior illegal police activity. ",
" For example, in reviewing the district court's factual finding regarding defendant's consent to the roadside search, the court set forth its standard for determining whether consent purges the taint of prior illegality:\n\n\n69\nWhen attempting to prove voluntary consent to search following an illegal stop, the Government has a much heavier burden to satisfy than when proving consent to search after a legitimate initial stop. ",
" In addition to proving valid and voluntary consent to search, the Government must also establish the existence of intervening factors which prove that the consent was sufficiently attenuated from the illegal stop....\n\n\n70\nId. at 414-15 (citations omitted and emphasis added). ",
" We do not believe that under Wong Sun, supra, or Brown v. Illinois, supra, the Government is required to show attenuation beyond a finding of voluntary, valid consent under Fourth Amendment standards. ",
" We reject the Fifth Circuit's analysis in Melendez-Gonzalez, to the extent it is contrary to the Fifth Circuit's earlier decision in United States v. Fike, supra, which we believe more clearly and accurately states the applicable law. ",
" Moreover, the law in the Tenth Circuit is consistent with United States v. Fike, supra.",
"\n\n\n71\nIn United States v. Sor-Lokken, 557 F.2d 755 (10th Cir.1977), defendant's ex-wife permitted law enforcement officers to enter defendant's house to examine unregistered firearms. ",
" Defendant's ex-wife did not own the house but became aware of the weapons' existence while visiting her children who were in defendant's custody and living at his home. ",
" When defendant fled his home due to the commencement of a child neglect investigation, defendant's ex-wife obtained access to the house and notified the police of the unregistered weapons. ",
" Based upon unauthorized consent to search granted by the ex-wife, the police searched the house and seized one weapon.",
"\n\n\n72\nLater that day, the same officers returned to defendant's residence to seize the remaining weapon. ",
" This time defendant's friend, with whom defendant left a key to the house and a handwritten, notarized note permitting the friend's access to the property, consented to the officers' search of the premises. ",
" This search resulted in the seizure of the second unregistered weapon.",
"\n\n\n73\nWe held that the first search of the premises, to which defendant's ex-wife had consented, was an unlawful search. ",
" We also held, however, that the second search was valid because defendant's friend possessed sufficient authority to consent to a search of defendant's residence and did so voluntarily. ",
" Defendant argued that regardless of the authorized consent to search, the weapon seized in the second search was inadmissible as the direct result of the prior illegal search which was the \"but for\" cause of the second search. ",
" Relying upon the Supreme Court's opinion in Wong Sun, we rejected defendant's argument:\n\n\n74\nEven if it were demonstrated that the officers' afternoon search was a necessary prerequisite to the evening search, the carbine would still be unsusceptible to exclusion.",
"\n\n\n75\n\"We need not hold that all evidence is 'fruit of the poisonous tree' simply because it would not have come to light but for the illegal actions of the police. ",
" Rather, the more apt question in such a case is 'whether, granting establishment of the primary illegality, the evidence to which instant objection is made has been come at by exploitation of that illegality or instead by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint'.\" ",
" Wong Sun v. United States, supra, 371 U.S. at 487, 488, 83 S.Ct. ",
"at 417.",
"\n\n\n76\nConsent to search satisfies Fourth Amendment requirements apart from the presence or absence of probable cause to conduct a search. ",
" The consent obtained in this case purged the disputed search of any possible taint.",
"\n\n\n77\nUnited States v. Sor-Lokken, 557 F.2d at 758.",
"\n\n\n78\nMore recently, we held that consent may purge the taint of a prior illegality. ",
" In United States v. Recalde, 761 F.2d 1448 (10th Cir.1985) defendant challenged the admissibility of evidence obtained pursuant to his written consent to search his vehicle executed at a police station following his unlawful roadside seizure and detention. ",
" We noted the effect of consent following illegal police action as follows:\n\n\n79\nThe Supreme Court has consistently held that evidence obtained after an illegal arrest or seizure must be suppressed as the fruit of the illegal detention. ",
" There is, however, no per se rule prohibiting use of such evidence, and a defendant's consent may, under certain circumstances, remove the taint of an illegal detention.",
"\n\n\n80\nId. at 1457 (citations omitted and emphasis added). ",
" The circumstances under which defendant's consent removes the taint of a prior illegal police action is when consent is voluntary under the totality of the circumstances.",
"\n\n\n81\nIn Recalde, we reviewed the facts to determine whether or not defendant's station-house consent was voluntary. ",
" We reversed, holding that under the facts of Recalde, the district court's finding of valid voluntary consent was clearly erroneous. ",
" Id. at 1458.V.\n\n\n82\nWe believe the facts of the case at bar illustrate precisely the reasons for the rule which we reaffirm here. ",
" We hold, as we did in Carson I, that the initial search by Deputy Sheriff Branick of Carson's bucket containing the dressed doves was illegal. ",
" Carson, however, was not aware of the initial illegal search. ",
" (R., Vol. ",
"I, p. 136.) ",
" When Deputy Sheriff Branick and Mr. Sonntag later returned to the scene, Carson willingly agreed to let them look into his pickup truck. ",
" The district court found that \"Mr. Carson's consent was the product of his own free will and unconstrained choice. ",
" The Court finds that Mr. Carson's consent to the search was voluntary.\" ",
" (R., Vol. ",
"I, p. 137.)",
"\n\n\n83\nThere is no evidence in the record showing that the officers used information obtained in the prior illegal search to coerce Carson into consenting to the subsequent search.1 Carson waived his Fourth Amendment rights by voluntarily consenting to a search, independent of the prior police activity of which he did not know. ",
" As the Supreme Court recently stated in Moran v. Burbine, --- U.S. ----, ----, 106 S.Ct. ",
"1135, 1141, 89 L.Ed.2d 410 (1986): \"Events occurring outside of the presence of the suspect and entirely unknown to him surely can have no bearing on the capacity to comprehend and knowingly relinquish a constitutional right.\" ",
" We see no reason to permit Carson to reassert those rights or to exclude evidence lawfully obtained through the consensual search.",
"\n\n\n84\nIn addition, and contrary to Carson's contention, we place no significance on the fact that the doves seized in this case were the same evidence illegally observed as a result of the prior search by Deputy Sheriff Branick. ",
" The means by which the evidence was ultimately seized was constitutional (voluntary consent) and sufficiently distinguishable from the underlying illegality. ",
" While we agree that the prior illegal search is not rendered legal by Carson's subsequent consent, so that Deputy Sheriff Branick would be precluded from testifying about his observations and knowledge obtained as a result of the illegal search, we hold the evidence is nonetheless purged of the primary illegality and is admissible because it was legally obtained pursuant to voluntary consent.2\n\n\n85\nIn the Memorandum and Order of August 1, 1985, the district court commented upon the rule set forth in Carson I. We believe our response to the district court's following observations will help to explain our holding.",
"\n\n\n86\nIn the final analysis, this Court views the issue as whether a voluntary consent to search will always constitute a sufficient independent act to break the causal connection between illegal governmental conduct and the challenged evidence. ",
" The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals in the instant case stated, \"[D]efendant's consent purged the second search of any taint from the first search and validated the second search for Fourth Amendment purposes.\" ",
" Slip op. ",
"at 7, [762 F.2d at 836] citing United States v. Fike. ",
" Nevertheless, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, in a case decided 10 years after it decided Fike, held that a voluntary consent given after an illegal search did not purge the taint when the consensual search yielded the same evidence previously discovered illegally. ",
" The Fifth Circuit stated, \"There is no authority, however, which justifies an earlier illegal search based upon a later consent to an additional search.\" ",
" Melendez-Gonzalez, supra, at 414. ",
" This Court believes the facts of this case are governed by the Melendez-Gonzalez case. ",
" Specifically, under the facts of the case at bar, this Court finds that the challenged evidence derived directly from the first illegal search; Carson's consent was not independent of the illegality because the officers would not have requested consent but for the first illegal search; and defendant's consent, however voluntary, did not break the causal connection between the first illegal search and the challenged evidence discovered in the second search.",
"\n\n\n87\nNevertheless, this Court is hardly in a position to reverse the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals. ",
" It is possible that when an individual's consent to a governmental search is the product of that individual's free will, the consent will always be an act so independent of the illegal governmental conduct that voluntary consent alone will vitiate the taint of the prior illegality. ",
" When, however, as the Court has found in this case, the government's request for consent to search is motivated by critical information ascertained by the prior illegal conduct of the government, this Court questions how the individual's voluntary consent alone can realign the government's actions within the bounds of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. ",
" Most importantly, the Court questions a rule of law which allows the government to make a surreptitious entry into the home of a citizen, conduct an illegal wiretap or perform any other illegal conduct invasive of a citizen's privacy, and then, on the basis of the information gleaned from this illegal conduct, cajole the consent of the unwitting citizen, and then find that incriminating evidence discovered is admissible evidence in a criminal prosecution of that citizen. ",
" This Court believes that such law would fly directly in the face of the Fourth Amendment. ",
" Indeed, the Fourth Amendment protects private citizens against this very kind of governmental interference.",
"\n\n\n88\nNevertheless, this Court recognizes that an individual's consent, when it is knowing and completely voluntary, may be in itself an independent act sufficiently removed or attenuated from the illegal conduct of the government to permit the use of the discovered evidence in a criminal trial against that individual. ",
" In spite of the severe and fundamental problems this Court has with the application of such a rule to the facts of the case at bar, this Court is not in a position to reverse the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals and must proceed with the disposition of this case in accordance with the Circuit Court's remand.",
"\n\n\n89\nTherefore, the only issue which is actually before this Court is the factual determination of whether Mr. Carson voluntarily consented to the search, and this Court finds that Mr. Carson gave his full and voluntary consent to the search.",
"\n\n\n90\n(R., Vol. ",
"I, pp. ",
"146-48.)",
"\n\n\n91\nThe district court correctly states that under our rule in Carson I, defendant's consent to a search, so long as it is voluntary in fact, constitutes a sufficiently independent act to purge the evidence of the taint of the prior illegal Government conduct. ",
" This is so even when defendant's voluntary consent, granted after an illegal search, yields the same evidence previously discovered illegally.",
"\n\n\n92\nWe disagree, however, with the district court's finding that \"Carson's consent was not independent of the illegality because the officers would not have requested consent but for the first illegal search....\" Id. at 147 (emphasis added). ",
" The district court's finding is directly contrary to the Supreme Court's expressed rejection in Wong Sun, supra, of a \"but for\" exclusionary rule. ",
" The issue is not whether the officers \"would not have requested consent but for the first illegal search,\" but rather whether the officers exploited the fruits of their illegal activity in such a way that Carson's consent to the search was involuntary under the Fourth Amendment. ",
" Wong Sun, supra 371 U.S. at 488, 83 S.Ct. ",
"at 417-18.",
"\n\n\n93\nWe also disagree with the district court's finding and conclusion that a defendant's voluntary consent does not purge the taint of the prior illegality when the Government's request for consent to search is motivated by illegally obtained information. ",
" \"When, however, as the Court has found in this case, the Government's request for consent to search is motivated by critical information ascertained by the prior illegal conduct of the Government, this Court questions how the individual's voluntary consent alone can realign the Government's actions within the bounds of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments.\" ",
" (R., Vol. ",
"I, p. 147.) ",
" The Government's motivation is irrelevant to the issue of whether or not the evidence is obtained by means \"sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint,\" or free of police exploitation of the prior illegality. ",
" Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at 488, 83 S.Ct. ",
"at 417. ",
" In a consent case under Wong Sun, the only inquiry is whether the defendant's grant of consent is voluntary under the totality of the circumstances. ",
" The police officers' purpose, motivation, or basis for merely requesting the defendant to waive his Fourth Amendment rights have no bearing on the validity and effect of defendant's consent once it is determined that this consent is voluntary under the totality of the circumstances.",
"\n\n\n94\nWe also disagree with the district court's following statement:\n\n\n95\nMost importantly, the Court questions a rule of law which allows the government to make a surreptitious entry into the home of a citizen, conduct an illegal wiretap or perform any other illegal conduct invasive of a citizen's privacy, and then, on the basis of the information gleaned from this illegal conduct, cajole the consent of the unwitting citizen and then find that incriminating evidence discovered is admissible evidence in a criminal prosecution of that citizen.",
"\n\n\n96\n(R., Vol. ",
"I, p. 147 (emphasis added).) ",
" If the consent of an unwitting citizen has been \"cajoled\" based on the illegal conduct of Government officials, then the citizen's consent is not \"voluntary.\" ",
" If Government officials use the fruits of their illegal conduct to \"cajole\" the consent of an unwitting citizen, then the evidence is obtained by exploitation of the primary illegality and is not obtained by means sufficiently distinguishable from the illegality to be purged of the primary taint. ",
" We agree that there may be certain situations in which Government officials, using illegally obtained information, might coerce or cajole the defendant into consenting to a search. ",
" Under such circumstances the consent would be involuntary, the search illegal, and the evidence seized thereby rendered inadmissible.",
"\n\n\n97\nFinally, considering the policy reasons underpinning the exclusionary rule, we hold that extending the \"fruit of the poisonous tree\" doctrine to exclude evidence obtained in a case in which defendant voluntarily consents to waive his constitutional rights does not justify the costs upon law enforcement. ",
" As Justice Powell stated in his concurring opinion in Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 608-09, 95 S.Ct. ",
"2254, 2264-65, 45 L.Ed.2d 416 (1975) (Powell, J., concurring in part):\n\n\n98\nThe Court's rejection in Wong Sun of a \"but for\" test, reaffirmed today ... recognizes that in some circumstances strict adherence to the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule imposes greater cost on the legitimate demands of law enforcement than can be justified by the rule's deterrent purposes. ",
" The notion of the \"dissipation of the taint\" attempts to mark the point at which the detrimental consequences of the illegal police action become so attenuated that the deterrent effect of the exclusionary rule no longer justifies its cost.",
"\n\n\n99\nA search conducted pursuant to voluntary consent is one of the specifically established exceptions to the technical requirements of the Fourth Amendment. ",
" Excluding evidence obtained pursuant to voluntary consent neither protects Fourth Amendment rights, which are waived by the defendant's consent, nor deters law enforcement officials from conducting illegal searches and seizures which are of little, if any, value to the police in obtaining defendant's subsequent voluntary consent. ",
" The mere hope that they may later be able to obtain defendant's voluntary consent to a subsequent search is little incentive for police initially to proceed illegally. ",
" In addition, the inability of law enforcement officials to rely upon illegally obtained evidence to obtain valid search warrants or to obtain legally sufficient probable cause for searches and seizures sufficiently protects Fourth Amendment rights from deliberate police violations. ",
" In cases in which defendant's voluntary consent to search is obtained, strict adherence to the exclusionary rule would impose greater costs on the legitimate demands of law enforcement than can be justified by the rule's deterrent purposes.",
"\n\n\n100\nAFFIRMED.",
"\n\nLOGAN, Circuit Judge, concurring:\n\n101\nI agree with the result in the majority decision. ",
" But parts III and IV state a broader rule than I am willing to accept.",
"\n\n\n102\nFirst, I do not read Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S.Ct. ",
"407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963), as setting out two tests under which evidence, the knowledge of which was obtained as a result of prior illegal police action, may be admissible. ",
" Wong Sun does reject a \"but for\" test. ",
" The rule it adopts, however, is that such evidence is admissible if \"instead\" of exploiting the illegality, the evidence was obtained by means \"sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint.\" ",
" Id. at 488, 83 S.Ct. ",
"at 417. ",
" In other words, the majority's two independent tests are really different sides of the same coin.",
"\n\n\n103\nFurther, I do not read Wong Sun as holding that the circumstances surrounding the government's illegal acts are irrelevant whenever consent has been given freely. ",
" Wong Sun refused to permit defendant Toy's statements into evidence, although allegedly voluntarily given, because of the particular circumstance of that case. ",
" The officers had broken down his door, followed him into a bedroom, handcuffed, and arrested him; his consent in those circumstances did not purge the taint of the initial unlawful invasion. ",
" Id. at 486, 83 S.Ct. ",
"at 416. ",
" On the other hand, defendant Wong Sun's statement was admissible because he gave it several days after his release on his own recognizance and after he had voluntarily returned to the police. ",
" In such circumstances the Court found that the taint had been dissipated.",
"\n\n\n104\nBrown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 95 S.Ct. ",
"2254, 45 L.Ed.2d 416 (1975), which also involved the admissibility of a confession following an illegal arrest, clarified the holding of Wong Sun. ",
" In Brown a confession had been obtained after a Miranda warning; the Court held it was not automatically admissible even if it was voluntary. ",
" Rather, it stated that a court must view the illegal arrest under the Fourth Amendment and determine whether the confession was obtained by exploitation of the illegal arrest. ",
" In making that determination the \"temporal proximity of the arrest and the confession, the presence of intervening circumstances, ... and, particularly, the purpose and flagrancy of the official misconduct are all relevant.\" ",
" Id. at 603-04, 95 S.Ct. ",
"at 2261-62 (footnotes and citations omitted). ",
" Courts since Brown have applied this analysis to consents to search following illegal detention. ",
" See United States v. Wellins, 654 F.2d 550, 552-53 (9th Cir.1981); United States v. Taheri, 648 F.2d 598, 601 (9th Cir.1981); United States v. Sanchez-Jaramillo, 637 F.2d 1094, 1099-1100 (7th Cir.), ",
"cert. ",
"denied, 449 U.S. 862, 101 S.Ct. ",
"166, 66 L.Ed.2d 79 (1980); United States v. Perez-Esparza, 609 F.2d 1284, 1289 (9th Cir.1979); United States v. Jones, 608 F.2d 386, 391-92 (9th Cir.1979); United States v. Wilson, 569 F.2d 392, 396 (5th Cir.1978).",
"\n\n\n105\nBy analyzing the instant case solely in terms of whether the consent was voluntary, the majority places insufficient weight on the Brown factors. ",
" For example, the majority in effect states that because defendant Carson was unaware of the previous search, it could not affect the validity of the consent. ",
" At ---- (citing Moran v. Burbine, --- U.S. ----, ----, 106 S.Ct. ",
"1135, 1141-42, 89 L.Ed.2d 410 (1986)). ",
" Thus, under the majority's analysis, the flagrancy of the prior police misconduct is irrelevant unless the defendant is aware of the previous search, in direct contrast to what Brown and the circuit cases that have interpreted Brown say. ",
" The majority opinion in the instant case appears to adopt a per se attenuation rule: If the consent was freely given, whatever illegalities have gone before are irrelevant. ",
" I do not think we can say that in view of Wong Sun and Brown. ",
" Instead we must consider the time span between the two searches, the purpose and flagrancy of the initial police misconduct, and whatever other factors seem relevant in the circumstances of the case before we decide whether exclusion is necessary to deter unconstitutional police conduct and to preserve judicial integrity.",
"\n\n\n106\nIf the initial illegal search in the instant case had been particularly egregious, or if the police had engaged in coercive conduct, I would read Brown to require exclusion despite Carson's voluntary consent to the second search. ",
" See Perez-Esparza, 609 F.2d at 1289. ",
" But I would permit the admission of the evidence here. ",
" Although an officer first obtained knowledge of the doves by lifting a vest covering a five-gallon pail illegally, this was not an illegal search as flagrant as, for example, breaking into a home or unlawfully tapping a telephone, thus not implicating the deterrence consideration of the exclusionary rule. ",
" Cf. ",
"United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, ----, 104 S.Ct. ",
"3405, 3412-15, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984) (exclusionary rule should only be applied when \"its remedial objectives are thought most efficaciously served\"). ",
" Further, there was no hint of coercion. ",
" I believe Carson had been an employee of the Fish and Game Commission and apparently knew the officers. ",
" The consent to search was freely given. ",
" Carson must have known the doves would be found; apparently he was confident that his possession was legal, or that the officers would be unable to prove that the doves were shot that day. ",
" In these circumstances I do not believe the second search arose through \"exploitation\" of the first search within the meaning of Wong Sun and Brown, despite the short time span between the illegal search and Carson's consent. ",
" See United States v. Wellins, 654 F.2d at 555 (\"lack of a significant intervening period of time does not, in itself, require that the evidence be suppressed for want of sufficient attenuation.\").",
"\n\n\n107\nAccordingly, I agree that the evidence discovered in the consensual search need not be suppressed.",
"\n\n\n\n1\n If there were evidence of coercion in the manner in which the police requested Carson's consent, that evidence would affect the determination of whether defendant's consent was voluntary. ",
" If a district court were to find, after a factual determination, that consent to a search was involuntarily given, we would be left with the inescapable conclusion that the police officers exploited the original illegality and that defendant's consent was insufficiently distinguishable to purge the primary taint\n\n\n2\n We intend to distinguish between evidence illegally perceived and illegally seized. ",
" If police officers seize evidence pursuant to an illegal search then it is inadmissible under our rule, regardless of defendant's subsequent consent to search; the evidence having been obtained as a direct result of an unconstitutional search and seizure. ",
" If evidence is merely perceived as a result of an illegal search and police officers seize it pursuant to a subsequent consensual, valid search, then it is admissible; the evidence having been obtained as the result of a constitutional search and seizure independent of any previous illegality\n\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
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[
"New Series: Weekly Portrait thread 1\n\nIndoor lighting is always more difficult than outdoor light which always appears more natural. ",
"Also most cameras have a hard time guessing the correct colour of artificial light (although I can't complain about the AWB of my SLT-99).",
"\n\nWhen there's just not enough light, I use my flash with a diffuser or bounced of the ceiling, wall. ",
"I avoid using direct flash light as this makes for a very harsh and unflattening light."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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[
"/* -*- c -*- */\n\n/* Copyright (C) 2005-2016 Alexander Chernov <cher@ejudge.ru> */\n\n/*\n * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or\n * (at your option) any later version.",
"\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ",
" See the\n * GNU General Public License for more details.",
"\n */\n\n#include \"ejudge/ej_types.h\"\n#include \"ejudge/ej_limits.h\"\n#include \"ejudge/ej_byteorder.h\"\n#include \"ejudge/compile_packet.h\"\n#include \"ejudge/compile_packet_priv.h\"\n#include \"ejudge/pathutl.h\"\n#include \"ejudge/errlog.h\"\n#include \"ejudge/prepare.h\"\n#include \"ejudge/runlog.h\"\n\n#include \"ejudge/xalloc.h\"\n#include \"ejudge/logger.h\"\n#include \"ejudge/integral.h\"\n\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <string.h>\n\n#define FAIL_IF(c) if (c)do { errcode = __LINE__; goto failed; } while (0)\n\nint\ncompile_reply_packet_read(\n size_t in_size,\n const void *in_data,\n struct compile_reply_packet **p_out_data)\n{\n struct compile_reply_packet *pout = 0;\n const struct compile_reply_bin_packet *pin = in_data;\n int errcode = 0, pkt_size, pkt_version;\n const unsigned char *in_ptr, *end_ptr;\n\n FAIL_IF(in_size < sizeof(*pin));\n pkt_size = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->packet_len);\n FAIL_IF(pkt_size !",
"= in_size);\n FAIL_IF(pkt_size < 0 || pkt_size > EJ_MAX_COMPILE_PACKET_SIZE);\n FAIL_IF((pkt_size & 0xf));\n pkt_version = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->version);\n FAIL_IF(pkt_version !",
"= 1);\n XCALLOC(pout, 1);\n pout->judge_id = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->judge_id);\n FAIL_IF(pout->judge_id < 0 || pout->judge_id > EJ_MAX_JUDGE_ID);\n pout->contest_id = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->contest_id);\n FAIL_IF(pout->contest_id <= 0 || pout->contest_id > EJ_MAX_CONTEST_ID);\n pout->run_id = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->run_id);\n FAIL_IF(pout->run_id < 0 || pout->run_id > EJ_MAX_RUN_ID);\n // OK, COMPILE_ERR, CHECK_FAILED are allowed\n pout->status = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->status);\n FAIL_IF(pout->status !",
"= RUN_OK && pout->status !",
"= RUN_COMPILE_ERR && pout->status !",
"= RUN_CHECK_FAILED && pout->status !",
"= RUN_STYLE_ERR);\n pout->ts1 = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->ts1);\n pout->ts1_us = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->ts1_us);\n FAIL_IF(pout->ts1_us < 0 || pout->ts1_us > USEC_MAX);\n pout->ts2 = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->ts2);\n pout->ts2_us = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->ts2_us);\n FAIL_IF(pout->ts2_us < 0 || pout->ts2_us > USEC_MAX);\n pout->ts3 = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->ts3);\n pout->ts3_us = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->ts3_us);\n FAIL_IF(pout->ts3_us < 0 || pout->ts3_us > USEC_MAX);\n\n pout->use_uuid = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->use_uuid);\n pout->uuid.v[0] = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->uuid.v[0]);\n pout->uuid.v[1] = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->uuid.v[1]);\n pout->uuid.v[2] = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->uuid.v[2]);\n pout->uuid.v[3] = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->uuid.v[3]);\n\n pout->zip_mode = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->zip_mode);\n\n in_ptr = (const unsigned char*) pin + sizeof(*pin);\n end_ptr = (const unsigned char*) pin + pkt_size;\n\n pout->run_block_len = cvt_bin_to_host_32(pin->run_block_len);\n FAIL_IF(pout->run_block_len < 0 || pout->run_block_len > EJ_MAX_COMPILE_RUN_BLOCK_LEN);\n if (pout->run_block_len > 0) {\n FAIL_IF(in_ptr + pout->run_block_len > end_ptr);\n pout->run_block = xmalloc(pout->run_block_len);\n memcpy(pout->run_block, in_ptr, pout->run_block_len);\n in_ptr += pout->run_block_len;\n }\n\n pkt_bin_align_addr(in_ptr, pin);\n FAIL_IF(in_ptr !",
"= end_ptr);\n\n#if 0\n /* debug */\n fprintf(stderr,\n \"compile reply packet:\\n\"\n \" judge_id: %d\\n\"\n \" contest_id: %d\\n\"\n \" run_id: %d\\n\"\n \" status: %d\\n\"\n \" ts1: %d\\n\"\n \" ts1_us: %d\\n\"\n \" ts2: %d\\n\"\n \" ts2_us: %d\\n\"\n \" ts3: %d\\n\"\n \" ts3_us: %d\\n\"\n \" run_block_len: %d\\n\",\n pout->judge_id, pout->contest_id, pout->run_id, pout->status,\n pout->ts1, pout->ts1_us, pout->ts2, pout->ts2_us, pout->ts3, pout->ts3_us,\n pout->run_block_len);\n#endif\n\n *p_out_data = pout;\n return 0;\n\n failed:\n err(\"compile_reply_packet_read: error %s, %d\", \"$Revision$\", errcode);\n compile_reply_packet_free(pout);\n return -1;\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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[
"and many more benefits!",
"\n\nFind us on Facebook\n\nGMAT Club Timer Informer\n\nHi GMATClubber!",
"\n\nThank you for using the timer!",
"\nWe noticed you are actually not timing your practice. ",
"Click the START button first next time you use the timer.",
"\nThere are many benefits to timing your practice, including:\n\nI just got done with my GMAT which was scheduled on 19th NOV & scored only 610 (Q-47,V-27).",
"\n\nI am a working professional in India & working in Automobile manf. ",
"unit . ",
"I started my preparation on 18 Aug'13 with first GMAT prep mock test in which i scored 530 with Quant 44 & verbal 20 only.",
"\n\nThereafter, as verbal my weak part to overcome same, i refer mgmat - SC for foundation & later SC grail . ",
"My accuracy in SC improved to 60-70% as in any mock test which i gave after 18th Aug, 10 / 15 SC were correct, similarly for CR i refer MGMAT -CR guide (Didn't find it any fruitful) & Powerscore, While solving OG -13 question my accuracy in CR also improved.",
"\n\nBut on test day, I panic bcoz of which i did not even checked basic & results in scoring so less.",
"\n\nI want your guidance on how now i can improve as i plan to re-take GMAT next year in Jan .",
"\n\nAny kind of suggestion which you feel when you prepared for gmat & give +ve result will be helpful.",
"\n\nI just got done with my GMAT which was scheduled on 19th NOV & scored only 610 (Q-47,V-27).",
"\n\nI am a working professional in India & working in Automobile manf. ",
"unit . ",
"I started my preparation on 18 Aug'13 with first GMAT prep mock test in which i scored 530 with Quant 44 & verbal 20 only.",
"\n\nThereafter, as verbal my weak part to overcome same, i refer mgmat - SC for foundation & later SC grail . ",
"My accuracy in SC improved to 60-70% as in any mock test which i gave after 18th Aug, 10 / 15 SC were correct, similarly for CR i refer MGMAT -CR guide (Didn't find it any fruitful) & Powerscore, While solving OG -13 question my accuracy in CR also improved.",
"\n\nBut on test day, I panic bcoz of which i did not even checked basic & results in scoring so less.",
"\n\nI want your guidance on how now i can improve as i plan to re-take GMAT next year in Jan .",
"\n\nAny kind of suggestion which you feel when you prepared for gmat & give +ve result will be helpful.",
"\n\nRegardsST\n\nhi ST,\n\nPanicking on an important test is not uncommon - but you need to learn to manage it through psychological tactics. ",
"As you study, you should visualize yourself in the actual exam room before you attempt each question. ",
"This way, you condition your mind to prepare psychologically for the marathon-like test.",
"\n\nBesides psychological tips, you should also think about what you could be doing differently to avoid the mistakes you are currently doing. ",
"Focus on verbal with a special emphasis on how your approach might be different from the most efficient approach. ",
"Then test yourself with full-length practice tests. ",
"You should not walk into the exam room until you are able to generate success / target scores during your practice. _________________"
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[
"All relevant data are within the files and Supporting Information files.",
"\n\nIntroduction {#sec001}\n============\n\nEstrogen and progesterone levels have been shown to affect behaviors beyond those related to reproductive function (e.g. \\[[@pone.0144080.ref001],[@pone.0144080.ref002]\\]). ",
"In fact, a variety of behavioral changes have been demonstrated with varying levels of these hormones: cyclic modulation of mood \\[[@pone.0144080.ref003]\\], changes in cognitive abilities \\[[@pone.0144080.ref004]\\], subjective responses to drugs such as cocaine \\[[@pone.0144080.ref005]\\] and amphetamines \\[[@pone.0144080.ref006]\\], ratings of trustworthiness \\[[@pone.0144080.ref007]\\], and willingness to compete in tournaments \\[[@pone.0144080.ref008]\\].",
"\n\nFunctional neuroimaging studies have shown that brain activity varies across the menstrual cycle. ",
"Changes have been observed in reward- and arousal-related activity \\[[@pone.0144080.ref009],[@pone.0144080.ref010]\\] and responses to emotional stimuli \\[[@pone.0144080.ref011]\\]. ",
"Estrogen and progesterone receptors are present in the nucleus accumbens \\[[@pone.0144080.ref002],[@pone.0144080.ref012],[@pone.0144080.ref013]\\], a key region in reward processing and decision-making. ",
"Since changes in brain activity related to reward and emotional processing are seen across the menstrual cycle, one might expect economic choice behavior to be affected by the changing levels of estrogen and progesterone across menstrual phase.",
"\n\nThere is also evidence that hormone levels at the time of ovulation may influence decision-making in multiple domains. ",
"Numerous studies have examined the sexual and mating preferences of women during ovulation and it is well known that ovulation influences preferences for mates and male traits (e.g., \\[[@pone.0144080.ref014]\\]). ",
"Research has also shown that ovulation can affect consumer behavior such as clothing and food preferences \\[[@pone.0144080.ref015],[@pone.0144080.ref016]\\]. ",
"In addition, gender differences between women and men exist in the economic domain. ",
"For example, women are more risk averse and less competitive than men on average \\[[@pone.0144080.ref017]\\]. ",
"While many studies have focused on the mate preferences of women around the time of ovulation, fewer have examined whether economic preferences change as a function of the menstrual cycle, and specifically whether risk aversion, loss aversion, and technical economic \"rationality\" change during ovulation. ",
"The lack of research on risk and loss preference changes during ovulation may relate to the difficulty in determining the time of ovulation and in testing during the narrow window that ovulation provides. ",
"We address this difficulty by tracking subjects over several months and using ovulation predictor kits to measure the surge in luteinizing hormone that leads to ovulation.",
"\n\nWe thus first aimed to determine whether menstrual cycle phase is associated with alterations in technical economic rationality (the degree to which choices are internally consistent) in women. ",
"The core feature of rationality, and of particular interest to economists, is the notion of \"transitivity\". ",
"A subject is said to be transitive and consistent if, for example, she demonstrates a preference for apples over oranges, oranges over pears ***and*** apples over pears. ",
"A subject is said to be irrational if she prefers apples over oranges, oranges over pears ***but also prefers*** pears over apples. ",
"Adherence to the Generalized Axiom of Revealed Preference (GARP) \\[[@pone.0144080.ref018]--[@pone.0144080.ref020]\\], a standard economic definition for rationality, is a necessary and sufficient condition for utility maximization. ",
"Such maximization requires transitive (i.e., non-circular) preferences. ",
"Moreover, GARP allows one to systematically search for very subtle violations of transitivity that are not as obvious as the example above. ",
"If women satisfy GARP, we can then examine what exactly it is that their behavior is maximizing. ",
"If they significantly fail to satisfy GARP at some particular cycle phase we can say meaningfully that their choice behavior is disorganized; that is, their choices cannot, in principle, be maximizing any possible subjective representation of value \\[[@pone.0144080.ref019]\\]. ",
"In contrast, a chooser who obeys GARP maximizes something (subjectively or objectively) and subsequent analysis can shed light on exactly what it is they are trying to maximize (consciously or not). ",
"If subjects adhere to GARP in all four tested phases of the menstrual cycle, this means that women behave as if they are maximizing some quantity, essentially a utility function of some kind, regardless of menstrual cycle phase. ",
"This critical first observation allows us to proceed to a second test--how does the object of maximization, the utility function, change across the menstrual cycle? ",
"To this end, we examined the risk preferences of women by presenting them with choices between safe options of certain monetary gains and risky options with an equal chance of either \\$0 or larger potential gains, a domain in which humans are typically rational, albeit risk averse \\[[@pone.0144080.ref021]\\]. ",
"Finally we examined whether there were changes across the menstrual cycle in *loss aversion*, a feature of human decision making whereby potential losses have a greater impact on choice than equivalent gains. ",
"We did this by presenting participants with choices between a safe option (a certain amount of \\$0) and a risky option offering equal chances of a gain and a loss. ",
"By determining the relative sizes of the gains and losses that are subjectively equivalent to a certain \\$0 outcome we measured the degree of loss aversion. ",
"Across all of these tests our goal was to characterize female economic choice behavior at four different phases of the menstrual cycle, including ovulation, compare it to male choice behavior, and see whether technical rationality or economic preferences differ between men and women at different phases of the menstrual cycle.",
"\n\nMaterials and Methods {#sec002}\n=====================\n\nSubjects {#sec003}\n--------\n\n39 female subjects were each tested four times during their natural menstrual cycle. ",
"No subjects were taking hormonal contraceptives or had been for the 4 months prior to the experiment and all subjects tracked their menstrual cycles for at least 3 months before beginning the experiment. ",
"Three subjects were excluded from all analyses for instruction-related issues and three subjects were excluded from the analysis of hormone levels for complications with one or more of the required blood draws. ",
"Behavioral data were analyzed for 36 subjects (mean age 24.75, range 18--38 years). ",
"Thirty-six male subjects (mean age 24.68, range 18--36 years) were each tested once on the same two tasks (the GARP experiment and the gambling experiment), but did not have their blood drawn. ",
"All subjects gave written informed consent to participate before each experimental session and the experimental paradigm was approved by the University Committee on Activities Involving Human Subjects at New York University.",
"\n\nExperimental design {#sec004}\n-------------------\n\nFemale subjects were tested in four experimental sessions during their natural menstrual cycle, once during menses, once during the mid-follicular phase, once during ovulation and once during the luteal phase in a counter-balanced order across subjects. ",
"Each subject thus began the experiment in one phase and then proceeded in order through the remaining phases (e.g., nine subjects had the order 1) menses, 2) mid-follicular, 3) ovulation, 4) luteal, nine subjects had the order 1) mid-follicular, 2) ovulation, 3) luteal, 4) menses, etc.). ",
"Subjects tracked their menstrual cycles (start date and duration of menses) for at least 3 months prior to starting the experiment to ensure consistency in the number of days of each cycle and to determine cycle length (mean cycle length 29 days, range 23--39 days). ",
"Subjects who differed in cycle length by more than 3 days from cycle to cycle were not asked to participate in behavioral testing.",
"\n\nThe exact timing of sessions was determined by the menstrual cycle of each subject. ",
"The menses test session was scheduled following self-report of menses onset (test session was on day 1--4 of the cycle). ",
"The mid-follicular test session occurred during the mid-follicular phase (after menses, but before ovulation: day 6--12 depending on cycle length). ",
"The ovulation test session was scheduled after detecting the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge that triggers ovulation. ",
"The LH surge was assessed with a commercially available at-home urine ovulation predictor kit (OvuQuick, Conception Technologies) that was given to participants on their first visit to the lab and the experimenter reminded them when to begin testing based on their shortest cycle length. ",
"Ovulation occurs approximately 24--36 hours following a positive result of an LH surge. ",
"Since the egg can live for up to 24 hours after being released, subjects came in for testing 24--48 hours after a positive result, at the time that they would have the greatest odds of conception. ",
"The luteal phase test session occurred after ovulation but before the next menses (at least 6 days after ovulation on day 20--31). ",
"Blood samples were acquired on each of the 4 test days to measure estradiol and progesterone serum levels. ",
"Subjects were not water or food deprived for the blood draws or experimental sessions and maintained normal eating and drinking habits. ",
"Male subjects were tested in one experimental session.",
"\n\nEstradiol and progesterone assay and menstrual cycle phase monitoring {#sec005}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nOn each experimental day, one 4--6 mL blood sample was collected in a BD vacutainer serum tube (Fisher Scientific) by a registered nurse allowing measurement of serum estradiol and progesterone levels. ",
"After centrifugation, serum was collected and stored at -80 degrees Celsius until assayed. ",
"Blood samples were assayed by the New York University Core Clinical Lab. ",
"17β-estradiol concentrations were determined using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (Estradiol ELISA Kit; Cayman Chemical). ",
"Progesterone concentrations were determined using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (Progesterone ELISA Kit; Cayman Chemical). ",
"Determination of serum estradiol levels confirmed that subjects (n = 33) tested during menses and mid-follicular phases had reduced levels of circulating estradiol (mean±sd, 151 ± 130 pg/ml during menses and 176 ± 151 pg/ml during mid-follicular) compared with ovulation (263 ± 244 pg/ml) and luteal phases (228 ± 205 pg/ml). ",
"Progesterone levels were also lowest during menses (2424 ± 1997 pg/ml) and mid-follicular phases (2533 ± 1990 pg/ml), higher during ovulation (3276 ± 2621 pg/ml) and highest during the luteal phase (6633 ± 5688 pg/ml), also confirming cycle phases. ",
"Each assay was run in duplicate and the results were averaged across the two samples.",
"\n\nExperimental tasks {#sec006}\n------------------\n\nStimuli were presented using E-Prime 1.2 (Psychology Software Tools Inc.) and involved an instructional practice session (approximately 5 minutes) immediately followed by the computerized decision-making portion. ",
"Choice situations in the experiments were presented in random order. ",
"At the conclusion of each experiment, one choice situation (one trial) was randomly selected to be realized for payment. ",
"At each session, female subjects received a show-up fee plus additional earnings based on the experiments as detailed below. ",
"Upon the completion of the fourth and final session, subjects also received a \\$50 bonus. ",
"Male subjects received a show-up fee plus additional earnings based on the experiments.",
"\n\nGARP experiment {#sec007}\n---------------\n\nIn the first experiment we tested adherence to GARP. ",
"The experimental design is similar to that designed by Harbaugh et al. ",
"\\[[@pone.0144080.ref022]\\] to examine whether children make technically rational choices about consumable goods. ",
"In our experiment, modeled precisely after the adult GARP experiment using food in Burghart et al. ",
"\\[[@pone.0144080.ref023]\\], which followed the Harbaugh et al. ",
"\\[[@pone.0144080.ref022]\\] design, subjects chose among bundles consisting of different numbers of cookies (zero to nine, in increments of one) and ounces of milk (zero to eighteen, in increments of two fluid ounces). ",
"Before testing began, subjects chose whether the task would involve Chips Ahoy Chocolate Chip Cookies (Nabisco) or Double Stuffed Oreos (Nabisco) and skim milk, 2% milk, whole milk, soy milk or water. ",
"Subjects then saw a total of 11 different choice sets (decision problems), presented in random order. ",
"Each choice set consisted of between three and seven bundles of cookies and milk that the subjects could choose amongst. **[",
"Fig 1A](#pone.0144080.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}** shows an example choice set with 3 different bundles that the subject could choose from presented on a computer screen. ",
"Subjects were instructed to click inside of the checkbox under the bundle they wished to select. ",
"They could change their mind up until they clicked the \"Next\" button to move on to the next choice set. ",
"Subjects were instructed to simply choose the bundle from each screen that they wanted to receive. ",
"At the conclusion of the experiment, one choice set was randomly selected by the experimental software to be realized and the subject was served the number of cookies and amount of milk in their selected bundle. ",
"During the practice session, subjects saw an example of the computer randomly picking a choice set and indicating their chosen bundle. **[",
"Fig 2A](#pone.0144080.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}** displays all 11 choice (budget) sets simultaneously as straight lines with filled circles representing the bundles included in each choice set. ",
"We note that the specific test of GARP we employed also tests what is called \"weak monotonicity;\" that increasing quantities of a preferred good are themselves preferred. ",
"There is no doubt that for many goods when subjects possess a sufficient quantity of the good, additional quantities may be aversive. ",
"We intentionally designed our choice sets to minimize the possibility that our subjects had weakly monotonic preferences---which they did. ",
"Consistent, technically rational, choice behavior that violates weak monotonicity would have called for a more complex analysis than presented here.",
"\n\n{ref-type=\"sec\"} for more details.](pone.0144080.g001){#pone.0144080.g001}\n\n![",
"Results from the GARP experiment.\\\n**(A)** Budget sets used in the GARP experiment. ",
"Each line represents one budget set and circles on the line represent the bundles (or options) amongst which the subject can make a selection. (**",
"B)** Rationality across the menstrual cycle. ",
"Measures of the Afriat's Efficiency Index are plotted for subjects in each menstrual cycle phase and for an age-matched male control population (both n = 36 subjects). ",
"Measures for all phases were above 0.95, the common threshold for rationality, and not significantly differently across phases or compared to males (all p\\>0.3). ",
"Error bars represent standard errors. ",
"The dotted lines represent the AEI measurements for a random chooser (green) second grader (pink) and undergraduate (cyan) from Harbaugh et al. ",
"\\[[@pone.0144080.ref022]\\].](pone.0144080.g002){#pone.0144080.g002}\n\nGambling experiment {#sec008}\n-------------------\n\nSubjects were endowed with \\$20 and told that with this money they would be gambling. ",
"They were instructed that the most they could lose was the \\$20 they had just been given and that they could win up to \\$20 more based on their choices. ",
"Subjects made a total of 100 choices. ",
"Each trial offered a choice between a certain amount of money (ranging in value from \\$0 to \\$8) and a gamble with equal probabilities of either of two possible outcomes.",
"\n\n### Risk-Aversion {#sec009}\n\nSubjects faced 26 different choice situations of the 100 (the *gain-only trials*) that consisted of choosing between a safe option, a strictly positive amount ranging from \\$2 to \\$8 and a risky option that offered a 50% chance of winning a positive amount of money (\\$2.40 to \\$19) and a 50% chance of winning \\$0. ",
"We used these gain-only gamble choices to estimate the degree of risk aversion. **[",
"Fig 1B](#pone.0144080.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"} (left)** shows an example of a gain-only gamble trial.",
"\n\n### Loss-Aversion {#sec010}\n\nSubjects also faced 74 choice situations in which they were given a choice between a certain amount of \\$0 (they would neither lose nor gain anything) and a risky option that offered a 50% chance of winning some positive amount of money (\\$2 to \\$10) and a 50% chance of losing some amount of money ranging from \\$0.10 to \\$18, (so-called *mixed gamble* trials). ",
"We used these mixed gamble trials to estimate each subjects degree of loss aversion. **[",
"Fig 1B](#pone.0144080.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"} (right)** shows an example of a mixed gamble trial. ",
"The gain-only and mixed gamble trials were randomly inter-leaved. ",
"After the subject completed 100 choice trials, one trial was randomly chosen by the subject for payment by rolling a 100-sided die. ",
"If the choice in the randomly selected trial was the certain monetary amount, the subject was given that amount of money. ",
"If the choice was the gamble, it was resolved by an actual coin toss called by the subject. ",
"Subjects were informed at the start of the experiment that only one choice would be randomly selected for payment at the end of the experiment.",
"\n\nResults {#sec011}\n=======\n\nSubject hormonal state {#sec012}\n----------------------\n\nDuring a normal menstrual cycle, women exhibit natural variations in levels of the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone \\[[@pone.0144080.ref024]\\]. ",
"We tested subjects during four phases of their natural menstrual cycle: menses (early-follicular), mid-follicular, ovulation and luteal (see [Methods](#sec002){ref-type=\"sec\"}) and measured serum estrogen and progesterone levels to confirm cycle phase. ",
"Average serum levels of estradiol and progesterone levels in our subjects follow the normal pattern (**[Fig 3](#pone.0144080.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"Average serum levels of estradiol (**[Fig 3A](#pone.0144080.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) were significantly higher in the mid-follicular phase than during menses (paired t-test, p\\<0.01). ",
"Additionally, estradiol was significantly higher during ovulation and the luteal phase than menses and mid-follicular (paired t-tests, all p\\<0.05). ",
"Progesterone levels (**[Fig 3B](#pone.0144080.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) were lowest during menses and the mid-follicular phase, and these levels were not significantly different from one another (p = 0.52). ",
"The luteal phase had the highest level of serum progesterone and levels were significantly higher than in all other phases (all p\\<0.01). ",
"These results confirm that our population showed the typical hormonal level patterns during the menstrual cycle for young adult women \\[[@pone.0144080.ref025]\\].",
"\n\n{#pone.0144080.g003}\n\nTesting rationality {#sec013}\n-------------------\n\nOur first goal was to establish if menstrual cycle phase alters the *technical rationality* (the degree to which choices are internally consistent) of women. ",
"Subjects who adhere to GARP can be described as fully transitive and logically consistent in their choice behavior. ",
"Put another way, their choices are consistent with the idea that they are trying to maximize a self-defined goal. ",
"A consistent and transitive chooser follows this logic in their choice behavior: if they choose A over B and B over C, they must also choose A over C. Adherence to GARP is a mainstay of economic analysis because subjects who violate GARP from moment to moment cannot, in principle, be maximizing towards any single or stable goal with their choice behavior \\[[@pone.0144080.ref019]\\] and are hence said to be *irrational*. ",
"In contrast, a chooser who obeys GARP can be described as pursuing a stable maximization goal of some kind, and subsequent analysis can then determine exactly what it is they are trying to maximize (consciously or not).",
"\n\nIn our GARP experiment, subjects chose between economic 'bundles' of goods, combinations of a certain number of cookies and a certain amount of milk (**[Fig 1A](#pone.0144080.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"Following a well-established procedure \\[[@pone.0144080.ref022],[@pone.0144080.ref023],[@pone.0144080.ref026]\\], 11 budget (choice) sets (**[Fig 2A](#pone.0144080.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}**), each consisting of between three and seven alternative combinations of milk and cookies (bundles) were presented as real offers to our subjects. ",
"Their task was simply to say which they preferred. ",
"Choice sets among bundles of milk and cookies can be thought of as technical economic 'budget sets' where cookies and ounces of milk are offered at a fixed price per cookie and a fixed price per ounce of milk and the chooser has a fixed amount of money to spend on these goods. ",
"For example, the choice set in **[Fig 1A](#pone.0144080.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}** shows a choice set consisting of three bundles. ",
"It shows a bundle with 0 cookies and 12 ounces of milk, a bundle with 1 cookie and 6 ounces of milk, and a bundle with 2 cookies and 0 ounces of milk. ",
"This 'budget set' thus offers each cookie at three times the cost of 2 ounces of milk because the subject can only 'afford' 2 cookies or 12 oz (6 units) of milk. ",
"Bundles in each budget set fall on a line in two-dimensional space defined by the numbers of cookies and ounces of milk. ",
"The full set of 11 budget sets can be seen in **[Fig 2A](#pone.0144080.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}**. ",
"The slope of the line depends on the ratio of the price of cookies to the price of two ounces of milk. ",
"A steeper slope reflects more expensive cookies and a shallower slope reflects more expensive milk. ",
"A violation of GARP can be seen in the following examples: a subject selects bundle A over bundle B, and then selects bundle B over bundle C that has the same or more of each good as in bundle A. For the purposes of this study we explicitly assume that over the range of rewards we examine choosers can never face a situation in which an increase in the quantity of milk or number of cookies is considered aversive. ",
"Allowing for that possibility would significantly complicate our analysis of consistency.",
"\n\nWe then determined whether or not the choices made during each tested menstrual cycle phase were internally consistent in their structure (adhered to GARP), and evaluated the severity of any violations observed. ",
"It is important to note that consistency and preference are *not* entangled in this procedure. ",
"A subject can be perfectly consistent and highly risk averse, could prefer milk over cookies or the reverse. ",
"Consistency is not about what the subject prefers, or how cookies and milk trade-off against one another, but rather is about whether there exists some logical rationale that could explain their choices.",
"\n\nWe employed Afriat's Efficiency Index (AEI) \\[[@pone.0144080.ref020]\\] as a metric for rationality. ",
"An AEI of 1 indicates perfect consistency and identifies a chooser who is perfectly transitive. ",
"An AEI above 0.95, a chooser whose total set of gains and losses is better than 95% of what could be achieved with perfectly transitive choices, is considered to be above the common threshold for technical rationality \\[[@pone.0144080.ref027]\\]. ",
"Like other experiments in the literature, our choice sets were designed to elicit single subject measures of rationality ranging from 0.85 to just below 1 --a calibration intended to minimize ceiling and floor effects in our measurements.",
"\n\nThe degree of rationality observed in our female subjects is similar both to the males we tested and to that observed in other studies. ",
"The AEI mean ± s.e.m. ",
"for our subjects (n = 36) during menses was 0.963 ± 0.010, mid-follicular 0.980 ± 0.008, ovulation 0.967 ± 0.010, and luteal 0.978 ± 0.008. ",
"The average AEI for our male subjects (n = 36) was 0.976 ± 0.008. ",
"Women in all phases of the menstrual cycle had an average AEI above 0.95, indicating that our subjects remain consistent in their choice behavior and are not only technically rational across the menstrual cycle but are as rational as their male counterparts at all times (all comparisons, p\\>0.1, **[Fig 2B](#pone.0144080.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}**).",
"\n\nThere was thus no evidence in our dataset that the degree of technical rationality of ovulating human females fluctuates during the menstrual cycle. ",
"Their behavior was always logically consistent; they maximized a utility function of some kind regardless of menstrual cycle phase. ",
"This critical first observation allows us to proceed to a second test: Do their logically describable preferences change during the monthly cycle? ",
"Put more technically, does the utility function being maximized change across the menstrual cycle?",
"\n\nMeasuring risk tolerance {#sec014}\n------------------------\n\nTo measure risk aversion (the precise degree of utility function curvature), in a second 'gambling' experiment we offered subjects choices between certain amounts of money and 'gain-only' gambles with equal probabilities of winning a larger amount of money or winning \\$0 (**[Fig 1B](#pone.0144080.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left**). ",
"We systematically varied the certain amounts and how much the subjects stood to win in the gambles to allow us to estimate the degree of risk aversion in our subjects, and to determine whether risk attitudes were affected by menstrual cycle phase.",
"\n\nTo test for changes in risk preferences across the menstrual cycle, we considered the number of times each subject chose the safe option over the risky gamble in each phase relative to the number of safe option choices across phases in each individual (**see [Fig 4A and 4B](#pone.0144080.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"We did identify a marginally, or nearly, significant (two-tailed Wilcoxon sign rank, p = 0.062) reduction in risk aversion in the ovulation phase compared to the luteal phase. ",
"No other significant effects on risk aversion by phase were observed (ANOVA, p = 0.26). ",
"Although a larger study with the same four-month tracking of subjects procedure that we employed would be very expensive, such a study might reveal a more robust increase in risk-tolerance during ovulation, a finding that might be of evolutionary-reproductive relevance. ",
"We also note that using a one-tailed statistical test would have rendered this result significant at the standard 0.05 threshold.",
"\n\n{ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}** for details on the fitting procedure). ",
"Parameter estimates for an age-matched male population are also plotted on this for comparison. ",
"Subjects were more risk averse during the luteal phase than during ovulation (p = 0.048) or the mid-follicular phase (p = 0.056).](pone.0144080.g004){#pone.0144080.g004}\n\nTo better understand the stationarity of risk attitudes over the menstrual cycle and to allow comparison with parametric measures in the literature, we also used a simple model-based approach to estimate the curvature of the utility function (the quantitative measure of risk attitude) for each subject. ",
"We assumed a power utility function and fit a risk aversion coefficient, alpha, using standard model-fitting procedures \\[[@pone.0144080.ref028],[@pone.0144080.ref029]\\].",
"\n\nWith a simple power utility model of this type a risk aversion coefficient of 1 corresponds to risk-neutral choice behavior and thus describes a subject who maximizes expected value on average. ",
"A risk aversion coefficient greater than 1 yields an expansive utility function and indicates risk-seeking behavior, while a coefficient less than 1 indicates the typical compressive utility function of risk-averse choice behavior.",
"\n\nAfter controlling for session order effects (see [Methods](#sec002){ref-type=\"sec\"} and **[Fig 5B](#pone.0144080.g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}**), the risk aversion coefficient that best accounted for average choice behavior (mean ± s.e.) ",
"during menses was 0.914 ± 0.024, mid-follicular was 0.934 ± 0.022, ovulation was 0.941 ± 0.026, and luteal was 0.870 ± 0.025 (all n = 36). ",
"We found that on average, our subjects were risk-averse at all phases of the menstrual cycle (all p\\<0.05), and were more risk averse than males (p\\<0.05, **[Fig 4C](#pone.0144080.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}**), as has been previously noted \\[[@pone.0144080.ref017],[@pone.0144080.ref023],[@pone.0144080.ref030]\\]. ",
"We found that the degree of risk aversion did not significantly vary across the menstrual cycle, but there was once again an interesting tendency for our subjects to be less risk averse during ovulation than the luteal phase (p = 0.048; **[Fig 4C](#pone.0144080.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"It is worth noting that any degree of risk aversion can be characterized as rational, so long as the subjects remain internally consistent in their choice preferences; this finding does not run counter to our observation that our subjects were consistent in their choices.",
"\n\n{#pone.0144080.g005}\n\nAssessing loss aversion {#sec015}\n-----------------------\n\nEven in largely transitive and rational choosers, however, there is compelling evidence that some classes of situations (for example, situations which include monetary losses) robustly induce technically irrational choice behavior. ",
"These are situations where classical maximization theory widely fails. ",
"In 1979, Kahneman and Tversky documented one of the most profound of these phenomena, reporting that potential monetary losses have a greater impact on decisions than equivalent monetary gains, a property referred to as *loss aversion* \\[[@pone.0144080.ref031]\\]. ",
"Loss aversion is, for most technical theorists, an irrational feature of human decision-making because it leads choosers to make sets of decisions that are logically circular and violate GARP. ",
"Loss aversion has been widely studied and demonstrated consistently in both men and women \\[[@pone.0144080.ref028],[@pone.0144080.ref032]--[@pone.0144080.ref034]\\]. ",
"To assess whether attitudes towards potential monetary losses (and thus the degree of this type of irrationality) varied across the menstrual cycle in women, in some trials of our 'gambling' experiment we offered subjects choices between a certain outcome of gaining and losing nothing (an amount of \\$0) and a gamble that offered equal probabilities of winning one amount of money or losing another amount of money (**[Fig 1B](#pone.0144080.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right**). ",
"A typical loss-averse subject prefers a certain outcome of \\$0 to a 50% change of winning \\$18 and a 50% chance of losing only \\$10. ",
"To assess the degree of loss aversion in our subjects, we systematically varied the gamble win and loss amounts and asked our subjects to choose amongst these options during each menstrual cycle phase.",
"\n\nTo quantify the degree of loss aversion in our subjects, we considered the number of times each subject chose the safe option over the risky option in each phase relative to the average number of safe option choices across phases in each individual (**[Fig 6A](#pone.0144080.g006){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Fig 6B](#pone.0144080.g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"Here we found a significant effect of phase on the number of safe options chosen (ANOVA, p\\<0.01). ",
"Specifically, women chose significantly more gambles and were *less loss averse* during ovulation than the luteal phase (two-tailed Wilcoxon sign rank, p\\<0.01).",
"\n\n{#pone.0144080.g006}\n\nTo better understand the non-stationarity of loss aversion over the menstrual cycle and to allow comparison with other parametric measurements in the literature, we used a standard model-based approach \\[[@pone.0144080.ref028]\\] to estimate the average degree of loss aversion in each menstrual cycle phase. ",
"When using this procedure, a loss aversion coefficient, lambda, equal to 1 indicates gain-loss neutrality. ",
"This describes a subject who treats the loss of a dollar as equal and opposite to the gain of a dollar in terms of the choices they make. ",
"A lambda greater than 1 captures loss-averse choice behavior, a subject who treats the loss of a dollar as being more serious than the gain of a dollar. ",
"For example, a lambda of 2 indicates that the loss of \\$1 would loom as large to that subject as a gain of \\$2. ",
"Reports in the literature indicate that loss aversion coefficients of around 2 are typical of human choosers with women typically being more loss averse (having higher lambdas) than men \\[[@pone.0144080.ref034]\\].",
"\n\nAfter controlling for session order effects (see [Methods](#sec002){ref-type=\"sec\"} and **[Fig 5A](#pone.0144080.g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}**), the loss aversion coefficient, lambda, that best accounted for subject choice behavior during menses was 1.733 ± 0.052 (mean ± s.e.), ",
"mid-follicular 1.778 ± 0.061, ovulation 1.460 ± 0.52, and luteal 1.736 ± 0.061, (all n = 36). ",
"These parameter estimates indicate that on average, our subjects were significantly loss averse in all 4 tested phases of the menstrual cycle (all p\\<0.001). ",
"However, we found that our subjects were significantly less loss averse during ovulation than during all other phases (all comparisons, p\\<0.001; **[Fig 6C](#pone.0144080.g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"Loss aversion in menses, mid-follicular and luteal phases did not differ significantly from each other (all p\\>0.3). ",
"Interestingly, the loss aversion coefficient estimated for our male subjects was also not significantly different from that of our female population during menses (p = 0.22), mid-follicular (p = 0.081), or luteal phases (p = 0.26). ",
"We found that our male subjects were significantly more loss averse than the ovulating women in our study (p = 0.001). ",
"These data indicate that loss aversion is modulated by menstrual cycle phase. ",
"During ovulation, women are significantly less loss averse than men. ",
"To some theorists, this means that women, during ovulation, are more technically rational than men.",
"\n\nDiscussion {#sec016}\n==========\n\nWomen are most fertile when they are ovulating and are only fertile in the few days around ovulation (approximately 10% of the days during each cycle) \\[[@pone.0144080.ref035],[@pone.0144080.ref036]\\]. ",
"The Ovulatory Shift Hypothesis \\[[@pone.0144080.ref037],[@pone.0144080.ref038]\\] proposes that natural selection may have influenced a shift in certain aspects of female psychology during this brief window when conception is possible. ",
"Much of the research examining the Ovulatory Shift Hypothesis has been in relation to mate choices as mate choice has significantly higher consequences when women are ovulating. ",
"Indeed, during fertile days in their cycles, women show a shift in their preferences for male traits such as preferring more masculine faces \\[[@pone.0144080.ref039],[@pone.0144080.ref040]\\] and deeper male voices (\\[[@pone.0144080.ref041]\\]; although see \\[[@pone.0144080.ref042]\\] for a critique of these findings). ",
"Consumer product choice behavior also shifts, with women choosing 'sexier' clothing and fashion accessories near peak fertility \\[[@pone.0144080.ref015]\\] and seeking positional goods near ovulation that improve their social standing \\[[@pone.0144080.ref043]\\]. ",
"One possible explanation for this behavior is that self-esteem decreases at this point in the ovulatory cycle, which translates into an increased willingness to spend money to augment attractiveness during the time of high fertility \\[[@pone.0144080.ref044]\\]. ",
"This increased willingness to spend money during ovulation may relate to our finding that women become more tolerant of potential financial losses during ovulation.",
"\n\nIn competitive bidding tasks, when women have the opportunity to compete with other women, they are less competitive during the luteal phase than other phases \\[[@pone.0144080.ref045]\\]. ",
"This has been interpreted as competitiveness being less desirable during this infertile phase of the menstrual cycle. ",
"Interestingly, we also find a marginally significant tendency for women to be more risk averse during the luteal phase than other phases. ",
"Women bid as if they are more risk averse than men in all phases except during ovulation \\[[@pone.0144080.ref046]\\]. ",
"Women may be more likely to take risks during this high fertility phase in order to increase the probability of conception. ",
"Furthermore, women give less than men in a trust game except around the time when ovulation is likely to occur and also offer more than men in an ultimatum bargaining game only during this time \\[[@pone.0144080.ref045]\\]. ",
"These increases in financial giving when ovulation is more likely to occur may reflect an increased willingness to tolerate financial losses, lending support for our novel finding that women become less loss averse when ovulating.",
"\n\nIn recent years, a small but increasing literature has begun to examine the relationship between hormones and economic behavior. ",
"Some papers published in this literature have begun to use menstrual cycle phase as a proxy for the effect of ovarian hormones on economic behavior (e.g., \\[[@pone.0144080.ref046],[@pone.0144080.ref047]\\]). ",
"Although this is a new and growing area of inquiry, it already seems clear that understanding how the menstrual cycle influences choice behavior could account for a number of important economic factors that have so far gone largely unstudied and hence been largely unexplained \\[[@pone.0144080.ref048]\\]. ",
"As Pearson and Schipper \\[[@pone.0144080.ref046]\\] have noted, \"robust findings on the endocrinology of economic behavior could profoundly influence our understanding of the biological basis of economic outcomes including the gender wage gap.\" ",
"This is particularly interesting because while the general public often assumes that fluctuating hormones during the menstrual cycle affect the rationality of women, experimental and theoretical economists have widely assumed the opposite; that cycle phase is irrelevant for economic behavior. ",
"Our data identify a third position. ",
"Cycle phase does matter in choice behavior. ",
"Women express different choice behavior at different times--although never in an irrational way. ",
"This is a critical observation that economists have overlooked and which could have real impact in our understanding of economic behavior. ",
"One might, of course, be tempted to respond to this observation by arguing that as long as the female decision-makers in real world choice situations equally represent all possible cycle phases then accounting for phase will be unnecessary. ",
"We note that this will be true *only* when the female decision-makers in a group cannot self-select; when they cannot choose whether or not to participate in the market or purchase situation of interest. ",
"This may not be case in most real-world situations; we simply do not know. ",
"Intuitively sophisticated female decision-makers may defer choices of particular kinds to particular times. ",
"If this is the case, then comparing choice behavior across two or more kinds of decisions may be important for modeling self-selection by cycle phase. ",
"Paradoxically, it may well be the case that accounting for cycle in economic models could rationalize choice behavior in real populations.",
"\n\nConclusions {#sec017}\n-----------\n\nWe found that ovulating human females are technically rational (internally consistent) at all phases of the menstrual cycle. ",
"In fact, we found that there is almost no change in the degree of rationality over the course of the cycle and the degree of rationality is not different than that of a matched population of male subjects. ",
"Women's economic preferences do, however, change across the menstrual cycle. ",
"At the beginning of the cycle, during the follicular phase, and at the end of the cycle, during the luteal phase, women are as loss averse as their male counterparts. ",
"When ovulating, however, women are less loss-averse than males, meaning they are more willing to tolerate potential economic losses, and behave more similarly to an agent that maximizes the expected value of its choices. ",
"This result may have important implications for market behavior. ",
"Our data also demonstrate that tests of economic behavior made on female subjects, especially those related to loss aversion, could account for the menstrual cycle phase of study participants. ",
"This may be of particular importance in interpreting existing results if subjects participating in behavioral studies self-select for cycle phase when volunteering for economic experiments.",
"\n\nSupporting Information {#sec018}\n======================\n\n###### Experimental data are included for females for all menstrual cycle phases and for males.",
"\n\n(ZIP)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.",
"\n\n###### Experiment methods are detailed for GARP experiment analysis and gambling experiment analysis.",
"\n\nModel fitting details are included.",
"\n\n(DOCX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.",
"\n\nWe thank M. Akbar and S. Shaw for technical assistance and A. Cocco, J. Day, J. Enriquez, J. Kero, I. Shek, and S. Tobik for help with blood draws. ",
"This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant number 5R01NS054775).",
"\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.",
"\n\n[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: SCL RBR DRB PWG. ",
"Performed the experiments: SCL. ",
"Analyzed the data: SCL RBR DRB. ",
"Wrote the paper: SCL RBR DRB PWG.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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[
"using System;\n\nnamespace S7.Net.",
"Types\n{\n /// <summary>\n /// Contains the conversion methods to convert Real from S7 plc to C# double.",
"\n /// </summary>\n [Obsolete(\"Class Double is obsolete. ",
"Use Real instead for 32bit floating point, or LReal for 64bit floating point.\")]",
"\n public static class Double\n {\n /// <summary>\n /// Converts a S7 Real (4 bytes) to double\n /// </summary>\n public static double FromByteArray(byte[] bytes) => Real.",
"FromByteArray(bytes);\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Converts a S7 DInt to double\n /// </summary>\n public static double FromDWord(Int32 value)\n {\n byte[] b = DInt.",
"ToByteArray(value);\n double d = FromByteArray(b);\n return d;\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Converts a S7 DWord to double\n /// </summary>\n public static double FromDWord(UInt32 value)\n {\n byte[] b = DWord.",
"ToByteArray(value);\n double d = FromByteArray(b);\n return d;\n }\n\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Converts a double to S7 Real (4 bytes)\n /// </summary>\n public static byte[] ToByteArray(double value) => Real.",
"ToByteArray((float)value);\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Converts an array of double to an array of bytes \n /// </summary>\n public static byte[] ToByteArray(double[] value)\n {\n ByteArray arr = new ByteArray();\n foreach (double val in value)\n arr.",
"Add(ToByteArray(val));\n return arr.",
"Array;\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Converts an array of S7 Real to an array of double\n /// </summary>\n public static double[] ToArray(byte[] bytes)\n {\n double[] values = new double[bytes.",
"Length / 4];\n\n int counter = 0;\n for (int cnt = 0; cnt < bytes.",
"Length / 4; cnt++)\n values[cnt] = FromByteArray(new byte[] { bytes[counter++], bytes[counter++], bytes[counter++], bytes[counter++] });\n\n return values;\n }\n \n }\n}\n"
] | {
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[
"Q:\n\nHow to extract certain csv data based on the header in python\n\nHow would I extract specific data from a csv file, based on the header in python?",
"\nFor example, say the csv file contained this information:\nHeight,Weight,Age\n6.0,78,25\n\nHow could I retrieve just the age in python? ",
"\n\nA:\n\nI second the csv recommendation, but I think here using csv.",
"DictReader would be simpler:\n(Python 2):\n>>> import csv\n>>> with open(\"hwa.csv\", \"rb\") as fp:\n... reader = csv.",
"DictReader(fp)\n... data = next(reader)\n... \n>>> data\n{'Age': '25', 'Weight': '78', 'Height': '6.0'}\n>>> data[\"Age\"]\n'25'\n>>> float(data[\"Age\"])\n25.0\n\nHere I've used next just to get the first row, but you could loop over the rows and/or extract a full column of information if you liked.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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[
"a revelation\n\nI think it’s quite amusing that I tend to blog more when I’m away from home. ",
"Obviously more is happening that I need to process, and also I need to feel connected to normalcy in some small way.",
"\n\nI woke up at 6am this morning, so decided to get up and go to the gym. ",
"It was great – I only did about 40 minutes, but felt so much better for it. ",
"Got a huge coffee and a muffin and started off the day much happier than I have the last couple of days. ",
"Also had a shower in the gym’s clean, bright showers so didn’t have to contend with the mould.",
"\n\nToday has been a busy sort of day, but bitsy, running around doing odd jobs and getting stressed out by constant demands from people. ",
"But still, I got to hear Richard Chin’s talk on Revelation 6-7, which was excellent and extremely challenging (one big point I took away was that although we in the west might not face death for following Christ, we need to live as though death would be preferably to faithlessness – or anything else without Christ, really. ",
"Might sound extreme, but, well, it is!).",
"\n\nI was planning to just hole up somewhere and chill out on my own most of the night, but a bunch of staffworkers from Newcastle asked me to go to see Elizabeth: the Golden Age, and I jumped at the chance to get out and see a movie. ",
"I don’t seem to do enough of that anymore.",
"\n\nThe movie was gorgeous to look at, but I found it quite disjointed and disappointing in its portrayal of religion, and the way it played fast and loose with historical facts (though I didn’t really expect anything else). ",
"The Catholics (especially the Spanish Catholics) were all zealots and going to war as ordained by God; the English Protestants were basically just English – England was the thing that mattered, and God didn’t really get a look in, even though they were staking their whole identity on a question of religion. ",
"I need to do more reading on church history to get the facts straight in my head; that’s the problem with this type of movie, the glossy narrative and visuals tend to stick more than something you read in a book.",
"\n\nBut it’s interesting how there were resonances there with what David Brown, the General Secretary of the GBU, said in his talk last night about student work in France (GBU is the French equivalent of AFES). ",
"He was explaining why the French have the attitude they do to Christianity, and said that basically they have had it ingrained in them for centuries that religion equals war. ",
"Having seen some of that portrayed in the movie tonight, it’s easy to see how people would believe that.",
"\n\nThe passage Richard was speaking from this morning was about the four horsemen of the apocalypse that bring conquest, leading to war, leading to famine, leading to death. ",
"The language is poetic and symbolic, and can be hard to get your head around. ",
"But the fact is this: it isn’t some vision of the future, of things that will happen someday. ",
"This is the world we live in now. ",
"It makes us weep and cry for justice when we see the things that are happening in our world, when we see man’s inhumanity to man.",
"\n\nYet the only one who can bring peace and justice and restore things to right is our God. ",
"Not a Queen. ",
"Not a regime. ",
"Not any earthly power, be it a treaty, United Nations, or international war tribunal. ",
"Only God can do that. ",
"And the way he chose to do that was through giving his son as the atoning sacrifice for all this evil, all this suffering, all this sin in the world so that we would be washed clean of all this filth. ",
"It’s quite incredible. ",
"Revelation uses the symbolic imagery of the Lamb (= Christ, the innocent sacrifice), and his blood washing us white as snow. ",
"As Richard said, it’s bizarre! ",
"Have you ever tried to get a stain out by using lamb’s blood? ",
"But that’s the image – that through Christ’s sacrifice on the cross, we are made perfect in God’s sight. ",
"What a wonderful thing.",
"\n\nIn his love and infinite patience, God is waiting for us to turn back to him so that many more can be with him in the new creation…what a glorious day that will be!",
"\n\nThen one of the elders asked me, “These in white robes—who are they, and where did they come from?”",
"\n\nI answered, “Sir, you know.”",
"\n\nAnd he said, “These are they who have come out of the great tribulation; they have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb.",
"\n\nTherefore, “they are before the throne of God and serve him day and night in his temple; and he who sits on the throne will spread his tent over them.",
"Never again will they hunger; never again will they thirst. ",
"The sun will not beat upon them, nor any scorching heat.",
"For the Lamb at the center of the throne will be their shepherd; he will lead them to springs of living water. ",
"And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes.”"
