Datasets:

tomekkorbak

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pii-pile-chunk3-1050000-1100000

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[ "Roland TD9KX V-drum kit with mesh heads (ex-display)\n\nNew Sound Engine, Unlimited Expression With a new advanced sound engine at its core, the mid-range V-Drums family has new bragging rights. ", "The new TD-9 sound module is loaded with fresh sounds, and offers a deeper level of expression. ", "Together with Roland's most advanced triggering technology, this kit is destined to become a big hit with drummers worldwide.", "\n\nRoland TD9KX V-drum kit with mesh heads (ex-display)\n\nNew Sound Engine, Unlimited Expression\n\nWith a new advanced sound engine at its core, the mid-range V-Drums family has new bragging rights. ", "The new TD-9 sound module is loaded with fresh sounds, and offers a deeper level of expression. ", "Together with Roland's most advanced triggering technology, this kit is destined to become a big hit with drummers worldwide." ]

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[ "Those are some Dodger legends by the way … Koufax, Valenzuela, Jackie Robinson. ", "Wilson will have some way to go before he’s in that company. ", "Yesterday he signed a one-year contract with L.A., an attempted comeback from the elbow injury that sidelined him most of last season.", "\n\nAs we bid a fond adieu to a linchpin, on the field and in the clubhouse, of that great Giants’ 2010 team, here are some of our favorite moments from the performance-artist-once-known-as-the-Giants-closer …" ]

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[ "import React from 'react'\nimport renderer from 'react-test-renderer'\nimport * as Columns from '../../../components/FlowTable/FlowColumns'\nimport { TFlow } from '../../ducks/tutils'\n\ndescribe('FlowColumns Components', () => {\n\n let tflow = TFlow()\n it('should render TLSColumn', () => {\n let tlsColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "TLSColumn flow={tflow}/>),\n tree = tlsColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n })\n\n it('should render IconColumn', () => {\n let iconColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "IconColumn flow={tflow}/>),\n tree = iconColumn.toJSON()\n // plain\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n // not modified\n tflow.response.status_code = 304\n iconColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "IconColumn flow={tflow}/>)\n tree = iconColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n // redirect\n tflow.response.status_code = 302\n iconColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "IconColumn flow={tflow}/>)\n tree = iconColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n // image\n let imageFlow = TFlow()\n imageFlow.response.headers = [['Content-Type', 'image/jpeg']]\n iconColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "IconColumn flow={imageFlow}/>)\n tree = iconColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n // javascript\n let jsFlow = TFlow()\n jsFlow.response.headers = [['Content-Type', 'application/x-javascript']]\n iconColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "IconColumn flow={jsFlow}/>)\n tree = iconColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n // css\n let cssFlow = TFlow()\n cssFlow.response.headers = [['Content-Type', 'text/css']]\n iconColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "IconColumn flow={cssFlow}/>)\n tree = iconColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n // html\n let htmlFlow = TFlow()\n htmlFlow.response.headers = [['Content-Type', 'text/html']]\n iconColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "IconColumn flow={htmlFlow}/>)\n tree = iconColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n // default\n let fooFlow = TFlow()\n fooFlow.response.headers = [['Content-Type', 'foo']]\n iconColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "IconColumn flow={fooFlow}/>)\n tree = iconColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n // no response\n tflow.response = null\n iconColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "IconColumn flow={tflow}/>)\n tree = iconColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n })\n\n it('should render pathColumn', () => {\n let pathColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "PathColumn flow={tflow}/>),\n tree = pathColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n\n tflow.error.msg = 'Connection killed.'", "\n tflow.intercepted = true\n pathColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "PathColumn flow={tflow}/>)\n tree = pathColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n })\n\n it('should render MethodColumn', () => {\n let methodColumn =renderer.create(<Columns.", "MethodColumn flow={tflow}/>),\n tree = methodColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n })\n\n it('should render StatusColumn', () => {\n let statusColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "StatusColumn flow={tflow}/>),\n tree = statusColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n })\n\n it('should render SizeColumn', () => {\n tflow = TFlow()\n let sizeColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "SizeColumn flow={tflow}/>),\n tree = sizeColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n })\n\n it('should render TimeColumn', () => {\n let timeColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "TimeColumn flow={tflow}/>),\n tree = timeColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n\n tflow.response = null\n timeColumn = renderer.create(<Columns.", "TimeColumn flow={tflow}/>),\n tree = timeColumn.toJSON()\n expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot()\n })\n})\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSerialize XML element having property named value using Jackson\n\nI'm trying to deserialize/serialize xml content with below element.", "\n<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\" ?", ">\n<confirmationConditions>\n <condition type=\"NM-GD\" value=\"something\">no modification of guest details</condition>\n</confirmationConditions>\n\nHow can I properly create java beans with jackson annotations to parse this correctly. ", "I've tried with JAXB annotations and jackson fails saying it can't be having to value fields. ", "With below java beans I got following error.", "\npublic class Condition\n{\n @JacksonXmlProperty( isAttribute = true, localName = \"type\" )\n private String type;\n @JacksonXmlProperty( isAttribute = true, localName = \"value\" )\n private String value;\n private String text;\n}\n\nError\ncom.fasterxml.jackson.databind.exc.", "UnrecognizedPropertyException: Unrecognized field \"\" (class Condition), not marked as ignorable (3 known properties: \"value\", \"type\", \"text\"])\n at [Source: (File); line: 3, column: 73] (through reference chain: ConfirmationConditions[\"condition\"]->Condition[\"\"])\n\nBasically what I want is to map element content to text field. ", "I have no control over xml so changing it would not work for me.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe thing you need here is to add @JacksonXmlText\nclass Condition {\n @JacksonXmlProperty(isAttribute = true)\n private String type;\n @JacksonXmlProperty(isAttribute = true)\n private String value;\n @JacksonXmlText\n private String text;\n\n public String getType() {\n return type;\n }\n\n public void setType(String type) {\n this.type = type;\n }\n\n public String getValue() {\n return value;\n }\n\n public void setValue(String value) {\n this.value = value;\n }\n\n public String getText() {\n return text;\n }\n\n public void setText(String text) {\n this.text = text;\n }\n}\n\nAnd parse it this way:\n JacksonXmlModule module = new JacksonXmlModule();\n module.setDefaultUseWrapper(false);\n XmlMapper xmlMapper = new XmlMapper(module);\n\n xmlMapper.readValue(\n \"<condition type=\\\"NM-GD\\\" value=\\\"something\\\">no modification of guest details</condition>\", Condition.class);\n\n" ]