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[
"1. ",
"Introduction\n===============\n\nThe prevalence of obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m^2^, has increased dramatically over the last four decades, reaching almost one third of the populations of developed countries of North America and Europe, and with overweight levels (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m^2^) of more than 40% of the population in Brazil \\[[@B1-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"This is associated with a significant increase of comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea, musculoskeletal diseases and neoplasias \\[[@B2-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Studies have shown that even small weight losses of 5--10% of body weight, independently of how they were achieved, are associated with an improvement of the cardiovascular risk profile and a lower incidence of T2DM \\[[@B3-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nIn recent years, obesity has been considered a metabolic and neuroendocrine disease, which results from the interface between an obesogenic environment and an intrinsic genetic predisposition. ",
"Despite this, lifestyle changes proposed in the treatment of obesity are essential and may be effective, but the rates of long term success tend to be low.",
"\n\nIn this context, obesity pharmacotherapy plays an important role. ",
"The major limitations of obesity pharmacotherapy are the modest efficacy seen with the medications currently available and the limited availability of medications (orlistat and sibutramine) for long term treatment \\[[@B4-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B5-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\], although there might still be a place for catecholaminergic drugs as an option of second-line treatment \\[[@B6-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nIn a recent meta-analysis, it was shown that both sibutramine and orlistat alone lead to placebo-subtracted weight loss on average of 3--5%, although the proportion of individuals with weight losses greater than 5% was of 54 and 55%, compared with 27 and 33% for placebo \\[[@B4-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"When weight losses of over 10% were analyzed, 26 and 28% were found with the medications against 10 and 14% with the placebo \\[[@B4-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"However, less than 10% of the patients continued using the medications after 1one year \\[[@B7-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Slowing of the weight loss rate with failure to reach the expected weight is one of the factors which lead to loss of motivation and abandonment of treatment, besides the discomfort of chronic use and possible side effects.",
"\n\nThis modest efficacy contrasts with the maintained weight loss and the low rates of therapeutic failure achieved in patients submitted to bariatric surgery, resulting in a significant reduction of comorbidities and increased life expectancy \\[[@B8-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nIn addition, sibutramine was taken off the European market in 2009 due to the results of the *Sibutramine Cardiovascular OUtcomes Trial* (SCOUT) \\[[@B9-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\] which showed increased cardiovascular mortality in patients using the medication in the group with prior cardiovascular disease. ",
"Although still available in other countries, the drug should not be recommended for this subgroup of patients.",
"\n\nTherefore, at the same time new drugs are being tested, it seems attractive to use different strategies, such as combination of medications. ",
"Considering that obesity is a multifactorial disease, with environmental factors linked to genetic factors, it is expected that drug monotherapy may result in unsatisfactory outcomes. ",
"In analogy to the treatment of hypertension, where a combination of antihypertensive agents with different mechanisms of action is widely used to control blood pressure, obesity treatment using combinations of medications, working synergistically or in parallel \\[[@B10-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\], can result in a higher chance of weight loss and a reduction in the dropout rates.",
"\n\nAlthough little data exists for the use of combinations, in a questionnaire answered by obesity specialists in the US, 85% prescribed combinations of drugs, and 65% of them prescribed combinations not approved for obesity treatment. ",
"This result is very relevant and shows us how important is to study and publish more about this issue \\[[@B11-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nIn this review, anti-obesity drug combinations in general will be discussed, covering those already studied, those still awaiting final results to be released and also those which are used empirically in clinical practice. ",
"It is worth noting that with regard to the drugs in initial studies, much of the information and clinical outcomes are from the pharmaceutical companies own websites, since they have not been yet submitted to peer-review in medical journals. ",
"Therefore, these results are subject to potential conflicts of interest. [",
"Table 1](#pharmaceuticals-03-02398-t001){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Table 2](#pharmaceuticals-03-02398-t002){ref-type=\"table\"} list all the combinations covered in this review.",
"\n\npharmaceuticals-03-02398-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nEstablished mechanisms of action of combinations of drugs for the treatment of obesity.",
"\n\n Drug Combination Mechanisms of Action\n ------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n **Bupropion¹ + Naltrexone²** ¹Inhibits norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake (stimulates POMC) and ²blocks opioid receptor (prevents auto-inhibition of β-endorphine on POMC pathway)\n **Bupropion¹ + Zonisamide²** ¹Inhibits norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake (stimulates POMC) and ²rises serotonin and dopamine levels (stimulates POMC and inhibits AgRP)\n **Phentermine¹ + Topiramate²** ¹Increases norepinephrine release and ²unknown mechanism---in animal models reduces appetite and increases thermogenesis and fat oxidation\n **Phentermine¹ + 5-HTP/Carbidopa²** ¹Increases norepinephrine release and ²inhibits peripheral conversion of 5-HTP to serotonin, reducing chance of nausea, more 5-HTP reaches the CNS and is transformed to serotonin\n **Pramlintide¹ + Metreleptin²** ¹Amylin analog---increases satiety and reduces food intake, and ²reverses effects of weight loss in energy expenditure; synergistic action with pramlintide in anorexigenic signaling in CNS\n **Pramlintide¹ + Sibutramine²** ¹Amylin analog---increases satiety and reduces food intake, and ²inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake; synergistic action with pramlintide in anorexigenic signaling in CNS\n **Pramlintide¹ + Phentermine²** ¹Amylin analog---increases satiety and reduces food intake, and ²increases norepinephrine release; ²synergistic action with pramlintide in anorexigenic signaling in CNS\n\nPOMC: Proopiomelanocortin; AgRP: Agouti-related peptide; 5-HTP: 5-Hydroxytryptophan; CNS: Central nervous system.",
"\n\npharmaceuticals-03-02398-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nBriefing of available data of off-label combinations of drugs for the treatment of obesity.",
"\n\n Off-Label Combination of Drugs Briefing of Available Data\n --------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n **Orlistat + Sibutramine** Few studies---weight loss similar to sibutramine alone One clinical series with good results\n **Orlistat +Metformin** One study---no benefit in association in non insulin resistant women\n **Phentermine + 5-HTP/Carbidopa** Widely used---no controlled studies\n Clinical series suggests good results \n **Orlistat and noradrenergic drugs** No studies\n **Orlistat and topiramate** No studies. ",
"Safe to use in patients with other indications of topiramate (migraine, epilepsy, eating disorders)\n **Orlistat and antidepressants** No studies. ",
"Safe to use in patients with indications of antidepressants use (anxiety or eating disorders, depression)\n **Sibutramine and topiramate** No studies. ",
"Both acts in CNS, via different mechanisms---no data about safety\n\nCNS: Central nervous system; 5-HTP: 5-Hydroxytryptophan.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Pros and Cons of Combined Medication Therapy\n===============================================\n\nThe possible advantages of combination drug therapy are as follow \\[[@B12-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]: (1)Increased efficacy of treatment through synergic or additive action;(2)Promotion of endogenous synergism;(3)Medications with different pharmacodynamic actions and that act on different pathways may \"beat\" the compensatory mechanisms involved in homeostasis and thus prevent or delay the formation of the *plateau* during the effort to lose weight or combination of medications with opposite side effects, such as a medication associated with insomnia with another to drowsiness, could increase the tolerability of the treatment.(4)Combination of low doses could reduce the risk of adverse effects;\n\nThe disadvantages include: (1)Increased incidence of side effects, due to additive action and interaction of medications;(2)Inflexibility of dosing in combo drugs prescribed in a single agent;(3)Cost of treatment.",
"\n\n3. ",
"History of Combined Medical Therapy\n======================================\n\nSome drug combinations have already been studied in the past and stopped being used. ",
"It is worth remembering that the suspension of the commercialization of these combinations was on account of side effects of one of their components and not due to any negative interaction between the drugs.",
"\n\n3.1. ",
"Phentermine and Fenfluramine\n---------------------------------\n\nPhentermine is a catecholaminergic substance that increases the release of noradrenaline in the central nervous system (CNS), available for obesity treatment in the United States of America (USA) since 1959 (in doses of up to 37.5 mg/day) \\[[@B13-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B14-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Weight loss is the result of the reduction of caloric ingestion through reduced appetite, with previous randomized studies showing reductions of 5 to 15% of initial weight in up to 60% of the patients after 16 to 36 weeks of treatment \\[[@B13-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B14-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nFenfluramine raises the synaptic levels of serotonin in the CNS by stimulating the secretion and inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin. ",
"Dexfenfluramine is a highly selective D-isomer, which also leads to increased levels of serotonin and stimulates the hypothalamus \\[[@B15-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"A randomized study performed with dexfenfluramine showed significantly greater weight loss than placebo \\[[@B16-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nThe combination of fenfluramine and phentermine resulted in a reduction of side effects and increased efficacy, even in lower doses, when compared to use of either medications by itself \\[[@B17-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"This combination was widely used before fenfluramine was banned from the market in 1997 due to increased risk of valvulopathy and primary pulmonary hypertension \\[[@B18-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\n3.2. ",
"Ephedrine, Caffeine and Acetylsalicylic Acid\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nEphedrine is a nonspecific beta-adrenergic agonist which promotes weight loss through increasing thermogenesis. ",
"Cafeine and acetylsalicylic acid reduce the degradation of ephedrine, potentiating its action \\[[@B19-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"The use of ephedrine combined with caffeine and/or acetylsalicylic acid is approved as a combination therapy for the treatment of weight loss in many countries \\[[@B20-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"In 1977, in Denmark, more than 70,000 patients used the combination of ephedrine with caffeine and even phenobarbital, which was withdrawn from the \"formula\" after reports of serious skin reactions. ",
"The combination of ephedrine and caffeine (20/200 mg) three times a day (tid) for 24 weeks proved to be more effective for weight loss than placebo or monotherapy with its components \\[[@B21-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Many studies however have raised concerns about the safety of ephedrine and its derivatives, and the commercialization of ephedra alkaloids was banned in the United States in 2004 due to adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects \\[[@B23-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B24-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\], although ephedrine is still commercialized for use under rigorous monitoring. ",
"Around 1.4% of specialist physicians in US still use ephedrine with caffeine for treatment of obesity \\[[@B11-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\n4. ",
"Combinations Currently in Use and Being Studied\n==================================================\n\n4.1. ",
"Sibutramine and Orlistat\n-----------------------------\n\nSibutramine and its metabolites act in the CNS inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, resulting in reduction of appetite, increase in satiety and possible increase of thermogenesis \\[[@B9-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B15-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B24-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nOrlistat is a synthetic hydrogenated derivative of lipstatin which partially inhibits the gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase and carboxyl ester lipase enzymes. ",
"These enzymes work hydrolyzing the dietary triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides, which are subsequently absorbed by the mucosal cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. ",
"Orlistat reduces the absorption of ingested fat by 30%, increasing its excretion in the feces \\[[@B25-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nSince the mechanisms of action of these two medications are very distinct, their combined use was evaluated in some studies. ",
"In obese women who had already been using subutramine for one year, the combination of orlistat *versus* placebo for 16 weeks did not result in greater weight losses \\[[@B26-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nTwo studies were conducted at different centers in Turkey, with similar results \\[[@B27-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B28-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"In a randomized open-label study of 12 weeks, treatment with diet alone (n = 19) was compared with diet combined with the use of sibutramine (n = 22), orlistat (n = 25) and sibutramine combined with orlistat (n = 20) \\[[@B27-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"The combination of sibutramine and orlistat proved more effective in the reduction of BMI in relation to monotherapy with orlistat (p \\< 0.001), but not significantly superior to sibutramine alone. ",
"Placebo-subtracted weight loss of the combined therapy was 6.5% (13.4% combination *vs.* 6.9% placebo). ",
"It is noteworthy that this clinical trial, like many others in the obesity field, had a run-in phase which required weight loss of 2.5 kg, a method highly criticized by authors in the field \\[[@B29-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nAnother study involving 89 obese women, showed a mean weight loss of 5.5%, 10.2% and 10.6% with orlistat alone, sibutramine alone and combined therapy, respectively, once again with no statistical difference between the latter two groups. ",
"Despite these disappointing results, around 14% of obesity specialists reported to use this combination in clinical practice \\[[@B28-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nA large clinical series done by our group was developed to evaluate the efficacy of the combination of sibutramine and orlistat in 446 individuals for six months, with concomitant dietary counseling \\[[@B10-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Weight loss in three and six months was 9.9 and 13.4% for women and 8.7 and 12.3% for men. ",
"After six months, 88.7% of the patients that finished the study had lost more than 5% of baseline weight and 66% had lost more than 10%. ",
"The rate of discontinuation was 37%. ",
"Although an open-label study, we consider not only the number of patients enrolled to be expressive but also the proportion of patients with significant weight loss.",
"\n\nIn summary, studies of combinations that are safe and widely used in clinical practice worldwide are still very scarce. ",
"It is our belief that this combination appears to provide satisfactory results, although this was not confirmed in randomized controlled studies. ",
"In contrast with our opinion, some specialists in the obesity field believe that concomitant use of drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract with centrally acting drugs does not result in additional weight compared to the latter by itself \\[[@B30-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\n4.2. ",
"Orlistat/Metformin\n-----------------------\n\nOnly one study evaluated orlistat in combination with metformin \\[[@B31-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\], an insulin-sensitizing drug known to modestly reduce weight in insulin resistant patients \\[[@B32-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Fifty seven obese women without glucose intolerance were randomly assigned to receive orlistat, 360 mg/d, or orlistat, 360 mg/d, plus metformin, 1,700 mg/d. No differences were observed with respect to weight loss or insulin resistance indexes. ",
"At present, metformin for weight loss should only be used in patients with carbohydrate metabolism disturbances.",
"\n\n4.3. ",
"Bupropion/Naltrexone\n-------------------------\n\nThe combination of bupropion with naltrexone (Contrave^®^) has been studied for some years by the pharmaceutical company Orexigen Therapeutics Inc. as a potential agent in the treatment of obesity \\[[@B33-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Bupropion is a reuptake inhibitor of dopamine and norepinephrine currently approved for the treatment of depression and as a supporting aid for smoking cessation, with effective yet modest results in weight loss \\[[@B34-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nNaltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist, initially approved as a treatment for opiate addiction, and later, for alcohol dependence. ",
"Studies carried out on a small number of patients using naltrexone in monotherapy as an anti-obesity agent proved frustrating, with little or no reduction in body weight \\[[@B35-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nDespite these drugs having a modest efficacy when used in isolation, current understanding of the complex processes of central and peripheral appetite regulation \\[[@B36-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B37-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\] enabled the hypothesis of a possible synergistic effect of their combination. ",
"The increase of dopamine and norepinephrine levels mediated by bupropion stimulates the neural activity of proopiomelanocortin (POMC). ",
"POMC neurons, which located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, when stimulated leads to the formation of other peptides. ",
"POMC is cleaved into α-MSH and β-endorphin. ",
"Beta-endorphin exerts negative feedback inhibition on POMC activity and increases food intake. ",
"Naltrexone, by inihibiting opioid receptors, releases POMC neurons from the feedback inhibition exerted by beta-endorphin. ",
"The increase of α-MSH leads to the activation of MC4R and of the secondary signaling pathways which results in increased energy expenditure and reduction of appetite \\[[@B38-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B39-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nAdditionally, some studies on rats have demonstrated that the ingestion of palatable foods (e.g., candies) leads to increased β-endorphin levels in the hypothalamus. ",
"With this data, it is assumed that the release of opioids has a role in the expression of food palatability, and *vice-versa* \\[[@B35-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Some anecdotal reports in humans in the 1980s suggest that naltrexone, although not directly affecting hunger, decreases the feelings of pleasure associated with the act of eating, which culminates with reduced ingestion of food \\[[@B35-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"The synergistic effect of this combination was proven in studies in rodents, in which a reduction in food intake was shown both in lean and diet-induced obesity mice, compared with both drugs in monotherapy and placebo \\[[@B39-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nA double-blind phase 2 randomized study with a 24-week duration, with 419 patients, compared three different doses of immediate release (IR) naltrexone (16, 32 and 48 mg/d), in combination with bupropion sustained release (SR), 400 mg/d, with placebo, bupropion SR, 400 mg/d, and naltrexone IR, 48 mg/d, in monotherapy \\[[@B40-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nPatients receiving bupropion alone or the three doses of the combination were followed for an additional 24 week-extension. ",
"In 24 weeks the weight loss by intent-to-treat analysis (ITT) was 5.4%, 5.4% and 4.3% for the combination of bupropion with naltrexone, 16 mg (NB16), 32 mg (NB32) and 48 mg (NB48) respectively, against 2.7% for bupropion, 1.2% for naltrexone and 0.8% for placebo. ",
"The lower weight loss seen in the patients receiving NB48 was justified by the higher dropout rate (63%) due to side effects in this group. ",
"After 24 weeks, there was no sign of a plateau in any of the three combination groups, and in the final analysis of 48 weeks, the NB32 combination reached a higher success rate with an average weight loss of 6.6%. ",
"It was also found in other phase 2 studies that naltrexone SR resulted in fewer side effects compared to the IR formulation \\[[@B39-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nBased on these results, phase 3 studies were designed accordingly, using naltrexone SR in doses of 16 and 32 mg/d and bupropion SR, 360 mg/d, on a twice-daily basis (bid). ",
"The COR-I trial randomized 1.742 patients for NB16, NB32 or placebo, with four weeks of titration of medication and a duration of 56 weeks \\[[@B33-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"The placebo-subtracted weight loss (PSWL) by ITT analysis was 3.7 and 4.8% for NB16 and NB32, respectively. ",
"The COR-II trial tested NB32 in 1,001 patients, against 495 that received placebo \\[[@B33-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"The results were similar to those of COR-I, with PSWL by ITT analysis of 5.2%. ",
"The proportion of patients with ≥ 5% reduction of initial weight compared to placebo was also similar in COR-I (48 *vs*. ",
"16%) and in COR II (56 *vs*. ",
"17%).",
"\n\nDropout rates were high for both studies (46 and 51%, no difference compared to placebo), with around half of the cases being directly related to side effects. ",
"The most commonly observed side effect was nausea, around 30%, compared to 5 and 6% in the placebo group. ",
"The incidence occurred mainly in the initial weeks of treatment, still within the titration phase, with a tendency to fall after the fourth week. ",
"Other side effects significantly more common than placebo, in order of frequency were: Constipation, headache, dizziness, vomiting and dry mouth. ",
"There was no significantly higher incidence of adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, nor in relation to depressive disorders or suicidal ideation. ",
"BP of patients using the combination remained unchanged after 56 weeks, with a slight decrease of 2 mmHg in the placebo group, and a negligible increase of one beat per minute in the heart rate of the treated patients. ",
"Three serious events were reported, possibly related to the use of one component of the combination: seizure (one), paresthesias (one) and palpitations with dyspnea and anxiety (one).",
"\n\n4.4. ",
"Bupropion/Zonisamide\n-------------------------\n\nAlthough in earlier stage of development, the combination of bupropion/zonisamide also seems promising as an anti-obesity drug. ",
"Zonisamide has been used as an antiepileptic drug in Japan since 1989, being approved for such use in the United States (USA) and in some European countries in the early 2000s. ",
"In some short-term studies of treatment of epileptic patients with zonisamide, weight loss was observed as a side effect \\[[@B41-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"The mechanism of action for the antiepileptic activity of this medication is not totally clear, but it is believed that it is linked of sodium and calcium channels blockage. *",
"In vitro* evidence has also shown that this drug leads to an increase in serotonergic and dopaminergic activity. ",
"It is assumed that this mechanism explains, at least in part, its effects as a weight-reducing agent. ",
"Another property of zonisamide is the relatively weak inhibition of carbonic anhydrase activity. ",
"This evidence highlights previous reports of taste alteration with other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., topiramate, acetazolamide), thus possibly leading to an anorectic effect.",
"\n\nA double-blind randomized pilot study with 60 patients, showed after 16 weeks a weight loss of 6.0% *vs*. ",
"1.0% of for zonisamide in monotherapy (usual dose of 400 mg/d) and placebo, respectively, in association with a hypocaloric diet with a 500 kcal/d deficit \\[[@B42-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"An open-label extension of the study for additional 16 weeks with 37 patients showed continuation of these findings with a final result of 9.4% *vs*. ",
"1.8% reduction of the initial weight. ",
"The drug was well tolerated in this study, with fatigue being the only side effect reported with a higher incidence in the active group than in the placebo. ",
"As seen in other studies of epileptic patients, there was a significant increase of serum creatinine of 0.13 mg/dL in the treated group compared to 0.03 mg/dL in the placebo group. ",
"In a subsequent study with obese patients with binge eating disorder (BED), zonisamide (in doses up to 600 mg/day) also proved effective both in reducing weight and in controlling bingeing episodes \\[[@B43-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nHowever, this study raised concerns regarding its tolerability, since eight out of 30 patients using the drug abandoned the study due to side effects, which included psychological complaints (two), cognitive changes (two) and even accidental injury with bone fracture (two).",
"\n\nOrexigen Therapeutics Inc. also decided to register the patent of zonisamide with bupropion (Empatic^®^). ",
"In the phase 2 studies conducted so far, it has chosen to test lower doses of zonisamide (120 and 360 mg/d) with doses of bupropion the same as of Contrave^®^ (360 mg/d), bid \\[[@B33-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"A 24-week long study of 320 patients showed by ITT analysis loss of 7.5%; 6.1% and 1.4% of initial weight for the combination of bupropion with zonisamide, 360 mg/d (ZB360), zonisamide, 120 mg/d (ZB120), and placebo, respectively (PSWL of 6.1% for ZB360 and 4.7% for ZB120) \\[[@B33-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"The most common side effects shown were headache (13--15%), insomnia (12--15%) and nausea (8--12%). ",
"No serious adverse effects were reported on cognitive function, depression, suicidal ideation or anxiety. ",
"Currently, this combination is awaiting completion of phase 3 studies.",
"\n\n4.5. ",
"Phentermine /Topiramate\n----------------------------\n\nTopiramate is a medication originally approved for the treatment of epilepsy, which currently is also widely prescribed for migraine prophylaxis. ",
"Some studies in the early 2000s proved the efficacy of this drug to reduce the weight of obese patients (in tested doses of 64 to 384 mg/d) \\[[@B44-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\], a fact previously observed in clinical trials involving normal and obese epileptic patients. ",
"The efficacy of the drug increased very mildly with doses greater than 192 mg/d, and with the inconvenience of increased side effects. ",
"One point of interest observed in these studies was the continuation of weight loss for over a year of treatment, without the plateau usually seen after around six months with the use of other existing drugs. ",
"\\[[@B44-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Topiramate was also tested in obese patients with BED, with good results for weight loss and reduction of bingeing scores \\[[@B45-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nHowever, despite showing promising efficacy, the enthusiasm with the drug diminished considerably due to the elevated incidence of side effects, such as paresthesias, memory changes, concentration impairment and mood swings. ",
"While it is known that it exerts its anti-epileptic activity through blocking sodium and calcium channels, enhancing the action of the GABA and carbonic anhydrase inhibition, its mechanism of action as a weight-loss agent is still poorly understood. ",
"In animal models, topiramate reduces both appetite and interferes with the efficiency of energy use, by increasing thermogenesis and fat oxidation, probably through stimulation of lipoprotein lipase in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle \\[[@B44-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nBy combining lower doses of topiramate with phentermine, which act by different pathways, the pharmaceutical company Vivus Inc. aimed to increase the positive results and minimize the chance of side effects. ",
"Supposedly, the light stimulative effect of phentermine on the CNS could overcome the negative effects of topiramate on memory and cognition. ",
"Three doses of this combination (Qnexa^®^) were tested: low (phentermine IR 3.75 mg/topiramate SR 23 mg), medium (phentermine IR 7.5 mg/topiramate SR 46 mg) and high (phentermine IR 15 mg/topiramate SR 92 mg). ",
"The EQUATE phase 2 study evaluated 776 patients for a period of 28 weeks (including a 4-week titration phase), where the patients were randomly selected for placebo, phentermine or topiramate in monotherapy in the medium and high doses and Qnexa^®^ in medium and high doses \\[[@B46-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"At the end of the study, patients receiving Qnexa^®^ both in medium and high doses lost significantly more weight than phentermine or topiramate high dose in monotherapy or placebo, proving, therefore, the synergistic effect of the combination (ITT analysis, high dose Qnexa^®^: −9.2%; medium dose Qnexa^®^: −8.5%; topiramate 92 mg: −6.4%; phentermine 15 mg: −6.1%; placebo: −1.7%).",
"\n\nThe results from phase 3 studies, with 56 weeks of duration, were recently reported. ",
"The EQUIP trial, involving 1.267 obese patients with BMI \\> 35 kg/m^2^, showed by ITT analysis reduction of 11.0%, 5.1% and 1.6% for Qnexa^®^ high dose, low dose and placebo, respectively (PSWL of 9.4% for high dose and 3.5% for low dose) \\[[@B46-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"The CONQUER trial evaluated 2.487 patients with BMI between 27--45 kg/m^2^ with two or more comorbidities. ",
"By ITT analysis, the results were similar, with loss of 10.4%, 8.4% and 1.8% for Qnexa^®^ high dose, medium dose and placebo, respectively. (",
"PSWL of 8.6% for high dose and 6.6% for medium dose) \\[[@B46-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"There was significant improvement of a number of cardiovascular risk markers in patients using the medication, including: Waist circumference, systolic and diastolic BP and lipids in general. ",
"Significant improvements were reported in fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and HOMA index in diabetic patients for both doses.",
"\n\nThe most common side effects, in order of frequency, were: dry mouth, paresthesias, constipation, upper respiratory tract infection, taste alteration and insomnia. ",
"The dropout rate ranged from 31 to 43% for patients taking Qnexa^®^ and 47% for the patients on placebo. ",
"Eighteen per cent of patients taking Qnexa^®^ high dose discontinued the study because of side effects compared to 9% for the placebo group. ",
"Clinically significant changes in cognitive function, depression and anxiety, or effects on psychomotor skills were not reported in greater frequence by patients taking the medication. ",
"It is unclear if the lower incidence of adverse effects with Qnexa^®^ compared to earlier studies involving topiramate is related to the use of lower doses of this drug or because of its SR formulation.",
"\n\n4.6. ",
"Pramlintide/Metreleptin\n----------------------------\n\nThe control of energy homeostasis and body weight involves complex interactions between the CNS and peripheral neurohormonal signals from the adipose tissue, pancreas and GI tract \\[[@B36-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B37-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B47-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nThese interactions include the integration of long-term adiposity signals, like insulin and leptin, and short-term satiety signals, such as amylin, peptide YY, incretins and cholecystokinin. ",
"Insulin and leptin show tonic secretion by the pancreas and adipose tissue, respectively, while the others are episodically secreted in response to the presence of food in the GI tract \\[[@B48-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B49-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nAmylin is a 37-amino acid peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin by pancreatic β-cells, which binds to receptors in the hindbrain, leading to increased satiety and a reduction in food intake \\[[@B48-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"In previous studies with obese patients on monotherapy, this hormone showed maintained and prolonged weight loss \\[[@B49-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Pramlintide, an amylin analog, has shown to be effective in promoting weight loss in obese patients when used in monotherapy \\[[@B50-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nLeptin is a neurohormone secreted predominantly by adipocytes which bind to receptors in the hypothalamus, presenting a key role in the regulation of long-term energy homeostasis \\[[@B34-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B47-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B48-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"It is known that humans leptin-deficient present severe hyperphagia and morbid obesity and that the replacement of methyl-recombinant human leptin (metreleptin) in these patients leads to an almost complete reversal of this phenotype. ",
"However, in obese patients without leptin deficiency, the administration of this substance alone in monotherapy, even in high pharmacological doses, failed to produce substantial weight loss \\[[@B51-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"It is important to understand how these substances interact with one another, both in the dynamic weight loss phase and in the weight-reduced phase. ",
"The circulating levels of leptin drop rapidly after diet-induced weight loss, raising a series of counterregulatory hormonal, metabolic and autonomic responses, responsible for maintaining the initial weight \\[[@B52-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"This is one of the compensatory mechanisms which hinders the progression or even the maintenance of a determined reduction of body weight. ",
"Interestingly, it was demonstrated previously that restoration of basal leptin levels, through the replacement of metreleptin in humans undergoing diet-induced weight loss, helps to alleviate these counterregulatory responses of weight loss \\[[@B53-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"In this study, Rosenbaum *et al.* ",
"elegantly demonstrated that, after metreleptin administration, energy expenditure, skeletal muscle work efficiency, sympathetic nervous system tone, and circulating concentrations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine returned to pre--weight-loss levels \\[[@B52-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nDiet-induced leptin fall also contributed to reduce the anorexigenic effect of the satiety signals in the hindbrain. ",
"On the other hand, there is growing recognition that hindbrain signals may exert important effects on leptin signaling in the hypothalamus \\[[@B36-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B47-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B48-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nPreclinical studies in rats with diet-induced obesity showed that combined treatment with amylin and leptin led to a pronounced response and synergy in the reduction of food intake (up to 45%) and of body weight (up to 15%) \\[[@B53-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\nIt was proven that weigh loss was fat-specific and not accompanied by reductions of energy expenditure and fat oxidation normally seen with caloric restriction. ",
"These figures corroborated, therefore, the hypothesis that the combination of pramlintide with metreleptin would have a potential role in the treatment of obese humans.",
"\n\nThe first clinical trial with this combination involved 177 obese patients with BMI between 30--35 kg/m^2^ (81%), or overweight patients with BMI between 27--30 kg/m^2^, with increased waist circumference (men \\> 102 cm, women \\> 88 cm) \\[[@B48-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"The study had a total duration of 24 weeks, with the first four weeks of titration of pramlintide (180 mcg bid in the first two weeks and 360 mcg bid in the following two, subcutaneously), in combination with a 40% calorie deficit diet. ",
"After this period, the patients who had lost from 2--8% of initial weight (n = 139) were randomly divided in a proportion of 1:2:2 to receive metreleptin, 5 mg bid, pramlintide, 360 mcg bid, or the combination. ",
"According to the authors, at the time of the study there were not sufficient placebo vials which explained the non-inclusion of this group. ",
"After 24 weeks, weight loss was significantly higher in the group receiving the combined treatment of pramlintide/metreleptin (−12.7%) than pramlintide (−8.4%) or metreleptin (−8.2%) alone. ",
"These findings were published in relation to the population which completed the study, and the authors did not disclose numerical data regarding the ITT analysis, albeit reported this difference to be significant. ",
"Although within normal range during screening, there was a trend towards improved levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, glycemia, insulinemia and insulin resistance measured by HOMA.",
"\n\nThe commonest side effects reported were adverse reactions at the site of injection (pain, erythema, 58.9%) and nausea (12.5%). ",
"Other side effects were much less frequent, occurring in up to 5% of the cases, and included nasopharyngitis, headache, constipation, and diarrhea. ",
"Dropout rates were indifferent between the groups, ranging from 30--34%. ",
"One patient in each group left due to adverse reactions at the site of injection and one patient in the combined treatment group abandoned due to nausea. ",
"Four patients had already left the study due to nausea in the initial weeks of pramlintide titration.",
"\n\n4.7. ",
"Pramlintide/Sibutramine or Phentermine\n-------------------------------------------\n\nA randomized controlled trial compared the safety and efficacy of pramlintide alone or in combination with either oral sibutramine or phentermine \\[[@B54-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Following a 1-week placebo lead-in, 244 obese or overweight, nondiabetic received placebo subcutaneously (sc) tid, or pramlintide sc, 120 mcg tid, either isolatedly or in association with sibutramine, 10 mg/d, or phentermine, 37.5 mg/d, for 24 weeks.",
"\n\nAt the end of the study, weight loss was similar for the combinations of pramlintide/sibutramine (11.3 ± 1.2 kg) and pramlintide/phentermine (11.3 ± 0.9 kg) and significantly greater than that observed for pramlintide alone (3.6 ± 0.7 kg) and placebo (2.1 ± 0.9 kg). ",
"PSWL was 1.5% for pramlintide alone, 8.9% for pramlintide/sibutramine and 9.1% for pramlintide/phentermine \\[[@B54-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Treatment was single-blind for subjects receiving sc medication only and open-label for subjects in the combination arms. ",
"Weight loss with both combinations seemed to be greater than that observed previously for the oral drugs in monotherapy, although the absence of such groups in this trial does not allow a direct comparison. ",
"Therefore, although this combination might become a novel promising tool of obesity pharmacotherapy, randomized controlled trials assessing this issue should be developed aiming a definitive answer.",
"\n\n4.8. ",
"Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/PYY 3-36\n-------------------------------------\n\nGlucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a gut hormone rapidly secreted in response to food intake \\[[@B55-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"GLP-1 inhibits gastric emptying and the secretion of glucagon and stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion, lowering glycemia \\[[@B37-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B55-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Peripheral administration of GLP-1 in obese diabetic subjects demonstrated a reduction in food ingestion \\[[@B56-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"A GLP-1 agonist, exenatide (Byetta^®^), when administered sc bid, leads to moderate and discreet weight loss in patients with T2DM \\[[@B57-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Moreover, liraglutide, a GLP-1 homologue, when administered sc once a day, promoted weight loss and reduced obesity-related risk factors and prediabetes in obese subjects without type 2 diabetes \\[[@B58-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Peptide YY (PYY 3-36) is gut hormone which is also secreted after a meal \\[[@B37-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B59-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Intravenous infusion of PYY 3-36 has shown to produce a 30% reduction of food ingestion \\[[@B60-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Some studies have also shown that combining oral administration of GLP-1, 2 mg, and PYY 3-36, 1 mg, may lead to a reduction of food intake \\[[@B61-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\].",
"\n\n5. ",
"Off-Label Combinations Used in Clinical Practice without Studies\n===================================================================\n\n5.1. ",
"Phentermine/5-HTP + Carbidopa\n----------------------------------\n\n5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is the precursor of serotonin \\[[@B62-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\] and is known, in high doses (900 mg/d), to induce weight loss, although with a high rate of side effects (mainly nausea, due to conversion to serotonin). ",
"Carbidopa inhibits the peripheral conversion of 5-HTP to serotonin, attenuating the side effects and allowing 5-HTP to reach the CNS, where it will be converted to serotonin \\[[@B62-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"There are no trials studying the combination of phentermine with 5-HTP/Carbidopa, but 20% of obesity specialists in the USA reported to use this combination in clinical practice \\[[@B11-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\], more than the use of sibutramine or orlistat. ",
"After this publication, one retrospective review of 22 patients sent by one of the members of the American Society of Bariatric Physicians showed that after six months of treatment with phentermine (with a weight loss of 16%), the addition of 5-HTP-Carbidopa resulted in an extra weight loss of 1% in the next six months, a reasonable result considering the expressive weight loss saw in the first six months \\[[@B11-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Another clinical series involving 100 subjects showed 5% weight loss after four weeks using this combination and 18% after six months in patients who had not discontinued \\[[@B63-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Randomized controlled studies are likely to be done in the following years, based on these data and the large number of prescriptions.",
"\n\n5.2. ",
"Orlistat/Noradrenergic Drugs\n---------------------------------\n\nThe combination of orlistat with noradrenergic drugs is frequently used in clinical practice, albeit the safety and efficacy of this combination has not been assessed in randomized controlled studies. ",
"Considering they act on different pathways \\[[@B4-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B5-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B6-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B13-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B14-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\] and that the pharmodynamic characteristics of these medications do not imply a greater risk of side effects with their combination, the use of orlistat in doses of 240 to 360 mg/d before meals and catecholaminergic drugs in standard dosages, may result in an additive effect on weight loss, validating this combination for the treatment of obesity. ",
"Despite studies with catecholaminergic drugs have mainly been done for short periods of less than 24 weeks, we have recently shown that long-term use of diethylpropion can be safe and effective in a well-selected population.",
"\n\n5.3. ",
"Orlistat/Topiramate\n------------------------\n\nTopiramate use as monotherapy for obesity treatment is not recommended as its usual side effects greatly reduce the tolerability and safety of the medication. ",
"However, for specific groups of patients, such as those who present associated conditions which indicate the need for treatment with topiramate (e.g., migraine, epilepsy or anxiety disorders), the combination of orlistat for an additive effect of weight loss seems reasonable, since they have distinct mechanisms of action and apparently there is no interaction between these two medications.",
"\n\n5.4. ",
"Orlistat/Antidepressants\n-----------------------------\n\nAnxiety disorders, depression and eating disorders are considered risk factors for obesity. ",
"The treatment of these illnesses with antidepressants many times results in weight variation, depending on the drug class that is used \\[[@B15-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B34-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B64-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B65-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"For instance, tricyclic antidepressants and paroxetine may result in pronounced weight gain, while other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., fluoxetine and sertraline) and serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (e.g., duloxetine and venlafaxine) have shown to be neutral or even promote modest weight loss \\[[@B15-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B65-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"The use of these drugs can contraindicate the use of noradrenergic agents or sibutramine for the treatment of obesity, due to potentially hazardous interactions between the drugs (e.g., serotoninergic syndrome) as well as possible worsening of the underlying psychiatric disease. ",
"However, the addition of orlistat is not contraindicated and is a valid option for treating obesity in these conditions.",
"\n\n5.5. ",
"Sibutramine/Topiramate\n---------------------------\n\nSibutramine and topiramate act on the CNS, through different mechanisms of action. ",
"Both led to sustained weight loss in studies carried out with the drugs in monotherapy \\[[@B4-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B44-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"Therefore, combination of both medications for the treatment of obesity seems rational. ",
"This has been performed in clinical practice, but randomized controlled studies have not been carried out that could confirm the safety and efficacy of this combination. ",
"It should be used with caution, individualized and should be tried exclusively in those patients experiencing failure of other existing therapies. ",
"We also routinely consider this combination in associated conditions which topiramate has proven to be effective, such as in patients suffering from migraine and BED \\[[@B44-pharmaceuticals-03-02398],[@B45-pharmaceuticals-03-02398]\\]. ",
"It should be overemphasized that this combination should be used with caution in epileptic patients, since that seizures have been reported with sibutramine \\[66\\].",
"\n\n6. ",
"Conclusions\n==============\n\nObesity is a chronic, multifactorial disease, still very challenging for the clinician to treat. ",
"Lifestyle modifications, such as diet and physical activity, are very often difficult to achieve and maintain in the medium to long term. ",
"Medical therapy appear as an important treatment modality, but drugs most studied to date show modest results for sustained weight loss when compared with bariatric surgery, which is, however, still reserved for a selected group of patients. ",
"As the obesity epidemic progresses worldwide in an alarming scale, development of new therapeutic strategies, in which combination of drugs are included, is of crucial importance.",
"\n\nAlthough combining drugs may increase the risk of side effects, the use of medications which act in different pathways, or which have synergistic actions, can help overcome regulatory mechanisms which prevent continued weight loss.",
"\n\nMost of the combinations used in clinical practice do not have, or have few studies which support them, but may be carefully used in clinical practice, customizing their use according to patients' characteristics, while new studies or new drugs are not available.",
"\n\nIt is encouraging that a number of drugs which individually lead to modest weight loss, have positive results when used in combination, even though currently released studies are in initial stages and/or still linked to pharmaceutical industries.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | [
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[
"/24).",
"\n5\nWhat is the value of (1*5)/(6/18*-3)?",
"\n-5\nEvaluate 4/(-100)*(-5)/10*-5.",
"\n-1/10\nWhat is -2*((-4)/4)/(-2)*1?",
"\n-1\nWhat is the value of 1/((-9)/(-15))*114/95?",
"\n2\nEvaluate (1/(-6))/(105/(-630)).",
"\n1\nWhat is the value of (-13)/(1183/(-56))*(-1)/4?",
"\n-2/13\nWhat is the value of 4/(-24)*4*(-9)/(-6)?",
"\n-1\nWhat is (-5)/(-2)*(-31)/((-31)/2)?",
"\n5\nWhat is the value of (0/(-11))/((12/(-2))/3)?",
"\n0\nCalculate (7/((-21)/(-6)))/(70/(-7)).",
"\n-1/5\nWhat is the value of (10/(-30))/(11/3)?",
"\n-1/11\nEvaluate (2/20)/((-22)/165).",
"\n-3/4\nWhat is the value of (-3)/(-4)*((-48)/(-18))/4?",
"\n1/2\nWhat is (-26)/(-13)*1/(-2)?",
"\n-1\nEvaluate (32/(-56))/((-2)/14).",
"\n4\nEvaluate 4/22*10/(-20).",
"\n-1/11\n(-24)/(-60)*2/4\n1/5\nWhat is the value of (-490)/70*3/((-3)/(-1))?",
"\n-7\nEvaluate (-4)/((676/(-65))/13).",
"\n5\nEvaluate ((-4)/6)/((-1)/((-9)/(-6))).",
"\n1\nEvaluate (-20)/(-12)*(-8)/(8/(-3)).",
"\n5\nEvaluate ((-4)/(6/3))/((-6)/9).",
"\n3\nEvaluate ((-112)/(-32))/(2/(-4)).",
"\n-7\nEvaluate (-43)/172*(-4)/(-6).",
"\n-1/6\nCalculate (40/(-32))/(-5)*(-16)/10.",
"\n-2/5\n((-4)/30)/((-620)/465)\n1/10\nCalculate -8*((-25)/5)/(-10).",
"\n-4\nEvaluate (11/88*20)/((-5)/(-4)).",
"\n2\nCalculate (4/(-12))/((-1)/(-12)).",
"\n-4\nEvaluate (((-6)/18)/1)/1.",
"\n-1/3\nEvaluate (-8)/(-3)*(-9)/6.",
"\n-4\n9/(-3)*(-1)/1\n3\nWhat is (2/(-6))/((-12)/12)?",
"\n1/3\n18/(-8)*(28/(-21))/1\n3\nEvaluate (-4)/7*(-161)/23.",
"\n4\n3/(-9*17/6)\n-2/17\nCalculate (2/(4/(-2)))/5.",
"\n-1/5\nCalculate (1/(-2))/(5/(-40)*-28).",
"\n-1/7\nWhat is -6*(-1)/2*(-1)/(-7)?",
"\n3/7\nEvaluate ((-6)/(-15))/(102/(-340)).",
"\n-4/3\n2/10*0*(-1)/(-2)\n0\nEvaluate (-2)/2*(-420)/(-525).",
"\n-4/5\nWhat is the value of 6/(-14)*(-52)/(-234)?",
"\n-2/21\nWhat is the value of 18/(-78)*4/(-6)?",
"\n2/13\n16/(-24)*(-6)/(-4)\n-1\nEvaluate ((-15)/(-5)*2)/((-3)/(-2)).",
"\n4\n(((-6)/(-3))/6)/(24/18)\n1/4\n(4/70)/((60/25)/12)\n2/7\nCalculate 74/(-148)*(-18)/(-1).",
"\n-9\n156/52*1/1\n3\n((-16)/(-42))/((-86)/(-301))\n4/3\n((2/4)/(-1))/((-18)/(-36))\n-1\nCalculate ((30/6)/(-20))/(-1).",
"\n1/4\nEvaluate 10/(-6)*(-258)/645.",
"\n2/3\nWhat is the value of (-3)/2*(-40)/150?",
"\n2/5\nWhat is ((-12)/9)/((-5)/(150/40))?",
"\n1\n(-1)/2*44/55\n-2/5\n(-24*1/(-592))/(6/8)\n2/37\nWhat is the value of -2*81/(-36)*2/(-1)?",
"\n-9\n((-14)/((-560)/(-12)))/(9/5)\n-1/6\n(-6)/(-2)*99/(-99)\n-3\n(((-56)/(-8))/(-7))/(2/(-10))\n5\n-1*(0/(10/2))/3\n0\n(1/(6/2))/(77/(-66))\n-2/7\nEvaluate (42/8)/(((-294)/7)/(-14)).",
"\n7/4\nWhat is the value of (3*6/(-54))/((-2)/(-36))?",
"\n-6\nWhat is (1/(-2))/(13/234*-15)?",
"\n3/5\nEvaluate (-55)/(-22)*4/(-5).",
"\n-2\nCalculate ((-12)/24)/(2/12).",
"\n-3\nCalculate (2/(-14)*3)/(715/(-1001)).",
"\n3/5\nWhat is the value of (125/50)/(1/(-2))*-1?",
"\n5\nWhat is 198/11*(-8)/(-16)?",
"\n9\nEvaluate 0/(21/((-63)/6)).",
"\n0\nCalculate 9*7/84*(-2)/12.",
"\n-1/8\n(5/(-20))/(14/(-12))*-2\n-3/7\nCalculate 1/(((-7)/(-70))/(10/(-25))).",
"\n-4\nWhat is the value of (10/6)/(2*(-1)/(-6))?",
"\n5\nEvaluate (-158)/(-395)*(-15)/(-1).",
"\n6\n(-10)/1*13/208*-2\n5/4\nCalculate 4/(-6)*9/6*-1.",
"\n1\nWhat is 11/(-77)*1*-1?",
"\n1/7\nWhat is the value of (0/(-2))/((-1)/(-1))?",
"\n0\nWhat is the value of 6/7*(-4)/8?",
"\n-3/7\n((-218)/(-763))/(34*2/28)\n2/17\n-3*16/456*1\n-2/19\nWhat is the value of ((-1)/2)/(6*(-1)/4)?",
"\n1/3\nCalculate (-6)/15*10/(-4).",
"\n1\nEvaluate ((-8)/30)/((-3)/(-15)*-6).",
"\n2/9\n15/(-50)*10/6\n-1/2\nWhat is the value of ((-2)/3)/((-1)/(-3))?",
"\n-2\nWhat is ((-3)/((-30)/8))/((-30)/(-5))?",
"\n2/15\n(24/(-90))/((64/(-12))/(-8))\n-2/5\nCalculate (-8)/(((-880)/33)/4).",
"\n6/5\nWhat is the value of (-2)/(-24)*3/2?",
"\n1/8\nCalculate 1/1*42/238*17.",
"\n3\nWhat is ((15/(-135))/(-1))/(2/2)?",
"\n1/9\nEvaluate ((-3)/10)/((-2)/5).",
"\n3/4\nCalculate (284/213)/(2/(-3)).",
"\n-2\nWhat is the value of ((-6)/2)/(87/58)?",
"\n-2\nWhat is the value of ((-8)/6)/2*(-24)/(-80)?",
"\n-1/5\nWhat is (-9*6/(-90))/((-6)/4)?",
"\n-2/5\nCalculate 6*-1*(-5)/10.",
"\n3\nCalculate ((-69)/115)/((-9)/(-6)).",
"\n-2/5\nCalculate (30*(-11)/(-264))/5.",
"\n1/4\nWhat is the value of ((-48)/9)/(-8)*(-3)/20?",
"\n-1/10\nCalculate (10/(-360)*-12)/((-2)/42).",
"\n-7\nCalculate -1*3/(-66)*-4.",
"\n-2/11\nWhat is (-2)/3*((-48)/(-4))/(-4)?",
"\n2\nWhat is the value of 6*(8/4)/(-4)?",
"\n-3\nWhat is the value of (-4)/1*(-11)/(-198)?",
"\n-2/9\nWhat is (-6)/4*(-248)/93?",
"\n4\nWhat is 1/2*-6*10/165?",
"\n-2/11\nWhat is ((-280)/21)/(-10)*3/2?",
"\n2\nEvaluate ((-21)/56*4)/3.",
"\n-1/2\n((-10)/2)/((-105)/42)\n2\nEvaluate -2*4/(-3)*(-10)/(-40).",
"\n2/3\nEvaluate (-4)/(-7)*(15/10)/(-3).",
"\n-2/7\n(-2)/(-10)*(-15)/(-18)\n1/6\n(-6)/(-63)*(-3)/1\n-2/7\nEvaluate -16*11/(-110)*-5.",
"\n-8\nEvaluate ((-6)/(-20))/(16/120*27).",
"\n1/12\nCalculate 2/(-4)*54/(-27).",
"\n1\n(-4)/4*(-35)/175\n1/5\nWhat is ((-636)/(-5830))/((18/15)/(-2))?",
"\n-2/11\nWhat is the value of ((-3)/((-36)/(-15)))/(1/(-4))?",
"\n5\n(-75)/(-15)*4*(-2)/(-20)\n2\nCalculate (-26)/65*(-45)/(-6).",
"\n-3\n(1/(-3))/(5/(-45))\n3\nEvaluate (-2)/30*2*(-3)/(-1).",
"\n-2/5\nCalculate (-10)/(280/(-21))*(-4)/(-1).",
"\n3\nCalculate ((-6)/42*-3)/(8/(-28)).",
"\n-3/2\nEvaluate -7*((-6)/36)/((-2)/4).",
"\n-7/3\n26/91*336/(-12)\n-8\nWhat is -4*(1/27)/((-12)/(-18))?",
"\n-2/9\nWhat is ((-60)/45)/(16/(-36))?",
"\n3\nWhat is ((-4)/2)/((-14)/(-4))?",
"\n-4/7\nWhat is (-220)/11*(-3)/12?",
"\n5\nCalculate 5/((-1)/((-4)/(-4))).",
"\n-5\nCalculate (((-48)/1)/(-3))/(-2).",
"\n-8\nWhat is the value of ((-32)/(-72))/2*-3?",
"\n-2/3\n8/42*(-98)/84\n-2/9\nWhat is 10/(-8)*44/(-330)?",
"\n1/6\nWhat is the value of (8/(-2))/(-24)*(-9)/6?",
"\n-1/4\nWhat is 4*4/32*6*-1?",
"\n-3\nEvaluate (-19)/(855/(-6))*-3.",
"\n-2/5\n-2*2/3*(-2)/4\n2/3\nWhat is -9*((-20)/45)/2*1?",
"\n2\nEvaluate ((-2)/(-44))/(36/198).",
"\n1/4\nWhat is the value of 2*2*1*12/16?",
"\n3\nCalculate 0*(-4)/(-4)*-1.",
"\n0\nWhat is 5/500*15*8?",
"\n6/5\nCalculate (5/(-2))/((-135)/90).",
"\n5/3\nCalculate 3*1/(-3)*3.",
"\n-3\nWhat is the value of 7/((-175)/(-15))*-5?",
"\n-3\nWhat is ((6/(-42))/1)/1?",
"\n-1/7\nWhat is 5/(10/4)*(-1)/(-2)?",
"\n1\nCalculate (3/((-36)/2))/(1/(-42)).",
"\n7\nCalculate 3/72*3*(-62)/31.",
"\n-1/4\nCalculate (1/1)/((-15)/15).",
"\n-1\nCalculate (-22)/308*2*2.",
"\n-2/7\n(1/4*-1)/((-40)/480)\n3\nWhat is (-2)/(((-14)/(-3))/7)?",
"\n-3\nWhat is the value of ((-66)/(-60))/11*5?",
"\n1/2\nWhat is the value of 4/(-32)*60/75?",
"\n-1/10\nWhat is the value of 135/(-27)*2/(-4)?",
"\n5/2\nWhat is 2988/(-1245)*(-5)/(-2)?",
"\n-6\nWhat is the value of (24/21)/((-15)/105)?",
"\n-8\nEvaluate ((-54)/(-12))/((-42)/7).",
"\n-3/4\nWhat is 5/1*(-8)/(-300)*-3?",
"\n-2/5\n((-6)/36)/(1/(-6))\n1\nWhat is the value of (54/90)/(132/(-40)*-1)?",
"\n2/11\nWhat is (-6)/8*2*-2?",
"\n3\nWhat is the value of 2/10*3*(-15)/36?",
"\n-1/4\nCalculate 2/3*(-210)/(-56).",
"\n5/2\nWhat is the value of 5*(1/(-5))/((-3)/15)?",
"\n5\nWhat is (2/(-10)*1)/(25/125)?",
"\n-1\n(414/184)/((15/(-8))/5)\n-6\nCalculate (16/(-6))/((-94)/(-282)).",
"\n-8\n51/17*2/(-33)\n-2/11\nWhat is the value of (1/3)/(5/(-180)*-6)?",
"\n2\nWhat is the value of 0/(3*2/(-3))?",
"\n0\nWhat is the value of -2*4/(-96)*2?",
"\n1/6\nEvaluate -4*(-11)/330*-6.",
"\n-4/5\nCalculate (28/(-8))/(43/(-86)).",
"\n7\nCalculate 0/((-14)/35*-5*1).",
"\n0\nCalculate 15/10*16/(-6).",
"\n-4\n((80/6)/(-10))/((-10)/3)\n2/5\nWhat is -3*1/3*5?",
"\n-5\nEvaluate 2*(2/10)/((-18)/225).",
"\n-5\nWhat is the value of -4*-4*(-6)/240?",
"\n-2/5\n((-159)/(-53))/(1/1)\n3\nWhat is the value of -10*7/112*4?",
"\n-5/2\nEvaluate ((-14)/105)/((-6)/10).",
"\n2/9\n(1*(-5)/3)/(3/9)\n-5\nCalculate -1*2/4*2*1.",
"\n-1\nWhat is the value of ((-28)/(-28))/(1*-1)?",
"\n-1\nCalculate 7/(-3)*(-2)/(-7).",
"\n-2/3\nEvaluate 0/(1*4*(-1)/(-2)).",
"\n0\nWhat is the value of (((-90)/10)/(-9))/((-3)/1)?",
"\n-1/3\nEvaluate ((-11)/22)/((-6)/(-24)).",
"\n-2\nCalculate 2*2*(-35)/20.",
"\n-7\nWhat is ((-24)/(-60))/(36/(-20))?",
"\n-2/9\nEvaluate (-5)/1*-2*(-15)/(-100).",
"\n3/2\n(-48)/36*45/(-160)\n3/8\n(6/(-1))/(9/(-6))\n4\nEvaluate (-5)/(-2)*(-6)/(-12).",
"\n5/4\nEvaluate 40/(-5)*(-1)/(-6)*-1.",
"\n4/3\n((-1)/1)/1*132/66\n-2\nWhat is (0*(-7)/42)/1?",
"\n0\nWhat is the value of (6/315*7)/(14/(-10))?",
"\n-2/21\nWhat is (-10)/((-80)/(-4))*2?",
"\n-1\nCalculate (-10)/24*(-4)/15.",
"\n1/9\n(-1152)/1280*(-4)/(-6)\n-3/5\nWhat is (2/2)/((12/(-12))/5)?",
"\n-5\nCalculate ((-4)/8)/(2/(-6)).",
"\n3/2\nWhat is (-3)/(-12)*144/84?",
"\n3/7\nCalculate 3*4*(-4)/264.",
"\n-2/11\nWhat is the value of (-3)/4*(484/11)/11?",
"\n-3\n(280/21)/20*9\n6\nWhat is (10/(-40))/((-3)/(-12))?",
"\n-1\nEvaluate 0/((1/(-2))/(2/8)).",
"\n0\nCalculate (34/(-510))/(3/18).",
"\n-2/5\nCalculate (-21)/(-21)*(-1)/((-3)/(-3)).",
"\n-1\nWhat is (15/(-20)*-20)/3?",
"\n5\nEvaluate 77/(-33)*((-2)/(-7))/1.",
"\n-2/3\nWhat is (-114)/38*4/(-6)?",
"\n2\nCalculate (-4)/((-33)/99*-3*1).",
"\n-4\nWhat is the value of 2*(-6)/24*(-2)/3?",
"\n1/3\nEvaluate 2/6*36/(-3).",
"\n-4\nWhat is (4/50)/(9/(-45))?",
"\n-2/5\nCalculate (190/(-76))/(10/6).",
"\n-3/2\nWhat is (-1)/4*1*(-36)/45?",
"\n1/5\n(60/7)/(-10)*-7\n6\nEvaluate ((-105)/140)/(1/4).",
"\n-3\nEvaluate (2/44)/1*6/(-3).",
"\n-1/11\nWhat is (-2)/8*4/(-3)?",
"\n1/3\nWhat is the value of (-1)/((-2)/30*3)?",
"\n5\n((6/(-5))/(-2))/((-17)/(-85))\n3\nCalculate ((-3)/(-2))/(75/200).",
"\n4\n(-1)/(4/6)*(-32)/(-12)\n-4\nWhat is (-1)/(6/((-24)/(-1)))?",
"\n-4\nCalculate (26/(-13))/(7/2).",
"\n-4/7\n204/(-561)*(-2"
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"Magnetic Susceptibility Study of Sub-Pico-emu Sample Using a Micromagnetometer: An Investigation through Bistable Spin-Crossover Materials.",
"\nA promising and original method to study the spin-transition in bistable spin-crossover (SCO) materials using a magnetoresistive multiring sensor and its self-generated magnetic field is reported. ",
"Qualitative and quantitative studies are carried out combining theoretical and experimental approaches. ",
"The results show that only a small part of matter dropped on the sensor surface is probed by the device. ",
"At a low bias-current range, the number of detected nanoparticles depends on the amplitude of the current. ",
"However, in agreement with the theoretical model, the stray voltage from the particles is proportional to the current squared. ",
"By changing both the bias current and the concentration of particle droplet, the thermal hysteresis of an ultrasmall volume, 1 × 10-4 mm3 , of SCO particles is measured. ",
"The local probe of the experimental setup allows a highest resolution of 4 × 10-14 emu to be reached, which is never achieved by experimental methods at room temperature."
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"\nShow HN: We 3D printed door keys from a photo - anatol123\nhttps://all3dp.com/3d-printed-key/\n======\nbenologist\nShow HN is reserved for usable stuff and explicitly not blog posts:\n\n \n \n Show HN is for something you've made that other people \n can play with. ",
"HN users can try it out, give you \n feedback, and ask questions in the thread.",
"\n \n\n[https://news.ycombinator.com/showhn.html](https://news.ycombinator.com/showhn.html)\n\n"
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[
"Moherreagh\n\nMoherreagh () is a townland in the civil parish of Templeport, County Cavan, Ireland. ",
"It lies in the Roman Catholic parish of Templeport and barony of Tullyhaw.",
"\n\nGeography\n\nMoherreagh is bounded on the north by Gub (Kinawley) townland, on the west by Gortmore townland, on the south by Moherloob and Mullaghlea townlands and on the east by Finaghoo townland. ",
"Its chief geographical features are the Meenymore Formation, in the stream between Finaghoo and Moherreagh townlands a continuous succession of the highest part of the formation is exposed; forestry plantations; a stream; dug wells and spring wells. ",
"Moherreagh is traversed by minor roads and rural lanes. ",
"The townland covers 196 statute acres.",
"\n\nHistory\n\nThe 1665 Down Survey map depicts it as Knocke. ()",
"\n\nWilliam Petty's 1685 map depicts it as Knock.",
"\n\nIn the Plantation of Ulster by grant dated 24 February 1614, King James VI and I granted, inter alia, one pole of Moghereogh to Phelim McHugh O'Reyly, Bryan McHugh O'Reyly and Cahir McHugh O'Reyly, the sons of Hugh Reyly, late of Ballaghaneo, County Cavan. ",
"Ballaghaneo is now the townland of Ballaghanea in Lurgan Parish, County Cavan, on the shores of Lough Ramor, so the O'Reillys were removed a long way from their home by the Plantation. ",
"Hugh Reyly was the great-grandnephew of the chief of the O'Reilly clan, Eoghan na Fésóige mac Seoain, who ruled from 1418–1449. ",
"The O’Reilly lands in Moherreagh were confiscated in the Cromwellian Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 and were distributed as follows-\n\nIn the Hearth Money Rolls compiled on 29 September 1663 there was one Hearth Tax payer in Moheragh- Ternan Magowran.",
"\n\nBy grant dated 9 September 1669 King Charles II of England gave Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, inter alia, the lands of Knock with an area of 56 acres 15 roods 1 perch.",
"\n\nA lease dated 31 January 1718 from Morley Saunders to John Enery of Bawnboy includes the lands of Moherre.",
"\n\nA lease dated 10 December 1774 from William Crookshank to John Enery of Bawnboy includes the lands of Moherre. ",
"A further deed by John Enery dated 13 December 1774 includes the lands of Moherae otherwise Moherevagh.",
"\n\nThe 1790 Cavan Carvaghs list spells the name as Mogher, Reagh.",
"\n\nThe Tithe Applotment Books for 1827 list twelve tithepayers in the townland.",
"\n\nThe Moherreagh Valuation Office Field books are available for October 1839.",
"\n\nOn 23 March 1850 The Incumbered Estates Commission sold part of the Hassard estate, including Moherreagh, on 29 April 1853 as follows-Sale of Incumbered Estates in Ireland, Notice to Claimants and Incumbrancers. ",
"In the Matter of the Estate of Francis Hassard, of Rockwood, in the County of Cavan, Owner, ex-parte William Thompson, Petitioner, Whereas, by an absolute Order, bearing date of the 23rd day of November, 1849, it was ordered, that the Lands of Rockwood, otherwise Tiercahan, situate in the Barony of Tullaha and County of Cavan; Gortnaleg, Upper and Lower, situate in same barony and county; Newtown, formerly part of Tiercahan, above-mentioned; Dunglave; Tonyquin; Gortmore; Gub, also called Gub Wallace; Maugherea, otherwise Moherre, otherwise Moherra; Finahoo; Cullion, otherwise Tawneanagra; All situate in the Barony of Tullaha and County of Cavan, should be sold for the purpose of discharging the incumbrances thereon. ",
"Now, all Persons claiming Estates or Interests on the said Premises, who may object to such Order are hereby informed that the Commissioners will hear any applications which any other person may desire to bring before them, on Notice, to be served at the Office, 14 Henrietta-Street, Dublin, within One Calendar Month from the date hereof. ",
"And all Persons claiming Charges or Incumbrances on the said Premises, or any part thereof, are required to lodge a brief statement of the Particulars thereof at the said Office, within two Calendar Months from the date hereof, and also to send their respective Addresses, in order that they may receive notice at what time and in what manner their claims should be established. ",
"Dated this 23rd day of March, 1850. ",
"S.Woulfe Flanagan, Secretary John Collum, Solicitor for the Petitioner, having the Carriage of the Sale--Offices, 70, Talbot-street. ",
"Dublin and Enniskillen.",
"\n\nThe Incumbered Estates Commission sold part of the Hassard estate, including Moherreagh, on 29 April 1853 as follows- Final notice to Claimants. ",
"Incumbered Estates Commission. ",
"In the Matter of the estate of Francis Hassard, Esquire, Owner, Ex-parte Adam Thompson, Executor of William Thompson, Petitioner. ",
"Take Notice, that the Commissioners have Sold the Lands of Rockwood, otherwise Tiercahan (Lower), Tircahan (Upper), Gertaleg (Upper), Dunglave (part of), Tonyquin, Newtown, Gortmore, Cullion, otherwise Tawneanagra, Gub or Gub Wallace, Finagho, or Finahoo, and Magherea otherwise Mohers, situate in the Barony of Tullyhaw, and County of Cavan, And the Draft Schedule of Incumbrances being lodged in the Office of the General Clerk, if any person have a claim not therein inserted, or any objection to said Schedule, particularly in respect of the Deeds mentioned in the Schedule hereto, or any lien on the purchase money, a statement, duly verified, of the particulars of such claim, objection, or lien, must be lodged by such person in said Office, on or before the Fourteenth day of June next, and on the following Monday at the Hour of eleven o’Clock A.M., Mountifort Lougfield, L.L.D., one of the Commissioners, will give directions for the final settlement of said Schedule. ",
"And you are to take notice, that, within the time aforesaid, any person may file an objection to any demand reported to you in the Draft Schedule. ",
"Schedule referred to by the foregoing notice: -- Deed dated 2nd June, 1759, being a Mortgage For £1500 by John Enery to William Crookshank. ",
"Deed dated 7th May, 1760, being an annuity granted to one Francis Enery, until the consideration money, £2000, paid off. ",
"Deed dated 1st October, 1763, whereby a term of years was created to raise £3,000, which was subsequently appointed to one Catherine Enery. ",
"Deed dated 21st December, 1771, being a Mortgage for £1,975 16s., ",
"by John Enery to George Tandy. ",
"Dated 29th day of April, 1853 Henry Carey, Secretary. {",
"seal} John Collum, Solicitor, having carriage of the proceedings, 70, Talbot-street, Dublin.",
"\n\nGriffith's Valuation of 1857 lists eleven landholders in the townland.",
"\n\nA history of the O’Reillys of Moherreagh is viewable online at- \n\nOn 17 March 1943 a Royal Air Force Bristol Beaufighter JL710 crashed in Templeport Lake and one of the crew bailed out and landed safely in Moherreagh.",
"\n\nCensus\n\nIn the 1901 census of Ireland, there are eight families listed in the townland,\n and in the 1911 census of Ireland, there are still eight families listed in the townland.",
"\n\nAntiquities\n\nThe only structures of historical interest in the townland seem to be stepping stones over the stream.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nThe IreAtlas Townland Data Base\n\nCategory:Townlands of County Cavan"
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[
"Q:\n\nPthread Mutex Lock Linux\n\nI created a simple program that shows the use of mutex lock. ",
"Here is the code...\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <unistd.h>\n#include <pthread.h>\n#define NUM_THREAD 2\n\npthread_mutex_t mutex;\nint call_time;\n\nvoid *makeCall(void *param)\n{\n call_time = 10;\n\n pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);\n\n printf(\"Hi I'm thread #%u making a call\\n\", (unsigned int) pthread_self());\n do{\n printf(\"%d\\n\", call_time);\n call_time--;\n sleep(1);\n }\n while(call_time > 0);\n\n pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);\n\n return 0;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n\n int i; \n pthread_t thread[NUM_THREAD];\n //init mutex\n pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);\n //create thread\n for(i = 0; i < NUM_THREAD; i++)\n pthread_create(&thread[i], NULL, makeCall, NULL);\n //join thread\n for(i = 0; i < NUM_THREAD; i++)\n pthread_join(thread[i], NULL);\n\n pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);\n return 0;\n}\n\nThe output is...\nHi I'm thread #3404384000 making a call\n10\n10\n9\n8 \n7\n6\n5\n4\n3\n2\n1\nHi I'm thread #3412776704 making a call\n0\n\nHowever, if I modify the function makeCall and transfer the variable call_time inside the mutex locks...\npthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);\n call_time = 10;\n /*\n * \n *\n *\n */\npthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);\n\nThe program now gives me the correct output where each of the thread counts down from 10 to 0. ",
"I don't understand the difference it makes transferring the variable call_time inside the locks. ",
"I hope someone can make me understand this behavior of my program. ",
"Cheers!",
"\n\nA:\n\ncall_time is a shared variable that is accessed from 2 threads and so must be protected. ",
"What is happening is that the first thread starts, sets call_time to 10 and prints the first round.",
"Then the second thread starts, resets call_time back to 10 and waits for the mutex. ",
"The first thread now comes back and keeps running with call_time reset to 10. ",
"After it is done and frees the mutex, the second thread can now run. ",
"call_time is now 0 since the first thread left it at 0, and so it just prints the last round.",
"\nTry this program, I think it will demonstrate threads better:\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <unistd.h>\n#include <pthread.h>\n#define NUM_THREAD 2\n\npthread_mutex_t mutex;\nint call_time;\n\nvoid *makeCall(void *param)\n{\n int temp;\n do{\n pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);\n printf(\"Hi I'm thread #%u making a call\\n\", (unsigned int) pthread_self());\n printf(\"%d\\n\", call_time);\n temp = call_time--;\n pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);\n //sleep(1); //try with and without this line and see the difference.",
"\n }\n while(temp > 0);\n\n return 0;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n int i; \n call_time = 100;\n pthread_t thread[NUM_THREAD];\n //init mutex\n pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);\n //create thread\n for(i = 0; i < NUM_THREAD; i++)\n pthread_create(&thread[i], NULL, makeCall, NULL);\n //join thread\n for(i = 0; i < NUM_THREAD; i++)\n pthread_join(thread[i], NULL);\n\n pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);\n return 0;\n}\n\n"
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"The heterogeneous distribution of the liquid phase in partially filled porous glasses and its effect on self-diffusion.",
"\nThe spatial distribution of the liquid phase in a typical, partially filled, porous glass (VitraPor #5) has been examined with the aid of magnetic resonance microscopy and field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance diffusometry techniques. ",
"The correlation length of the material turned out to be long enough to permit the visualization of the microscopic heterogeneity of the material by magnetic resonance imaging. ",
"Contrasts are dominated by transverse relaxation depending on local filling degree, which in turn depends on local microstructure. ",
"The bimodal heterogeneity of the latter was also visualized by scanning electron microscopy. ",
"The effect of heterogeneity on an effective diffusion coefficient has been examined for polar (water) and nonpolar (cyclohexane) molecules."
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"The Orchestra….",
"\nI am writing these words a few hours before the inaugural public performance of the Citizen’s Kazoo Orchestra (CKO) on Camden High Street and a tangible feeling of Kazoo-infused excitement is rising up within me. ",
"The CKO has been formed at great haste because of Camden Council’s plans to impose a draconian license scheme for busking in shared public spaces of this great London Borough, which will give the police..."
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"Love it and Lose it!!",
"\n\nMonday, October 07, 2013\n\nHey there Sparkies, I hope you are having a wonderful day today. ",
"I am a little tired right now and thought \"blog, blog about it\". ",
"So I think I will!! ",
"In the title \"Love it and lose it\" I am referring to love your food and your work out and lose weight because you are doing what you like. ",
"I have just finished my longest workout I have done using my 2 kilo dumbells.",
"\nAnd I loved every minute of it. ",
"I really enjoyed it, it was with my playlist of songs I like. ",
"I got through ten songs and it worked out at over 35 minutes. ",
"I basically do exercises to the music and I go with the flow. ",
"If the music is fast I speed up and it is strenuous but I feel great. ",
"I usually use my 1 kilo ones. ",
"The 2 kilo were much heavier and I am on a mission. ",
"My arms did swing just a tad!! ",
"I mean the flaps, the excess skin. ",
"I have \"fat ladies arms\". ",
"I am very broad in the arms. ",
"I want to have nicely shaped arms and shoulders by the time I am finished. ",
"I am not sure how far that will work with the flapping skin as it gets more flappy. ",
"I aren't so bothered about the loose skin-well I will decide that later. ",
"It is going to be there. ",
"I don't want muscley arms, just nicely shaped . ",
"I aren't a fan of muscles bulging all over the place. ",
"No offence to people who are working on the really sculped look. ",
"It's just not for me.",
"\nI guess what I'm saying is if we enjoy what we are doing to better our health then it will be so much easier to achieve them goals.",
"\nI can't say how much I love my dumbells, and I aren't going to throw my opinions or interests down anybody's throats. ",
"I don't agree with that. ",
"I have a few things that I might do when I get closer to my final goal. ",
"I might not as well, but I know I will open so many options up of things I have never done. ",
"I quite like soccer and may even start a lady's fun soccer group, just for fun and fitness.",
"\nActually that could be very fun. ",
"Marshall arts, more for fitness and self defence I may join some form of karate. ",
"And I am a great believer that in this violent world every girl and even boys could benefit from learning karate or some marshall art. ",
"Yep soccer or hockey could be fun fun fun.",
"\nOh the possibilites of what to do when weight or size is not an issue. ",
"Also when being judged,or ridiculed will not be an issue. ",
"There is so much to look forward to, I am going to get there. ",
"Every day, every work out and every step of the way I am going to love it and lose it!!",
"\n\nSTEVEN2GO2\nAlthough I am very near my goal weight, I wish for a better looking core. ",
"I hope your arms become what you hope they look like, too. ",
"Sounds like you had a great time with your 2 pound barbells workout, congratulations on that. ",
"Starting up with the soccer goal appears very interesting. ",
"Now that you are getting in better form physically you can enjoy sports more. ",
"I remember during this past summer participating in some volley ball games, and it was just so much fun. ",
"I was meeting new people and enjoying myself! ",
"1155 days ago\n\nCIROHIO ! ",
"Hey Shel sounds like you are doing great. ",
"It's so much more fun to work out when we like what we are doing. ",
"I am thinking about trying to have someone explain to me what an I pod is and how to use it. ",
"I think I might enjoy my walks much more when I can listen to my favorite songs. ",
"Sounds like you have some fun goals awaiting you. ",
"Once my weight is off me, one of my goals is to take hip hop classes. ",
"I think that would be a blast. ",
"I just need to find a partner. ",
"1157 days ago\n\nBONN1266\nI hear you on the arms and flapping.. heaven knows I could almost take flight with mine! ",
"Thank you for allowing me to add you as a friend! ",
"I really appreciate very much your positive attitude!!",
"\n\nKAREN608\nI think the bat wings are with me to stay, but that is no excuse to not lose weight and be fit for sure. ",
"I need strength for day to day chores, and think it's cute you like your weights.",
"\n\nI only have one set of heavier ones, as the set froze and the plastic burst ... guess the sand drew moisture. ",
"So it is challenging to use heavier ones with the light weight ones ruined. ",
"I spent my made money on a spark tracker (doesn't track walking in place so only a step tracker if you walk) so have to make do.",
"\n\nI don't think you'd get big muscles, as for 8 years I moved 50 lb. ",
"tables for my job and my arm never bulked up.1157 days ago\n\nAWESOMECHELZ\nHi! ",
"Women don't bulge out because our levels of testosterone are too low for that so don't worry about it. ",
"Do some research here in Spark People because there are wonderful articles about weight lifting and about women doing weight lifting. ",
"I LOVE my dumbbells too and, like you, I will worry about the excess skin later. ",
"But you are doing really great AND the KEY is FUN!! ",
"That's what I tell people all the time. ",
"When we were young and were \"playing\", that was exercise but we didn't know it because it was fun. ",
"SO...KEEP UP THE YOU ARE DOING! ",
"LOVE, CHELSEA1158 days ago\n\nKIM22211\nI am working on my arms too!! ",
"I have those flabs too and I dont want big muscles just nice sexy arms that I can where sleeveless shirts in the summer with confidence is all. ",
"I wouldn't mind building some strength in them. ",
"But I am not trying to look like I am in a weight lifting competition! ",
"lol! ",
"Well we will check in on each other periodically them. ",
"We will do a flab check! ",
"lol1158 days ago"
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"Pages\n\nWednesday, June 15, 2011\n\nMaybe having Figueroa in OKC isn't such a bad thing\n\nRyan Aber has a nice piece on David Carpenter, and how he's become OKC's best reliever.",
"\n\nCarpenter:“Just being able to talk to those guys and ask them on a daily basis how to go about your business, what's the best way to attack this guy and just certain things in the clubhouse like etiquette and stuff like that and being able to pick their brains is very important. ",
"They've been doing this for awhile and having the opportunity to do that is only going to give me a chance to get better.”",
"\n\nNo comments:\n\nAbout Astros County\n\nEstablished in 2008, Astros County is your friendly neighborhood blog & grill. ",
"We are the Protectors of the Legacy of Dickie Thon, Defenders of the Honor of J.R. Richard, and Anti-American League. ",
"Orlando Palmeiro Was Safe."