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[ "By Fiona Noonan on January 28, 2014\n\nThe No. ", "1 ranked Stanford women’s tennis team opened its regular season dual-match slate with decisive back-to-back shutout victories this past week, beating UC-Davis 7-0 on Friday and No. ", "69 Princeton 7-0 on Tuesday at the Taube Family Tennis Center.", "\n\nThe Cardinal (2-0) collected its 900th victory in program history against the Aggies (1-1). ", "The Cardinal started strong when it took the doubles point to start the day 1-0 on Friday. ", "In the No. ", "1 spot, the No. ", "15 duo of senior Kristie Ahn and freshman Carol Zhao cruised past UC-Davis’s Nicole Koehly and Layla Sanders 6-0. ", "The No. ", "16 team of freshman Taylor Davidson and junior Ellen Tsay, in addition to the tandem of freshman Caroline Doyle and sophomore Krista Hardebeck, each took home wins of their own.", "\n\nIn the course of three doubles matches, Stanford lost only three games total, which set the tone for the following six singles matches.", "\n\nOn the singles side, the Cardinal — with five nationally ranked players, including the sixth-ranked Ahn — maintained its dominance against the unranked Aggies, dropping just eight games in total and winning each match in straight sets.", "\n\nIn her dual-match debut, Davidson started the team off with a 6-0, 6-0 win against Davis’s Kamia Kecki, and she was quickly joined in victory by Hardebeck, Tsay, Doyle and Zhao before Ahn concluded the match with a 6-3, 6-0 at No. ", "1 singles.", "\n\nFriday’s matches also represented the regular-season debuts for Doyle and Zhao.", "\n\nOn Tuesday, the Cardinal continued its dominance and cruised through its matches against No. ", "69 Princeton (1-1) at home, winning 7-0 once again.", "\n\nPrinceton was coming off of a 6-1 win against Temple in its own dual-match opener last week, but the momentum was not enough to hold off the surging Cardinal. ", "Princeton’s head coach Laura Granville <\\#213>03 hails from the Farm. ", "Granville won the NCAA individual singles title as a freshman and sophomore. ", "She turned pro after her sophomore season and remained a member of the Women’s Tennis Association until 2010 before returning to Stanford to finish her degree in 2012.", "\n\nStanford again started by winning its three doubles matches over the Tigers and taking the doubles point before steamrolling on the singles side. ", "Stanford clinched the dual match with No. ", "94 Tsay’s 6-0, 6-3 win against Princeton’s only ranked singles player, No. ", "62 Alanna Wolff.", "\n\nThe Cardinal dropped only one set, during Zhao’s No. ", "4 singles match against Emily Hahn. ", "Zhao eventually came back to win 6-2, 3-6, 1-0 (10-6) for the team’s fifth singles victory of the afternoon.", "\n\nStanford goes on the road for a Texas doubleheader against University of Texas on Friday and Rice on Saturday. ", "Matches played over the next month will be played under the experimental rules format, which was designed to decrease the length of matches.", "\n\nContact Fiona Noonan at fnoonan ‘at’ stanford.edu." ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\n\npackage com.google.android.filament.filamesh;\n\nimport com.google.android.filament.", "Engine;\nimport com.google.android.filament.", "IndexBuffer;\nimport com.google.android.filament.", "VertexBuffer;\n\nimport java.io.", "IOException;\nimport java.io.", "InputStream;\nimport java.nio.", "ByteBuffer;\nimport java.nio.", "ByteOrder;\nimport java.nio.channels.", "Channels;\nimport java.nio.channels.", "ReadableByteChannel;\n\npublic class FilameshLoader {\n\n public static final String FILAMESH_FILE_IDENTIFIER = \"FILAMESH\";\n\n private static class Float3 {\n float x, y, z;\n\n public Float3(float x, float y, float z) {\n this.x = x;\n this.y = y;\n this.z = z;\n }\n }\n\n private static class FilameshHeader {\n int versionNumber;\n int numberOfParts;\n Float3 totalBoundingBoxCenter;\n Float3 totalBoundingBoxHalfExtent;\n int interleaved;\n int positionAttributeOffset;\n int positionAttributeStride;\n int tangentAttributeOffset;\n int tangentAttributeStride;\n int colorAttributeOffset;\n int colorAttributeStride;\n int uv0AttributeOffset;\n int uv0AttributeStride;\n int uv1AttributeOffset;\n int uv1AttributeStride;\n int totalVertices;\n int verticesSizeInBytes;\n int indices16Bit; // 0 if indices are stored as int, 1 if stored as uint16\n int totalIndices;\n int indicesSizeInBytes;\n };\n\n private static boolean readMagicNumber(InputStream in) throws IOException {\n final byte[] temp = new byte[FILAMESH_FILE_IDENTIFIER.length()];\n in.read(temp);\n String tempS = new String(temp, \"UTF-8\");\n return tempS.equals(FILAMESH_FILE_IDENTIFIER);\n }\n\n private static FilameshHeader readHeader(InputStream in) throws IOException {\n FilameshHeader header = new FilameshHeader();\n if (!", "readMagicNumber(in)) {\n System.err.print(\"Invalid filamesh file.\");", "\n System.exit(1);\n }\n header.versionNumber = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.numberOfParts = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.totalBoundingBoxCenter =\n new Float3(IOUtils.readFloat32LE(in), IOUtils.readFloat32LE(in), IOUtils.readFloat32LE(in));\n header.totalBoundingBoxHalfExtent =\n new Float3(IOUtils.readFloat32LE(in), IOUtils.readFloat32LE(in), IOUtils.readFloat32LE(in));\n header.interleaved = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.positionAttributeOffset = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.positionAttributeStride = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.tangentAttributeOffset = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.tangentAttributeStride = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.colorAttributeOffset = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.colorAttributeStride = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.uv0AttributeOffset = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.uv0AttributeStride = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.uv1AttributeOffset = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.uv1AttributeStride = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.totalVertices = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.verticesSizeInBytes = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.indices16Bit = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.totalIndices = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n header.indicesSizeInBytes = IOUtils.readIntLE(in);\n return header;\n }\n\n public static Filamesh load(String name, InputStream in, Engine engine) {\n try {\n FilameshHeader header = readHeader(in);\n\n if (header.numberOfParts > 1) {\n System.out.println(\"Mesh \" + name + \" has \" + header.numberOfParts + \" parts.\");", "\n System.out.println(\"Currently, only 1 part supported.\");", "\n }\n\n ReadableByteChannel channel = Channels.newChannel(in);\n\n ByteBuffer vertexBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(header.verticesSizeInBytes);\n vertexBuffer.order(ByteOrder.", "LITTLE_ENDIAN);\n channel.read(vertexBuffer);\n vertexBuffer.flip();\n\n ByteBuffer indexBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(header.indicesSizeInBytes);\n indexBuffer.order(ByteOrder.", "LITTLE_ENDIAN);\n channel.read(indexBuffer);\n indexBuffer.flip();\n\n VertexBuffer vb = new VertexBuffer.", "Builder()\n .bufferCount(1)\n .vertexCount(header.totalVertices)\n .attribute(VertexBuffer.", "VertexAttribute.", "POSITION, 0, VertexBuffer.", "AttributeType.", "HALF4,\n header.positionAttributeOffset, header.positionAttributeStride)\n .attribute(VertexBuffer.", "VertexAttribute.", "TANGENTS, 0, VertexBuffer.", "AttributeType.", "SHORT4,\n header.tangentAttributeOffset, header.tangentAttributeStride)\n .attribute(VertexBuffer.", "VertexAttribute.", "COLOR, 0, VertexBuffer.", "AttributeType.", "UBYTE4,\n header.colorAttributeOffset, header.colorAttributeStride)\n .attribute(VertexBuffer.", "VertexAttribute.", "UV0, 0, VertexBuffer.", "AttributeType.", "HALF2,\n header.uv0AttributeOffset, header.uv0AttributeStride)\n .build(engine);\n vb.setBufferAt(engine, 0, vertexBuffer);\n\n IndexBuffer ib = new IndexBuffer.", "Builder()\n .bufferType(IndexBuffer.", "Builder.", "IndexType.", "USHORT)\n .indexCount(header.totalIndices)\n .build(engine);\n ib.setBuffer(engine, indexBuffer);\n\n return new Filamesh(name, vb, ib);\n } catch (IOException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n System.err.println(\"Error loading mesh: \" + name);\n }\n\n return null;\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Ben Langmaid\n\nHelp discover the music gear and equipment Ben Langmaid uses. ", "Help find out the studio equipment, software, headphones, DAW & software, plugins, and other instruments used by Ben Langmaid in the studio and in the live setup." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nIn the last 2 decades, cross-sectional imaging, in particular multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), has become the main investigation of choice in the locoregional and distant staging of many tumours within the abdomen and pelvis. ", "MDCT benefits from having a high spatial resolution and fast acquisition time, making it an ideal tool to stage and restage tumours. ", "The routine use of intravenous (and oral contrast) media, unless contraindicated, also helps to delineate sites of disease, especially within solid organs. ", "The identification of nodal involvement on CT is based on nodal size, typically using a minimum cutoff of 1 cm in short axis diameter, although this can lead to both under- and over-staging of metastatic nodal involvement. ", "The purpose of this pictorial review is to discuss the imaging appearances on CT of some of the more common cancers arising within the abdomen and pelvis and to describe their typical sites of local, nodal and haematogenous tumour spread. ", "Cancers arising from the stomach, pancreas, colon, kidney, ovary and prostate will be reviewed, with summary tables provided. ", "Lymphoma will not be specifically discussed.", "\n\nGastric cancer {#Sec2}\n--------------\n\nNinety percent of tumours are adenocarcinomas, which are subdivided into two main histological types: (1) the well-differentiated (intestinal) type, which is associated with atrophic gastritis, occurs in older patients and has a better survival rate and (2) the undifferentiated (diffuse/signet ring) type, which is more common, occurs more frequently in women and has a poorer prognosis \\[[@CR1]\\]. ", "Gastric adenocarcinoma occurs either proximally (cardia) or distally (non-cardia), with the former increasing in incidence whilst the latter is declining (see Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Table 1Summary table of local, nodal and haematogenous spread in gastric cancerLocal spread•Local spread into adjacent structures (e.g. pancreas, colon, spleen)Lymph node spread•*Perigastric:* pericardial; lesser curvature; greater curvature; suprapyloric•*Extraperigastric:* left gastric; common hepatic; coeliac; splenic hilum and artery; hepatic pedicle; retropancreatic; mesenteric root; middle colic; para-aorticHaematogenous spread•Most commonly the liver (25% at presentation) and peritoneumNotes•Transcoelomic spread can occur through the peritoneum (e.g. Kruckenberg tumours)•Retropancreatic, para-aortic and mesenteric nodes are classified as M1 metastatic disease•Nodal disease in GIST tumours is extremely rare\n\nOn CT, the use of oral contrast agents to distend the stomach is essential, preferably with water rather than dilute gastrograffin to avoid beam-hardening artefacts. ", "Involvement of the stomach wall is seen as thickening or irregularity of the inner/middle layer of the gastric wall (T1 tumours) or transmural thickening with abnormal contrast enhancement (T2 tumours) \\[[@CR2]\\]. ", "Wall thickness has been reported to be greater and of higher attenuation in the diffuse histological type compared to the intestinal type \\[[@CR3]\\]. ", "Gastric cancer spreads in a predictable fashion through the gastric wall with the presence of perigastric fat stranding and nodular outline suggestive of serosal involvement (T3 tumours) (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Direct invasion into adjacent organs and structures indicates T4 tumours. ", "Fig.", " 1Gastric adenocarcinoma: axial contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) showing tumour arising from the lesser curvature of the stomach (asterisk) associated with enlarged regional gastrohepatic nodes (arrows)\n\nSpread to perigastric and less frequently other intra-abdominal nodes may occur (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}; Fig.", " [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Troisier's sign describes the clinical finding of an enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node due to metastatic involvement. ", "Abdominal cancers may metastasise to this site via the thoracic duct, and gastric malignancy is classically described as the commonest primary tumour to do this. ", "Obstructive jaundice with associated bile duct dilatation may occur, due to enlarged porta hepatis nodes or due to the spread of gastric tumour via the gastrohepatic ligament directly into the liver.", "\n\nHaematogeneous spread via the portal vein to the liver occurs in 25% of patients at presentation, with liver metastases typically appearing as rim-enhancing low-attenuation lesions during the portal venous phase. ", "Peritoneal spread occurs in a similar percentage at presentation. ", "Peritoneal disease secondary to gastric adenocarcinoma may mimic the appearance of peritoneal disease secondary to metastatic ovarian carcinoma, with omental cake and/or discrete peritoneal deposits noted within the abdominal cavity. ", "Trans-coelomic spread is also characteristic of gastric cancer, with spread to the ovary resulting in a Krukenberg tumour that typically appears as a mixed solid/cystic adnexal mass. ", "Involvement of the peritoneal reflection within the pelvis can result in a positive Blumer's shelf finding, with tumour found high on the anterior rectal wall \\[[@CR4]\\].", "\n\nIt should be noted that other histological tumour types arising from the stomach have different patterns of tumour spread. ", "Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are the most common primary mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, distinct from true smooth muscle and neural tumours, and are derived from the interstitial cells of Cajal. ", "They are most frequently located within the stomach (60--70%) and should be regarded as having malignant potential. ", "GISTs typically involve the outer muscular layer of the GI tract, and thus often demonstrate exophytic growth (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Most appear as well-defined extraluminal or combined intraluminal/extraluminal masses on CT. ", "If small, they tend to be of homogeneous attenuation; if larger, they are more heterogeneous on both the unenhanced and enhanced scans because of necrosis or haemorrhage \\[[@CR5]\\]. ", "The central areas of necrosis may communicate with the gastric lumen. ", "Displacement of adjacent structures is more often seen than direct invasion. ", "If arising from the stomach, the tumour may extend into the gastrohepatic ligament, the gastrosplenic ligament and the lesser sac. ", "Nodal spread is extremely rare, but haematogenous spread can occur, often to the liver with nearly 50% of patients with GISTs presenting with metastases (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) \\[[@CR5]\\]. ", "Peritoneal seeding is also seen. ", "Less commonly, metastases to the soft tissue, lungs and pleura may occur. ", "Metastatic deposits have similar CT characteristics to the primary GIST \\[[@CR6]\\]. ", "Fig.", " 2Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST): axial CECT showing typical large low attenuation exophytic tumour (asterisk) arising from the greater curvature of the stomach associated with liver metastasis (arrow). ", "Note there are no significantly enlarged regional nodes\n\nPancreatic cancer {#Sec3}\n-----------------\n\nPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma accounts for more than 80% of malignant tumours of the pancreas, and 70% of tumours arise within the pancreatic head. ", "CT is the initial imaging modality used for staging of suspected pancreatic cancer with CT (along with MRI and endoscopic sonography) used to distinguish between potentially resectable and non-resectable patients. ", "For cancer at the head of the pancreas, curative surgery involves a pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure). ", "Contraindications to surgery include distant metastases, circumferential involvement of the superior mesenteric vein-portal vein segment more than 2 cm long, thrombus in the vein, and occlusion or circumferential invasion of the celiac, hepatic or superior mesenteric arteries \\[[@CR7]\\] (see Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Table 2Summary table of local, nodal and haematogenous spread in pancreatic cancerLocal spread•Tumour spreads by direct perivascular and perineural invasion;•Local invasion can involve the stomach, duodenum and retroperitoneum;•*Head/uncinate process tumours:* these usually extend along the SMA and mesenteric root;•*Body/tail