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[
"---\nabstract: 'We construct a Hennings type logarithmic invariant for restricted quantum ${\\ensuremath{{\\mathfrak{sl}}(2)}}$ at a $2{\\mathsf{p}}$-th root of unity. ",
"This quantum group ${{{U}}}$ is not braided, but factorizable. ",
"The invariant is defined for a pair: a 3-manifold $M$ and a colored link $L$ inside $M$. The link $L$ is split into two parts colored by central elements and by trace classes, or elements in the $0^{\\text{th}}$ Hochschild homology of ${{{U}}}$, respectively. ",
"The two main ingredients of our construction are the universal invariant of a string link with values in tensor powers of ${{{U}}}$, and the [*modified trace*]{} introduced by the third author with his collaborators and computed on tensor powers of the regular representation. ",
"Our invariant is a colored extension of the logarithmic invariant constructed by Jun Murakami.'",
"\naddress:\n- 'Anna Beliakova, Institut für Mathematik, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich.'",
"\n- 'Christian Blanchet, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMJ-PRG, UMR 7586 CNRS, F-75013, Paris.'",
"\n- |\n Nathan Geer, Mathematics & Statistics\\\n Utah State University\\\n Logan, Utah 84322, USA\nauthor:\n- Anna Beliakova\n- Christian Blanchet\n- Nathan Geer\ntitle: |\n Logarithmic Hennings invariants\\\n for restricted quantum ${\\ensuremath{{\\mathfrak{sl}}(2)}}$\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIn the 90th M. Hennings came up with a construction of 3-manifold invariants out of a factorizable ribbon Hopf algebra $H$ [@Hennings]. ",
"In his construction the right integral $\\mu\\in H^*$ satisfying $$(\\mu \\otimes {\\rm{id}}) \\Delta(x)=\\mu(x) {\\mathbf{1}}\\quad \\text{for all}\\quad x\\in H$$ plays the role of the Kirby color. ",
"If the category of $H$-modules is semi-simple, Hennings recovers the Reshetikhin–Turaev invariant. ",
"However in the non semi-simple case, his invariant vanishes for manifolds with positive first Betti number (see [@Kerler_genealogy]). ",
"A TQFT based on the Hennings invariant was constructed by Lyubashenko and Kerler [@Lyu; @Kerler_MCG]. ",
"It satisfies the full TQFT axioms for lagrangian cobordisms between connected surfaces with one boundary component. ",
"In the general case, it has weak functoriality and monoidality properties. ",
"More recently, a completely different non-semisimple TQFT based on the unrolled quantum ${\\ensuremath{{\\mathfrak{sl}}(2)}}$ was defined by Blanchet, Costantino, Geer and Patureau [@BCGP]. ",
"This construction uses the logarithmic 3-manifold invariant constructed previously by Costantino, Geer and Patureau (CGP) in [@CGP1] by generalizing the Kashaev invariant. ",
"More precisely, the CGP invariant is defined for an admissible pair: a 3-manifold together with a ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }/2{\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{Z}} }$ valued cohomology class. ",
"One of the most innovative ingredients of the CGP construction is the so-called [*modified trace*]{} which contrary to the usual quantum trace does not vanish on the projective modules. ",
"In this paper we construct a family of invariants of $3$-manifolds with colored links inside by combining Hennings approach with the modified trace methods of [@GKP2; @GPV]. ",
"We develop structural properties of restricted quantum ${\\ensuremath{{\\mathfrak{sl}}(2)}}$, by working in the Hopf algebra itself rather than in its category of modules. ",
"Our invariants generalize the logarithmic invariants of knots in 3-manifolds recently introduced by J. Murakami [@jM2013].",
"\n\nMain results {#main-results .unnumbered}\n------------\n\nLet us denote by ${{{U}}}$ the restricted quantum ${\\ensuremath{{\\mathfrak{sl}}(2)}}$ at $2{\\mathsf{p}}^{\\text{th}}$ root of unity $q=e^{\\frac{i\\pi}{{\\mathsf{p}}}}$, explicitely defined in the next section. ",
"The Hopf algebra ${{{U}}}$ does not contain an $R$-matrix, but only monodromy or double braiding. ",
"However, ${{{U}}}$ is a subalgebra of a ribbon Hopf algebra ${{D}}$ obtained by adjoining a square root of the generator $K$. Since ${{D}}$ is not factorizable and ${{{U}}}$ is not braided, neither ${{{U}}}$, nor ${{D}}$ supports the Hennings–Kerler–Lyubashenko TQFT construction. ",
"Let $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$ be the category of finite dimensional ${{{U}}}$-modules. ",
"This is a finite pivotal tensor category. ",
"Hence, for any morphism $f$ in $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$ there is a notion of a categorical (or quantum) left and right traces, denoted by ${\\operatorname{tr}}_l(f)$ and ${\\operatorname{tr}}_r(f)$, respectively.",
"\n\nLet $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ be its full subcategory of projective ${{{U}}}$-modules. ",
"An explicit description of $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ is given in [@FGST2]. ",
"Let us denote by ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j$ with $j=1,...,{\\mathsf{p}}$ the indecomposable projective modules. ",
"Here ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{\\mathsf{p}}$ is a simple module with highest weight $\\pm q^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}$. The module ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_1$ is the projective cover of the trivial module. ",
"The space of endomorphisms ${\\operatorname{End}}_{{{U}}}({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j)$ ($1\\leq j\\leq {\\mathsf{p}}-1$) is two dimensional with basis given by the identity ${\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j}$ and a nilpotent endomorphism $x^\\pm_j$, defined in Section 2.",
"\n\nThe subcategory $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ is an ideal of $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$ in the sense of [@GKP2; @GPV]. ",
"A [*modified trace*]{} on $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$, is a family of linear functions $$\\{{{\\mathsf{t}}}_V:{\\operatorname{End}}_{{{U}}}V\\rightarrow {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }\\}_{V\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}}$$ such that the following two conditions hold:\n\n1. ",
" [**Cyclicity.**]{} ",
"If $X,V\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$, then for any morphisms and $g:X\\rightarrow V$ in ${{{U}}}$-mod we have $$\\label{E:Tracefggf}\n {{\\mathsf{t}}}_V(g f)={{\\mathsf{t}}}_X(f g).$$\n\n2. ",
" [**Partial trace properties.**]{} ",
"If $X\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ and $W\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$ then for any $f\\in {\\operatorname{End}}_{{{U}}}(X\\otimes W)$ and $g\\in {\\operatorname{End}}_{{{U}}}(W\\otimes X)$ we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n {{\\mathsf{t}}}_{X\\otimes W}\\left(f \\right)\n &={{\\mathsf{t}}}_X \\left( {\\operatorname{tr}}_r^W(f)\\right), \\\\\n {{\\mathsf{t}}}_{W\\otimes X}\\left(g \\right)\n &={{\\mathsf{t}}}_X \\left( {\\operatorname{tr}}_l^W(g)\\right) , \n $$ where ${\\operatorname{tr}}_r^W$ and ${\\operatorname{tr}}_l^W$ are the right and left partial categorical traces along $W$ defined using the pivotal structure in Eqs. .",
"\n\nOur first main result is the following.",
"\n\n\\[mTrace\\] There exists a unique family of linear functions $$\\{{{\\mathsf{t}}}_V:{\\operatorname{End}}_{{{U}}}(V)\\rightarrow {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }\\}_{V\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}}\\ ,$$ satisfying cyclicity and the partial trace properties, normalized by $${{\\mathsf{t}}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_{\\mathsf{p}}}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_{\\mathsf{p}}})=(-1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}\\ .$$ Moreover, ${{\\mathsf{t}}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^-_{\\mathsf{p}}}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^-_{\\mathsf{p}}})=1$ and for $1\\leq j\\leq {\\mathsf{p}}-1$ we have $${{\\mathsf{t}}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j})=\n(\\pm 1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1} (-1)^j(q^j +q^{-j})\\quad\\text{and}\\quad\n{{\\mathsf{t}}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j}(x^\\pm_j)=(\\pm 1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}}(-1)^j[j]^2 \\, .$$\n\nThis family is called the modified trace on $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$. The proof uses the fact that $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$ is unimodular (i.e. projective cover of the trivial module is self-dual) and it has a simple projective object. ",
"In this case, there exist unique left and right modified traces on $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ by [@GKP2 Cor. ",
"3.2.1]. ",
"We actually compute these traces on the algebra of endomorphisms of indecomposable projectives and show that they are equal.",
"\n\nObserve that Theorem \\[mTrace\\] applies to ${{{U}}}$, considered as a free left module over itself, called the regular representation, and its tensor powers. ",
"Recall from [@FGST2] that the regular representation decomposes as $${{{U}}}\\cong \\bigoplus_{j=1}^{{\\mathsf{p}}} j {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_j^+ \\oplus \n\\bigoplus_{j=1}^{{\\mathsf{p}}} j {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_j^- .$$ The algebra ${\\operatorname{End}}_{{{U}}}({{{U}}})$ of the ${{{U}}}$-endomorphisms of ${{{U}}}$ can be identified with ${{{U}}}^{op}$ (i.e. ${{{U}}}$ with the opposite multiplication). ",
"The isomorphism is given by sending an element $x$ of ${{{U}}}^{op}$ to the operator $r_x$ of the right multiplication by $x$ on the regular representation. ",
"By definition $r_x$ commutes with the left action. ",
"More generally, ${\\mathfrak{C}}_m={\\operatorname{End}}_{{{U}}}({{{U}}}^{\\otimes m})$, $m\\geq 1$, are known as centralizer algebras. ",
"The space of characters (or symmetric functions, see [@Arike]) on ${{{U}}}$ is defined as $${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Char}} }({{{U}}}):=\\{\\phi \\in {{{U}}}^* \\;|\\; \\phi ( xy)=\\phi(yx) \\quad\\text{for any}\\quad x,y\\in {{{U}}}\\} .$$ This space is dual to the $0^{\\text{th}}$-Hochschild homology ${\\operatorname{HH}_0}({{{U}}})$, which is $${\\operatorname{HH}_0}({{{U}}}):=\\frac{U}{[U,U]} \\quad\\text{where}\\quad\n[{{{U}}},{{{U}}}]={\\rm{Span}}\\{xy-yx\\;|\\; x,y\\in {{{U}}}\\} .$$ There is an obvious action of the center $Z({{{U}}})$ on ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Char}} }({{{U}}})$ by setting $z\\phi(x):=\\phi(zx)$ for any $z\\in Z(U)$ and $x\\in U$.\n\nLet us define the linear map $${\\mathrm{Tr}'}_m :{\\mathfrak{C}}_m\\rightarrow {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }\\quad {\\text{by}}\\quad\n x\\mapsto t_{{{{U}}}^{\\otimes m}}(x)$$ and in particular, ${\\mathrm{Tr}'}: {{{U}}}^{op}\\simeq {\\mathfrak{C}}_1\\rightarrow {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }$ is the linear map ${\\mathrm{Tr}'}_1=t_{{{U}}}$. Due to cyclicity, we have ${\\mathrm{Tr}'}\\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Char}} }(U)$.\n\nOur next theorem states properties of the special symmetric function on $U$ given by the modified trace.",
"\n\n\\[main\\] The modified trace ${\\mathrm{Tr}'}\\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Char}} }({{{U}}})$ satisfies the following properties.",
"\n\n- (Partial trace property) For any $f \\in {\\operatorname{End}}_{{{{U}}}}({{{U}}}^{\\otimes 2})$, $${\\mathrm{Tr}'}_2\\left(f \\right)\n ={\\mathrm{Tr}'}\\left( {\\operatorname{tr}}_r^{{{U}}}(f)\\right) ={\\mathrm{Tr}'}\\left( {\\operatorname{tr}}_l^{{{U}}}(f)\\right)\n $$ where $ {\\operatorname{tr}}_l^{{{U}}}$ and ${\\operatorname{tr}}_r^{{{U}}}$ are the right and left partial traces, defined in Equation ;\n\n- (Non-degeneracy) The pairing defined by $\\langle z,u\\rangle= {\\mathrm{Tr}'}(z u)$ is non-degenerate.",
"\n\nThe proof is by direct computation of the pairing in the basis of the center and ${\\operatorname{HH}_0}(U)$, defined in Sections 2 and 4, respectively.",
"\n\nFor any ribbon Hopf algebra there exists a [*universal*]{} invariant associated to an oriented framed tangle $T$. This invariant is obtained by assigning the $R$-matrix to crossings and evaluation and coevaluation maps to maxima and minima (see Section \\[S:Universal\\]). ",
"Although our restricted quantum group ${{{U}}}$ is not ribbon, it has a ribbon extension ${{D}}$, which produces a universal invariant $J_T\\in{{D}}^{\\otimes m}$ for any tangle $T$ with $m$ components. ",
"If $T$ is a string link, we argue that $J_T$ actually belongs to the subspace $({{{U}}}^{\\otimes m})^{{{U}}}\\subset {{{U}}}^{\\otimes m}$ of invariants under left action. ",
"We are now ready to state our main result. ",
"Let $\\mu\\in U^*$ be the right integral of $U$. It is unique up to a normalisation which we fix in Section \\[S:ResQuGr\\]. ",
"For $m\\geq 1$, the function ${\\mathrm{Tr}'}_m=t_{{{{U}}}^{\\otimes m}}$ defines a bilinear pairing $\\langle\\ , \\rangle:({{{U}}}^{ \\otimes m})^{{{{U}}}} \\times {{{U}}}^{ \\otimes m} \\rightarrow {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }$ as follows $$\\langle z,x\\rangle={\\mathrm{Tr}'}_m(l_zr_x)\\ .$$ Here $l_z$, $r_x$ are the left and right multiplications, respectively. ",
"This bilinear pairing factorises on the right through ${\\operatorname{HH}_0}({{{U}}})^{\\otimes m}$.\n\nAssume that a closed 3-manifold $M$ with a $(m_+,m_-)$ component framed link $(L^+,L^-)$ inside is represented by surgery in $S^3$ along the $m_0$ component link $L^0$. Let us color the components of $L^+$ (resp. ",
"$L^-$) by central elements $z_j\\in Z(U)$, $1\\leq j\\leq m_+$ (resp. ",
"by trace classes $h_k\n\\in {\\operatorname{HH}_0}(U)$, $1\\leq k\\leq m_-$). ",
"Let $T={T^+ \\cup T_0\\cup T^-}$ be a string link in $S^3$ obtained by opening all $m=m_++m_0+m_-$ components. ",
"Let $s$ be the signature of the linking matrix for $L^0$ and $\\delta:=\\frac{1-i}{\\sqrt{2}}q^{\\frac{3-{\\mathsf{p}}^2}{2}}$. We set $z^+=\\otimes_j z_j$ (resp. ",
"$h^-=\\otimes_k h_k$), and denote by $L$ the colored link $((L^+,z^+), (L^-,h^-))$. Note that to define $z^+$, $h^-$ as well as $J_T$, we need to fix an order on the components of $L$, change of this order will result in an obvious permutation of the entries.",
"\n\nWe define a number associated to the pair $(M, L)$ as follows.",
"\n\n\\[E:HenningsLog\\] With the notation as above, $$\\label{Hlog}\n{\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M, L):=\\delta^s\n\\langle\\left( z^+\\mu^{\\otimes m_+}\\otimes \\mu^{\\otimes m_0}\\otimes {\\operatorname{id}}\\right)\\left(J_T\\right),\\,h^-\\,\n\\rangle$$ is a topological invariant of the pair $(M, L)$.\n\nWhen $L^-$ is empty, the colored Hennings invariants [@Hennings] are recovered. ",
"When $L^-$ is a knot, then our invariants are equivalent to the Murakami center valued logarithmic invariants [@jM2013]. ",
"Thus ${\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}$ can be understood as a colored extension of the Murakami invariants. ",
"An action of the modular group $SL(2,{\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{Z}} })$ on the center $Z({{{U}}})$ was studied in [@FGST1]. ",
"We expect that ${\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}$ can be used to extend these mapping class group representation in genus one to a refined TQFT with full functorial and monoidal properties.",
"\n\nThe paper is organized as follows. ",
"In Section 2 we define the restricted quantum group ${{{U}}}$ and its braided extension ${{D}}$. In Section 3 we discuss their categories of finite dimensional modules. ",
"The universal tangle invariant is constructed in Section 4, where we also compute a basis for the space of trace classes ${\\operatorname{HH}_0}({{{U}}})$. Our main theorems are proved in the two last sections.",
"\n\nAcknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}\n---------------\n\nThe authors are grateful to Azat Gainutdinov and Thomas Kerler for helpful discussions. ",
"The work was supported by NCCR SwissMAP founded by the Swiss National Science Foundation. ",
"NG was partially supported by NSF grants DMS-1308196 and MS-1452093. ",
"He also would like to thank CNRS for its support.",
"\n\nRestricted quantum ${\\ensuremath{{\\mathfrak{sl}}(2)}}$ and its braided extension {#S:ResQuGr}\n================================================================================\n\nDefinition of ${{{U}}}$ {#definition-of-u .unnumbered}\n-----------------------\n\nFix an integer ${\\mathsf{p}}\\geq 2$ and let $q=e^\\frac{\\pi\\sqrt{-1}}{{\\mathsf{p}}}$ be a $2{\\mathsf{p}}^{th}$-root of unity. ",
"Let ${{{U}}}={\\overline{{{U}}}}_q({{\\mathfrak{sl}(2)}})$ be the ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }$-algebra given by generators $E, F, K, K^{-1}$ and relations: $$\\begin{aligned}\nE^{\\mathsf{p}}=F^{\\mathsf{p}}&=0, & K^{2{\\mathsf{p}}}&=1,\n& KK^{-1}&=K^{-1}K=1,\\\\ KEK^{-1}&=q^2E, & KFK^{-1}&=q^{-2}F, &\n [E,F]&=\\frac{K-K^{-1}}{q-q^{-1}}.\\end{aligned}$$ The algebra ${{{U}}}$ is a Hopf algebra where the coproduct, counit and antipode are defined by $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\Delta(E)&= 1\\otimes E + E\\otimes K, \n &\\varepsilon(E)&= 0, \n &S(E)&=-EK^{-1}, \n \\\\\n \\Delta(F)&=K^{-1} \\otimes F + F\\otimes 1, \n &\\varepsilon(F)&=0,& S(F)&=-KF,\n \\\\\n \\Delta(K)&=K\\otimes K\n &\\varepsilon(K)&=1,\n & S(K)&=K^{-1},\n \\\\\n \\Delta(K^{-1})&=K^{-1}\\otimes K^{-1}\n &\\varepsilon(K^{-1})&=1,\n & S(K^{-1})&=K.\\end{aligned}$$ In what follows we will use Sweedler notation. ",
"For $x\\in U$ we write $$\\Delta(x)=\\sum x_{(1)}\\otimes x_{(2)},\\quad\n\\Delta^{[n]}(x)=\\sum x_{(1)}\\otimes x_{(2)}\\otimes ...\\otimes\nx_{(n)} \\quad {\\text {for}}\\quad n\\geq 1.$$\n\nThe center of ${{{U}}}$ {#the-center-of-u .unnumbered}\n-----------------------\n\nThe dimension of the center $Z({{{U}}})$ is $3{\\mathsf{p}}- 1$. A basis consists of ${\\mathsf{p}}+1$ central idempotents ${{\\textbf{e}}}_j$ $(0\\leq j \\leq {\\mathsf{p}})$ and $2{\\mathsf{p}}-2$ elements ${{\\textbf{w}}}_j^\\pm$ $(1\\leq j\\leq {\\mathsf{p}}-1)$ in the radical [@FGST1]. ",
"These elements satisfy the following relations: $$\\begin{aligned}\n&{{\\textbf{e}}}_s {{\\textbf{e}}}_t =\\delta_{s,t} {{\\textbf{e}}}_s & 0\\leq s,t \\leq {\\mathsf{p}}\\\\\n&{{\\textbf{e}}}_s {{\\textbf{w}}}_t^\\pm=\\delta_{s,t} {{\\textbf{w}}}_t^\\pm & 0\\leq s \\leq {\\mathsf{p}}, \\; 1\\leq t \\leq {\\mathsf{p}}-1\\\\\n& {{\\textbf{w}}}_s^\\pm {{\\textbf{w}}}_t^\\pm={{\\textbf{w}}}_s^\\pm {{\\textbf{w}}}_t^\\mp =0& 1\\leq s , t\\leq {\\mathsf{p}}-1.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nBraided extension {#braided-extension .unnumbered}\n-----------------\n\nThe Hopf algebra ${{{U}}}$ is not braided, see [@KondoSaito]. ",
"However, it can be realized as a Hopf subalgebra of the following braided Hopf algebra. ",
"Let ${{D}}$ be the Hopf algebra generated by $e, \\phi, k$ and $k^{-1}$ with the relations: $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&e^{\\mathsf{p}}=\\phi^{\\mathsf{p}}&=0, & k^{4{\\mathsf{p}}}&=1,\\\\\n kk^{-1}&=k^{-1}k=1, & kek^{-1}&=qe, & k\\phi k^{-1}&=q^{-1}\\phi, &\n [e,\\phi]&=\\frac{k^2-k^{-2}}{q-q^{-1}},\\end{aligned}$$ and Hopf algebra structure: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\Delta(e)&= 1\\otimes e + e\\otimes k^2, \n &\\varepsilon(e)&= 0, \n &S(e)&=-ek^{-2}, \n \\\\\n \\Delta(\\phi)&=k^{-2} \\otimes \\phi + \\phi\\otimes 1, \n &\\varepsilon(\\phi)&=0,& S(\\phi)&=-k^2\\phi,\n \\\\\n \\Delta(k)&=k\\otimes k\n &\\varepsilon(k)&=1,\n & S(k)&=k^{-1},\n \\\\\n \\Delta(k^{-1})&=k^{-1}\\otimes k^{-1}\n &\\varepsilon(k^{-1})&=1,\n & S(k^{-1})&=k.\\end{aligned}$$ The Hopf algebra $D$ has two special invertible elements: the $R$-matrix $$R=\\frac{1}{4{\\mathsf{p}}} \\sum_{m=0}^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1} \\sum_{n,j=0}^{4{\\mathsf{p}}-1} \\frac{(q-q^{-1})^m}{[m]!}q^{m(m-1)/2+m(n-j)-nj/2}e^mk^n \\otimes \\phi^mk^j$$ and the ribbon element $${{ r}}=\\frac{1-i}{2\\sqrt{{\\mathsf{p}}}} \\sum_{m=0}^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1} \\sum_{j=0}^{2{\\mathsf{p}}-1} \\frac{(q-q^{-1})^m}{[m]!} ",
"q^{-m/2 +mj + (j+p+1)^2/2}\\phi^me^mk^{2j}$$ where $q^{\\frac{1}{2}}=e^{\\frac{i\\pi}{2{\\mathsf{p}}}}$, $[m]=\\frac{q^m-q^{-m}}{q-q^{-1}}$ and $[m]!=[m][m-1]...[1]$. The following theorem is well known, see [@FGST1].",
"\n\n\\[T:UDbraided\\] The triple $({{D}}, R,r)$ is a ribbon Hopf algebra.",
"\n\nLet us call $M=R_{21} R$ the double braiding or [*monodromy*]{}, where $R_{21}=\\sum_i \\beta_i\\otimes \\alpha_i$ with $R=\\sum_i \\alpha_i\\otimes \\beta_i$. A Hopf algebra $A$ is called [*factorisable*]{} if its monodromy matrix can be written as $$M=\\sum_i m_i\\otimes n_i$$ where $m_i$ and $n_i$ are two bases of $A$. ",
"The Hopf algebra $D$ is not factorisable. ",
"There is a Hopf algebra embedding ${{{U}}}\\to {{D}}$ given by $$E\\mapsto e, \\; F\\mapsto \\phi,\\; \\text{ and } K \\mapsto k^2.$$ It is easy to check that ${{ r}}\\in {{{U}}}$, and the monodromy $M= R_{21} R \\in {{{U}}}\\otimes {{{U}}}$. Moreover, ${{{U}}}$ is factorisable.",
"\n\nRibbon and balancing elements of $U$ {#ribbon-and-balancing-elements-of-u .unnumbered}\n------------------------------------\n\nLet $u=\\sum_i S(\\beta_i)\\alpha_i$ be the canonical element implementing the inner-automorphism $S^2$, i.e. $S^2(x)=u x u^{-1}$ for any $x\\in {{D}}$, and satisfying $$\\Delta(u)=M^{-1}(u \\otimes u).$$ Using the formula for the $R$-matrix, it is easy to check that $u\\in {{U}}$. The ribbon element $r\\in {{U}}$ is central and invertible, such that $$\\label{ribbon}\nr^2=uS(u), \\quad S(r)=r, \\quad\n\\varepsilon(r)=1 \\quad \\Delta(r)=M^{-1}(r\\otimes r).$$ Using them we define $$g:={{ r}}^{-1}u=k^{2{\\mathsf{p}}+2}=K^{{\\mathsf{p}}+1}\\in {{U}}$$ the [*balancing*]{} element. ",
"This element is grouplike, i.e. $$\\label{bal}\n \\Delta(g)=g\\otimes g,\n \\quad \\varepsilon(g)=1,\\quad {\\text{ and}} \\quad\n gxg^{-1}=S^2(x)$$ for any $x\\in {{U}}$. The balancing element will be used to define the pivotal structure.",
"\n\nAs it was shown by Drinfeld, equations determine $g^2$ only. ",
"Hence $g'=K$ is another balancing element, which will not be considered in this paper.",
"\n\nRight integral {#right-integral .unnumbered}\n--------------\n\nRecall that a [*right integral*]{} $\\mu\\in U^*$ is defined by the following system of equations $$(\\mu\\otimes {\\operatorname{id}})\\Delta(x)=\\mu(x) {\\mathbf{1}}\\quad{\\text{for all}}\\quad x\\in {{{U}}}.$$ For any finite dimensional Hopf algebra over a field of zero characteristics, there is a unique solution to these equations up to a scalar. ",
"In our case in the PBW basis, it is given by the formula $$\\mu(E^mF^nK^l)=\\zeta \\delta_{m,{\\mathsf{p}}-1}\\delta_{n,{\\mathsf{p}}-1}\\delta_{l,{\\mathsf{p}}+1}\\ .$$ We fix normalisation as in [@jM2013] by setting $$\\zeta=-\\sqrt{\\frac{2}{{\\mathsf{p}}}}([{\\mathsf{p}}-1]!)^2\n .$$ The evaluation on the ribbon element and its inverse are given by $$\\mu(r) =\\frac{1-i}{\\sqrt{2}}q^{\\frac{3-{\\mathsf{p}}^2}{2}}\n=\\frac{1}{\\mu(r^{-1})}=\\delta\\ .$$ One can show that $\\mu$ belongs to the space of quantum characters $${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{qChar}} }({{{U}}}):=\\{\\phi \\in {{{U}}}^* \\;|\\; \\phi ( xy)=\\phi(S^2(y)x) \\quad\\text{for any}\\quad x,y\\in {{{U}}}\\} .$$ The center $Z({{{U}}})$ acts on ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{qChar}} }({{{U}}})$ by $z\\phi(x):=\\phi(zx)$ for any $z\\in Z(U)$ and $x\\in U$. Under this action ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{qChar}} }({{{U}}})$ is a free module of dimension one with basis given by the right integral $\\mu$. Hence, as a vector space ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{qChar}} }(U)$ has dimension $3p-1$.\n\nThe space of quantum characters ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{qChar}} }({{{U}}})$ is naturally isomorphic to the space of characters. ",
"Indeed, we can define the map $$\\label{ch-qch}\nQ:{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{qChar}} }(U) \\to {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Char}} }(U) \\quad{\\text {by sending}}\\quad\n\\phi \\mapsto \\phi_g$$ where $\\phi_g(x):=\\phi(g x)$ and $g$ is the balancing element. ",
"Cyclicity can be verified as follows: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{qChar}\n\\phi_g(xy)=\\phi(g xy)=\\phi ( S^2(y) g x)=\n\\phi(gyx)=\\phi_g(yx) \\end{aligned}$$ The inverse map is given by sending $\\psi \\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Char}} }(A)$ to $\\psi_{g^{-1}}\n\\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{qChar}} }(A)$. Hence $Q$ is an isomorphism. ",
"We get that the dimension of the dual vector spaces ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Char}} }({{{U}}})$ and ${\\operatorname{HH}_0}({{{U}}})$ is also $3p-1$.\n\nCategories of modules {#S:modules}\n======================\n\nIn this section we will study the ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }$-linear categories of finite dimensional modules over ${{D}}$ and ${{{U}}}$, which we denote by $\\operatorname{{\\it D}-mod}$ and $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$, respectively.",
"\n\nCategory $\\operatorname{{\\it D}-mod}$ {#category-operatornameit-d-mod .unnumbered}\n-------------------------------------\n\nThe category $\\operatorname{{\\it D}-mod}$ is ribbon, with the usual braiding $$c_{V,W}: V\\otimes W\\to W\\otimes V,\\quad \\text{ given by }\\quad u\\otimes v \\mapsto \\tau R(u\\otimes v),$$ where $\\tau(x\\otimes y)=y\\otimes x$, twist $$\\label{E:twisttheta}\n\\theta_V:V\\to V,\\quad\\text{given by}\\quad v\\mapsto {{ r}}^{-1} v$$ and compatible duality $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{E:DualitiesC}\n&{\\operatorname{coev}}_{V} : \\:\\: {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }\\rightarrow V\\otimes V^{*} , \\text{ given by } 1 \\mapsto \\sum_i v_i\\otimes v_i^*, \\notag\\\\\n&{\\operatorname{ev}}_{V}: \\:\\: V^*\\otimes V\\rightarrow {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }, \\text{ given by } f\\otimes v \\mapsto f(v), \\notag\\\\ \n&{\\widetilde{\\operatorname{coev}}}_V: \\:\\: {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }\\rightarrow V^{*}\\otimes V\\quad \\text{ given by } \n1 \\mapsto \\sum_i v_i^*\\otimes g^{-1}v_i, \\notag\\\\\n& {\\widetilde{\\operatorname{ev}}}_V: \\:\\: V\\otimes V^*\\rightarrow {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }\\text{ given by } v\\otimes f \\mapsto f(gv)\\end{aligned}$$ where $g$ is the balancing element. ",
"Using properties of $r$, one can check that the twist is [*self-dual*]{}, i.e. $\\theta_{V^*}=\\theta^*_V$ .",
"\n\nThe duality morphisms define pivotal structure on $\\operatorname{{\\it D}-mod}$ (see e.g. [@GPV]). ",
"In particular, in the pivotal setting, one can define left and right (categorical) traces of any endomorphism $f: V \\to V$ as $${\\operatorname{tr}}_l(f)={\\operatorname{ev}}_V({\\operatorname{id}}_{V^*}\\otimes f){\\widetilde{\\operatorname{coev}}}_V\\quad\n{\\operatorname{tr}}_r(f)={\\widetilde{\\operatorname{ev}}}_V(f\\otimes {\\operatorname{id}}_{V^*}){\\operatorname{coev}}_V \\,$$ and dimensions of objects. ",
"A [*spherical*]{} category is a pivotal category whose left and right traces are equal, i.e. ${\\operatorname{tr}}_l(f)={\\operatorname{tr}}_r(f)$ for any endomorphism $f$. It is easy to see that any ribbon category is spherical. ",
"We call ${\\operatorname{tr}}_l({\\operatorname{id}}_V)={\\operatorname{tr}}_r({\\operatorname{id}}_V)$ the [*quantum*]{} dimension of $V$.\n\nWe will use a standard graphical calculus to represent morphisms in $\\operatorname{{\\it D}-mod}$ by diagrams in the plane which are read from the bottom to the top. ",
"In what follows, we will need [*partial*]{} categorical traces of endomorphisms. ",
"Given $V,W\\in \\operatorname{{\\it D}-mod}$ and $f:V\\otimes W\\to V\\otimes W$ let ${\\operatorname{tr}}^V_l$ and ${\\operatorname{tr}}^W_r$ be the left and right [*partial*]{} traces defined as follows $$\\begin{aligned}\n&{\\operatorname{tr}}_l^V(f)=({\\operatorname{ev}}_V \\otimes {\\operatorname{id}}_W)({\\operatorname{id}}_{V^*} \\otimes f)({\\widetilde{\\operatorname{coev}}}_V \\otimes {\\operatorname{id}}_W)= \\put(14,20){{\\tiny $V$}} {\\begin{array}{c} \\hspace{-1.3mm}\n \\raisebox{-4pt}{\\epsfig{figure=figleftptr2.pdf,height=45pt}}\n \\hspace{-1.9mm}\\end{array}} \\put(-19,-1){{\\footnotesize $f$}}\\put(-11,20){{\\tiny $W$}} \\notag \\\\\n&{\\operatorname{tr}}_r^W(f)=({\\operatorname{id}}_V \\otimes {\\widetilde{\\operatorname{ev}}}_W)(f \\otimes {\\operatorname{id}}_{W^*})({\\operatorname{id}}_V \\otimes {\\operatorname{coev}}_W)= \\put(17,-18){{\\tiny $W$}}{\\begin{array}{c} \\hspace{-1.3mm}\n \\raisebox{-4pt}{\\epsfig{figure=figrightptr2.pdf,height=45pt}}\n \\hspace{-1.9mm}\\end{array}} \\put(-27,0){{\\footnotesize $f$}}\\put(-37,-18){{\\tiny $V$}}. ",
"\\label{E:PartialLRtrace}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nCategory $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$ {#SS:DualityPivStr .unnumbered}\n-------------------------------------\n\nLet us call a module [*simple*]{}, if its endomorphism ring is one dimensional. ",
"A module is [*projective*]{} if it is a direct summand of a free module.",
"\n\nThe category $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$ includes the $s$-dimensional simple modules $ {\\mathscr{X}}^\\pm_s$, and their projective covers ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_s$ for $1\\leq s\\leq {\\mathsf{p}}$, which are $2{\\mathsf{p}}$ dimensional for $1\\leq s< {\\mathsf{p}}$. The simple module $ {\\mathscr{X}}^\\pm_s$ is determined by its highest weight vector $v$ with the action $Ev=0$ and $Kv=\\pm q^{s-1}v$. It is projective if and only if $s=p$. A category is called [*unimodular*]{}, if the projective cover of the trivial module is self-dual. ",
"Since ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_1$ is self-dual (as well as all other modules defined above), $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$ is unimodular.",
"\n\nThe category $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$ inherits the pivotal structure, twist and double braiding from $\\operatorname{{\\it D}-mod}$. The double braiding is $$M_{V,W}: V\\otimes W\\to V\\otimes W,\\quad \\text{ given by }\\quad x\\otimes y \\mapsto M(x\\otimes y),$$ where $M$ is the monodromy matrix; the self-dual twist and duality are given by . ",
"It can be checked that $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$ is [*twisted*]{} category with duality in the sense of Bruguières [@Br].",
"\n\nLet $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ be the full subcategory of $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$ consisting of projective modules. ",
"This category is non-abelian. ",
"To compute the modified trace on $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$, we will need an explicit structure of this category.",
"\n\nStructure of $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ {#structure-of-operatornameit-u-pmod .unnumbered}\n------------------------------------------\n\nA module is [*indecomposable*]{} if it does not decompose as a direct sum of two modules. ",
"The indecomposable projective ${{{U}}}$-modules are classified up to isomorphism in [@FGST2]: they are precisely the projective covers ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j$ of the simple modules where $j=1,...,{\\mathsf{p}}$. In particular, ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{\\mathsf{p}}$ is a simple module with highest weight $\\pm q^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}$. The module ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_1$ is the projective cover of the trivial one.",
"\n\nWe will recall some facts about these projective modules. ",
"For $1\\leq j\\leq {\\mathsf{p}}-1$ let $$\\label{E:BasisP}\n\\{{\\textbf{x}^\\pm}_k,{\\textbf{y}^\\pm}_k\\}_{0\\leq k \\leq {\\mathsf{p}}-j-1}\\cup \\{{\\textbf{a}^\\pm}_n,{\\textbf{b}^\\pm}_n\\}_{0\\leq n \\leq j-1}$$ be the basis of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j$ given in [@FGST1] (see Section C.2 of [@FGST1] for the defining relations). ",
"Following [@CGP3] we call a weight vector $v$ *dominant* if $(FE)^2v = 0$. The vector ${\\textbf{b}^+}_0$ (resp. ",
"${\\textbf{y}^-}_0$) is a dominant vector of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_j$ (resp. ",
"${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^-_j$) with weight $\\pm q^{j-1}$. Let $x_j^+$ (resp. ",
"$x_j^-$) be the nilpotent endomorphism of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j$ determined by ${\\textbf{b}^+}_0\\mapsto {\\textbf{a}^+}_0$ (resp. ",
"${\\textbf{y}^-}_0\\mapsto {\\textbf{x}^-}_0$), and let $a_j^+, b_j^+: {\\mathcal{P}}_j^+\\rightarrow {\\mathcal{P}}_{{\\mathsf{p}}-j}^{-}$ and $a_j^-, b_j^-: {\\mathcal{P}}_{j}^{-}\\to {\\mathcal{P}}_{{\\mathsf{p}}-j}^+$ be the morphisms defined by $$a_j^+({\\textbf{b}^+}_0)= {\\textbf{a}^-}_0, \\;\\; b_j^+({\\textbf{b}^+}_0)= {\\textbf{b}^-}_0, \\;\\; a_j^-({\\textbf{y}^-}_0)= {\\textbf{x}^+}_0 \\text{ and } b_j^-({\\textbf{y}^-}_0)= {\\textbf{y}^+}_0,$$ respectively. ",
"Analysing the images of the dominant weight vector of ${\\mathcal{P}}_s^\\epsilon$, we can completely determine the ${\\operatorname{Hom}}$-spaces between indecomposable projective modules. ",
"Here is the list of the non-trivial ones:\n\n- the endomorphism ring ${\\operatorname{End}}_{{{U}}}({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j)$ is one dimensional for $j=p$ and two dimensional with basis $\\{{\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j},x_j^{\\pm}\\}$ for $1\\leq j <{\\mathsf{p}}$,\n\n- the ${\\operatorname{Hom}}$-spaces $ {\\operatorname{Hom}}_{{{U}}}({\\mathcal{P}}_j^+,{\\mathcal{P}}_{{\\mathsf{p}}-j}^{-})$ and $ {\\operatorname{Hom}}_{{{U}}}({\\mathcal{P}}_{j}^-,{\\mathcal{P}}_{{\\mathsf{p}}-j}^{+})$) are two dimensional with respective basis $\\{a_j^+, b_j^+\\}$ and $\\{a_j^-, b_j^-\\}$, for $1\\leq j <{\\mathsf{p}}$.\n\n\\[P:Prop444\\] The action of the center on the indecomposable projective modules is as follows. ",
"$$\\begin{array}{|c||c|c|c|c|}\n\\hline\n&{\\mathcal{P}}_p^-&{\\mathcal{P}}_p^+&{\\mathcal{P}}_j^+,\\text{ $1\\leq j<p$}& {\\mathcal{P}}_{p-j}^-,\\text{ $1\\leq j<p$}\\\\\n\\hline\\hline\n{{\\textbf{e}}}_0&{\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\mathcal{P}}_p^-}&0&0&0\n\\\\ \\hline\n{{\\textbf{e}}}_p&0&{\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\mathcal{P}}_p^+} &0&0\n\\\\ \\hline\n{{\\textbf{e}}}_j,\\text{ $1\\leq j<p$} &0&0&{\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\mathcal{P}}_j^+}&{\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\mathcal{P}}_{p-j}^-} \\\\ \\hline\n{{\\textbf{w}}}_j^+,\\text{ $1\\leq j<p$}&0&0&x_j^+&0 \\\\ \\hline\n{{\\textbf{w}}}_j^-,\\text{ $1\\leq j<p$}&0&0&0&x_{p-j}^-\\\\ \\hline\n\\end{array}$$\n\nTangle invariants and the trace of ${{U}}$ {#S:Universal}\n==========================================\n\nOur links and tangles are always assumed to be framed and oriented. ",
"The diagrams are going from bottom to top. ",
"A [*string link*]{} is a tangle without closed component whose arcs end at the same order as they start, with upwards orientation. ",
"A pure braid is an example.",
"\n\nReshetikhin–Turaev invariant {#reshetikhinturaev-invariant .unnumbered}\n----------------------------\n\nGiven any ribbon category $\\mathcal C$, Turaev showed in [@Tu], that there exists a canonical ribbon functor $$F_{\\mathcal C}:{\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Rib}} }_{\\mathcal{C}}\\to \\mathcal C,$$ where ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Rib}} }_{\\mathcal{C}} $ is the category of $\\mathcal{C}$-colored ribbon graphs. ",
"Applying this construction to $\\operatorname{{\\it D}-mod}$, for an $m$-component string link $T$, colored with the regular representation $D$, we obtain $ F_{{{D}}}(T)\\in {\\operatorname{End}}_{{D}}({{D}}^{\\otimes m})$. Here we use shorthand $F_{{{D}}}$ for $ F_{\\operatorname{{\\it D}-mod}}$. The Reshetikhin–Turaev invariant of the colored link $(L, V_{1}, \\dots, V_{m})$ is obtained by evaluating the categorical right traces on $F_D(T)$, i.e. $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{closure}\nJ_L(V_1, \\dots,V_m):&=({\\operatorname{tr}}^{V_1}_r \\otimes \\dots {\\operatorname{tr}}^{V_m}_r) F_D(T)\\\\ &=\n({\\rm trace}^{V_1}\\otimes\\dots \\otimes {\\rm trace}^{V_m})(g\\otimes \\dots \\otimes g)\nF_D(T) \\end{aligned}$$ where $T$ is a string link with braid closure isotopic to $L$. Recall also that ${\\operatorname{tr}}^V_r={\\operatorname{tr}}^V_l$ since both closures are isotopic. ",
"Hence, we can replace $g$ by $g^{-1}$ in the last line. ",
"If one of the $V_i$’s is projective, this invariant vanishes.",
"\n\nUniversal invariant {#universal-invariant .unnumbered}\n-------------------\n\nAssociated with a ribbon Hopf algebra there is another powerful invariant – the [*universal*]{} invariant of links and tangles introduced by Lawrence [@Lawrence2] for some quantum groups and defined by Hennings [@Hennings] in the general case. ",
"For a string link $T$ with $m$ components, its universal invariant $J_T$ is obtained by pasting together pieces shown in Figure \\[F:univ\\_picture\\]. ",
"Here we write $R=\\sum \\alpha \\otimes \\beta$, $R^{-1}=\\sum \\overline \\alpha \\otimes \\overline\\beta$.\n\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n [ [![",
"\\[F:univ\\_picture\\] Local formulas for the universal invariant](univ+ \"fig:\"){height=\"1.1cm\"}]{} ]{} [ [![",
"\\[F:univ\\_picture\\] Local formulas for the universal invariant](univ+s_ \"fig:\"){height=\"1.1cm\"}]{} ]{} [ [![",
"\\[F:univ\\_picture\\] Local formulas for the universal invariant](univ+_s \"fig:\"){height=\"1.1cm\"}]{} ]{} [ [![",
"\\[F:univ\\_picture\\] Local formulas for the universal invariant](univ+ss \"fig:\"){height=\"1.1cm\"}]{} ]{}\n \\[12pt\\] [ [![",
"\\[F:univ\\_picture\\] Local formulas for the universal invariant](univ- \"fig:\"){height=\"1.1cm\"}]{} ]{} [ [![",
"\\[F:univ\\_picture\\] Local formulas for the universal invariant](univ-s_ \"fig:\"){height=\"1.1cm\"}]{} ]{} [ [![",
"\\[F:univ\\_picture\\] Local formulas for the universal invariant](univ-_s \"fig:\"){height=\"1.1cm\"}]{} ]{} [ [![",
"\\[F:univ\\_picture\\] Local formulas for the universal invariant](univ-ss \"fig:\"){height=\"1.1cm\"}]{} ]{}\n \\[12pt\\] [ [![",
"\\[F:univ\\_picture\\] Local formulas for the universal invariant](univ_ev \"fig:\"){height=\"0.7cm\"}]{} ]{} [ [![",
"\\[F:univ\\_picture\\] Local formulas for the universal invariant](univ_coev \"fig:\"){height=\"0.73cm\"}]{} ]{} [ [![",
"\\[F:univ\\_picture\\] Local formulas for the universal invariant](univ_tev \"fig:\"){height=\"0.7cm\"}]{} ]{} [ [![",
"\\[F:univ\\_picture\\] Local formulas for the universal invariant](univ_tcoev \"fig:\"){height=\"0.65cm\"}]{} ]{}\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nMore precisely, for each arc of $T$ we obtain an element of ${{D}}$ by writing a word from right to left with labels read using the order following the orientation. ",
"Thus we get $J_T\\in {{D}}^{\\otimes m}$. This element does not change by Reidemeister moves. ",
"The original proof of the invariance was stated for a link. ",
"The argument was extended to tangles in [@Hab_bottom 7.3]. ",
"Note that in [@Hab_bottom] Habiro uses different conventions. ",
"His tangles are depicted from top to bottom and orientations are reversed. ",
"Hence, our model can be recovered from his one after reflecting over a horizontal axis. ",
"The universal invariants coincide. ",
"In [@Oht], Ohtsuki defines the universal invariant using the opposite to our orientation convention, but the word is written there from left to right when following the orientation. ",
"Again the universal invariant is finally the same as ours.",
"\n\nRelation between them {#relation-between-them .unnumbered}\n---------------------\n\nThe universal invariant is known to dominate Reshetikhin–Turaev invariants in the following sense: $$J_L(V_1, \\dots, V_m)=({{\\operatorname{tr}}}^{V_1}_r \\otimes \\dots \\otimes {{\\operatorname{tr}}}^{V_m}_r) J_T$$ The proof is given in [@Oht Theorem 4.9].",
"\n\nLet us denote by $({{{U}}}^{\\otimes m})^{{{{U}}}}\\subset {{{U}}}^{\\otimes m}$ the submodule centralising the left action, i.e. $$x\\in ({{{U}}}^{\\otimes m})^{{{{U}}}}\\quad\n \\Leftrightarrow \\quad\\Delta^{[m]}(h) x= x \\Delta^{[m]}(h) \\quad{\\text {for all}} \\quad h\\in {{{U}}}\\ .$$\n\nThe following lemma is folklore, but we are adding the proof for completeness.",
"\n\n\\[E:RTleftAction\\] The Reshetikhin–Turaev intertwinner $ F_{{{D}}}(T)$ is equal to left multiplication by $J_T$. In addition, for an $m$-component string link $T$, $J_T$ belongs to $({{{U}}}^{\\otimes m})^{{{{U}}}}$.\n\nThe fact that $F_D(T)$ is the left multiplication by $J_T$ follows directly by comparing the definitions of these two invariants. ",
"More details are given in the proof of [@Oht Theorem 4.9]. ",
"Hence, multiplication by $J_T$ has to commute with left action, we conclude $J_T\\in (D^{\\otimes m})^D$.\n\nLet us show that for a string link the universal invariant $J_T$ actually belongs to ${{{U}}}^{\\otimes m}$. This implies the claim, since $ ({{{U}}}^{\\otimes m})^D \\subset ({{{U}}}^{\\otimes m})^U$.\n\nThe linking matrix of a string link is diagonal mod $2$. In [@Br Section 1.3], Bruguières shows that [*any*]{} tangle with this property can be obtained as compositions and tensor products of evaluations, coevaluations and twists. ",
"Thus the universal invariant $J_T$ is build up from the ribbon element $r$, the balancing element $g$, and their inverses by applying the Hopf algebra operations. ",
"We obtain $J_T\\in {{{U}}}^{\\otimes m}$.\n\nEvaluations of the universal invariant {#evaluations-of-the-universal-invariant .unnumbered}\n--------------------------------------\n\nAssume for simplicity that $T$ is a $(1,1)$ tangle, whose closure is the knot $K$. Then for any $\\phi\\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{qChar}} }(U)$, the evaluation $\\phi(J_T) \\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }$ is a knot invariant. ",
"To prove this fact, we need to show that this evaluation does not change by cyclic permutations of the word $J_K= g^{-1}J_T$ obtained by applying the algorithm described above to the left closure of $T$. Using , we get $$\\phi( J_T)=\\phi_g(g^{-1} J_T)= \\phi_g (J_K).$$ The last expression does not change by cyclic permutations since $\\phi_g\\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Char}} }(U)$. Applying this argument to the $k$ leftmost components of a string link with $m$ strands, we will get the following.",
"\n\n\\[XXX\\] Let $T$ be an $m$-component string link and $1\\leq k\\leq m$. Let $\\Phi=\\otimes_{j=1}^k \\phi_j$ with $\\phi_j\\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{qChar}} }(U)$ be a sequence of quantum characters, then $$(\\Phi \\otimes {\\operatorname{id}}_{U^{\\otimes(m-k)}})(J_T)\\in (U^{\\otimes (m-k)})^U$$ is invariant of the tangle obtained from $T$ by closing the first $k$ components.",
"\n\nFurther observe that given $\\phi\\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{qChar}} }(U)$ we can obtain another quantum character $\\phi_z$ by twisting $\\phi$ with a central element $z\\in Z(U)$, where $\\phi_z(x):=\\phi(zx)$ for any $x\\in U$. In the logaritmic invariant we will use quantum characters $\\mu$ and $\\mu_z$ to evaluate components of $T^0$ and $T^+$, and the [*modified trace pairing*]{} constructed below for $T^-$.\n\nIn the next section we will define a family of linear functions $$\\{{{\\mathsf{t}}}_V:{\\operatorname{End}}_{\\mathscr{C}}(V)\\rightarrow {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }\\}_{V\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}}$$ satisfying cyclicity and the partial trace property. ",
"For any $m>0$, we can use ${{\\mathsf{t}}}_{U^{\\otimes m}}$ to define a bilinear pairing $$\\langle\\ ,\\ \\rangle:\\left({{{U}}}^{\\otimes m}\\right)^{{{{U}}}}\\otimes \n{{{U}}}^{\\otimes m}\\rightarrow {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }\\ ,$$ by the formula $$\\label{E:pairing}\n\\langle x ,y\\rangle={{\\mathsf{t}}}_{U^{\\otimes m}}(l_x\\circ r_y)\\ .$$ Here $l_x$, $r_x$ are the operators of the left and right multiplication by $x$.\n\nFrom cyclicity of ${{\\mathsf{t}}}$, we obtain an induced pairing $$\\langle\\ ,\\ \\rangle:\\left({{{U}}}^{\\otimes m}\\right)^{{{{U}}}}\\otimes \n{\\operatorname{HH}_0}({{{U}}}^{\\otimes m})\\rightarrow {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }\\ ,$$ which we call the modified trace pairing. ",
"To achieve the full evaluation, besides of the basis for the center, we will need a basis for ${\\operatorname{HH}_0}(U)$.\n\nThe trace ${\\operatorname{HH}_0}({{{U}}})$ {#the-trace-operatornamehh_0u .unnumbered}\n------------------------------------------\n\nLet us construct a basis of the trace of $U$.\n\nRecall that $0^{\\text{th}}$-Hochschild homology or trace of a linear category $\\mathcal C$ is defined by $${\\operatorname{HH}_0}(\\mathcal C):=\\frac{\\oplus_{x\\in \\mathcal C} \\;\\mathcal C(x,x)}{fg-gf}\\quad\n\\text{for any}\\quad{f:x\\to y,g:y\\to x }.$$ The image of $x\\in \\mathcal C$ in ${\\operatorname{HH}_0}(\\mathcal C)$ will be called its trace class and denoted by $[x]$. For an algebra $A$ (i.e. a category with one object) this reduces to $${\\operatorname{HH}_0}(A):=\\frac{A}{[A,A]}\\quad\\text{with}\\quad\n[A,A]={\\rm{Span}}\\{xy-yx\\;|\\; x,y\\in A\\}.$$ This space supports a natural action of the center defined by $z[x]=[zx]$ for any $z\\in Z(U)$. By definition ${\\operatorname{HH}_0}({{{U}}})$ is dual to ${\\ensuremath{\\mathrm{Char}} }({{{U}}})$. We will use the following well-known fact.",
"\n\n\\[Meq\\] For any finite dimensional algebra $U$, $${\\operatorname{HH}_0}({\\rm \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}})\\simeq{\\operatorname{HH}_0}(U)$$\n\nLet us give a proof for completeness.",
"\n\nAssume $M$ is projective, then there exists another projective module $N$ such that $M\\oplus N = U^{\\otimes n}$. Hence in $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ there are morphisms $$i:M\\to U^{\\otimes n}\\quad\\text{and}\\quad p:U^{\\otimes n}\\to M$$ with $p \\circ i={\\operatorname{id}}_M$ and $i\\circ p$ an idempotent. ",
"They can be used to define a map ${\\operatorname{HH}_0}(\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod})\\to{\\operatorname{HH}_0}(U)$ as follows: Given $f\\in{\\operatorname{End}}(M)$, then $$[f]=[fpi]=[ifp] \\in {\\operatorname{HH}_0}(U^{\\otimes n})\\simeq{\\operatorname{HH}_0}(U) .$$ The last equivalence in proven in [@Loday]. ",
"The inverse of this map sends $x\\in {\\operatorname{HH}_0}(U)$ to the right multiplication $r_x$ in ${\\operatorname{End}}_U({{{U}}})$. Hence, we have an isomorphism.",
"\n\nLet us recall that $U$ as a free left $U$-module decomposes into a direct sum of indecomposable projectives as follows $${{{U}}}\\cong \\bigoplus_{j=1}^{{\\mathsf{p}}} j {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_j^+ \\oplus \n\\bigoplus_{j=1}^{{\\mathsf{p}}} j {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_j^-.$$ The module $ \\mathbb{P}=\\oplus_{j,\\pm}\\ {\\mathcal{P}}_j^\\pm$ is called projective generator of ${{{U}}}$ and $B={\\operatorname{End}}(\\mathbb{P})$ the [*basic*]{} algebra. ",
"By definition, $${\\operatorname{HH}_0}(\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod})={\\operatorname{HH}_0}(B).$$\n\nBy [@DK Th. ",
"8.4.5], any finite dimensional algebra $A$ and its basic algebra $B$ are Morita equivalent. ",
"The Morita equivalence between $A$ and $B$ also implies $${\\operatorname{HH}_0}(A\\text{{\\rm -mod}})\\simeq{\\operatorname{HH}_0}(B\\text{\\rm{-mod}})$$ but this group could be different from ${\\operatorname{HH}_0}(A)$.\n\nLet us use the notation ${\\operatorname{id}}_j^\\pm={\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j}$ for simplicity.",
"\n\n\\[L:HH0\\] A basis for ${\\operatorname{HH}_0}(B)$ is represented by $[{\\operatorname{id}}_k^\\pm]$, $1\\leq k\\leq {\\mathsf{p}}$, and $[x_j^+]=[x_{{\\mathsf{p}}-j}^-]$, $1\\leq j< {\\mathsf{p}}$.\n\nRecall that $$B=\\bigoplus_{j,\\epsilon,j',\\epsilon'} {\\operatorname{Hom}}({\\mathcal{P}}_j^\\epsilon,{\\mathcal{P}}_{j'}^{\\epsilon'})\\ .$$ A linear basis for $B$ defined in Section \\[S:modules\\] consist of $${\\operatorname{id}}_k^\\pm, \\quad x^\\epsilon_j,\\quad a_j^\\epsilon: {\\mathcal{P}}_j^\\epsilon\\rightarrow {\\mathcal{P}}_{{\\mathsf{p}}-j}^{-\\epsilon},\\quad\n\\text{and}\\quad b_j^\\epsilon: {\\mathcal{P}}_j^\\epsilon\\rightarrow {\\mathcal{P}}_{{\\mathsf{p}}-j}^{-\\epsilon}$$ where $1\\leq k\\leq {\\mathsf{p}}$, $1\\leq j< {\\mathsf{p}}$ and $\\epsilon\\in \\{-,+\\}$. For $1\\leq j<{\\mathsf{p}}$, we have $a_j^\\epsilon {\\operatorname{id}}_j^\\epsilon=a_j^\\epsilon$, while ${\\operatorname{id}}_j^\\epsilon a_j^\\epsilon=0$, so that $a_j^\\epsilon$ and similarly $b_j^\\epsilon$ vanish in ${\\operatorname{HH}_0}(B)$. We also have $ b_{{\\mathsf{p}}-j}^{-\\epsilon}a_j^\\epsilon=x_j^\\epsilon$, while $ a_j^\\epsilon b_{{\\mathsf{p}}-j}^{-\\epsilon}=x_{{\\mathsf{p}}-j}^{-\\epsilon}$. We get the relation $[x_j^\\epsilon]=[x_{{\\mathsf{p}}-j}^{-\\epsilon}]\\in {\\operatorname{HH}_0}(B)$. Since the resulting set of generators has expected cardinality, this completes the proof of the lemma.",
"\n\nCombining Proposition \\[Meq\\] with Lemma \\[L:HH0\\], we conclude that ${\\operatorname{HH}_0}(U)$ has dimension $3p-1$, with basis consisting of\n\n- ${\\textbf{h}}^\\pm_k$, for $1\\leq k \\leq {\\mathsf{p}}$, represented by the minimal (non central) idempotent projecting onto a copy of the module ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_k^\\pm $, and\n\n- ${\\textbf{h}}_j={{\\textbf{w}}}_j^+{\\textbf{h}}_j^+={{\\textbf{w}}}_j^-{\\textbf{h}}_{p-j}^-$, for $1\\leq j \\leq {\\mathsf{p}}-1$.\n\nOn the regular representation in $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ these elements act by the right multiplication.",
"\n\nProofs of Theorems \\[mTrace\\] and \\[main\\]\n==========================================\n\nIn this section we construct the modified trace on $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ and compute it for the regular representation ${{{U}}}$ and its tensor powers. ",
"This will provide the main tool to prove Theorems \\[mTrace\\] and \\[main\\].",
"\n\nModified trace {#modified-trace .unnumbered}\n--------------\n\nThe subcategory $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ is an ideal of $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$ in the sense of [@GKP2; @GPV], which means the following:\n\n1. ",
" If $V\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ and $W\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$, then $V\\otimes W \\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ and $V\\otimes W \\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$.\n\n2. ",
" If $V\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$, $W\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$, and there exists morphisms $f:W\\to V$, $g:V\\to W$ such that $g f={\\operatorname{id}}_W$, then $W\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$.\n\nLet us recall that a [*modified trace*]{} on $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ is a family of linear functions $$\\{{{\\mathsf{t}}}_V:{\\operatorname{End}}_{\\mathscr{C}}(V)\\rightarrow {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }\\}_{V\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}}$$ such that the following two conditions hold:\n\n1. ",
" [**Cyclicity.**]{} ",
"If $X,V\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$, then for any morphisms $f:V\\rightarrow X $ and $g:X\\rightarrow V$ in ${{{U}}}$-mod we have $$\\label{E:Tracefggf}\n {{\\mathsf{t}}}_V(g f)={{\\mathsf{t}}}_X(f g).$$\n\n2. ",
" [**Partial trace properties.**]{} ",
"If $X\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ and $W\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-mod}$ then for any $f\\in {\\operatorname{End}}_{{{U}}}(X\\otimes W)$ and $g\\in {\\operatorname{End}}_{{{U}}}(W\\otimes X)$ we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n {{\\mathsf{t}}}_{X\\otimes W}\\left(f \\right)\n &={{\\mathsf{t}}}_X \\left( {\\operatorname{tr}}_r^W(f)\\right), \\\\\n {{\\mathsf{t}}}_{W\\otimes X}\\left(g \\right)\n &={{\\mathsf{t}}}_X \\left( {\\operatorname{tr}}_l^W(g)\\right) \n $$ where ${\\operatorname{tr}}_r^W$ and ${\\operatorname{tr}}_l^W$ are the right and left partial categorical traces along $W$ defined by .",
"\n\nIf only the first (resp. ",
"the second) of the two partial trace properties is satisfied, we call the modified trace right (resp. ",
"left).",
"\n\nProof of Theorem \\[mTrace\\] {#proof-of-theorem-mtrace .unnumbered}\n---------------------------\n\nCorollary 3.2.1 of [@GKP2] implies the existence of a unique (up to global scalar) right modified trace in any unimodular pivotal category with enough projectives and a simple projective object $L$, such that ${\\widetilde{\\operatorname{ev}}}_L$ is surjective. ",
"The category $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$ does satisfy all these assumptions. ",
"Hence there exists a unique right modified trace $$\\{{{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_V:{\\operatorname{End}}(V)\\rightarrow {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }\\}_{V\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}}$$ normalized by $${{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_{\\mathsf{p}}}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_{\\mathsf{p}}})=(-1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}.$$ Analogous arguments imply the existence of the unique left trace $$\\{{{\\mathsf{t}}^L}_V:{\\operatorname{End}}(V)\\rightarrow {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }\\}_{V\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}}$$ normalized by $${{\\mathsf{t}}^L}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_{\\mathsf{p}}}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_{\\mathsf{p}}})=(-1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}.$$\n\nWe will compute both of them and show that they coincide. ",
"For this, we will use additivity of trace functions for direct sums, which follows from the cyclicity. ",
"Hence, it is enough to compute modified traces on the endomorphisms of the indecomposable projectives.",
"\n\n### Identity endomorphisms {#identity-endomorphisms .unnumbered}\n\nRecall ${\\mathscr{X}}_1^+$ is the one dimensional trivial ${{{U}}}$-module whose action on any vector $v$ is given by $Ev=Fv=0$ and $K^{\\pm 1}v=v$. There is another one dimensional module ${\\mathscr{X}}_1^-$ whose action on any vector $v$ is given by $Ev=Fv=0$ and $K^{\\pm 1}v=-v$. Hence, ${\\operatorname{tr}}_r({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\mathscr{X}}_1^-})=\\text{trace}^{{\\mathscr{X}}_1^-}(K^{p+1})=\n(-1)^{p+1}$. Using ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^-_j\\cong {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_j\\otimes{\\mathscr{X}}_1^-$, we can compute the trace on ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^-_{\\mathsf{p}}$: $${{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^-_{\\mathsf{p}}}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^-_{\\mathsf{p}}})={{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_{\\mathsf{p}}\\otimes {\\mathscr{X}}_1^-}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_{\\mathsf{p}}\\otimes {\\mathscr{X}}_1^-})={{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_{\\mathsf{p}}} \\left( {\\operatorname{tr}}_r^{{\\mathscr{X}}_1^-}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_{\\mathsf{p}}\\otimes {\\mathscr{X}}_1^-})\\right)=1.$$ Similarly, ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^-_{\\mathsf{p}}\\cong {\\mathscr{X}}_1^- \\otimes {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_p $ implies that ${{\\mathsf{t}}^L}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^-_{\\mathsf{p}}}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^-_{\\mathsf{p}}})=1$.\\\nNext we compute some partial traces involving ${\\mathscr{X}}^+_2$. The module $ {\\mathscr{X}}^+_2$ has a basis $\\{w_0,w_1\\}$ with action $$\\begin{aligned}\nEw_0 &=0 & Fw_0&=w_1 & Kw_0&=qw_0\\\\\nEw_0 &=w_1 & Fw_1&=w_0 & Kw_1&=q^{-1}w_1.\\end{aligned}$$ Recall that an endomorphism of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_j$ is determined by the image of the dominant vector ${\\textbf{b}^+}_0$. We can use this fact to compute the following partial trace: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\left({\\operatorname{tr}}_l^{{\\mathscr{X}}^+_2}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\mathscr{X}}^+_2\\otimes {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_j})\\right)({\\textbf{b}^+}_0)=\\\\\n=w_0^*( K^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}w_0) {\\textbf{b}^+}_0 + w_1^*( K^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}w_1) {\\textbf{b}^+}_0 =(q^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}+q^{-{\\mathsf{p}}+1}){\\textbf{b}^+}_0\\ .\\end{gathered}$$ Thus, ${\\operatorname{tr}}_l^{{\\mathscr{X}}^+_2}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\mathscr{X}}^+_2\\otimes {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_j})=-(q+q^{-1}){\\operatorname{id}}_{ {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_j}$ for $j=1,...,{\\mathsf{p}}-1$. Similarly, for the right partial trace of the identity of $ {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_j\\otimes{\\mathscr{X}}^+_2$ we get $${\\operatorname{tr}}_r^{{\\mathscr{X}}^+_2}({\\operatorname{id}}_{ {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_j\\otimes{\\mathscr{X}}^+_2})=(q^{-{\\mathsf{p}}+1}+q^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}){\\operatorname{id}}_{ {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_j}=(-q-q^{-1}){\\operatorname{id}}_{ {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_j}.$$ The decomposition of tensor products of a simple module with a projective indecomposable module is given in [@Suter proposition 4.1] (also see [@KondoSaito Theorems 3.1.5, 3.2.1]). ",
"In particular, $$\\label{E:IsoPPp} \n{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_{\\mathsf{p}}^\\pm\\otimes {\\mathscr{X}}_2^+\\cong {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{p-1}\\cong {\\mathscr{X}}_2^+\\otimes {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_{\\mathsf{p}}^\\pm\\ ,$$ $$\\label{E:IsoPP1} \n{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}^\\pm\\otimes {\\mathscr{X}}_2^+\\cong {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_{{\\mathsf{p}}-2}^\\pm\\oplus 2{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{\\mathsf{p}}\\cong {\\mathscr{X}}_2^+\\otimes {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}\\ ,$$ and $$\\label{E:IsoPPj} \n{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j\\otimes {\\mathscr{X}}^+_{2}\\cong {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{j-1}\\oplus {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{j+1}\\cong {\\mathscr{X}}^+_{2}\\otimes {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j$$ for $j\\in\\{2,...,{\\mathsf{p}}-2\\}$.\n\nCombining these formulas with properties of the modified trace we have: $${{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j\\otimes {\\mathscr{X}}^+_{2}}\\left({\\operatorname{id}}_{ {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_j\\otimes{\\mathscr{X}}^+_2}\\right)\n={{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j}\\left({\\operatorname{tr}}_r^{{\\mathscr{X}}_2^+}({\\operatorname{id}}_{ {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_j\\otimes{\\mathscr{X}}^+_2})\\right)=\n(-q-q^{-1}){{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j}\\left({\\operatorname{id}}_{ {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_j}\\right)$$ where $j\\in \\{2,...,{\\mathsf{p}}\\}$. This equality together with the isomorphism on the left hand side of Equation for $j={\\mathsf{p}}$ gives $${{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}})=(\\mp 1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}(-q-q^{-1}).$$ Then the isomorphism of the left hand side of implies $${{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{{\\mathsf{p}}-2}}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{{\\mathsf{p}}-2}})=(\\mp 1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}((-q-q^{-1})^2-2)=(\\mp 1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}(q^2+q^{-2}).$$ Finally, for $j\\in\\{2,...,{\\mathsf{p}}-2\\}$, the isomorphism of the left hand side of Equation implies $$\\label{E:rTrPPpmchi}\n-(q+q^{-1}){{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_j^\\pm}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_j^\\pm})={{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_{j-1}^\\pm}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_{j-1}^\\pm})+{{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_{j+1}^\\pm}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_{j+1}^\\pm})\\ .$$ Recursively the last equality implies $${{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_j^\\pm}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_j^\\pm})=(\\pm 1)^{p-1}(-1)^{j}(q^j+q^{-j})$$ for $j\\in\\{2,...,{\\mathsf{p}}-1\\}$.\n\nUsing the right hand side of the tensor product in ,, we compute similarly the left trace of identities and get $${{\\mathsf{t}}^L}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j})={{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_j}),\\ \\text{for $1\\leq j\\leq {\\mathsf{p}}$}.$$\n\n### Endomorphisms $x^\\pm_j$ {#endomorphisms-xpm_j .unnumbered}\n\nFor $x\\in U$, let us denote by $l^V_x$ the operator of the left multiplication by $x$ on $V$. Sometimes, we will omit $V$ for simplicity.",
"\n\nTo compute ${{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_j^\\pm}(x_j^\\pm)$ we will use the action of the Casimir element $$C=FE+\\frac{qK+q^{-1}K^{-1}}{(q-q^{-1})^2}.$$ Since $C$ is central, $l^{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_C$ commutes with the left $U$-action, and hence defines an endomorphism in $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$.\n\nOn simple modules, $C$ acts by a scalar, hence $$\\label{E:traceActionCPp}\n{{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_{\\mathsf{p}}^\\pm}(l_C^{{\\mathcal{P}}_{\\mathsf{p}}^\\pm}) =\\frac{2 (\\mp 1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}} }{(q-q^{-1})^2}.$$\n\nFor $j\\in\\{1,\\dots,{\\mathsf{p}}-1\\}$, the dominant vector ${\\textbf{b}^+}_0$ (resp. ",
"${\\textbf{y}^-}_0$) of ${\\mathcal{P}}_j^+$ (resp. ",
"${\\mathcal{P}}_j^-$) has weight $\\pm q^{j-1}$. The action of $C$ on this vector is $$C{\\textbf{b}^+}_0={\\textbf{a}^+}_0+\\frac{q^j+q^{-j}}{(q-q^{-1})^2}{\\textbf{b}^+}_0$$ (resp. ",
"$C{\\textbf{y}^-}_0 = {\\textbf{x}^-}_0 -\\frac{q^j+q^{-j}}{(q-q^{-1})^2}{\\textbf{y}^-}_0$). ",
"Thus, for $j\\in\\{1,\\dots,{\\mathsf{p}}-1\\}$ we have $$\\label{E:ActionC}\nl_C^{{\\mathcal{P}}_j^\\pm}=x^\\pm_j\\pm \\frac{q^j+q^{-j}}{(q-q^{-1})^2}{\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{j}}\\ .$$ To compute the action of $C$ on tensor products we need the following formula. ",
"$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\Delta(C)=K^{-1}\\otimes FE+K^{-1}E\\otimes FK\\\\+F\\otimes E+FE\\otimes K\n +\\frac{qK\\otimes K+q^{-1}K^{-1}\\otimes K^{-1}}{(q-q^{-1})^2}\\ .$$\\end{gathered}$$ The second and third terms of $\\Delta(C)$ have no diagonal contibution, and hence vanish when computing the partial trace ${\\operatorname{tr}}_r^{{\\mathscr{X}}^+_2}\\left(l_{\\Delta(C)}^{{\\mathcal{P}}_i^\\pm\\otimes {\\mathscr{X}}_2^+}\\right)$. In particular, for $v\\in{\\mathcal{P}}_i^\\pm$ we have $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\left[{\\operatorname{tr}}_r^{{\\mathscr{X}}^+_2}\\left(l_{\\Delta(C)}^{{\\mathcal{P}}_i^\\pm\\otimes {\\mathscr{X}}_2^+}\\right)\\right](v)\\\\\n=-q^{-1}K^{-1}v -(q^2+q^{-2})FEv -\\frac{(q^2+q^{-2})q}{(q-q^{-1})^2}Kv + \\frac{-2q^{-1}}{(q-q^{-1})^2}K^{-1}v.\\end{gathered}$$ When $i\\in \\{1,...,{\\mathsf{p}}-1\\}$ and $v$ is the generating vector of ${\\mathcal{P}}_i^\\pm$ this equality implies $${\\operatorname{tr}}_r^{{\\mathscr{X}}^+_2}\\left(l_{\\Delta(C)}^{{\\mathcal{P}}_i^\\pm\\otimes {\\mathscr{X}}_2^+}\\right)=-(q^2+q^{-2})x_i^\\pm\n\\mp \\frac{(q^2+q^{-2})}{(q-q^{-1})^2}(q^i+q^{-i}){\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\mathcal{P}}_i^\\pm}.$$ Similarly, if $v$ is the highest weight of $ {\\mathcal{P}}_{\\mathsf{p}}^\\pm$, we obtain $$\\label{E:prTrCp2}\n{\\operatorname{tr}}_r^{{\\mathscr{X}}^+_2}\\left(l_{\\Delta(C)}^{{\\mathcal{P}}_{{\\mathsf{p}}}^\\pm\\otimes {\\mathscr{X}}_2^+}\\right)=\n\\pm2 \\frac{(q^2+q^{-2})}{(q-q^{-1})^2}{\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\mathcal{P}}_{\\mathsf{p}}^\\pm}.$$\n\nNow we can compute ${{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}}(x_{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}^\\pm)$. From the isomorphism in , we have $${{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{{\\mathsf{p}}}\\otimes {\\mathscr{X}}_2^+} \\left(l_{\\Delta(C)}^{{\\mathcal{P}}_{{\\mathsf{p}}}^\\pm\\otimes {\\mathscr{X}}_2^+}\\right)={{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}}\\left(l_C^{{\\mathcal{P}}_{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}^\\pm}\\right).$$ Using Equations and we can simplify the last equality as follows $$\\pm 2 \\frac{q^2+q^{-2}}{(q-q^{-1})^2}{{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{{\\mathsf{p}}}}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{{\\mathsf{p}}}}^\\pm)={{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}}(x_{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}^\\pm)\\pm \\frac{q^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}+q^{-{\\mathsf{p}}+1}}{(q-q^{-1})^2}{{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}}({\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}}^\\pm)\\ ,$$ or $${{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}}(x_{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}^\\pm)=\\pm(\\mp)^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1} \\frac{(q^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}-q^{-{\\mathsf{p}}+1})^2}{(q-q^{-1})^2}.$$ Using the isomorphism in Equation , for $j\\in\\{2,\\dots,{\\mathsf{p}}-2\\}$ we obtain the following recursive relation $${{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{j-1}}(x_{j-1}^\\pm)+{{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{j+1}}(x_{j+1}^\\pm)+(q^2+q^{-2}){{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{j}}(x_{j}^\\pm)=\n-2(\\pm 1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}}(-1)^j\\ .$$\n\nUsing Equation we can show that this formula also holds for $j={\\mathsf{p}}-1$ by setting $x_{{\\mathsf{p}}}^\\pm=0$. We deduce the general formula for $j\\in\\{1,\\dots,{\\mathsf{p}}-1\\}$ $${{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{j}}(x_{j}^\\pm)=(\\pm 1)^{\\mathsf{p}}(-1)^{j}[j]^2\\ ,$$ which is compatible with the computation at $j={\\mathsf{p}}-2$ or $j={\\mathsf{p}}-1$ and satisfies the recursive relation for $j\\in\\{2,\\dots,{\\mathsf{p}}-2\\}$.\n\nWith similar computation we get the same value for ${{\\mathsf{t}}^L}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^\\pm_{j}}(x_{j}^\\pm) $. ",
"Thus, we have proved that the left and right modified traces are equal on $\\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$.\n\nLet us summarize our computations of the modified trace ($0<j<{\\mathsf{p}}$): $$\\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\n\\hline\n{\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_{\\mathsf{p}}^-}& {\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_{\\mathsf{p}}^+ }&{\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_j^-}& {\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_j^+}&x_j^-&x_j^+\\\\\n\\hline\n1&(-1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}&\n(-1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}+j-1} (q^j+q^{-j})&(-1)^{j} (q^j+q^{-j}) &(-1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}+j} [j]^2&(-1)^j [j]^2\\\\ \\hline\n\\end{array}$$.\n\nProof of Theorem \\[main\\] {#proof-of-theorem-main .unnumbered}\n-------------------------\n\nLet us apply the modified trace construction to the regular representation $U\\in \\operatorname{{\\it U}-pmod}$. Using the isomorphism of algebras $$r:{{{U}}}^{op}\\cong{\\operatorname{End}}_{{{U}}}({{{U}}}), \\;\\; x\\mapsto r_x$$ where $r_x(y)=yx$ is the right multiplication, we define $${\\mathrm{Tr}'}:{{{U}}}\\to {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }\\quad\\text{ by}\\quad {\\mathrm{Tr}'}(x)={{\\mathsf{t}}}_{{{U}}}(r_x).$$ By Theorem \\[mTrace\\], the linear map ${\\mathrm{Tr}'}$ is a character and satisfies the partial trace property.",
"\n\nThe fact that the pairing between $$Z({{U}}) \\times {\\operatorname{HH}_0}(U) \\to {\\ensuremath{\\mathbb{C}} }\\quad\\text{given by}\\quad\n(z,x)\\mapsto {\\mathrm{Tr}'}(zx)$$ is non-degenerate can now be shown by a direct computation. ",
"Using Proposition \\[P:Prop444\\] and Theorem \\[mTrace\\] we can explicitly compute this pairing in the base of the center and the trace. ",
"For example $${\\mathrm{Tr}'}\\left({{\\textbf{w}}}_{j}^+ {\\textbf{h}}^+_j\\right)\n = \n {{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^+_{j}}\\left( x_{j}^+\\right)\n =(-1)^{j}[j]^2$$ or $${\\mathrm{Tr}'}({{\\textbf{e}}}_0{\\textbf{h}}^-_{\\mathsf{p}})={{\\mathsf{t}}^R}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_{\\mathsf{p}}^-}( {\\operatorname{id}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }_{\\mathsf{p}}^-})\n =1.$$ Completing the computation, we obtain the pairing shown in Table \\[Table:Pairing\\].",
"\n\n$\\begin{array}{|c||c|c|c|c|c|}\n\\hline\n&{\\textbf{h}}_{\\mathsf{p}}^+&{\\textbf{h}}_{\\mathsf{p}}^-&{\\textbf{h}}_s&{\\textbf{h}}_{s}^+&{\\textbf{h}}_{{\\mathsf{p}}-s}^-\\\\\n\\hline\\hline\n{{\\textbf{e}}}_{\\mathsf{p}}&(-1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}&0&0&0&0\n\\\\ \\hline\n{{\\textbf{e}}}_0&0&1&0&0&0\n\\\\ \\hline\n{{\\textbf{e}}}_j&0&0&(-1)^j[j]^2&(-1)^j(q^j+q^{-j})&(-1)^j(q^j+q^{-j}) \\\\ \\hline\n{{\\textbf{w}}}_j^+&0&0&0&(-1)^j[j]^2&0 \\\\ \\hline\n{{\\textbf{w}}}_j^-&0&0&0&0&(-1)^j[j]^2\\\\ \\hline\n\\end{array}$\n\n\\[Table:Pairing\\]\n\nFrom the table it is easy to see it is non-degenerate.",
"\n\nProof of Theorem \\[E:HenningsLog\\]\n==================================\n\nIn this section we will define our logarithmic 3-manifold invariant ${\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,L)$, prove Theorem \\[E:HenningsLog\\] and compare ${\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,L)$ with the invariant defined by Jun Murakami in [@jM2013].",
"\n\nLogarithmic invariant {#logarithmic-invariant .unnumbered}\n---------------------\n\nAssume we are given a link $(L^+,L^-)$ with $(m_+,m_-)$ components inside a $3$-manifold $M=S^3(L^0)$, where $L^0\\subset S^3$ is a surgery link for $M$ with $m_0$ components. ",
"We suppose that $(L^+,L^-)$ is in $S^3\\setminus L^0$, and choose a string link $T=(T^+,T^0,T^-)$ whose closure is $(L^+,L^0,L^-)$. By Lemma \\[E:RTleftAction\\], the universal invariant $$J_T\\in \\left({{{U}}}^{\\otimes (m_++m_0+m_-)}\\right)^{{{U}}}.$$ Let us color the components of $L^+$ and $L^-$ by central elements $z_j\\in Z(U)$, $1\\leq j\\leq m_+$ and by trace classes $h_k\n\\in {\\operatorname{HH}_0}(U)$, $1\\leq k\\leq m_-$, respectively, and write $z^+=\\otimes_j z_j$, $h^-=\\otimes_k h_k$. Let us denote by $L$ the resulting colored link $((L^+,z^+), (L^-,h^-))$. We obtain $${\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M, L):=\\delta^s\n\\langle\\left( z^+\\mu^{\\otimes m_+}\\otimes \\mu^{\\otimes m_0}\\otimes {\\operatorname{id}}\\right)\\left(J_T\\right),\\,h^-\\,\n\\rangle$$ by evaluating components of $J_T$ corresponding to $(L^+,L^0)$ with the right integral $\\mu$ twisted with central elements and by applying to the result the modified trace pairing. ",
"Here $s$ is the signature of the linking matrix for $L^0$. Theorem \\[E:HenningsLog\\] claims that ${\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M, L)$ is a topological invariant of the pair $(M, L)$.\n\nWe first show that ${\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M, L)$ is an invariant of the colored link $L$, i.e. it does not depend on the choice of $T$. By applying Lemma \\[XXX\\] we see that ${\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M, L)$ is invariant of the tangle $T_1$ obtained by closing the first $m_+ +m_0$ components of $T$.\n\nUsing the partial trace property of the modified trace, recursively, we can safely close further $m_--1$ components of $T_1$ with quantum characters. ",
"Under this operation, the colors ${\\textbf{h}}^\\pm_j$ and ${\\textbf{h}}_j$ correspond to the quantum character ${\\operatorname{tr}}^{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{P}} }^{\\pm}_j}_l$ and this character pre-composed with $x^+_j$, respectively, for any $1\\leq j< {\\mathsf{p}}$. The main point is that it does not matter which $m_- -1$ components we choose!",
"\n\nHence ${\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M, L)$ is invariant of the $(1,1)$-tangle $K$ obtained from $T_1$ by closing all but one trace class colored components.",
"\n\nBut the resulting central element $J_K$ does not depend on the point where we cut $L$ into $K$. The proof mimics the argument showing that long knots and knots in $S^3$ are equivalent.",
"\n\nIndeed, let us think about our $(1,1)$-tangle $K$ as being a long knot. ",
"We need to show that our central element does not change if we move an arc through “infinity” (or the cutting disc). ",
"This move can be alternatively realized by moving the arc in the opposite way through the long knot, which is just a sequence of Reidemeister moves, under which we know $J_K$ to be stable.",
"\n\nIt remains to show invariance under Kirby moves: sliding along a component of $L^0$ and stabilisation with $\\pm 1$ framed unknot. ",
"The defining property of the right integral ensure the sliding invariance (see e.g. [@Kerler_genealogy]). ",
"Note that if we change the orientation on one of the $T^0$ components, this will change $J_T$ by applying $S$ at the corresponding position, but now $\\mu \\circ S$ is a left integral, hence the sliding property holds after rearranging the components.",
"\n\nAdding to $L^0$ a $\\pm 1$ framed unknot multiplies ${\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,L)$ by $\\mu(v^\\mp)=\\delta^{\\mp}$, and changes the signature $s$ by $\\pm 1$, so ${\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M, L)$ remains the same.",
"\n\nRelation with other invariants {#relation-with-other-invariants .unnumbered}\n------------------------------\n\nHere we show that the logarithmic invariant of Jun Murakami [@jM2013] is a special case of ${\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,L)$ where $L^-$ has precisely one component.",
"\n\nMurakami’s invariant is defined for a knot and a colored link in a $3$-manifold. ",
"We will adapt our notation to his setting. ",
"Let us consider a link $(L^+,L^-)$ in a $3$-manifold $M=S^3(L_0)$ as before, but with $L_-=K$ a knot and $m_-=1$. The link $L^+$ is colored by $z^+$ as before. ",
"The logarithmic knot invariant defined by Murakami is then $${\\mathrm{J}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M, (L^+,z^+), K)=\\delta^s\n( z^+\\mu^{\\otimes m_+}\\otimes \\mu^{\\otimes m_0}\\otimes {\\operatorname{id}})(J_T)\n\\in Z(U)\\ .$$ Due to different conventions in the definition of $J_T$, Murakami’s original invariant rather corresponds to the opposite link in our notation.",
"\n\nMurakami further expands his invariant in the basis of the center as follows $${\\mathrm{J}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,(L^+,z^+), K)= \\sum^p_{j=0} a_j {{\\textbf{e}}}_j +\n\\sum^{p-1}_{j=1} b^+_j{{\\textbf{w}}}^+_j + \\sum^{p-1}_{j=1} b^-_j{{\\textbf{w}}}^-_j.$$ The coefficients are clearly topological invariants of the triple $(M,(L^+,z^+),K)$.\n\nWith the above notation, we have ($1\\leq j<{\\mathsf{p}}$) $$\\begin{aligned}\na_0&={\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,(L^+,z^+),(L^-,{\\textbf{h}}_p^-))\\\\\n a_p&=(-1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1}{\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,(L^+,z^+),(L^-,{\\textbf{h}}_p^+))\\\\\n a_j&=\\frac{(-1)^{j}}{[j]^2}{\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,(L^+,z^+),(L^-,{\\textbf{h}}_j))\\\\\n b_j^+&=\\frac{(-1)^{j}}{[j]^4}{\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,(L^+,z^+),\n(L^-,[j]^2{\\textbf{h}}_j^+-(q^j+q^{-j}){\\textbf{h}}_j))\\\\ \nb_j^-&=\\frac{(-1)^{j}}{[j]^4}{\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,(L^+,z^+),\n(L^-,[j]^2{\\textbf{h}}_{p-j}^--(q^j+q^{-j}){\\textbf{h}}_j))\\end{aligned}$$\n\nFor any trace class $h\\in {\\operatorname{HH}_0}({{{U}}})$ we have $${\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}((M,(L^+,z^+),(L^-,h))=\\langle {\\mathrm{J}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,(L^+,z^+),L^-),h\\rangle \\ .$$ From Table \\[Table:Pairing\\] we get $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,(L^+,z^+),(L^-,{\\textbf{h}}_p^-)&=&a_0\\\\\n{\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,(L^+,z^+),(L^-,{\\textbf{h}}_p^+)&=& (-1)^{{\\mathsf{p}}-1} a_p\\\\\n{\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,(L^+,z^+),(L^-,{\\textbf{h}}_j)&=& {(-1)^{j}}{[j]^2}a_j\\\\\n{\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,(L^+,z^+),\n(L^-,{\\textbf{h}}_j^+)&=& {(-1)^{j}}(q^j+q^{-j})a_j\n+ {(-1)^{j}}{[j]^2}b^+_j\\\\\n{\\mathrm{H}^{\\mathrm{log}}}(M,(L^+,z^+),\n(L^-,{\\textbf{h}}_{p-j}^-)&=& {(-1)^{j}}(q^j+q^{-j})a_j\n+ {(-1)^{j}}{[j]^2}b^-_j\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ The claim follows.",
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"\n"
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"H9, H10, and H11 compose a cluster of Hessian fly-resistance genes in the distal gene-rich region of wheat chromosome 1AS.",
"\nH9, H10, and H11 are major dominant resistance genes in wheat, expressing antibiosis against Hessian fly [(Hf) Mayetiola destructor (Say)] larvae. ",
"Previously, H9 and H10 were assigned to chromosome 5A and H11 to 1A. The objectives of this study were to identify simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) markers for fine mapping of these genes and for marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding. ",
"Contrary to previous results, H9 and H10 did not show linkage with SSR markers on chromosome 5A. Instead, H9, H10, and H11 are linked with SSR markers on the short arm of chromosome 1A. Both H9 and H10 are tightly linked to flanking markers Xbarc263 and Xcfa2153 within a genetic distance of 0.3-0.5 cM. H11 is tightly linked to flanking markers Xcfa2153 and Xbarc263 at genetic distances of 0.3 cM and 1.7 cM. Deletion bin mapping assigned these markers and genes to the distal 14% of chromosome arm 1AS, where another Hf-resistance gene, Hdic (derived from emmer wheat), was also mapped previously. ",
"Marker polymorphism results indicated that a small terminal segment of chromosome 1AS containing H9 or H10 was transferred from the donor parent to the wheat lines Iris or Joy, and a small intercalary fragment carrying H11 was transferred from the resistant donor to the wheat line Karen. ",
"Our results suggest that H9, H10, H11, Hdic, and the previously identified H9- or H11-linked genes (H3, H5, H6, H12, H14, H15, H16, H17, H19, H28, and H29) may compose a cluster (or family) of Hf-resistance genes in the distal gene-rich region of wheat chromosome 1AS; and H10 most likely is the same gene as H9."
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[
"Can Eating Organic Lower Your Exposure to Pesticides?",
"\n\nFor consumers uncertain about the value of organic food, a new study adds evidence to a larger body of research showing that eating organic very well may reduce pesticides in the human body. ",
"The study, which was just published in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Research, finds that families eating a 100 percent organic diet rapidly and dramatically reduced their exposure to four classes of pesticides—by an average of 60 percent—over six days.",
"\n\nConducted by researchers at the University of California at Berkeley School of Public Health and funded in part by the nonprofit environmental group Friends of the Earth, the study builds on prior studies—including one conducted on adults in Australia, and two on children in Seattle and California—which all similarly found that switching to organic food quickly and substantially reduced pesticide exposures.",
"\n\nThe researchers studied 16 people in four demographically and geographically diverse families, hailing from Oakland, Minneapolis, Baltimore, and Atlanta. ",
"Researchers tested participants for a select group of pesticides and their breakdown products in urine; working with independent laboratories to analyze urine samples, they found 14 different compounds that represented up to 40 different pesticides. ",
"After six days on the organic diet, overall pesticide levels dropped 60.5 percent in both the adults and children.",
"\n\n“It’s striking that the levels dropped so dramatically after only six days,” said Kendra Klein, senior scientist at Friends of the Earth and one of the report’s authors. “",
"That’s the good news,” she said. “",
"We’re seeing that something you ingest can clear from your body in a few days. ",
"The problem is that we’re eating that food so continuously that we’re getting a daily exposure despite the excretion.”",
"\n\nThe study provides important information to consumers who seek to limit their exposure to the hundreds of millions of pounds of pesticides and herbicides used in the U.S. today, say researchers.",
"\n\n“Families need this type of information,” says Bruce Lanphear, professor, Faculty of Health Science at Simon Fraser University, who was not involved with the study. “",
"In the absence of a robust regulatory system that protects consumers, these types of studies are critical for consumers or families to make these choices.”",
"\n\nWhile the study reaffirms previous research, it also breaks new ground by testing for newer classes of pesticides that are now the most widely used in the U.S. today to kill insects, namely neonicotinoids and pyrethroids. ",
"Previous organic diet studies focused primarily on organophosphates, such as chlorpyrifos, an older class of pesticides with enough well-documented human toxicity results that some scientists recently called for a ban on all of them.",
"\n\n“To date, we just don’t have enough information about these pesticides that are being used now, such as pyrethroids and neonicotinoids,” says lead author Carly Hyland, a doctoral…"
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"\n\nTreeTable\n\nTreeTable is used to display hierarchical data in tabular format. ",
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"\n\nDownload\n\nPrimeVue is free library to use under MIT License and available at NPM.",
"\n\nRoadmap\n\nUpcoming features in the pipeline are;\n\nGoogle Maps Component\n\nMenu Components\n\nMaterial, Bootstrap and Custom Themes\n\nIn addition DataTable phase 2 will be initiated to align the feature set with other Prime UI libraries.",
"\n\nSapphire and Avalon\n\nIn parallel, our team has started porting Sapphire (Material) and Avalon (Bootstrap) premium templates to PrimeVue which will simply be Epic!"
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"Sundarimare Sookshikkuka\n\nSundarmare Sookshikkuka is a 1995 Indian Malayalam film, directed by K Narayanan, starring Devan and Shari in the lead roles.",
"\n\nCast\n Devan as S.I Raju\t\n Shari as Priya Raveedran\n Rohini as Nimmy\nRadha Ravi as Madhu\n Sandhya as Rama\n Santha Devi as Saraswathi Ravedran\nM. G. Soman as C.P Ravedran (S.P)\n Vijayan as S.I Murali\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1995 films\nCategory:Indian films\nCategory:1990s Malayalam-language films"
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"{\n \"reorderItemDown\": \"Mover hacia abajo\",\n \"reorderItemLeft\": \"Mover hacia la izquierda\",\n \"reorderItemToEnd\": \"Mover al final\",\n \"reorderItemRight\": \"Mover hacia la derecha\",\n \"reorderItemUp\": \"Mover hacia arriba\",\n \"reorderItemToStart\": \"Mover al inicio\",\n \"tabLabel\": \"Pestaña $tabIndex de $tabCount\",\n \"showAccountsLabel\": \"Mostrar cuentas\",\n \"modalBarrierDismissLabel\": \"Descartar\",\n \"hideAccountsLabel\": \"Ocultar cuentas\",\n \"signedInLabel\": \"Cuenta con la que accediste\",\n \"scriptCategory\": \"English-like\",\n \"timeOfDayFormat\": \"H:mm\",\n \"openAppDrawerTooltip\": \"Abrir menú de navegación\",\n \"backButtonTooltip\": \"Atrás\",\n \"closeButtonTooltip\": \"Cerrar\",\n \"deleteButtonTooltip\": \"Borrar\",\n \"nextMonthTooltip\": \"Próximo mes\",\n \"previousMonthTooltip\": \"Mes anterior\",\n \"nextPageTooltip\": \"Próxima página\",\n \"previousPageTooltip\": \"Página anterior\",\n \"showMenuTooltip\": \"Mostrar menú\",\n \"aboutListTileTitle\": \"Acerca de $applicationName\",\n \"licensesPageTitle\": \"Licencias\",\n \"pageRowsInfoTitle\": \"$firstRow–$lastRow de $rowCount\",\n \"pageRowsInfoTitleApproximate\": \"$firstRow–$lastRow de aproximadamente $rowCount\",\n \"rowsPerPageTitle\": \"Filas por página:\",\n \"selectedRowCountTitleOne\": \"Se seleccionó 1 elemento\",\n \"selectedRowCountTitleOther\": \"Se seleccionaron $selectedRowCount elementos\",\n \"cancelButtonLabel\": \"CANCELAR\",\n \"closeButtonLabel\": \"CERRAR\",\n \"continueButtonLabel\": \"CONTINUAR\",\n \"copyButtonLabel\": \"COPIAR\",\n \"cutButtonLabel\": \"CORTAR\",\n \"okButtonLabel\": \"ACEPTAR\",\n \"pasteButtonLabel\": \"PEGAR\",\n \"selectAllButtonLabel\": \"SELECCIONAR TODO\",\n \"viewLicensesButtonLabel\": \"VER LICENCIAS\",\n \"anteMeridiemAbbreviation\": \"a.m.\",\n \"postMeridiemAbbreviation\": \"p.m.\",\n \"timePickerHourModeAnnouncement\": \"Seleccionar horas\",\n \"timePickerMinuteModeAnnouncement\": \"Seleccionar minutos\",\n \"drawerLabel\": \"Menú de navegación\",\n \"popupMenuLabel\": \"Menú emergente\",\n \"dialogLabel\": \"Diálogo\",\n \"alertDialogLabel\": \"Alerta\",\n \"searchFieldLabel\": \"Buscar\",\n \"expandedIconTapHint\": \"Contraer\",\n \"collapsedIconTapHint\": \"Expandir\",\n \"remainingTextFieldCharacterCountZero\": \"TBD\",\n \"remainingTextFieldCharacterCountOne\": \"Queda 1 carácter\",\n \"remainingTextFieldCharacterCountOther\": \"Quedan $remainingCount caracteres\",\n \"refreshIndicatorSemanticLabel\": \"TBD\",\n \"app_name\": \"\"\n}\n"
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"Legendary masterpieces, frescoes and paintings by Raphael, Titian and Rubens\n\nWhat to expect\n\nTake a guided tour of the Palatine Gallery and the Royal Apartments to experience the private art collection of the Medici family inside of their last sumptuous residence. ",
"This collection includes remarkable masterpieces by Botticelli, Titian, Rubens, Caravaggio and many other Italian and European painters from the XVth to the XVIIth centuries.",
"\n\nThis tour offers the opportunity to explore Palazzo Pitti, the splendid Renaissance palace of the Medici Dinasty as well as the corridors of the Palatine Gallery hosting one of the most important Italian collections of works from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries."
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"Patient Preparation\n\nMRI Scan - No Preparation Required\n\nFor comfort, wear loose clothing without metal buttons or closures. ",
"Patients with pacemakers aneurysm clips in the brain, certain ear implants, implanted neuro-stimulators, or metallic fragments in one or both eyes or other surgically implanted devices should check with the imaging center prior to the exam.",
"\n\nMRI Scan-Abdomen\n\nFollow directions above and patient must be NPO 6 hours prior to exam.",
"\n\nCT Scan\n\nPatient must be NPO 4 hours prior to your exam. ",
"Patients must arrive 1 hour early for contrast. ",
"For patients 60 or older, we must have lab values on B.U.N./Creatinine.",
"\n\nUltrasound - Abdomen Sonogram\n\nNothing to drink after midnight the night before the exam. ",
"For all pelvic/OB sonograms, drink at least 4 glasses of water or juice one hour before the exam. ",
"Do not urinate before the exam because a full bladder is required."
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[
"\"Everyone thinks Harlem was the capital of jazz in the 1930s.\" \"",
"That all of New York flooded uptown at night to party till dawn.\" \"",
"Nice story, but unfortunately, it's just not true.\" \"",
"It was all happening in the little town of Passaic, New Jersey.\" \"",
"Passaic was the capital of jazz in the '20s and '30s because of its own native son Thomas \"Fats\" Waller one of the greatest entertainers of all time.\" \"",
"Chapter 1, the birth of Fats Waller.\" \"",
"It all began right here, a hundred years ago in Passaic, New Jersey.\" \"",
"Right here, on this block.\" \"",
"It was a different neighborhood then, but look here he was born at 261 Main Street.\" \"",
"When he was young, he used to follow his father around the streets because his father was a street minister.\" \"",
"He started playing piano, as I understand, out in the streets here in Passaic on a harmonium.\" \"",
"Poor boy put on pounds faster than the price of aluminum.\" \"",
"One-forty-seven.\" \"",
"Thomas, you're gonna break Dr. Benton 's scale.\" \"",
"You're getting worse.\" \"",
"Maybe that's why he would have to play a very huge instrument.\" \"",
"So he would spend nights here, at the great organ.\" \"",
"Fats used the church as his training ground.\" \"",
"And soon, all of Passaic would know his name.\" \"",
"Fats lived his life all in excess.\" \"",
"Loads of music, loads of food and loads of women.\" \"",
"Who would expect a simple influenza virus would get him in his bed?\" \"",
"A sleeping-train bed, though.\" \"",
"But still, the train had been stopped in the freezing cold winter in the train station in Kansas City.\" \"",
"Fats, are you okay?\" \"",
"Fats?\" \"",
"You okay?\" \"",
"Is there a doctor on the train?\" \"",
"Fats was the star that made the whole town shine.\" \"",
"Hey, Jerry, hand me Number 9.\" \"",
"I will give you\" \" Okay.\" \"",
"All right.\" \" ",
"Number 9\" \"Handing you number\" \" Would you shut up?\" \" ",
"Number 9\" \"Could you just paint and be quiet, please?\" \"",
"Knock it off.\" \"",
"It's terrible.\" \" ",
"What the duck, Jerry?\" \" ",
"What?\" \"",
"I asked you to give me Number 9, the nose.\" \"",
"Yeah, that's what I did.\" \"",
"No, you didn't.\" \"",
"This is Number 6.\" \"",
"This is the eye.\" \"",
"All right, well, how am I supposed to tell the difference between a six and a nine?\" \"",
"Because we did both the eyes already, you doofus.\" \"",
"Come on, get organized.\" \"",
"I told you, put the finished ones in a separate pile.\" \"",
"Look, what's the difference, man?\" \"",
"A nostril and an upside-down eye are the same anyway.\" \"",
"It looks fine.\" \"",
"Oh, is that supposed to be funny?\" \"",
"Are you trying to say Fats had big nostrils?\" \" ",
"Jerry.\" \" ",
"Hi, officer, how's it going?\" \"",
"Look what happened.\" \"",
"Last night, some hoodlums came and did...\" \" Oh, really?\" \"...",
"all this stuff here, this...\" \" Here we go again.\" \" ",
"It's disgusting.\" \" ",
"I hate graffiti.\" \" ",
"Yeah, they even left the ladder.\" \"",
"That's, like, evidence.\" \"",
"We should confiscate it.\" \" ",
"Catch them.\" \" ",
"Yeah, yeah, yeah.\" \"",
"Sure.\" \"",
"You're getting on my nerves.\" \"",
"You keep this up, you'll be spending the night in jail.\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \" ",
"Moron.\" \"",
"If...\" \"If they come back for the ladder, we'll catch them.\" \"",
"Hey, fellas, is that supposed to be Biggie Smalls or something?\" \"",
"No, man, that's that dead old blues guy, Louis Armstrong.\" \"",
"No, my ignorant little buddies, this is Fats Waller.\" \" ",
"Really?\" \" ",
"Famous jazz musician.\" \"",
"He was born in my building about a hundred years ago.\" \" ",
"Ice cream, anyone?\" \" ",
"Oh, yeah.\" \"",
"That's what I'm talking about.\" \"",
"Mr. Fletcher, you know, really, seriously if you don't like the painting, you can...\" \"You can tell me.\" \"",
"I know that there's something wrong with the nose, I don't know if you noticed.\" \"",
"What about the authorities, Mike?\" \"",
"The city already has issues with the building as it is.\" \"",
"Mr. Fletcher, you don't have to worry about the police.\" \" ",
"I worked my magic on them.\" \" ",
"Yeah, he did confuse them.\" \"",
"Okay, they think some gangsters did it.\" \" ",
"And you confused them?\" \" ",
"Yeah, with my finesse.\" \"",
"Yeah, I feel great.\" \"",
"You sure this is gonna bring us more customers?\" \"",
"I hope so.\" \"",
"I mean, anyway, don't you think it's time the people around here started to learn a bit little about, you know, the history of their neighborhood?\" \"",
"I mean, people don't even know who Fats is.\" \" ",
"It's a little embarrassing.\" \" ",
"Hey.\" \"",
"Hey.\" \"",
"That's not true.\" \" ",
"We know who Fats Waller is.\" \" ",
"Is that right?\" \"",
"Bet you can't sing a jazz song.\" \" ",
"Oh, challenge.\" \" ",
"Uh-oh.\" \"",
"Uh-oh.\" \"",
"That's not jazz.\" \"",
"Fuzzy, oh, oh\" \"Fuzzy wuzzy was a bear Fuzzy jazzy had no hair\" \"Fuzzy wuzzy wasn 't fuzzy, was he?\" \"",
"Yes, he was, he was Fuzzy Had a fuzzy face\" \"Check this out and let me say One thing to you\" \"Watch me play my fuzzy bass\" \"Standup bass.\" \"",
"I'm sorry, Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"It's all right, Jerry.\" \"",
"I got it.\" \"",
"Actually, you gotta go back to work.\" \"",
"Duty calls.\" \"",
"You gotta go back to the microwave.\" \"",
"I think I saw one of your creations just roll by.\" \" ",
"Turn the microwave on high.\" \" ",
"You think it's a joke?\" \"",
"Let me tell you, you're gonna be responsible for my brain tumor.\" \" ",
"All of you guys are.\" \" ",
"Where the hell is Jerry?\" \"",
"Man, what's her problem?\" \"",
"She said she wanted a sporty car, now she's freaking out.\" \"",
"You did that?\" \" ",
"I don't want this.\" \" ",
"Don't forget your salad bowl.\" \"",
"I told you she wouldn't be into them big pipes.\" \"",
"Polish or not, she's still a girl.\" \"",
"Come on, Wilson.\" \"",
"She couldn't get the doors open.\" \"",
"Well, she could have went through the window.\" \"",
"These damn helmets.\" \"",
"I don't think they're helping with the microwaves at all.\" \"",
"Oh, you'll thank me.\" \" ",
"All right, I'll see you in the morning.\" \" ",
"All right, thanks.\" \"",
"Good night, Mike.\" \"",
"Don't forget to turn out the lights.\" \"",
"Good night, Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"A rent party was the place to be in the '20s and '30s.\" \"",
"They were jumping.\" \"",
"If you didn't have enough money to cover your rent you'd invite a few musicians, charge for drinks, and you'd get it on.\" \"",
"Everybody would throw just a little bit in the pot.\" \"",
"A dollar, whatever they could spare.\" \"",
"Jerry doesn't believe you've ever been to a rent party, Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"What are you talking about?\" \"",
"I never said that.\" \"",
"Oh, man, I used to go to all of them.\" \"",
"That's where I'd meet all the girls on Saturday night.\" \"",
"I can't imagine you with a girl, Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"Oh, nice, that's great.\" \"",
"That's perfect.\" \"",
"Yeah, what about you, Jerry?\" \"",
"I don't see much action coming out of your trailer at night.\" \"",
"When I was your age, my balls were flapping so hard I had to scrape them off the ground and beg them to come home with me.\" \" ",
"Come on, balls.\" \" ",
"Yeah, come on.\" \"",
"Come on.\" \"",
"That's hilarious.\" \"",
"What about you, Mike?\" \"",
"When was the last time you heard some action coming out of his room?\" \"",
"Why are you all worried about me for?\" \"",
"I heard some action sometime.\" \"",
"Now, it's more like a trumpet solo.\" \"",
"Trumpet solo.\" \"",
"Could you close your mouth when you chew?\" \"",
"Thanks.\" \"",
"How come you never got married, Mr. Fletcher?\" \"",
"Well, the common story is the girl that you was gonna ask, you waited too long to ask and she went on and married somebody else.\" \"",
"And then you can't find anybody that compared to her.\" \"",
"So, what happens?\" \"",
"You get old.\" \"",
"Obviously we're looking at a real improvement in quality of life.\" \"",
"These brand-new condominiums are gonna bring us the fresh blood that we need for our community and transform this slum forever.\" \"\"",
"Slum\"?\" \"",
"Hey, this is not a slum.\" \"",
"Hey, sure, the place needs a few repairs, but I'm taking care of it.\" \"",
"Look, look, business is about to pick up.\" \"",
"I can feel it.\" \"",
"I'm sorry, Mr. Fletcher, but the building is condemned.\" \"",
"It violates structural, fire and plumbing standards.\" \"",
"I don't see wheelchair access.\" \"",
"Your video store is a tenement.\" \"",
"You have 60 days from this notice of demolition to bring it up to code, otherwise we will have to demolish it.\" \" ",
"But we will relocate you...\" \" Yes.\" \"...",
"to a property of proportionate fair-market value.\" \"",
"Projects aren't so bad, you know.\" \"",
"Move to the projects?\" \"",
"How am I gonna tell Mike?\" \"",
"Look, I just wanna improve the life of the people of Passaic, that's all.\" \"",
"You know, you don't have to pay me this month, Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"I'm okay.\" \"",
"Don't worry about the money, Mike.\" \"",
"I'll pay you soon.\" \"",
"I n fact, I...\" \"I need for you to take over for me.\" \" ",
"You're retiring?\" \" ",
"Oh, no, no, no.\" \"",
"This year's the 60th anniversary of Fats' death.\" \"",
"And there's a ceremony that's being organized in commemoration.\" \"",
"We gonna all get together in that abandoned train where he died and we're gonna play his records until morning.\" \" ",
"Oh, wow.\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"I wanna come.\" \"",
"Can I come with you?\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"I just told you, I need you to take over for me.\" \"",
"Oh, right, right.\" \"",
"I'm sorry.\" \"",
"I'm sorry.\" \"",
"I'm sorry.\" \"",
"Okay.\" \"",
"You want me to just run the shop while you're gone?\" \"",
"You think I could do that?\" \"",
"You tell me.\" \"",
"I'm not gonna let you down, Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"Good, just don't set the place on fire.\" \"",
"Oh, no.\" \"",
"Service, quality, safety, you can count on that.\" \"",
"Excellent.\" \"",
"Here's something really important:\" \"You must never...\" \"Slam the door, because the building will collapse.\" \"",
"No, Mike.\" \"",
"I mean, yes, but that's not what I wanted to say.\" \" ",
"You must never...\" \" Use the VCR to rewind the tapes...\" \"No.\" \"",
"Why do you always have to finish my sentences?\" \" ",
"Okay, just listen.\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \"",
"I'm sorry.\" \"",
"Go ahead.\" \"",
"Okay, you must...\" \"Damn it.\" \"",
"Now I forgot what I had to say.\" \" ",
"But it's very...\" \" Lock the door.\" \" ",
"Mr. Fletcher, have a good trip.\" \" ",
"I'll have a good trip.\" \"",
"Take some pictures and call me.\" \"",
"Oh, yes, yes.\" \"",
"I...\" \"I remember.\" \"",
"See, you wanted to finish my sentence.\" \" ",
"I lost my focus.\" \"",
"I can't...\" \" No, no.\" \"",
"I was listening.\" \"",
"I was listening.\" \"",
"Hey, Mike.\" \"",
"Mike.\" \"",
"Keep Jerry...\" \"I can't hear you.\" \"",
"Keep Jerry out.\" \"",
"Out, out.\" \"",
"What?\" \"",
"I don't know what that means.\" \"\"",
"Peek your edge too.\" \"",
"Peek your edge...\"\" \"\"Tuo.\" \"",
"Too.\" \"",
"Peek your edge too.\"\" \"",
"That's what it is.\" \"",
"I just found out something sad today.\" \"",
"Mr. Fletcher can't spell.\" \"",
"Maybe his parents couldn't afford school.\" \"",
"Did he have parents?\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \" ",
"I nteresting.\" \"",
"Don't mention this to anybody.\" \" ",
"Just keep this between us.\" \"",
"Don't...\" \" Of course not, that would be racist.\" \"",
"Peek your...\" \"Pick.\" \"",
"Your age.\" \"",
"Pick your age.\" \"",
"He's talking gibberish.\" \"",
"It's nonsense, but it's not his fault.\" \"",
"The power plant's controlling us.\" \"",
"I know it.\" \" ",
"Through microwaves.\" \" ",
"Mm-hm.\" \"",
"They're using it to make us do things.\" \"",
"To buy things, to accept things.\" \"",
"And who...?\" \"",
"Who...?\" \"",
"Who are they?\" \"",
"Who are \"they\"?\" \"",
"The government, the FBI, of course.\" \" ",
"And I say no more.\" \" ",
"Right.\" \"",
"I'm gonna sabotage the power plant tonight and you're gonna help me.\" \"",
"Look, I got a map.\" \"",
"Completely worked out.\" \"",
"We short-circuit this with whatever that thing is.\" \"",
"And that blows up the transformer.\" \"",
"All we gotta do is climb the fence and throw this sweet grappling hook right into the transformer.\" \"",
"Boom.\" \"",
"You know what I mean?\" \"",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"This, my friend, is your camouflage.\" \"",
"Camouflage.\" \"",
"Bones.\" \"",
"We need that electricity.\" \"",
"You know, we got the machines, we...\" \"And nobody rewinds the tapes.\" \" ",
"This is more important than that.\" \" ",
"You gotta rewind the tapes.\" \"",
"That's the lamest excuse I've ever heard.\" \"",
"It's totally non-sequitury, what you're saying to me.\" \" ",
"It's a lame excuse?\" \" ",
"Yeah, it's lame.\" \"",
"Really?\" \"",
"And the power plant is controlling us?\" \"",
"That's not nonsense?\" \"",
"That's not paranoia?\" \"",
"Okay, it sounds crazy, and you know why?\" \" ",
"Because it's affecting my brain too.\" \" ",
"Mm-hm.\" \"",
"It's paranizing it.\" \"",
"Mr. Fletcher left me in charge of the store.\" \"",
"Me.\" \"",
"He trusted me with the store.\" \"",
"Do you know what that means?\" \"",
"No, actually I don't.\" \"",
"Maybe you could explain it to me.\" \" ",
"It means that I'm not doing this.\" \" ",
"What?\" \" ",
"I'm not doing this with you.\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \"",
"So you'll just do anything Mr. Fletcher says even though, by the way, he's not your real father.\" \" ",
"So...\" \"So what?\" \" ",
"And he's completely illiterate.\" \" ",
"He's not...\" \" But you won't do anything for me your best friend, who has a melting brain.\" \"",
"Can I...?\" \"",
"Can I...?\" \"",
"Can I help you make a selection?\" \"",
"Because if not I'm gonna have to ask you to make space for the other customers.\" \"",
"Oh, sorry, I didn't realize it was rush hour.\" \"",
"I won't bother you anymore.\" \"",
"You know, it does get busy unexpectedly.\" \"",
"And you know, he's not illiterate.\" \"",
"First of all, because if he was illiterate, smart guy he wouldn't be able to write:\" \"\"Peek your edge too.\"\" \"",
"Which is...\" \"It's probably Buddhist or something.\" \"",
"It's like...\" \"Like a chant.\" \"\"",
"Peek your...\" \"Pick your edge too.\"\" \" ",
"Smart guy.\" \" ",
"I'm not saying he's illiterate.\" \"",
"I mean, he could just use some night-schooling to perfect his spelling.\" \"",
"Just go.\" \"",
"Slow.\" \"",
"Slower.\" \"",
"You all right?\" \"",
"Come on over.\" \"",
"It's easy.\" \"",
"Freeze.\" \"",
"They always come at night and bother me.\" \" ",
"Oh, come on, it's my turn tonight.\" \" ",
"No way.\" \"",
"This is my baby.\" \"",
"Department of Homeland Security.\" \"",
"Wake up.\" \"",
"Be invisible.\" \"",
"Shh, did you hear something?\" \"",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"There's that ladder again.\" \"",
"What do you think?\" \"",
"I don't know, some kind of ladder gang or something?\" \"",
"Oh, the ladder gang.\" \"",
"Let's go get some ice cream.\" \" \"",
"Peek your edge too.\"\" \" ",
"What's so funny?\" \"\"",
"Keep Jerry out.\"\" \" ",
"Who cares about that right now?\" \" ",
"He's not illiterate. \"",
"Keep Jerry out.\"\" \" ",
"He's not illiterate.\" \" ",
"Who cares?\" \"",
"Get over...\" \" What are you doing?\" \" ",
"I can't be here for this.\" \"",
"What are you doing?\" \"",
"Mike, no.\" \"",
"Mike.\" \" ",
"Mike, put that ladder back.\" \" ",
"I can't let you in the store.\" \" ",
"Mike, you're coming over the thing.\" \" ",
"Mr. Fletcher trusted me.\" \"",
"Mr. Fletcher's not gonna yell at you, he's way too laid back.\" \"",
"I know he's not gonna yell at me.\" \"",
"That's part of the problem.\" \"",
"He's very good to me.\" \"",
"I can't let him down.\" \"",
"I can't disappoint him.\" \"",
"Listen, you don't need me.\" \" ",
"You're almost there.\" \" ",
"I'll never speak to you.\" \"",
"I will never speak to you again.\" \"",
"Mike!\" \"",
"Mike!\" \"",
"Traitor.\" \"",
"I'll do it alone, baby.\" \"",
"Solo mission.\" \"",
"Solo sabotage.\" \"",
"Mike!\" \"",
"Come back!\" \"",
"No, Jerry, no.\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"You have to go.\" \"",
"You see the signs? \"",
"Keep Jerry out.\"\" \"",
"This is in, that's out.\" \"",
"Go home, take a shower, lie down.\" \"",
"Oh, come on.\" \"",
"Get out of the street.\" \"",
"Get out of the street.\" \"",
"Wipe your face.\" \"",
"Jesus.\" \"",
"Stand right there.\" \"",
"I'll get you some water.\" \"",
"Don't move, just wait a minute.\" \"",
"Oh, you feeling better now?\" \"",
"Mike, aren't you gonna ask me how the sabotage went?\" \"",
"No, I wasn't, actually.\" \"",
"Oh, come on, ask me how the sabotage went.\" \"",
"Okay, how'd the sabotage go?\" \"",
"Terrible.\" \"",
"It was a two-man operation.\" \" ",
"It was a two-person sabotage.\" \" ",
"Shh.\" \"",
"Ma'am, if you need any help, just let me know.\" \"",
"How about if I need any help?\" \"",
"Should I let you know?\" \" ",
"I wasn't talking to you.\" \" ",
"Yeah, apparently not.\" \"",
"Thanks.\" \"",
"Oh, that's not in alphabetical order.\" \"",
"I know that, it's the new order.\" \"",
"Excuse me.\" \" ",
"Do you work here?\" \"",
"I don't think so.\" \" ",
"Jerry.\" \"",
"Haven't you heard about the new West Coast Video more efficient, non-alphabetical order Miss I-Know-Where-to-Put-the-Videos?\" \"",
"No, it's time for me to educate your customers.\" \"",
"Do you put everything in your house in alphabetical order?\" \" ",
"Like all of your food in the refrigerator?\" \" ",
"You know, maybe...\" \" Apples, bananas, carrots.\" \" ",
"She might, and that would be fine...\" \" Ding-Dongs.\" \"...",
"because she didn't do anything wrong.\" \"",
"You know what I just realized?\" \"",
"I bet she's super-organized.\" \"",
"She's really like:\" \"I hate those kind of people.\" \" ",
"You are incredibly rude.\" \" ",
"Don't attack me, lady.\" \" ",
"You're incredibly rude, mister.\" \" ",
"Are you done yelling in my ear?\" \" ",
"I'm sorry, ma'am.\" \" ",
"I'm sorry.\" \"",
"Did I put your forks into the spoon drawer?\" \" ",
"Go home.\" \" ",
"Don't put the TV next to the radio.\" \" ",
"Why don't you just go, go, go?\" \" ",
"Get some rest.\" \" ",
"Lunatic!\" \" ",
"You're the cuckoo.\" \"",
"Hey.\" \"",
"Hey.\" \"",
"Don't put the shoes in the refrigerator, because they'll get cold.\" \" ",
"Wow...\" \" Dumb broad.\" \" ",
"I am really, really sorry.\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"He's a veteran, actually.\" \"",
"He's had a lot of exposure to, you know, chemicals and stuff.\" \"",
"If there's anything you need, we got...\" \"We got books, we got albums.\" \"",
"I got some refreshments in the icebox.\" \"",
"Okay, I appreciate it.\" \"",
"You're welcome.\" \"",
"Fletcher you'll pull through.\" \"",
"Every time you think it's the end, you always pull through.\" \"",
"Look here, look here, Mo.\" \"I wish it was that easy, man.\" \"",
"But not this time.\" \"",
"I can't adapt, and that's why I'm broke.\" \"",
"Fletcher, this is America.\" \"",
"Anybody can make money.\" \"",
"But you...\" \"No, let me show you something.\" \"",
"We made a ton of money with this little thing.\" \" ",
"What, this is a dish-squirting brush?\" \" ",
"Mm-hm.\" \" ",
"And the soap goes in here?\" \" ",
"Yep.\" \"",
"Yep.\" \" ",
"A great idea.\" \" ",
"You know, the squirting idea has been around for years.\" \"",
"But we didn't make squat until we added this.\" \"",
"A stainless-steel cover on the handle.\" \"",
"People going crazy over it.\" \" ",
"Man, our sales increased 800 percent.\" \" ",
"What?\" \"",
"And we expanded our market share tenfold in two years.\" \"",
"You need to go visit all of the successful renting businesses and learn and adapt.\" \"",
"You said you can't adapt.\" \"",
"Adapt.\" \"",
"Then just give the people what they want.\" \" ",
"That's all you gotta do.\" \" ",
"Give the people what they want.\" \"",
"Hello?\" \"",
"Hello, Miss Falewicz?\" \"",
"It's... I...\" \"I know who this is, Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"I...\" \"I was hoping to hear from you.\" \"",
"I was calling regarding the tape of Driving Miss Daisy.\" \"",
"Mike told me you still have it.\" \"",
"Oh, do I?\" \"",
"Well, I'll find it and...\" \"And bring it by tomorrow.\" \"",
"Oh, no hurry.\" \"",
"I'm...\" \"I'm out of town anyway.\" \"",
"I'm doing a little work and doing a little research.\" \"",
"Oh?\" \"",
"Well, how long will you be gone?\" \" ",
"A week at the most.\" \" ",
"Really.\" \" ",
"Can I ask a favor?\" \" ",
"Yes.\" \"",
"Would you keep an eye out on Jerry for me while I'm gone?\" \"",
"He destroys everything he touches.\" \"",
"Hi, good morning.\" \" ",
"It's blank.\" \" ",
"I'm sorry?\" \"",
"Rewound this tape all over, and it's blank.\" \"",
"Really?\" \"",
"Did you check the...?\" \"",
"Sure did.\" \"",
"Checked that.\" \"",
"You know, sometimes you gotta use head cleaner...\" \"Okay.\" \"",
"I did that, actually.\" \"",
"It'll eat the tapes.\" \"",
"I'll just pop it in, see what's going on.\" \"",
"Excuse me, this video don't work.\" \" ",
"Sorry?\" \" ",
"It don't work.\" \"",
"It does...\" \"It won't play?\" \"",
"No, I rewound it, I played it and everything.\" \"",
"It's nothing but fuzz.\" \"",
"Yeah, like that.\" \"",
"Huh.\" \"",
"Is your VCR NTSC?\" \"",
"No, it's brand-new.\" \"",
"Do you always blame everything on the customer?\" \" ",
"No, not at all.\" \" ",
"Where is...?\" \"",
"Where's...?\" \"",
"Where's Mr. Fletcher?\" \"",
"He's away on a...\" \"On a memorial trip so he left me in charge as manager of the store.\" \"",
"So you know what I'm gonna do?\" \"",
"Both of you, free of charge, can have any two tapes that you'd like in the shop.\" \"",
"No, thanks.\" \"",
"What I would like is to be reimbursed my dollar.\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \" ",
"Because I've had enough.\" \"",
"Okay.\" \"",
"Is there anything that I could do to make...?\" \"",
"No, just my dollar.\" \"",
"I'll just...\" \"I was just...\" \" I'm really sorry about all this.\" \" ",
"Unfortunate.\" \"",
"Yeah, the whole thing is unfortunate.\" \"",
"This button...\" \"I'm really...\" \"Okay.\" \"",
"That one right there.\" \"",
"I tried...\" \"Oh, that's not it either.\" \"",
"You know what?\" \"",
"I think I have a dollar.\" \" ",
"Okay, there it is.\" \" ",
"Good.\" \"",
"Okay, great.\" \"",
"I'm really very sorry about that.\" \"",
"Thank you.\" \"",
"You don't have to mention this to Mr. Fletcher.\" \" ",
"Give me my dollar.\" \" ",
"You can have it.\" \"",
"Okay, not...\" \"Not a problem.\" \"",
"I'm sorry about that.\" \" ",
"Uh-huh.\" \" ",
"All right, I got these two.\" \"",
"Okay, that's...\" \"Okay, not a problem.\" \"",
"Stop.\" \"",
"No!\" \"",
"No!\" \"",
"All the tapes are blank.\" \"",
"The movies, all of them, they're all...\" \"They're all gone, all the tapes are gone.\" \"",
"Where?\" \"",
"Mr. Fletcher's gonna flip when he sees this.\" \"",
"You know that look he has on his face.\" \"",
"He's gonna be so disappointed that he left me with this responsibility.\" \"",
"Look, look, look.\" \"",
"What the duck?\" \"",
"All the tapes are like this.\" \"",
"All the tapes.\" \"",
"I tried every tape on this table.\" \"",
"Relax.\" \"",
"It's the TV, Mike.\" \"",
"The TV's malfunctioning.\" \" ",
"It's not all the videotapes.\" \"",
"Think about it.\" \" ",
"Well, show me what it's doing.\" \"",
"Show me how...\" \"What was that?\" \"",
"Maybe that's the picture coming back.\" \"",
"Wait, do...\" \"What was that?\" \"",
"Why is it doing that?\" \"",
"Does that happen when you do it?\" \"",
"No, it hasn't done that at all...\" \"Wow.\" \"",
"What is that?\" \"",
"Why is it doing that when you do that?\" \"",
"What is wrong with you?\" \"",
"You're magnetized.\" \"",
"You...\" \"You erased these tapes.\" \"",
"It's you.\" \"",
"What happened during the sabotage attempt, Jerry?\" \"",
"I didn't sabotage the power plant, the power plant sabotaged me.\" \"",
"Really?\" \"",
"The power plant sabotaged you?\" \" ",
"I'm gonna sabotage you.\" \" ",
"I'm magnetized!\" \"",
"I'm not gonna get...\" \"Are you serious?\" \"",
"Sabotage a power plant?\" \"",
"What are you, a superhero?\" \"",
"Don't do this, man.\" \"",
"You were right.\" \"",
"I did have the Driving Miss Daisy tape at home.\" \"",
"Oh, good, that's really good.\" \"",
"Thank you for returning the tape.\" \"",
"I like your ensemble.\" \"",
"Listen, I wanna rent Ghostbusters.\" \"",
"Ghostbusters.\" \"",
"Is that out?\" \"",
"Isn't that a horror movie?\" \" ",
"Really?\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \" ",
"That could be interesting.\" \" ",
"Miss Falafelwicz...\" \" It's Falewicz.\" \" ",
"It's actually got a lot of nudity in it.\" \" ",
"So...\" \" Oh, you.\" \"",
"Come on.\" \"",
"You're pulling my leg.\" \"",
"We're right in the middle of reorganizing.\" \"",
"That's why all the tapes are there like that.\" \"",
"We're getting the stock together.\" \"",
"I think you should know that Mr. Fletcher calls me every night at 8 p.m. Just to see how I am.\" \"",
"And I think he would not be pleased to see his business go off the deep end because some sort of boxing match going on on his premises.\" \" ",
"Oh, no, no, no.\" \" ",
"I don't think so.\" \"",
"We're not boxing.\" \"",
"It's just...\" \"You know, it's just buddies just, you know, horsing around.\" \" ",
"Yeah, well...\" \" It's nothing, just boys.\" \"",
"What I can do is that I can get that to you first thing tomorrow morning.\" \"",
"No, I don't think so.\" \"",
"Uh-uh.\" \"",
"I'm gonna come back before 7, when you close.\" \" ",
"Oh, okay.\" \" ",
"And I really strongly suggest that you get this place in order fast.\" \" ",
"Okay, well...\" \" Have a good day.\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"She's a communist.\" \"",
"I don't like commies.\" \" ",
"I gotta get some rest, I still feel sick.\" \" ",
"Yeah?\" \"",
"Yeah, me too.\" \"",
"What time is it?\" \"",
"This is a message is for Mark.\" \"",
"I was wondering if you had a copy of Ghostbusters?\" \"",
"Hey, bro, is Pablo around?\" \"",
"I'm under a little bit of pressure here.\" \"",
"Do you have a copy of Ghostbusters that I could...?\" \"",
"That I could borrow?\" \"",
"You do?\" \"",
"Yeah, yeah.\" \"",
"Uh-huh.\" \"",
"No, no, no.\" \"",
"Because I don't need it on D VD.\" \"",
"I need it on...\" \"I need it on VHS.\" \"",
"Yeah, well, you know, they said that about laser discs too so...\" \"Okay, take care.\" \"",
"Shit.\" \"",
"A clear image, even in the middle of the day.\" \"",
"It's as powerful as the sun.\" \"",
"Excuse me.\" \"",
"Excuse me, sir, I'm sorry.\" \"",
"Do you...?\" \"",
"Do you have Ghostbusters on VHS?\" \"",
"There's no VHS here, buddy.\" \"",
"Ho, ho, ho, Little Mikey?\" \"",
"What are you doing here, man?\" \" ",
"You know me?\" \" ",
"Of course I know you, Mike.\" \"",
"Oh, I get it.\" \"",
"Old man Fletcher sent you by here to get a movie that he's missing.\" \"",
"He's too embarrassed to get it himself.\" \"",
"Ain't that right?\" \" ",
"Now, ain't that right, Little Mikey?\" \" ",
"No, no.\" \" ",
"Yeah, that's right!\" \" ",
"No.\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \" ",
"I call it like I see it.\" \" ",
"All right, you take...\" \"You take care.\" \" ",
"I got you.\" \"",
"Tell me the truth, doc.\" \"",
"How long have I got left?\" \"",
"Ten minutes.\" \"",
"Ten minutes?\" \"",
"This should help.\" \"",
"Miss Kobayashi had a fever of...\" \"I'm Bill Murray, you're everybody else.\" \"",
"What, are you crazy?\" \"",
"She's never gonna buy it.\" \"",
"Yeah, yeah, yeah.\" \"",
"She doesn't know what the movie's supposed to look like.\" \"",
"The only thing that she knows is what's on this box.\" \"",
"She's never seen it before.\" \"",
"If we stay 10 feet away from the camera she's not gonna recognize us.\" \"",
"We come up with some special effects, we do it ourselves.\" \"",
"She's gonna be back in, like, two hours and 45 minutes.\" \"",
"She's on the phone with Fletcher every night.\" \"",
"The first scene is at the library.\" \"",
"And take that thing off, please.\" \"",
"Okay.\" \"",
"And action.\" \" ",
"Start over.\" \"",
"Sorry, cut.\" \" ",
"What?\" \"",
"I looked right in the lens.\" \" ",
"We gotta start over.\" \" ",
"We can't start over.\" \" ",
"I looked right in the lens.\" \" ",
"You just have to do one good take.\" \"",
"All right?\" \"",
"Don't...\" \"Listen, what you're doing is good.\" \" ",
"I am doing good, right?\" \" ",
"Just do the same thing.\" \" ",
"Yeah, just do the same thing.\" \" ",
"Am I doing great?\" \" ",
"You're doing great, but don't look...\" \" All right, you're doing good too with the cinematography.\" \" ",
"All right, thanks.\" \"",
"Okay, good.\" \"",
"Go check the cards.\" \"",
"Check the cards.\" \"",
"You're doing...\" \"That's good, that's right.\" \"",
"That's great.\" \"",
"That's good.\" \" ",
"Put your head down, put your head down.\" \" ",
"I can't see.\" \"",
"Go back to the shelf.\" \"",
"Suspecting nothing, and ghosts.\" \"",
"Ghosts.\" \"",
"When you're walking down the street And you see a little ghost\" \"What you gonna Do about Ghostbusters?\" \" ",
"What?\" \"",
"What?\" \"",
"What is that?\" \" ",
"That's the Ghostbusters theme song.\" \" ",
"No.\" \" ",
"I'm pretty sure it is.\" \" ",
"About this stuff...\" \" We've got one right there.\" \"",
"Let's get a closer look.\" \"",
"Hey, have you talked to Elvis lately?\" \"",
"We're moving on to stage two.\" \"",
"We can capture her.\" \"",
"We have the megapixels.\" \"",
"You just have to stay with me, okay?\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \"",
"Excuse me.\" \"",
"We got her.\" \"",
"We did it, because we're Ghostbusters.\" \" ",
"All right.\" \" ",
"Pound it.\" \"",
"I'm in the hotel reading area for children and I'm getting a lot of creepy vibes.\" \"",
"I think I did hear something.\" \"",
"You heard something?\" \"",
"Stay where you are, I'm on my way.\" \"",
"I got...\" \"I got slimed.\" \"",
"Okay, Wilson, go now.\" \"",
"Wilson, now!\" \" ",
"Wilson?\" \" ",
"Should I come in now?\" \" ",
"Yes, for duck's sake, now, Wilson.\" \" ",
"I wasn't sure.\" \"",
"If you or any of your family have seen ectoplasmic apparitions or heard funny noises in your attic...\" \"Call Ghostbusters.\" \"",
"We're fully staffed and ready 24 hours a day to fulfill your supernatural needs.\" \" ",
"We're ready to believe you.\" \" ",
"We're ready to believe you.\" \"",
"Look at the refrigerator.\" \"",
"Hello, I need Ghostbusters, fast.\" \"",
"There's a strange alien in my refrigerator.\" \" ",
"Okay, go.\" \" ",
"Rock 'n' roll.\" \"",
"How does it look?\" \" ",
"Amazing, very real.\" \" ",
"Hey, come on.\" \"",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"Okay, now, the next scene is the car screeching through the night.\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \" ",
"Well, not night because we're not in the night.\" \"",
"We gotta just go with the day.\" \"",
"No, no, no.\" \"",
"All dramatic scenes are shot at night.\" \"",
"You got...\" \"You gotta...\" \"You gotta shoot it at night.\" \" ",
"The day is fine.\" \"",
"What are you doing?\" \" ",
"And then, you also have to wet the floor.\" \" ",
"You wet the floor.\" \" ",
"Would you stop?\" \"",
"That's just a waste of water.\" \"",
"Would you stop?\" \"",
"Mike, I'm not gonna botch this job, man.\" \"",
"If you wanna do it in the day, you'll find somebody else.\" \"",
"Miss Falewicz will be back in less than an hour.\" \"",
"We don't have time.\" \"",
"We just need a minimum amount of professionalism.\" \"",
"I can shoot a night scene in the day, give me the camera.\" \" ",
"No.\" \" ",
"Give me the camera.\" \"",
"Let me just show you how you...\" \"You...\" \"You cannot touch the camera.\" \"",
"You're gonna erase everything that we've done.\" \"",
"Mike, look on the side of the camera.\" \"",
"There's a button that says, \"negative.\"\" \"",
"See?\" \"",
"Makes it look like nighttime in the day.\" \"",
"Am I right?\" \" ",
"Oh, there it goes.\" \" ",
"Thank you, you're welcome.\" \"",
"Your face is negative, though.\" \"",
"Don't.\" \" ",
"There's something we can do about that.\" \" ",
"What?\" \" ",
"Okay, go.\" \" ",
"All right.\" \" ",
"Close your eyes.\" \" ",
"You're telling me that now?\" \"",
"Sorry.\" \"",
"Good job.\" \"",
"Gotta run, got a date with a Ghostbuster.\" \"",
"Busting makes me feel good.\" \"",
"Okay, Wilson.\" \" ",
"Ghostbusters, open the door!\" \" ",
"Wait, wait, do it one more time.\" \"",
"Ghostbusters, open the...\" \"Are you the Gatekeeper or the Keymaster?\" \"",
"Are you the Keymaster?\" \"",
"I want your key inside of me.\" \" ",
"Are you menstruating?\" \" ",
"That's not from the...\" \"Back off, I'm the scientist here.\" \"",
"I'm gonna open that refrigerator door.\" \"",
"Let's show this prehistoric bitch how we do things downtown.\" \"",
"We ionized it.\" \"",
"It was a complete particle reversal.\" \"",
"Can I go now?\" \"",
"As the 100-foot marshmallow man tried to kill them they decided to reverse reality by crossing their beams.\" \"",
"Run, everyone, run.\" \"",
"There's a Stay Puft Marsh...\" \"Okay.\" \" ",
"Nice working with you, Dr. Venkman.\" \" ",
"See you on the other side.\" \"",
"The end.\" \"",
"Starring Bill Murray and other actors.\" \"",
"Written by Dan Aykroyd, directed by Ivan Reitman.\" \"",
"Ghostbusters\" \"Wait, wait.\" \"",
"Miss Falewicz, Miss Falewicz.\" \"",
"Hi.\" \"",
"Hi.\" \" ",
"I was waiting for you.\" \" ",
"Yeah, I'm here.\" \"",
"By the way, it looks a load better.\" \"",
"Big improvement.\" \" ",
"Oh, yeah.\" \"",
"We were just...\" \" Mr. Fletcher will be pleased.\" \"",
"Yeah, we were doing...\" \"We were doing inventory here.\" \"",
"A nice and tidy house.\" \"",
"First step to combating depression:\" \" To have an optimistic view of the future.\" \" ",
"Hey, that sounds...\" \"You know what I do whenever I'm feeling depressed?\" \" ",
"Oh, what's that?\" \" ",
"I clean my house.\" \" ",
"Oh, really?\" \" ",
"Honest to God, it clears the mind.\" \"",
"You'll see, in the morning when the sun comes in.\" \" ",
"Uh-huh.\" \" ",
"Number one step for fighting depression.\" \"",
"Here it is, Miss Falewicz, there you go.\" \"",
"Ghostbusters like you asked for.\" \"",
"When you're walking down the street\" \" You know what, I...\" \" And you see a little ghost\" \" All right.\" \" ",
"I have a...\" \"I have a...\" \"I was gonna say I have a...\" \" What are you doing?\" \"",
"I have a method.\" \" ",
"What you gonna do?\" \" ",
"A foolproof method for fighting depression.\" \" ",
"Ghostbusters\" \"You get a notebook and you, like, put four columns in it.\" \" ",
"And the first column is...\" \" And you see a little ghost ...the effort you believe...\" \" What you gonna do?\" \"...",
"the dreaded task will take...\" \" Ghostbusters\" \"Tell me the other two tomorrow, because I'm really...\" \" Good movie you got there.\" \" ",
"I'm focused on those first two.\" \"",
"Wait a sec, 1 dollar, one tape, one night, right?\" \" ",
"No, Miss Falewicz, it's not a problem.\" \" ",
"I'm in it.\" \" ",
"It's okay.\" \"",
"That's on us today.\" \" ",
"Really?\" \" ",
"Uh-huh.\" \" ",
"Thank you.\" \" ",
"You're welcome.\" \"",
"Take care.\" \" ",
"Enjoy the movie.\" \"",
"We should've had, like, a premiere of that thing or something.\" \" ",
"What?\" \" ",
"What are you talking about, \"what\"?\" \"",
"She's not supposed to know that we're in the movie because we're not in Ghostbusters.\" \" ",
"Yeah?\" \"",
"Maybe I want her to know...\" \" Maybe I am in Ghostbusters.\" \" ",
"Why is it...?\" \" ",
"Because I'm proud of my work.\" \" ",
"Oh, you're...\" \" Oh, my God.\" \" ",
"Mike, you have zero ambition.\" \" ",
"What's...?\" \" ",
"That's your problem.\" \"",
"You're gonna be stuck in this dump for the rest of your life.\" \"",
"Good night.\" \"",
"Wh...?\" \"",
"What?\" \"",
"What?\" \"",
"What's a dump?\" \"",
"What's a dump?\" \"",
"My...\" \"My shop is a dump?\" \"",
"You live in a junkyard.\" \"",
"Not just the store, the whole city is a swamp.\" \" ",
"It's a swamp now?\" \" ",
"Yeah, a dump swamp.\" \"",
"When you get stuck here, you're stuck for life.\" \"",
"Come on, Mike, what is so great about this town?\" \"",
"Huh?\" \" ",
"The people.\" \" ",
"The people?\" \"",
"You're gonna make me cry.\" \"",
"The people.\" \"",
"The only reason there's anybody here is because they have nowhere to go.\" \"",
"Why don't you...?\" \"",
"Why don't you go somewhere, Mr. \"Junkman\"?\" \"",
"We got a customer.\" \"",
"We got a customer.\" \" ",
"Mr...\" \"Mr. Jack.\" \" ",
"Hi, how you doing?\" \"",
"Yeah, actually, we're closed.\" \" ",
"I'm actually open later...\" \" It'll just take a moment, guys.\" \" ",
"Rush Hour 2, that's all.\" \" ",
"Excellent choice.\" \"",
"It's out.\" \"",
"But you come back tomorrow, and I can...\" \"I can get you Ghostbusters.\" \"",
"Seen it.\" \"",
"Jaws?\" \" ",
"Whoa, what the duck?\" \" ",
"Whoa, what was that?\" \"",
"How about Towering Inferno?\" \" ",
"I saw it.\" \" ",
"Mr. Jack if you just come back tomorrow.\" \"",
"I...\" \"I'll take care of all of that tomorrow, okay, Mr. Jack?\" \"",
"I can't believe you don't have Rush Hour 2.\" \"",
"I'm gonna go to West Coast Video.\" \"",
"No, you...\" \"No, you're not.\" \"",
"Dude, you'd better...\" \"You don't do that, you...\" \"Have some morals.\" \"",
"Just wait till tomorrow.\" \"",
"I'll have Rush Hour 2 tomorrow.\" \"",
"Good!\" \"",
"Lee, I'm coming.\" \"",
"I'm taking the stairs.\" \"",
"Lee.\" \"",
"Lee.\" \"",
"Cut, that was great.\" \"",
"Lee!\" \" ",
"Over here.\" \" ",
"Lee, what you doing down there, man?\" \"",
"Carter, behind you.\" \"",
"Behind you, look out.\" \"",
"Lee, this Chinese bamboo ain't gonna hold.\" \"",
"Don't worry, Carter, Chinese bamboo, very strong.\" \"",
"This Chinese bamboo ain't strong.\" \"",
"I can't believe you got me out here.\" \"",
"Forget about the bamboo.\" \"",
"We gotta go solve a crime.\" \"",
"Go in for the kiss now, Jerry.\" \"",
"Go in for the kiss.\" \"",
"Go in for the kiss now.\" \"",
"Go now, kiss him now.\" \"",
"Hold on.\" \"",
"Why do I have to kiss Wilson?\" \" ",
"She's the bad guy, right?\" \" ",
"Right.\" \"",
"She's got the detonator...\" \"He's got the detonator in his hand.\" \"",
"You have the bomb in your mouth.\" \"",
"You have to press it against her to keep her from blowing your head off.\" \" ",
"I'm not kissing Wilson.\" \" ",
"It's not a kiss!\" \"",
"I don't wanna kiss Wilson.\" \"",
"We've been working with him all day.\" \"",
"We can't replace him.\" \" ",
"Could I just say something?\" \" ",
"What?\" \"",
"I quit.\" \" ",
"Amateurs.\" \"",
"I hate this movie.\" \" ",
"Wilson...\" \"Thanks, good work today.\" \"",
"Mike.\" \"",
"Mike, Mike.\" \"",
"Listen to me.\" \"",
"Maybe you can understand that I don't want the whole neighborhood to think I'm having a homosexual, interracial relationship with my mechanic.\" \"",
"Oh.\" \"",
"Okay.\" \" ",
"So the interracial is the issue.\" \" ",
"Okay, forget about the interracial thing but kissing my mechanic is disturbing and inappropriate.\" \"",
"He could sue me for sexual harassment.\" \" ",
"Oh, yeah.\" \" ",
"Okay, come on.\" \"",
"Mike, Mike, Mike.\" \"",
"I got a better idea.\" \"",
"Follow me.\" \"",
"Right, yeah, There's a stain on this sweater.\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \"",
"Okay.\" \" ",
"You see what I'm talking about?\" \"",
"Excuse me, I'm sorry to interrupt.\" \"",
"We're moviemakers and we're making a movie around the corner.\" \"",
"And we have a kissing scene, and we need an actress and you are amazing.\" \"",
"I'm sorry, I can't leave the store.\" \"",
"I have work to do, but my sister can.\" \" ",
"Alma.\" \" ",
"What?\" \"",
"Come here.\" \"",
"These guys are making a film around the corner.\" \"",
"They need a girl.\" \"",
"What kind of film are you making?\" \"",
"Actually it's like comedy, action, adventure.\" \" ",
"Like, the types of movies, you know...\" \" I don't think you understand...\" \" Like what kind?\" \"...",
"what we're offering you, though.\" \" ",
"We want you to be a movie star.\" \" ",
"I told you I have to stay here.\" \"",
"I can't leave, but she should go, she's a really good actress.\" \" ",
"I was in the school play.\" \" ",
"She was a fridge.\" \" ",
"A refrigerator?\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"So check it out.\" \"",
"Okay, so I'm standing in the kitchen and this is my door.\" \"",
"And then I had, like, to close my eye like this, and I go like that.\" \" ",
"Okay, we're gonna take a quick meeting.\" \" ",
"That was the light.\" \" ",
"A quick producers' meeting.\" \" ",
"It's the light.\" \" ",
"You got it.\" \" ",
"She's horrible.\" \" ",
"What's the matter?\" \"",
"She's...\" \" She's the worst actress I've ever seen.\" \"",
"Listen to me, I know a woman who works across the street at the diner, she's per...\" \"Are you gonna kiss her or Wilson?\" \"",
"Because that's what it is at this point.\" \" ",
"You gonna kiss her?\" \" ",
"I hate you right now.\" \"",
"Okay, we did it.\" \" ",
"Guess what, we just had a meeting.\" \" ",
"Yeah?\" \" ",
"You got the part.\" \" ",
"I got the part?\" \" ",
"Oh, yeah.\" \" ",
"So we should...\" \"We should go now because we're actually...\" \" We're shooting right now.\" \" ",
"Thank you so much.\" \"",
"It's gonna be fun.\" \"",
"We're gonna makes some movies.\" \"",
"I'm sorry, can...?\" \"",
"Can...?\" \"",
"Can...?\" \" ",
"Is this yours?\" \" ",
"Yes, it is.\" \" ",
"Can we use this just really quickly?\" \" ",
"No, no, no.\" \" ",
"She just dropped this off to be cleaned.\" \" ",
"Just really, really quickly.\" \" ",
"It'll be all right.\" \" ",
"You don't have to do that.\" \"",
"We'll bring it back.\" \"",
"We'll make sure it's in fine condition.\" \" ",
"What's your name?\" \" ",
"Ann.\" \"",
"Ann.\" \"",
"Miss Ann.\" \"",
"Thank you so much.\" \"",
"We gotta make sure she gets a wardrobe credit.\" \"",
"She will get a credit for sure, and then some.\" \" ",
"I'm gonna be thinking about...\" \" Thank you.\" \"...",
"parts for you in the future of our films.\" \"",
"Not you, however.\" \"",
"You blew it.\" \"",
"I wanted to make you Marilyn Monroe.\" \" ",
"Now you're just gonna be the cleaner.\" \" ",
"Okay, let's go.\" \"",
"Thank you.\" \" ",
"Thank you for letting us use your sister.\" \" ",
"Alma, keep your tongue in your mouth.\" \" ",
"We're gonna go down here.\" \" ",
"It's Rush Hour 2 and you're gonna play the girl.\" \"",
"Action, guys.\" \"",
"What...?\" \" ",
"Oh, damn.\" \"",
"Damn.\" \" ",
"What was that?\" \"",
"Hold still.\" \" ",
"Stop.\" \" ",
"Sorry.\" \"",
"I'm sorry.\" \"",
"He got exposed to radioactive waves.\" \"",
"Are you radioactive?\" \"",
"Is it contagious?\" \"",
"Am I gonna be radioactive now?\" \"",
"Not radioactive!\" \"",
"Magnetized!\" \"",
"Give me my bottle.\" \"",
"I'm sorry, we didn't have a chance to...\" \"It's not contagious.\" \"",
"I'm just gonna check...\" \"Sorry.\" \"",
"You're fine.\" \" ",
"This came out pretty good.\" \" ",
"I'm fine?\" \" ",
"Not magnetized.\" \" ",
"Uh-huh, yeah.\" \"",
"Okay, good.\" \" ",
"Not magnetized.\" \" ",
"What about your friend?\" \"",
"Huh?\" \"",
"Hey, Jerry.\" \"",
"I'm really sorry about hurting your feelings.\" \"",
"I just, like...\" \"I got really scared about the radioactive stuff.\" \"",
"Yeah, I know.\" \"",
"It's my fault, I should've warned you.\" \"",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"Is that you?\" \" ",
"I took the whole bottle.\" \" ",
"Why would you do that, Jerry?\" \"",
"I just wanted to go to sleep.\" \"",
"Am I gonna die?\" \"",
"Yeah, it's aspirin, not sleeping pills, you dummy.\" \"",
"Why be a dummy?\" \"",
"You are not going to die, okay?\" \" ",
"If you do what I say, okay?\" \" ",
"What's happening?\" \"",
"I need you to go to the bathroom get me a bucket full of salt and water, right now.\" \" ",
"Salt, salt.\" \" ",
"Okay?\" \"",
"Just sit down, relax.\" \" ",
"I'm gonna die.\" \" ",
"No, you're not gonna die, I promise.\" \" ",
"I've done it before.\" \" ",
"I have a good future.\" \"",
"Here, here.\" \"",
"Drink it, drink it.\" \"",
"Good.\" \" ",
"You okay?\" \" ",
"That was good.\" \"",
"Hey, look at me, I'm doing good.\" \"",
"Oh, that's me.\" \"",
"Oh, not again.\" \"",
"Why does he have to puke outside of the shop every time?\" \"",
"Oh, good, now he's gonna puke out all the bad stuff.\" \" ",
"You see?\" \" ",
"But in front of the shop?\" \"",
"Hi.\" \"",
"Sorry.\" \"",
"Wait, what's he doing now?\" \"",
"Oh, nice, nice.\" \"",
"Pee.\" \" ",
"You guys are so weird.\" \" ",
"It all came out in my pee.\" \"",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"Is his pee making it do that?\" \"",
"Thank God for my bladder.\" \"",
"Okay, good.\" \"",
"Would you just finish and come inside?\" \"",
"Alma, I owe you one.\" \"",
"Let's test it out.\" \"",
"Let's test it out.\" \"",
"Let's test it out.\" \"",
"Is it warping the image still?\" \" ",
"No.\" \"",
"No.\" \" ",
"No?\" \"",
"No?\" \" ",
"It worked.\" \"",
"It's working.\" \" ",
"I'm demagnetized, you're a genius.\" \" ",
"Thanks to me.\" \" ",
"You saved my life.\" \" ",
"Hi, guys.\" \" ",
"Hi, Mr. Jack.\" \" ",
"What are you looking at?\" \" ",
"Oh, nothing.\" \"",
"We were just closing up, actually.\" \"",
"Yeah, so there it is.\" \"",
"I have to pay in mostly pennies.\" \"",
"That's okay?\" \" ",
"Fine.\" \"",
"That's...\" \"That's okay.\" \" ",
"Thank you.\" \" ",
"Thank you.\" \" ",
"Enjoy the movie.\" \"",
"Your pennies are always good here.\" \"",
"I'm gonna enjoy it, thank you.\" \"",
"Good night.\" \" ",
"Enjoy the movie?\" \" ",
"Yeah, enjoy the movie.\" \"",
"We worked hard on it.\" \"",
"It's gonna be good.\" \"",
"Yo, we gotta find new tapes.\" \"",
"We're gonna get caught.\" \" ",
"We can't keep doing this.\" \" ",
"What are you talking about?\" \"",
"It's going fine.\" \"",
"So far, so good.\" \"",
"What?\" \"",
"When Miss Falewicz sees \"Ghostbusters\"?\" \" ",
"Our version is better than the original.\" \" ",
"She's gonna say something to Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"First of all, our version is only 20 minutes.\" \"",
"Yeah, but 20 minutes, it's all the brain can concentrate for.\" \"",
"It's the perfect duration.\" \"",
"It's a biological fact.\" \" ",
"I study this, I know.\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"And besides, Miss Falewicz has never seen a science-fiction movie before.\" \"",
"She might think all of them are 20 minutes long.\" \"",
"And isn't she a little kooky?\" \"",
"She probably won't even recognize us.\" \"",
"Y'all need to chill out, all right?\" \"",
"Craig?\" \" ",
"What's up, old lady?\" \" ",
"Yo, come on in, guys.\" \"",
"Yo, Craig.\" \"",
"What's up, man?\" \"",
"Dude, you gotta check this out, man.\" \"",
"My auntie got this from Fats' video store.\" \"",
"This is Ghostbusters.\" \" ",
"Roshambo.\" \" ",
"Water.\" \" ",
"Laser.\" \" ",
"Water.\" \" ",
"Whoa.\" \"",
"Uh-oh.\" \" ",
"Oh, no.\" \"",
"Miss Falewicz gave it to her nephew.\" \"",
"It looks like they were disappointed with the video.\" \" ",
"Come on, guys.\" \" ",
"Do they have guns?\" \"",
"I can clearly see you hiding behind the counter.\" \"",
"We was closed, something's wrong with these lights.\" \" ",
"What's wrong with you?\" \" ",
"Nothing.\" \"",
"Y'all open now.\" \"",
"That wasn't bad.\" \"",
"What else y'all got?\" \" ",
"The whole store.\" \" ",
"No.\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"We actually...\" \"We only have Rush Hour 2.\" \"",
"No, man, he said the whole store.\" \" ",
"Why you lie to me, man?\" \" ",
"I'm not lying.\" \"",
"Guys, make your choice.\" \" ",
"What is wrong with you?\" \" ",
"It just came out.\" \"",
"What you got?\" \"",
"Right.\" \"",
"Yeah, that's for...\" \"Hey, man, hand me one of them little mint jump off, right there.\" \"",
"We'd love to rent you out these videos today but Mr. Fletcher, right, he called.\" \" ",
"Oh, yeah.\" \" ",
"We got the new policy.\" \"",
"Two videos per day, per account, so...\" \"All right then, let me open an account right now.\" \"",
"Yeah, man.\" \"",
"Sign away.\" \"",
"We're gonna need your picture I D, your phone bill your last three rent receipts, your grades a letter from your mother if you're a minor the last three countries you visited prior to this trip your 10 favorite films and your blood type.\" \"",
"You know, you're real lucky we don't beat up girls.\" \" ",
"Word.\" \" ",
"For real.\" \"",
"Except Craig's aunt.\" \"",
"Shut up, stupid.\" \"",
"We'll be back with all the necessary documents.\" \"",
"We still have two to choose, right?\" \"",
"Here you go, you pick two of those and we'll be...\" \"That's my choice.\" \" ",
"You guys pick the other one.\" \" ",
"No, no, no.\" \"",
"You get to pick your choice, and we gotta fight over ours?\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \" ",
"What kind of democracy is that?\" \"",
"Man, who told you this was a democracy?\" \"",
"Hey, hey, you guys, you guys.\" \"",
"You guys, listen.\" \"",
"You guys!\" \"",
"Life without civilization is brutal nasty and short.\" \"",
"If you're gonna come around here and spread pizza all over the walls with gats you're gonna miss out on some good movies.\" \"",
"So this is what I'm saying.\" \"",
"I'm gonna put all of these videos into this bag.\" \"",
"Alma, you're gonna pick out two of these videos at random.\" \"",
"Totally random.\" \"",
"It's the only way to do it civilized.\" \"",
"And everyone will survive.\" \"",
"Pick it out.\" \"",
"Shake it, shake it, shake it.\" \" ",
"Here they are.\" \" ",
"These are your choices.\" \"",
"Done.\" \"",
"How the hell?\" \"",
"Okay, who's the baby that picked The Lion King?\" \"",
"Hm?\" \"",
"Someone did.\" \" ",
"What?\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"But we will have them for you at 4 p.m. Tomorrow as long as you give us $20 right now.\" \"",
"Twenty dollars?\" \"",
"Yo, that's a complete rip-off.\" \"",
"No, no, no.\" \"",
"These are custom made.\" \"",
"Sweded.\" \" ",
"Sweded.\" \" ",
"It's a very rare type of video.\" \" ",
"Swede?\" \"",
"Like Sweden?\" \" ",
"Yeah, Sweded.\" \" ",
"It's a country, not a verb.\" \" ",
"Exactly.\" \"",
"That's why it's expensive.\" \"",
"Because it's a faraway, expensive country.\" \" ",
"It's imported.\" \" ",
"Sweded.\" \"",
"A toast.\" \"",
"Twenty bucks in one day.\" \"",
"That's never happened at Be Kind Rewind.\" \" ",
"That's never happened.\" \"",
"Never.\" \" ",
"Never happened at all?\" \" ",
"Nice with the civilization theory.\" \" ",
"Right?\" \" ",
"I gotta say, that was nice.\" \" ",
"I pulled that out.\" \"",
"I do some thinking at night.\" \"",
"If I can't sleep, I'm just thinking about stuff.\" \" ",
"Who picked The Lion King?\" \" ",
"That's what I was wondering.\" \"",
"The big guy, maybe.\" \"",
"One of those guys picked The Lion King.\" \"",
"It was me.\" \" ",
"You snuck it in there?\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"You're a badass.\" \"",
"See, well, Pocahontas used to be, like, my favorite movie, right?\" \"",
"But then I couldn't find it when you got the bag idea so I just picked Lion King instead.\" \"",
"It is such a good movie too.\" \"",
"I cry every time when the father dies.\" \"",
"Oh, man, I love The Lion King too.\" \"",
"It's my favorite picture, man.\" \"",
"My mom loved it.\" \" ",
"It's awesome.\" \" ",
"You like it too?\" \" ",
"Yeah, it's awesome.\" \" ",
"It's deeply deep.\" \" ",
"Oh, yeah.\" \" ",
"Because the uncle kills the nephew's father.\" \" ",
"His father which is his brother.\" \" ",
"That's his brother.\" \"",
"He kills his own brother, right?\" \"",
"That's some heavy, Shapeskearian shit.\" \"",
"What's funny?\" \" ",
"Shape...\" \"Nothing.\" \" ",
"Well, you know...\" \"Does anybody have any ideas, Lion King lady about how we're supposed to shoot an animated film?\" \"",
"Roar!\" \"",
"I am the king!\" \"",
"Roar!\" \"",
"Jerry, I kind of see your head.\" \" ",
"What?\" \" ",
"It doesn't look real.\" \"",
"Well, Alma, stay on the voices.\" \"",
"We'll be in charge of the bodies and motion.\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \" ",
"I need you to say this:\" \"\"I'm gonna piss on the graves of your ancestors. \"\" \" ",
"It's important in the story, Alma.\" \" ",
"Don't say that.\" \"",
"Roar!\" \"",
"I'm going to piss on the heads of your ancestors!\" \"",
"No, wait.\" \"",
"Hold on.\" \"",
"This is a children's movie.\" \"",
"This is the sequel.\" \"",
"We're doing part two.\" \"",
"Less choice more copies of the same movie.\" \"",
"Simplified categorization of genre.\" \"",
"Sir?\" \"",
"Hi.\" \"",
"Noticeable outfit and big badge on employee.\" \"",
"Sir, are you sure I can't help you?\" \"",
"You've been here for the last two hours, you can't seem to make up your mind.\" \"",
"I'm gonna have to ask you to leave.\" \"",
"Do you carry a copy of Stormy Weather?\" \" ",
"What?\" \" ",
"No specific knowledge required.\" \" ",
"Thank you.\" \" ",
"Thank you.\" \"",
"Okay.\" \"",
"Very helpful.\" \" ",
"That's it.\" \" ",
"Shoot him, Robo.\" \"",
"I'm taking you downtown.\" \" ",
"I'm coming to get you now...\" \" Well, you're gonna get shot.\" \"...",
"with my gun.\" \"",
"And there's more where that came from...\" \" No!\" \"...",
"for you, cop lady.\" \"",
"Y'all still shooting, man?\" \" ",
"Yeah, we...\" \" Four o' clock.\" \"",
"Y'all were supposed to be done.\" \"",
"I've been out there for 20 minutes.\" \" ",
"Don't worry.\" \"",
"I can handle this guy.\" \" ",
"No, no, I got it, man.\" \" ",
"Let me show you how to do this, man.\" \" ",
"We almost done.\" \"",
"I will shoot you and I know robot karate.\" \"",
"I got something for you, man.\" \"",
"What do you think you're...?\" \"",
"I'll take you to the...\" \" Robo!\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \" ",
"You want some?\" \"",
"Yeah, you want some?\" \" ",
"No.\" \" ",
"Stay back.\" \" ",
"I'm wounded!\" \"",
"I'm giving you till the count of three to drop your weapon.\" \" ",
"Yeah, uh-huh.\" \"",
"That's not funny, y'all.\" \" ",
"Cut.\" \" ",
"Whatever, y'all.\" \" ",
"It's kind of funny.\" \" ",
"No, it's part of the movie.\" \" ",
"That was good.\" \" ",
"It went really well.\" \" ",
"I like your badge.\" \" ",
"Thanks, I made it myself.\" \"",
"Great.\" \"",
"Just...\" \"Who are these people?\" \" ",
"Oh, my God.\" \" ",
"Let's go.\" \"",
"Let's go before they see us.\" \"",
"Mike!\" \"",
"Mike!\" \"",
"Over here!\" \"",
"Lookit, okay?\" \"",
"You're gonna smile.\" \"",
"Pretend like you know what you're doing, okay?\" \" ",
"I'm gonna take care of the rest.\" \"",
"Yes.\" \" ",
"No.\" \"",
"This was really great but it's too short.\" \"",
"It's so good, it should be longer.\" \"",
"Anyway, I told all my friends, and they're excited.\" \" ",
"They want to join the store.\" \" ",
"Bring them in.\" \"",
"Okay.\" \"",
"Okay, it's open!\" \"",
"Form two lines.\" \"",
"Rentals on the right and returns on the left.\" \"",
"The store policy is also two rentals per customer.\" \"",
"Maybe you'd like to get a film you didn't know about.\" \"",
"Okay, guys, I'm accepting applications in this line right here.\" \" ",
"Hi.\" \" ",
"Hi.\" \" ",
"What would you like?\" \" ",
"This one Sweded, please.\" \"",
"Okay.\" \"",
"Let me just check to see if you have the proper documents.\" \"",
"It seems like you have a lot of Cs.\" \"",
"I don't even think you really should have passed.\" \"",
"So we're gonna need a $20 supplement fee for averageness.\" \" ",
"Are you insane?\" \"",
"Twenty dollars?\" \" ",
"I'm sorry.\" \"",
"I don't make the rules, I just have to enforce them.\" \"",
"You're crazy.\" \"",
"You're insane.\" \" ",
"I'm leaving.\" \" ",
"You can bend a rule a little.\" \" ",
"Your movies suck anyway!\" \" ",
"No.\" \"",
"Next!\" \" ",
"Excuse me.\" \" ",
"Jerry.\" \"",
"I am RoboCop.\" \"",
"I heard there was a disturbance at Be Kind Rewind video store.\" \"",
"Mr. RoboCop, may I have an autograph, please?\" \" ",
"For my grandson?\" \" ",
"Me too, me too.\" \"",
"Anything you say can and will be held against you in a court of RoboCop.\" \"",
"Miss Falewicz.\" \" ",
"Hi, Miss Falewicz.\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \" ",
"Can you Swede this for me?\" \" ",
"Oh, Driving Miss Daisy.\" \"",
"I'd really rather not do this one.\" \"",
"I really never really got this movie.\" \"",
"I thought it was a little condescending.\" \"",
"It's...\" \"It's a lovely movie.\" \"",
"Full of generosity and giving.\" \" ",
"She teaches him to read.\" \" ",
"I know, ma'am.\" \"",
"How many movies have that kind of heart?\" \"",
"Okay.\" \"",
"Hoke, that's the spot.\" \"",
"Pull over the car.\" \" ",
"Stop the car right...\" \"Hoke!\" \" ",
"This is not the spot.\" \"",
"Are you...?\" \"",
"Are you deaf?\" \" ",
"I wish I was deaf.\" \" ",
"This is the spot.\" \"",
"Who is that hussy chasing after us?\" \" ",
"Be gone, hussy.\" \"",
"Hoke...\" \" You know we're not filming any of it?\" \" ",
"We're just scouting.\" \" ",
"I know, I'm just practicing.\" \"",
"I'm staying in character.\" \"",
"Come on, dude.\" \"",
"Let's keep in character, okay?\" \" ",
"All right.\" \"",
"Mm-hm.\" \" ",
"Come around the side and help me.\" \"",
"Help me get out of the car.\" \" ",
"Hoke!\" \" ",
"Yes, ma'am.\" \" ",
"Jerry, have you ever seen the movie?\" \" ",
"Hoke.\" \"",
"She doesn't act like that.\" \"",
"Don't you talk to me like that, young missy.\" \" ",
"She doesn't act like that.\" \" ",
"You stay over there.\" \"",
"Hoke, go and find me the grave that says Werthan on it.\" \"",
"Go like the wind, run.\" \"",
"Run, Hoke.\" \"",
"Please.\" \"",
"W-E-R-T-H-E-N.\" \"Hoke, can you hear me?\" \"",
"Oh, no, Hoke.\" \"",
"You're illiterate, aren't you?\" \" ",
"Jerry.\" \" ",
"I'll teach you how to read.\" \"",
"A W is like a mountain upside down.\" \"",
"Isn't that clever?\" \"",
"Now, what happens if you add an \"er\" to the W?\" \" ",
"Mike!\" \" ",
"What do you think?\" \" ",
"You get...\" \" Wer.\" \" ",
"Wer!\" \"",
"Add a \"then, \" what do you get?\" \" ",
"Okay, Jerry, stop.\" \" ",
"Wer...\" \" Would you stop?\" \" ",
"No.\" \" ",
"Wer...\" \" Werthan, Werthan, Werthan, Werthan!\" \"",
"Werthan, Werthan, Werthan, Werthan!\" \" ",
"Mike.\" \" ",
"Knock it off.\" \"",
"Mike, what are you doing?\" \" ",
"Are we shooting?\" \" ",
"Jerry, come back.\" \"",
"Jerry.\" \" ",
"Hey.\" \" ",
"Don't mess around.\" \"",
"I'm not in the mood.\" \"",
"You know, I was in character.\" \" ",
"I know.\" \" ",
"He didn't have to take it so personally.\" \"",
"Well, apparently he did.\" \"",
"Jerry, like, you crossed the line a little bit.\" \"",
"Don't you think I have my share of humiliation?\" \"",
"Who keeps on giving the orders all day?\" \"",
"He does.\" \" ",
"Uh-huh.\" \" ",
"Who keeps taking them?\" \" ",
"Well, I kind of do all the time.\" \" ",
"No, no, no, no.\" \"",
"Me.\" \"",
"And why should I?\" \" ",
"Things have changed.\" \" ",
"Uh-huh.\" \"",
"People recognize me in the street.\" \" ",
"Right, Simon?\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"Yup.\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \" ",
"They love me.\" \"",
"I want my own trailer.\" \"",
"You have a trailer, okay?\" \"",
"That is where you live.\" \" ",
"Is that spit on there?\" \" ",
"Yes.\" \" ",
"Come on.\" \" ",
"Everybody does know you on the street because all you do is go from your shop to Mr. Fletcher's and back.\" \" ",
"It's true.\" \" ",
"No, you don't get it.\" \"",
"They look at me in a different way, with love and resp...\" \" I'm a star.\" \" ",
"You are a star.\" \"",
"I want my own trailer next to my trailer.\" \"",
"A movie trailer.\" \"",
"That trailer doesn't count.\" \"",
"Get up, Jerry.\" \" ",
"Everybody's ready.\" \" ",
"It's my time!\" \"",
"Ali's the man!\" \"",
"Ali!\" \"",
"Ali!\" \"",
"Ali!\" \"",
"It's okay.\" \"",
"We're not suggesting...\" \"As far as Foreman goes, he was devastating that punching bag and we writers were so frightened for Ali that we were...\" \" It's incredible.\" \"",
"The pilots are black, I'm black, the whole plane is black and we're not crashing.\" \"",
"Dave, it's me, HAL.\" \"",
"I'm afraid I can't open the pod doors, Dave.\" \"",
"Why don't you take a jog around the space capsule?\" \"",
"Okay, I'm ready.\" \"",
"Go.\" \"",
"Alma!\" \"",
"This is ketchup.\" \" ",
"You said you were gonna use Kool-Aid!\" \" ",
"Sorry.\" \"",
"God, Alma.\" \"",
"Oh, where's the driver?\" \"",
"All right.\" \"",
"We gotta stop off and pick up an Enquirer.\" \"",
"Find out what the aliens are doing.\" \"",
"We're upside down!\" \"",
"Look, I'm upside down.\" \"",
"The whole universe is in a marble!\" \"",
"I'm glad you have come to your senses.\" \"",
"I have a list of addresses here for you to visit.\" \"",
"Hey, hey.\" \"",
"No, no, no.\" \"",
"Tomorrow, I am starting a progressive transition to a modern medium:\" \"The D VD.\" \"",
"You see, I've found these affordable D VD players that I'm going to recommend to my customers.\" \"",
"Within a couple of months, half of my catalogue will be digital.\" \"",
"The rest, by the end of the year.\" \"",
"Which means more titles in the same space and more business.\" \"",
"Listen, if you don't want the building demolished then you're going to have to make these renovations with one of the city's licensed contractors.\" \"",
"Do you have any idea of the kind of costs we're talking about here?\" \"",
"Here's an estimate of the cost to repair the roof.\" \"",
"And that's the bare minimum of work needed.\" \"",
"I ...\" \" I just don't see it happening.\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \"",
"Okay, what?\" \"",
"I'll fix the roof.\" \"",
"Fine.\" \"",
"You now have six weeks before Mr. Baker brings the demolition crew then you're going to have to relocate yourself at your own expense.\" \"",
"Next!\" \"",
"Whoa, whoa, whoa!\" \"",
"Whoa, he cut the line!\" \" ",
"Hey, gramps.\" \" ",
"Hey.\" \"",
"Back of the line.\" \"",
"I've been waiting an hour out there.\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \" ",
"I came all the way from New York.\" \"",
"New York, for real?\" \" ",
"Mike and Jerry are famous there?\" \" ",
"No.\" \" ",
"Hey, back out.\" \" ",
"My...\" \"My shop.\" \"",
"I'm really sorry, sir, but you're going to have to go to the back of the line.\" \" ",
"I can't afford a riot in the shop.\" \" ",
"No, this is my business.\" \"",
"Can somebody explain to me what's going on here?\" \" ",
"Hey, Mike!\" \"",
"Where's Mikey?\" \"",
"Mike!\" \" ",
"Mr. Fletcher.\" \" ",
"What's going on, man?\" \" ",
"Oh, hey.\" \"",
"I can...\" \"I can explain everything.\" \"",
"Something terrible happened with the tapes.\" \"",
"They all got erased.\" \"",
"I know you didn't want Jerry to come into the store but...\" \" Jerry?\" \"",
"All right, this is the last autograph.\" \"",
"My fingers are getting tired.\" \"",
"I'm serious.\" \" ",
"Oh, man.\" \" ",
"I'll see you guys tomorrow.\" \"",
"Let me take your bag for you, then I can explain...\" \"Uh-oh, who's back?\" \"",
"Mr. Fletchy.\" \"",
"Hey, welcome home, man.\" \"",
"I got the slogan.\" \"",
"Check it out:\" \"\"Be Kind Rewind, Videos à la Carte.\" \"",
"You name it, we shoot it.\" \"",
"Be Kind Rewind, Videos à la Carte. \"\" \" ",
"Jerry.\" \" ",
"That's great.\" \"",
"I think he gets it.\" \" ",
"Thanks, Jerry.\" \" ",
"It's snappy.\" \"",
"Just put a little drums under it.\" \" ",
"We'll just...\" \" I didn't mean to scream at you.\" \" ",
"I didn't know that you were the boss.\" \" ",
"You know what I mean?\" \"",
"Listen, kids.\" \"",
"I appreciate your creativity but let's be realistic for a second.\" \"",
"We will never hit that number, and the building will be gone.\" \"",
"Oh, no, Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"We can do it.\" \"",
"We've...\" \"We've been doing really, really good.\" \"",
"You know, we've been working hard.\" \"",
"We grow every day.\" \"",
"It's far from enough.\" \"",
"We need to adapt to the market.\" \"",
"So to hell with documentaries oldies, cult movies.\" \"",
"We need to simplify.\" \"",
"Two sections.\" \"",
"Action-adventures, comedies.\" \"",
"That's it.\" \"",
"We got to keep the silent movies, the Fats movies.\" \"",
"No, no.\" \"",
"Quiet.\" \"",
"I don't wanna hear any more about Fats Waller.\" \"",
"New rules apply from tomorrow morning.\" \"",
"Oh, and I forgot.\" \"",
"D VDs.\" \"",
"D VD, what?\" \"",
"No more tapes.\" \"",
"The entire catalogue has to be on D VD by the end of the year.\" \"",
"And our films?\" \"",
"Yours and whatever we rent from my store.\" \"",
"I don't know why he's doing this.\" \"",
"It's like everything that we've been doing is just nothing?\" \"",
"It's...\" \"Just like...\" \" We can't keep doing this.\" \" ",
"No way.\" \"",
"We are doing better business than this store has ever done.\" \"",
"We're...\" \"We're celebrities now.\" \"",
"We're on the power list.\" \"",
"He has to listen to us.\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"No, he don't.\" \"",
"I should've known.\" \"",
"It's my fault.\" \"",
"I should've known.\" \"",
"He don't like...\" \"He don't like remakes.\" \"",
"It's worthless to him.\" \"",
"It's like I'm nothing to him.\" \"",
"I just...\" \"I just work here.\" \"",
"Filthy little punk.\" \"",
"No way this punk kid gonna put his filth on my piano.\" \"",
"No, I erased all the tapes.\" \"",
"I'm the little punk.\" \"",
"Why is it always about you guys?\" \"",
"What about me?\" \"",
"What about Alma?\" \"",
"I wanna be a filthy punk too, you know?\" \"",
"These are not just simple remakes.\" \"",
"They are way more creative.\" \"",
"Of course, if the business maintains its current progress we won't hit the objective.\" \"",
"But if we shorten the length of the films we can shoot more of them.\" \"",
"And we will incrementally increase the increase of the income.\" \" ",
"Can you repeat the last...?\" \" ",
"No, Alma.\" \" ",
"People will feel swindled.\" \" ",
"Not if we include them in the films.\" \"",
"We'll give them parts to play.\" \"",
"This way:\" \"A, with their help, we can make more movies B, the films can be shorter and they won't feel swindled.\" \"",
"They're not gonna feel cheated, they won't feel swindled and they'll see their selves as a part...\" \" Yes.\" \"...",
"of the neighborhood.\" \" ",
"They'll become the stockholders of their own happiness.\" \"",
"You guys, this is something we can build on.\" \"",
"If we do more movies in a shorter time, we can...\" \" We can rent more movies.\" \" ",
"That's what I'm saying.\" \" ",
"Wait, that's what I just said.\" \" ",
"I thought it before you said it.\" \" ",
"Doesn't matter who said it first.\" \" ",
"No...\" \"Jerry.\" \"",
"We're all saying...\" \"We're all on the same page.\" \" ",
"I agree, I agree.\" \" ",
"I wanna be a part of this team officially.\" \"",
"It's like...\" \"What do you call that, when snow falls...?\" \" ",
"Avalanche.\" \" ",
"No, when...\" \"Snowballing.\" \" ",
"Snowballing.\" \"",
"Getting bigger and bigger.\" \" ",
"That's an avalanche.\" \"",
"And it incrementally increases the snowball size.\" \" ",
"Come on.\" \"",
"Right here.\" \"",
"I can feel this.\" \" ",
"We need to do this.\" \" ",
"Go.\" \" ",
"Explode!\" \"",
"Big success.\" \"",
"Do you really wanna buy these expensive and overly complicated D VD players?\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"No way.\" \"",
"So for only $ 20, you can purchase this digital unit you can simply tape or glue into your VCR and then it upgrades into our Be Kind Rewind D VD player.\" \"",
"And only then is when you can play our Be Kind Rewind...\" \" That is good.\" \"...",
"D vds.\" \"",
"Vacation with Chevy Chase.\" \"",
"Comedy, please.\" \" ",
"That's not Sweded yet.\" \"",
"Sorry.\" \" ",
"Comedy.\" \" ",
"Comedy.\" \" ",
"The Jerk, action.\" \"",
"Wrong genre.\" \"",
"That is a comedy.\" \"",
"I must exclude you for the day.\" \"",
"You can come back tomorrow.\" \"",
"That's the new system.\" \"",
"You have to say the right thing.\" \"",
"Man, the new system sucks, man.\" \"",
"I'm sick and tired of all these rules.\" \" ",
"Hey, Lord of the Rings is not a comedy.\" \" ",
"We didn't insult your new rules.\" \"",
"Now, listen.\" \"",
"I want The Jerk Sweden by tomorrow.\" \" ",
"Sweded, Sweded.\" \" ",
"Sweded.\" \" ",
"Sweded by tomorrow or this little thing that's in your...\" \"Let me see, let me see.\" \"",
"I'd be lying if I said I was not waiting for this opportunity to teach you a lesson.\" \"",
"Mr. Fletcher, this is really hurting my arm, okay?\" \"",
"Listen, I apologize, okay?\" \" ",
"Good, good.\" \" ",
"I...\" \"I will follow the new rules.\" \"",
"Good.\" \"",
"But more importantly you should never threaten your auntie again.\" \"",
"She works very hard to keep a roof over your head.\" \"",
"And these guys are working very hard to save ours.\" \" ",
"You get my drift?\" \" ",
"Yeah, I got it.\" \"",
"Thank you for the lesson.\" \"",
"Sounds like Fats Waller's back in the house.\" \"",
"It's...\" \"It's his house.\" \"",
"Now, my boy, do you know where our Fats did record most of his tunes and why?\" \" ",
"I know that one.\" \" ",
"I'm not sure.\" \" ",
"I know the answer.\" \" ",
"Mike?\" \"",
"At RC A Studios in Camden.\" \"",
"They liked to drive there on the train on the way to the studio so they can get drunk.\" \"",
"Sometimes they didn 't even get to the studio because they would get in a fight or they'd get arrested.\" \"",
"Mr. Fletcher, I don 't really see the connection with my lesson.\" \"",
"There is none.\" \"",
"We changed the subject.\" \"",
"Set up the cameras over there.\" \"",
"We wanna get in the red car to do a little make-out session.\" \"",
"We're walking in the rain.\" \"",
"It's kind of warm and fuzzy, and I kiss you.\" \"",
"And we're like young lovers.\" \"",
"Wow, these guys are good.\" \"",
"They can shoot any style.\" \"",
"We cast Jack and his friends.\" \" ",
"Whatever, man.\" \" ",
"You hear what he's saying, man?\" \"",
"Yo, see.\" \"",
"Yeah, yeah, yeah.\" \"",
"Come on.\" \"",
"You want some of this, buddy?\" \"",
"I'm shooting him.\" \"",
"Oh, no.\" \"",
"Derek!\" \"",
"Why?\" \"",
"Look at the pool of blood around him.\" \"",
"He's with Jesus.\" \"",
"What's happening to our 'hood?\" \"",
"It's no good.\" \"",
"It's senseless, the violence.\" \"",
"Kids, I have to admit I was wrong.\" \"",
"To movies with heart.\" \" ",
"And soul.\" \" ",
"I remember the sandwiches too.\" \" ",
"We had pig ears.\" \" ",
"Just look at Mr. Fletcher there.\" \" ",
"Pig ears and white bread.\" \" ",
"I smell elephant.\" \"",
"You're the number one hunter in the world.\" \"",
"When you see that elephant, you know that you have to kill it.\" \" ",
"That's great.\" \"",
"We did it.\" \" ",
"And cut.\" \"",
"Now we're like animals.\" \"",
"I love you, I love you.\" \"",
"I'm having sex with you.\" \"",
"We're nearly there.\" \"",
"One more week.\" \"\"",
"Jerry and Alma in...\" \"Jerry and Alma in...\"\" \"Jerry and Alma, Jerry and Alma, Jerry and Alma.\" \"",
"Are you jealous or something?\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"No, I'm not.\" \"",
"Forget about what I even said.\" \"",
"Don't...\" \"I'm sorry.\" \"",
"Well...\" \"Well, really.\" \"",
"I mean how come he's always the one with you in the movies?\" \"",
"It's always him.\" \"",
"Well, Jerry said that you complained about my...\" \"That is a dirty lie.\" \"",
"I never said a word about your mustache.\" \"",
"I didn't say anything about it.\" \"",
"I never said my mustache.\" \"",
"Okay, so Jerry was telling the truth.\" \"",
"And that's why you never wanted to kiss me or anything.\" \"",
"No, no.\" \"",
"I never complained about that.\" \"",
"Mike, I never said the word, and you did.\" \"",
"So how would you know, huh?\" \"",
"Because he complains about it all the time, to tell you the truth.\" \"",
"What's the difference?\" \" ",
"You think I have one, right?\" \" ",
"No.\" \"",
"Really, to be perfectly honest I don't even think you have one.\" \" ",
"I wish I was dead right now.\" \"",
"Just really quick.\" \"",
"Let me see.\" \"",
"You know what?\" \"",
"I don't see anything.\" \" ",
"I don't see anything.\" \" ",
"You don't see it?\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"Thanks.\" \"",
"Maybe I should give you a blind test.\" \"",
"Yeah, I think we need a blind test.\" \"",
"So?\" \"",
"Hey!\" \"",
"You're trying to kiss me.\" \" ",
"Why not?\" \" \"",
"Why not\"?\" \" ",
"Are you in love with me?\" \" ",
"Huh?\" \"",
"Mm-hm.\" \"",
"Well, how do I know that?\" \"",
"You know you're in love with a person when you talk to them for a minimum of 20 minutes a day in your head.\" \"",
"What if I talk to a guy in my head for 20 minutes?\" \"",
"What would that mean?\" \"",
"You're in love with Jerry.\" \" ",
"Huh?\" \"",
"Ew, no.\" \"",
"We're closed.\" \" ",
"Yes, you are in love with Jerry.\" \" ",
"No, I'm not.\" \" ",
"Hey, Mike, you hear the door?\" \"",
"Not at all.\" \"",
"No, that's not...\" \"It c...\" \"Listen, it could be anybody.\" \" ",
"Mr. T, Fats.\" \" ",
"You are in love with him.\" \" ",
"I know it.\" \" ",
"Mr. Elroy Fletcher.\" \"",
"Yes.\" \"",
"To whom it may concern copyright infringement is punishable by state and federal law.\" \"",
"Now, I hold in my hand a restraining order from Trenton and, actually, a warrant of seizure from Washington D.C.\" \" So you, the defendant...\" \" What's up?\" \"... ",
"have declined to attend the judgment proceedings so the studios are coordinating to assess the damages from...\" \"How many titles is it?\" \" ",
"Approximately 200.\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \"",
"So...\" \"Oh, what do we have here?\" \" ",
"A record of rental.\" \" ",
"Oh.\" \" ",
"What?\" \" ",
"Two hundred titles times how many average viewings?\" \"",
"Sixty-three times per tape.\" \"",
"Times 250,000 maximum in damages and/or up to five years in prison per offense.\" \" ",
"Which adds up to 3. ",
"15 billion dollars in fines which would need to be paid back to the studios...\" \" I'll write you a check.\" \"...",
"and/or 63,000 years in prison.\" \"",
"Which, of course, would have to be served before you could reopen the store.\" \"",
"But we made the movies ourselves.\" \" ",
"They're our...\" \" And people like them.\" \"",
"You're...\" \"You're right.\" \"",
"But technically, you're wrong.\" \"",
"You see, these tapes belong to the studios.\" \"",
"Look, it's written.\" \"",
"FBI warning, right there.\" \"",
"It's at the beginning of the tape as well.\" \" ",
"But we erased that, so...\" \" I think it's...\" \"People come here because they want to see these movies.\" \"",
"That's why they come here.\" \"",
"They're not interested in those formulaic big movies.\" \"",
"They're not interested in them.\" \"",
"They don't wanna see them.\" \"",
"Sir.\" \"",
"Sir.\" \"",
"Taste has nothing to do with this.\" \"",
"Don't listen to them.\" \"",
"Mr. Fletcher, you can kick them out.\" \" ",
"The entire film industry is crumbling...\" \" They're trespassing.\" \"...",
"because of pirates and bootleggers.\" \"",
"And we intend to stop it.\" \"",
"Right now, right here.\" \"",
"We're not selling boots, and we're not...\" \"We're not pirates.\" \" ",
"And we don't have viruses.\" \" ",
"I'm sorry, Mr...\" \" Fletcher.\" \" ",
"Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"I mean, look.\" \"",
"I have a family too, okay?\" \"",
"I didn't say I do.\" \"",
"I mean, what has this got to do about a family?\" \"",
"Nevertheless, this writ gives us permission to destroy all your black-market tapes by the end of the day and all of these assets in the store are hereby seized to pay these penalties to the studios.\" \"",
"No, no, no.\" \"",
"These are...\" \"No, no, no.\" \"",
"Not the...\" \"We just want to get in and out as painlessly as possible.\" \" ",
"Those are Sweded!\" \"",
"Hey, let him go.\" \"",
"Mr. Fletcher?\" \"",
"Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"I could save the building.\" \"",
"I got a plan B.\" \"This is a application to make it a historical landmark.\" \"",
"I can't believe that I didn't remember it before.\" \"",
"It's gonna be easy, because Fats was born here.\" \"",
"No, Mike, it's not so simple.\" \"",
"Why not?\" \"",
"You can go get his birth certificate.\" \"",
"The address has got to be on the birth certificate.\" \"",
"Go check the public records.\" \"",
"No, Mike, we can't provide any documents to prove that Fats lived here.\" \"",
"You wanna know why?\" \"",
"Huh?\" \"",
"You wanna know why?\" \" ",
"Because...\" \" No, no.\" \" ",
"No, no, listen.\" \" ",
"I don't wanna...\" \"Now you don't want to finish my sentences, huh?\" \"",
"Boy, look here.\" \"",
"I'll finish it.\" \"",
"We can't prove Fats Waller lived here because he never did.\" \"",
"I think you should come one more time.\" \"",
"Just tell me why.\" \"",
"Well, they started as bedtime stories.\" \"",
"I was trying to make this place bearable for you.\" \"",
"And then I could never bring myself to tell you the truth.\" \"",
"Well, why Fats Waller?\" \"",
"You could have picked anybody.\" \"",
"I mean, Duke Ellington or Louis Armstrong or...\" \"Fats was a happy man.\" \"",
"And I thought it would make you happy.\" \"",
"And it's true, I lied.\" \"",
"Now I'm going to hell, upstairs.\" \"",
"Here we are, we're the villains, right?\" \"",
"Hold that.\" \"",
"Mike!\" \"",
"We want more movies.\" \"",
"We want more movies!\" \"",
"Come on, baby.\" \"",
"Mike, wake up, baby.\" \"",
"We need to make more movies.\" \" ",
"What are you doing?\" \" ",
"Look at all these people here.\" \" ",
"We want more movies, man.\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"We cannot do these movies anymore.\" \"",
"It's illegal.\" \"",
"You can make your own.\" \" ",
"I don't have ideas for movies, Jerry.\" \" ",
"Oh, bullpucky.\" \"",
"You have got tons of ideas.\" \"",
"Brilliant ideas.\" \"",
"I hear them, you mumble them in your sleep.\" \"",
"Mike, we can make any movie we want.\" \"",
"We don't have to make one...\" \"They can't sue us if we're making new ones.\" \"",
"Make whatever you want.\" \"",
"Make Rush Hour 6, whatever.\" \"",
"You know what I mean?\" \"",
"Let's make Scary Town 5000.\" \"",
"We make it up, baby.\" \" ",
"You're the best director I know.\" \" ",
"Wait a minute.\" \" ",
"Wait a minute.\" \" ",
"And I'm the best actor that I know.\" \" ",
"I have an idea.\" \"",
"And together we're a team that can't be stopped!\" \"",
"Mike.\" \"",
"Where did you go?\" \"",
"Come back.\" \"",
"Come on, Mike.\" \"",
"I want Mr. Fletcher to see.\" \"",
"Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"Mr. Fletcher!\" \"",
"What do you need me for?\" \"",
"To hell with them, Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"We don't have to move to the projects if we don't want, we can stay right here.\" \"",
"How do we do that, exactly?\" \"",
"We're gonna make a movie, all of us.\" \"",
"All of these people came out to support us.\" \"",
"We're gonna make a movie together.\" \"",
"Like the city that saves itself?\" \"",
"No, no.\" \"",
"Check it, check it.\" \"",
"We're gonna do a movie about Fats Waller's life.\" \"",
"Your hero, my hero.\" \"",
"And we don't need permission to make movies on our own.\" \"",
"This is for us to watch.\" \" ",
"The whole town is participating.\" \" ",
"It'll be ours.\" \"",
"The movie could be called Fats Was Born in Passaic.\" \" ",
"Yeah!\" \" ",
"Everybody knows I was lying.\" \" ",
"You gonna humiliate me again?\" \" ",
"No.\" \"",
"No, Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"No, he's trying to prove you were right.\" \"",
"Our past belongs to us, we can change it if we want.\" \"",
"Sure.\" \"",
"My mom...\" \"My mom saw Fats Waller playing...\" \"Playing the piano right here in the Passaic Theater.\" \"",
"Sure.\" \"",
"Anybody wanna say anything about that?\" \"",
"Yes, me.\" \"",
"My grandfather used to watch him play Bach every night in the church.\" \" ",
"There you go.\" \" ",
"My great-uncle saved his life.\" \"",
"He took the train to Camden to record in the RCA studios.\" \"",
"He really did take the train to Camden.\" \"",
"That's right!\" \"",
"Mike.\" \"",
"We only have a week before the demolition.\" \"",
"It's not a problem.\" \"",
"That's okay.\" \"",
"We'll shoot the whole thing in a week.\" \"",
"And we could take donations to see the movie and use the money to save the building.\" \" ",
"I'll play Fats.\" \" ",
"No, no.\" \"",
"You're not.\" \"",
"I'm gonna play Fats.\" \"",
"We'll see who plays Fats.\" \" ",
"You're not gonna play Fats.\" \" ",
"We'll see.\" \"",
"There'll be an audition process.\" \"",
"No, there's not.\" \"",
"You're not gonna play Fats.\" \" ",
"May the best man play Fats.\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \"",
"Anyway, we should do it.\" \"",
"Good idea.\" \" ",
"Test, test, test.\" \" ",
"It looks like it's working.\" \" ",
"I can't tell if it's working.\" \" ",
"I think it's working because this is pressed down.\" \" ",
"All right.\" \" ",
"Test.\" \"",
"I can 't tell.\" \" ",
"It's working.\" \" ",
"Yeah, that's...\" \"Okay.\" \" ",
"It's working.\" \"",
"But it all started right here at 261 Main Street.\" \"",
"Miss Falewicz, can you tell us some of the true history of Fats Waller?\" \"",
"Fats was born in Mr. Fletcher's video store.\" \"",
"He was the youngest of seven children and all of them died before they even got to be 5.\" \" ",
"Gangsters killed them all.\" \" ",
"Yep.\" \" ",
"They came low-riding.\" \" ",
"Yup, they just shot them.\" \"",
"They were like:\" \" They were like ninjas.\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"But, boys, there's nothing fun about it.\" \" ",