tumours:* these usually infiltrate the celiac, hepatic or splenic arteriesLymph node spread•*Primary drainage:* superior, inferior, anterior, posterior and splenic lymph nodes;•*Secondary drainage:* porta hepatis, common hepatic, coeliac, mesenteric root lymph nodes;•*Tertiary drainage:* peri-aortic and distal superior mesenteric lymph nodesHaematogenous spread•These usually involve the liver and peritoneal surfacesNote•Early lymphatic and haematogenous micrometastases at presentation are common\n\nWhen performing a staging CT, ideally at least two contrast-enhanced acquisitions (during the late arterial and venous phases) are advised. ", "Again oral contrast with water is helpful to allow delineation of the duodenal wall.", "\n\nThe pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ and has a close anatomic relationship with the abdominal peritoneal reflections. ", "The pancreatic head is connected to the liver and lesser curvature of the stomach via the hepatoduodenal ligament and gastrohepatic ligaments, respectively. ", "The tail of the pancreas is in continuity with the hilum of the spleen and the greater curvature of the stomach via the splenorenal and gastrosplenic ligaments. ", "Pancreatic cancer can invade these adjacent peritoneal ligaments (as well as the transverse mesocolon) to involve the stomach, duodenum (Fig.", " [3a](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and retroperitoneum \\[[@CR8]\\]. ", "Tumour tends to spread by direct perivascular and perineural invasion within the subperitoneal space \\[[@CR8]\\]. ", "If arising from the pancreatic head or uncinate process, tumours usually extend along the superior mesenteric artery and root of the mesentery. ", "Biliary and pancreatic duct dilatation may develop (Fig.", " [3b](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Tumours in the body (Fig.", " [3c](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and tail spread to encase the celiac, hepatic and splenic arteries. ", "Encasement of the proximal superior mesenteric and portal veins can also be seen. ", "Fig.", " 3Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: **a** axial CECT showing an example of a tumour arising in the head of the pancreas (asterisk) with invasion into the duodenum. ", "There is a focal thrombus in the portal vein (arrow); **b** axial CECT in same patient as (**a**); there is associated intra- (arrows) and extrahepatic (not shown) bile duct dilatation; **c** axial CECT showing a large bulky tumour in a different patient arising in the body of the pancreas (asterisk) encasing the origin of the celiac axis\n\nSpread to regional nodes occurs, involving either peripancreatic nodes, nodes at the celiac axis and porta hepatis, or sometimes nodes further afield (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Haematogeneous spread also arises, with involvement of the liver and peritoneal surfaces. ", "Distant metastases are found in more advanced cases.", "\n\nColorectal cancer {#Sec4}\n-----------------\n\nMost colorectal cancers arise from adenomatous polyps, with polyps greater than 2 cm in size associated with a greater than 40% risk of malignancy. ", "For local staging of rectal cancer, MRI is now the standard imaging modality because of its increased soft tissue resolution and multiplanar capabilities. ", "Colorectal tumours may appear as polypoid or infiltrative lesions of the bowel wall (Fig.", " [4a](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), leading to luminal narrowing and an apple core appearance \\[[@CR9]\\]. ", "Early colonic tumours are better detected when endoluminal distension is given and the colon has been prepared, as in CT colonography. ", "Tumour spread through the serosa appears as pericolonic fat stranding, but may be confused with an associated desmoplastic reaction (possibly mimicking diverticulitis within the sigmoid colon). ", "The presence of fluid in the root of the sigmoid mesentery and engorgement of the adjacent sigmoid mesenteric vasculature favours diverticulitis, whilst the presence of pericolic lymph nodes is suspicious for colon cancer \\[[@CR10]\\]. ", "Tumour spread to adjacent organs is suggested by loss of the fat planes and direct invasion (see Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Table 3Summary table of local, nodal and haematogenous spread in colorectal cancerLocal spread•Invasion through the bowel wall into the peri-colonic fat and adjacent structuresLymph node spread•Follows the vascular distribution of vessels in mesocolon;•*Ascending mesocolon*: nodes along the ileocolic vessels and right colic vessel;•*Transverse mesocolon*: nodes along the middle colic vessels;•*Sigmoid and descending mesocolon*: nodes along the inferior mesenteric vein;•*Regional lymph nodes for rectal cancers include:* mesorectal, sigmoid mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, lateral sacral, presacral, internal iliac, sacral promontory, superior rectal, middle rectal and inferior rectalHaematogenous spread•Liver (via the portal vein) \\> lung, adrenal glands, bonesNotes•In rectal cancers that have perforated the peritoneum, transcoelomic spread favours the lower right small bowel mesentery and the pouch of DouglasFig.", " 4Colonic adenocarcinoma: **a** axial non-contrast-enhanced CT showing tumour (asterisk) in the ascending colon with enlarged ileocolic nodes (arrows); **b** axial contrast-enhanced CT shows a large liver metastasis (asterisk)\n\nNodal spread depends on the site of the primary tumour and follows the vascular distribution of the vessels within the mesocolon \\[[@CR11], [@CR12]\\]. ", "These vessels include the ileocolic vessels and right colic vessel for the ascending mesocolon, the middle colic vessels for the transverse mesocolon, and the inferior mesenteric vein for the sigmoid and descending mesocolon. ", "For rectal tumours, drainage is usually cranial within the mesorectum to involve the regional lymph nodes (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Involvement of pelvic side wall nodes (Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) is less common, with involvement of the inguinal nodes only seen with lower rectal tumours when there is proximal lymphatic blockage (e.g. extensive adenopathy). ", "Fig.", " 5Rectal adenocarcinoma: coronal reformat CECT showing a bulky rectal tumour (asterisk) with enlarged right internal iliac nodes (double asterisk) and left paraaortic node (arrow)\n\nMetastatic disease at presentation is uncommon (\\<10--15% of cases). ", "Haematogeneous spread is predominantly seen within the liver, with metastases deriving their blood supply from the hepatic artery (compared to normal liver parenchyma, which is primarily supplied by the portal vein). ", "As a result, liver metastases imaged during the portal venous phase are seen as heterogeneous ring-enhancing metastases that are *hypodense* to the surrounding liver parenchyma (Fig.", " [4b](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "If the primary cancer is mucinous, liver metastases may be cystic or calcified. ", "Sites of distant metastases are determined by the venous drainage of the primary site \\[[@CR9]\\]. ", "For example, the venous drainage of the colon and upper rectum is via the portal vein, and thus the liver is a common site of spread. ", "However, the lower rectum has a dual drainage, with the superior haemorrhoidal vein draining into the inferior mesenteric vein and then into the portal vein, and the middle and inferior haemorrhoidal veins draining into the pelvic veins and then directly into the inferior vena cava. ", "This explains why distal rectal cancers can result in isolated pulmonary metastases without hepatic metastases.", "\n\nOther common sites of metastases include the lungs, adrenal glands and the bones. ", "If rectal tumours perforate the peritoneal membrane, transcoelomic spread may occur, favouring the lower right small bowel mesentery and pouch of Douglas. ", "If colorectal tumours are of mucinous histology, widespread intraperitoneal mucinous metastases may occur with characteristic scalloping of adjacent viscera (pseudomyxoma peritoneii) (Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Fig.", " 6Pseudomyxoma peritoneii: axial CECT showing mucinous ascites exerting mass effect (scalloping) on the solid organs; primary was of gastrointestinal tract origin\n\nRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) {#Sec5}\n--------------------------\n\nOn CT, renal tumours appear as hypervascular masses, with larger lesions of heterogenous attenuation. ", "With increasing size, they spread through the renal capsule into the perinephric fat to involve Gerota's fascia. ", "Early extension through the renal capsule is recognized by an indistinct tumour margin, thickened perirenal fascia and perinephric fat stranding \\[[@CR13]\\]. ", "Extension into the renal vein occurs in 20% of patients at presentation with involvement of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in 5--10% of patients (Fig.", " [7a](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) \\[[@CR13]\\]. ", "This is more likely with larger tumours. ", "Tumour thrombus is seen as a filling defect within the vein, which should not be confused with streaming artefact from unopacified blood. ", "The presence of venous distension on its own may be misleading as RCCs are hypervascular and hence tend to have increased blood flow and venous drainage. ", "Distinction between tumour thrombus and bland thrombus within the IVC may be difficult, although the former may have enhancing tumour vessels within it. ", "In advanced tumours, direct invasion into adjacent structures such as the diaphragm, and posterior abdominal wall muscles may be seen (see Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Table 4Summary table of local, nodal and haematogenous spread in renal cell carcinomaLocal spread•Perinephric fat; ipsilateral adrenal; adjacent viscera (including muscles);•Renal vein invasion (± IVC)Lymph node spread•Via lymphatics following the renal vessels to the ipsilateral para-aortic nodes; direct connections with the thoracic duct and mediastinum also existHaematogenous spread•Common sites: lungs \\> bones, CNS, adrenalsNote•Extension into renal vein occurs in 20% of patients at presentation; IVC involvement in 5--10%Fig.", " 7Metastatic renal cell carcinoma: **a** coronal reformat CECT showing the inferior vena cava (IVC) greatly expanded by tumour thrombus (arrows) with associated enlarged mediastinal nodes (asterisks). ", "The primary renal tumour has been excised; **b** axial CECT showing enhancing lesion in the left gluteus maximus muscle in the same patient, which increased in size on interval CT studies, in keeping with a metastatic deposit; note the numerous venous collaterals in the anterior abdomen (short arrows) due to the IVC thrombus; **c** axial CECT shows a large lytic deposit in the lumbar spine (asterisk) in the same patient causing compromise of the spinal canal and cord (arrows)\n\nLymphatic spread from RCC tends to follow the renal veins to involve the ipsilateral para-aortic nodes. ", "There are also direct connections with the thoracic duct and mediastinum, which can account for the rare presence of mediastinal and hilar node involvement (Fig.", " [7a](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) at presentation (especially on the right side).", "\n\nBetween 25--35% of patients with RCC have metastases at diagnosis \\[[@CR14]\\]. ", "Metastatic involvement in renal cell carcinoma is seen (in order of decreasing frequency) in: the lung (50--60%), bone (30--40%), liver (30--40%), adrenal gland (5%), contralateral kidney (5%), retoperitoneum (5%) and brain (5%) \\[[@CR14]\\]. ", "More unusual sites that have been reported include the pancreas, peritoneum, bowel, thyroid and muscle (Fig.", " [7b](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and subcutaneous tissues. ", "Visceral metastases tend to be hypervascular, similar to the primary tumour. ", "Bony involvement appears as expansile lytic lesions within the axial skeleton (Fig.", " [7c](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nOvarian carcinoma {#Sec6}\n-----------------\n\nCross-sectional imaging (CT or MRI) is used for preoperative tumour assessment, with CT being the imaging modality of choice for assessing metastatic disease. ", "Bowel opacification is usually achieved with a positive oral contrast medium (e.g. dilute gastrograffin), which is essential for the detection of peritoneal deposits. ", "Intravenous contrast is also routinely administered unless contraindicated, with imaging performed in the portal venous phase. ", "Conversely, local pelvic spread is better assessed with pelvic MRI than CT (see Table [5](#Tab5){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Table 5Summary table of local, nodal and haematogenous spread in ovarian carcinomaLocal spread•Uterus and broad ligament (via the fallopian tube);•Direct invasion of the rectum, colon, bladder and pelvic side wallLymph node spread•Via lymphatics travelling along with the ovarian vessels to terminate in common iliac and para-aortic nodes;•Via the broad ligament to terminate in the internal iliac and obturator nodes;•Via the round ligament to terminate in the external iliac and inguinal nodesTrans-coelomic spread•*Common sites:* undersurface of the diaphragm, liver surface, pouch of Douglas, omentum, serosal bowel surfacesHaematogenous spread•This occurs late during the disease;•Liver \\> lungs, kidney, boneNote•Ascites arise from increased production from tumour surfaces and/or occlusion of retroperitoneal lymph nodes\n\nPrimary ovarian cancer has variable appearances, presenting either as a solid mass or mixed solid/cystic lesion (Fig.", " [8a](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "If predominantly cystic, internal septations and/or mural nodules are seen. ", "Ovarian cancer spreads locally \\[[@CR15]\\] to adnexal structures, the uterus and the contralateral ovary, although bilateral ovarian cancer may occur in 11--50% of cases. ", "Invasion of the pelvic side wall is indicated when the tumour is seen encasing the iliac vessels or is within 3 mm of the pelvic sidewall \\[[@CR16]\\]. ", "Direct infiltration of the rectosigmoid colon or bladder wall may be seen. ", "Fig.", " 8Ovarian carcinoma: coronal reformat CECT showing a large solid/cystic adnexal mass arising from the pelvis (asterisk), with large-volume para-aortic adenopathy (double asterisk), ascites and small peritoneal deposits (arrows). ", "Although para-aortic nodal involvement is seen in metastatic ovarian carcinoma, the large volume is rather unusual; **b** sagittal reformat CECT showing subcapsular deposits over the liver in a different patient (arrows); **c** axial CECT in the same patient as (**b**) showing a thick omental cake (arrows); **d** axial CECT in the same patient as (**b**) showing multiple enlarged (short axis diameter \\>5 mm) cardiophrenic nodes (arrows)\n\nPeritoneal dissemination is the commonest mode of spread, being found in approximately 70% of patients at presentation. ", "Common sites include the greater omentum, paracolic gutters, the pouch of Douglas, the liver capsule (Fig.", " [8b](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}), the diaphragm and bowel serosa. ", "Less commonly, implants may be seen within the mesentery, along the porta hepatis, lesser sac, splenic surface and gastrosplenic ligament \\[[@CR16]--[@CR18]\\]. ", "Ascites are often present, due to either increased production from tumour surfaces or reduced peritoneal resorption from invasion of lymphatics by tumour cells. ", "Peritoneal deposits on CT have a variety of appearances including enhancing nodular soft tissue lesions, linear/plaque-like thickening of peritoneal reflections (Fig.", " [8a](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}), thick omental cakes (Fig.", " [8c](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}), tiny calcifications or mixed solid and cystic or purely cystic lesions \\[[@CR19], [@CR20]\\]. ", "The involvement of bowel serosa can lead to (asymmetric) bowel wall thickening, tethering of bowel loops and bowel obstruction. ", "Liver surface implants (subcapsular deposits) may be seen, with deposits causing characteristic scalloping of the liver capsule. ", "Metastatic mucinous tumours of the ovary can lead to pseudomyxoma peritoneii, although in many of these cases, the primary mucinous tumour actually arises from the gastrointestinal tract with secondary involvement of the ovary.", "\n\nLymphatic spread occurs via three routes and is usually seen in conjunction with peritoneal spread. ", "Routes include: (1) along the ovarian vessels to the common iliac and para-aortic nodes (Fig.", " [8a](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}); (2) via the broad ligament and parametria to the internal iliac and obturator nodes; and (3) rarely