"They were awful.\" \" ",
"It was kind of fun, though if you think about it.\" \"",
"What is the first instrument that Fats learned to play?\" \" ",
"From what I recall it was the piano.\" \" ",
"I think it was the harmonium, actually.\" \"",
"Yes, she's correct.\" \"",
"And he moved on to play one of the biggest instruments in the music business.\" \"",
"And that's the organ.\" \"",
"He would spend nights here playing, like, Bach.\" \"",
"You know, here at the great organ here.\" \"",
"Right here.\" \"",
"You guys, listen.\" \"",
"There's a lot of different ways we can start the movie but I'm just putting my vote in, we start at Fats' birth.\" \"",
"Boring.\" \"",
"Hey, man.\" \"",
"I think we should have the gangsters.\" \"",
"You know what I'm saying?\" \" ",
"With the:\" \" I like that.\" \"",
"Everybody, listen, listen.\" \"",
"Start with the death.\" \" ",
"But that's backwards.\" \" ",
"No, it's not backwards at all.\" \"",
"That is like Citizen Kane.\" \"",
"You are an original.\" \"",
"If you're going backwards then do the people talk, like, backwards in the scene?\" \"",
"Ain 't misbehavin ' Saving all my lovin ' for you\" \"You know...\" \"I'm fat.\" \"",
"Fats is fat.\" \"",
"That's his name.\" \"",
"So I thought I could...\" \"You thought wrong.\" \"",
"But let's have a conversation about this.\" \"",
"Just a brief conversation.\" \"",
"He's not even fat.\" \"",
"I don't even think he looks like him at all.\" \" ",
"Be quiet.\" \" ",
"Go outside.\" \"",
"Somebody's about to get knocked out.\" \"",
"Kansas City, the train station, the death scene.\" \"",
"Mr. Jack, Mr. Jack.\" \"",
"It's going.\" \"",
"It's good.\" \"",
"It's good.\" \"",
"Thank you, Andrea.\" \" ",
"What the hell is a \"harmoninium\" anyway?\" \" ",
"Harmonium.\" \"",
"Okay, what is it, just a weird thing that makes harmonies?\" \" ",
"It's fine.\" \" ",
"I give up.\" \"",
"You got the keyboard here already.\" \"",
"Fats liked to tickle the piano, right?\" \"",
"So my hand touches the black keys, the white keys.\" \" ",
"It's wrong.\" \" ",
"And then we tickle.\" \" ",
"Tickle, tickle, tickle.\" \" ",
"Fats played a piano, not a finger machine.\" \" ",
"You gotta put something there with keys.\" \" ",
"It's funny.\" \"",
"It's cheating.\" \"",
"You're just lazy.\" \"",
"You gotta put something in there.\" \"",
"Doesn't look very much like the '20s.\" \" ",
"It's clearly a bathtub.\" \" ",
"This goes?\" \"",
"No, forget it.\" \"",
"You know what?\" \"",
"Forget it.\" \"",
"I got a better idea.\" \"",
"We gotta have a bunch of them anyway.\" \"",
"You know what I'm thinking?\" \" ",
"What?\" \" ",
"Get me some cardboard.\" \"",
"Hey, look, this is how you make it look old.\" \"",
"The fan give the impression that it's a old film.\" \"",
"And the string is for the scratches.\" \"",
"See?\" \"",
"This is for the voice-over.\" \"",
"Miss Falewicz, can you tell us some of the true history...?\" \"",
"And also this is for the music.\" \"",
"Fats was born in Mr. Fletcher's video store.\" \"",
"And push and breathe.\" \"",
"And make a groaning sound like, \"Oh, there's a baby coming out of me.\"\" \"",
"Wilson, send the kids.\" \" ",
"Some gangsters killed them all.\" \" ",
"Yep.\" \" ",
"They came low-riding.\" \" ",
"They were like ninjas.\" \"",
"And I heard that there was glass everywhere.\" \"",
"The gang was like a pizza gang.\" \"",
"And when they killed you, there was always a pizza behind you on the wall.\" \"",
"Fall, fall.\" \"",
"Mr. Jack, fall.\" \"",
"When he was young he used to follow his father around the streets because his father was a street minister.\" \"",
"Even if I ascended to heaven, thou art there.\" \"",
"Clap your hands.\" \" ",
"Does it look good or what?\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"Continue to jiggle.\" \" ",
"Tickle the keys, Mike.\" \" ",
"I'm doing it.\" \"",
"I can clearly see that you're not doing it.\" \" ",
"I barely can see...\" \" I'm clearly doing it.\" \"",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"Okay.\" \"",
"Wilson, how do you drive a train?\" \"",
"Push up the switches on the generator.\" \"",
"Okay.\" \"",
"I got it.\" \"",
"Yeah!\" \"",
"Alma, you in position?\" \"",
"We're just crossing the river now.\" \"",
"You see us?\" \"",
"Yeah, I can see you.\" \"",
"I'm starting the camera.\" \"",
"Come on, blow that trombone harder.\" \"",
"That is not a piccolo.\" \"",
"Mike.\" \"",
"You need to act more drunker.\" \"",
"Come on, you guys are better than that.\" \"",
"Action!\" \"",
"Let me tell you, rent party was the place to be in the '20s and '30s.\" \"",
"Man, they were jumping.\" \"",
"Clear out, clear out.\" \"",
"Cops are coming.\" \"",
"Cops are coming, come on.\" \"",
"Alma.\" \"",
"Go, go, go.\" \"",
"Aren't you guys being a bit ambitious here?\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"This is what makes the movie.\" \"",
"All right, all right.\" \"",
"This is getting dangerous.\" \" ",
"Promise me this is it.\" \" ",
"We promise, Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"Okay, go, go.\" \"",
"Not the big one, not the big one.\" \" ",
"What's it matter?\" \" ",
"Do the little one, okay?\" \" ",
"No, no, no.\" \"",
"It says use other door.\" \" ",
"Jeez.\" \" ",
"Okay, fine, just shield your...\" \" Just let the car go by.\" \" ",
"What is this?\" \"",
"What the crap?\" \" ",
"God dang it.\" \"",
"I told you I wanted to break the big glass.\" \"",
"Why?\" \"",
"It's like a hall of mirrors.\" \" ",
"What the crap, what is this?\" \" ",
"That's it.\" \"",
"I'm going home.\" \"",
"Come on, let's go.\" \" ",
"Be careful.\" \"",
"It's over there.\" \" ",
"Shut up.\" \" ",
"You got it?\" \" ",
"Yep.\" \"",
"You got it?\" \"",
"Whoa, whoa, whoa.\" \"",
"What...?\" \"",
"Mike?\" \" ",
"Mike, what are you doing?\" \" ",
"Nothing.\" \"",
"We were leaving, don't hurt us.\" \" ",
"Of course I'm not gonna hurt you.\" \" ",
"Why do you got that knife then?\" \" ",
"I thought you were robbers, man.\" \" ",
"Jerry, help me.\" \"",
"Okay, hold on.\" \"",
"Hold on, hold on.\" \"",
"Release.\" \"",
"Sorry.\" \"",
"Sorry.\" \"",
"Sorry.\" \"",
"Are you...?\" \"",
"Are you sleeping here?\" \"",
"I n the hardcore-porn room?\" \"",
"Temporarily, yes, I am sleeping here, okay?\" \"",
"I don't want anybody to know this, all right, please?\" \"",
"Fellas, I tell you what.\" \"",
"I'll fix the windows, you keep that quiet.\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \" ",
"Please.\" \"",
"We just gonna go.\" \"",
"Okay, let's go.\" \"",
"Stealth.\" \" ",
"Don't get involved.\" \"",
"Don't get involved.\" \" ",
"Is that it?\" \"",
"I tried to hold them back as best I could.\" \"",
"Guys, we can't...\" \" We got a job to do.\" \" ",
"I know you do.\" \" ",
"It's on.\" \"",
"It's on.\" \" ",
"All right.\" \"",
"Come on in.\" \"",
"Everybody, don't forget to put money in the can.\" \" ",
"We're trying to raise money.\" \" ",
"Every dollar helps.\" \"",
"You know, if you got a 20, that's gonna help even more.\" \"",
"That's more valuable.\" \"",
"Thank you.\" \"",
"Thank you for coming.\" \"",
"Hey there.\" \"",
"Yes, sir.\" \"",
"Thank you.\" \"",
"Make sure you have a donation for church.\" \"",
"I will do.\" \"",
"All right then.\" \"",
"Thank you, sir.\" \"",
"The check will be fine.\" \"",
"All right.\" \"",
"Can you put the TV a little bit higher?\" \"",
"All right.\" \"",
"This is exciting.\" \"",
"Oh, a 20.\" \"",
"It's gonna work, right?\" \"",
"Well, I took the offer.\" \"",
"It looks like we're gonna be moving to the projects.\" \"",
"The money we collect tonight is not gonna be enough to even start the work.\" \"",
"So, what we gonna do is watch the movie.\" \"",
"And then we go.\" \" ",
"Come on.\" \"",
"All right?\" \" ",
"She can't see the TV.\" \" ",
"Can you see it now?\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \" ",
"Hey, where's Mike?\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \"",
"Have a little faith, you guys, he's gonna be here.\" \"",
"If you can just remain patient, and don't forget to put money in the can.\" \" ",
"Mike, Mike, Mike!\" \" ",
"Everybody stay cool.\" \"",
"Mike, Mike, Mike!\" \"",
"Who would expect a simple influenza virus would get him in his bed?\" \"",
"Mike.\" \"",
"Mike, stop shooting now.\" \" ",
"What are you doing?\" \" ",
"I'm just getting the end shot.\" \" ",
"I have to get the end titles.\" \" ",
"It doesn't have to be perfect.\" \"",
"Yeah, I know what time it is.\" \"",
"I've been looking...\" \"I've been here all day.\" \"",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"No, we...\" \"I didn't start the job.\" \"",
"I can't demolish a building with a hundred people in it, that's why.\" \"",
"Right, good idea.\" \"",
"He's coming down.\" \"",
"What is this?\" \" ",
"Mike's here.\" \" ",
"Hey, look who's here.\" \"",
"Oh, no.\" \"",
"No one could see it, so I had to put it up on a higher thing.\" \" ",
"You messed up the TV, man.\" \" ",
"I messed up the TV.\" \"",
"So how we gonna watch it?\" \"",
"Yo, Fletcher.\" \"",
"What the hell's going on here?\" \"",
"Well, right now, we need you, baby.\" \"",
"We need you.\" \" ",
"Right here, right here.\" \" ",
"What is that?\" \" ",
"Is this what you've been looking for?\" \" ",
"It's a projector?\" \" ",
"Where shall I put the monster?\" \" ",
"Right here, right here.\" \"",
"Put this right here.\" \"",
"This is the finest machinery made for mankind.\" \" ",
"Oh, my God.\" \" ",
"I saved the day.\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \"",
"That's good.\" \" ",
"It's dangerous in here.\" \"",
"To tell you the truth, I don't think people could have seen the little TV from the back anyway.\" \"",
"It would've been...\" \"I think everybody should turn around and watch...\" \"Oh, yeah, yeah.\" \"",
"Everyone, turn your seats around.\" \"",
"We're gonna watch the movie up on the wall now.\" \" ",
"Yes, we are.\" \" ",
"And it's much better.\" \"",
"It's actually...\" \"It's a blessing in disguise.\" \"",
"Because the TV...\" \"We were gonna watch it on a TV this big.\" \"",
"You ain't gonna see an image brighter than this.\" \"",
"You will never see an image sharper than this.\" \"",
"Now, that's a premiere.\" \"",
"Make it as big as you can.\" \"",
"Make it as...\" \"Yeah.\" \"",
"Stretch it from there all the way to there.\" \"",
"Anything you need...\" \"Just keep your hands off this.\" \"",
"This is fine machinery.\" \" ",
"I will.\" \"",
"I promise.\" \" ",
"We did it!\" \"",
"All right, let's get it going.\" \"",
"Let's get this show on the road.\" \" ",
"Yeah!\" \" ",
"That's what we waiting for.\" \"",
"Well, it all began right here, on this spot.\" \"",
"It was a different neighborhood then, but look here he was born in 261 Main Street.\" \"",
"It's a boy.\" \"",
"Here's our part.\" \"",
"Here's our part.\" \" ",
"Yeah, man.\" \" ",
"Yeah!\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \" ",
"Yeah.\" \"",
"Yes, in the Century Theater, right here in Passaic.\" \"",
"Mr. Fletcher?\" \"",
"What's going on?\" \"",
"Oh, hi, Mr. Baker.\" \" ",
"Let's step outside.\" \" ",
"Wait, hold on a second, Mr. Fletcher.\" \"",
"I'm sorry, but time is up.\" \"",
"We agreed on this.\" \"",
"Now, you must evacuate the building so we can start.\" \"",
"Okay.\" \"",
"Mr. Baker, you're right.\" \"",
"We should've evacuated an hour ago.\" \"",
"But, please, let us watch our film.\" \"",
"Okay?\" \"",
"And if you give me just one hour, I promise there won't be a riot.\" \"",
"An empty building, and you can pull it down.\" \"",
"It's all yours.\" \" ",
"Please.\" \" ",
"You have one hour.\" \"",
"One hour.\" \"",
"Fats' life was on a train.\" \"",
"He had given up flying.\" \"",
"He was tired of being refused entrance to the plane because of his color.\" \"",
"Once, however, segregation saved his life.\" \"",
"The plane he had been rejected from crashed in Kansas City.\" \"",
"Fats, are you okay?\" \"",
"Fats, you okay?\" \"",
"Oh, my God, you're...\" \"Fats, wake up.\" \"",
"Fats.\" \"",
"Is there a doctor on the train?\" \"",
"Help!\" \"",
"Help!\" \"",
"Help!\" \"",
"Is there a doctor on the train?\" \"",
"We need a doctor!\" \"",
"He 's my friend!\" \"",
"Anybody?\" \"",
"This train 's not leaving until we get a doctor!\" \"",
"Say up in Harlem at a table for two\" \"There were four of us Me, your big feet and you\" \"From your ankle up I'll say you sure are sweet\" \"From there down There 's just too much feet\" \"Yes, your feet's too big\" \"Don 't want ya 'cause your feet's too big\" \"Can 't use you 'cause your feet's too big\" \"I really hate ya 'cause your feet's too big Yeah\" \"Where 'd ya get 'em?\" \"",
"Your girl, she likes you She thinks you're nice\" \"Got what it takes to be in paradise\" \"She said she likes your face\" \"She likes your rig\" \"Man, oh, man, them things are too big\" \"Oh, your feet's too big\" \"Don 't want ya 'cause your feet's too big\" \"Mad at you 'cause your feet's too big\" \"I hate ya 'cause your feet's too big\" \"Are you good?\" \"",
"Is that good?\" \"",
"This Chinese bamboo ain't strong.\" \"",
"I can't believe you got me out here.\" \"",
"Forget about the bamboo, we gotta go solve a crime.\" \"",
"There 's more to life Than this old place, hey\" \"Put your dreams in suitcase\" \"Go to explore another land\" \"Stand in a spot you never planned\" \"You can scoot Or put down roots\" \"Use my boot I'll be there too\" \"You can scoot Or put down roots\" \"Use my boot They'll be there too\" \"You'll meet new folks And listen close\" \"This song hits brand-new notes\" \"Our town 's not great But nothin ' wrong\" \"Far from the world where we belong\" \"You can scoot Or put down roots\" \"Use my boot I'll be there too\" \"You can scoot Put down roots\" \"Use my boot They'll be there too\" \"Sit before me Tell your story\" \"Now here I'm close to you\" \"Pocket a book Of letters you got\" \"I'll tell it better than you thought\" \"You can scoot Or put down roots\" \"Use my boot I'll be there too\" \"You can scoot Put down roots\" \"Use my boot I'll be there too\" \"You can scoot Put down your roots\" \"Use my boots They'll be there too\""
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"The hospital drama is a staple in the pantry of prime-time television, and recent events in Washington to restructure the nation's health care system could prolong the subgenre's shelf life. ",
"The latest entry, Hawthorne, which debuted this week on TNT, begins in the midst of real-life health emergency, as President Obama advances a plan to provide up to 47 million uninsured Americans with health care coverage.",
"\n\nJada Pinkett Smith in the lead role is game, capable and moving in a series that may be a fresh showcase for African-American talent. ",
"Hawthorne has promise; there are likable characters and some diverting touches, but beyond one highly notable casting coup, there’s little here that breaks new ground. ",
"By not tapping into the real-life drama of the current health care crisis, the series misses an opportunity to be both dramatic and topical.",
"\n\nPinkett Smith plays Christina Hawthorne, the chief nursing officer at a high-profile hospital in Richmond, Va. A tireless advocate of her patients, Hawthorne leads a life that is part teacher, part negotiator, part air traffic controller for a busy ER. ",
"There’s precious little time for her to be the mother of an independent, fiercely intelligent teenage daughter; her private is life so painfully constricted that she takes to speaking to the ashes of her husband, who died a year before.",
"\n\nThe various professional and social interactions that have made a modern American hospital such an appealing stage are all here. ",
"The show’s producers (including Pinkett Smith) clearly set the traps for future drama: The paramedic flirts with the admitting nurse; a doctor benignly spurns the advances of a young nurse; a short-tempered foreign-born doctor mangles the English language (a sure setup for an episode on the dangers of prescription errors and miscommunication).",
"\n\nHawthorne mines a well-tapped vein. ",
"From Ben Casey to Dr. Kildare, from Grey’s Anatomy to House, from the just-canceled long-distance runner ER to the just-debuted Showtime dramedy Nurse Jackie, we’ve seen dedicated medical professionals go up against the system, and sometimes manipulate it, on their patients’ behalf. ",
"The maverick with a stethoscope is nothing new.",
"\n\nBut Hawthorne has the potential to be the first serious hospital drama in an era when the health care system itself is on the verge of flatlining, a time when minority Americans are increasingly forced out of that system altogether. ",
"The Obama administration’s $1.5 trillion plans to overhaul the nation’s health care system should give Hawthornea currency, a vitality that isn’t evident in the early going.",
"\n\nBut the show deserves our patience. ",
"Hawthorne is a smart renewal of the sister as caregiver, casting Pinkett Smith in a historic role as the first African-American lead actress in a medical series since Julia, NBC’s groundbreaking vehicle for Diahann Carroll, which aired from 1968 to 1971.",
"\n\n(Angela Bassett, a standout of the final multiracial ensemble of ER, made that show’s 2008-09 season memorable; as attending physician Cate Banfield, Bassett’s depiction of the balancing act of her professional and personal lives was sometimes painful and always compelling. ",
"Grey’s Anatomy, ABC’s doctor-drama tentpole, features a deeply multiracial cast, about half of its members women.)",
"\n\nBut Hawthorne needs to hook into the currents of today in a way that wasn’t evident in the pilot episode. ",
"There was nothing in the first episode —usually a reliable template for the rhythms and style of what is to follow—that hadn’t been done in TV hospital dramas over the past 20 years. ",
"There’s almost nothing here that represents a creative reaction to the unique and urgent challenges facing the American health care system right now.",
"\n\nJudging by its first episode, Hawthorne relies on too many of the standard devices of prime-time drama. ",
"But the producers can still make it the series it deserves to be, one that takes the pulse of a system in critical condition and does so in its own gritty, novel voice. ",
"There’s a lot to like, but we need more. ",
"And we need more that says today instead of the past.",
"\n\nMichael E. Ross is a frequent contributor to The Root.",
"American Bandwidth,his new book of blogs and essays, will be published this summer."
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"--流式布局库-->\n <script src=\"../../js/jquery.masonry/masonry.pkgd.min.js\"></script>\n <style>\n .template { background-color: gray; border: 1px solid #b6ff00; }\n .div-200 { height: 200px; }\n .div-400 { height: 400px; }\n </style>\n <script>\n $(function () {\n // init Masonry\n var $grid = $('.content').masonry({\n columnWidth: '.template',\n itemSelector: '.template'\n });\n $grid.masonry();\n })\n </script>\n</head>\n<body>\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"row content\">\n <div class=\"col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2 template div-200\">\n 1\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2 template div-400\">\n 2\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2 template div-200\">\n 3\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2 template div-400\">\n 4\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2 template div-200\">\n 5\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2 template div-400\">\n 6\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2 template div-200\">\n 7\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2 template div-400\">\n 8\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2 template div-200\">\n 9\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2 template div-400\">\n 10\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2 template div-200\">\n 11\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2 template div-400\">\n 12\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n</body>\n</html>\n"
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"What are Companion Pets?",
"\n\nCompanion Pets are life-like interactive pets created to bring companionship, happiness and fun to your aging loved ones. ",
"These life-like, motion-sensor-enabled plush pets are furry, friendly, low-maintenance companions that look, feel and sound like real Cats and Pups. ",
"And, they are unique as affordable, realistic, and interactive animatronic pets created to appeal to aging loved ones."
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"A comparison of propofol and midazolam by infusion to provide sedation in patients who receive spinal anaesthesia.",
"\nTwenty patients scheduled for orthopaedic surgery under spinal anaesthesia received by intravenous infusion either 1% propofol or 0.1% midazolam at a rate adjusted to maintain adequate sedation as judged on a five-point scale. ",
"No other anaesthetic or analgesic drugs were given. ",
"The mean time to reach the required level of sedation was similar in both groups and the quality and ease of control of sedation were good in all patients. ",
"Mean infusion rates were 3.73 mg/kg/hour for propofol and 0.27 mg/hg/hour for midazolam. ",
"Airway maintenance was excellent and there were no side effects other than restlessness of the arms in one patient in each group. ",
"Recovery, judged by ability to open the eyes and recall date of birth, was significantly more rapid after propofol than after midazolam (2 and 10 minutes respectively after the end of infusion) and two patients in the latter group were unduly drowsy in the initial postoperative period. ",
"Pre- and postoperative amnesia were greater in the midazolam group but no patient had recall of peri-operative events. ",
"Psychometric tests showed significantly better recovery of higher mental function after propofol for up to 2 hours after surgery."
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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"Hotel Deals in Montblanc\n\nTravel Blogs from Montblanc\n\n... looks as if we’re going to pass on Disneyland Paris, France altogether really, and have decided to do a better quality tour of Spainand Portugal while we have the opportunity. ",
"Not to mention the south will not be as cold, which is important for us ...\n\nArrived in Montblanc to find the restaurant we had planned to try was still closed. ",
"We had a look around the town instead and found a little café for lunch. ",
"Fascinating place. ",
"Just wish I'd took the time to read up on it before arriving. ",
"Have to admit ..."
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"Magnetic layers, and magnetically susceptible layers are used for a number of applications in the electronics industry. ",
"In one prominent example, hard-disk drives are the storage medium of choice for computers and related devices. ",
"They are found in most desktop and laptop computers, and may also be found in a number of consumer electronic devices, such as media recorders and players, and instruments for collecting and recording data. ",
"Hard-disk drives are also deployed in arrays for network storage.",
"\nHard-disk drives store information magnetically. ",
"The disk in a hard-disk drive is configured with magnetic domains that are separately addressable by a magnetic head. ",
"The magnetic head moves into proximity with a magnetic domain and alters the magnetic properties of the domain to record information. ",
"To recover the recorded information, the magnetic head moves into proximity with the domain and detects the magnetic properties of the domain. ",
"The magnetic properties of the domain are generally interpreted as corresponding to one of two possible states, the “0” state and the “1” state. ",
"In this way, digital information may be recorded on the magnetic medium and recovered thereafter.",
"\nThe magnetic medium in a hard-disk drive is generally a glass, composite glass/ceramic, or metal substrate, which is generally non-magnetic, with a magnetically susceptible material deposited thereon. ",
"The magnetically susceptible layer is generally deposited to form a pattern, such that the surface of the disk has areas of magnetic susceptibility interspersed with areas of magnetic inactivity. ",
"The non-magnetic substrate is usually topographically patterned, and the magnetically susceptible material deposited by spin-coating or electroplating. ",
"The disk may then be polished or planarized to expose the non-magnetic boundaries around the magnetic domains. ",
"In some cases, the magnetic material is deposited in a patterned way to form magnetic grains or dots separated by a non-magnetic area.",
"\nSuch methods are expected to yield storage structures capable of supporting data density up to about 1 TB/in2, with individual domains having dimensions as small as 20 nm. ",
"Where domains with different spin orientations meet there is a region referred to as a Bloch wall in which the spin orientation goes through a transition from the first orientation to the second. ",
"The width of this transition region limits the areal density of information storage because the Bloch wall occupies an increasing portion of the total magnetic domain.",
"\nTo overcome the limit due to Bloch wall width in continuous magnetic thin films the domains can be physically separated by a non-magnetic region (which can be narrower than the width of a Bloch wall in a continuous magnetic thin film). ",
"Conventional approaches to creating discrete magnetic and non-magnetic areas on a medium have focused on forming single bit magnetic domains that are completely separate from each other, either by depositing the magnetic domains as separate islands or by removing material from a continuous magnetic film to physically separate the magnetic domains. ",
"A substrate may be masked and patterned, and a magnetic material deposited over exposed portions, or the magnetic material may be deposited before masking and patterning, and then etched away in exposed portions. ",
"In either case, the topography of the substrate is altered by the residual pattern of the magnetic regions. ",
"Because the read-write head of a typical hard-disk drive may fly as close as 2 nm from the surface of the disk, these topographic alterations can become limiting. ",
"Thus, there is a need for a process or method of patterning magnetic media that has high resolution and does not alter the topography of the media, and an apparatus for performing the process or method efficiently for high volume manufacturing."
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"APP DEVELOPMENT Posts on XDA\n\nYou may recall that back in December, we briefly talked about XDA Senior Member Beatsleigher's JDroidLib. ",
"This library was conceptually based on the previously covered AndroidLib .NET library by Recognized Developer regaw_leinad, but built on Java in order to be compatible with more than .NET languages.",
"\nWhen we previously covered JDroidLib, the project allowed users to easily install ADB and...\n\nDeveloping Android applications isn't easy. ",
"There are a variety of tools that help greatly like Eclipse and Android Studio, but the majority of your code still needs to be written manually. ",
"Building an application is one thing, but optimizing it is a totally different story. ",
"There are some best practices that should be followed to...\n\nIf you are creating a new application, you may have thought about adding in Gmail connectivity. ",
"After all, if the application is a social app, it's nice to be able to share things with friends. ",
"Even if it's not a social app, there are dozens of other reasons why you would perhaps want to allow...\n\nSmartphones are smart because they are more than just phones, but let us not forget that they are indeed phones. ",
"You can use them to make calls. ",
"If you are the type of person who makes a lot of calls to a certain group of contacts or you just want to dial with swag, we...\n\nWe've covered How to Build an Android App in the past. ",
"We've showed you how to install Eclipse and Android SDK and how to write a root app. ",
"We even showed you how to develop with Arduino and the Google ADK. ",
"There is a lot of thought that needs to go into building an Android...\n\nBrilliant ideas are funny things. ",
"Sometimes they refuse to come for weeks on end. ",
"Other times, however, they come at you like a flood. ",
"Naturally when you're coding, you don't have time to add in every brilliant idea all at once. ",
"In these instances, it's customary to add a todo section of commented out code stating...\n\nAdding animations in an application does more than simply elevate the level of visual flourish. ",
"Animations also help tell your users what's going on. ",
"Further, they help give your application that last little bit of polish by making the whole experience feel smother and more intuitive. ",
"When used tastefully, most applications benefit from their use.",
"\nNot too...\n\nIf you're creating certain types of apps in Java that are geared towards Windows users, you may run into some difficulty accessing and making changes to the Windows registry from within your app. ",
"Unlike .Net, which has provisions specifically to allow this, Java doesn't inherently support this type of operation. ",
"This is initially what XDA Senior...\n\nTransition animations are the spice of life. ",
"Ok, well maybe not life itself, but they certainly can help make a mundane task just a little more exciting. ",
"After all, it's no secret that most of us like a little bit of eye candy. ",
"And like the Mac OS X genie effect in this article's title image,...\n\nFor the vast majority of situations, preexisting keyboard layouts are more than adequate. ",
"After all, most input fields in most apps require the input of letters or numbers, and pretty much all aftermarket keyboard solutions have adequate layouts for both situations. ",
"However, if you're authoring an app that requires a more purpose-built keyboard, the standard...\n\nSome time ago, we took a look at a simple, open source application for Windows 8 by XDA Senior Member Beatsleigher that returned CPU information on demand. ",
"Telling you all sorts of parameters, the application was useful for all of us looking to learn a little more about the architecture used in our desktop-class processors.",
"\nSince then, Beatsleigher has...\n\nIn the past, XDA Developer TV has made videos showing you how to build an Android App. ",
"We even made videos showing you how to build a Windows Phone app, back when Windows Phone was new and had a chance. ",
"At our first Developer conference Ubuntu Staff Member Michael Hall gave a presentation on Ubuntu...\n\nHTC 10 (Unlocked)\n\nSamsung Galaxy S7 Edge (Verizon) [SM-G935V]\n\nNexus 5 (Unlocked)\n\nXDA Developers was founded by developers, for developers. ",
"It is now a valuable resource for people who want to make the most of their mobile devices, from customizing the look and feel to adding new functionality.",
"Are you a developer?"
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"Prometopia sexmaculata\n\nPrometopia sexmaculata is a species of sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae. ",
"It is found in North America.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n\nCategory:Nitidulidae\nCategory:Articles created by Qbugbot\nCategory:Beetles described in 1825"
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" and 1 m when two letters picked without replacement from qqqqqqrmmqvqqvqrqtq?",
"\n4/171\nCalculate prob of picking 3 j and 1 u when four letters picked without replacement from jjuuj.",
"\n2/5\nCalculate prob of picking 1 l and 1 f when two letters picked without replacement from wzlzwwwzfw.",
"\n1/45\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {a: 3, q: 1, b: 1, t: 2, l: 4, w: 1}. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 t and 1 w?",
"\n1/33\nCalculate prob of picking 2 o and 1 s when three letters picked without replacement from {s: 4, o: 3}.",
"\n12/35\nCalculate prob of picking 1 g and 1 q when two letters picked without replacement from {w: 1, x: 4, t: 5, g: 5, m: 2, q: 3}.",
"\n3/38\nWhat is prob of picking 2 c and 1 h when three letters picked without replacement from {c: 9, h: 2, l: 7}?",
"\n3/34\nFour letters picked without replacement from {v: 2, e: 3, g: 3, t: 1, r: 2, p: 7}. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 t and 3 e.\n1/3060\nCalculate prob of picking 2 i when two letters picked without replacement from {i: 2, f: 1, h: 1, t: 1}.",
"\n1/10\nCalculate prob of picking 2 x and 1 f when three letters picked without replacement from fyxxx.",
"\n3/10\nFour letters picked without replacement from {a: 15, o: 5}. ",
"Give prob of picking 2 a and 2 o.\n70/323\nCalculate prob of picking 1 m and 1 c when two letters picked without replacement from {z: 1, m: 2, s: 8, c: 2}.",
"\n2/39\nWhat is prob of picking 2 k and 1 z when three letters picked without replacement from {z: 11, k: 2}?",
"\n1/26\nCalculate prob of picking 2 l and 1 g when three letters picked without replacement from {l: 5, g: 5, y: 2}.",
"\n5/22\nFour letters picked without replacement from rrcdcjjjcchh. ",
"Give prob of picking 2 c, 1 d, and 1 h.\n4/165\nFour letters picked without replacement from dyhqhjq. ",
"Give prob of picking 2 h, 1 q, and 1 d.\n2/35\nThree letters picked without replacement from yyyqqyywwyqyyqyy. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 w and 2 y.\n9/56\nWhat is prob of picking 1 t and 3 j when four letters picked without replacement from jjttttj?",
"\n4/35\nThree letters picked without replacement from {i: 1, b: 1, k: 2, o: 3}. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 b and 2 o?",
"\n3/35\nWhat is prob of picking 1 y and 1 v when two letters picked without replacement from vyyki?",
"\n1/5\nFour letters picked without replacement from ddcdcddc. ",
"Give prob of picking 3 d and 1 c.\n3/7\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {r: 3, x: 10, v: 3, u: 2}. ",
"What is prob of picking 2 v?",
"\n1/51\nFour letters picked without replacement from jqlccwclqiij. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 w, 1 l, and 2 q.\n2/495\nWhat is prob of picking 4 d when four letters picked without replacement from dqdddddqd?",
"\n5/18\nTwo letters picked without replacement from aouuuwa. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 u and 1 a?",
"\n2/7\nFour letters picked without replacement from lxellllucurxlcculcux. ",
"Give prob of picking 2 u, 1 l, and 1 c.\n56/1615\nThree letters picked without replacement from rrrwrrrrwwrwwrwwwrw. ",
"What is prob of picking 2 w and 1 r?",
"\n120/323\nWhat is prob of picking 1 j and 1 k when two letters picked without replacement from jfofjekfee?",
"\n2/45\nWhat is prob of picking 2 t when two letters picked without replacement from gtggswkgktglgwllsk?",
"\n1/153\nTwo letters picked without replacement from yeytyvlly. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 v and 1 e?",
"\n1/36\nFour letters picked without replacement from rsfssrsmsrsurrffxsmu. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 s, 1 x, 1 r, and 1 m.\n14/969\nTwo letters picked without replacement from pnnhxnhwxh. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 p and 1 h.\n1/15\nCalculate prob of picking 2 g and 1 a when three letters picked without replacement from yjaggayykyyyykkyy.",
"\n1/340\nCalculate prob of picking 1 y and 1 t when two letters picked without replacement from ttytkytttkyytkyyt.",
"\n6/17\nFour letters picked without replacement from {u: 2, v: 5, e: 5, z: 6, m: 1}. ",
"Give prob of picking 4 u.\n0\nWhat is prob of picking 3 y when three letters picked without replacement from {y: 9, f: 10}?",
"\n28/323\nFour letters picked without replacement from {q: 1, v: 2, e: 1, j: 2, x: 1, k: 1}. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 q, 1 e, 1 k, and 1 x?",
"\n1/70\nThree letters picked without replacement from jjcvrdjddcd. ",
"What is prob of picking 3 d?",
"\n4/165\nThree letters picked without replacement from {e: 4, q: 1, d: 1, a: 1, b: 1}. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 q and 2 e.\n3/28\nWhat is prob of picking 2 t when two letters picked without replacement from {p: 3, l: 3, t: 1}?",
"\n0\nThree letters picked without replacement from lyypppllbplllyyblyl. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 b and 2 p?",
"\n4/323\nCalculate prob of picking 1 z and 1 b when two letters picked without replacement from ufxzb.",
"\n1/10\nCalculate prob of picking 1 m and 1 h when two letters picked without replacement from {m: 1, h: 1, v: 1}.",
"\n1/3\nCalculate prob of picking 2 i when two letters picked without replacement from wwwwbwwwsbwiei.",
"\n1/91\nTwo letters picked without replacement from sbbssslssbsqb. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 q and 1 b?",
"\n2/39\nWhat is prob of picking 1 u and 1 g when two letters picked without replacement from gvvuvuuvvuvuv?",
"\n5/78\nFour letters picked without replacement from {z: 2, a: 5, i: 1, f: 6, l: 3}. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 a, 1 z, 1 f, and 1 l?",
"\n9/119\nCalculate prob of picking 2 o and 1 x when three letters picked without replacement from {x: 4, o: 2, i: 6}.",
"\n1/55\nCalculate prob of picking 1 e and 2 g when three letters picked without replacement from {g: 4, j: 1, m: 1, e: 2}.",
"\n3/14\nFour letters picked without replacement from gqpqxpqqpxp. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 g, 2 q, and 1 p.\n4/55\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {k: 1, s: 1, q: 1, y: 3, u: 1}. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 u and 1 s?",
"\n1/21\nCalculate prob of picking 2 v when two letters picked without replacement from {p: 3, v: 2}.",
"\n1/10\nWhat is prob of picking 2 p and 1 i when three letters picked without replacement from {p: 15, i: 5}?",
"\n35/76\nWhat is prob of picking 1 o and 2 d when three letters picked without replacement from ttdttodoto?",
"\n1/40\nCalculate prob of picking 2 s and 1 t when three letters picked without replacement from sstttt.",
"\n1/5\nWhat is prob of picking 1 i, 1 a, and 1 e when three letters picked without replacement from eaiddid?",
"\n2/35\nCalculate prob of picking 2 r and 1 o when three letters picked without replacement from {o: 5, r: 6, k: 2}.",
"\n75/286\nThree letters picked without replacement from {r: 1, b: 4, l: 8, f: 2}. ",
"What is prob of picking 2 b and 1 f?",
"\n12/455\nCalculate prob of picking 2 x, 1 n, and 1 g when four letters picked without replacement from {g: 5, s: 1, p: 3, x: 2, w: 1, n: 1}.",
"\n1/143\nThree letters picked without replacement from {r: 8, m: 1, e: 6}. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 r and 2 e.\n24/91\nFour letters picked without replacement from {x: 7, u: 1}. ",
"What is prob of picking 3 x and 1 u?",
"\n1/2\nWhat is prob of picking 1 r and 2 a when three letters picked without replacement from {q: 1, o: 2, r: 4, a: 2}?",
"\n1/21\nCalculate prob of picking 1 a and 3 t when four letters picked without replacement from {h: 8, a: 3, t: 5}.",
"\n3/182\nWhat is prob of picking 2 o when two letters picked without replacement from vvoovvvvvo?",
"\n1/15\nFour letters picked without replacement from {b: 1, w: 1, n: 1, t: 1, u: 1}. ",
"What is prob of picking 4 n?",
"\n0\nTwo letters picked without replacement from zuuzzzggu. ",
"Give prob of picking 2 u.\n1/12\nFour letters picked without replacement from uupupuppuupu. ",
"Give prob of picking 2 u and 2 p.\n14/33\nCalculate prob of picking 1 o, 1 w, and 1 x when three letters picked without replacement from ovownxx.",
"\n4/35\nWhat is prob of picking 1 r and 1 i when two letters picked without replacement from {r: 2, f: 1, i: 3, g: 1}?",
"\n2/7\nFour letters picked without replacement from llkizyzlkzizlyx. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 l, 2 i, and 1 x?",
"\n4/1365\nThree letters picked without replacement from mfvvk. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 v, 1 k, and 1 f.\n1/5\nWhat is prob of picking 2 a, 1 l, and 1 e when four letters picked without replacement from {k: 1, a: 2, l: 8, j: 5, e: 2}?",
"\n4/765\nCalculate prob of picking 1 c and 2 b when three letters picked without replacement from {w: 4, g: 1, c: 2, b: 2}.",
"\n1/42\nThree letters picked without replacement from {t: 1, z: 1, p: 2}. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 z and 2 p.\n1/4\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {w: 1, l: 3, g: 3, u: 6}. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 l and 1 w.\n1/26\nCalculate prob of picking 1 u and 3 t when four letters picked without replacement from {b: 1, u: 3, v: 2, "
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"Hear the latest trailer for Steve Rothery’s forthcoming solo album, The Ghosts of Pripyat, due for release September 22nd.",
"\n\nAnd in case you missed it, you can download the track “Morpheus” (featuring Steve Hackett) for free at http://www.steverothery.com."
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"Oh Yeah? ",
"Proof It!, ",
"Grade 3\n\n4.11 - 1251 ratings - Source\n\nOh Yeah? ",
"Proof It! ",
"enhances a studentas understanding of the importance of proofreading. ",
"Presented as a school newspaper, the student has the opportunity to edit a variety of newspaper articles, including school news, play reviews, advertisements, and even comics! ",
"The variety of activities not only helps the student identify mistakes in written text, but also allows the student to become more confident in his or her own writing, reinforcing essential grammar, spelling and other language arts skills. ",
"A complete answer key is provided for the student or teacher to check their work. ",
"Oh Yeah? ",
"Proof It! ",
"provides the student an opportunity to grow their language arts skills, all while being Editor-In-Chief!4 LETTER 1; ROM T PUBLISHER HE Teachers, Family Members, . ",
"Zl/IECFZINICS\n. ",
"Capitalization Beginning of Sentence and Proper Nouns: Names of Specific\nPeople, Places, and Things Four Corners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ",
"6 Beginning\nofanbsp;...\n\nTitle\n\n:\n\nOh Yeah? ",
"Proof It!, ",
"Grade 3\n\nAuthor\n\n:\n\nFrank Schaffer Publications\n\nPublisher\n\n:\n\nCarson-Dellosa Publishing - 2010-01-01\n\nISBN-13\n\n:\n\nYou must register with us as either a Registered User before you can Download this Book. ",
"You'll be greeted by a simple sign-up page.",
"\n\nOnce you have finished the sign-up process, you will be redirected to your download Book page."
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"KORN481 - ADV BUSINESS KOREAN I\n\nOffered through the Penn Language Center. ",
"This course aims to further develop students' advanced language proficiency and simultaneously deepen their knowledge and understanding of specific areas related to Korean business and economy such as an expansion of business into Asian markets and globalization strategies. ",
"Through research, discussion and presentation on various case studies and other business-related materials, students will enhance their critical thinking skills and gain an in-depth perspective on issues related to contemporary Korean business operations and practices."
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"The Department of the Treasury removed mentions of \"climate change\" from an unpublished sustainability report it prepared for 2017, E&E News reports. ",
"Meanwhile, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health—which researches risks to workers' health—has removed \"climate change\" from certain webpages, according to work from the Environmental Governance and Data Initiative, an advocacy group that tracks government websites.",
"\n\nThese two alterations, both publicly revealed on Monday, are just the latest example of government agencies scrubbing \"climate change\" from their websites and reports.",
"\n\nThese disappearances seem to track with the Trump administration's skepticism of the reality and importance of global warming. ",
"But the NIOSH case offers an especially interesting example: Outside experts the Washington Post interviewed regarding the website changes argued that the substance of NIOSH's pages wasn't significantly changed; staffers simply appeared to remove buzzwords that that might draw ire from the administration.",
"\n\nBut does it matter if an agency talks about \"climate conditions,\" \"climate variations,\" or \"climate change\"?",
"\n\nIn January, Pacific Standard spoke with an Environmental Governance and Data Initiative volunteer, Eric Nost, who argued that it does: Close observers and Beltway insiders might understand that \"climate conditions\" means \"climate change,\" but everyday Americans might not. ",
"Nost, a doctoral student in geography at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, noted that a name change \"definitely changes how the public and policymakers understand what the issue is, what's at stake, and what it's related to.\""
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[
"Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies and the second most frequent cause of cancer mortality worldwide (Lin et al. [",
"@CR18]). ",
"According to 2014 Cancer Country Profiles from World Health Organization, 394,770 of new liver cancer cases and 380,772 cancer deaths occurred in China. ",
"Besides China, the number of cases diagnosed with HCC is expected to increase in western countries (Venook et al. [",
"@CR27]). ",
"In China, 5-year relative survival rate of liver cancer is only 10.1 % (Zeng et al. [",
"@CR32]).",
"\n\nIdentification of novel therapeutic agents via molecular targeting offers the promise of treatment for advanced liver cancer. ",
"However, the therapy targeted for one single molecular faces the potential peril of being subverted by the inherent genetic plasticity of cancer cells. ",
"Multiple molecular targets have been used in combination, which are involved in a multitude of signaling pathways leading to simultaneous adverse effects on oncogenic proteins, would prove promising, but also would make therapy more complicated and prolong the trials (Patki and Pawar [@CR23]; Isaacs et al. [",
"@CR15]).",
"\n\nHeat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), as an important member of the heat shock protein family, is usually constitutively expressed in most mammalian cell types and can be further induced by heat shock and other stresses. ",
"Hsp90 plays a vital role in assisting more than 200 client proteins for their proper folding, stability, and function (Patki and Pawar [@CR23]). ",
"The protein has been championed for over 20 years by the National Cancer Institute (Bethesda, MD, USA) as a cancer target since the discovery of the antitumor activity of the natural product geldanamycin (Barrott and Haystead [@CR1]). ",
"So far, many kinds of Hsp90 inhibitors have been identified and many of them have already exhibited good antitumor effects and have entered into different stage of clinical trials, such as geldanamycin (GA), 17-(allyamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG),17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin hydrochloride (17-DMAG), and so on. ",
"The crystal structure reveals that 17-DMAG binds to the ATP binding site of Hsp90 N-terminal domain and is currently in phase I clinical trials (Pacey et al. [",
"@CR22]). ",
"However, the therapeutic effects vary in tumors, especially in solid tumor including liver cancer, which presents poor response to Hsp90 inhibitors.",
"\n\nSince the hypoxia microenvironment of the solid tumor cells impairs the sensitivity to traditional chemotherapy, new chemotherapies of liver cancer treatment are being sought. ",
"Hypoxia is a characteristic of diverse human solid tumors, including liver cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer (Harrison and Blackwell [@CR13]). ",
"especially, in the processes of tumor growth. ",
"A rapidly growing tumor mass quickly outstrips its vasculature and lacks oxygen and nutrients. ",
"Although hypoxia is a harmful factor to the most of normal cells and some tumor cells, it also provides a strong selective pressure for the survival of the most aggressive and metastatic cells (Yan et al. [",
"@CR30]). ",
"In fact, clinical studies have clearly shown that there are two sides of the hypoxia. ",
"On one hand, hypoxia induces unfolded protein response, cell death, and the DNA damage response (DDR) (Olcina et al. [",
"@CR20]). ",
"On the other hand, hypoxia is a plus factor to HCC. ",
"This situation is therapeutically significant, as hypoxic cells are more resistant to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy (Black et al. [",
"@CR3]; Karakashev and Reginato [@CR16]; Horsman et al. [",
"@CR14]; Ghattass et al. [",
"@CR10]). ",
"In addition, hypoxia promotes HCC invasion, metastasis (Yan et al. [",
"@CR31]). ",
"and proliferation (Gwak et al. [",
"@CR12]).",
"\n\nBased on these previous studies of chemotherapy under normoxia and hypoxia, we raised the hypothesis that hypoxia could decrease the chemoresistance of HCC cells to 17-DMAG. ",
"To test our hypothesis, we examined the effects of normoxia or hypoxia on cell viability after 17-DMAG treatment. ",
"We found that hypoxia counteracted 17-DMAG-induced cell proliferation inhibition and attenuated the mitotic blockage in G2/M with decreased cyclin B1.",
"\n\nCyclin B1 is a client protein of Hsp90 and also a key protein in the control of cell cycle transition from G2 to M phase (Ortiz et al. [",
"@CR21]). ",
"Deregulated expression of cyclin B1 may induce a disrupted control of cell growth and a malignant phenotype (Egloff et al. [",
"@CR8]; Chen et al. [",
"@CR5]). ",
"Hence, the mechanism of the level change of cyclin B1 affected by hypoxia and 17-DMAG treatment in HCC cells was further explored in this paper.",
"\n\nMaterials and methods {#Sec2}\n=====================\n\nCell culture and reagents {#Sec3}\n-------------------------\n\nHuman liver cancer cell line HepG2 and Huh7 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) medium with 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 units/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. ",
"Normoxia or hypoxia conditions were maintained at 37 °C in the incubator with 20 % O~2~ and 5 % CO~2~ or 95 % N~2~, 5 % CO~2~, and 1 % O~2~. Hsp90 inhibitor 17-DMAG (Selleck, Houston, TX, USA), anti-Hsp90α SPA840 (Enzo, Farmingdale, NY, USA), a mouse anti-monoubiquitinylated and polyubiquitinylated conjugate antibody, clone FK2 (Merck Millipore, USA), a rabbit anti-ubiquitin antibody Ub antibody (FL-76) (Santa Cruz, USA), a rabbit anti-cyclin B1 antibody (H-20) (Santa Cruz, USA), and the Cell Cycle Regulation Antibody Sampler Kit II (CST, Danvers, MT, USA) were purchased. ",
"IRDye secondary antibodies (Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE, USA) were used in the experiments.",
"\n\nCell viability assay {#Sec4}\n--------------------\n\nCell viability was measured with a cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay (Dojindo, Tabaru, Mashikimachi, Japan). ",
"Briefly, HepG2 and Huh7 cells were seeded at a density of 2 × 10^3^ cells per well in 96-well plates and incubated for 24 h. The cells were treated with different concentrations of 17-DMAG (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 μM) in normoxia or hypoxia. ",
"After the cells were incubated for 24 or 48 h, the CCK-8 solution was added to each well for another 2 h at 37 °C. ",
"The absorbance was measured with a 96-well plate reader at 450 nm. ",
"Six replicate wells were included in each group.",
"\n\nCell cycle analysis {#Sec5}\n-------------------\n\nHuh7 and HepG2 cells were incubated with 17-DMAG (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 μM) for 24 h under normoxia or hypoxia condition. ",
"Cells were harvested and washed once in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). ",
"The resuspended cells were added dropwise into a 15-ml conical tube containing 5 ml of ice-cold 70 % ethanol while vortexing on medium speed. ",
"Cells were kept at −20 °C overnight. ",
"Samples then were washed with PBS and incubated with RNase and propidium iodide solution for 30 min at 37 °C. ",
"The DNA content was analyzed by GUAVA flow cytometry (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). ",
"The percentage of cells in each phase of the cell cycle was determined by Mod fit LT 4.0 (Verity Software House, Topsham, ME, USA).",
"\n\nWestern blot analysis and co-IP {#Sec6}\n-------------------------------\n\nThe cell lysis buffer consisted of 10 mM Na~2~HPO~4~, 1.8 mM KH~2~PO~4~ pH 7.4, 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 1 % Nonidet P-40, 0.5 % deoxycholate, 0.3 % sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. ",
"Protein concentrations of the cell lysates were determined by the BCA method (Bio-Rad). ",
"Each sample (40 μg) was separated by 10 % SDS-PAGE and transferred onto a PVDF membrane. ",
"The membrane was blocked in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) plus 5 % BSA for 90 min at room temperature and then incubated with primary antibody in TBST plus 1 % BSA overnight at 4 °C. ",
"The membrane was washed four times with TBST (TBS containing 0.1 % Tween 20) for 5 min each time at room temperature and then incubated with IRDye 680/800 secondary antibody for 60 min. ",
"After washing the membrane six times with TBST for 5 min each time at room temperature, immunoreactive bands were detected by Odyssey Infrared Imaging System (Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE, USA).",
"\n\nFor co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), the proteins with primary antibody, a mouse anti-monoubiquitinylated and polyubiquitinylated conjugate antibody, and clone FK2 (Merck Millipore, USA) were incubated in scroll oscillator overnight at 4 °C; then, protein G agarose beads were added to the mixtures and incubated for another 2 h. The agarose beads were washed three times with cell lysis buffer and then boiled with 2× SDS protein sample loading buffer for 10 min. ",
"A rabbit anti-ubiquitin antibody Ub antibody (FL-76) (Santa Cruz, USA) and rabbit anti-cyclin B1 antibody (H20) (Santa Cruz, USA) were used for Western blot to avoid the inference of mouse IgG heavy chain and light chain in this study.",
"\n\nQuantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay {#Sec7}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nHepG2 and Huh7 cells were harvested in 35-mm dishes, and RNA was isolated by TRIzol (Takara, Otsu, Shiga, Japan). ",
"Five hundred nanograms of RNA was applied to synthesis first-strand complementary DNA and using first-strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Takara, Otsu, Shiga, Japan). ",
"Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was done following the manufacturer's instructions by Mx3000P Real-Time PCR Detection System (Stratagene, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with a mixture composed of SYBR Green (Takara, Otsu, Shiga, Japan), 1 μl (0.2 μmol/l) of each primer, and 1.6 μl of complementary DNA from RT-PCR samples. ",
"The primer sequences were as follows: β-actin, 5′-TGGCACCACACCTTCTACAAT-3′ (forward), 5′-AGAGGCGTACAGGGATAGCA-3′ (reverse); cyclin B1, 5′-ACCAAAATACCTACTGGGTCGG-3′ (forward), 5′-GCATGAACCGATCAATAATGG-3′ (reverse). ",
"The level of cyclin B1 messenger RNA (mRNA) was quantified by the Ct values, and β-actin was set as an internal control. ",
"Experiments were performed in triplicate. ",
"The results were analyzed by the ∆∆CT method.",
"\n\nStable transfection of mCherry-cyclin B1 and time-lapse imaging {#Sec8}\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWith 20 μg plasmid DNA for the expression of cyclin B1-mCherry wild-type (WT) (Addgene, Cambridge, MA, USA) or empty control vector at 306 V, 975 μF, and 25.8 ms in 0.4-cm electroporation cuvettes (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) by Gene Pulser II Electroporation System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), 1 × 10^7^ HepG2 cells were electroporated. ",
"Selection was initiated 48 h after transfection using 1000 μg/ml of G418 (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA). ",
"The selection medium was changed every 2 days for 4 weeks until all control cells died. ",
"Resistant single-cell clones were isolated and digested under inverted fluorescent microscopy and cultured for further identification.",
"\n\nHepG2 cells stably transfected with mCherry-cyclin B1 were seeded in 35-mm glass bottom dishes. ",
"After serum starvation for 24 h to achieve cell synchronization, cells were kept at 0.5 μM 17-DMAG in DMEM medium with 10 % FBS at 37 °C in cell chamber supplied with mixed gas supply to mimic normoxia condition (5 % CO~2~, 95 % air) or hypoxia condition (1 % O~2~, 5 % CO~2~, 94 % N~2~), respectively. ",
"Time-lapse images were obtained by Olympus FV1000 confocal microscope (×40) (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). ",
"The mCherry-cyclin B1 images were obtained every 15 min for 24 h. Quantifications for total and nuclear cyclin B1 were performed using ImageJ software 1.48 (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). ",
"For cyclin B1 intensity measurements, we used the following formulas: whole-cell signal = sum of the intensity of the pixels for one cell; nucleus signal = sum of the intensity of the pixels for nucleus portion; cytoplasm signal = sum of the intensity of the pixels for one cell − sum of the intensity of the pixels for nucleus; background signal = mean signal per pixel for a region selected just beside the cell; whole-cell signal corrected = whole-cell signal − (area for the selected cell × mean background); nucleus signal and cytoplasm signal were also corrected (Gavet and Pines [@CR9]).",
"\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec9}\n--------------------\n\nResults are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). ",
"Statistical analyses were performed using the Student's *t* test or one-way analysis of variance test with SPSS 13.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). ",
"Graphs were generated with Excel. *",
"P* \\< 0.05 was denoted as statistically significant.",
"\n\nResults {#Sec10}\n=======\n\nHypoxia promoted proliferation and chemoresistance to Hsp90 inhibitor 17-DMAG in HCC cells {#Sec11}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nHepG2 and Huh7 cells were cultured under normoxia or hypoxia condition. ",
"The effect of hypoxia treatment was examined by HIF1α level (Fig.",
" [1a](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Cell proliferation assay indicated that hypoxia obviously promoted the proliferation of HepG2 and Huh7 cells after 24, 48, and 72 h (Fig.",
" [1b](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"We then treated HepG2 and Huh7 cells with different concentrations of 17-DMAG (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10 μM) for 24 h. As shown in Fig.",
" [1c](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, Hsp90 inhibitor 17-DMAG significantly inhibited cell proliferation and was displayed in a concentration-dependent manner. ",
"However, compared with normoxia, hypoxia caused the decreased susceptibility to 17-DMAG, especially under a concentration of 1.0 μM. The calculated half-maximal growth inhibition concentration (IC50) after 24-h treatment of 17-DMAG was 0.51 vs. 0.31 μM (normoxia vs. hypoxia) in HepG2 cells and was 0.89 vs. 0.76 μM (normoxia vs. hypoxia) in Huh7 cells.",
"Fig. ",
"1Hypoxia promoted proliferation and chemoresistance to Hsp90 inhibitor 17-DMAG in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. ",
"HepG2 and Huh7 cells were grown under normoxia (20 % O~2~ and 5 % CO~2~, 37 °C) or hypoxia (1 % O~2~, 5 % CO~2~, and 94 % N~2~, 37 °C). ",
"CCK-8 assay was performed according to the manufacturer's instruction. **",
"a** Hypoxia effect was confirmed by the increased level of HSF1. **",
"b** Hypoxia promoted cell proliferation both in HepG2 and in Huh7 cells. **",
"c** The proliferative inhibition effect of 17-DMAG on HepG2 and Huh7 cells under normoxia and hypoxia after 24-h treatment with 17-DMAG. ",
"The inhibition rate was significantly decreased under hypoxia. ",
"Data are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments (\\**p* \\< 0.05, hypoxia vs. normoxia)\n\nHsp90 inhibitor 17-DMAG induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and hypoxia attenuated the arrest {#Sec12}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrevious studies have demonstrated that the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-DMAG induces the G2/M blockage in certain types of human cancer cells (Watanabe et al. [",
"@CR28]). ",
"To investigate whether hypoxia protects the cell from 17-DMAG-induced G2/M blockages, cell cycle was examined after 24-h treatment of 17-DMAG under normoxia or hypoxia. ",
"17-DMAG induced significant G2/M arrest under normoxia, but G2/M arrest percentage was lower in hypoxia than normoxia (Fig.",
" [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Under 17-DMAG concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 μM, HepG2 cells presented the lower G2/M arrest under hypoxia, compared with normoxia (Fig.",
" [2a](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Huh7 (Fig.",
" [2b](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) presented the G2/M arrest inhibition under hypoxia, and with the increase of the concentration of 17-DMAG, from 0.05 to 0.5 μM, the difference (*P* \\< 0.05) of G2/M arrest between normoxia and hypoxia decreased. ",
"Only under 1 μM of 17-DMAG was the difference between normoxia and hypoxia diminished.",
"Fig. ",
"2Hypoxia alleviated 17-DMAG-induced G2/M arrest. ",
"Liver cancer cell line HepG2 (**a**) and HuH7 (**b**) were treated with increasing concentrations of 17-DMAG (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 μM) for 24 h. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed with flow cytometry. ",
"Assays were performed in triplicate. ",
"17-DMAG-induced G2/M arrest was more obvious in normoxia than hypoxia under 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 μM in both cell lines, except 1 μM 17-DMAG-induced similar G2/M arrest of HuH7 cells in normoxia and hypoxia condition. ",
"Data are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments (\\**p* \\< 0.05, hypoxia vs. normoxia)\n\n17-DMAG induced the increasing level of cyclin B1, but hypoxia attenuated the increase {#Sec13}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo further explore the mechanism of hypoxia-attenuated G2/M cell cycle arrest induced by 17-DMAG, we detected the cell cycle-related protein, cyclin B1, and p-histone (Ser10), which increased during G2/M phase (Fig.",
" [3a](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"17-DMAG treatment under normoxia increased the level of cyclin B1 and p-Histon3 (Ser10). ",
"Meanwhile, compared with normoxia, cyclin B1 and p-histone 3 (Ser10) induced by 17-DMAG were lower in hypoxia (Fig.",
" [3b](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which is consistent with the G2/M phase changes determined by flow cytometry.",
"Fig. ",
"3Hypoxia attenuated the 17-DMAG-induced cyclinB1 accumulation. ",
"HepG2 and Huh7 cells were incubated with 17-DMAG at different concentrations for 24 h. **a** Protein extracts were analyzed by immunoblots for cyclin B1 and p-histone 3 (Ser 10). **",
"b** The intensities of cyclin B1 bands were analyzed by ImageJ. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments (\\**p* \\< 0.05, hypoxia vs. normoxia)\n\nHypoxia inhibited transcription of cyclin B1 and accelerated ubiquitination of cyclin B1 {#Sec14}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe dynamic change of cyclin B1 includes the delicate balance of synthesis and degradation, which is important for the cell cycle transition from G2 to M. Cyclin B1 begins to accumulate in the S phase and is localized in the cytoplasm, then reaches the maximal level at mitosis, and is imported into nucleus where it will be rapidly degraded at the meta-phase-anaphase transition (Smits and Medema [@CR26]; Nimeus-Malmstrom et al. [",
"@CR19]).",
"\n\nTo determine why cyclin B1 decreased under hypoxia, we detected the cyclin B1 mRNA by real-time semiquantitative reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR). ",
"RT-PCR was used to determine whether decreased cyclin B1 was due to decreased transcription of cyclin B1 mRNA after 24-h exposure to hypoxia. ",
"As shown in Fig.",
" [4a](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, although cyclin B1 mRNA level increased significantly when treated with 17-DMAG (0.05, 0.5 μM) under normoxia for 24 h, cyclin B1 mRNA level slightly increased under hypoxia.",
"Fig. ",
"4Hypoxia inhibited transcription of cyclin B1 and accelerated ubiquitination of cyclin B1. **",
"a** The mRNA levels of cyclinB1 in HepG2 cells under normoxia or hypoxia condition for 24 h were determined by real-time PCR assay. ",
"Each experiment was done three separate times (*bars*, SD; \\**p* \\< 0.05). **",
"b** Ubiquitinated cyclin B1 was co-immunoprecipitated with mouse anti-ubiquitin antibody and probed with rabbit anti-cyclin B1 and rabbit anti-ubiquitin antibody. ",
"17-DMAG treatment inhibited the ubiquitination of cyclin B1, and hypoxia abrogated the inhibition of cyclin B1 ubiquitination with 17-DMAG treatment\n\nSince the impairment of degradation of cyclin B1could also be contributed to cyclin B1 accumulation, the ubiquitination of cyclin B1 after 17-DMAG treatment was detected (Fig.",
" [4b](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"These results indicate that 17-DMAG treatment inhibited the ubiquitination of cyclin B1 under normoxia and that hypoxia abrogated the decreased ubiquitination of cyclin B1 caused by 17-DMAG treatment.",
"\n\nHypoxia accelerated the decrease of total cyclin B1 level and the translocation of cyclin B1 into nucleus {#Sec15}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo further explore the degradation and translocalization of cyclin B1 induced by hypoxia, we recorded the time-lapse images in HepG2 cells transfected with plasmid of mCherry-cyclin B1 by confocal microscopy for 24 h. The exogenous mCherry-tagged cyclin B1 was used to monitor the degradation of cyclin B1 under different treatments. ",
"Single-cell clone stably transfected with mCherry-cyclin B1 was confirmed by Western blotting (Fig.",
" [5a](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The results showed that exogenous mCherry-cyclin B1 accumulated more obviously under normoxia in comparison with hypoxia (Fig.",
" [5b](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Furthermore, HepG2 cells under normoxia took longer (16 h) to translocate and accumulate cyclin B1 into nucleus than hypoxia (8 h). ",
"Cyclin B1 rapidly degraded when cyclin B1 translocated from cytoplasm to the nucleus, which indicted the beginning of mitosis. ",
"The time-lapse recording of cyclin B1 intensity was presented by three cells of each normoxia or hypoxia group (Fig.",
" [5c](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) for total cyclin B1 level (Fig.",
" [5c](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, upper panel) or nuclear cyclin B1 level (Fig.",
" [5c](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, lower panel). ",
"The changes in the curves indicate that hypoxia accelerated time course for the decrease of total cyclin B1 level and the translocation of cyclin B1 into nucleus.",
"Fig. ",
"5Hypoxia accelerated nuclear import and consequential degradation of cyclinB1. **",
"a** HepG2 cells expressing cyclin B1-mCherry were checked by Western blot. **",
"b** HepG2 cells were synchronized by serum starvation and kept in a cell chamber to mimic normoxia or hypoxia condition. ",
"The images were captured every 15 min by time-lapse florescence microscopy. ",
"One cell entering mitosis under normoxia or hypoxia treatment is displayed. ",
"The results showed that exogenous mCherry-cyclin B1 accumulated more obviously under normoxia in comparison with hypoxia. ",
"Furthermore, HepG2 cells under normoxia took longer time (16 h) to translocate and accumulate cyclin B1 into nucleus than hypoxia (8 h). ",
"Cyclin B1 rapidly degraded when cyclin B1 translocated from cytoplasm to the nucleus, which indicated the beginning of mitosis. **",
"c** The time-lapse recording of cyclin B1 intensity was presented by three cells of each normoxia or hypoxia group for total cyclin B1 level (*upper panel*) or nuclear cyclin B1 level (**c**, *lower panel*). ",
"The experiments about the cyclin B1 nuclear translocation were repeated three times, and the similar results were observed. ",
"The three cells were from the same experiment to minimize the discrepancy caused by different experiments. ",
"The changes in the curves indicate that hypoxia accelerated time course for the decrease of total cyclin B1 level and the translocation of cyclin B1 into nucleus\n\nDiscussion {#Sec16}\n==========\n\nMost cancer cells have deregulated G1 checkpoints making them dependent on their S and G2 checkpoints, so S and G2 checkpoints become an attractive target therapy of cancer (Chen et al. [",
"@CR6]). ",
"17-AAG abrogates hepatocellular cancer growth through G2/M cell cycle arrest (Watanabe et al. [",
"@CR28]). ",
"17-DMAG is a water-soluble analogue of 17-AAG (Kummar et al. [",
"@CR17]), and our results show that hypoxia decreases the chemosensitivity to 17-DMAG and attenuates 17-DMAG-induced G2/M arrest, with lower cyclin B1 level.",
"\n\nHypoxia in tumors is associated with selection of genotypes favoring survival and pro-survival changes in gene expression and gain resistance to chemotherapy (Wilson and Hay [@CR29]; Dong et al. [",
"@CR7]). ",
"Many genetic abnormalities have been revealed in tumor cells and altered expression of cell cycle regulators like cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKs). ",
"Cyclin B1 may be related to the prognosis of the patients, though the evidences are still controversial. ",
"The occurrence, development, and treatment of cancer may also be related to cyclin B1. ",
"Deregulated expression of cyclin B1 may lead to a disrupted control of cell growth and a malignant phenotype (Egloff et al. [",
"@CR8]; Chen et al. [",
"@CR5]). ",
"Abundance of cyclin B1 (Porter et al. [",
"@CR24]) and increased expression of cyclin B1 (Gomez et al. [",
"@CR11]) are parallel to better prognosis.",
"\n\nAs a client protein of Hsp90, cyclin B1 is critical for the transition from G2 to M phase. ",
"The main function of Hsp90 is to help the folding of the denatured client proteins, and the inhibition of Hsp90 will induce the degradation of the client proteins. ",
"However, the client protein of Hsp90, cyclin B1, slightly increased in presence of Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GA) or in Hsp90 mutants, and Hsp90α is critical for the precise localization of cyclin B1 to the mitotic spindle in *Drosophila* and human cells (Basto et al. [",
"@CR2]). ",
"Also, treatment with Hsp90 inhibitors or heat shock induced an increasing mRNA level of cyclin B1 and the accumulation of cyclin B1 (Watanabe et al. [",
"@CR28]; Burrows et al. [",
"@CR4]). ",
"All these indicate that Hsp90 might also be involved into the cell cycle control of tumor cells and, by regulation, the level of cyclin B1. ",
"And, then what is the relevance between chemoresistance and cyclin B1? ",
"In our research, the results suggest that 17-DMAG induces accumulation of cyclin B1 and inhibits tumor cell proliferation. ",
"Meanwhile, hypoxia impairs the 17-DMAG-induced proliferation inhibition with lower cyclin B1 level through inhibiting cyclin B1 mRNA transcription and accelerating cyclin B1 nuclear translocation and degradation. ",
"Since cyclin B1 nuclear translocation and degradation are critical for G2/M transition and cell division, decreased cyclin B1 level could be tightly related to hypoxia-induced chemoresistance to 17-DMAG.",
"\n\nOur research provides a possible mechanism of hypoxia-induced chemoresistance in liver tumor, and the decrease level of cyclin B1 coordinates with the chemoresistance to Hsp90 inhibitor 17-DMAG under hypoxia. ",
"Since the presence of a quinone of 17-DMAG makes it uniquely redox sensitive (Samuni et al. [",
"@CR25]). ",
"How much does it contribute to hypoxia-induced chemoresistance in liver tumor? ",
"How does hypoxia inhibit cyclin B1 level? ",
"Is it caused by hypoxia-induced DNA damage and genotype adaptation? ",
"All these still need to be further explored with other Hsp90 inhibitors in different liver tumor cell lines and in vivo experiments.",
"\n\nJianming Zhang and Huadan Li contributed equally to this work.",
"\n\nThis study was supported by grants of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) No. ",
"81171876 from Xuemei Chen and No. ",
"81272180 from Fei Zou.",
"\n\nConflict of interest {#FPar1}\n====================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.",
"\n"
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[
"[Serotonin effect on the fetus and the feto-maternal relationship in the rat].",
"\n1. ",
"Treatment with serotonin of pregnant rats does not lead to congenital malformations of the fetus. ",
"The substance, however, owns a remarkable lethal effect. ",
"With increasing differentiation during day 8-11 of pregnancy, the rate of resorptions grows, beginning with umbilication, death of the fetus occurs generally. ",
"2. ",
"6, 12 and 24 h after application of serotonin on the 15th or 18th day of pregnancy, the placenta is examined. ",
"The results support the presumption that death of the fetus after treatment with serotonin refers to a contraction of the umbilical cord. ",
"The resulting hyperemia in the placenta can be followed up macroscopically as well as histologically, likewise the rapid beginning of cell death. ",
"3. ",
"The very quick proceeding of the necrotic process in brain and liver of the fetus, 15 or 18 days old, is described 6, 12 and 24 h after s.c. ",
"serotonin injection. ",
"An essentially slower proceeding of destruction is characteristical for cyclophosphamide. ",
"4. ",
"Simultaneous treatment of pregnant rats with serotonin and procarbazine or iproniazide, respectively, in small doses intensifies the effect of serotonin. ",
"But, vice versa, an intensification of the teratogenical effect of small doses of hydrazine cannot be seen."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"485 F.3d 1211\nUNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.Evert MEINERS, Defendant-Appellant.",
"\nNo. ",
"06-30389.",
"\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.",
"\nSubmitted April 12, 2007.*",
"\nFiled May 21, 2007.",
"\n\nMark S. Werner and Anthony R. Gallagher, Federal Defenders of Montana, Billings, MT, for appellant Evert Meiners.",
"\nWilliam W. Mercer and Marcia Hurd, United States Attorney's Office, Billings, MT, for appellee United States of America.",
"\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the District of Montana; Jack D. Shanstrom, District Judge, Presiding. ",
"D.C. No. ",
"CR-05-00065-JDS.",
"\nBefore ALEX KOZINSKI and RAYMOND C. FISHER, Circuit Judges and ANDREW J. GUILFORD, District Judge.**",
"\nPER CURIAM.",
"\n\n\n1\nDefendant-Appellant Evert Meiners operated a child pornography file server (\"f-serve\"), which he utilized to advertise child pornography images for distribution in exchange for other child pornography images to be sent to him.1 During summer 2004, Meiners advertised and distributed child pornography to several Federal Bureau of Investigation special agents, a New York State detective and an officer with the German National Police.",
"\n\n\n2\nUnited States Immigration and Customs agents identified Meiners as the operator of the f-serve and executed a warrant at his residence in Billings, Montana in November 2004. ",
"During the search, agents seized computer equipment containing 10,000-12,000 pornographic images, some of which depicted children engaged in sadomasochistic activity, including bondage and sexual intercourse.",
"\n\n\n3\nMeiners agreed to plead guilty to four counts of advertisement of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(d), four counts of distribution of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2) and one count of possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B). ",
"The district court sentenced Meiners to 15 years in prison, comprised of 180 months on each advertisement count, 121 months on each distribution count and 120 months on the possession count, with all terms to be served concurrently. ",
"On appeal, Meiners challenges his sentence under the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. ",
"Because a 15-year sentence is not grossly disproportionate to the gravity of Meiners' offense, we affirm.",
"\n\n\n4\nWe review de novo whether a sentence violates the Eighth Amendment. ",
"See United States v. Fernandez, 388 F.3d 1199, 1258 (9th Cir.2004). ",
"The Eighth Amendment forbids as \"cruel and unusual punishment\" prison terms that are \"grossly disproportionate.\" ",
"See Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 288, 103 S.Ct. ",
"3001, 77 L.Ed.2d 637 (1983); United States v. Harris, 154 F.3d 1082, 1084 (9th Cir.1998). ",
"The Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized that \"federal courts should be reluctant to review legislatively mandated terms of imprisonment, and that successful challenges to the proportionality of particular sentences should be exceedingly rare.\" ",
"Ewing v. California, 538 U.S. 11, 22, 123 S.Ct. ",
"1179, 155 L.Ed.2d 108 (2003) (quoting Hutto v. Davis, 454 U.S. 370, 374, 102 S.Ct. ",
"703, 70 L.Ed.2d 556 (1982) (per curiam)).",
"\n\n\n5\nWhen confronted with an Eighth Amendment challenge, we first make \"a threshold comparison of the crime committed and the sentence imposed.\" ",
"Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 1005, 111 S.Ct. ",
"2680, 115 L.Ed.2d 836 (1991) (Kennedy, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment). ",
"In the rare case in which a threshold comparison leads to an inference of gross disproportionality, we then compare the sentence at issue with sentences imposed for analogous crimes in the same and other jurisdictions. ",
"See id.\n\n\n6\nMeiners' challenge fails at the threshold stage because a 15-year sentence is not grossly disproportionate to the gravity of his offense. ",
"In Hutto, law enforcement officers seized approximately nine ounces of marijuana and drug paraphernalia at the defendant's home, leading to his conviction for possession and distribution of marijuana. ",
"454 U.S. at 370, 102 S.Ct. ",
"703. ",
"The Supreme Court upheld the defendant's 40-year sentence against an Eighth Amendment challenge. ",
"Id. at 370, 375, 102 S.Ct. ",
"703.2 In Harmelin, the Court upheld a life sentence, without the possibility of parole, for a first-time offender convicted of possessing 672 grams of cocaine. ",
"501 U.S. at 961, 111 S.Ct. ",
"2680. ",
"Meiners received a lesser sentence than the defendants in Hutto and Harmelin even though his conduct was no less serious.",
"\n\n\n7\nLike drug possession and distribution offenses, advertising and distributing child pornography is a significant crime because it \"threaten[s] to cause grave harm to society.\" ",
"Harmelin, 501 U.S. at 1002, 111 S.Ct. ",
"2680 (Kennedy, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment). ",
"The distribution of child pornography feeds an industry that causes physiological, emotional and mental trauma to the child victims. ",
"See Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103, 109, 110 S.Ct. ",
"1691, 109 L.Ed.2d 98 (1990). ",
"By advertising his desire to receive and trade child pornography, Meiners directly encouraged the production and distribution of material that is created by abusing children. ",
"See United States v. Pabon-Cruz, 255 F.Supp.2d 200, 210 (S.D.N.Y.2003) (recognizing that \"the advertising statute bears a different relationship to the purpose of preventing child abuse than does the receipt and distribution statute\" because advertising directly encourages production of child pornography).",
"\n\n\n8\nBecause this is not the \"rare case in which a threshold comparison of the crime committed and the sentence imposed leads to an inference of gross disproportionality,\" Harmelin, 501 U.S. at 1005, 111 S.Ct. ",
"2680, we need not conduct an inter- and intra-jurisdictional analysis.",
"\n\n\n9\nAFFIRMED.",
"\n\n\n\nNotes:\n\n\n*\n This panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without oral argumentSee Fed. ",
"R.App. ",
"P. 34(a)(2).",
"\n\n\n**\n The Honorable Andrew J. Guilford, United States District Judge for the Central District of California, sitting by designation\n\n\n1\n A \"file server is a computer with a large amount of disk capacity used for storing files on a computer network.",
"\"See G. Andrew Barger, Lost in Cyberspace: Inventors, Computer Piracy and \"Printed Publications\" Under Section 102(B) of the Patent Act, 71 U. Det. ",
"Mercy L.Rev. ",
"353, 383 n. 145 (1994).",
"\n\n\n2\n Although the defendant inHutto was not a first time offender, see 454 U.S. at 379-80, 102 S.Ct. ",
"703 (Powell, J., concurring), the Court's decision did not turn on the defendant's recidivism or prior conduct.",
"\n\n\n"
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[
"[Low-stage prostatic adenocarcinoma and atypical lesions of the prostate].",
"\nProstate lesions whose morphological features raise doubt to the pathologist may be classed generically as being atypical hyperplasia or pseudoneoplastic lesions and are referred to in the literature using different terms. ",
"However, these have histopathological features such as dysplasia that appear to be frequently associated with small, low stage prostatic adenocarcinoma. ",
"Small atypical lesions found in the biopsy specimens of patients with stage A1 adenocarcinoma warrant a more radical therapeutic approach particularly in the younger patients."