via the round ligaments to the external iliac and inguinal nodes. ", "Cardiophrenic nodes (defined as \\>5 mm short axis diameter on CT) \\[[@CR21]\\] are characteristically involved as they are the main lymphatic drainage route from the peritoneal cavity (Fig.", " [8d](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nHaematogenous dissemination is rare in ovarian carcinoma with a malignant pleural effusion being the most common manifestation. ", "At presentation, liver metastases are seen in less than 1% of cases. ", "Other sides of spread include the spleen, kidneys, adrenals, lungs, brain and bone.", "\n\nProstate carcinoma {#Sec7}\n------------------\n\nMRI is traditionally used for local staging of prostate cancer because of its high contrast resolution (as in rectal cancer). ", "It is able to differentiate organ-confined disease from tumour that demonstrates extracapsular spread. ", "Direct involvement of the seminal vesicles or adjacent organs is also well seen on MRI. ", "CT is used for nodal and distant staging of prostate cancer (see Table [6](#Tab6){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Table 6Summary table of local, nodal and haematogenous spread in prostate cancerLocal spread•Direct extension through the prostate capsule into the seminal vesicles and bladder baseLymph node spread•Order of nodal involvement: obturator, presacral, internal iliac, common iliacHaematogenous spread•Bone \\>\\> lung and liver;•Spinal bone metastases are the commonest site (due to the direct communication between the presacral and periprostatic veins)Notes•Denonvillier's fascia forms a relative natural barrier to rectal spread;•Tumours at the apex of the prostate are more likely to demonstrate extracapsular extension because of relatively little capsule at this level\n\nClassically, two lymph node metastatic patterns have been reported \\[[@CR22]\\]. ", "Pattern 1 includes metastatic spread to pelvic (Fig.", " [9a](#Fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and para-aortic lymph nodes, and this pelvic nodal involvement is sequential with spread to the obturator nodes, presacral nodes, internal iliac and common iliac nodes. ", "Pattern 2 involves para-aortic nodes only, with this second pattern of nodal spread felt to be due to haematogenous dissemination. ", "Fig.", " 9Prostate carcinoma: **a** coronal reformat CECT showing irregular enlarged prostate tumour (white arrow) extending into the bladder with enlarged left pelvic side wall node (black arrow), liver metastases (double arrows) and lesion in the left pubic ramus with large soft tissue component (\\*). ", "Note the bones are sclerotic in keeping with diffuse bony metastases; **b** sagittal reformat CECT in a different patient on bone windows, showing multiple sclerotic metastases in the thoracolumbar spine\n\nDistant spread occurs in one third of patients with involved sites including bone (90%), lung (50%), liver (25%) (Fig.", " [9a](#Fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}), pleura (21%) and adrenals (13%) \\[[@CR23]\\]. ", "Osteoblastic sclerotic metastases rather than lytic bone lesions are usually seen on CT. ", "In order of decreasing frequency, skeletal metastases are seen within the vertebrae (Fig.", " [9b](#Fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}), sternum, pelvic bones, ribs and femora. ", "Spinal involvement is initially more common within the lumbar region and less likely within the cervical spine (97% cf. ", "38%), suggestive of upward metastatic spread along the spinal veins \\[[@CR23]\\]. ", "Pulmonary metastases occur in between 5--27% of patients at presentation \\[[@CR24]\\] and are more often seen in association with the second pattern of nodal involvement \\[[@CR22]\\]. ", "Pulmonary involvement can either appear as lymphangitis carcinomatosa (due to direct invasion of the pulmonary lymphatics) or as pulmonary nodules (due to haematogenous spread) \\[[@CR22], [@CR24]\\].", "\n\nConclusion {#Sec8}\n==========\n\nThis review has described the typical patterns of tumour spread for the more common cancers occurring within the abdomen and pelvis. ", "Sites of nodal and haematogenous dissemination clearly vary depending on tumour type. ", "Knowledge of the characteristic sites of spread in such cancers is felt to be essential for the radiologist when reporting staging and restaging CT scans. ", "It is hoped that the summary tables in particular will act as a useful aide-mémoir to the reporting radiologist. ", "Correct identification of metastatic sites of disease is important, as this will not only have an impact on patient management, but also a bearing on patient prognosis.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Old Games: Encyclopedia Bombastica: Quackshot starring Donald Duck\n\nFellow \"duckheads\" Dan Ryckert and Jeff Gerstmann team up for a quest around the world in this 1991 Sega Genesis release.", "\n\nYou've found yourself at the base of Giant Bomb's Old Games.", "\n\nOct. 20 2015\n\nCast: Jeff, Dan\n\nPosted by: Jeff" ]

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[ "package foo;\n\npublic final class StringLengthEqualsZero {\n\n private final String somestring;\n\n public StringLengthEqualsZero(final String str) {\n this.somestring = str;\n }\n\n public String someMethod() {\n return this.somestring;\n }\n\n public boolean lengthOnMethodWithThis() {\n return this.someMethod().length() == 0;\n }\n\n public boolean lengthOnMethodWithThisInversed() {\n return 0 == this.someMethod().length();\n }\n\n public boolean lengthOnFieldWithThis() {\n return this.somestring.length() == 0;\n }\n\n public boolean lengthOnFieldWithThisInversed() {\n return 0 == this.somestring.length();\n }\n\n public boolean lengthOnVariable(final String somestring) {\n return somestring.length() == 0;\n }\n\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Mystery/Suspense July 2015\n\nNew in July 2015\n\nPretending to be Erica by Michelle Painchaud\nRaised up by her foster father to become the world's best con artist, Violet's disguised as a girl who's both very rich and very dead. ", "Ever since Vegas con man Sal found 5-year-old Violet in the foster system, he's raised her to commit the perfect crime. ", "Now that she's 17, it's finally time for Violet to go into deep cover as kidnapped Erica Silverman.", "\n\nNo Such Person by Caroline Cooney\nTwo sisters spending the summer at their family cottage on the shore of the Connecticut River find themselves at the center of a murder investigation. ", "Fifteen-year-old Miranda has always walked in the shadow of her older sister, rising med student Lander, yet it is Miranda who shines here, as she alone musters the courage and determination to do what it takes to save her family.", "\n\nNew in June 2015\n\nBlood Will Tell (a Point Last Seen Mystery) by April Henry\nA teenage sleuth becomes the prime suspect in a heinous murder case in Portland, Oregon. ", "Nick Walker isn't the most popular kid around, but he's felt at home working for the Portland Search and Rescue team. ", "With crush Alexis and friend Ruby at his side, Nick has helped the police many times. ", "When a woman's body is discovered six blocks from his apartment, Nick thinks nothing of jumping into action with his SAR team.", "\n\nMapmaker by Mark Bomback and Galaxy Craze\nTanya Barrett is the daughter of deceased cartographer Michael Barrett, whose tragic passing while following his life's passion is devastating to both Tanya and her stepmother. ", "When Tanya begins a summer internship at her father's company, MapOut, she accesses secret e-mails that her late father's partner has been trying to hack into. ", "All in the blink of an eye, the son of her father's partner disappears, and she is kidnapped and nearly murdered, landing somewhere completely off the grid.", "\n\nNearly Found by Elle Cosimano\nNearly Boswell is excited about her new internship in the forensics lab of the local police station and is ready to put her past nightmares behind her. ", "That is, until the corpse of a girl from her trailer park is brought in and a vicious cycle begins in which all of the incoming bodies are in some way tied to Nearly. ", "With her internship on the line, she decides not to tell the police about her connections to the victims, and she begins a string of poor choices.", "\n\nWhen You Leave by Monica Ropal\nA skater girl-turned-private school coed investigates the death of her two-week-old hookup in this