] | {
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[
"Former Utah Gov. Jon Huntsman Jr. wants another run at the job he left to become a diplomat in President Barack Obama's administration, after launching a presidential bid in an attempt to unseat his former boss.",
"\n\nHuntsman, 59, son of billionaire inventor and philanthropist Jon Huntsman, won the Utah governorship in 2004, after serving as a trade official in President George W. Bush's administration. ",
"Huntsman was governor for about 4 1/2 years before Obama tapped him as ambassador to China.",
"\n\nHuntsman resigned his post in Beijing to run for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination — and the right to challenge Obama that fall. ",
"He fared poorly in the early primaries and dropped out of the race. ",
"He later rejoined the diplomatic corp as President Trump's ambassador to Russia, a post he held for two years, until early October.",
"\n\nOn Thursday, Huntsman explained his rationale for a return bid to the Utah governorship, a position that will open in the 2020 elections.",
"\n\n\"Most normal people wouldn't do something like this because you take a lot of slings and arrows. ",
"You dedicate your life and your heart and your soul to it, but that's what public service is all about,\" Huntsman told reporters. \"",
"So for us it's not about politics. ",
"It's about continuing service to a community we love, a community which has defined my family for generations, where we respect all sides, we bring people together in pursuit of commonsense solutions, where leadership is obviously a key ingredient. ",
"And we're here to see whether we can provide a little bit of that if we're lucky enough to win.\"",
"\n\nHis interview with the press coincided with the release of a campaign announcement video and speeches at Southern Utah University on Thursday and Dixie State University on Friday.",
"\n\nHuntsman's candidacy sets up a competitive primary race between him and Lt. ",
"Gov. Spencer Cox as the two front-runners in the crowded Republican field hoping to replace incumbent Gov. Gary Herbert. ",
"Herbert, Huntsman's successor who is not running for reelection, has already endorsed his second-in-command, Cox."
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[
"This NIH R13 application requests partial support for the 3rd International Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Conference on Retinoids to be held at West Palm Beach, FL, June 19- 24, 2016. ",
"This conference has been well attended (typically ranging from 100 to 200 attendees over in the past) and remains the sole major national and international conference that addresses the full spectrum of retinoid biology. ",
"While the mechanisms of action and the biological functions of retinoids have been intensively studied, there is an increasing need for understanding and applying retinoids in human nutrition and diseases. ",
"A great deal of ongoing research activity is supported by the NIH (the NIH RePORT indicates that there are currently 1802 NIH-funded research grants involving aspects of retinoid/vitamin A biology). ",
"The 2016 conference will begin with a timely Round Table panel providing a holistic and historical view by several senior investigators. ",
"This will be followed by symposia, 2 poster sessions, one Poster Award session where awardees will present their work and a Meet the Experts session to promote networking and interactions between junior and senior investigator. ",
"On the final day, a pioneer in the retinoid field, Dr. Michael Sporn, will offer his vision for future retinoid research. ",
"A major goal is to foster the exchange of cutting-edge research findings. ",
"We will encourage new/young investigators to attend and network with senior investigators, and foster new insights/ideas/techniques from scientists and clinicians in related fields. ",
"The main topics to be addressed include both basic and translational fronts of retinoid biology: (1) Retinoid/Carotenoid Signaling; (2) Retinoid Enzymology; (3) Retinoid Metabolism; (4) Retinoids and Diseases 1 - cancer; (5) Retinoids and Diseases 2 - Immunology and metabolic diseases; (6) Retinoids and Disease 3 - genetics and genomics; (7) Retinoids and Molecular Therapeutics; (8) Novel Retinoids for Disease Therapy. ",
"The overall goal is to bring together committed investigators (senior scientists, mid-career scientists, junior scientists postdoctoral fellows, and graduate students), who work in diverse disciplines (as biochemists, molecular biologists, nutritional scientists, cancer researchers, vision researchers, stem cell biologists, biophysicists, structural biologists, immunologists, chemists, and clinicians) to present and discuss their latest findings that share a common focus on the retinoids. ",
"This meeting has been strongly supported by NIDDK and other Institutes in the past. ",
"Indeed, the prior R13 application received a score of 10 and we respectfully request continued support for the 2016 FASEB Retinoid Conference. ",
"This conference will provide an exciting forum for critical review of recent research and incorporation of the latest concepts and technologies. ",
"This will allow new investigations to provide needed insights into the application of retinoids in preventing disease, maintaining health and in developing novel therapeutics, facilitating collaborations among basic scientists and clinicians."
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[
"package com.example.activitytest;\n\nimport android.support.v7.app.",
"AppCompatActivity;\nimport android.os.",
"Bundle;\nimport android.util.",
"Log;\nimport android.view.",
"View;\nimport android.widget.",
"Button;\n\npublic class ThirdActivity extends BaseActivity {\n\n @Override\n protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n Log.d(\"ThirdActivity\", \"Task id is \" + getTaskId());\n setContentView(R.layout.third_layout);\n Button button3 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button_3);\n button3.setOnClickListener(new View.",
"OnClickListener() {\n @Override\n public void onClick(View v) {\n ActivityCollector.finishAll();\n android.os.",
"Process.killProcess(android.os.",
"Process.myPid());\n }\n });\n\n }\n}\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nDrive API everytime connected, still without internet\n\nI want to upload my database, i created in my app, with the drive api, to the users drive. ",
"I writed now some code and searched in the internet how i upload a database. ",
"When i test it now it always say's that the GoogleApi is connected and is uploading the database, still when im not connected to the internet, i wonder how.",
"\nHere's my code:\npublic class Activity_Main extends AppCompatActivity implements GoogleApiClient.",
"ConnectionCallbacks, GoogleApiClient.",
"OnConnectionFailedListener {\n\nprivate static GoogleApiClient api;\nprivate static final String DATABASE_NAME = utilsDB.DATABASE_NAME;\nprivate static final String GOOGLE_DRIVE_FILE_NAME = db_backup;\n\nprivate boolean mResolvingError = false;\nprivate DriveFile mfile;\nprivate static final int DIALOG_ERROR_CODE =100;\n\n@Override\nprotected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n ...\n api = new GoogleApiClient.",
"Builder(this)\n .addApi(Drive.",
"API)\n .addScope(Drive.",
"SCOPE_FILE)\n .addConnectionCallbacks(this)\n .addOnConnectionFailedListener(this)\n .build();\n ...\n}\n\n@Override\npublic void onConnectionFailed(ConnectionResult result) {\n mToast(Connection failed...);\n if(mResolvingError) {\n return;\n } else if(result.hasResolution()) { \n mResolvingError = true;\n try {\n result.startResolutionForResult(this, DIALOG_ERROR_CODE);\n } catch (IntentSender.",
"SendIntentException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n } else {\n ErrorDialogFragment fragment = new ErrorDialogFragment();\n Bundle args = new Bundle();\n args.putInt(error, result.getErrorCode());\n fragment.setArguments(args);\n fragment.show(getFragmentManager(), errordialog);\n }\n}\n\n@Override\npublic void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {\n mToast(onActivityResult);\n if(requestCode == DIALOG_ERROR_CODE) {\n mResolvingError = false;\n if(resultCode == RESULT_OK) { \n if(!api.isConnecting() && !",
"api.isConnected()) {\n api.connect();\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\n@Override\npublic void onConnected(Bundle connectionHint) {\n mToast(Connected successfully);\n\n Drive.",
"DriveApi.newDriveContents(api).setResultCallback(contentsCallback);\n}\n\nfinal private ResultCallbackDriveApi.",
"DriveContentsResult contentsCallback = new ResultCallbackDriveApi.",
"DriveContentsResult() {\n\n @Override\n public void onResult(DriveApi.",
"DriveContentsResult result) {\n if (!",
"result.getStatus().isSuccess()) {\n debug(Error while trying to create new file contents);\n return;\n }\n\n String mimeType = MimeTypeMap.getSingleton().getExtensionFromMimeType(db);\n MetadataChangeSet changeSet = new MetadataChangeSet.",
"Builder()\n .setTitle(GOOGLE_DRIVE_FILE_NAME) Google Drive File name\n .setMimeType(mimeType)\n .setStarred(true).build();\n create a file on root folder\n Drive.",
"DriveApi.getRootFolder(api)\n .createFile(api, changeSet, result.getDriveContents())\n .setResultCallback(fileCallback);\n }\n\n};\n\nfinal private ResultCallbackDriveFolder.",
"DriveFileResult fileCallback = new ResultCallbackDriveFolder.",
"DriveFileResult() {\n\n @Override\n public void onResult(DriveFolder.",
"DriveFileResult result) {\n if (!",
"result.getStatus().isSuccess()) {\n mToast(Error while trying to create the file);\n return;\n }\n mfile = result.getDriveFile();\n mfile.open(api, DriveFile.",
"MODE_WRITE_ONLY, null).setResultCallback(contentsOpenedCallback);\n }\n};\n\nfinal private ResultCallbackDriveApi.",
"DriveContentsResult contentsOpenedCallback = new ResultCallbackDriveApi.",
"DriveContentsResult() {\n\n @Override\n public void onResult(DriveApi.",
"DriveContentsResult result) {\n\n if (!",
"result.getStatus().isSuccess()) {\n mToast(Error opening file);\n return;\n }\n\n try {\n mToast(Uploading db...);\n FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(getDbPath());\n BufferedInputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(is);\n byte[] buffer = new byte[8 1024];\n DriveContents content = result.getDriveContents();\n BufferedOutputStream out = new BufferedOutputStream(content.getOutputStream());\n int n = 0;\n while( ( n = in.read(buffer) ) 0 ) {\n out.write(buffer, 0, n);\n }\n\n in.close();\n mToast(Upload successfull!);",
"\n api.disconnect();\n\n } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n } catch (IOException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n }\n\n};\n\nprivate File getDbPath() {\n return getDatabasePath(DATABASE_NAME);\n}\n\n@Override\npublic void onConnectionSuspended(int cause) {\n debug(Connection suspended);\n\n}\n\npublic void onDialogDismissed() {\n mResolvingError = false;\n}\n\npublic static class ErrorDialogFragment extends DialogFragment {\n public ErrorDialogFragment() {}\n\n public Dialog onCreateDialog(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n int errorCode = this.getArguments().getInt(error);\n return GooglePlayServicesUtil.getErrorDialog(errorCode, this.getActivity(), DIALOG_ERROR_CODE);\n }\n\n public void onDismiss(DialogInterface dialog) {\n dialog.dismiss();\n }\n}\n\n@Override\npublic boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {\n switch (item.getItemId()) {\n case R.id.sync\n mToast(Connecting to Drive API ...);\n api.connect();\n return true;\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nBeing connected means you are connected to the GDAA service in GooPlaySvcs, not to the internet. ",
"Please read carefully GDAA docs (see schema there) and you will see that the whole point is, that GDAA tries to shield your app from network on-line / off-line states (as much as possible).",
"\nYour local state is synced as soon as there is network connection. ",
"Also, even if your wifi is connected, it does not mean your GDAA requests will be satisfied immediately, GDAA will optimize the network traffic based on it's internal logic.",
"\nYou can easily relinquish these advantages and gain full control by switching to the REST Api, but you will have to handle the on/off-line states, request results, ... by yourself. ",
"And probably end using sync adapter anyway. ",
"Messy.",
"\nGood Luck\n\n"
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[
"Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nThe notochord is a key structure in early embryogenesis in all chordates and is populated with relatively big and vacuole enriched notochordal cells (NC)\\[[@CR1], [@CR2]\\]. ",
"The cells form the center of the intervertebral disc (IVD) in the fetus and the adult\\[[@CR3], [@CR4]\\]. ",
"These cells are either present throughout the lifetime at various ratios across the vertebrate phylogenetic tree with respect to other IVD cells, or they are reduced to a minimum population after adolescence\\[[@CR5], [@CR6]\\]. ",
"In humans, it has been found that they disappear early in childhood\\[[@CR7]\\]. ",
"It has been described that in different mammalian groups, these cells co-exist with nucleus pulposus cells (NPC) at different ratios\\[[@CR5], [@CR7]\\]. ",
"For instance, in cattle, goats, and sheep, these cells disappear early in lifetime\\[[@CR3], [@CR7]\\], whereas in rodents (rats and mice) and rabbits, a high number of NC is maintained throughout their lifetime. ",
"In dog breeds, both IVD types are present. ",
"In the so-called non-chondrodystrophic dogs (e.g. larger dogs, such as greyhounds) in which low back pain is less common, a high ratio of NC is present. ",
"Conversely, in chondrodystrophic dog breeds (e.g. beagle, dachshund), few NC are present, and these breeds frequently suffer from disc degeneration and low back pain. ",
"Over the past decade, the fate of NC has been a matter of debate. ",
"It was hypothesized that these cells either disappear by apoptosis or that they are differentiated into an IVD chondrocyte-like cell phenotype\\[[@CR8], [@CR9]\\]. ",
"On this matter, recent transcriptome analyses of the possible origin of these cells have pointed into the direction of precursor origin and that these two cell populations --- although very different in size and granularity --- were not so different in their phenotypic profile\\[[@CR10], [@CR11]\\]. ",
"The open question remains about the mesodermal or ectodermal origin of these cells\\[[@CR12]--[@CR14]\\]. ",
"However, recently, \"noto,\" a highly conserved homeobox gene restricted to the notochord, where it regulates node morphogenesis, has been tracked by a novel notochord-specific Cre mouse. ",
"These gene-tracking data, during embryogenesis, clearly demonstrated that the notochord indeed gives rise to the NP and later, to the smaller chondrocyte-like disc cells, which confirms the close relationship of the NC and the smaller NPC\\[[@CR15]--[@CR17]\\]. ",
"However, the interaction between these morphologically different cell types remains obscure, hence leading to cross-species co-cultures investigations\\[[@CR13], [@CR14], [@CR18]\\] and conditioned medium experiments\\[[@CR13], [@CR14], [@CR19]--[@CR23]\\]. ",
"In a dog model, it was found that NC secrete connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, syn. ",
"CCN2) and can protect NPC from undergoing apoptosis\\[[@CR24], [@CR25]\\] by inhibiting the caspase pathway. ",
"It was furthermore demonstrated that NC are highly sensitive to the culture conditions, i.e., to media composition and oxygen content\\[[@CR26]\\]. ",
"More importantly, NC or their cultured media --- the so-called notochord-derived conditioned medium (NCCM) --- demonstrated regenerative effects by inducing the glycosaminoglycan per DNA (GAG/DNA) ratio\\[[@CR13], [@CR18], [@CR21]\\]. ",
"These cells, or, possibly, merely their released factors, are of high interest for regenerative medicine to re-populate degenerated IVDs or to stimulate native disc cells. ",
"Our aim was to test whether NC can activate NPC in vitro and which initial culture conditions may be favorable to activate more differentiated disc cells. ",
"The experimental set-up (explained below) is shown in Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"Our first step was to revisit the question for suitable culture conditions for these cells. ",
"Previous cell culture studies expanded NC in 2D monolayer\\[[@CR14]\\] and also, more recently, in 3D\\[[@CR26], [@CR27]\\]. ",
"It has been noted that NC are highly sensitive to mechanical loading and changes to the nutritional environment\\[[@CR26]--[@CR29]\\]. ",
"What is currently missing is a direct proof that 2D culture conditions are indeed unfavorable for NC and that the activation capacity of NC on other cells is dependent on the nutritional state of the NC in culture. ",
"Thus, we wanted to demonstrate the effect of 2D monolayer culture versus 3D cell culture in alginate. ",
"Furthermore, we investigated the hypothesis that NC are sensitive to culture conditions\\[[@CR28]\\] and that their activation capacity on disc cells in indirect co-culture experiments can be stimulated by exposure to fetal calf serum (FCS). ",
"As a positive control, we included the previously described application of conditioned medium (NCCM) collected from NC that has been demonstrated to stimulate smaller NPC\\[[@CR21], [@CR22], [@CR27], [@CR30]\\]. ",
"However, it is unknown whether annulus fibrous cells (AFC) can be activated by either co-culture or exposure to NCCM. ",
"We then also replicated the experiments in normoxic (\\~21%) and hypoxic (\\~2%) conditions to study the effect of the physiological oxygen environment as it was also reported in the literature that NC should be preferentially cultured in hypoxia for a better aligned extracellular matrix\\[[@CR20], [@CR26]\\] and a more authentic phenotype as defined by the production of aggrecan with respect to collagen type 2, which was found to be around 27:1 in human tissue\\[[@CR31]\\] or around 1:1 as found in rabbit tissue\\[[@CR32]\\].Figure 1**Experimental set-up to test NC regenerative effects on co-culture with NPC or AF that were stimulated initially in pre-culture with and without 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and subsequent co-culture or exposure with conditioned medium (NCCM) from step 1.** ",
"The design also involved a comparison of normoxia (\\~20% oxygen) and hypoxic conditions (2% oxygen).",
"\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nCell source and expansion {#Sec3}\n-------------------------\n\nThe post-mortem usage of biological material for biomedical research taken from the food chain requires no ethical permit according to the Swiss and European law. ",
"Porcine notochordal cells (NC) were isolated from the nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue of porcine tails obtained from 4- to 5-month-old pigs collected from the local abattoir. ",
"Tails with a high percentage of NC (\\~80%) were selected for the experiment. ",
"The percentage of NCs was assessed and counted using a haemocytometer and brightfield microscopy to confirmed the NC phenotype as large in cell size and presence of vacuoles. ",
"Bovine nucleus pulposus cells (NPC) were harvested from the NP tissue of \\~1-year-old bovine tails obtained from the local slaughter house. ",
"Porcine and bovine NP tissues were digested by 0.19% pronase (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) for 1 hour and subsequent collagenase type 2 at a concentration of 32 U/mL in 25 mL of HG-DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS (Worthington, London, UK) overnight (\\~14 hours) at 37°C and standard culture conditions (5% CO2 and 100% humidity)\\[[@CR14], [@CR23]\\].",
"\n\nCell separation using micro sieves and cytometry using FACS {#Sec4}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nCells isolated from porcine NP tissues were separated with three cell sieves, i.e., cells \\> 20 μm, 8-20 μm and cells \\< 8 μm (CellMicroSieves, BioDesign Inc., New York, USA)\\[[@CR33]\\] with the goal to identify NPC and NC. ",
"To characterize and confirm the cell populations by size, the filtered and unlabeled cell fractions were resuspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and were then analyzed on a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) device (LSR II H271, Bdbiosciences, inc., ",
"Allschwil, Switzerland) with 429V for forward scattering (FSC-A) and 308V for side scattering (SSC-A). ",
"Gates were analyzed and visualized using FlowJo software 10.07R2 (TreeStar, inc., ",
"Ashland, OR).Primary gates (Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) for small pNPC and bigger notochordal cells (pNC) were defined based on primary cells digested from discs lacking a notochordal cell phenotype, including bovine and a whole human lumbar IVD obtained from a spinal fusion (ethical permit has been obtained from the local ethical committee). ",
"The size of these cells was compared to the cell size of NC isolated from rabbit IVD and porcine IVD. ",
"Cells were grown in 2D monolayers for three passages or in 3D alginate beads at a density of 4M/mL alginate in Dulbecco's High Glucose Modified Eagle Medium (HG-DMEM, containing 4.5 g/mL glucose, Gibco, Lucerne, Switzerland) +10% FCS in order to test for cell size shifts during the cell expansion and to compare 2D monolayers with 3D alginate cultures.",
"Figure 2**Flow cytometry of unlabeled primary cells isolated from intervertebral discs (IVD) of four different species. ",
"A**. ",
"Porcine passage 0 coccygeal IVD cells **B**. ",
"Rabbit passage 0 lumbar IVD cells. **",
"C**. ",
"Bovine passage 0 coccygeal IVD cells, and **D**. ",
"Human passage 0 lumbar IVD cells (L1-2). ",
"Note the presence of notochordal cells, which are bigger and spread higher on both forward scatter and side scatter in **A**. ",
"and **B**. ",
"Parameters of flow cytometer were constant for all measurements. ",
"Axes are FSC-A = forward scatter, SSC-A = side scatter.",
"\n\n3D cell encapsulation and co-culture {#Sec5}\n------------------------------------\n\nThe cells were re-suspended in 1.2% alginate at a density of 4 M/mL and embedded in \\~30 μl beads by pressing the suspension at a constant rate through a syringe (22G needle) and dropping them into a 102 mM CaCl~2~ salt solution\\[[@CR34]\\]. ",
"The porcine NC:NPC ratio in the tissue was estimated to be \\~80% notochordal\\[[@CR23]\\]. ",
"The cells were kept in co-cultures of NC: NPC ratios of 1:1 in serum-free HG-DMEM medium containing 100 μg/mL penicillin/streptomycin, 50 μg/mL ascorbic acid, ITS+ and non-essential amino acids or in HG-DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (all from Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland) (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"All bead-bead co-cultures were conducted in duplicate in 12-well plates, using 0.4 μm pore size, high pore density, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) track-etched culture inserts (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Allschwil, Switzerland). ",
"The co-cultures were tracked on day 0, day 7, and day 14. ",
"Day 0 was defined as the day of cell embedding into the 3D alginate environment. ",
"There were four co-culture pairings (thus, each N = 4 for the porcine and bovine animals) (see also Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The cultures were either kept in normoxia (20% atmospheric oxygen) or in hypoxia using a C-274-2-shelf chamber inside a standard incubator and 1x Pro-Ox controller, (Biospherix, inc., ",
"NY) and keeping O~2~ at 2% by addition of N~2~.\n\nMetabolic activity {#Sec6}\n------------------\n\nCell activity of the cells in alginate beads was measured using resazurin assay\\[[@CR35]\\]. ",
"Two beads per condition were incubated in 500 μL DMEM with 10% FCS and 50 μM resazurin sodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs Switzerland) for 3 hours in a 48-well plate\\[[@CR23]\\]. ",
"The relative fluorescence unit (RFU) was then measured at an excitation wavelength of 547 nm and an emission wavelength of 582 nm using a Softmax pro multi-wave length fluorescence reader (Molecular Devices, distributed by Bucher Biotec, Switzerland). ",
"RFU values were expressed relative to the activity measured on day 0, i.e. the day of seeding the cells into alginate beads.",
"\n\nQuantification of GAG and DNA content {#Sec7}\n-------------------------------------\n\nAlginate beads from the resazurin assay were digested with papain (Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland) overnight at 60°C. ",
"The samples digested with papain were used for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and DNA measurement. ",
"The GAG content was measured by the modified dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay (pH 1.5)\\[[@CR36], [@CR37]\\]. ",
"The absorbance of the samples added to the DMMB buffer was read at 595 nm with a fluorescence reader (Molecular Devices). ",
"GAG concentrations were calculated from a standard curve obtained with chondroitin sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland). ",
"The amount of DNA in the sample was measured with bisbenzimidol fluorescent dye (Hoechst 33258, Sigma-Aldrich). ",
"Fluorescence was again detected with a multi-wavelength fluorescence reader (Molecular Devices). ",
"A standard curve was generated with known concentrations of calf thymus DNA (Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland), and the amount of DNA of each sample was calculated from the standard curve.",
"\n\nReal-time RT-PCR {#Sec8}\n----------------\n\nRelative gene expression of major anabolic genes of to the extracellular matrix turnover was monitored, i.e., aggrecan (ACAN), collagen type 1 and 2 (Col 1 and Col 2, respectively) and ribosomal 18S used as a reference gene\\[[@CR38]--[@CR40]\\]. ",
"Typical nucleus pulposus and notochordal cell markers including brachyury (T) and CD24\\[[@CR41]\\] were monitored. ",
"Due to DNA substitutions between the porcine and bovine codon sequences of one of the two primer regions, species-specific RT-PCR were designed (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}) for both NCs and NPCs. ",
"Relative gene expression was estimated by application of a threshold cycle (Ct) and calculation of ∆∆Ct and the statistics of the 2-∆∆Ct according to Livak & Schmittgen\\[[@CR42]\\].Table 1**Primer sequences used for relative real-time RT-PCR**GeneAccession numberForward (5′-3′)Reverse (5′-3′)bovine *(Bos taurus)*Bt_r18SDQ222453.1ACG GAC AGG ATT GAC AGA TTGCCA GAG TCT CGT TCG TTA TCGBt_ACANNM_173981.2GGC ATC GTG TTC CAT TAC AGACT CGT CCT TGT CTC CAT AGBt_CD24NC_007300.4AGA CTT ACT CAA ATC AAAAAC AGT AGA GAT GTA GAABt_col1 A2NM_174520.2GCC TCG CTC ACC AAC TTCAGT AAC CAC TGC TCC ATT CTGBt_col2 A1\\*AY743675.1CGG GTG AAC GTG GAG AGA CAGTC CAG GGT TGC CAT TGG AGporcine *(Sus scrofa domestica)*Ssd_r18SNR_046261.1TAG AAG GAA GAG GAA CCA TTAA TGT CCA ACT CAC TGA AGSsd_ACANNM_001164652.1CAG TAA CTT CGT GCC TAGGGT CCT CTA TCT CCA GTTSsd_T (brachyury)\\*NC_010443.4TCA CCA ACA AG CTCA ATGCTC TCA CGA TGT GGA TTCSsd_col1 A2AB237775.1TAT CGG AAT TAA CCA GAC AACA GGA TTG ACA GAT TGA\\*Denotes primer match for both species.",
"The PCR was run in a two-step protocol; 45 cycles with a 2-step protocol and an annealing temperature at 57°C.",
"\n\nMass spectrometry analysis and protein identification of conditioned medium {#Sec9}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nProteins of 1) serum-free control medium versus 2) NCCM and 3) medium collected from NPC and NC co-culture were lysed in SDS-PAGE sample buffer and proteins separated on 10% SDS-PAGE gels. ",
"Gels were stained with Sypro Ruby® protein gel stain (Sigma), and the separated proteins were isolated from the gel according to Heller et al.\\[[@CR43]\\]. ",
"Briefly, peptide sequencing was made on a LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) equipped with a Rheos Allegro nano flow system with AFM flow splitting (Flux Instruments, Reinach, Switzerland) and a nano electrospray ion source operated at a voltage of 1.7 kV. Peptide separation was performed on a Magic C18 column (5 μm, 100 Å, 0.075 × 70 mm) using a flow rate of \\~400 nL/min and a linear gradient of 5 to 40% acetonitrile in water/0.1% (v/v) formic acid over 60 min. ",
"Data acquisition was also done according to Heller et al.\\[[@CR43]\\]. ",
"Using the Hardklör Database, mascot generic files were generated\\[[@CR44]\\]. ",
"Applying a two round strategy, the searches were done with Phenyx\\[[@CR45]\\] against the forward and reversed UniprotKB SwissProt protein database (Release 2013_12) of human entries. ",
"The parameters for the peptide search on the SwissProt protein database were also conducted according to Al Kaabi et al.\\[[@CR46]\\]. ",
"The peptide match score summation (PMSS) value for each identified protein was used as a semi-quantitative abundance estimate. ",
"PMSS values were normalized by division with the median PMSS across all proteins in each sample and multiplication with the median across all samples. ",
"We use the SwissProt ID as the protein name in this manuscript.",
"\n\nHistology {#Sec10}\n---------\n\nThe alginate beads were initially fixed in Tissue-Tek® O.C.T.™ compound (Sakura Finetek Europe, Leiden, The Netherlands) for 20 min and then snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. ",
"Beads were then sectioned in 12 μm slices with a cryotome (Microm HM560, Thermoscientific, Reinach, Switzerland). ",
"For immune-staining, slices were incubated in solutions containing 0.1M CaCl~2~ to prevent dissolution of beads. ",
"The cells were first permeabilized with 100% methanol for 2 min and then blocked with 10% FBS 0.1M CaCl~2~ for 1 hour. ",
"The beads were then incubated with polyclonal rabbit brachyury (H-210) polyclonal primary antibody for 1h at a 1:200 dilution (sc-20109, Santa Cruz biotech, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). ",
"After washing, the primary antibody was visualized with the secondary antibody Alexa Fluor® 488 Goat anti-Rabbit IgG antibody (A1108, Molecular Probes, Invitrogen, Basel, Switzerland) at a 1:500 dilution. ",
"Sections were mounted in ProLong® Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI (P-36931, Molecular Probes) to stain the nuclei and were visualized on an inverted fluorescent microscope (Nikon Eclipse E800, Nikon Instruments, Tokyo, Japan).",
"\n\nStatistical analyses {#Sec11}\n--------------------\n\nAll data are given as relative to the \"pure\" cell population of the same culture day. \"",
"Pure\" is defined as primary isolated cells cultured in 3D and no contact with other cells, i.e., the cells cultured in media lacking FCS and kept in normoxia. ",
"Statistical significance was tested using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis exact test and multiple comparison tests using GraphPad Prism version 5.0f, GraphPad Software, San Diego California USA, <http://www.graphpad.com>.",
"\n\nResults {#Sec12}\n=======\n\nAnalysis of 2D and 3D cell populations {#Sec13}\n--------------------------------------\n\nCytometry was able to distinguish the cell size differences of the different cell types with the forward (F-SC) and side scatter (S-SC) (Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Initially putting cell isolations of different species unlabeled under the flow cytometer revealed the clear size differences of this primary isolated cell population after pronase/collagenase 2 digestion, with cell populations containing NC being much larger in F-SC and S-SC. ",
"This allowed the definition of the major gate for NC based on cell populations from the mixed IVD cell type. ",
"The gate for NPC was based on cells isolated from IVDs lacking the NC fraction, such as bovine and human IVD (Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}C, and D). ",
"Small NPC (\\< 8 μm cell size), a mixed cell population (8-20 μm), and a cell population with mainly large cells (\\>20 μm) were separated. ",
"Of the cells \\> 20 μm, almost all cells had a notochordal cell phenotype at the beginning of the culture. ",
"However, after 1-3 passages in 2D, the originally distinct cell populations turned into populations that were not distinguishable from each other (Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ",
"In contrast, much more NC could be recovered after 34 days of 3D alginate bead culture (around 50%, see Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ",
"Thus, 3D alginate culture seemed to be superior for NC culture as a higher fraction of large NC were revealed after 34 days of culture, compared to the identical cell population cultured in 2D monolayer and with the requirement to passage them three times for the same number of culture days (Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Figure 3**Flow cytometry of cell-sieve sorted unlabeled primary cells isolated from porcine coccygeal intervertebral discs (IVD). ",
"A**. (",
"first raw) flow cytometry of passage 0 IVD cells separated by size with cell sieves of different mesh size and (second raw) change of cell size and composition if IVD cells were kept in monolayer culture for three passages (after three weeks). **",
"B**. ",
"Flow cytometry of unlabeled primary cells comparing the performance of 2D monolayer (lower left) versus 3D alginate culture (lower right). ",
"Parameters of flow cytometer were constant for all measurements. ",
"Axes are FSC-A = forward scatter, SSC-A = side scatter.",
"\n\nCell metabolism, proliferation, and GAG synthesis of 3D co-culture experiments {#Sec14}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAfter 7 days, cell activity, as quantified by resazurin assay, revealed a non-significant change among NC in normoxia (NO) among the four experimental groups (K-W, *p* = 0.117) but was significant among the experimental groups in hypoxia (HY) after 7 days (K-W, *p* = 0.0163, Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ",
"After 14 days, activity was not different among NC groups, neither under NO nor HY (for NO K-W, *p* = 0.322, for HY K-W, *p* = 0.051) (Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}A and B). ",
"Pre-culture of NC prior co-culture revealed in general higher activity in the NC than in the controls after 7 days of co-culture. ",
"However, these effects flattened out after 14 days. ",
"NPC cell activity remained unchanged under NO after 7 days. ",
"There were no significant differences in cell activity among the NPC and the AFC experimental groups, whether they were cultured in NO or HY (Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}E and F). ",
"The GAG/DNA ratio among the NC groups was significantly different after 7 days in both NO (K-W, *p* = 0.023, Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}A) and HY conditions (K-W, *p* = 0.016 for HY, Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}A), and the ratio remained significantly different after 14 days in HY (K-W, *p* = 0.044, Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ",
"In NO conditions, the GAG/DNA ratio of pure NPC was decreased on day 14 to 89.9 ± 38.3% (mean ± SEM) (Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}D). ",
"When these NPC were co-cultured with NC 1:1, which were never exposed to FCS, the GAG/DNA ratio dropped after 7 days (i.e. 77.1 ± 18.68%, Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ",
"However, in NO, if we added NCCM or co-cultured NPC with NC, which were exposed to 10% FCS during pre-culture, the ratio tended to be increased (190.6 ± 112.8%) or by addition of NCCM (140.1 ± 71.5%, Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}D) after 14 days. ",
"However, this was statistically non-significant among NPC groups (K-W, *p* = 0.964). ",
"In HY, however, the ratio tended to be elevated to 152.1 ± 50.2% for the CoC and to 195.7% ± 112.5% for the NCCM group (Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}D). ",
"After 14 days of culture, these trends were maintained, but these were not significant.",
"Figure 4**Cell activity of primary cells in 3D alginate bead co-culture. ",
"A**, **B**. ",
"Porcine notochordal cells (NC) **C**, **D**. ",
"Bovine nucleus pulposus cells (NPC) and **E**, **F**. ",
"Bovine annulus fibrosus cells (AFC). ",
"The activity was measured by resazurin assay after day 7 (**A**, **C**, **E**, left side) and 14 days (**B**, **D**, **F**, right side) in normoxic (in blue) and hypoxic (in brown) conditions (mean ± SEM, N = 4 co-culture repeats). ",
"\\*Indicates p \\< 0.05.Figure 5**GAG/DNA ratio of primary cells in 3D alginate bead co-culture. ",
"A**, **B**. ",
"Porcine notochordal cells (NC) **C**, **D**. ",
"Bovine nucleus pulposus cells (NPC) and **E**, **F**. ",
"Bovine annulus fibrosus cells (AFC). ",
"The ratio was measured after day 7 (**A**, **C**, **E**, left side) and 14 days (**B**, **D**, **F**, right side) of culture in normoxic (in blue) and hypoxic (in brown) conditions (mean ± SEM, N = 4 co-culture repeats). ",
"\\*Indicates p \\< 0.05.",
"\n\nRelative gene expression of NC {#Sec15}\n------------------------------\n\nACAN expression of NC was found up-regulated around ten times in the co-culture groups with NPC and previous exposure to FCS, compared to the pure cell population without previous contact with FCS, both in NO and HY (Figure [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ",
"Further, we found that ACAN gene expression were more pronounced in the co-cultures supplied with 10% FCS and were more strongly expressed in the NO cultures (Figure [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Collagen type 2 expression was up-regulated much stronger in all groups cultured in NO but much less in HY. ",
"The gene expression of one of the major genes for the characterization of the notochordal cells -- brachyury (T) --- showed a weak up-regulation after 14 days of culture in the HY group, but not in the NO group (Figure [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}C).Figure 6**Relative gene expression of porcine NC in co-culture with bovine NPC in 3D alginate microspheres after 14 days of culture in normoxic (in blue) and hypoxic conditions (in brown). ",
"A**. ",
"Aggrecan (ACAN) expression, **B**. ",
"Collagen type 2 (col2) expression, **C**. ",
"Brachyury (T) expression, **D**. ",
"CD24 expression \\*indicates p \\< 0.05. ",
"Gene expression is given relative to the pure NC without FCS and in normoxia (NO) at 14 days. ",
"CoC = co-culture with NPC, FCS = 7 days pre-culture in medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (mean ± SEM, N = 4 co-culture repeats).",
"\n\nRelative gene expression of NPC {#Sec16}\n-------------------------------\n\nRT-PCR data suggested that CD24 expression in bovine NPC (Figure [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}), the NP-specific surface marker, was expressed differently in NO and HY conditions. ",
"While there was only a weak effect between the experimental groups of co-culture, however, the effect of the oxygen level was significant (K-W, p = 0.034). ",
"However, according to the ACAN/col2 ratio criterion, the most \"IVD-like\" gene expression pattern among all investigated NPC groups was identified in HY and by co-culture with NC that were previously activated with FCS or by addition of NCCM (Figure [8](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Figure 7**Relative gene expression of bovine NPC in co-culture of bovine NC in 3D alginate microspheres after 14 days of culture in normoxic (in blue) and hypoxic (in brown) conditions. ",
"A**. ",
"Aggrecan (ACAN) expression, **B**. ",
"Collagen type 2 (col2) expression, **C**. ",
"CD24 expression. ",
"\\*Indicates p \\< 0.05. ",
"Gene expression is given relative to the pure NPC without FCS and in normoxia (NO) at 14 days, CoC = co-culture with NC, FCS = 7 days pre-culture in medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (mean ± SEM, N = 4 co-culture repeats).Figure 8**ACAN/col2 ratio of relative gene expression of bovine nucleus pulposus cells (NPC) cultured for 14 days either in normoxia (NO = 20% oxygen) or hypoxia (HY = 2% oxygen).** ",
"NCCM = porcine notochordal cells conditioned medium, CoC = co-culture with NC, FCS = 7 days pre-culture in medium containing 10% fetal calf serum.",
"\n\nHistology {#Sec17}\n---------\n\nThe immune histology of NC in beads for brachyury (T) revealed a slightly stronger expression in the case of NO culture conditions compared to HY but the strongest effect was seen if NC were kept \"boosted\" in media containing 10% FCS for 7 days previous to co-culture (Figure [9](#Fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Figure 9**Immunological staining of brachyury (\"T\", green) expression on porcine NC in alginate bead cryosections (12** **μm) and DAPI stain for nuclei after 14 days of culture in presence or absence of initial pre-culture with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and cultured either in normoxia (\\~20% oxygen) or hypoxia (2% oxygen).** ",
"Inlet in the upper left represents day 4 porcine NC cultured on cover slips in monolayer and stained for T. Inlet in the lower right represents a negative control lacking the primary antibody.",
"\n\nMass spectrometry of NCCM {#Sec18}\n-------------------------\n\nFor the analysis of the medium protein profile (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}, Additional file[1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}: Table S1), we screened for strong signal differences between the unconditioned and the conditioned medium (pooled after 7 days of serum-free culture). ",
"A full table of the Swiss Prot search of identified proteins can be obtained as an additional supplemental, Additional file[1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}: Table S1. ",
"We found that the CTGF increased in the conditioned medium, which has been identified in canine notochordal cells by Erwin et al.\\[[@CR24]\\]. ",
"Further, we found a high concentration of the serum amyloid A-2 protein (SAA2_MUSVI), an outbreak protein identified in immune burst reactions (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"} and Additional file[1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}: Table S1).Table 2**Summary of mass spectrometric analysis of the most interesting proteins related to the IVD extracellular matrix homeostasis identified in serum free medium (SFM) on day 0, conditioned medium (NCCM) of pure NC collected after 7 days and co-culture (CoC) medium of 1:1 NC: NPC co-culture (CoC) after 7 days CoC**IDFull nameSFMNCCMCoC 1:1cnts***ECM***CO1A1_BOVINcollagen type 1 A1 chain20.0**46.433.6**3CO1A2_BOVINcollagen type 1 A2 chain23.4**40.136.5**3CO5A1_HUMANCollagen alpha-1(V) chain24.0**40.036.0**3CO6_BOVINCollagen alpha-1(VI) chain**57.142.9**0.02COMP_HUMANCartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP)26.8**36.636.6**3***Cytokines***CTGF_PIGConnective tissue growth factor0.0**40.060.0**2CXL16_PIGC-X-C motif chemokine 160.00.0**100.0**1GALA_BOVINGalanin message-associated peptide (GMAP)0.00.0**100.0**1IBP2_PIGInsulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IBP-2)0.0**61.838.2**2IBP5_HUMANInsulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IBP-5)6.80.0**93.2**2IL6_BOVINInterleukin-6 (IL-6) \\[CHAIN 0\\]0.00.0**100.0**1***Metalloproteinases***MMP1_HORSEInterstitial collagenase (MMP-1)0.0**100.0**0.01MMP1_PIG18 kDa interstitial collagenase0.0**86.5**13.52MMP2_BOVINPEX0.00.0**100.0**1***Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases***TIMP1_BOVINMetalloproteinase inhibitor 1 (EG-1, TIMP-1)0.00.0**100.0**1TIMP1_PIGMetalloproteinase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1)0.0**47.452.6**2***Proteases***HTRA1_HUMANSerine protease HTRA10.00.0**100.0**1***Other***ALBU_PIGSerum albumin0.0**59.640.4**2PRDX1_HUMANPeroxiredoxin-1 (NKEF-A) (PAG)0.0**100.0**0.01PRG4_HUMANProteoglycan 4 C-terminal part \\[ISOFORM E\\]0.00.0**100.0**1SAA1_MUSVISerum amyloid A-1 protein0.0**100.0**0.01SAA2_MUSVIAmyloid protein A \\[CHAIN 0\\]0.0**78.0**22.02CLC11_HUMANC-type lectin domain family 11 member A0.00.0**100.0**1SFM = serum free medium control, CoC 1:1 = NPC: NC Co-Culture, NCCM = Conditioned Medium.",
"The numbers indicate peptide spectrum matches, expressed as percentage from the total over all three media. ",
"Cells were kept under normoxia.",
"Number in bold are percentages \\> 33%.",
"\n\nDiscussion {#Sec19}\n==========\n\nPhenotype of NC {#Sec20}\n---------------\n\nThe NC phenotype is specific in the sense that cells are relatively large in size\\[[@CR47]\\] and highly dependent on nutrition because of a high cellular activity\\[[@CR23], [@CR28]\\]. ",
"Here, we present data that clearly demonstrate that in monolayer cell culture, NC seem to be outcompeted by the small chondrocyte-like NPC (Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Of course, we cannot conclude from our unlabeled FACS cytometric data whether the NC differentiated into NPC or whether NPC simply grew faster than NC. ",
"However, a recent time-lapse microscopy study by Kim et al.\\[[@CR48]\\] showed that NC populations harvested from the spine of mature New Zealand white rabbits proliferate much slower than the smaller chondrocyte-like cells (i.e. defined as NPC in our case). ",
"These authors, furthermore, demonstrated, using time-lapse cell-tracking microscopy, that by looking closer into the NC fraction, there are different cell types present, i.e., vacuolated, giant and polygonal cells that differ in cell proliferation and speed of cell motility. ",
"These authors suggested that NC differentiated in vitro into these three morphologically different cell types. ",
"The negative effects of monolayer culture for the maintenance for NC has also been demonstrated by Rastogi et al.\\[[@CR26]\\], who cultured rat NC in monolayer in NO and HY. ",
"They found that 3D alginate culture maintained the NC phenotype better compared to 2D monolayer. ",
"The rapid loss of NC over time can be partially prevented by 3D alginate culture for up to 34 days, as was revealed in this study (Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Considering our data and the published work, it is still unclear which scenario might be true. ",
"We further confirm a strong nutrient dependency (by addition or lack of FCS), as has been found previously\\[[@CR28]\\]. ",
"We can clearly confirm a strong dependency of NC to culture medium composition and also oxygen content, as revealed by cell activity and GAG/DNA ratio data (Figures [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and[5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"We found a trend towards increased GAG/DNA ratio if NC were kept in medium containing 10% FCS (Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"It has been demonstrated that NC and NPC differ in cell size, nutrition\\[[@CR28]\\], surface markers\\[[@CR49]\\], and mechanosensitivity\\[[@CR29]\\]. ",
"It was found that NC glucose consumption rate is higher than in NPC under identical culture conditions\\[[@CR28]\\]. ",
"Furthermore, the clear size differences were confirmed by non-invasive femtosecond laser microscopy\\[[@CR47]\\]. ",
"Furthermore, the NC differ by the presence of large vacuoles, which can be separated by the size-scatter of FACS analysis\\[[@CR3], [@CR6]\\], as has also been shown by our study. ",
"These large vacuoles found in NC of the intervertebral disc have been attributed to a possible functional role in osmoregulation\\[[@CR50]\\]. ",
"It has been noted that these vacuoles are not present anymore in the NC after long-time in-vitro culture of 28 days using porcine NC\\[[@CR27], [@CR51]\\]. ",
"No such complete loss of vacuoles but a reduction in numbers were reported by other in vitro studies using rat or rabbit NC\\[[@CR26], [@CR48]\\]. ",
"Transcriptomics that compare the NC and the NPC cell population revealed that there are only about 20 genes really distinct between these two cell types\\[[@CR10], [@CR52]\\]. ",
"A number of cell surface markers that separate these two cell populations have been identified\\[[@CR49]\\]. ",
"Weiler et al.\\[[@CR53]\\] found that cells in the human fetal and juvenile NP with the typical morphology of the notochord (physaliferous) express the markers cytokeratin CK-8, -18, -19, and Galectin-3\\[[@CR54]\\]. ",
"Another NC-typical marker is brachyury (T), which was investigated in this study. ",
"We found that the notochordal homeobox gene marker T did not change when altering the culture conditions but decreased about 10-fold under normoxia at the RNA level (Figure [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Immunohistology staining confirmed this finding and showed a slight increase of T expression in the case of hypoxia (Figure [9](#Fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Potier et al.\\[[@CR27]\\] found a general loss of the NC phenotype and loss of the markers cytokeratin 8 and 19 (KRT8, 19) in their co-culture system of NC, NPC, and mesenchymal stem cells over 28 days of culture. ",
"Gilson et al.\\[[@CR49]\\] found that pig NPC, which are phenotypically similar to human infant NPC, were all KRT8 positive. ",
"This has been recently confirmed by another histological study on human tissue; the authors furthermore demonstrated that KRT8 is down-regulated with onset of IVD degeneration\\[[@CR55]\\]. ",
"However, as we did not look into KRT8 expression in this study, we cannot comment on the validity of the KRT8 marker. ",
"Interestingly, a strong effect between hypoxic and normoxic condition was found in the surface marker CD24 in the NPC (K-W test, *p* = 0.034) (Figure [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}), such that CD24 was higher expressed under HY. ",
"This finding is in agreement with the culture study presented by Rastogi et al.\\[[@CR26]\\] where they kept NC in alginate beads and in hypoxia and normoxia. ",
"Thus, CD24 might indeed represent a sensitive marker for the NC phenotype. ",
"CD24, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor protein, has been proposed as a NP-specific marker\\[[@CR26], [@CR41]\\]. ",
"Finally, a Tie2+ cell population has been recently reported about, which reflects a stem cell population in the IVD, which decreases rapidly with age\\[[@CR56]\\]. ",
"These cells, as well as induced progenitor (iPS) cells, seem to express CD24 and can be enriched via this surface marker\\[[@CR16], [@CR56]\\]. ",
"iPS cells, which hold potential for the regeneration of the IVD, could at least theoretically be produced from both NC and NPC. ",
"However, it is still unclear which cell type would be more potent and suitable.",
"\n\nOptimizing NC culture conditions {#Sec21}\n--------------------------------\n\nNC are perfectly adapted to a low oxygen environment. ",
"They can produce a better-aligned ECM under hypoxic conditions\\[[@CR20]\\]. ",
"Here, we cultured the cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. ",
"We found that the GAG/DNA ratio of the NC could be significantly increased indeed under HY rather than NO after 14 days (Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ",
"However, in terms of the better maintenance of a notochord phenotype, the expression of T was higher under HY than in NO from both gene expression and immune-staining data. ",
"It could also be that keeping the NC in clusters rather than completely isolated by digestion and increasing the osmolarity from 230 mOsm/L to 400 mOsm/L could preserve the porcine NC phenotype better in culture\\[[@CR51]\\]. ",
"Interestingly, we found that by applying indirect co-culture or applying the CM to the bovine NPC, we could obtain a ACAN/col 2 ratio, which was most favorable for the IVD phenotype, in the order of a 1:1 ratio as found in rabbit cells\\[[@CR32]\\] (Figure [8](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Similar findings were obtained by previous studies culturing NC or NPC under hypoxia\\[[@CR16], [@CR20], [@CR31], [@CR57]\\]. ",
"We cultured the NC in high glucose DMEM (i.e. with 25 mM glucose) either in serum-free medium or medium supplemented with 10% FCS. ",
"Park and Park\\[[@CR58]\\] found that the cell proliferation of NC was significantly decreased at glucose concentrations of 100 mM, 200 mM, and 400 mM and apoptosis was increased via the intrinsic pathway with dose- and time-dependent effects. ",
"Guehring et al.\\[[@CR28]\\] tested the nutrient sensitivity of NC depleting glucose from 5 mM to 0 mM and found a strong nutrient sensitivity of these cells. ",
"Future experiments could be to test culture conditions on NC viability in the 5-20 mM range and adjusting osmolarity.",
"\n\nComposition of NCCM {#Sec22}\n-------------------\n\nThe analysis of the NCCM by mass spectrometry revealed the presence of expected anabolic proteins, such as the collagens 1, 5, and 6, which these cells produce in 2D and surely in 3D culture (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Notably, collagen type 2 was not hit by the SwissProt blast. ",
"There were also two MMPs detected (MMP1 and MMP2) detected, which is not unexpected given the nature of the NC and NPC. ",
"However, unexpectedly, neither MMP3 nor MMP13 were hit by the SwissProt search in the NCCM. ",
"These missed proteins might be due to the limited approach to analyzing the NCCM and CoC-medium presented here. ",
"Future experimental work could specifically isolate the vacuoles of the NC through centrifugation methods and then perform mass spectrometry analysis on these fractions, which might reveal more focused spectrum searches. ",
"Another interesting candidate found by the SwissProt search was High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase (HTRA1) that was present in the case of the 7 days CoC of NC with NPC (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}, Additional file[1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}: Table S1). ",
"This enzyme has been described as a potential key enzyme in intervertebral disc degeneration\\[[@CR59], [@CR60]\\] and was specifically expressed here by NPC and not by NC.",
"\n\nConclusions {#Sec23}\n===========\n\nNC were sensitive to the addition of FCS to the culture medium after 7 days of co-culture but these effects were not longer evident after 14 days. ",
"The cell activity was highly reduced in hypoxia compared to normoxia (Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}A and B).NC produced significantly more GAG/DNA after stimulation with 10% FCS in NO and HY after 7 days culture and in HY after 14 days culture (Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}A and B).NPC tended to produce more GAG/DNA in presence of NC that have been activated previously with FCS or by addition of NCCM (Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}C and D).AFC, however, did not respond at all to the presence of NC nor NCCM (Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}E and F).Hypoxia and indirect co-culture of FCS-stimulated NC or addition of NCCM resulted in a NPC phenotype, which was most IVD-like according to the ACAN/col2 ratio (Figure [8](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Connective Tissue Growth factor (CTGF, syn. ",
"CCN2) has been confirmed to be present in the conditioned medium of porcine NC and in NC: NPC co-cultures (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\nElectronic supplementary material\n=================================\n\n {#Sec24}\n\n###### \n\nAdditional file 1: Table S1: Mass spectrometric comparison between serum free medium (SFM), co-culture medium of 1:1 NC: NPC co-culture (CoC) (collected after 7 days) and conditioned medium (NCCM) of pure NC. ",
"The numbers indicate peptide spectrum matches and sequence coverage. (",
"XLS 410 KB)\n\nBelow are the links to the authors' original submitted files for images.",
"Authors' original file for figure 1Authors' original file for figure 2Authors' original file for figure 3Authors' original file for figure 4Authors' original file for figure 5Authors' original file for figure 6Authors' original file for figure 7Authors' original file for figure 8Authors' original file for figure 9\n\nAFC\n\n: Annulus fibrosus cells\n\nCOC\n\n: Co-culture\n\nFCS\n\n: Fetal calf serum\n\nKRT\n\n: Keratin\n\nMMP\n\n: Metalloproteinase\n\nNO\n\n: Normoxia\n\nNCCM\n\n: Notochordal cell-derived conditioned medium\n\nNPC\n\n: Nucleus pulposus cells\n\nHY\n\n: Hypoxia\n\npNC\n\n: Porcine notochordal cells.",
"\n\n**Competing interests**\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.",
"\n\n**Authors' contributions**\n\nBG: data collection, preparation of manuscript, experimental design and interpretation, funding; EC: data collection; KWK preparation of manuscript, data interpretation; LMB and MJBK: experimental design, guidance and funding; SCW: data interpretation; All authors read and approved the final manuscript.",
"\n\nThis work was supported by a Swiss National Science Project \\# 310030_153411 and a grant by the Mäxi Foundation, Center of Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM) Start-up Grant, University of Zürich. ",
"The imaging part of this study was performed with the facility of the Microscopy Imaging Center (MIC), University of Bern and the mass spectrometry was done in the Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Core Facility at the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern.",
"\n"
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[
"Aurelio Espinosa Pólit\n\nAurelio Espinosa Pólit (Quito, July 11, 1894 – February 21, 1961) was an Ecuadorian writer, poet, literary critic, and university professor. ",
"He co-founded the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, and he founded the Aurelio Espinosa Polit Museum and Library in Quito.",
"\n\nHe was a Jesuit priest, in the religious order Society of Jesus. ",
"He worked on more than 600 pieces and books in his lifetime, and was a renowned translator. ",
"He translated into Spanish the complete works of the Latin poets Virgil and Horacio and the Greek playwright Sophocles. ",
"He was the first rector of the Pontifical Catholic University, where he also taught Greek language and Greek literature. ",
"He was well-versed in Latin and Greek, and spoke English, French, Spanish, and Italian fluently.",
"\n\nWorks\nEssays\n\n Virgilio, el poeta y su misión providencial (Quito, 1932)\n Sófocles. ",
"Edipo Rey en verso castellano (Quito, 1935-1945)\n Dieciocho clases de literatura (Quito, 1947)\n El Lebrel del Cielo de Francis Thompson. ",
"Semblanza, versión poética y comentario (Quito, 1948)\n Posiciones católicas en educación (Quito, 1953)\n Temas ecuatorianos (Quito, 1954)\n Gramática latina y escritos complementarios (Quito, 1958)\n Curso de cultura superior religiosa (Quito, 1958)\n Los dos primeros poetas coloniales ecuatorianos, siglos XVII y XVIII: Antonio de Bastidas y Juan Bautista Aguirre (Puebla, 1959)\n Síntesis virgiliana (Quito, 1960)\n Epistolario de José Joaquín de Olmedo (Puebla, 1960)\n Poesía y prosa de José Joaquín de Olmedo (Puebla, 1960)\n Los jesuitas quiteños del extrañamiento (Puebla, 1960)\n Bucólicas, Geórgicas y Eneida. (",
"México, 1961)\n Trozos selectos de autores ecuatorianos (Quito, 1962).",
"\n La Cooperación de los padres en la educación\n Los Clásicos de la Literatura ecuatoriana\n La dicha en que vivimo (1940)\n Formación de la Juventud (1947)\n Dieciocho clases de Literatura (1947)\n Reseña histórica del Himno Nacional Ecuatoriano (1948)\n El Himno Nacional de Juan León Mera\n Olmedo en la Historia y en las Letras\n Edición crítica de la vida de Santa Mariana de Jesús del P. Jacinto Moran de Butrón\n Santa Mariana de Jesús, hija de la Compañía de Jesús, estudio histórico ascético de su espiritualidad\n Alzando el velo del silencio, vida meditada, de San José\n José María Egas, una voz renovada en la poesía ecuatoriana (1963\n * Eminente promotor de las obras del mejor poeta ambiental, sacerdotal y humano del Ecuador el Dr. Carlos Suarez Veintimilla.",
"\n\nTranslations\n Virgilio en verso castellano\n Siete poesías sagradas de Florence Bennett Anderson (1937)\nPoetry\n Del mismo laúd (1914)\n Alma adentro (1938)\n Estaciones y cristofanías (1944)\n La fuente intermitente (1946).",
"\n\nBiography\n Olmedo en la historia y en las letras. ",
"Siete estudios (Quito, 1955)\n Santa Mariana de Jesús, hija de la Compañía de Jesús (Quito, 1956)\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1894 births\nCategory:1961 deaths\nCategory:Ecuadorian male writers\nCategory:People from Quito\nCategory:Ecuadorian Jesuits\nCategory:Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador faculty\nCategory:20th-century Roman Catholic priests"
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"INTRODUCTION {#SEC1}\n============\n\nValuable cancer-related RNA sequencing resources like TCGA and GTEx ([@B1]) have provided ample opportunities for data mining and deeper understanding of gene functions. ",
"As these data became available to researchers, numerous methods and procedures for analyzing large gene expression datasets also emerged, some of which were later accepted as common practices for mining such data. ",
"Survival analysis, for example, allows the identification of links between gene expression levels and prognostic outcomes, and hence has been widely used for evaluating the clinical relevance of a given gene. ",
"To facilitate the intuitive and interactive application of such methods to the TCGA and the GTEx datasets, we initially developed the GEPIA web server in 2016 ([@B4]). ",
"Armed with functionalities such as differential expression analysis, survival analysis, and similar gene identification, GEPIA provided experimental biologists and clinicians with a handy tool to explore TCGA and GTEx datasets. ",
"GEPIA has aided the investigation of various genes in multiple cancer types ([@B5],[@B6]), and led to the identification of potential biomarkers ([@B7]) and therapeutic targets ([@B8],[@B9]).",
"\n\nAs we continuously accommodate the feedbacks and requests from our users, we have identified new angles to explore the TCGA and GTEx resources, and have thus developed a much-enhanced new version of GEPIA, named GEPIA2. ",
"For example, alternative splicing, resulting in different isoform usages, has gained traction in cancer target finding ([@B10]). ",
"In GEPIA2, we utilized the UCSC Xena ([@B11]) recomputed data of TCGA and GTEx for 198,619 coding and a series of other non-coding transcripts, and developed new computational functionalities to explore such events. ",
"Additionally, cancers are often comprised by heterogeneous subtypes with distinct prognosis. ",
"For instance, MSI and MSS colorectal cancers respond differently to chemotherapy and immunotherapy ([@B12]). ",
"To better investigate the underlying biological mechanisms of different cancer subtypes, GEPIA2 allows users to fine-tune their analyses to focus on each of the 84 cancer subtypes, and to compare across different subtypes. ",
"Furthermore, with single-cell sequencing becoming widely available, new paradigms of analysis have surfaced. ",
"In particular, gene signatures are often used to interrogate the composition of tumor microenvironment ([@B13]) and the functional status of infiltrating immune content ([@B14]). ",
"Such techniques are also integrated in to GEPIA2 as we provide signature-based functionalities with a curated list of signatures for efficient investigation. ",
"Finally, GEPIA2 provides features to process user-uploaded expression data and compare such data with the large collection of TCGA and GTEx samples.",
"\n\nMETHODS AND IMPLEMENTATION {#SEC2}\n==========================\n\nWe added a collection of new features and upgraded multiple previous features in GEPIA2. ",
"To widen the analysis usage from gene level to isoform level and to better delineate different pathological status, isoform expression data and cancer subtype information are made available. ",
"The features in GEPIA2 are divided into two major topics: Expression Analysis and Custom Data Analysis. ",
"The Expression Analysis contains eight tabs: General, Differential Genes, Expression DIY, Survival Analysis, Isoform Details, Correlation Analysis, Similar Genes Detection and Dimensionality Reduction. ",
"Custom Data Analysis contains two tabs: Cancer Subtype Classifier and Expression Comparison (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"These features allow users to analyze the existing data and upload their own data for analysis based on different interactive functions. ",
"In addition to the web-based interface, we also provide a python package, to allow easy access of GEPIA2 analyses from a command-line environment. ",
"An overview for each new and upgraded feature is given in the following sections.",
"\n\n{#F1}\n\nNEW FEATURES {#SEC3}\n============\n\nSurvival map {#SEC3-1}\n------------\n\nGEPIA2 performs survival analyses based on gene or isoform expression levels. ",
"Given a list of custom cancer types, GEPIA2 would provide a heat map to show the survival analysis result based on multiple cancer types (Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The red blocks denote higher and blue ones lower risk, with an increase in the gene or isoform expression. ",
"The blocks with darkened frames indicate statistical significance in prognostic analyses. ",
"Since gene survival analyses can be context-dependent ([@B15]), this function allows users to screen for the prognostic impact of a gene or an isoform across different cancer types.",
"\n\n{#F2}\n\nIsoform usage profiling {#SEC3-2}\n-----------------------\n\nFor a given gene and a list of custom cancer types, GEPIA2 generates the violin-plot and bar-plot panels for presenting the expression distribution and the isoform usage of each isoforms in the given gene (Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Users can view the protein translation of each isoform in different cancer types and find the cancer specific isoform or isoform 'switch' event ([@B16]) in a certain cancer type. ",
"Meanwhile, GEPIA2 provides the isoform protein domain structure plots based on the prediction of Pfam for exhibiting the structural differences between each isoform.",
"\n\nUploaded expression data comparison {#SEC3-3}\n-----------------------------------\n\nGEPIA2 bridges the gap between users' custom data and the public cancer genomic data. ",
"This function enables users to upload their own data for performing differential analysis with the tumor or normal data from TCGA or GTEx projects. ",
"After the Quantile-normalization ([@B17]) or other two additional normalization strategies (inspired by GenomeSpace ([@B18])) based on the uploaded dataset and the target dataset on the server, GEPIA2 performs the differential expression analysis and return result in boxplot.",
"\n\nCancer-subtype Classifier {#SEC3-4}\n-------------------------\n\nWith this function, users can accurately predict the cancer type or cancer-subtype of their uploaded samples based on the gene expression. ",
"The classifier is trained by TCGA expression data. ",
"For each sample, the probability of this sample belonging to each subtype would be listed below. ",
"We provide two modes to work with the classifier by choosing the actual cancer type first and predict for its corresponding subtypes or directly predict with the range of all cancer subtypes. ",
"The former way provides a more sensitive result, and the latter will be more useful for the identification of the cancer with unknown origin.",
"\n\nUPGRADES {#SEC4}\n========\n\nIsoform analysis {#SEC4-1}\n----------------\n\nExcept for multiple gene comparison and dimensionality reduction functions, GEPIA2 allows users to perform all expression analyses at the isoform level (Table [1](#tbl1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Users can input an isoform symbol (e.g. ERBB2--001) or an Ensembl ID (e.g. ENST00000584601) to analyze an isoform of interest. ",
"Using different features, users can profile the isoform expression across different cancer types, obtain the differentially expressed isoforms, discover the prognostic isoforms and examine the correlation between two isoforms. ",
"Meanwhile, analyses based on both the gene and isoform levels could be performed to reveal the similarities or differences between them.",
"\n\n###### \n\nTable describing the new features and improvements in the GEPIA2 visualization tools\n\n Gene Isoform Gene signature Cancer subtype Python package\n -------------------------- ---------------------------------- ------ --------- ---------------- ---------------- ----------------\n General ✓ ✓ \n Differential genes ✓ ✓ \n Expression DIY Gene expression profile ✓ ✓ \n Box plots ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓\n Pathological stage plot ✓ ✓ \n Multiple gene comparison ✓ \n Survival analysis Survival plots ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓\n Most differential survival genes ✓ ✓ \n Survival Map ✓ ✓ ✓\n Isoform details Isoform usage ✓ \n Isoform structure ✓ \n Correlation analysis ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ \n Similar genes detection ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ \n Dimensionality reduction ✓ \n\nSignature score {#SEC4-2}\n---------------\n\nThis function analyzes the prevalence of a gene signature in TCGA and GTEx samples. ",
"The mean value of the log~2~(TPM + 1) is used as the signature score. ",
"Based on the signature score, users can obtain the distribution of cell-type signature genes, such as effector T cell and exhausted T cell signature genes, across different cancer types. ",
"Meanwhile, GEPIA2 can calculate the correlation between two signatures and check their prognostic impact.",
"\n\nCancer subtypes {#SEC4-3}\n---------------\n\nThe subtype information on GEPIA2 allows users to select their subtype of interest for differential expression analysis or survival analysis. ",
"For the Box Plots feature, once users select the custom subtypes, they can select 'Stacked', 'Separated' or 'Comparing Across Subtypes' for different purposes. '",
"Stacked' indicates the approach to combine all the samples from selected subtypes prior to differential expression analysis with normal samples. '",
"Separated' means the method to perform differential expression analysis separately with normal samples. '",
"Comparing Across Subtypes' selection performs the differential expression analysis among the selected subtypes.",
"\n\nDOCUMENTS AND AVAILABILITY {#SEC5}\n==========================\n\nThe GEPIA2 website is built in a similar architecture to GEPIA, using a combination of HTML5, JavaScript, and PHP for interactive controls. ",
"On the server side, GEPIA2 accesses and processes data using R and Perl scripts. ",
"We downloaded the TCGA and GTEx isoform expression data that are re-computed from raw RNA-Seq data by the UCSC Xena project ([@B11]) based on a uniform pipeline and collected different cancer subtypes information from TCGA papers. ",
"The datasets are stored in a MySQL relational database (version 5.7.17).",
"\n\nThe GEPIA2 website is freely available to all users. ",
"GEPIA2 documentation and example pages are available and can be accessed by clicking the 'Help' link in the left navigation bar. ",
"Meanwhile, clicking the 'Help' button in each feature can open the collapsed tooltips, which contain the concise explanations and detail of each parameter. ",
"All plotting features in GEPIA2 are developed using similar packages and program as GEPIA ([@B4]). ",
"For more easily using, we use the dashboard to present the analysis in GEPIA2.",
"\n\nGEPIA2 python API provides users with access to GEPIA2's analyses from a programming environment. ",
"Designed to perform multiple requests for our service, it boosts the efficiency of users by allowing batch process and streamlining results retrieval. ",
"The API is implemented in python language and we provide a tutorial for users to utilize the API. ",
"The python package provides access to 5 functionalities: boxplot, similar, correlation, survival and survival map.",
"\n\nFinally, we maintain a forum for users to discuss about the questions, problems or suggestions about GEPIA2.",
"\n\nRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS {#SEC6}\n=======================\n\nGEPIA2 facilitates easy exploration of the large TCGA and GTEx datasets for experimental scientists. ",
"The availability of new data and new functionalities allow them to ask specific questions and test their hypotheses at a higher resolution. ",
"Although platforms like GenomeSpace allow users to perform similar analyses online, GEPIA2 provides a direct toolset to address these needs. ",
"Based on the new features and the improvements of the GEPIA2, users can focus on these important tasks:\n\nImmune-cell clusters analysis {#SEC6-1}\n-----------------------------\n\nRecently, single cell analyses based on the immune cells have gain tractions for different cancer types ([@B14],[@B19],[@B20]). ",
"Gene signatures of existing and novel immune-cell clusters have been identified. ",
"However, the existing data cannot present the expression distribution of a certain immune-cell cluster across cancer types. ",
"In this case, researchers can use GEPIA2 to easily obtain the immune-cell cluster signature profile in a pan-cancer manner. ",
"For example, one can readily find that Th1-like signature in stomach tumors is significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues (Figure [2C](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Furthermore, researchers can validate the prognostic impact of these immune-cell clusters in a given cancer type.",
"\n\nSubtype-specific prognostic analysis {#SEC6-2}\n------------------------------------\n\n*P*rognostic genes in different cancer types have been identified recently ([@B21]). ",
"These prognostic genes were identified based on a general cancer type rather than cancer subtype. ",
"However, different cancer subtypes in a cancer type can be distinct. ",
"For instance, triple-negative breast cancer has a ∼15% lower five-year survival rate compared to other breast cancer subtypes. ",
"It is thus desirable to perform prognostic analysis at a higher resolution. ",
"Based on the outputs of GEPIA2, we found that MAPK6 showed no association with breast cancer survival while it exhibited significant association with unfavorable prognostic outcome in Lumina A subtype (Figure [2D](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\nCONCLUSIONS {#SEC7}\n===========\n\nWe introduce GEPIA2 that significantly enhances the functionalities of GEPIA. ",
"By May 2019, GEPIA has been cited 414 times according to Google Scholar and has processed ∼400 000 analysis requests from ∼110 000 distinct IP addresses worldwide. ",
"In GEPIA2, the newly available isoform quantification and cancer subtype information will push the analyses to a higher resolution. ",
"New analysis methods like isoform usage profiling and custom data analysis arm users with a larger arsenal for deeper and wider interrogation of their genes of interest. ",
"With these new features, we believe GEPIA2 will be one of the most preferred tools for experimental biologists and clinicians to explore the big cancer genomics data.",
"\n\nZ.T., B.K. and T.C. designed the user interface; Z.T. and T.C. constructed the integrated datasets, and constructed the backend computation pipeline; Z.T. and C.L. developed the interactive analysis tools; B.K. and Z.T. wrote the server documents. ",
"C.L. and B.K. built the server base system; Z.Z. obtained funding and supervised the project, and oversaw the manuscript preparation. ",
"We thank Lei Zhang and Qiming Zhang among many others for providing critical comments.",
"\n\nFUNDING {#SEC9}\n=======\n\nBeijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Genomics at Peking University, Key Technologies R&D Program \\[2016YFC0900100\\]; National Natural Science Foundation of China \\[81573022, 31530036, 91742203\\]. ",
"Funding for open access charge: Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Genomics at Peking University, Key Technologies R&D Program \\[2016YFC0900100\\]; National Natural Science Foundation of China \\[81573022, 31530036, 91742203\\].",
"\n\n*Conflict of interest statement*. ",
"None declared.",
"\n\n[^1]: The authors wish it to be known that, in their opinion, the first two authors should be regarded as joint First Authors.",
"\n\n[^2]: This author will join IBM China Research Laboratory (CRL) as a research scientist.",
"\n"
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"Q:\n\nJavaScript: Banner code changing\n\nI want to change the behavior of a JavaScript used to display a banner, coming from a central source.",
"\nToday I include a script-tag inline in code, like this:\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"http://banner.com/b?id=1234\"></script>\n\nBut what that returns is code which uses document.write, like this:\nif(condition) {\n document.write('<a href=\"...\"><img src=\"...\" /></a>')\n}\n\nI want to somehow override this document.write and maybe evaluate the returned code and instead use a JavaScript-framework to bind code to a div-element at DOM ready.",
"\nIs there a way to do that? ",
"Something like this?:",
"\nOnDOMReady() {\n BindBanner(1234);\n}\nBindBanner(bannerId) {\n var divTag = document.getElementById('banner_' + bannerId);\n divTag.innerHtml = ManipulatedReturenedCode(bannerId);\n}\n\nCan JavaScript's prototyping handle something like this?",
"\nEdit: It has to be somewhat waterproof cross-platform, cross-browser-compatible, so I don't know if changing document.write is ok.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYes, you can override document.write. ",
"Prototyping is not necessary, you can do it directly on the document object itself. ",
"I do this commonly for analysing malware, but it could certainly be used to capture ad script output, as long as the ad script doesn't do any particularly convoluted processing that would turn up the difference between document.write and whatever you replaced it with.",
"\nHere's a wrapper that loads an ad onload (slightly later than DOMReady):\n<div id=\"advertgoeshere\"></div>\n\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n function rewrite(w) {\n document.getElementById('advertgoeshere').innerHTML+= w;\n }\n\n window.onload= function() {\n document.write= rewrite;\n var script= document.createElement('script');\n script.type= 'text/javascript';\n script.src= 'http://externalsite/ads.js';\n document.body.appendChild(script);\n }\n</script>\n\n"
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"Structure-basicity and structure-affinity relationships of beta-adrenergic blocking agents.",
"\npKa's of fourteen beta-receptor blockers, isoproterenol and norepinephrine, were determined potentiometrically. ",
"A Hammett analysis indicated that the influence of ring substituents on the basicity of the amines is attenuated by the ethanolic chain and abolished by the propranoloxy chain of beta-receptor blockers. ",
"The effect of ring substituents in phenoxypropranolamines upon affinity for the beta-adrengeric receptors is therefore unrelated to the strength of the bases. ",
"Two alterantive hypotheses are fowarded to explain why phenoxypropranolamines have greater affinities for the beta-receptors than phenethanolamines."
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"SAE J2954\n\nSAE J2954 is an emerging standard for wireless power transfer (WPT) for electric vehicles led by SAE International. ",
"It defines three classes of charging speed, WPT 1, 2 and 3, at a maximum of 3.7 kW, 7.7 kW and 11 kW, respectively. ",
"This makes it compariable to medium-speed wired charging standards like the common SAE J1772 system. ",
"A much more powerful WPT9 is being defined in J2954/2 for 500 kW charging for heavy-duty vehicles which have the room necessary to mount the larger induction plate.",
"\n\nThe system works along similar principles as inductive charging, but uses the resonant inductive coupling concept with a demonstrated efficiency of around 85%. ",
"This makes it similar to wired chargers, where the higher theoretical efficiency is offset somewhat by necessary isolation systems that prevent high-current back-feeding, systems that the air-gapped J2954 does not require. ",
"Best-in-class medium-speed chargers are around 94%, so the difference in overall efficiency is about 10%.",
"\n\nDevelopment of the underlying resonance transfer concept was developed by Marin Soljačić at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and then spun-off as WiTricity in 2007. ",
"WiTricity has led the SAE standardization efforts, which began in 2012 and have undergone two Recommended Practice releases . ",
"The final standard is expected in 2020. ",
"WiTricity predicts that J2954 chargers will be available as add-on features beginning around 2022.",
"\n\nHistory\nMarin Soljačić had been experimenting with resonant inductive coupling systems for some time when he first used the term WiTricity in a 2006 demonstration where the system was used to send power to a 60W light bulb at roughly 45% efficiency. ",
"Continual improvement since that time has improved this to about 90%. ",
"The company was spun off in 2007, initially aiming at the consumer electronics market and car chargers.",
"\n\nMany technology companies invested in the consumer electronics side of the technology, including Intel, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics and others. ",
"This work eventually resulted in the formation of the Rezence standard. ",
"The competing Qi standard, based on closer-contact pads, won market acceptance, and only one device, the January 2017 Dell Latitude 7285, was released using the system. ",
"Rezence was officially abandoned by Intel in June 2016, and by everyone else in 2017 when WiTricity announced a round of layoffs and refocussed the company on the electric vehicle (EV) market.",
"\n \nSince 2010, when Delphi Automotive announed they were investing in the technology, the system had also been developed for the EV market. ",
"In 2011, Toyota announced a major investment in the company. ",
"In 2014, Toyota publicized the technology and that year the first 3.3 kW chargers were demonstrated.",
"\n\nIn 2011, Qualcomm purchased HaloIPT, a spin-off from the University of Auckland that was also working on resonant charging technology. ",
"This system was aimed not only at parked charging, but also using charging systems embedded in road surfaces to charge multiple cars as they drove, a system they referred to as \"dynamic electric vehicle charging\", or DEVH.",
"\n\nThis competitive challenge resulted in the 2012 formation of the SAE efforts, based on WiTricity's technology. ",
"The standard adopted the \"levels\" terminology already used for referring to charging speeds, introducing the WPT 1 through 3 concept. ",
" All of the WPT levels correspond to what would be considered Level 2 charging in conventional systems. ",
"In addition to the physical and electrical parts of the system, J2954 also standardizes a Bluetooth-based communications standard between the vehicle and charger, methods using triangulation sensors on the car to indicate the proper positioning of the car over the charger pad, the creation of a standardized test stand for vendors to test their vehicle implementations against, and standardized signage to indicate charge points. ",
"The standard has since undergone three revisions, 2016's J2954_201605, 2017's J2954_201711, and the most recent 2019 release, J2954_201904.",
"\n\nIn 2019, Qualcomm abandoned their Halo efforts, and sold all of the associated intellectual property to WiTricity.",
"\n\nTo date, only one vehicle has used the preliminary J2954 system; in 2019 special versions of the BMW530e available for lease which included a WPT1 charger. ",
"The system claims 85% efficiency over an air gap of 8 cm between the charger plate and vehicle pickup. ",
" only a small number of systems were installed.",
"\n\nDescription\nThe canonical J2954 system consists of two parts, a charger station and its associated induction pad known as the Ground Assembly (GA), and the vehicle-mounted section known as the Vehicle Assembly (VA).",
"\n\nThe GA connects to the grid, changing the grid power from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) using a conventional rectifier. ",
"The DC output of the rectifier then drives a power inverter that outputs AC at the desired 85 kHz frequency. ",
"This AC power is then fed into the induction coil. ",
"The GA also contains a BlueTooth-based communications system that it uses to communicate with the charger on the car to determine maximum rate of charge, charge state, and other information.",
"\n\nThe VA is essentially a mirror of the GA, with the exception that it converts the AC from the coil to DC and then uses that to charge the batteries directly. ",
"This means that a different receiver is needed for each vehicle, as battery-pack voltages and charging systems vary widely.",
"\n\nOne of the major efforts within the J2954 standard that did not originate within WiTricity is the Vehicle Proximity Detection system. ",
"After considering a wide variety of options, the \"minimum common alignment method\" adopted the idea of leaving the otherwise-idle GA induction coil powered at a very low level. ",
"The VA's coil receives an even lower amount of power from this signal even at distances on the order of several meters. ",
"Multiple sensors in the VA use this signal to triangulate the pad and display targeting information to the driver on an in-car display.",
"\n\nThe existing test harness for the GA uses a circular topology for the charging pad, where the induction coil is arranged as a single large spiral. ",
"An alternate topology is the \"double-D\", in which the coil is arranged as two rounded-rectangles placed side-by-side in the inductor pad. ",
"Using the existing circular coil, the pads can be as far as apart vertically, and within side-to-side.",
"\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Wireless energy transfer\nCategory:Electric vehicles"
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"2012 Torneo Internazionale Regione Piemonte – Singles\n\nAlexandra Cadanțu was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals against Johanna Larsson, who won the title by beating Anna Tatishvili 6–3, 6–4 in the final.",
"\n\nSeeds\n\nDraw\n\nFinals\n\nTop Half\n\nBottom Half\n\nReferences \nMain Draw\nQualifying Draw\n\nTorneo Internazionale Regione Piemonte - Singles"
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"Q:\n\nsublime text 3 C compiler (how can i use functions with header file in main.c)\n\nI want to compile multiple files together located in the same folder \n(main.c function.c function.h)\nwhere function.h is included in main.c like #include \"function.h\"\n-in codeblocks it works fine\n-in sublime text 3 there is a problem that it compiles files individually and pops errors.",
"\ncan anyone help !",
"\n\nA:\n\nUndefined reference is a linker error, not a compiler error. ",
" You may have compiled all the necessary modules, but you then need to execute the linker to link those modules and any library code and run-time start-up. ",
" It looks you are compiling and linking main.o on its own.",
"\nThe Code::Blocks IDE will have performed complete the link by virtue of all your modules being part of your project because it is an IDE - it integrates an editor, compiler, linker and debugger. ",
" Sublime Text is only a text editor, you have to tell it exactly what command is required to build your code. ",
" For a multi-module build, you may want to consider using a makefile or similar. ",
"\n\n"
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"Can British Holidays Compare to Foreign Destinations?",
"\n\nTo the many Brits who jet off abroad every year the idea of taking a holiday in the UK is not exactly favourable. ",
"But the UK does hold many exciting holiday options that can compare to foreign destinations with only the weather factor letting the side down.",
"\n\nWhy Do British Holidaymakers Favour Foreign Destinations?",
"\n\nAsk the majority of UK holidaymakers why they take holidays abroad and one common answer will be the weather. ",
"Exploring exciting new locations or taking advantage of foreign cultural attractions is important but guaranteed sunshine is a major factor. ",
"Going abroad to sit around the pool or lounge on the beach while the sun beats down is a huge attraction for many UK holidaymakers - but not all. ",
"There are many reasons to jet off abroad, but many comparable holiday attractions can be found closer to home in the UK.",
"\n\nVibrant Cities in the UK and Abroad\n\nParis, Barcelona, Rome and New York are just a few of the top cities that attract UK holidaymakers each year. ",
"But the UK does hold some vibrant and beautiful cities that can equal their foreign counterparts. ",
"Edinburgh with its winding streets and breathtaking views is an incredibly romantic destination. ",
"Cities such as Glasgow and Manchester are second to none when it comes to shopping. ",
"London attracts millions of visitors every year from around the globe and is definitely on par with any international city when it comes to sightseeing, culture and nightlife.",
"\n\nWhite Sand Beaches in the UK\n\nThere’s no doubt that foreign destinations do hold some unequalled beaches but the UK also has beaches that rank with the best. ",
"All of the four UK countries have white sand beaches, breathtaking scenery and many have been awarded the European Union Blue Flag status. ",
"When the sun is shining these UK beaches can easily rival their foreign counterparts. ",
"If the summer weather is good, temperatures can easily head up to and over 30ºC just as it does abroad. ",
"Surfing, diving and snorkelling are all available at UK beaches, and there are even dolphins to swim with.",
"\n\nTheme Parks around the World\n\nTheme parks are a major attraction for holidaymakers jetting off to Florida, Paris and Spain. ",
"But Britain does have many major theme parks. ",
"Alton Towers in Staffordshire has been ranked in the top ten of the world’s best theme parks. ",
"Blackpool Pleasure Beach is another British favourite that has been named in the top ten. ",
"Thorpe Park in Surrey holds 30 thrilling rides including the world’s first horror movie themed roller coaster. ",
"All of these UK theme parks are each visited by millions of holidaymakers every year.",
"\n\nNightlife in the United Kingdom\n\nNo one can say the British don’t know how to party, and nightlife is a big part of the UK culture. ",
"Major cities such as London, Glasgow, Newcastle, Brighton and Manchester hold some of the best nightlife options in the world. ",
"Many famous nightclubs that originated in the UK can now be found abroad in nightlife hotspots such as Ibiza, Greece and Cyprus. ",
"When it comes to the diversity of music festivals the UK is second to none. ",
"Millions of holidaymakers from around the world visit Britain each year for festivals such as T in the Park and Glastonbury.",
"\n\nMajor Tourist Attractions in the UK\n\nIt would be impossible to list all of the estimated 64,000 tourist attractions in the UK. ",
"But the major attractions that draw holidaymakers from around the world to the UK every year include:\n\nBlackpool Pleasure Beach is the most visited tourist attraction in the UK\n\nThe Tower of London receives two million visitors per year\n\nThe magnificent Edinburgh Castle receives one million visitors each year\n\nSince June 2008 over 30 million people have taken a trip on the London Eye\n\nThe Neolithic monument of Stonehenge attracts almost one million visitors per year\n\nBuckingham Palace in London attracts 300,000 visitors during the eight annual weeks it is open to the public\n\nLondon’s British Museum and the Tate Modern respectively attract five million and four million visitors per year\n\nPortmeirion in Wales is perhaps the most unique village in the UK and is visited by 240,000 tourists per year\n\nThe UK ranks as the sixth most popular holiday destination in the world. ",
"Almost 37 million tourists visit each year with 27 million holidaying in London. ",
"It’s fair to say that Britain does hold a wealth of holiday attractions that are comparable to foreign destinations. ",
"Sunshine levels may be the only factor that leaves Britain in the shade when compared to foreign holiday locations."
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"The overall goals of the project are (1) to understand the biology, genetics, and pathogenesis of diseases associated with deficiency of human chromosome 15q11-q13 and the homologous region of mouse chromosome 7, both of which contain numerous imprinted genes, and (2) to study selected basic aspects of imprinted gene expression. ",
"Paternal deficiency for human 15q11-q13 causes Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) while maternal deficiency causes Angelman syndrome (AS). ",
"The first specific aim is to extend mutational analysis in AS patients in whom no molecular defect is identified to date with particularly emphasis on identifying additional missense mutations in UBE3A, the locus that is mutated in AS and encodes E6-AP ubiquitin protein ligase, and on identifying mutations in cis regulatory elements essential for expression of UBE3A. The second specific aim is to perform detailed phenotypic analysis of Ube3a knockout mice comparing maternal deficiency (AS) model, paternal deficiency, and homozygous deficiency with wild type mice. ",
"Emphasis will be on behavioral and learning studies, electrophysiological analysis of long-term potentiation, and immunohistochemical studies. ",
"The third specific aim is to perform an extensive genetic analysis of the PWS/AS region in the mouse by preparing a series of null mutations for Snrpn, Ipw, Gabrb3, Ndn, and newly identified genes. ",
"In addition, deletions will be prepared across intervals in the region with a focus on determining which loci account for the perinatal lethal phenotype associated with paternal deficiency for the region (potential equivalent to PWS) and on identifying cis regulatory elements upstream or downstream of Ube3A. The fourth specific aim is to define the putative imprinting center (IC) by constructing deletions upstream of Snrpn in the mouse to obtain mutations that prevent switching between paternal and maternal epigenotypes. ",
"The fifth specific aim is to develop a novel and broadly applicable method for visualizing regulation of gene expression through coat color variation and screen for cis- and trans- acting mutations that affect imprinted gene expression. ",
"Imprinted expression of the agouti cDNA under the control of the Snrpn promoter has been obtained, and ENU mutagenesis will be utilized. ",
"This project is directly relevant to the mental retardation found in PWS and AS, and the Ube3a mutant mouse has the potential to increase our understanding of learning and memory. ",
"The use of a coat color marker as a reporter for analysis of gene regulation in vivo in combination with mutagenesis has general applicability beyond imprinted gene expression."
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"High-resolution manometric guidance during laparoscopic Heller myotomy: Impact on quality of life and symptom severity for children with achalasia.",
"\nHigh-resolution esophageal manometry (HREM) during laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) with fundoplication for achalasia allows tailoring of myotomy length and wrap tightness. ",
"The purpose of this study is to quantify long-term postoperative symptom severity and quality of life using validated questionnaires. ",
"Children ≤18 years with achalasia who previously underwent LHM with intraoperative HREM from 2010 to 2017 were prospectively surveyed. ",
"Eckardt Symptom Score (ESS), Achalasia Severity Questionnaire (ASQ), Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), and Pediatric GERD Symptom and Quality of Life (PGSQ) questionnaires were administered. ",
"Scores for historical controls were obtained from prior survey instrument validation studies as comparison. ",
"Of 30 eligible patients, 12 (40%) completed the surveys. ",
"Mean age at time of surgery was 13 ± 3 years. ",
"Assessment was performed at least 10 months after surgery with mean time elapsed of 3.6 ± 2 years. ",
"Average premyotomy lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, postmyotomy LES pressure, and postfundoplication LES pressure were 30 ± 10 mmHg, 14 ± 6 mmHg, and 18 ± 9, respectively. ",
"ESS (2.3/12), ASQ (39/100 ± 16), PGSQ (symptom: 0.6/4 ± 0.4, school: 0.4/4 ± 0.4), and overall PedsQL (82/100 ± 15) were similar to those of healthy historical controls. ",
"Children with achalasia undergoing LHM with intraoperative HREM had sustained long-term symptom improvement and quality of life scores comparable to healthy patients. ",
"Retrospective, II."
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"Another example of just how good Democrats got it in the mainstream media arrived Sunday morning when no less than the Washington Post published a high-profile fact-check of a “Saturday Night Live” skit blasting Obama over his granting of amnesty to millions of illegal aliens through an unprecedented executive action. ",
"Needless to say, the Washington Post found the “SNL” skit dishonest:\n\nThis skit got a couple of things right, and a couple of things wrong. ",
"For starters, Obama didn’t sign an executive order. ",
"He is taking executive action, in particular by directing the Department of Homeland Security to expand programs that defer deportation for classes of undocumented immigrants — parents of U.S. citizens or permanent-resident children, as well as undocumented immigrants brought to the country as children. …",
"\n\nAs to whether the executive action is unconstitutional? ",
"That’s a matter of debate, of course.",
"\n\nAs you can see, in order to attack “SNL” as getting things wrong, the Washington Post highlights a distinction without a difference (signing vs. taking executive action) and a matter of opinion over the legality of the move.",
"\n\nThe Washington Post isn’t looking to clarify anything, the left-wing outlet is just looking for an excuse to launch into the ether a narrative that claims the skit is dishonest. ",
"Simply put, the Washington Post is doing what it can to protect Obama from satire. ",
"It’s a smart move, too. ",
"Once the skit is labeled dishonest, news outlets have an excuse to not talk about or broadcast it.",
"\n\nThe left-leaning “SNL” doesn’t go hard after Obama very often, but when they do the objective, unbiased, not-at-all liberal media is always right there to push back.",
"\n\nIf you recall, CNN fact-checked a “SNL’ skit in 2009.",
"\n\nAs unprecedented as Obama’s amnesty is, even more so is the idea of a media that poses as serious and objective fact-checking political satire — something I have never seen done to Jon Stewart or Stephen Colbert, despite their serial dishonesty. ",
"In fact, the Washington Post is a big fan of Stewart and Colbert and frequently aggregates the left-wing’s duos attacks against conservatives and conservative ideas.",
"\n\nDespites “SNL’s” frequent skewering of Republicans, a good faith search shows no record of either the Washington Post or CNN ever fact-checking those skits. ",
"The Washington Post and CNN do, though, love to re-broadcast those skits.",
"\n\nThe mainstream media is well-aware of the power of satire. ",
"This is why, despite their marginal ratings, Stewart and Colbert are treated as gods among a media elite that loves to promote their work.",
"\n\nBut God help “SNL” when they dare treat Obama like they do conservatives. ",
"Stepping off the liberal plantation has a price — being branded a liar.",
"\n\nThe Washington Post didn’t fact-check “SNL,” they punished “SNL,” and also sent out a warning to anyone else thinking about doing the same.",
"\n\nJohn Nolte on Twitter @NolteNC"
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"Q:\n\nWhy C11 define character constant recursively?",
"\n\nThe character constants are defined in c11 as:\n Syntax\n character-constant:\n ' c-char-sequence '\n L' c-char-sequence '\n u' c-char-sequence '\n U' c-char-sequence '\n c-char-sequence:\n c-char\n c-char-sequence c-char\n c-char:\n any member of the source character set except the single-quote ', backslash \\, or new-line character\n escape-sequence\nIt is defined recursively, so inside the single-quotes, there are one or more c-chars, like 'abc'.",
"\nHowever as I know, a character constant contains only one c-char, like 'a', doesn't it?",
"\n\nA:\n\nas I know, a character constant contains only one c-char, like 'a', doesn't it?",
"\n\nno, 'abcd' is also a character constant. ",
"Its value is technically implementation-defined, but everywhere I've looked it was formed out of the values of the chars, in big-endian order (in that case, 0x61626364)\nThe C side of cppreference has a discussion of various character constants\n\n"
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"Defeat for Brits in Cámara de Diputados\n\nBritish players suffer defeat this week as the Cámara de Diputados continues\n\nTHE COPA CÁMARA de Diputados continued this week, but with disappointment for the British players as they lost their second matches.",
"\n\nCharlie Hanbury's El Remanso team, which features James Beim as well as Milo Fernández Araujo and Alejandro Agoti, lost against Miramar 12-11 on Tuesday.",
"\n\nLa Quinta Cuatro Tacos, which features Luke and Mark Tomlinson, playing alongside Mariano Uranga and Joao Paulo Ganon, suffered an equally narrow defeat when they lost to La Esquina 12-11.",
"\n\nBoth teams are in action today, with La Quinta Cuatro Tacos playing Las Overas and El Remanso facing Cuatro Vientos. ",
"The final is scheduled for Sunday 9 December.",
"\n\nPhotograph: El Remanso's James Beim\n\nWed 28th Nov 2012\n\nBuenos Aires triumphs at Emirates Palace\n\nLondon lose out as Buenos Aires finish the winners of the inaugural Coutts Polo at the Palace this weekend\n\nTeam London finished fourth at the inaugural Coutts Polo at the Palace, held at the Emirates Palace in Abu Dhabi.",
"\n\nIt was Mohammed Al Habtoor's Buenos Aires team who finished as winners, defeating Abu Dhabi 6-5 in the final, which ended in a penalty shoot-out after the teams finsihed on level scores.",
"\n\nThe London line-up of Stuart Wrigley, Peter Webb and William Emerson failed to reach the final after being beaten by Abu Dhabi in the opening match. ",
"They were then narrowly defeated by Milan in the subsidiary final, 9-8.",
"\n\nPolo at the Palace was a spin-off from the popular Polo in the Park event, and was played in a similar format, with three players on each team and a smaller polo field. ",
"It is part of the City Polo series, which organises polo events in iconic cities around the world.",
"\n\nMon 26th Nov 2012\n\nEngland team announced for Townsend Cup\n\nEngland will play the US for the Townsend Cup at Empire Polo Club in January\n\nTHE ENGLAND TEAM for the Townsend Cup arena Test Match has been revealed.",
"\n\nCaptain Chris Hyde (9) and seven-goalers Oli Hipwood and Max Charlton will face the US at Empire Polo Club in California on Sunday 12 January. ",
"Sebastian Dawnay (8) completes the England line-up as substitute.",
"\n\nThe US team will be captained by arena ten-goaler Tommy Biddle and also includes Kris Kampsen (7) and Rob Yackley (6).",
"\n\nThe Townsend Cup was last played for by the US and England in 2011, when it was won by the US. ",
"The two teams met in 2012, when England beat the US to lift the Bryan Morrison Trophy at Hickstead.",
"\n\nPhotograph: Nine-goaler Chris Hyde will lead the England team in the Townsend Cup. ",
"Photograph by Peter Hamblin"
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"Q:\n\nng-init vs function in controller, which is better practice when using $parent?",
"\n\nI have a Bootstrap modal which corresponds to a ng-repeat list. ",
"I would like to access the ng-repeat scope data from its parent, which contains the modal. ",
"I do this so that when the modal button is clicked on the list, the corresponding data from the JSON appears in the modal. ",
"\nI have found 2 ways of doing this, and I wonder which is the best alternative?",
"\nMethod 1\nView:\n<li ng-init=\"myFunction(item,$parent)\" ng-repeat=\"item in data.webapps_1.items>\n\nController:\n $scope.myFunction = function(item,parent){\n parent.selected=item.counter-1;\n };\n\nMethod 2 View:\n<li ng-init=\"$parent.selected=item.counter-1\" ng-repeat=\"item in data.webapps_1.items>\n\nWith nothing in the controller.",
"\nI have read in the Angular ngInit docs that \n\nThe only appropriate use of ngInit is for aliasing special properties\n of ngRepeat, as seen in the demo below. ",
"Besides this case, you should\n use controllers rather than ngInit to initialize values on a scope.",
"\n\nBut the list of special properties of ngRepeat does not include $parent.",
"\nSo, which is the better practice? ",
"Including the expression $parent.selected=item.counter-1in the controller or in ngInit directive?",
"\nThanks in advance\n\nA:\n\nEither of the two fine really, so long as you're consistent. ",
"Depends on the scale of the app though.",
"\nIMO if the app is going to be large you'll want to go the function way, to better adhere to the whole MVC philosophy of decoupling and separation of concerns (http://victorblog.com/2013/03/18/angularjs-separation-of-concerns/).",
"\nng-init=\"myFunction(item,$parent)\"\n\nIt's a better structure because you want to keep most of your business logic in the javascript controllers, not in the view.",
"\n\n"
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"Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke on Friday ruled out a central bank bailout of state and local governments strapped with big municipal debt burdens, saying the Fed had limited legal authority to help and little will to use that authority.",
"\n\n\"We have no expectation or intention to get involved in state and local finance,\" Mr. Bernanke said in testimony before the Senate Budget Committee. ",
"The states, he said later, \"should not expect loans from the Fed.\"",
"\n\nCongress has also discontinued the Build American Bond program, which was significant in temporarily financing California and other states' budgets. ",
"See this, this, this and this.",
"\n\nThat's unfortunate, given that many states and big cities are in a dire financial situation, and given that Keynesian economists say that aid to the states is one of the best forms of stimulus.",
"\n\nIn any event, as Steve Keen points out, giving money to the debtors is much better for stimulating the economy than giving it to the lenders.",
"\n\nUnfortunately, as I will demonstrate below, virtually the entire government economic policy is to throw trillions of dollars at the biggest banks.",
"\n\nBecause there are so many rivers and streams of bailout money going to the big banks, I will start with the specifics and end with broader monetary policies.",
"\n\nTarp: a Preview of Things to Come\n\nThe $700 billion dollar TARP bailout was a massive bait-and-switch. ",
"The government said it was doing it to soak up toxic assets, and then switched to saying it was needed to free up lending. ",
"It didn't do that either. ",
"Indeed, the Fed doesn't want the banks to lend.",
"\n\nA lot of the bailout money is going to the failing companies' shareholders\n\nIndeed, a leading progressive economist says that the true purpose of the bank rescue plans is \"a massive redistribution of wealth to the bank shareholders and their top executives\"\n\nThe Treasury Department encouraged banks to use the bailout money to buy their competitors, and pushed through an amendment to the tax laws which rewards mergers in the banking industry (this has caused a lot of companies to bite off more than they can chew, destabilizing the acquiring companies)\n\nAnd as the New York Times notes, \"Tens of billions of [bailout] dollars have merely passed through A.I.G. to its derivatives trading partners\".",
"\n\n***\n\nIn other words, through a little game-playing by the Fed, taxpayer money is going straight into the pockets of investors in AIG's credit default swaps and is not even really stabilizing AIG.",
"\n\nBut the TARP bailout is peanuts compared to the numerous other bailouts the government has given to the giant banks.",
"\n\nAnd I'm not referring to the $23 trillion in bailouts, loans, guarantees and other publicy-disclosed programs that the special inspector general for the TARP program mentions. ",
"I'm talking about more covert types of bailouts.",
"\n\nLike what?",
"\n\nMortgages and Housing\n\nMost independent experts say that the government's housing programs have been a failure. ",
"That's too bad, given that the housing slump is now - according to Zillow's - worse than during the Great Depression.",
"\n\nThe government's failure to rein in derivatives or break up the giant banks also constitute enormous subsidies, as it allows the giants to make huge sums by keeping the true price points of their derivatives secret. ",
"See this and this.",
"\n\nForeign Bailouts\n\nThe big banks - such as JP Morgan - also benefit from foreign bailouts, such as the European bailout, as they are some of the largest creditors of the bailed out countries, and the bailouts allow them to get paid in full, instead of having to write down their foreign losses. ",
"So when the Fed bails out foreign banks, it is a bailout for American banks as well.",
"\n\nToxic Assets and Accounting Shenanigans\n\nThe PPIP program - which was supposed to reduce the toxic assets held by banks - actually increased them (at least in the short-run), and just let the banks make a quick buck.",
"\n\nIn addition, the government suspended mark-to-market valuation of the toxic assets held by the giant banks, and is allowing the banks to value the assets at whatever price they desire. ",
"This constitutes a huge giveaway to the big banks.",
"\n\nThe giant US banks have been bailed out again from huge potential writeoffs by loosey-goosey accounting accepted by the accounting profession and the regulators.",
"\n\nThey are allowed to accrue interest on non-performing mortgages ” until the actual foreclosure takes place, which on average takes about 16 months.",
"\n\nAll the phantom interest that is not actually collected is booked as income until the actual act of foreclosure. ",
"As a resullt, many bank financial statements actually look much better than they actually are. ",
"At foreclosure all the phantom income comes off the books of the banks.",
"\n\nThis means that Bank of America, Citigroup, JP Morgan and Wells Fargo, among hundreds of other smaller institutions, can report interest due them, but not paid, on an estimated $1.4 trillion of face value mortgages on the 7 million homes that are in the process of being foreclosed.",
"\n\nBy maintaining investment grade ratings, banks attract institutional funds. ",
"That would be the insurance and pension funds money that is contributed by the citizen.",
"\n\nAs institutional money pours in, the stock price is propped up ....\n\nFraud As a Business Model\n\nIf you stop and think for a moment, it is obvious that failing to prosecute fraud is a bailout.",
"\n\nNobel prize-winning economist George Akerlof demonstrated that if big companies aren't held responsible for their actions, the government ends up bailing them out. ",
"So failure to prosecute directly leads to a bailout.",
"\n\nFraud benefits the wealthy more than the poor, because the big banks and big companies have the inside knowledge and the resources to leverage fraud into profits. ",
"Joseph Stiglitz noted in September that giants like Goldman are using their size to manipulate the market. ",
"The giants (especially Goldman Sachs) have also used high-frequency program trading (representing up to 70% of all stock trades) and high proportions of other trades as well). ",
"This not only distorts the markets, but which also lets the program trading giants take a sneak peak at what the real traders are buying and selling, and then trade on the insider information. ",
"See this, this, this, this and this.",
"\n\nEven when the government has prosecuted financial crime (because public outrage became too big to ignore), the government has settled for pennies on the dollar.",
"\n\nNobel prize winning economist Joe Stiglitz says about the way that the government is currently prosecuting financial crime:\n\nThe system is designed to actually encourage that kind of thing, even with the fines [referring to former Countrywide CEO Angelo Mozillo, who recently paid tens of millions of dollars in fines, a small fraction of what he actually earned, because he earned hundreds of millions.].",
"\n\n***So the system is set so that even if you're caught, the penalty is just a small number relative to what you walk home with.",
"\n\nThe fine is just a cost of doing business. ",
"It's like a parking fine. ",
"Sometimes you make a decision to park knowing that you might get a fine because going around the corner to the parking lot takes you too much time.",
"\n\nThe U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s internal watchdog is reviewing an allegation that Robert Khuzami, the agency’s top enforcement official, gave preferential treatment to Citigroup Inc. executives in the agency’s $75 million settlement with the firm in July.",
"\n\nInspector General H. David Kotz opened the probe after a request from U.S. Senator Charles Grassley, an Iowa Republican, who forwarded an unsigned letter making the allegation. ",
"Khuzami told his staff to soften claims against two executives after conferring with a lawyer representing the bank, according to the letter….",
"\n\nAccording to the letter, the SEC’s staff was prepared to file fraud claims against both individuals. ",
"Khuzami ordered his staff to drop the claims after holding a “secret conversation, without telling the staff, with a prominent defense lawyer who is a good friend” of his and “who was counsel for the company, not the individuals affected,” according to a copy of the letter reviewed by Bloomberg News.",
"\n\nAnd Freddie and Fannie's recent settlement with Bank of America - a couple of billions - has been criticized by many as being a bailout.",
"\n\nBank of America settled numerous claims with Fannie Mae for an astonishingly cheap rate, according to a Bloomberg report.",
"\n\nA premium of $1.28 billion was paid to Freddie Mac to resolve $1 billion in claims currently outstanding. ",
"But the kicker is that the deal also covers potential future claims on $127 billion in loans sold by Countrywide through 2008. ",
"That amounts to 1 cent on the dollar to Freddie Mac.",
"\n\nWhy yes, say critics of the giant banks. ",
"They charge that Monday's rally-stoking mortgage-putback deal between Bank of America (BAC) and Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac is nothing more than a backdoor bailout of the nation's largest lender. ",
"It comes courtesy, they say, of an administration struggling to find a fix for the housing market while quaking at the prospect of another housing-fueled banking meltdown.",
"\n\nMonday's arrangement, according to this view, will keep the banks standing -- but leave taxpayers on the hook for an even bigger tab should a weak economic recovery falter. ",
"Sound familiar?",
"\n\n***\n\n[Edward] Pinto says truly holding BofA responsible for all the mortgage mayhem tied to its 2008 purchase of subprime lender Countrywide would likely drive it into the arms of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., which has enough problems to deal with. ",
"Though BofA would surely dispute that analysis, it's easy enough to see where the feds don't want that outcome.",
"\n\n***\n\nBut how sharp is Freddie if all it can do is squeeze a $1.28 billion payment out of a giant customer in exchange for relinquishing fraud claims on $117 billion worth of outstanding loans? ",
"The very best its million-dollar executives can do is claw back a penny on each bubbly subprime dollar?",
"\n\nThat seems pretty weak even given that this is Congress' favorite subsidy dispenser we're talking about.",
"\n\n\"How Freddie can justify this decision to settle 'all outstanding and potential' claims before any of the private-label putback lawsuits have been resolved is beyond comprehension,\" says Rebel Cole, a real estate and finance professor at DePaul University in Chicago. \"",
"This smells to high heaven and they should be called out.\"",
"\n\nIn \"Bank Of America Just Admitted That Its Fannie And Freddie Settlement Was A Bailout\", Business Insider's Joe Weisenthal writes:\n\nBank of America has basically confirmed that the critics are correct: It was the beneficiary of a bailout.",
"\n\nAccording to Bloomberg, BofA's Jerry Dubrowski said: “Our agreements with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are a necessary step toward the ultimate recovery of the housing market.”",
"\n\nGet it? ",
"This was not about settling mortgage putback exposure at the legal level. ",
"It was about helping the greater good. ",
"It's the same too-big-to-fail logic all over again: What's good for Bank of America is good for America.",
"\n\n“This is a gift” from the government to the bank, said Christopher Whalen of Institutional Risk Analytics. “",
"We’re all paying for this because it will show up in the losses from Fannie and Freddie,” he said.",
"\n\nI’m concerned that the settlement between Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Bank of America over misrepresentations in the mortgages BofA originated may amount to a backdoor bailout that props up the bank at the expense of taxpayers. ",
"Given the strong repurchase rights built into Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac’s contracts with banks, and the recent court setback for Bank of America in similar litigation with a private insurer, I’m fearful that this settlement may have been both premature and a giveaway. ",
"The fact that Bank of America’s stock surged after this deal was announced only serves to fuel my suspicion that this settlement was merely a slap on the wrist that sets a bad example for other negotiations in the future.",
"\n\n“The trading profits of the Street is just another way of measuring the subsidy the Fed is giving to the banks,” said Christopher Whalen, managing director of Torrance, California-basedInstitutional Risk Analytics. “",
"It’s a transfer from savers to banks.”",
"\n\nThe trading results, which helped the banks report higher quarterly profit than analysts estimated even as unemployment stagnated at a 27-year high, came with a big assist from the Federal Reserve. ",
"The U.S. central bank helped lenders by holding short-term borrowing costs near zero, giving them a chance to profit by carrying even 10-year government notes that yielded an average of 3.70 percent last quarter.",
"\n\nThe gap between short-term interest rates, such as what banks may pay to borrow in interbank markets or on savings accounts, and longer-term rates, known as the yield curve, has been at record levels. ",
"The difference between yields on 2- and 10-year Treasuries yesterday touched 2.71 percentage points, near the all-time high of 2.94 percentage points set Feb. 18.",
"\n\nThe latest quarterly reports from the big Wall Street banks revealed a startling fact: None of the big four banks had a single day in the quarter in which they lost money trading.",
"\n\nFor the 63 straight trading days in Q1, in other words, Goldman Sachs (GS), JP Morgan (JPM), Bank of America (BAC), and Citigroup (C) made money trading for their own accounts.",
"\n\nTrading, of course, is supposed to be a risky business: You win some, you lose some. ",
"That's how traders justify their gargantuan bonuses--their jobs are so risky that they deserve to be paid millions for protecting their firms' precious capital. (",
"Of course, the only thing that happens if traders fail to protect that capital is that taxpayers bail out the bank and the traders are paid huge \"retention\" bonuses to prevent them from leaving to trade somewhere else, but that's a different story).",
"\n\nBut these days, trading isn't risky at all. ",
"In fact, it's safer than walking down the street.",
"\n\nWhy?",
"\n\nBecause the US government is lending money to the big banks at near-zero interest rates. ",
"And the banks are then turning around and lending that money back to the US government at 3%-4% interest rates, making 3%+ on the spread. ",
"What's more, the banks are leveraging this trade, borrowing at least $10 for every $1 of equity capital they have, to increase the size of their bets. ",
"Which means the banks can turn relatively small amounts of equity into huge profits--by borrowing from the taxpayer and then lending back to the taxpayer.",
"\n\n***\n\nThe government's zero-interest-rate policy, in other words, is the biggest Wall Street subsidy yet. ",
"So far, it has done little to increase the supply of credit in the real economy. ",
"But it has hosed responsible people who lived within their means and are now earning next-to-nothing on their savings. ",
"It has also allowed the big Wall Street banks to print money to offset all the dumb bets that brought the financial system to the brink of collapse two years ago. ",
"And it has fattened Wall Street bonus pools to record levels again.",
"\n\nTo get a clear picture of what is going on here, ignore the intermediate steps (borrowing money from the fed, investing in Treasuries), as they are riskless, and it immediately becomes clear that this is merely a direct payment from the Fed to the banking executives...for nothing. ",
"No nifty new tech product has been created. ",
"No illness has been treated. ",
"No teacher has figured out how to get a third-grader to understand fractions. ",
"No singer's voice has entertained a packed stadium. ",
"No batter has hit a walk-off double. ",
"No \"risk\"has even been \"managed\", the current mantra for what big banks do that is so goddamned important that it is doing \"god's work\".",
"\n\nNor has any credit been extended to allow the real value-producers to meet payroll, to reserve a stadium, to purchase capital equipment, to hire employees. ",
"Nothing.",
"\n\nCongress should put an immediate halt to this practice. ",
"Banks should have to show that the money they are borrowing from the Fed is to provide credit to businesses, or consumers, or homeowners. ",
"Not a penny should be allowed to be used to purchase Treasuries. ",
"Otherwise, the Fed window should be slammed shut on their manicured fingers.",
"\n\nAnd, stiff criminal penalties should be enacted for those banks that mislead the Fed about the destination of the money they are borrowing. ",
"Bernie Madoff needs company.",
"\n\nInterest Paid on Excess Reserves\n\nThe Fed has been paying the big banks interest on the \"excess reserves\" which those banks deposit at the Fed.",
"\n\nSpecifically, the Fed is intentionally paying the banks a higher interest rate to park their money at the Fed than they would make if they loaned it out to Main Street. ",
"This is money going to the big banks.",
"\n\n(Moreover, top Fed officials have publicly stated that this policy of paying interest on excess reserves deposited at the Fed is intentionally aimed at reducing loans to Main Street, as a way to fight inflation.)",
"\n\nYesterday, former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich pointed out that quantitative easing won't help the economy, but will simply fuel a new round of mergers and acquisitions:\n\nA debate is being played out in the Fed about whether it should return to so-called \"quantitative easing\" -- buying more mortgage-backed securities, Treasury bills, and other bonds -- in order to lower the cost of capital still further.",
"\n\nThe sad reality is that cheaper money won't work. ",
"Individuals aren't borrowing because they're still under a huge debt load. ",
"And as their homes drop in value and their jobs and wages continue to disappear, they're not in a position to borrow. ",
"Small businesses aren't borrowing because they have no reason to expand. ",
"Retail business is down, construction is down, even manufacturing suppliers are losing ground.",
"\n\nThat leaves large corporations. ",
"They'll be happy to borrow more at even lower rates than now -- even though they're already sitting on mountains of money.",
"\n\nBut this big-business borrowing won't create new jobs. ",
"To the contrary, large corporations have been investing their cash to pare back their payrolls. ",
"They've been buying new factories and facilities abroad (China, Brazil, India), and new labor-replacing software at home.",
"\n\nIf Bernanke and company make it even cheaper to borrow, they'll be unleashing a third corporate strategy for creating more profits but fewer jobs -- mergers and acquisitions.",
"\n\nSimilarly, Yves Smith reports that quantitative easing didn't really help the Japanese economy, only big Japanese companies:\n\nWhen an economy is very slack, cheaper money is not going to induce much in the way of real economy activity.",
"\n\nUnless you are a financial firm, the level of interest rates is a secondary or tertiary consideration in your decision to borrow. ",
"You will be interested in borrowing only if you first, perceive a business need (usually an opportunity). ",
"The next question is whether it can be addressed profitably, and the cost of funds is almost always not a significant % of total project costs (although availability of funding can be a big constraint)…..\n\nSo cheaper money will operate primarily via their impact on asset values. ",
"That of course helps financial firms, and perhaps the Fed hopes the wealth effect will induce more spending. ",
"But that’s been the movie of the last 20+ years, and Japan pre its crisis, of having the officialdom rely on asset price inflation to induce more consumer spending, and we know how both ended.",
"\n\n….these macroeconomic analyses verify that because of the QEP, the premiums on market funds raised by financial institutions carrying substantial non-performing loans (NPLs) shrank to the extent that they no longer reflected credit rating differentials. ",
"This observation implies that the QEP was effective in maintaining financial system stability and an accommodative monetary environment by removing financial institutions’ funding uncertainties, and by averting further deterioration of economic and price developments resulting from corporations’ uncertainty about future funding.",
"\n\nGranted the positive above effects of preventing further deterioration of the economy reviewed above, many of the macroeconomic analyses conclude that the QEP’s effects in raising aggregate demand and prices were limited. ",
"In particular, when verified empirically taking into account the fact that the monetary policy regime changed under the zero bound constraint of interest rates, the effects from increasing the monetary base were not detected or smaller, if anything, than during periods when there was no zero bound constraint.",
"\n\nYves here, This is an important conclusion, and is consistent with the warnings the Japanese gave to the US during the financial crisis, which were uncharacteristically blunt. ",
"Conventional wisdom here is that Japan’s fiscal and monetary stimulus during the bust was too slow in coming and not sufficiently large. ",
"The Japanese instead believe, strongly, that their policy mistake was not cleaning up the banks. ",
"As we’ve noted, that’s also consistent with an IMF study of 124 banking crises:\n\nExisting empirical research has shown that providing assistance to banks and their borrowers can be counterproductive, resulting in increased losses to banks, which often abuse forbearance to take unproductive risks at government expense. ",
"The typical result of forbearance is a deeper hole in the net worth of banks, crippling tax burdens to finance bank bailouts, and even more severe credit supply contraction and economic decline than would have occurred in the absence of forbearance.",
"\n\nCross-country analysis to date also shows that accommodative policy measures (such as substantial liquidity support, explicit government guarantee on financial institutions’ liabilities and forbearance from prudential regulations) tend to be fiscally costly and that these particular policies do not necessarily accelerate the speed of economic recovery. ",
"Of course, the caveat to these findings is that a counterfactual to the crisis resolution cannot be observed and therefore it is difficult to speculate how a crisis would unfold in absence of such policies. ",
"Better institutions are, however, uniformly positively associated with faster recovery.",
"\n\nBut (to put it charitably) the Fed sees the world through a bank-centric lens, so surely what is good for its charges must be good for the rest of us, right? ",
"So if the economy continues to weaken, the odds that the Fed will resort to it as a remedy will rise, despite the evidence that it at best treats symptoms rather than the underlying pathology.",
"\n\nBuying Bonds\n\nSo quantitative easing in general favors the big guys - by encouraging mergers and acquisitions, allowing them to take risky gambles and engage in other shenanigans - and doesn't help the economy as a whole.",
"\n\nBut quantitative easing also provides a more direct bailout for the big banks.",
"\n\nThe Fed announces well in advance how much of what bonds it will be buying, and also buys the bonds in it's own name (not anonymously or through a proxy). ",
"That ensures that the banks can charge more for the bonds.",
"\n\n“A buyer of $100 billion a month is always going to be paying top prices,” [Louis V. Crandall, the chief economist at the research firm Wrightson ICAP] said of the Fed. “",
"You can’t be a known buyer of $100 billion a month and get a good price.”",
"\n\nIn addition, people such as Jonathan Loman argue that the Fed is actually \"gifting\" the primary dealers with $5 billion dollars per month by intentionally overpaying for the bonds.",
"\n\nToo Big As Subsidy\n\nThe fact that the giant banks are \"too big to fail\" encourages them to take huge, risky gambles that they would not otherwise take. ",
"If they win, they make big bucks. ",
"If they lose, they know the government will just bail them out. ",
"This is a gambling subsidy.",
"\n\nFor example, as the Special Inspector General of the Troubled Asset Relief Program said today:\n\nWhen the government assured the world in 2008 that it would not let Citigroup fail, it did more than reassure the troubled markets -- it encouraged high-risk behavior by insulating risk-takers from the consequences of failure.",
"\n\nAnd as former International Monetary Fund chief economist Simon Johnson wrote last week:\n\nAny financial institution with such access to such government support is likely to take on excessive risk – this is the heart of what is commonly referred to as the problem of “moral hazard.” ",
"If you are fully insured against adverse events, you will be less careful.",
"\n\nThe very size of the too big to fails also decreases the ability of the smaller banks to compete. ",
"And - since the government itself helped make the giants even bigger - that is also a subsidy to the big boys (see this).",
"\n\nThe monopoly power given to the big banks (technically an \"oligopoly\") is a subsidy in other ways as well. ",
"For example, Nobel prize winning economist Joseph Stiglitz said in September that giants like Goldman are using their size to manipulate the market:\n\n\"The main problem that Goldman raises is a question of size: 'too big to fail.' ",
"In some markets, they have a significant fraction of trades. ",
"Why is that important? ",
"They trade both on their proprietary desk and on behalf of customers. ",
"When you do that and you have a significant fraction of all trades, you have a lot of information.\"",
"\n\nFurther, he says, \"That raises the potential of conflicts of interest, problems of front-running, using that inside information for your proprietary desk. ",
"And that's why the Volcker report came out and said that we need to restrict the kinds of activity that these large institutions have. ",
"If you're going to trade on behalf of others, if you're going to be a commercial bank, you can't engage in certain kinds of risk-taking behavior.\"",
"\n\nThe giants (especially Goldman Sachs) have also used high-frequency program trading which not only distorted the markets - making up more than 70% of stock trades - but which also let the program trading giants take a sneak peak at what the real (aka “human”) traders are buying and selling, and then trade on the insider information. ",
"See this, this, this, this and this. (",
"This is frontrunning, which is illegal; but it is a lot bigger than garden variety frontrunning, because the program traders are not only trading based on inside knowledge of what their own clients are doing, they are also trading based on knowledge of what all other traders are doing).",
"\n\nIn addition, the giants receive many billions in subsidies by receiving government guarantees that they are \"too big to fail\", ensuring that they have to pay lower interest rates to attract depositors.",
"\n\nThese are just a few of the secret bailouts programs the government is giving to the giant banks. ",
"There are many other bailout programs as well. ",
"If these bailouts and subsidies are added up, they amount to many tens - or perhaps even hundreds - of trillions of dollars.",
"\n\nAnd then there is the cost of debasing the currency in order to print money to fund these bailouts. ",
"The cost to the American citizen in less valuable dollars could be truly staggering. ",
"From another perspective, running up our national debt to pay for the bailouts is costing us dearly by reducing our economy's growth (and see this).",
"\n\nAnd it is the top executives who reap the benefit of the bailouts through huge bonuses. ",
"Since the big banks continue to engage in highly-leveraged, risky, speculative activities, the bailouts have not made them any more stable. ",
"See this, for example."
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"Q:\n\nCodeigniter form on same page as results\n\nI am using codeigniter and the tutorial from here. ",
"I have made a basic blog tool which works fine. ",
"However as it stands to add a new post you have to go to a separate page 'create.php' to get to the form. ",
"I would like to try and put the form on the same page as the page that will be updated i.e. 'index.php'. ",
"If I try to do this at the moment the form simply refreshes and does submit the data.",
"\nmodel\nfunction insert_post($data){\n $this->db->insert('posts', $data);\n return;\n}\n\nCurrent View (admin/create.php)\n<?",
"php echo validation_errors(); ?",
">\n\n<h4>Create A New Post Below</h4>\n<form action=\"\" method=\"post\" >\n<p>Title:</p>\n<input type=\"text\" name=\"title\" size=\"50\"/><br/> \n<p>Summary:</p>\n<textarea name=\"summary\" rows=\"2\" cols=\"50\"></textarea><br/>\n<p>Post Content:</p>\n<textarea name=\"content\" rows=\"6\" cols=\"50\"></textarea><br/>\n<input type=\"submit\" value=\"Save\" />\n\n<?",
"php echo anchor('admin','Cancel'); ?",
">\n\n</form>\n\nView I would like the form to be on (index.php)\n<?",
"php\n echo '<p>Welcome '.$username.'! ",
"All posts available for edit or deletion is listed below.</p><br/>';\n\n echo anchor('admin/create','Create New Post');\n\n $count = count($post['id']);\n for ($i=0;$i<$count;$i++)\n {\n echo '<div class=\"postDiv\">';\n echo '<h4>'.$post['title'][$i];\n echo '<p>'.$post['summary'][$i].'</p>';\n echo '<p>'.$post['content'][$i].'</p>';\n //echo anchor('blog/view/'.$post['id'][$i],' [view]');\n echo anchor('admin/edit/'.$post['id'][$i],' [edit]');\n echo anchor('admin/delete/'.$post['id'][$i],' [delete]</h4>');\n echo '</div>';\n }\n?",
">\n\nController\nfunction create(){\n $data['userId'] = $this->tank_auth->get_user_id();\n $data['username'] = $this->tank_auth->get_username();\n\n $this->form_validation->set_rules('title','title','required');\n $this->form_validation->set_rules('summary','summary','required');\n $this->form_validation->set_rules('content','content','required');\n\n if($this->form_validation->run()==FALSE)\n {\n $this->load->view('template/admin_html_head',$data);\n $this->load->view('admin/create',$data);\n $this->load->view('template/html_tail',$data);\n } else {\n $data = $_POST;\n $this->posts->insert_post($data);\n redirect('admin');\n }\n}\n\nThis was straight forward when I used normal php but with codeigniter I am getting lost with the MVC stuff. ",
"I know this is probably a fairly basic question so please either explain your answer or give me a link to something which will explain what I need to do as I want to learn from this. ",
"I have read the codeigniter docs on validation but I dont think thats my problem?",
"\n\nA:\n\nWhat you are trying to do is called embedding a view. ",
"I will try to explain how but you should also check some links which might prove to be more in depth:\nhttp://net.tutsplus.com/tutorials/php/an-introduction-to-views-templating-in-codeigniter/\nCodeigniter: Best way to structure partial views\nThe crux of what you need to do is change the link on index.php from:\necho anchor('admin/create','Create New Post');\n\nto\n$this->load->view('admin/create');\n\nNow this should work, but to help you on the MVC front, it helps to explain why doing it this way is wrong. ",
"The idea of MVC is to seperate the functions in your application into their distinct roles. ",
"Most people will frown at putting business logic into views unless it is very minimal. ",
"The way that we could improve upon your code is to load the view in the controller, and set it to variable.",
"\nAt the bottom of the codeigniter docs for views it shows how to load into a variable:\nhttp://ellislab.com/codeigniter/user-guide/general/views.html\nif the third parameter of load->view is set to true then the function will return your view as a string instead of outputting it to the browser\n$data['input_form'] = $this->load->view('admin/create', $data, true);\n\nthen in the view that you want to load that form all you need to do is echo input_form\n<?",
"php echo $input_form;?",
">\n\nSo that should solve your problem but there are also a few more things you can do in your view file that will improve the readability of your code.",
"\nInstead of using a count() and for loop you can use foreach which makes everything much easier\n<?",
"php foreach ($post as $post_item):?",
">\n<div>\n<h4><?php echo $post_item['title'];?></h4>\n</div>\n<?",
"php endforeach;?",
">\n\nIt also helps to break your view files up and have more tags. ",
"It might seems like it is extra bloat, but when you have larger view files it will be very cumbersome to continue using as many echo's as you have\n\n"
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"[Study of the hydration characteristics of nucleic acid bases and their complementary pairs using the Monte-Carlo method].",
"\nTo elucidate the role of certain atomic groups in the formation of the nucleic acid hydrate shell, we simulated the systems involving a base or a complementary pair (the base molecules are methylated in N9 of purines and in N1 of pyrimidines) and 25 water molecules using the Monte-Carlo method. ",
"All hydrophilic centers, except for N1 purines and N3 pyrimidines in complementary pairs, form hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) with water molecules. ",
"The mean numbers of H-bonds formed by different centers, and distributions of the geometric characteristics of these bonds, which appeared similar to those in crystals, have been calculated. ",
"The formation of bridges of one, two of three water molecules between hydrophilic centers was shown. ",
"The probabilities of formation of these bridges have been calculated."
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"English women's cricket team in South Africa in 1960–61\n\nThe England women's cricket team toured South Africa in 1960–61, the first women's Test series ever in South Africa. ",
" England won the four match series 1–0, with three drawn Tests.",
"\n\nTest series\n\n1st Test\n\n2nd Test\n\n3rd Test\n\n4th Test\n\nTour matches\n\n1-day tour match: England Women v Western Province Combined XI Women\n\n2-day tour match: England Women v Western Province Women\n\n2-day tour match: England Women v South African XI Women\n\n2-day tour match: England Women v Southern Transvaal Women\n\n2-day tour match: England Women v South African XI Women\n\n1-day tour match: England Women v Southern Transvaal B Women\n\n2-day tour match: England Women v Natal Women\n\n1-day tour match: England Women v Border Women\n\n1-day single-innings tour match: England Women v Eastern Province Women\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Women's international cricket tours of South Africa\nCategory:1960 in English cricket\nCategory:1960 in South African cricket\nCategory:1961 in English cricket\nCategory:1961 in South African cricket\nSouth Africa 1960\nWomen 1960\nCategory:International cricket competitions from 1960–61 to 1970\nCategory:South African cricket seasons from 1945–46 to 1969–70\nCategory:November 1960 sports events\nCategory:December 1960 sports events\nCategory:January 1961 sports events\nCategory:February 1961 sports events\nCategory:1960 in women's cricket\nCategory:1961 in women's cricket"
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"There’s more fallout from yesterday’s revelations that a “vast majority” of career FBI agents expected Hillary Clinton to face criminal charges for her use of an unauthorized email server for government business.",
"\n\nHours after the story broke, I interviewed former US Attorney Joe DiGenova on WMAL in Washington DC. ",
"He said his sources at the FBI and the Justice Department told him that things are only going to get worse for Director James Comey:\n\nThis is a big development. ",
"This means there are some great, traditional, honest people inside the FBI and DOJ who will not let this stand. ",
"They know that Comey is a dirty cop and they are disgusted. ",
"Inside the bureau I had a meeting today with a senior former FBI agent who told me this exact story. ",
"That people are starting to talk. ",
"They’re calling their former friends outside the bureau asking for help. ",
"We were asked, today, to provide legal representation for people inside the bureau and we agreed to do so. ",
"And, to former agents who want to come forward to talk. ",
"Comey thought this was going to go away. ",
"It is not. ",
"People inside the are furious. ",
"They are embarrassed. ",
"They feel they are being led by a hack. ",
"But, more than that, they think he’s a crook. ",
"They think he’s fundamentally dishonest. ",
"They have no confidence in him. ",
"The bureau, inside, right now… is a mess.",
"\n\nAs women come out of the woodwork and charge Donald Trump with assault allegations that couldn’t possibly be verified (like the New York Times printing an account from a plane trip 30 years ago) you would think one or two career investigators or lawyers would stand up for the rule of law and publicly reveal the truth behind the investigation that was apparently abandoned by Comey for political purposes.",
"\n\nPerhaps Mr. DiGenova’s offer to provide legal assistance will help coax some of these investigators out of the shadows and become a symbol for law and order. ",
"After all, our nation was founded on the principle that no one is above the law and “justice for all” is supposed to mean even a powerful presidential candidate must answer for their misdeeds. ",
"Last I checked, that’s why most FBI agents got into law enforcement in the first place."
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"Review on female sexual offenders: findings about profile and personality.",
"\nAlthough in the past sexual abuse was perceived as an issue connected only with males the contemporary literature is placing increasing emphasis on the role of female sexual perpetrators. ",
"There is still disagreement about the definition of sexual abuse, the frequency that it occurs and the characteristics of the women that are sexual abusers. ",
"Thorough research of the main databases (MEDLINE and PsycInfo), for case reviews and studies along with restriction on European and North American literature, is due to perceived culture differences. ",
"Further investigation for relevant studies through web search engines such as Google, locates agencies and organizations that are interested and connected to sexual abuse issues. ",
"Distinction between sexual offense and sexual abuse has as a result difference in the characteristics of female sexual perpetrators. ",
"They are mainly young (age up to 36 years old), friends or relatives of the victim, using more persuasion and psychological coercion and legally charged in a lesser extent compared with male abusers. ",
"However the psychological consequences for the victim can be more severe. ",
"A unanimous view of what is female sexual abuse is difficult to reach. ",
"Often it is under reported, unrecognized or considered ethically more acceptable than male abuse. ",
"It is also connected with an increased self-report of history of sexual abuse of the perpetrators. ",
"A typology of female sexual abusers should be developed. ",
"Treatments focusing on different psychological interventions along with prevention and public awareness can be a powerful tool in reduction of sexual abuse perpetrated by females."
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"import { dl } from './native'\n\nconst getsectiondata = new NativeFunction(\n dl('libmacho.dylib').sym('getsectiondata')!,",
"\n 'pointer',\n ['pointer', 'pointer', 'pointer', 'pointer']\n)\n\nconst libxpc = dl('libxpc.dylib')\n\n// https://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-792/osfmk/mach/port.h\n//\n// #define MACH_PORT_NULL\t\t0 /* intentional loose typing */\n// #define MACH_PORT_DEAD\t\t((mach_port_name_t) ~0)\n// #define MACH_PORT_VALID(name)\t\t\t\t\\\n// \t\t(((name) !",
"= MACH_PORT_NULL) && \t\t\\\n// \t\t ((name) !",
"= MACH_PORT_DEAD))\n\nconst MACH_PORT_NULL = 0\nconst MACH_PORT_DEAD = 0xffffffff\nconst bootstrap_look_up = new NativeFunction(libxpc.sym('bootstrap_look_up'), 'pointer', ['pointer', 'pointer', 'pointer'])\nconst bootstrap_port = libxpc.sym('bootstrap_port')\nconst mach_task_self_ = libxpc.sym('mach_task_self_')\nconst mach_port_deallocate = new NativeFunction(libxpc.sym('mach_port_deallocate'), 'void', ['pointer', 'uint32'])\n\nconst NSPropertyListImmutable = 0\nconst { NSData, NSPropertyListSerialization } = ObjC.classes\n\ninterface Service {\n name: string;\n path: string;\n access: boolean;\n}\n\nexport function * services(): IterableIterator<Service> {\n const cache = '/System/Library/Caches/com.apple.xpcd/xpcd_cache.dylib'\n\n const pSize = Memory.alloc(Process.pointerSize)\n const address = getsectiondata(\n Module.load(cache).base,\n Memory.allocUtf8String('__TEXT'),\n Memory.allocUtf8String('__xpcd_cache'),\n pSize) as NativePointer \n\n if (address.isNull()) return\n\n const size = pSize.readUInt()\n const format = Memory.alloc(Process.pointerSize)\n const err = Memory.alloc(Process.pointerSize).writePointer(NULL)\n const data = NSData.dataWithBytesNoCopy_length_freeWhenDone_(address, size, 0)\n const dict = NSPropertyListSerialization.propertyListFromData_mutabilityOption_format_errorDescription_(\n data,\n NSPropertyListImmutable,\n format,\n err,\n )\n\n const desc = err.readPointer()\n if (!",
"desc.isNull())\n throw new Error(new ObjC.Object(desc).toString())\n \n const daemons = dict.objectForKey_('LaunchDaemons')\n const keys = daemons.allKeys()\n const count = keys.count()\n const pPort = Memory.alloc(Process.pointerSize)\n\n for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {\n const key = keys.objectAtIndex_(i).toString()\n const obj = daemons.objectForKey_(key)\n const prog = obj.objectForKey_('Program')\n const args = obj.objectForKey_('ProgramArguments')\n\n let path = prog\n if (!",
"path && args) {\n path = args.objectAtIndex_(0)\n } else {\n path = 'N/A'\n }\n\n const services = obj.objectForKey_('MachServices')\n if (!",
"services) continue\n\n const servicesNames = services.allKeys()\n const servicesCount = servicesNames.count()\n\n for (let j = 0; j < servicesCount; j++) {\n const name = servicesNames.objectAtIndex_(j)\n if ((bootstrap_look_up(bootstrap_port, Memory.allocUtf8String(name.toString()), pPort) as NativePointer).isNull()) {\n const port = pPort.readU32()\n let access = false\n if (port !",
"== MACH_PORT_NULL && port !",
"== MACH_PORT_DEAD) {\n access = true\n mach_port_deallocate(mach_task_self_, port)\n }\n\n yield {\n access,\n name,\n path\n }\n } \n }\n }\n}\n\n// [...services()]\n"
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"Photokinetic - matte black\n\nOctic Mirror\n\nTripic Mirror\n\nColor:\n\nSize:\n\nDescription & Specs\n\nLeading the pack with its first-class style and performance for its second year, the PhotoKinetic and PhotoKinetic Pro feature a technical frame design to house the premium Lenses by ZEISS. ",
"This snowboard goggle is highly acclaimed for its style, maximum field of view and excellent helmet compatibility."
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"Set almost entirely within a 40-storey monolith brutally forged in concrete and steel, High-Rise charts the disintegration of society by pitting the lower, middle and upper classes against each other on their respective floors of the building.",
"\n\nScreenwriter Amy Jump retains the original setting, providing production designer Mark Tildesley with a blank canvas for cool and immaculate retro aesthetics that suggest a brave new world teetering on the brink of anarchy.",
"\n\nExplosions of violence spatter the lens as morality is cast aside, including one startling sequence of a man committing suicide by flinging himself off the building.",
"\n\nCostumes also perfectly evoke the swinging era, accompanied by a soundtrack composed by Clint Mansell (Black Swan, Requiem For A Dream) that teases out notes of simmering discord.",
"\n\nA tone of jet black humour is injected in the opening frames as Dr Robert Laing (Tom Hiddleston) sits on the balcony of his flat, roasting the remains of a dog on a spit.",
"\n\nSienna Miller\n\nMan's best friend has become sizzling sustenance in a once pristine idyll that has degenerated into a battleground across the class divide.",
"\n\nThe narrative rewinds three months to Robert's arrival on the 25th floor.",
"\n\nHe sunbathes naked and catches the eye of single mother Charlotte Melville (Sienna Miller), who lives upstairs with her precocious son, Toby (Louis Suc).",
"\n\nShe introduces Robert to some of the other residents, including officious busybody Nathan (Reece Shearsmith) and documentary filmmaker Richard Wilder (Luke Evans), who neglects his heavily pregnant wife Helen (Elisabeth Moss) to chase other women.",
"\n\nThe medic is granted a private audience with the building's architect, Anthony Royal (Jeremy Irons), who lives in the penthouse with his emotionally brittle wife, Ann (Keeley Hawes).",
"\n\n\"I conceived this building as a crucible for change,\" Royal informs Robert, who takes advantage of the amenities including a fully stocked supermarket on floor 15 and a swimming pool on floor 30.",
"\n\nPower outages, which affect the lower floors, stoke resentment, eventually sparking civil war which claims the life of one beloved pet and a number of the residents.",
"\n\nHigh-Rise revels in the debauchery of the era, with orgiastic scenes of group sex and consumer greed.",
"\n\nHiddleston is an engaging lead character, pandering to his fans with nudity and a dancing sequence that sees him frottering a gaggle of uniform air hostesses in lustrous slow-motion.",
"\n\nAs a coherent narrative that sustains interest for two hours, Wheatley's film has some structural weaknesses and his impeccably tailored vision will infuriate and bemuse as many people as it intoxicates."
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"As a valued partner and preferred supplier of AMS, Dexter Magnetic Technologies is proud to provide the AMS customer base with superior support and service. ",
"Dexter has created the below AMS Magnetic Encoder Compatibility Matrix to showcase the wide selection of magnets compatible with AMS magnetic encoders.",
"\n\nClick on the magnet family type or part number for further technical specifications and to request samples or a quote."
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"Passengers who wish to check in at the airport may do so up to 45-60 minutes before departure, although some departure airports require more time. ",
"The airline recommends arriving at the airport at least one hour and 30 minutes before domestic travel and two hours for international flights. ",
"After check-in, passengers will check baggage and clear security, so you'll want to make sure you have plenty of time.",
"\nBest Available Rate Guarantee assures you receive the best rates when you book directly with us. ",
"If you find a lower publicly available rate within 24 hours of booking, we will match that rate plus give you 25% off the lower rate, subject to guarantee terms and exclusions. ",
"Guarantee does not apply to Ritz-Carlton Montreal, The Ritz London, Ritz-Carlton Residences®, and Starwood-Branded Hotels, including Four Points Hotels, Sheraton Hotels, Aloft Hotels, W Hotels, Le Meridien Hotels, Luxury Collection Hotels, Element Hotels, Westin Hotels, St. Regis Hotels, Tribute Portfolio Hotels and Design Hotels. ",
"Marriott Rewards® and The Ritz-Carlton Rewards® members (“Rewards Members”) who book rooms through a Marriott® Direct Booking Channel, authorized travel agents or select corporate travel partners (\"Eligible Channels\") at hotels that participate in Marriott Rewards® and The Ritz-Carlton Rewards loyalty programs will receive an exclusive, preferred rate (“Marriott Rewards Member Rate”). ",
"Member Rates are available globally at all hotels that participate in Marriott Rewards. ",
"Exclusions apply. ",
"See our Terms & Conditions for additional details related to our Best Available Rate Guarantee and Marriott Rewards Member Rate. ",
"Hotels shown on Marriott.com may be operated under a license from Marriott International, Inc. or one of its affiliates.",
"\nAmerican Airlines allows passengers to choose their seats in most cases, but there are times when the seats will be assigned at check-in. ",
"The carrier may withhold some seats until the day of departure to best accommodate passengers. ",
"Economy Class passengers will enjoy a seat pitch of 30-32 inches, while Business and First Class passengers can relax comfortably with 38-40 inches of legroom or a lie-flat seat.",
"\nAmerican will add a sixth destination in Cuba with a new daily flight from Miami International Airport (MIA) to Antonio Maceo Airport (SCU) in Santiago de Cuba starting May 3. ",
"The airline will also start new service from Dallas Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) to Durango International Airport (DGO) in Mexico starting June 6. ",
"American will be the only U.S. carrier to serve DGO and SCU.",
"\nAmerican Airlines allows pets to travel on most flights less than 12 hours. ",
"Pets may travel in the cabin for a fee of $125 per kennel per way. ",
"The animal must be at least eight weeks old and must stay in the kennel under the seat in front of you. ",
"Kennels may not exceed 19x13x9 inches, and pets should be able to stand up and move around comfortably.",
"\n• Boeing 787-8: Fully lie-flat seats manufactured by Zodiac Seats France and designed for American Airlines with direct aisle access in a 1-2-1 reverse herringbone configuration with front-facing and rear-facing seats. ",
"Seat length: 77 inches (196 cm). ",
"Equipped with a 16-inch (41 cm) touchscreen monitor and touchscreen handset, two universal AC power outlets, and USB ports.",
"\n\nAirbnb was able to complete its entire database migration to Amazon RDS with only 15 minutes of downtime. ",
"This quick transition was very important to the fast-growing Airbnb because it did not want its community of users to be shut out of its marketplace for an extended period of time. ",
"Tobi Knaup, an engineer at Airbnb says, “Because of AWS, there has always been an easy answer (in terms of time required and cost) to scale our site.”",
"\n\nOne year later, there were 15 people working from Chesky and Gebbia's loft apartment on Rausch Street in San Francisco. ",
"To make room for employees, Brian Chesky gave up his bedroom and lived at lodging booked via the Airbnb service until the company moved into its first office space.[32][18] In April 2009, the company received $600,000 in seed money from Sequoia Capital[18] and, in November 2010, raised $7.2 million in financing from Greylock Partners and, again, from Sequoia Capital, in a Series A round, then announcing that out of 700,000 nights booked, 80% had occurred in the previous six months.[33]"
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"This week, the Santa Monica Architectural Review Board took its first look at 3030 Nebraska, developer WS Communities' proposed residential-retail complex near the Expo Line's Bergamot Station.",
"\n\nThe project, named for its address at 3030 Nebraska Avenue, would replace a handful of small industrial buildings with a four-story structure featuring 190 studio, one-, two- and three-bedroom apartments - including nine units of affordable housing - and ground-floor retail uses. ",
"Plans also call for five levels of subterranean construction, which would contain 87,000 square feet of office space and parking for up to 475 vehicles.",
"\n\nMichael W. Folonis Architects is designing the low-rise structure, which would be clad with materials such as stucco, concrete, and aluminum. ",
"The project would also incorporate a number of open space amenities, including a gym and a central courtyard.",
"\n\nA timeline for the project has not been revealed. ",
"This is the Architectural Review Board's first look at the project, after which the body will make recommendations to the applicant and the Santa Monica Planning Commission.",
"\n\nJust north of 3030 Nebraska, the Houston-based Dinerstein Cos. ",
"is now in the midst of construction for the similar Millennium Santa Monica development on Colorado Avenue, which is replacing a former trailer park with 356 apartments and retail.",
"\n\nWS Communities, which is based out of Santa Monica, is a new entity created to manage the properties formerly controlled by NMS Properties, one of the city's most prolific multifamily developers."
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"Tuesday, February 1, 2011\n\nThe hardware of Android\n\nI was reading a post by one of the lead developers for Honeycomb, the version of Android specifically tailored for tablets. ",
"He mentioned a some good points, none which this is about, but I found myself down in the comments section as I am want to do. ",
"It was here that someone mentioned the fact hardware manufacturers are moving too slow (in contrast to the belief many have which Google is moving to quick) and I agree. ",
"It wasn't until the Nexus One that manufacturers stepped up their game on hardware. ",
"Hell, if it wasn't for Android and the iPhone, I doubt we would be at the technological advance we are in mobile devices, dual core phones coming and all.",
"\n\nAnyway, someone mentioned that the manufacturers are practically going bankrupt on manufacturing these Android phones. ",
"For one, I think this is patently false. ",
"An independent website that analyzes the cost of hardware estimated that the cost of my Nexus One would be around $275 (at the time of its release, obviously a lot cheaper now) when the phone costed $530 off contract which is typical of high end cell phones. ",
"Subsidized prices I don't take into account because the difference is paid into by the carrier.",
"\n\nFrom here the post mentioned the fact some of the limitations of the Galaxy Tab compared to the iPad and the fact Samsung could only get the price down by $30. ",
"There's seems to be a big fallacy here. ",
"Couldn't the real truth be more likely Samsung is just attempting to maximize profits as much as possible? ",
"The reality of the situation is the Tab's main cost is the Super AMOLED screen which hasn't reduced itself in price enough to be totally affordable or even profitable. ",
"Obviously if you look around you don't see TVs with the technology or even laptops with it. ",
"The cost is simply too much right now.",
"\n\nHowever, even if the screen is the most costly thing about the tablet, it doesn't account for the fact the rest of it is rather cheap. ",
"Next in line would be the System-on-Chip with the processor, but after that, the majority of the hardware is cheap things like cameras. ",
"One must also remember there really is only one Galaxy Tab while there are several variations of the iPad which can go as high as $830, more than the cost of my laptop.",
"\n\nTo think the hardware manufacturers are going bankrupt or barely recouping costs is just plain silly. ",
"They wouldn't sell their products at a loss now would they? (",
"Obviously new tech like the Playstation 3 sold at a loss for a time, but Sony had the ridiculous capital to take the risk) What kind of capitalist business sense would that make? ",
"No, the only reason the hardware manufacturers are behind the times is because they are greedy.",
"\n\nWe've had 1 GHz chips since late 2009, but they're not in every cell phone running Android right now. ",
"Why? ",
"Surely the cost must have came down since then. ",
"One has to consider the fact shoving an old 528 MHz 2005 processor into a 2011 phone must not cost a great deal. ",
"Then, consider the mark up when sold to the carriers for subsidization or consumers buying unlocked. ",
"The carrier recoups their cost on your contract. ",
"You're stuck in a 2-year contract with a low end phone while the manufacturer churns out new phones every three months.",
"\n\nLook, there's nothing wrong with making a profit. ",
"It's largely what America is based on. ",
"However, we're not talking about me only making $5 profit off a deal, but companies making millions and sometimes billions of dollars of profit. ",
"These companies are not hurting and I find it extremely disingenuous when manufacturers and carriers keep bringing out low-end tech which should have passed on a long time ago or high end tech with outdated software. ",
"So yeah, manufacturers aren't bringing out tech fast enough to keep up with Android because they keep recycling the same old tech. ",
"Of course, then you get the carriers wanting outdated versions of Android on their phones which is why you can see how disastrously out of whack Android is becoming.",
"\n\nThis is why I stick with the Nexus phones. ",
"Google wanted to change the American way of purchasing phones in favor of the European way, but unfortunately, America is just too stupid right now. ",
"Maybe someday we'll figure it out the carriers are pitting us against the manufacturers and roadblocking us from purchasing whatever phone we want. ",
"In the meantime, I'll enjoy my timely updates of Android."
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"Three-dimensional navigation system integrating position-tracking technology with a movable tablet display for percutaneous targeting.",
"\nTo assess the feasibility of a novel percutaneous navigation system (Translucent Medical, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA) that integrates position-tracking technology with a movable tablet display. ",
"A total of 18 fiducial markers, which served as the target centres for the virtual tumours (target fiducials), were implanted in the prostate and kidney of a fresh cadaver, and preoperative computed tomography (CT) was performed to allow three-dimensional model reconstruction of the surgical regions, which were registered on the body intra-operatively. ",
"The position of the movable tablet's display could be selected to obtain the best recognition of the interior anatomy. ",
"The system was used to navigate the puncture needle (with position-tracking sensor attached) using a colour-coded, predictive puncture-line. ",
"When the operator punctured the target fiducial, another fiducial, serving as the centre of the ablative treatment (treatment fiducial), was placed. ",
"Postoperative CT was performed to assess the digitized distance (representing the real distance) between the target and treatment fiducials to evaluate the accuracy of the procedure. ",
"The movable tablet display, with position-tracking sensor attached, enabled the surgeon to visualize the three-dimensional anatomy of the internal organs with the help of an overlaid puncture line for the puncture needle, which also had a position-tracking sensor attached. ",
"The mean (virtual) distance from the needle tip to the target (calculated using the computer workstation), was 2.5 mm. ",
"In an analysis of each digitalized axial component, the errors were significantly greater along the z-axis (P < 0.01), suggesting that the errors were caused by organ shift or deformation. ",
"This virtual navigation system, integrating a position-tracking sensor with a movable tablet display, is a promising advancement for facilitating percutaneous interventions. ",
"The movable display over the patient shows a preoperative three-dimensional image that is aligned to the patient. ",
"Moving the display moves the image, creating the feeling of looking through a window into the patient, resulting in instant perception and a direct, intuitive connection between the physician and the anatomy."
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"Ascorbic acid and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.",
"\nIn this chapter, we have briefly reviewed the current scientific knowledge of the role of vitamin C in the prevention of atherosclerosis and its associated clinical manifestations. ",
"There is good evidence from animal studies that vitamin C can slow the progression of experimental atherosclerosis. ",
"Most of these studies, however, were done either in guinea pigs, using ascorbic acid depletion, or in cholesterol-fed rabbits, using ascorbic acid supplementation. ",
"Both animal models have limitations, as guinea pigs are not a well-established (nor well-studied) model of atherosclerosis, and rabbits develop atherosclerosis at high serum beta-VLDL cholesterol levels, and in addition can synthesize ascorbic acid. ",
"In contrast, humans develop atherosclerosis spontaneously and readily at moderately elevated serum LDL cholesterol levels and have lost the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid. ",
"Thus, the animal studies discussed, although quite promising and suggestive of an anti-atherogenic effect of ascorbic acid, need to be expanded to primates before more definitive conclusions can be drawn. ",
"Similar to the animal data, the current evidence from epidemiological studies on the role of vitamin C in the prevention of CVD is inconclusive, with some studies showing a very strong correlation between increased vitamin C intake and incidence of CVD events and other studies showing no correlation at all. ",
"Studies on CVD risk factors indicate that vitamin C may moderately decrease total serum cholesterol levels, increase HDL levels, and exert a hypotensive effect. ",
"These findings are particularly intriguing and should be pursued vigorously in basic research studies to elucidate biological mechanisms. ",
"In addition, it appears that large placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trials of vitamin C supplementation (without simultaneous supplementation with vitamin E) in populations with a wide range of vitamin C body levels are needed in order to confirm or refute a role for vitamin C in the prevention of CVD. ",
"Unfortunately, no such trials are currently being conducted. ",
"The possible mechanisms by which ascorbic acid may affect the development of atherosclerosis and the onset of acute coronary events include effects on arterial wall integrity related to biosynthesis of collagen and GAGs, altered cholesterol metabolism mediated by vitamin C-dependent conversion of cholesterol to bile acids, and effects on triglyceride levels via modulation of lipoprotein lipase activity. ",
"A particularly intriguing possible mechanism for the anti-atherogenic effect of vitamin C is prevention of atherogenic, oxidative modification of LDL. ",
"Numerous in vitro studies have demonstrated that ascorbic acid strongly inhibits LDL oxidation by a variety of mechanisms. ",
"The potential effects of ascorbic acid on platelet function and EDRF metabolism are particularly intriguing, as they might have widespread consequences for the prevention of atherosclerotic lesion development as well as acute clinical events. ",
"Thus, both metabolic and antioxidant functions may contribute to the possible reduction of CVD risk by vitamin C."
] | {
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"Acoustic wave elements such as film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) or surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators have been used for bandpass filters in various circuits that process radio signals in the frequency band ranging from 45 MHz to 4 GHz typified by mobile phones.",
"\nAs a method of mounting a functional element such as the acoustic wave element, there have been known a method that flip-chip mounts a chip including the functional element formed on the lower surface of the chip on a substrate as disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Publication Nos. ",
"2015-204531, 2005-223580, 2015-103888, and 2016-58964. ",
"The functional element such as an acoustic wave element faces the upper surface of the substrate across an air gap. ",
"It has been known to provide an insulating film on the upper surface of the substrate to inhibit the short circuit between an inductor located on the upper surface of the substrate and the acoustic wave element as disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. ",
"2016-58964.",
"\nThe electronic components including, for example, the acoustic wave elements are desired to be smaller as the functions of mobile phones and smart phones increase. ",
"On the other hand, as the power of power amplifiers for transmitting radio waves becomes higher, higher power durability is desired. ",
"To achieve the electronic component having smaller size and higher power durability, it may be considered to enhance the heat release performance from the functional element. ",
"However, when the functional element faces the upper surface of the substrate across an air gap, heat fails to be released from the lower surface of the functional element."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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[
"Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study.",
"\nCarbon nanotubes have distinctive characteristics, but their needle-like fibre shape has been compared to asbestos, raising concerns that widespread use of carbon nanotubes may lead to mesothelioma, cancer of the lining of the lungs caused by exposure to asbestos. ",
"Here we show that exposing the mesothelial lining of the body cavity of mice, as a surrogate for the mesothelial lining of the chest cavity, to long multiwalled carbon nanotubes results in asbestos-like, length-dependent, pathogenic behaviour. ",
"This includes inflammation and the formation of lesions known as granulomas. ",
"This is of considerable importance, because research and business communities continue to invest heavily in carbon nanotubes for a wide range of products under the assumption that they are no more hazardous than graphite. ",
"Our results suggest the need for further research and great caution before introducing such products into the market if long-term harm is to be avoided."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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"Key Findings Details\n\nDoes Eliminating the Earnings Test Increase the Incidence of Low Income among Older Women?Theodore F. Figinski and David Neumark\nWP 2015-325\n\n• The elimination of the retirement earnings test (RET) beyond the Full Retirement Age (FRA), in 2000, was intended to boost employment of those in this age range. ",
"But the elimination of the RET makes those who are working more likely to claim Social Security benefits at earlier ages, reducing benefits in the longer-run. ",
"This latter effect could lead to lower family income (including benefits) at older ages – perhaps in particular for older women who are likely to outlive their spouses.",
"\n• We confirm past findings that the elimination of the RET led to earlier claiming of benefits for women, and hence lower benefits.",
"\n• We find evidence that the elimination of the RET is associated with higher incomes and hence of lower incidence of low family incomes initially – when women are around age 70 – but higher incidence of low income as women reach their mid-70s and beyond.",
"\n• These findings raise cautionary flags about proposals to reduce or eliminate the RET between ages 62 and the FRA."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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[
"Good GRAVY Robert Francis O’Rourke is really working hard to vilify America and pretend that only he and the Democrats see the light. ",
"We get it, the guy is polling at like 0.0% or something but this is just pathetic.",
"\n\nOur country was founded on racism—and is still racist today. ",
"In Arkansas, I said why I believe there’s no denying this reality; and why it’s on all of us to change it. ",
"pic.twitter.com/cHLKmCMGEB — Beto O'Rourke (@BetoORourke) August 18, 2019\n\nYou know what Beto and these Democrats remind us of?",
"\n\nPaul Sacca said it best:\n\nLeftist politicians are the new evangelicals, they preach that you have an original sin and they sell the scheme that only they can lead you to redemption… https://t.co/A8kezQB9kF — Paul Sacca (@Paul_Sacca) August 19, 2019\n\nWhen you think of Democrats like this it makes perfect sense. ",
"They point out how we’re all failing, in other words how we all have original sin, and that they are the only ones who can save us.",
"\n\nSo we better vote for them or else.",
"\n\n*eye roll*\n\nHe does have a bit of an Elmer Gantry feel. — ",
"Dog guy (@Catsorange1) August 19, 2019\n\nLawdy Lawdy!",
"\n\nExcept there’s never any redemption. ",
"It’s a take your money shell game. — ",
"Ellen Anderson (@MochaLite) August 19, 2019\n\nAmen.",
"\n\nThat’s true. ",
"The leftist ideology has become a religion to them. ",
"And as one of them said on CNN? ",
"A republican has to “evolve” to become a democrat. ? — ",
"Robert Hamby (@RobertHamby19) August 19, 2019\n\nWow. ",
"I encourage everyone to retweet the above, as it needs to be shared far and wide. ",
"It’s accurate, articulates what many of us were thinking but didn’t know quite how to say, and (hopefully) will be enlightening to others. — ",
"StuckintheMiddle (@Stuckin83084986) August 19, 2019\n\nDamn…. ",
"thats pretty good — Mr. Paul Gomez (@Pablogomezbit2) August 19, 2019\n\nSee? ",
"Told ya’.",
"\n\nGood point. ",
"Government replaces God, but everything else is similar. — ",
"TocsLacos (@LacosTocs) August 19, 2019\n\nGovernment is their God, but we digress.",
"\n\nRelated:\n\nOWNED: @AG_Conservative calls Rachel Maddow OUT for excusing anti-Semitism and smearing Jews in EPIC thread\n\n‘Utterly idiotic’: Conservative woman DISMANTLES Tom Nichols and his ‘voting third-party logic’ and it’s perfect\n\nLeftist white woman’s reaction to black Trump supporter Anthony Brian Logan wearing a MAGA hat is EXACTLY who the Left is"
] | {
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[
"Friends and Fundraising\n\nFaurefold is managed by Girlguiding Surrey East and owned by Girlguiding London South West. ",
"The site is managed by a group of volunteers, at the moment mainly members of Girlguiding, their families or friends, but anyone with skills and enthusiasm are welcome to join us. ",
"If you would like to help us with the maintenance, fundraising or in some other way, then join us as a Friend of Faurefold. ",
"We will keep you up to date on events and developments on the site.",
"\n\nOver the last 5 years the Faurefold team and supporters have been fundraising to construct the new building.",
"\n\nThe new building, erected in 2017 by ADV(UK) of Dorking, was paid for through the generosity of many grant making bodies.",
"\n\nThese include:\n\nLondon Marathon Charitable Trust\n\n2nd Dorking Guide Trust\n\nSurrey County Council\n\nMole Valley District Council\n\nReigate and Banstead Borough Council\n\nPeter Harrison Foundation\n\nWeston Foundation\n\nJohn Cowan Foundation\n\nSurrey Mirror – Heart of the Community\n\nGatwick Community Trust\n\nHenry Smith Charity\n\nHorley Lions\n\nBusiness Contributions from:\n\nWaitrose\n\nMenzies\n\nAtkins\n\nIn order that the building could be completed a loan was required so fundraising is still underway. ",
"There are various activities across the county raising funds. ",
"Contact us if you would like to know more.",
"\n\nHere are other ways you can help.",
"\n\neasyfundraising. ",
"When you buy items or services online (from a range of around 2000 merchants) by going through a portal site like easyfundraising, a percentage of your spend is donated to Faurefold. ",
"The percentage varies by merchant, but Amazon for example gives 2%. ",
"To make this even easier there is a little Find and Remind application which automatically routes your purchase through easyfundraising whenever you buy from a participating merchant if you use a PC or Mac. ",
"You can use easyfundraising on a smart phone, but you can’t use Find & Reward, easyfundraising is also a good price comparison site, and has many voucher codes to offer too.",
"\n\nmydonate. ",
"Sponsored by BT, we’re now able to accept online donations online. ",
"You can use this service to send individual donations, or perhaps the results of Unit fundraising.",
"\n\nWe’re very happy to accept donations by cheque of course, either from individuals or from Units, corporate sponsors etc. ",
"Make your cheque payable to Faurefold Fundraising and send it to 46 Blackborough Road, Reigate, RH2 7BX\n\nMake a booking\n\nUse the forms below to check the availability of the main building and the campsite, and make a booking."
] | {
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[
"Q:\n\n\"Indentation Error: unexpected indent\" in python\n\nSo I am learning from Django Tutorials, and at the middle part of the page, I have to make some changes in mysite\\polls\\views.py\nThis is how I have made the changes in class IndexView and class DetailView as asked:\nmysite\\polls\\views.py:\nclass IndexView(generic.",
"ListView):\n template_name = 'polls/index.html'\n context_object_name = 'latest_question_list'\n\n def get_queryset(self):\n \"\"\"\n Return the last five published questions (not including those set to be\n published in the future).",
"\n \"\"\"\n return Question.objects.filter(\n pub_date__lte=timezone.now()\n ).order_by('-pub_date')[:5]\n\nclass DetailView(generic.",
"DetailView):\n model = Question\n template_name = 'polls/detail.html'\n\n def get_queryset(self): #The Error Points Here\n \"\"\"\n Excludes any questions that aren't published yet.",
"\n \"\"\"\n return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now())\n\nmysite\\polls\\urls.py:\nfrom django.conf.urls import url\n\nfrom . ",
"import views\n\napp_name = 'polls'\nurlpatterns = [\n url(r'^$', views.",
"IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),\n url(r'^(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', views.",
"DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'),\n url(r'^(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/results/$', views.",
"ResultsView.as_view(), name='results'),\n url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote/$', views.vote, name='vote'),\n ]\n\nAND, This is the error I get: (Note that that my indentation is proper as expected)\nALSO, the below Traceback is of just 1 test error, there are 6 SIMILAR TEST ERRORS WITH EXACT TRACEBACK\nPS E:\\ict\\python\\mysite> python manage.py test polls\nCreating test database for alias 'default'...\nEE.EEEEE\n======================================================================\nERROR: test_detail_view_with_a_future_question (polls.tests.",
"QuestionIndexDetailTests)\n----------------------------------------------------------------------\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"E:\\ict\\python\\mysite\\polls\\tests.py\", line 113, in test_detail_view_with_a_future_question\nargs=(future_question.id,)))\nFile \"C:\\Program Files\\Python27\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\core\\urlresolvers.py\", line 568, in reverse\napp_list = resolver.app_dict[ns]\nFile \"C:\\Program Files\\Python27\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\core\\urlresolvers.py\", line 360, in app_dict\nself._populate()\nFile \"C:\\Program Files\\Python27\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\core\\urlresolvers.py\", line 293, in _populate\nfor pattern in reversed(self.url_patterns):\nFile \"C:\\Program Files\\Python27\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\utils\\functional.py\", line 33, in __get__\nres = instance.__dict__[self.name] = self.func(instance)\nFile \"C:\\Program Files\\Python27\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\core\\urlresolvers.py\", line 417, in url_patterns\npatterns = getattr(self.urlconf_module, \"urlpatterns\", self.urlconf_module)\nFile \"C:\\Program Files\\Python27\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\utils\\functional.py\", line 33, in __get__\nres = instance.__dict__[self.name] = self.func(instance)\nFile \"C:\\Program Files\\Python27\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\core\\urlresolvers.py\", line 410, in urlconf_module\nreturn import_module(self.urlconf_name)\nFile \"C:\\Program Files\\Python27\\lib\\importlib\\__init__.py\", line 37, in import_module\n__import__(name)\nFile \"E:\\ict\\python\\mysite\\mysite\\urls.py\", line 21, in <module>\nurl(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls')),\nFile \"C:\\Program Files\\Python27\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\conf\\urls\\__init__.py\", line 52, in include\nurlconf_module = import_module(urlconf_module)\nFile \"C:\\Program Files\\Python27\\lib\\importlib\\__init__.py\", line 37, in import_module\n__import__(name)\nFile \"E:\\ict\\python\\mysite\\polls\\urls.py\", line 3, in <module>\nfrom . ",
"import views\nFile \"E:\\ict\\python\\mysite\\polls\\views.py\", line 23\ndef get_queryset(self): #From The DetailView Class\n^\nIndentationError: unexpected indent\n\nI tried searching about this error, but all it asks is to properly indent the code, which it already is.",
"\n\nA:\n\nPerhaps it's because you mixed tabs with spaces. ",
"\n\n"
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"Polymorphism of the OLR1 3'UTR potential microRNA binding site and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis.",
"\nAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that contributes to dementia in the elderly population. ",
"Genome-wide linkage analysis has identified chromosome 12p as the AD-susceptible region, which includes lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1). ",
"The OLR1 +1073 C/T single-nucleotide polymorphism is located in the 3'-untranslated region of the gene and may influence the binding of regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) and OLR1 protein homeostasis. ",
"A number of studies have reported an association between this variant and AD. ",
"However, the results are controversial. ",
"A meta-analysis of case-control studies examining the relationship between the OLR1 +1073 C/T single-nucleotide polymorphism and AD risk was performed. ",
"Five studies were selected that included 2419 cases and 2381 controls. ",
"The results revealed a significantly decreased AD risk in the recessive model (TT vs TC + CC: odds ratio (OR) = 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.65-0.96). ",
"The control group in one of the studies was in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium, so we performed additional meta-analysis excluding this study. ",
"The significance was much more pronounced in the recessive model (TT vs TC + CC: OR = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.62-0.85). ",
"Using miRanda and RNA hybrid methods, the polymorphic allele was shown to influence the binding of various miRNAs. ",
"Our results suggested that the +1073 C/T polymorphism decreased the risk of AD. ",
"The polymorphic allele was also predicted to affect the binding site of many miRNAs, which may explain the relationship between the +1073 C/T variant and AD."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"Q:\n\nDo we have StorageClass creation function in pykube?",
"\n\nI am using various functions from pykube for creating namespaces, pods, rc, services, etc I am able to create those, however, one of my deployment processes has StorageClass to create.",
"\nI checked the pykube object, it doesn't have the StorageClass functions, any other ways for creating StorageClass?",
"\nhttps://github.com/kelproject/pykube/blob/master/pykube/objects.py\n\nA:\n\nInstead of using pykube I switched to kubernetes python module, where I can easily create StorageClass.",
"\npip install kubernetes\n\nhttps://github.com/kubernetes-client/python/blob/master/kubernetes/docs/StorageV1Api.mdenter link description here\n\n"
] | {
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[
"The AIDS epidemic: developing an institutional response.",
"\nThe AIDS epidemic presents the health care delivery system with a number of diverse and complex challenges. ",
"Some institutions will perceive the problems associated with this disease as being overwhelming and insurmontable. ",
"Others will be stimulated by the scientific and ethical issues presented. ",
"The need to strike a balance, which incorporates the needs of the institution and the population to be served, cannot be stressed enough. ",
"The proper planning of an institutional response to this epidemic should involve an evaluation of internal resources, the investigation of existing models of AIDS care, and an assessment of the patient population. ",
"The departments of nursing, medicine, pediatrics, and social work can provide invaluable input into this process. ",
"Consultation with community-based agencies is also stressed, as these organizations provide an important source of supportive care to outpatients. ",
"A number of concerns are raised when institutions begin to plan and develop responses to the AIDS epidemic. ",
"These concerns often center on the perception that a visible commitment to persons with AIDS-related illnesses will keep other patients away or that attention and resources will be diverted from other equally serious conditions. ",
"Such concerns are reasonable and must be taken into account when planning any type of dedicated services. ",
"Particular care must be taken to avoid diverting resources from other programs. ",
"For institutions already providing care to large numbers of AIDS patients, the decision to centralize services and provide a more comprehensive approach to care is often a matter of relocation as opposed to introduction of a new patient care service.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"package com.alibaba.android.arouter.facade.callback;\n\nimport com.alibaba.android.arouter.facade.",
"Postcard;\n\n/**\n * Easy to use navigation callback.",
"\n *\n * @author zhilong <a href=\"mailto:zhilong.lzl@alibaba-inc.com\">Contact me.</a>\n * @version 1.0\n * @since 2017/4/10 下午12:59\n */\npublic abstract class NavCallback implements NavigationCallback {\n @Override\n public void onFound(Postcard postcard) {\n // Do nothing\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onLost(Postcard postcard) {\n // Do nothing\n }\n\n @Override\n public abstract void onArrival(Postcard postcard);\n\n @Override\n public void onInterrupt(Postcard postcard) {\n // Do nothing\n }\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
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0.016791044776119403
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[
"Fall and winter are a time where you may have to admit, laziness can occur. ",
"The cold weather, Thanksgiving, holiday dinners and vacation can keep you from eating healthy and exercising everyday. ",
"Don’t worry: these tips will help you set your limit and keep you from going overboard.",
"\n\nSet your goal and limit:\n\nIf your goal to stay healthy is too general or vague, you will less likely to 100% reach your goal. ",
"Establish specific guidelines including a weekly meal and exercise plan. ",
"For example, you can allow yourself to eat one or two desserts a week and walk thirty minutes a day. ",
"Regularity and uniformity is key to helping you reach your goal.",
"\n\nFall foods:\n\nEating fruits and vegetables based on each season are helpful because it is more affordable, more nutritious, and it tastes better. ",
"Pumpkins, apples, and Brussels sprouts are all in season!",
"\n\nEnhance your immune system:\n\nIt is typical that this season is known for people getting sick, especially children who are in school. ",
"To help you from getting sick this fall, eat simple and nutritious foods. ",
"Limit sugary foods and boost your vitamin intake!",
"\n\nHydrate:\n\nEven if it’s not hot like in the summer, it is still important keep yourself hydrated to keep your body running well and staying healthy.",
"\n\nAt home fitness:\n\nJust because it is cold outside, doesn’t mean you have to stop working out. ",
"You can create a small workout station in your home. ",
"You can do similar exercises that will keep you just as fit as you would if you were working outside.",
"\n\nYou’re probably thinking, that is absolutely impossible, but you would do anything to eliminate stress from your life. ",
"Stress is by far the number one factor that people deal with almost everyday. ",
"Whether it is work, school or other obligations, it widely affects our lives in the worst ways.",
"\n\nIf you conquer stress, you are set for life. ",
"Feeling stress-free will automatically improve your mind, health, and body. ",
"Here are some tips to eliminate stress from your life:\n\nIdentify the stressors\n\nTake a few minutes to think about all the things that are making you stressed out. ",
"Make a list if you want. ",
"See which things you can eliminate that are making you stressed out, and things that you absolutely cannot eliminate. ",
"For the things that cannot be eliminated, strategize ways to make them less stressful. ",
"That is the first step into living a reduced stress life.",
"\n\nStop unnecessary duties\n\nEveryone has obligations in their life like work, school, running errands, etc, but are you taking on other commitments that are adding unnecessary stress to your life? ",
"Take steps to delete those activities that stress you out the most. ",
"This will already lift a weight off of your shoulder.",
"\n\nProcrastination\n\nAll of us have procrastinated in our life at least once…or twice. ",
"Procrastination is one of the largest factors that cause us stress. ",
"You have a big project to do and you end up spending hours and hours trying to finish it the day before it is due. ",
"Allowing things to keep piling up does cause us a lot of stress. ",
"Find different ways to organize your responsibilities and create a top priority pile. ",
"Learning to be more organized and keeping your inbox clear will save you a lot of time to work on other things for yourself.",
"\n\nBeing late\n\nBeing late to a very important meeting or to a class is something that stresses us out frequently. ",
"If you forget to set your alarm the night before, the feeling of having to rush to get everything ready and run out of the door is not fun at all. ",
"Learn ways to be early to places. ",
"Time yourself on how long it takes you to get ready and out the door, then set your alarm accordingly. ",
"Once you get in the habit of being early, you will more stress-free than ever before.",
"\n\nGet a massage!",
"\n\nDid you know, massages are equivalent to getting 7-8 hours of sleep? ",
"When you don’t get enough sleep, stress piles on making your muscles extremely tense. ",
"After that one hour massage session, you will feel better already. ",
"Getting massages now and then will take the feeling of stress away and will help you feel a lot more relaxed in a short amount of time. ",
"Cope with your stress by scheduling a massage with us today! ",
"Find your location here.",
"\n\nWe try so many different ways to relax and cope with stress. ",
"Some of the techniques we try might not work, but here are some methods that will work proven by scientists:\n\nGet a massage\n\nWell that was simple. ",
"Getting a massage is a great way to relax and destress. ",
"A study testing the effects of back massages proved that people who received them had less stiffness and a decreased level of cortisol, the hormone that is connected with stress.",
"\n\nMeditate\n\nAn analysis that looked at different studies of relaxation trainings with people who had anxiety disorders and the effects of meditation were more positive than any other trainings that were done. ",
"Other studies also proved that meditation is a great technique for reducing anxiety and depression.",
"\n\nExercise on the regular\n\nIn order to have a relaxed mind, you need to have a relaxed body. ",
"According to Harvard Medical school, “The relaxed body will, in turn, send signals of calm and control that help reduce mental tension.” ",
"You can choose any activity or workout you want that will keep your body and muscles moving. ",
"Exercising regularly will reduce endorphins and stress hormones.",
"\n\nA Warm Bath\n\nAccording to the National Institute of Health, taking a warm bath increases blood flow which reduces the stiffness and pain in your muscle. ",
"The feeling of your body in warm water will ultimately ease your mind.",
"\n\nIt’s finally summer! ",
"It’s now time to relax, go on vacation, and try new things. ",
"With a little extra time, there are simple and fun things you can do to be healthier and give yourself a natural boost of energy. ",
"Here are some to get you started:\n\n1. ",
"Berries!",
"\n\nIf you are looking to improve your diet, berries are the answer. ",
"At least once a day, have a cup of anything with the word berries in it. ",
"Strawberries, blackberries, or blueberries. ",
"These are rich in antioxidants and fiber and will help prevent tissue damage as well as reduce the risk of age related illnesses or diseases. ",
"If you have a history of high cholesterol, berries can help lower your cholesterol and even prevent types of cancers!",
"\n\n2. ",
"Time to get dirty!",
"\n\nEveryone has a time in their life, or several times where you feel STRESSED. ",
"If you are under a lot of of stress, these are a few simple and fun things you can do to relieve the anxiety and tension: Plant a garden, could be small or big, create a flower box or plant a few pots. ",
"The grounding feeling of putting your hands in soil makes you feel good and gives you relief from stress.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Floss=Boss\n\nStart flossing everyday, even if it’s so easy to forget. ",
"It reduces oral bacteria, and improves your overall health. ",
"If you do this, your already healthier than more than 80% of the United States!",
"\n\n4.Go Outside and release some energy!",
"\n\nGoing to the gym can be annoying, so pick an outdoor activity like a hike or rollerblading so you enjoy yourself while exercising. ",
"Playing football with your family outside or dancing with your friends is a great way to work out without even noticing, plus its perfect bonding time with friends and family!",
"\n\n5. ",
"Its time to get away\n\nHow does going away for vacation even improve health? ",
"Well, going away for a few days to relax and detach from reality lowers heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormones. ",
"Its time to book your vacation now!",
"\n\nIf a vacation isn’t within your reach right now, you can always schedule a daycation with Massage Envy which is another way to feel healthier and reduce stress levels. ",
"Its an alternative and natural source of medication!",
"\n\nDo you find yourself at work scrolling through your Facebook news feed every 5 minutes when you are supposed to be focusing on that project that is due at the end of the day? ",
"Focusing is surprisingly one of the hardest things a human can do on a day to day basis. ",
"But don’t worry, these four tricks will help you get your work done in a timely manner without fiddling around.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Take a Breather.",
"\n\nTwo short breaks an hour should do the trick. ",
"Creating a periodic division where you take a breather twice an hour will make it easier to get what you need done for a longer period of time. ",
"How? ",
"Your brain adapts and gets habituated to what the stimulus is. ",
"This results you to stop and remind yourself of your goal to stay concentrated.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Turn off or put away your phone.",
"\n\nThis seems like the hardest thing, but it is actually the factor that causes you to make mistakes on a task you have on the computer. ",
"A study from Florida State University showed that the group who constantly received text notifications and calls got more mistakes than the group who put their phone away.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Do not multi-task.",
"\n\nAre you eating dinner, watching Netflix, and finishing up a task from work? ",
"Instead of doing all these three things, stick to focusing on just one or two. ",
"A study revealed that your brain can’t handle 3 or more large tasks at once. ",
"The medial prefrontal cortex, a part of your brain is able to divide work in half, which leaves no room for a third.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Practice breathing techniques.",
"\n\nWhen you are on your break either at home or at work, take deep breaths and focus on your inhales and exhales. ",
"This technique can improve your performance by letting your mind focus on what is currently going on in the present instead of letting it wander.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Increases Energy & Relieves Fatigue – Since your brain is mostly water, drinking it helps you think, focus and concentrate better, and be more alert. ",
"As an added bonus, your energy levels are also boosted!",
"\n\n5. ",
"Maintains Regularity – Aids in digestion, as water is essential to digest your food, and prevents constipation.",
"\n\n6. ",
"Boosts Immune System – A water guzzler is less likely to get sick. ",
"And who wouldn’t rather feel healthy the majority of the time? ",
"Drinking plenty of water helps fight against flu, cancer, and other ailments like heart attacks.",
"\n\nHow often to you think to yourself during the day about how tired you are, and you can’t quite wait until you can finally go home and go to sleep? ",
"Of course, by the time you get home and ready for bed you realize your mind is not ready to go sleep, leaving you wide awake for countless hours. ",
"Here are a few tips to unwind and relax your mind to get a better sleep.",
"\n\nTurn off the screens\nThe key to unwinding your mind before bed is to turn off your screens. ",
"Whether it is the television, cellphone, tablet etc.- these bright lights makes it hard for the body to switch to sleep mode.",
"\n\nWrite down stress or worries\nIf you lay in bed and think about what needs to be done the next day make a list before going to bed to help clear your mind when it is actually bedtime.",
"\n\nStretching Before Laying Down\nEspecially after a long and busy day your body can become sore and tense leaving it hard to get a restful night sleep. ",
"By spending a few minutes before bed stretching and breathing it will relax your mind and body as you prepare to go to sleep.",
"\n\nTake a warm bath or shower\nThis by far not only unwinds your mind but also relaxes your whole body before bed. ",
"By leaving the warm water to the cold temperature this helps your body and mind prepare to sleep mode.",
"\n\nDo you ever feel like time is just dragging? ",
"You may be feeling more sluggish or tired, and not worrying so much about your body and health. ",
"Sometimes life can get you down, but it is our own duties to keep our spirits high. ",
"Here are a few tips to keep you going during the rough times:\n\n#1 GET A MASSAGE\n\nIt’s really quite simple. ",
"We promise you won’t regret your decision. ",
"A massage could be the kickstart to a new week and a new mind set.",
"\n\n#2 TAKE A WALK\n\nIf you have an office job, you may know this dilemma very well. ",
"The sun is almost rising on your way to work and the sun sets just as you are getting out. ",
"Fresh air is so important when we are feeling down. ",
"It could really change your entire day around by just spending 15 minutes outside.",
"\n\n#3 SPOIL YOURSELF\n\nI’m sure most of us can say that we don’t spoil ourselves as much as we should. ",
"Life is short, buy those shoes you’ve been staring at for far too long.",
"\n\nRough times will pass! ",
"So make sure that you keep a positive outlook and you take care of yourself every day of the year.",
"\n\nDon’t let all your hard work at the gym go to waste. ",
"You need all the energy to give it your all during your workout to see the best results. ",
"Here are 8 snacks you should be eating before and after the gym:\n\nPre-Workout Snacks\n\nBanana and Peanut Butter\n\nCoconut Water\n\nBreakfast Smoothie\n\nOatmeal\n\nPost-Workout Snacks\n\nQuinoa\n\nTurkey Sandwich\n\nChocolate Milk\n\nChai Seeds\n\nGet the most out our your exercise routine, and make sure that every week you take some time to cater to yourself and take care of your body."
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[
"Hair styling appliances are generally known and include hair straighteners, hair curlers, hot combs and devices for volumizing hair.",
"\nHair straighteners, which are sometimes also referred to as hair irons, are used to straighten the hairs. ",
"These hair straighteners usually comprise two jaws which are hinged in order to pinch a strand of hair. ",
"Each jaw comprises a structured or unstructured plate (herein also referred to as heating tip or heating barrel), one or both of which are heated directly or indirectly by means of a heater. ",
"An additional heat control system may be applied to regulate the temperature of one or both plates. ",
"The hair straightener is usually either powered by main supplied electricity or battery-driven.",
"\nTo straighten the hairs, a strand of hair is inserted into the hair straightener, wherein it is pinched between the two heating tips (heated plates). ",
"The two jaws of the hair straightener may thereto be moved from an open position, in which the two jaws are spaced apart from each other, to a closed position, in which the two jaws at least partly contact each other. ",
"A hinge is usually provided at the rare end of the hair straightener. ",
"This hinge couples the two jaws with each other to permit a user to swivel at least one of the jaws around a hinge axis between the open and the closed position.",
"\nHair curlers usually comprise a heated cylindrically shaped curling iron tip around which a hair strand can be wrapped to impart a curl. ",
"These hair curlers may either comprise a handle and have a similar form as hair straighteners in order to manually curl the hair, hair strand by hair strand, or the user is provided with a set of a plurality of hair curling elements that are directly fixated on the head of the user via a clamp with the hairs wrapped around it.",
"\nMost of the known prior art hair styling devices are specialized devices, specifically specialized for straightening, curling or volumizing. ",
"Users therefore have to have a plurality of different hair styling devices, one device for each specialized hair styling appliance. ",
"This is of course not only costly, but also takes up a lot of room e.g. in the private bathroom.",
"\nGB 1 519 930 describes a portable electrical hairdressing appliance which can be used either (a) as a curling or waving appliance or (b) to straighten the hair by enabling the curl or wave to be removed if necessary. ",
"The appliance comprises two heater units each having one surface provided with corrugations and the opposite surface smooth, means being provided to bring either the two corrugated surfaces or the two smooth surfaces into contact. ",
"The corrugations of the two surfaces match one another. ",
"The heater unit is changed from one position to another by pivoting it manually through 180°.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"6,627,852 B1 discloses a curling iron with rotatable asymmetrical heating tips. ",
"This curling iron allows curling and straightening hairs with one and the same device. ",
"It so to say provides a two-in-one solution. ",
"The user may change the device set up from a curling mode to a straightening mode, and vice versa, by rotating one of the asymmetrical heating tips around a rotational axis lengthwise along the handle length. ",
"Users may therefore easily alternate between straightening hair and curling hair while still using the same device.",
"\nHowever, there is still room for improvement. ",
"Even though the above-mentioned device known from U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"6,627,852 B1 allows to curl and straighten hairs with the same device, this device does not allow to be applied for still other ways of hair styling, such as e.g. for volumizing the hairs."
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[
"Filed 10/16/13 El Cajon Luxury Cars v. Toyoto Motor CA4/3\n\n\n\n\n NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS\nCalifornia Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for\npublication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). ",
"This opinion has not been certified for publication\nor ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.",
"\n\n\n IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA\n\n FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT\n\n DIVISION THREE\n\n\nEL CAJON LUXURY CARS, INC.,",
"\n\n Cross-complainant and Appellant, G047010\n\n v. (Los Angeles County Super. ",
"Ct. ",
"No.",
"\n JCCP4621; San Diego County Super.",
"\nTOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION et Ct. ",
"No. ",
"37-2010-00086718)\nal.,",
"\n OPINION\n Cross-defendants and Respondents.",
"\n\n\n\n Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles, Anthony J.\nMohr, Judge. ",
"Affirmed.",
"\n Willis Depasquale, Larry N. Willis, Shane M. Biornstad, Yvette N. Siegel;\nWeinberg Wheeler Hudgins Gunn & Dial, Earl W. Gunn, Frederick N. Sager, Jr., Mark\nR. Johnson, and Shawn D. Scott for Cross-complainant and Appellant.",
"\n Bowman and Brooke, Vincent Galvin, Anne O. Hanna; Bingham\nMcCutchen, Frank M. Hinman, Robert A. Brundage, and Nicolette L. Young for\nCross-Defendants and Respondents.",
"\n\f This case arises from a fatal automobile accident caused when a Lexus\nES 350 (Lexus ES), accelerated out of control and reached speeds in excess of 100 miles\nper hour before crashing, rolling several times, and bursting into flames. ",
"The driver,\nMark Saylor, a California highway patrolman who was highly trained in driving, called\n911 Emergency and explained he had tried everything to stop the vehicle but the\n“‘accelerator stuck’” and there were “‘no brakes.’” ",
"He and three family members\nperished in the crash. ",
"The Lexus ES had been loaned to the Saylor family while their\nown car was being repaired by the dealership, El Cajon Luxury Cars, Inc., doing business\nas Bob Baker Lexus (Baker).",
"\n Relatives of the deceased filed a lawsuit against Baker and the car’s\nmanufacturer, Toyota,1 claiming the car was defective. ",
"They also sued Baker for\nnegligence in maintaining and servicing the vehicle. ",
"It was later discovered the floor mat\nin the driver’s side foot well was designed for a Lexus sports utility vehicle (a Lexus RX\n350/400h) rather than the Lexus ES. ",
"In response to this accident and others, Toyota\nrecalled millions of vehicles, redesigned the floor mats, and added brake override systems\nto its cars.",
"\n Baker filed a cross-complaint against Toyota, seeking defense costs and\nindemnification for any liability attributable to the defective design and manufacturing of\nthe Lexus ES. ",
"Toyota paid plaintiffs $10 million to settle the product liability claims.",
"\nAfter the trial court determined the settlement was made in good faith, plaintiffs amended\nthe complaint, leaving only a claim for negligence against Baker.",
"\n This appeal follows the trial court’s decision to grant Toyota’s summary\njudgment motion based on the amended complaint, asserting the claims in Baker’s\n\n\n1 The Toyota defendants include Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Motor\nSales U.S.A., Inc., Toyota Motor North America, Inc., Toyota Motor Engineering &\nManufacturing North America, Inc., Toyota Technical Center U.S.A., and Toyota\nTechnical Center Japan (collectively referred to as Toyota).",
"\n\n 2\n\fcross-complaint seeking indemnity must fail as a matter of law. ",
"On appeal, Baker asserts\nthe court erred in eliminating the indemnity claim because it: (1) should not have\ndetermined disputed material issues such as the cause of the car crash; (2) misinterpreted\nBaker’s dealer agreement with Toyota; (3) considered inadmissible evidence as well as\nuntimely filed evidence and arguments; and (4) misinterpreted statutory indemnity\nprovisions contained in Vehicle Code section 11713.13.2\n We conclude the trial court properly granted summary judgment. ",
"The court\ncorrectly determined Toyota did not have a duty to defend or indemnify the dealership in\nwhat was a purely negligence tort action. ",
"We note, this ruling will not preclude Baker\nfrom arguing at trial Toyota was entirely to blame for the accident because the court did\nnot decide the issue of causation in the negligence action. ",
"Moreover, there is no danger\nthe jury will award damages against Baker arising from Toyota’s alleged product defects.",
"\nThose claims have already been settled in good faith. ",
"Accordingly, at trial the jury must\nconsider whether Baker’s alleged negligence, apart from the alleged defects with the car,\ncaused or contributed to plaintiffs’ injuries. ",
"It cannot award damages against Baker\nrelating to product liability.",
"\n I\nA. The Underlying Facts\n In August 2009, Baker loaned Saylor a Lexus ES while Saylor’s car was\nbeing serviced. ",
"Saylor, a 45-year-old California highway patrol officer, finished his shift\nand picked up his wife, their 13-year-old daughter, and his wife’s brother, in the loaned\nLexus ES. ",
"As they drove on Interstate 125, Saylor called 911 Emergency and stated he\nwas unable to stop the vehicle. ",
"Saylor told the 911 dispatcher the accelerator was stuck,\nthe car was traveling 120 miles per hour, the freeway was ending in half a mile, and the\nbrakes would not stop the car. ",
"Saylor reached the end of the freeway, and the Lexus ES\n\n2 All further statutory references are to the Vehicle Code, unless otherwise\nindicated.",
"\n\n 3\n\fstruck another car in the intersection, broke through a fence, and rolled several times into\na field where it burst into flames. ",
"Everyone in the car died.",
"\nB. The Original Lawsuit & The Settlement Agreement\n The parents and grandparents of the decedents (plaintiffs), filed a wrongful\ndeath lawsuit against Toyota and Baker. ",
"They sought noneconcomic damages for the\nloss of “love, companionship, comfort, care, assistance, protection, affection, society and\nmoral support[.]”",
"\n Baker filed a cross-complaint against Toyota alleging claims for\n(1) contribution, (2) equitable indemnity, (3) implied indemnity, and\n(4) express indemnity. ",
"A few months later, Baker filed a first amended cross-complaint,\nadding causes of action for violations of section 11713.13 and Business and Professions\nCode section 17200. ",
"These claims relate to Toyota’s refusal to indemnify Baker in\nplaintiffs’ lawsuit.",
"\n In 2010, Toyota settled with plaintiffs, paying them a total of $10 million.",
"\nUnder the terms of the settlement agreement, plaintiffs agreed to dismiss all claims\nagainst Toyota, and all claims against Baker, except for “reserved claims.” (",
"Original\ncapitalization omitted.) ",
"The agreement defined “reserved claims” as follows: “Includes\nonly claims of alleged independent negligence against defendant dealer [Baker].",
"\n[Reserved claims] does include all issues of negligence against [Baker] arising from the\ndeath of the [d]ecedents, including but not limited to Baker’s alleged negligence arising\nfrom its alleged improper maintenance, repair, or preparation of the [vehicle], and any\nalleged negligence in connection with the placement, replacement, fitting, use, selection\nor installation related to the floor mats in the [vehicle]. [",
"Reserved claims] does not\ninclude any product liability related claims or causes of action regardless of whether\nstated as negligence, strict product liability, breach of any warranty, including any\nexpress, implied or certified used vehicle warranty, or failure to warn of any alleged\nproduct defect. [",
"Reserved claims] does not include claims against [Baker] for bodily\n\n 4\n\finjury, property damage, or breach of warranty caused solely by an alleged defect in\ndesign, manufacture or assembly of the [vehicle], or any alleged misrepresentations,\nmisleading statements, unfair or deceptive trade practices of [Toyota].”",
"\n Plaintiffs agreed to file an amended complaint, asserting only a cause of\naction for negligence against Baker, relating to the placement, replacement, fitting, use,\nselection or installation of the floor mats in the vehicle.",
"\n Toyota filed a motion for judicial determination of a good faith settlement.",
"\nIt stated the parties had not engaged in formal discovery, but the basis of plaintiffs’\nclaims against Toyota and Baker were as follows: The negligence claim against Baker\nrelated to evidence Baker improperly placed an oversized floor mat intended for a sports\nutility vehicle in the Lexus ES, Baker failed to properly clip the mat into the front\ndriver’s side, and Baker failed to act upon a report three days prior to the accident of the\naccelerator pedal getting stuck. ",
"Toyota stated the product defect allegations related to the\nlack of a brake override system, a defect in the electronic control throttle system, and an\ninadequate safety recall campaign in 2007. ",
"Toyota asserted Baker’s independent\nnegligence was a major cause of the accident, and Toyota’s settlement represents a fair\nagreement of its potential proportionate liability. ",
"Toyota stated it “did all it reasonably\ncould to protect the interests of [Baker] and negotiated a release of all product liability\nclaims against [Baker] as well. . . . ",
"The only claim remaining is the negligence claim that\nfrom its inception has solely been asserted against [Baker].” (",
"Underlined emphasis\nomitted.)",
"\n The court determined the settlement was made in good faith pursuant to\nCode of Civil Procedure section 877.6. ",
"The court dismissed Baker’s claims against\nToyota for “equitable comparative contribution or partial or comparative indemnity based\non comparative negligence or comparative fault.” ",
"It denied Baker’s request for an\nallocation, credit, or offset for any part of the settlement amount between plaintiffs and\nToyota “at this time for the reasons set forth in the briefs . . . . [",
"Baker] may seek such\n\n 5\n\frelief at time of trial if it so chooses.” ",
"Baker’s writ petition challenging the good faith\ndetermination was summarily denied and Baker does not challenge the determination on\nappeal.",
"\n In March 2011, plaintiffs filed their amended complaint against Baker,\nalleging one cause of action for negligence in the “maintenance, care and servicing” of\nthe loaned Lexus ES. ",
"The complaint does not allege the vehicle was defective, or\nimproperly designed or manufactured.",
"\nC. The Summary Judgment Motion\n Toyota moved for summary judgment on Baker’s cross-complaint. ",
"Baker\nfiled an opposition, and Toyota filed a reply brief. ",
"After a continuance to allow for\nadditional discovery, the parties submitted additional briefing and evidence.",
"\n As to Baker’s first three causes of action based on comparative fault,\nequitable indemnity, and implied indemnity, the trial court held these claims were barred\nby Toyota’s good faith settlement with plaintiffs of the product liability claims.",
"\n Baker’s fourth cause of action alleged express contractual indemnity under\nthe terms of its dealer agreement with Toyota (specifically Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A.,\nInc.). ",
"The court determined the agreement’s indemnity provision would only be triggered\nby a lawsuit arising out of an occurrence caused solely by a defect or failure to warn of a\ndefect in a Lexus product. ",
"It concluded this provision would not apply to plaintiffs’\nnegligence claims. ",
"The court also concluded the indemnity provision was not triggered\nbecause paragraph 5 of the dealer agreement expressly excluded coverage when the\ncomplaint alleges dealer misconduct, such as “improper or unsatisfactory service or\nrepair[.]”",
"\n The trial court found in favor of Toyota on the statutory causes of action as\nwell. ",
"Section 11713.13, subdivision (f), requires a manufacturer to indemnify a dealer\nfor defense costs and any judgment on certain kinds of claims. ",
"The court concluded\nplaintiffs’ negligence claims did not fall within the scope of this statute. ",
"Baker’s\n\n 6\n\fBusiness and Professions Code section 17200 claim was solely based on the alleged\nviolation of the Vehicle Code, and therefore, was also found to lack merit.",
"\n II\nA. Summary Judgment Standard of Review\n Summary judgment “provide[s] courts with a mechanism to cut through the\nparties’ pleadings in order to determine whether, despite their allegations, trial is in fact\nnecessary to resolve their dispute. [",
"Citation.]” (",
"Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001)\n25 Cal.4th 826, 844 (Aguilar).) ",
"The trial court properly grants a motion for summary\njudgment if all the papers submitted establish there is no triable issue of material fact and\nthe moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. (",
"Code Civ. ",
"Proc., § ",
"437c,\nsubd. (",
"c); Aguilar, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 843.)",
"\n “[T]he party moving for summary judgment bears an initial burden of\nproduction to make a prima facie showing of the nonexistence of any triable issue of\nmaterial fact; if he carries his burden of production, he causes a shift, and the opposing\nparty is then subjected to a burden of production of his own to make a prima facie\nshowing of the existence of a triable issue of material fact.” (",
"Aguilar, supra, 25 Cal.4th\nat p. 850.) “",
"A prima facie showing is one that is sufficient to support the position of the\nparty in question. [",
"Citation.]” (",
"Id. at p. 851.) “",
"There is a triable issue of material fact if,\nand only if, the evidence would allow a reasonable trier of fact to find the underlying fact\nin favor of the party opposing the motion in accordance with the applicable standard of\nproof. [",
"Fn. ",
"omitted.]” (",
"Id. at p. 850.) “",
"We review the trial court’s decision de novo,\nconsidering all evidence the parties offered in connection with the motion . . . ",
"and the\nuncontradicted inferences the evidence reasonably supports. [",
"Citation.]” (",
"Herberg v.\nCalifornia Institute of the Arts (2002) 101 Cal.",
"App.4th 142, 148.)",
"\nB. Toyota’s Initial Burden of Production\n As noted above, the moving party bears the initial burden of production to\nmake a prima facie case demonstrating no material issues of triable fact exist. (",
"Aguilar,\n\n 7\n\fsupra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 850.) “[",
"H]ow the parties moving for, and opposing, summary\njudgment may each carry their burden of persuasion and/or production depends on which\nwould bear what burden of proof at trial.” (",
"Id. at p. 851.) ",
"When the burden of proof at\ntrial would be the civil standard, preponderance of the evidence, “if a defendant moves\nfor summary judgment . . . ",
"he must present evidence that would require a reasonable trier\nof fact not to find any underlying material fact more likely than not . . . .” (",
"Ibid.)",
"\n i. First, Second & Third Causes of Action\n In this case, we begin by noting there is no dispute Baker’s first three\ncauses of action for comparative fault, equitable indemnity, and implied contractual\nindemnity were barred by the trial court’s determination Toyota’s settlement with\nplaintiffs was in good faith. ",
"Code of Civil Procedure section 877.6, subdivision (c), bars\na joint tortfeasor’s claims against the settling defendant “for equitable comparative\ncontribution, or partial or comparative indemnity, based on comparative negligence or\ncomparative fault.” ",
"Indeed, the trial court dismissed these claims in its order ruling the\nsettlement was made in good faith.",
"\n ii. ",
"Fourth Cause of Action\n Baker’s fourth cause of action related to the interpretation of an express\ncontractual indemnity provision. ",
"Toyota presented undisputed evidence the dealership\nagreement’s indemnity provision was not triggered by the allegations raised in plaintiffs’\ncomplaint. ",
"Baker asserts the court misinterpreted the indemnity agreement. ",
"We\ndisagree.",
"\n Before we begin our analysis, a review of indemnity contract law is helpful.",
"\n“Parties to a contract . . . ",
"may define therein their duties toward one another in the event\nof a third party claim against one or both arising out of their relationship. ",
"Terms of this\nkind may require one party to indemnify the other, under specified circumstances, for\nmoneys paid or expenses incurred by the latter as a result of such claims. (",
"See Civ. ",
"Code,\n§ 2772 [“Indemnity is a contract by which one engages to save another from a legal\n\n 8\n\fconsequence of the conduct of one of the parties, or of some other person”].) ",
"They may\nalso assign one party, pursuant to the contract’s language, responsibility for the other’s\nlegal defense when a third party claim is made against the latter. [",
"Citation.]” (",
"Crawford\nv. Weather Shield Mfg., ",
"Inc. (2008) 44 Cal.4th 541, 551, fn. ",
"omitted (Crawford ).)",
"\n “As befits the contractual nature of such arrangements, but subject to public\npolicy and established rules of contract interpretation, the parties have great freedom to\nallocate such responsibilities as they see fit. [",
"Citations.] ‘",
"When the parties knowingly\nbargain for the protection at issue, the protection should be afforded.’ [",
"Citations.]",
"\nHence, they may agree that the promisor’s indemnity and/or defense obligations will\napply only if the promisor was negligent, or, conversely, even if the promisor was not\nnegligent. [",
"Citations.]” (",
"Crawford, supra, 44 Cal.4th at pp. ",
"551-552.)",
"\n “In general, such an agreement is construed under the same rules as govern\nthe interpretation of other contracts. ",
"Effect is to be given to the parties’ mutual intent\n([Civ. ",
"Code,] § 1636), as ascertained from the contract’s language if it is clear and\nexplicit ([Civ. ",
"Code,] § 1638). ",
"Unless the parties have indicated a special meaning, the\ncontract’s words are to be understood in their ordinary and popular sense. [",
"Citations.]",
"\n[¶] Though indemnity agreements resemble liability insurance policies, rules for\ninterpreting the two classes of contracts do differ significantly. ",
"Ambiguities in a policy\nof insurance are construed against the insurer, who generally drafted the policy, and who\nhas received premiums to provide the agreed protection. [",
"Citations.] ",
"In noninsurance\ncontexts, however, it is the indemnitee who may often have the superior bargaining\npower, and who may use this power unfairly to shift to another a disproportionate share\nof the financial consequences of its own legal fault. [",
"Citations.] [¶] ",
"This public policy\nconcern influences to some degree the manner in which noninsurance indemnity\nagreements are construed. ",
"For example, it has been said that if one seeks, in a\nnoninsurance agreement, to be indemnified for his or her own active negligence, or\nregardless of the indemnitor’s fault—protections beyond those afforded by the doctrines\n\n 9\n\fof implied or equitable indemnity—language on the point must be particularly clear and\nexplicit, and will be construed strictly against the indemnitee. [",
"Citations.]” (",
"Crawford,\nsupra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 552.)",
"\n With these principles in mind, we examine the pertinent terms of Toyota’s\ndealer agreement, containing an indemnity agreement, with Baker. ",
"The indemnity\nprovisions are as follows:\n “XVIII. ",
"DEFENSE AND INDEMNIFICATION [¶] A. DEFENSE AND\nINDEMNIFICATION BY DISTRTIBUTOR\n “DISTRIBUTOR agrees to assume the defense of DEALER and to\nindemnify and hold DEALER harmless in any lawsuit naming DEALER as a defendant\nand involving any LEXUS Product when the lawsuit also involves allegation of:\n “1. ",
"Breach of warranty provided by DISTRIBUTOR, bodily injury or\nproperty damage arising out of an occurrence allegedly caused solely by a defect or\nfailure to warn of a defect in design, manufacture or assembly of a LEXUS Product\n(except for tires not manufactured by FACTORY), provided that the defect could not\nreasonably have been discovered by DEALER during the pre-delivery service of the\nLEXUS Product;\n “2. ",
"Any misrepresentation or misleading statement or unfair or deceptive\ntrade practice of DISTRIBUTOR; or\n “3. ",
"Any damage to a LEXUS Product purchased by DEALER from\nDISTRIBUTOR that was repaired by DISTRIBUTOR and where DEALER had not been\nnotified of such damage in writing prior to the delivery of the subject vehicle, part or\naccessory to a retail Customer; and\n “Provided:\n “4. ",
"That DEALER delivers to DISTRIBUTOR, in a manner to be\ndesignated by DISTRIBUTOR, within twenty (20) days of the service of any summons or\n\n\n\n 10\n\fcomplaint, copies of such documents and requests in writing a defense and/or\nindemnification therein (except as provided in Paragraph (D) below);\n “5. ",
"That the complaint does not involve allegations of DEALER\nmisconduct, including but not limited to, improper or unsatisfactory service or repair,\nmisrepresentation, or any claim of DEALER’s unfair or deceptive trade practice;\n “6. ",
"That the LEXUS Product which is the subject of the lawsuit was not\naltered by or for DEALER;\n “7. ",
"That DEALER agrees to cooperate fully in the defense of such action\nas DISTRIBUTOR may reasonably require; and\n “8. ",
"That DEALER agrees that DISTRIBUTOR may offset any recovery on\nDEALER’s behalf against any indemnification that may be required hereunder.”",
"\n In its motion for summary judgment, Toyota asserted and the trial court\nagreed paragraph (1) provided for indemnity in any lawsuit involving bodily injury and\nwas limited to actions where the injury is “caused solely by a defect or failure to warn of\na defect in design, manufacture or assembly of a Lexus Product . . . .” (",
"Italics omitted.)",
"\nIn neither the original complaint nor the amended complaint was it ever alleged damages\nwere “caused solely” by a defect. ",
"Both complaints also contained allegations Baker\nindependently negligently maintained and serviced the vehicle and this conduct caused\ndamages.",
"\n In addition, paragraphs (5) and (6) clarified Toyota would provide a\ndefense or indemnity “provided” the complaint “does not involve allegations of Dealer\nmisconduct, including but not limited to, improper or unsatisfactory service or repair”\nand the vehicle “which is the subject of the lawsuit was not altered by or for Dealer.”",
"\nThere is no dispute the original and operative complaints included allegations of “dealer\nmisconduct.” ",
"The original complaint specifically alleged Baker breached its duty of care\nregarding the “maintenance, care and servicing” of the vehicle. ",
"In its motion, Toyota\nalso presented evidence the vehicle was “altered by or for Dealer” because Baker\n\n 11\n\freplaced the floor mats provided by the manufacturer for use in the Lexus ES with mats\nintended for a larger Lexus SUV.",
"\n On appeal, Baker insists the court’s interpretation of the indemnity\nprovision was incorrect. ",
"It focuses on “[p]aragraph (1) of the indemnity agreement [that]\nprovides Toyota will assume the defense and indemnify and hold Baker harmless in any\nlawsuit naming Baker as a defendant and involving any Lexus product when the suit\ninvolves allegations of bodily injury or property damage arising out of an occurrence\nallegedly caused solely by a defect or failure to warn of a defect design, manufacture or\nassembly of a Lexus product.” ",
"Baker maintains, “Plaintiffs originally alleged an\n‘either/or’ scenario wherein their damages were either caused exclusively by Toyota’s\ndefective product or exclusively by Baker’s actions in maintaining and servicing the\nvehicle. ",
"In other words, under at least one of [p]laintiffs’ two original theories,\n[p]laintiffs’ decedents’ ‘bodily injury . . . [",
"arose] out of an occurrence allegedly caused\nsolely by a defect . . . ",
"in design, manufacture or assembly of’ the Lexus ES 350 that . . .",
"\nSaylor was driving when he and his family died. ",
"Accordingly, as required by the\nindemnity provisions of the [d]ealer [a]greement, Toyota is required to defend and\nindemnify Baker in this lawsuit.” (",
"Fn. ",
"omitted.) ",
"Baker adds it is “of no consequence”\nthat Toyota settled with plaintiffs and the complaint was amended to no longer assert\nproduct defects. ",
"It asserts the original complaint is controlling and triggered the\nindemnity provision.",
"\n Contrary to Baker’s contention on appeal, the above argument does not\nappear to challenge the court’s interpretation of the indemnity provision, but rather its\nreading of the original complaint. ",
"We have carefully reviewed the complaint and found\nnothing to support Baker’s assertion plaintiffs alleged an “either/or” scenario in which\ndamages were exclusively caused either by a defective vehicle or entirely by Baker’s\nindependent negligence in maintaining and servicing the vehicle. ",
"The words “exclusive,”\n“entirely,” or “either/or” are not contained in the complaint. ",
"To the contrary, the product\n\n 12\n\fliability claim simply alleged damages were “a direct and proximate result of the\ndefective” Lexus. ",
"The negligence claim against Baker incorporated “each and every\nallegation contained in the [product liability claim]” and asserted damages were “a direct\nand proximate result of the negligent acts and omissions” of Baker. ",
"There is no language\nsuggesting the theories of recovery were mutually exclusive or represented alternate\ntheories of recovery.",
"\n And this is not a case in which the two causes of action were inherently\ncontradictory or exclusive. ",
"As suggested by Baker in the opening brief, plaintiffs’ theory\nfocused on floor mat entrapment of the accelerator pedal, which could be caused by a\ncombination of having the wrong floor mat and the design defect of having inadequate\nclearance between the vehicle’s floor pan and accelerator pedal. ",
"As Baker suggests in its\nopening brief, one of plaintiffs’ theories is Baker’s negligence in combination with a\ndesign defect caused the accident. ",
"This type of allegation did not trigger the indemnity\nclause that expressly required allegations the damages were “caused solely by a defect.”",
"\nBy its plain meaning, a lawsuit alleging defects in combination with other causes would\nnot trigger the duty to indemnify.",
"\n After settling the products liability claims, plaintiffs modified their claim to\nallege negligence, in the absence of a design defect, caused damages. ",
"As noted earlier,\nthis type of lawsuit would not trigger the indemnity clause in paragraph (1) or any other\nparagraph in the indemnity agreement.",
"\n In finding no duty to indemnify, the trial court also cited to paragraph (5),\nwhich expressly excludes from coverage lawsuits involving allegations of dealer\nmisconduct, including the improper service or repair of a vehicle. ",
"Baker claims the\nindemnity agreement covers three types of lawsuits, contained in paragraphs (1), (2),\nand (3): Paragraph (1) covers injuries caused by product defects. ",
"Paragraph (2) covers\nlawsuits based on Toyota’s misrepresentations. ",
"And paragraph (3) covers lawsuits\narising from damages caused by repaired products purchased from a distributor when the\n\n 13\n\fdealer was not notified of repaired damage. ",
"Paragraphs (4) through (8) explain the\ncircumstances that limit indemnity. ",
"Baker reads the agreement to say the limiting\nparagraphs, (4) through (8), only modify paragraph (3). ",
"This argument is based on the\nplacement of a semicolon at the end of paragraph (3), followed by the word “and” and\nthen inclusion of a new, unnumbered paragraph with the word “provided.” ",
"Baker asserts\nparagraphs (4) through (8) are the “provided” qualifications for indemnification involving\na lawsuit only described in paragraph (3).",
"\n This theory of construction ignores the basic rule the agreement must be\nread as a whole. ",
"Paragraphs (1) and (2) also end with semicolons, punctuation commonly\nused to join together a series of statements that do not stand alone as separate sentences.",
"\nThat paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) should be read as series is also supported by the word\n“or” following paragraph (2). ",
"Baker was given coverage for lawsuits described in\nparagraph (1), paragraph (2), or paragraph (3), “and” these three separate promises of\ncoverage were conditioned on the provisos contained in paragraphs (4) though (8). ",
"Like\nthe trial court, we read paragraph (5) as restraining the operation of all three coverage\nparagraphs.",
"\n In any event, even if we assume for the sake of argument, none of the\nprovisos contained in paragraphs (4) through (8) relate to paragraph (1), the cause of\naction still fails. ",
"As described above, paragraph (1) was not triggered because the lawsuit\ndid not allege damages were “caused solely by a defect or failure to warn of a defect in\ndesign, manufacture or assembly of a Lexus Product . . . .” ",
"The phrase “caused solely”\nplainly and clearly limits the types of lawsuits covered. ",
"Because the complaint also\ncontained the allegation Baker’s negligence caused damages, the damages alleged in the\nplaintiffs’ lawsuit were not “allegedly caused solely by a defect[.]” ",
"Therefore, indemnity\nunder paragraph (1) was not triggered by plaintiffs’ complaint.",
"\n\n\n\n\n 14\n\f iii. ",
"Fifth Cause of Action\n Baker’s fifth cause of action alleged a violation of section 11713.13,\nsubdivision (f)(1)(A), which provides: “It is unlawful and a violation of this code for any\nmanufacturer . . . ",
"licensed under this code to do, directly or indirectly through an affiliate,\nany of the following: [¶] . . . [¶] (",
"f)(1) Fail, upon demand, to indemnify any existing or\nformer franchisee and the franchisee’s successors and assigns from any and all damages\nsustained and attorney’s fees and other expenses reasonably incurred by the franchisee\nthat result from or relate to any claim made or asserted by a third party against the\nfranchisee to the extent the claim results from any of the following: [¶] (A) The\ncondition, characteristics, manufacture, assembly, or design of any vehicle, parts,\naccessories, tools, or equipment, or the selection or combination of parts or components\nmanufactured or distributed by the manufacturer or distributor.”",
"\n The parties provided us with some instructive Legislative history relating to\nthe enactment of section 11713.13. ",
"The bill to amend section 11713.1 and create section\n11713.13 was sponsored by the California New Car Dealers Association in 2009, to\naddress several concerns: (1) every other state had laws regulating the relationship\nbetween vehicle manufacturers and franchised dealers but California had not updated its\nrules for nearly a decade; (2) over the past 15 months over 170 new car dealerships had\nclosed and there was a perceived need to provide protection and assistance to dealerships;\nand (3) “with major vehicle manufacturers seeking or contemplating bankruptcy\nprotection, there is an urgent need to establish a statutory framework for dealing with\nissues that arise when a dealership goes out of business or its franchise is terminated.”",
"\n(Assem. ",
"Com. ",
"on Transportation, Rep. on Sen. Bill No. ",
"424 (2009-2010 Reg. ",
"Sess.) ",
"as\namended May 18, 2009, p. 4.)",
"\n The Senate and Assembly Committees reviewing the bill recognized in\ntheir reports that California “is one of only three states where the issues of termination\nassistance, dealerships with multiple franchises, and facility improvements, are not\n\n 15\n\faddressed in statute. ‘",
"This bill brings California in line with the vast majority of other\nstate requirements’ . . . [",
"and according to the sponsor] ‘this bill is needed to ensure that\nfacility requirements imposed by franchisors is adequate, that assistance for dealers upon\ntermination, nonrenewal, or cancellation of a franchise are reasonable, and that dealers\nare properly indemnified for actions of auto manufacturers or distributors that are\nbeyond their control.’ ",
"Motorcycle dealers . . . ",
"also support this bill . . . ",
"declaring, ‘[t]hese\nreasonable requirements will make the treatment of motor vehicle dealers, who have\nfallen victim to the unfortunate and dire economic times . . . ",
"as fair as possible. ",
"These\nreasonable and common sense provisions will help to rebuild California’s motor vehicle\nretail sales industry and fuel California’s economic recovery.’” (",
"See Assem. ",
"Com. ",
"on\nTransportation, Rep. on Sen. Bill No. ",
"424 (2009-2010 Reg. ",
"Sess.) ",
"as amended May 18,\n2009, p. 4, italics added.)",
"\n As summarized by the Assembly Committee on Transportation, “This bill\nsets out detailed procedures and delineates responsibilities of manufacturers and\ndistributors in repurchasing and reimbursing dealers for their vehicle inventories and\nother items that are returned when a dealer no longer holds a franchise. ",
"The bill also\nspecifies the rights of ongoing dealerships to carry competing lines of vehicles . . . .",
"\nThese provisions make several references to a standard of ‘reasonableness.’",
"\nReasonableness is, of course, in the eye of the beholder. ",
"Nevertheless, the stakeholders\nin this effort believe this bill will provide them with the criteria . . . ",
"to resolve\ndisagreements on these issues whenever they may arise.” (",
"Assem. ",
"Com. ",
"on\nTransportation, Rep. on Sen. Bill No. ",
"424 (2009-2010 Reg. ",
"Sess.) ",
"as amended May 18,\n2009, p. 4.) ",
"And as noted by another Assembly Committee’s report, the legislation was\nspecifically designed “to address the effects of the Chrysler bankruptcy, which, according\nto the sponsor, will result in 32 California dealers immediately losing their franchises.”",
"\n(Assem. ",
"Com. ",
"on Appropriations, Rep. on Sen. Bill No. ",
"424 (2009 Reg. ",
"Sess.) ",
"as\namended May 18, 2009, p. 2.)",
"\n\n 16\n\f The bill was enacted July 2, 2009, and due to an urgency designation, it\nwas deemed to be effective immediately. ",
"The final version of Senate Bill No. ",
"424 stated,\n“The distribution, sale, and service of new motor vehicles in the State of California\nvitally affects the general economy of this state and the public welfare. [¶] . . . [¶] ",
"It is\nthe intent of this act to ensure that facility requirements imposed by franchisors are\nreasonable, that assistance for dealers upon termination, nonrenewal or cancellation of a\nfranchise is adequate, and that dealers are properly indemnified for actions of auto\nmanufacturers or distributors that are beyond the control of dealers.” (",
"Stats. ",
"2009, ch.",
"\n12, § 1, subd. (",
"d), italics added.)",
"\n To summarize, this emergency legislation was enacted with the purpose of\nensuring dealerships received fair treatment from manufacturers in a climate of an\nextreme financial crisis with a rising and alarming number of manufacturer and dealer\nbankruptcies. ",
"The statute clarifies the manufacturer’s or distributer’s duty to indemnify\nwill extend to “any existing former franchisee and the franchisee’s successors and assigns\n. . . .” (§ ",
"11713.13, subd. (",
"f).) ",
"Stated another way, the statute mandates the existing duty\nto indemnify one dealership will apply equally to that dealership’s successors and\nassigns. ",
"Moreover, the Legislature clarified a manufacturer’s or distributer’s bankruptcy\nwill not extinguish its duty to indemnify franchisees from claims arising from how the\nvehicle is manufactured, assembled, or designed, i.e., product liability claims. ",
"Given the\nchaos and instability of the marketplace, this emergency legislation was sorely needed to\nprotect the surviving dealerships in California from product liability claims, especially in\nlight of the number of manufacturers, distributors, and other dealers going out of\nbusiness.",
"\n Toyota argued, and the trial court agreed, Toyota complied with the\nprovisions of section 11713.13, subdivision (f)(1)(a), which required Toyota to indemnify\nBaker if a third party lawsuit alleged product liability. ",
"As discussed earlier, Toyota paid\nplaintiffs $10 million for damages arising from their product liability claim, i.e., claims\n\n 17\n\frelating to the “condition, characteristics, manufacture, assembly or design of” the Lexus\nES. (§ ",
"11713.13, sub. (",
"f).) ",
"Thus, as required by the statutory scheme, Toyota paid\nplaintiffs for damages caused by the vehicle’s defects that were beyond the control of the\ndealer. ",
"And as part of their good faith settlement, Toyota negotiated a release of\nplaintiffs’ product liability claims against Baker, recognizing damages arising from such\ndefects would also be beyond the control of the dealer. ",
"In this case, the jury cannot be\npermitted to hold Baker liable for any portion of the damages attributable to the vehicle’s\ndefective design. ",
"Plaintiffs have been paid those damages.",
"\n Contrary to Baker’s contention on appeal, nothing in the statute suggests\nBaker should be indemnified for claims arising from actions that were not beyond its\ncontrol, i.e., third party claims for damages arising from Baker’s own negligence. ",
"Baker\nreads section 11713.13, subdivision (f), to say, “Baker need only show that Toyota’s\nparts, the assembly of those parts, and/or the design of those parts related to the\naccident.” ",
"We conclude Baker has misconstrued the scope of the statute.",
"\n Basic rules of statutory construction say we “‘must select the construction\nthat comports most closely with the apparent intent of the Legislature, with a view to\npromoting rather than defeating the general purpose of the statute, and avoid an\ninterpretation that would lead to absurd consequences.’” (",
"Wilcox v. Birtwhistle (1999)\n21 Cal.4th 973, 977-978.) ",
"As discussed above, the Legislature clearly stated the purpose\nof the statute was to preserve the manufacturer’s existing duty to indemnify regardless of\nwhether the manufacturer, distributor, or franchisee has declared bankruptcy. ",
"The\nLegislature’s goal was to protect dealers faced with product liability lawsuits, claiming\ndamages that were out of the dealer’s control and solely caused by the manufacturing,\nassembly, or design of the vehicle.",
"\n Baker’s interpretation of the statute would essentially require Toyota to\nindemnify a dealer anytime Toyota’s vehicle or parts related to an accident. ",
"As aptly\nnoted by Toyota, if we were to read the statute as imposing this level of indemnification,\n\n 18\n\fwe would be making Toyota a de facto insurer for any dealer facing any injury claim\nrelating to the dealer’s repair of a vehicle. ",
"Indeed, anytime a dealer services or repairs a\nvehicle, the conduct necessarily relates to some part of the manufacturer’s vehicle or\nparts. ",
"And if a dealer should negligently service or repair a vehicle, Baker is suggesting\nsection 11713.13 mandates Toyota indemnify the dealer for misconduct that was clearly\nout of Toyota’s control. ",
"This construction certainly does not comport with the stated\nintent of the Legislature but rather serves to defeat the general purpose of the statute: If\nmanufacturers were required to indemnify dealers anytime their vehicles or parts related\nto an accident, without collecting premiums for essentially insuring the dealers, they\nwould unfairly suffer financially. ",
"The statute was created to help California’s economy\nand attempt to maintain the status quo for dealers in an unstable marketplace, not create a\ndifferent financial crisis.",
"\n Baker insists that in dismissing Baker’s statutory indemnity claim, the court\nimpermissibly “made a factual finding that [use of] the floor mats . . . ",
"on the part of\nBaker caused the accident exclusive and independent of any other Lexus part. ",
"This is a\nphysical impossibility.” ",
"It explains the floor mats were a problem because they\ninteracted with other parts of the vehicle that were defective. ",
"Baker concludes, “By\ngranting summary judgment with regard to the Vehicle Code indemnity obligation of\nToyota, the [t]rial [c]ourt erred in removing the crucial question of causation from the\njury’s consideration and deciding it as a matter of law or as a material undisputed fact.”",
"\nNonsense.",
"\n In dismissing the statutory indemnity claim, the trial court did not consider\nor determine the factual question of causation in plaintiffs’ case. ",
"It simply determined\n(1) Baker would not be held liable for product liability damages because plaintiffs had\nalready been paid those damages via a good faith settlement with Toyota, and (2) the only\nclaim remaining was for Baker’s alleged independent negligence for which Toyota had\n\n\n\n 19\n\fno statutory (or contractual) duty to indemnify.3 This ruling does not preclude Baker\nfrom arguing the issue of causation at trial. ",
"Baker can present evidence and assert the\nonly cause of the accident was the defective vehicle parts, i.e., product liability.",
"\nAlternatively, it may try to reduce its damages and assert the product design defects were\nthe major contributing cause of the accident, and ask the jury to apportion what\npercentage of liability, if any, arises solely from Baker’s separate negligence.",
"\n Consequently, the jury may ultimately determine Baker’s conduct did not\ncontribute to the accident or award damages attributable solely to Baker’s negligence. ",
"As\nrequired by section 11713.13, Baker will not be held liable for any actions of Toyota that\nwere beyond Baker’s control. (",
"DaFonte v. Up-Right, Inc. (1992) 2 Cal.4th 593, 603\n(DaFonte) [“express purpose of Proposition 51 was to eliminate the perceived unfairness\nof imposing ‘all the damage’ on defendants who were ‘found to share [only] a fraction of\nthe fault[]’”]; Hoch v. Allied-Signal, Inc. (1994) 24 Cal.",
"App.4th 48, 64-65 [non-settling\ndefendant liable for own 35 percent share of noneconomic damages but not settling\ndefendant’s 45 percent share].) ",
"Proposition 51 (Civ. ",
"Code, § 1431.1, subd. (",
"b)), protects\nBaker because it mandates “a ‘defendant[’s]’ liability for noneconomic damages cannot\nexceed his or her proportionate share of fault as compared with all fault responsible for\nthe plaintiff’s injuries, not merely that of ‘defendant[s]’ present in the lawsuit.",
"\n[Citation.]” (",
"DaFonte, supra, 2 Cal.4th at p. 603.)",
"\n\n\n\n\n3 We note Baker argues the trial court ruled on the causation issue based on a\nportion of the hearing transcript in which the court commented Toyota did not put the\nwrong floor mat in the vehicle, stating, “I’m not sure who did, but it wasn’t Toyota.”",
"\nHowever, after carefully reading the transcript, we conclude it is clear the court never\nsaid Baker installed the floor mat or that the mat caused the accident. ",
"More importantly,\nthe written statement of decision prepared after the hearing does not contain any ruling\nrelating to the merits of plaintiffs’ negligence action or the cause of the accident.",
"\nSummary judgment on the indemnity claims were granted for clearly stated reasons\ndiscussed at length in this opinion. ",
"We deem this argument a red herring.",
"\n\n 20\n\f iv. ",
"Sixth Cause of Action\n Baker’s sixth cause of action alleged a violation of Business and\nProfessions Code section 17200 based on Toyota’s refusal to indemnify Baker under the\nVehicle Code. ",
"For the reasons already discussed, we conclude the trial court properly\ngranted summary judgment on the section 11713.13 claim. ",
"Because the sixth cause of\naction is dependent on the Vehicle Code claim, we conclude summary judgment of this\nclaim was also properly granted.",
"\n v. Consideration of Supplemental Arguments and Evidence\n Baker recognizes the trial court requested supplemental briefing “on the\nnarrow issue of whether there had been alterations” to the Lexus ES involved in the\ncrash. ",
"This evidence related to the court’s consideration of the contractual indemnity\nclause, limiting the duty to indemnify to cases where the Lexus product “was not altered\nby or for the dealer” (paragraph 6 of the dealer agreement). ",
"Baker maintains the court\nerred in considering Toyota’s supplemental evidence and arguments, submitted one week\nbefore the hearing. ",
"We disagree.",
"\n As aptly noted by Toyota, Baker also submitted additional evidence and\nlegal argument on December 7, 2011, seven days before the December 14 hearing. ",
"Baker\nhad a week to respond to Toyota’s supplemental evidence, present argument about the\nevidence at the hearing, or ask for a continuance. (",
"See Weiss v. Chevron (1988)\n204 Cal.",
"App.3d 1094, 1098 [“court should consider all admissible evidence of which the\nopposing party has had notice and the opportunity to respond”].) ",
"At the hearing, Baker\nsimply objected to Toyota’s supplemental brief on the grounds it contained new issues\nand facts. ",
"However, Baker did not request a continuance and failed to identify any\nadditional evidence or argument it wished to provide.",
"\n On appeal, Baker asserts it would have submitted evidence showing: (1) it\nis disputed whether Baker installed wrong floor mats in the vehicle; (2) Baker trained its\nemployees about which floor mats to use; and (3) it was disputed which floor mats were\n\n 21\n\fin the car when it was loaned to a previous customer. ",
"All these facts relate to whether the\nvehicle was altered as described in paragraph (6) of the dealer agreement. ",
"As stated\nabove, the court ruled and we agreed, there was no duty to indemnify under paragraph (1)\nof the dealer agreement. ",
"The provisos under paragraphs (5) and (6) were merely\nadditional grounds for the ruling. ",
"Thus, additional facts relating to the application of\nparagraph (6) would not have changed the outcome. ",
"And contrary to Baker’s contention,\nthe trial court never ruled Baker’s placement of the floor mats caused the accident. ",
"It\nsimply ruled Toyota would not need to indemnify Baker if the jury determines it\nnegligently placed the wrong floor mats in the car causing damages. ",
"Based on this\nrecord, we find no due process error. ",
"Moreover, we have reviewed the record de novo\nand the summary judgment did not require the supplemental evidence Baker complains\nabout.4\n vi. ",
"Evidentiary Objections\n Baker requests this court review de novo the 14 pages of evidentiary\nobjections it submitted to the trial court. ",
"Relying on Reid v. Google, Inc. (2010)\n50 Cal.4th 512 (Reid), Baker asserts that if a trial court fails to expressly rule on\nobjections, the objections are preserved for appeal and must be reviewed de novo. ",
"We\nnote Baker fails to discuss the complete holding of Reid. ",
"Our Supreme Court held that\n“if the trial court fails to rule expressly on specific evidentiary objections, it is presumed\nthat the objections have been overruled, the trial court considered the evidence in ruling\n\n4 We recognize the legislative history of section 11713.13 was included in\nToyota’s supplemental materials, and we relied upon those documents in this opinion.",
"\nBut Baker does not object to the consideration of these documents and, in fact, relied\nupon them in its opening brief. ",
"In any event, “To determine the purpose of legislation, a\ncourt may consult contemporary legislative committee analyses of that legislation, which\nare subject to judicial notice.” (",
"In re J.W. (2002) 29 Cal.4th 200, 211.) ",
"If these\ngovernment documents had not been provided by the parties, we could have obtained and\ntaken judicial notice of the legislative history on our own motion. (",
"Evid. ",
"Code, §§ 452\nsubd. (",
"c), 459 [official government documents]). ",
"Baker was not prejudiced by the\nadmission of this evidence.",
"\n\n 22\n\fon the merits of the summary judgment motion, and the objections are preserved on\nappeal.” (",
"Id. at p. 534, italics added.) ",
"Consequently, although the issue is preserved, it is\npresumed the objections were overruled, and the court’s ruling is presumed correct. ",
"An\nappellant has the burden of overcoming the presumption of correctness by affirmatively\nshowing error on an adequate record. (",
"Bianco v. California Highway Patrol (1994)\n24 Cal.",
"App.4th 1113, 1125.) ",
"Moreover “‘Appellate briefs must provide argument and\nlegal authority for the positions taken. “",
"When an appellant fails to raise a point, or\nasserts it but fails to support it with reasoned argument and citations to authority, we treat\nthe point as waived.”’ [",
"Citation.]” (",
"Cahill v. San Diego Gas & Electric Co. (2011)\n194 Cal.",
"App.4th 939, 956.) ",
"Because Baker failed to provide argument or legal authority\nto support his position the trial court erred in making an evidentiary ruling, we deem the\nissue waived.",
"\n III\n The judgment is affirmed. ",
"Respondents shall recover costs on appeal.",
"\nRespondents’ request for judicial notice is denied. ",
"The petition for writ of supersedeas is\ndismissed as moot.",
"\n\n\n\n O’LEARY, P. J.\n\nWE CONCUR:\n\n\n\nRYLAARSDAM, J.\n\n\n\nIKOLA, J.\n\n\n\n\n 23\n\f"
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[
"\n819 S.W.2d 698 (1991)\n307 Ark. 301\nEmma Gwendolyn WRIGHT, et al., ",
"Appellants,\nv.\nUNION NATIONAL BANK OF ARKANSAS, LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, Executor, Appellee and Cross Appellant.",
"\nNo. ",
"90-335.",
"\nSupreme Court of Arkansas.",
"\nNovember 18, 1991.",
"\n*699 Tom F. Lovett, H. Lawrence Yancey, Little Rock, for appellants.",
"\nGarland Binns, Chet Roberts, Little Rock, Dennis Sbanotto, Fort Smith, for appellee and cross appellant.",
"\nBROWN, Justice.",
"\nThis case concerns the assets of the decedent, Hiawatha Daniel, and specifically the claims of the appellant, Emma Gwendolyn Wright, against those assets. ",
"Hi Daniel *700 and Gwen Wright were sisters; both were the daughters of Julia Daniel. ",
"The various claims of Gwen Wright were heard during a two-day trial, and the chancellor decided all claims in favor of the estate. ",
"We affirm the chancellor's judgment.",
"\nGwen Wright also appeals on the issue of the estate's liability for estate and inheritance taxes, and she is joined in this appeal by her sons, Daniel Wright and Preston Wright. ",
"Union National Bank filed a notice of cross appeal against the sons, but as cross appellant, the Bank has failed to file a brief or abstract. ",
"We, therefore, dismiss the cross appeal pursuant to Rule 10 of our Supreme Court Rules.",
"\nIn 1975 Julia Daniel suffered a stroke and was virtually incapacitated until her death in 1982. ",
"After her stroke, Hi Daniel, who was not married, moved in with her mother and cared for her. ",
"Also, following the stroke, Hi Daniel and Gwen Wright established several joint banking accounts with right of survivorship. ",
"Upon her death, Julia Daniel left all of her property to Hi Daniel with the exception of $10 which she bequeathed to Gwen Wright. ",
"Funds from Julia Daniel's estate were deposited into the joint banking accounts, and the interest from the accounts was used to purchase bonds and treasury notes. ",
"Income from these investments was then paid into a household account for Hi Daniel's personal expenses. ",
"Hi Daniel made all of the deposits and withdrawals from these joint accounts.",
"\nThe sisters also kept a safety deposit box in joint tenancy in which they placed registered and bearer bonds with interest coupons as well as other securities and items of personal property. ",
"On an annual basis the sisters would meet and clip the interest coupons from the bonds and prepare the deposit slips. ",
"Subsequently, Hi Daniel would deposit the interest into her household account.",
"\nHi Daniel died on September 6, 1988, and left assets consisting of registered bonds, treasury notes, other securities, and jewelry. ",
"The joint bank accounts totalling over $200,000 passed to Gwen Wright by right of survivorship and are not at issue in this appeal. ",
"Prior to her death, the sisters had kept bearer bonds valued at approximately $238,000 in their safety deposit box. ",
"The interest coupons all went to Hi Daniel during her lifetime. ",
"She had in her possession at time of death the coupons for all of calendar year 1988. ",
"Gwen Wright argues, however, that early in 1988, Hi Daniel gave the bearer bonds to her. ",
"The validity of that gift is one of the issues on appeal.",
"\nAfter Hi Daniel's death, Preston Wright removed the registered bonds which were in Gwen Wright's name from the joint safety deposit box and testified that no bearer bonds were in the box. ",
"Because Gwen Wright had the bearer bonds and the registered bonds in her possession, the appellee executor filed suit to determine title to that property. ",
"Gwen Wright counterclaimed that the bearer bonds had been given to her by the decedent and further that Hi Daniel had held the other property, including registered bonds, treasury notes, jewelry, and other securities, in constructive trust for Gwen Wright's benefit. ",
"The executor also asked the chancellor to assess the proportionate share of each distributee for estate and gift taxes. ",
"The chancellor decided all issues in favor of the executor.",
"\n\nI. BEARER BONDS\nFor her first point for reversal, Gwen Wright argues that the chancellor erred in finding that Hi Daniel did not consummate a gift to her of the bearer bonds prior to her death in 1988. ",
"Specifically, Wright contends that Daniel made a valid inter vivos gift when she delivered the bonds to her early in 1988 and retained only the interest coupons for 1988.",
"\nOur law is clear that in order for an inter vivos gift to transpire it must be proven by clear and convincing evidence that (1) the donor was of sound mind; (2) an actual delivery of the property took place; (3) the donor clearly intended to make an immediate, present, and final gift; (4) the donor unconditionally released all future dominion and control over the property; and (5) the donee accepted the gift. *",
"701 See Phipps v. Wilson, 251 Ark. 377, 472 S.W.2d 929 (1971).",
"\nIn Phipps a gift of bonds was also in dispute. ",
"The alleged donor exercised control over the bonds by accepting interest payments after placing the bonds in custody for the benefit of the alleged donee. ",
"We held that drawing interest payments exhibited failure to release all future dominion and control over the property.",
"\nHere, Wright testified that actual delivery occurred. ",
"She also testified that Daniel told her to keep the bonds and said, \"They are yours; hang on to them.\" ",
"Nevertheless, Daniel continued to receive interest on the bonds until her death and even projected future income from the bonds in her journal. ",
"She also continued to reflect the bonds in her inventory of municipal bonds after the purported gift. ",
"There is, too, Wright's own testimony that Daniel may well have brought the bonds to her because she was on crutches at the time and her possession of the bonds would enable them to meet at her home and clip the interest coupons.",
"\nAs in Phipps v. Wilson, the facts here do not evidence a clear intent on the part of Daniel to give up all future dominion and control over the bonds. ",
"We affirm the chancellor's decision.",
"\n\nII. ",
"CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST\nWright next argues that an oral agreement existed between her sister and herself to the effect that virtually all of Daniel's estate, including the bearer and registered bonds, and other treasury notes and securities registered in Daniel's name would go to Wright or to her children upon Daniel's death. ",
"A constructive trust impressed on the estate's assets for the benefit of Wright was, therefore, warranted, according to Wright. ",
"To justify that constructive trust, Wright points to a confidential relationship which she maintains existed between the two sisters in later years.",
"\nA constructive trust is a creature of equity designed to prevent unjust enrichment, and it is implied from the circumstances of the case when the beneficial interest should not go with legal title to the property. ",
"See Mitchell v. Mitchell, 28 Ark. App. ",
"295, 773 S.W.2d 853 (1989). ",
"Simply because parties are related or live in the same household does not alone establish a confidential relationship. ",
"See Andres v. Andres, 1 Ark.App. ",
"75, 613 S.W.2d 404 (1981). ",
"However, although a family relationship by itself is not sufficient to establish a constructive trust, in the absence of estrangement or other circumstances contradicting confidentiality, a confidential relationship may be established by showing a close relationship between a mother and father and a brother and sister. ",
"See Beeson v. Beeson, 11 Ark.App. ",
"79, 667 S.W.2d 368 (1984). ",
"Fraud or a confidential relationship is necessary to prove a constructive trust, and it must be proven by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. ",
"See Bottenfield v. Wood and Miller, 264 Ark. 505, 573 S.W.2d 307 (1978). ",
"The burden of proving it is on the proponent of the constructive trust. ",
"See Waller v. Waller, 15 Ark.App. ",
"336, 693 S.W.2d 61 (1985).",
"\nThe chancellor found that Wright had not met her burden of proof, and we agree. ",
"There was ample testimony presented at trial to evidence that some, if not considerable, rancor had existed between the two women at one time and perhaps even continued up to Daniel's death. ",
"Wright was admittedly angered by her mother's leaving her estate to Daniel and mentioning her only in the context of a $10 bequest. ",
"There was also testimony about Wright's suspicions that Daniel was diverting her mother's funds for her benefit during her mother's lifetime. ",
"Though varying testimony was admitted suggesting that Wright had entered into an agreement with Daniel regarding the disposition of Daniel's estate at various times, the testimony was unclear. ",
"At one point it was contradicted by Wright, who stated that there was no agreement that Wright would forego a lawsuit against Daniel regarding their mother's estate in exchange for a promise that Daniel would leave her estate to Wright and her children.",
"\nIt is axiomatic that the trier of fact, in this case the chancellor, determines the *702 credibility of the witnesses. ",
"See McKiever v. McKiever, 305 Ark. 321, 808 S.W.2d 328 (1991). ",
"In the case before us the chancellor obviously believed the executor's witnesses or, alternatively, did not believe the appellant or her witnesses. ",
"We cannot say that the decision was in error.",
"\n\nIII. ",
"SAFETY DEPOSIT BOX\nWright also contends that part of the contents of the safety deposit box should have passed to her by right of survivorship, because the box was held in the names of both sisters and Wright's daughter with survivorship rights. ",
"At issue here are various securities, including registered bonds in Daniel's name, and jewelry found in the box. ",
"We have previously held that mere survivorship rights in the box itself is not sufficient to pass title to the contents absent an affirmative showing in writing to evidence that fact. ",
"See Newton County v. Davison, 289 Ark. 109, 709 S.W.2d 810 (1986); see also Kulbeth v. Purdom, 305 Ark. 19, 805 S.W.2d 622 (1991).",
"\nThe appellants contest a retroactive application of Davison since the box was acquired in 1982 at the time of Julia Daniel's death. ",
"Hi Daniel's death, however, occurred in 1988, which is the time when either survivorship rights would automatically vest or Wright's cause of action would accrue. ",
"Since Davison was decided before this time, the appellant's argument is without merit.",
"\n\nIV. ",
"ESTATE TAXES\nThe appellants, who are joined by appellants Preston Wright and Daniel Wright on this one issue, argue that the estate's residue should be used to pay estate and gift taxes and that pro rata shares from the distributees should not be claimed under Ark.Code Ann. § ",
"26-59-115 (1987). ",
"The precise language in the will reads: I direct that all just and legal claims against my estate, including federal and state estate and inheritance taxes, be paid as promptly as practicable after my death.",
"\nThe chancellor found that a clear direction that the taxes be paid from the residue of the estate and not proportionately by the distributees was lacking. ",
"We agree. ",
"The will only directs that the taxes be paid promptly and does not direct that the taxes be paid from the estate's residue. ",
"To infer that the testatrix intended that the taxes be paid from the residue of the estate and not be spread proportionately among the distributees would be speculation on our part. ",
"The intent to shift the burden of taxation must clearly appear in the will; otherwise, state law will control. ",
"See, e.g., Ferrone v. Soffes, 558 So.2d 146 (Fla.App. ",
"3 Dist.1990). ",
"Here § 26-59-115 requires proportionate allocation among the distributees in the absence of a clear direction from the testatrix that the taxes be paid from the estate's residue. ",
"We affirm the chancellor on this point.",
"\n\nV. BIAS\nFor her last argument, Wright advances a bias theory on the basis that the chancellor considered testimony from a separate trial relating to Wright's sons in deciding Wright's case. ",
"There is no evidence to support this claim, and the chancellor stated that the testimony in the sons' real estate case was separate from Wright's case. ",
"We hold that this claim is meritless.",
"\nAffirmed.",
"\n"
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