debut.", "After her single mom remarries and moves Cass to private school, the teen copes by maintaining her friendships with the male skateboarders from her old neighborhood, including her best friend, Mattie, who has become mute after a bout with throat cancer. ", "In spite of her disdain for St. Bernadette's, Cass falls for Cooper, an attractive peer counselor who has the bad luck to be murdered two weeks after he and Cass meet. ", "When Cass' skater friend Gav is accused of the murder, she is determined to clear his name.", "\n\nThe Edge of the Shadows by Elizabeth George\nGeorge continues the story of Becca King, who can hear the \"whispers\" of other people's thoughts. ", "On the run from her evil stepfather, Becca was left on Whidbey Island by her mother in The Edge of Nowhere and found her powers beginning to grow even as she wove her life into the fabric of the island in The Edge of the Water.", "\n\nFall Out by Gwenda Bond\nA teen reporter busts a cyberbullying ring at her new school in Metropolis. ", "Lois Lane is new in town, and she's doing her best to keep her head down and her nose clean. ", "Her Army general father is hoping to make their family's stay in Metropolis permanent, and Lois doesn't want to jeopardize that. ", "She joins the Daily Scoop, a teen subsidiary of the Daily Planet, in an effort to make friends.", "\n\nNew in May 2015\n\nScarlet Undercover by Jennifer Lathan\n\"Scarlett, a sixteen-year-old private detective in the fictional city of Las Almas, finds herself at the center of a mysterious case--involving ancient curses, priceless artifacts, and jinn--as she discovers that her own family secrets may have more to do with the situation than she thinks\"--Provided by publisher.", "\n\nVanished by E.E. Cooper\n\"A teen girl must race to solve the mystery left behind in the wake of one friend's disappearance and the suicide of another\"--Provided by publisher.", "\n\nKate Triumph by Shari Arnold\nLate is a super athlete, but her abilities far exceed normal excellence. ", "After her mother's fatal car accident, events conspire to change her life dramatically, prompting Kate to figure out her true origin and why someone is trying to kill her.", "\n\nSoulprint by Megan Miranda\nAlina's spent her seventeen years imprisoned for the crimes of her past self, as shown by soul-fingerprinting when she was a newborn, but when a group of people with questionable motives helps her escape, she discovers she may not be as innocent as she believes and must wonder if she's fated to repeat her past.", "\n\nNew in April 2015\n\nWhat Waits in the Woods by Kieran Scott\nA hiking trip in the woods in upstate New York is out of the comfort zone for sixteen-year-old city girl Callie Velasquez, but she wants to bond with her new friends Lissa and Penelope, not to mention her new boyfriend, Jeremy. ", "However, nothing could have prepared her for the true human darkness that waits for her in the woods.", "\n\nEndangered by Lamar Giles\n\"When Lauren (Panda), a teen photoblogger, gets involved in a deadly game, she has to protect the classmates she despises\"--Provided by publisher.", "\n\nNew in March 2015\n\nThe Third Twin by C.J. Omololu\nAva and Lexi, high school seniors nd identical twins, crated an imaginary triplet, Alicia, to date and dump boys but now they are being stalked and impersonated by the sister they invented and their former dates are turning up dead.", "\n\nEnchantment Lake: A Northwoods Mystery by Margi Preus\nFrancie, seventeen, leaves summer school and auditions in New York City for Enchantment Lake in the woods of northern Minnesota when her great-aunts call and ask for her help investigating a mystery that centers on a road no one wants built, and on the legendary treasure said to be under enchantment.", "\n\nLiars, Inc. by Paula Stokes\nSeventeen-year-old Max, his girlfriend Parvati, and best friend Pres form Liars, Inc., expecting that forging notes and lying for their peers will lead to easy cash, but when Pres asks Max to cover for him, it may be a fatal mistake.", "\n\nVanishing Girls by Lauren Oliver\n\"Two sisters inexorably altered by a terrible accident, a missing nine-year-old girl, and the shocking connection between them\"-- Provided by publisher.", "\n\nNew in February 2015\n\nThe Shadow Cabinet by Maureen Johnson (Shades of London, book 3)\n\"Rory, Callum and Boo are still reeling from a series of tragic events, while new dangers lurk around the city from Jane and her nefarious organization.", "\"--Provided by publisher.", "\n\nRat Runners by Oisin McGann\nIn a future London controlled by WatchWorld, four thieves are employed to find a stolen box belonging to a murdered scientist and learn they are not the only ones looking for it.", "\n\nNew in January 2015\n\nVicious by Sara Shepard (Pretty Little Liars, book 16)\nOn trial for the murder of Alison DiLaurentis, Aria, Spencer, Hanna and Emily have one last chance to prove they are being framed. ", "Series finale.", "\n\nTwisted Fate by Norah Olson\nTold from separate viewpoints, the story unfolds of how sisters Sydney and Ally Tate's relationship changes as they get involved with their new neighbor, an artist with a videocamera who has a mysterious--and dangerous--past.", "\n\nAll Fall Down by Ally Carter\nThere are many powerful people along Embassy Row who want Grace to block out all her unpretty thoughts. ", "But Grace will not stop until she finds out who killed her mother and make the killer pay.", "\n\nThe Conspiracy of Us by Maggie Hall\nWhen sixteen-year-old Avery West learns her family is part of a powerful and dangerous secret society, and that her own life is in danger, she must follow a trail of clues across Europe." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Two rival groups armed with knives, bats and knuckledusters had been planning an all-out brawl at Melbourne's White Night celebrations, police say.", "\n\nPolice on Sunday revealed they had been monitoring two groups of disaffected youths for weeks.", "\n\nOn Saturday night, they arrested more than 20 people to prevent a repeat of the ugly scenes that marred last year's Moomba Festival and other recent public events.", "\n\nPolice also seized weapons, including a can of OC spray, as the angry teenagers arrived at Footscray train station in what officers described as a \"picture perfect\" operation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "using System;\nusing System.", "Collections;\nusing System.", "Collections.", "Generic;\nusing System.", "Linq;\nusing System.", "Linq.", "Expressions;\nusing System.", "Reflection;\nusing System.", "Text;\nusing static LiteDB.Constants;\n\nnamespace LiteDB\n{\n internal class NumberResolver : ITypeResolver\n {\n private readonly string _parseMethod;\n\n public NumberResolver(string parseMethod)\n {\n _parseMethod = parseMethod;\n }\n\n public string ResolveMethod(MethodInfo method)\n {\n switch (method.", "Name)\n {\n // instance methods\n case \"ToString\":\n var pars = method.", "GetParameters();\n if (pars.", "Length == 0) return \"STRING(#)\";\n else if (pars.", "Length == 1 && pars[0].ParameterType == typeof(string)) return \"FORMAT(#, @0)\";\n break;\n\n // static methods\n case \"Parse\": return $\"{_parseMethod}(@0)\";\n case \"Equals\": return \"# = @0\";\n };\n\n return null;\n }\n\n public string ResolveMember(MemberInfo member) => null;\n public string ResolveCtor(ConstructorInfo ctor) => null;\n }\n}" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Metachronous thyroglossal duct cyst and inferior parathyroid cyst: a case report.", "\nThyroglossal duct cysts (TDC) are the most common cervical cysts and are usually considered to be a benign embryonic malformation where the thyroglossal duct fails to obliterate. ", "Parathyroid cysts (PTC) are a rare disease and may also result from malformation of the remnants of the third pharyngeal pouch. ", "Although several sporadic cases of concurrent TDC with other head and neck malformations have been reported in the literature, a combination of TDC and PTC has never been reported. ", "Here, we report the first case of a 35-year-old woman with a metachronous TDC and PTC. ", "The embryologic origins of TDCs and inferior PTCs are revealed from the experience of this case." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "A \"midline dilemma\" in an adult mutilated dentition.", "\nOrthodontic treatment for adult patients who have mutilated dentitions can be clinically challenging. ", "A 58-year-old man with several occlusally abraded teeth, a congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisor, and prior implant placement sought orthodontic treatment and restoration. ", "Prosthetic restoration would not be possible. ", "The \"dilemma\" for this patient was whether to trephine and remove an existing implant and make space for a new lateral incisor implant, or to restore the maxillary canine as a lateral incisor." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Give up just one cup to help rescue pets every month.", "\n\nIt only takes a minute, and as little as $3 a month (a very reasonably priced coffee), to give rescue pets the very best chance of finding the love and care they need for life.", "\n\nIt only takes a minute to create happiness like this!", "\n\nYour kind gift will support PetRescue’s animal welfare programs and free digital services, including Australia’s best free pet adoption platform that connects more than 9,000 rescue pets in need of homes with 20,000 potential adopters every day!", "\n\nGive monthly, and you’ll become part of our passionate community of adoption advocates invested in a future where every pet is safe, respected and loved.", "\n\nAll gifts over $2 are tax deductible and give all the good feels, knowing that you’re creating happiness and helping to save lives.", "\n\nPlease select an amount (in AUD)\n\n$3\n$15\n$25\n$50\n$100\nOther ($)\n\nI'd like to add to cover the transaction fees so you can keep 100% of my donation.", "\n\nMedical Notes: Sylens has been exposed to Calicivirus, which is a respiratory infection. ", "He is not showing symptoms and will be able to go his new home once given the all clear by the vet.", "\n\nHi there, I'm Sylens! ", "I am a tough little boy and can definitely stand up for myself! ", "However, I can be won over with a gentle approach and treats. ", "I like my toys and playing with my friends. ", "I'm also beautiful and I know it! ", "You have to see my fur in person to believe it; I have a very unique ginger/lavender coat that makes me quite special.", "\n\nNature\nSylens has only recently come into foster care so he can still be a little shy at times. ", "He is still coming out of his shell and developing a personality. ", "Sylens loves to run around a play with his siblings. ", "He is very attentive when toys come out and enjoys stalking and pouncing on them.", "\n\nCompanions (Children, Cats & Dogs)\nSylens plays with his other siblings and seems intrigued by adult cats. ", "With a slow introduction he may be okay with dogs.", "\n\nLikes / Dislikes\nSylens likes to play and explore with the other kittens he lives with. ", "He is still a little scared in new environments and with new people." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "// 引入GLEW库 定义静态链接\n#define GLEW_STATIC\n#include <GLEW/glew.h>\n// 引入GLFW库\n#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>\n// 引入SOIL库\n#include <SOIL/SOIL.h>\n// 引入GLM库\n#include <GLM/glm.hpp>\n#include <GLM/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>\n#include <GLM/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>\n\n#include <iostream>\n#include <vector>\n\n// 包含着色器加载库\n#include \"shader.h\"\n// 包含相机控制辅助类\n#include \"camera.h\"\n// 包含纹理辅助类\n#include \"texture.h\"\n\n// 键盘回调函数原型声明\nvoid key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mods);\n// 鼠标移动回调函数原型声明\nvoid mouse_move_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);\n// 鼠标滚轮回调函数原型声明\nvoid mouse_scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);\n\n// 场景中移动\nvoid do_movement();\n\n// 定义程序常量\nconst int WINDOW_WIDTH = 800, WINDOW_HEIGHT = 600;\n// 用于相机交互参数\nGLfloat lastX = WINDOW_WIDTH / 2.0f, lastY = WINDOW_HEIGHT / 2.0f;\nbool firstMouseMove = true;\nbool keyPressedStatus[1024]; // 按键情况记录\nGLfloat deltaTime = 0.0f; // 当前帧和上一帧的时间差\nGLfloat lastFrame = 0.0f; // 上一帧时间\nCamera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 4.0f));\nglm::vec3 lampDir(0.5f, 0.8f, 0.0f);\n\nint main(int argc, char** argv)\n{\n\t\n\tif (!", "glfwInit())\t// 初始化glfw库\n\t{\n\t\tstd::cout << \"Error::GLFW could not initialize GLFW!\" ", "<< std::endl;\n\t\treturn -1;\n\t}\n\n\t// 开启OpenGL 3.3 core profile\n\tstd::cout << \"Start OpenGL core profile version 3.3\" << std::endl;\n\tglfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);\n\tglfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);\n\tglfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);\n\tglfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GL_FALSE);\n\n\t// 创建窗口\n\tGLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT,\n\t\t\"Demo of directional lighting\", NULL, NULL);\n\tif (!", "window)\n\t{\n\t\tstd::cout << \"Error::GLFW could not create winddow!\" ", "<< std::endl;\n\t\tglfwTerminate();\n\t\treturn -1;\n\t}\n\t// 创建的窗口的context指定为当前context\n\tglfwMakeContextCurrent(window);\n\n\t// 注册窗口键盘事件回调函数\n\tglfwSetKeyCallback(window, key_callback);\n\t// 注册鼠标事件回调函数\n\tglfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_move_callback);\n\t// 注册鼠标滚轮事件回调函数\n\tglfwSetScrollCallback(window, mouse_scroll_callback);\n\t// 鼠标捕获 停留在程序内\n\tglfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);\n\n\t// 初始化GLEW 获取OpenGL函数\n\tglewExperimental = GL_TRUE; // 让glew获取所有拓展函数\n\tGLenum status = glewInit();\n\tif (status !", "= GLEW_OK)\n\t{\n\t\tstd::cout << \"Error::GLEW glew version:\" << glewGetString(GLEW_VERSION) \n\t\t\t<< \" error string:\" << glewGetErrorString(status) << std::endl;\n\t\tglfwTerminate();\n\t\treturn -1;\n\t}\n\n\t// 设置视口参数\n\tglViewport(0, 0, WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT);\n\t\n\t// Section1 准备顶点数据\n\t// 指定顶点属性数据 顶点位置 纹理 法向量\n\tGLfloat vertices[] = {\n\t\t-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,1.0f,\t// A\n\t\t0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,\t// B\n\t\t0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,\t// C\n\t\t0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,\t// C\n\t\t-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,\t// D\n\t\t-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,\t// A\n\t\t\n\n\t\t-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f,\t// E\n\t\t-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, // H\n\t\t0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f,\t// G\n\t\t0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f,\t// G\n\t\t0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f,\t// F\n\t\t-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f,\t// E\n\n\t\t-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,\t// D\n\t\t-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // H\n\t\t-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,\t// E\n\t\t-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,\t// E\n\t\t-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,\t// A\n\t\t-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,\t// D\n\n\t\t0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // F\n\t\t0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f,1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // G\n\t\t0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f,0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // C\n\t\t0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f,0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // C\n\t\t0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f,0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // B\n\t\t0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // F\n\n\t\t0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,\t// G\n\t\t-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // H\n\t\t-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,\t// D\n\t\t-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,\t// D\n\t\t0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,\t// C\n\t\t0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,\t// G\n\n\t\t-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f,0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, // A\n\t\t-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, // E\n\t\t0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, // F\n\t\t0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, // F\n\t\t0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, // B\n\t\t-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, // A\n\t};\n\tglm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {\n\t\tglm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),\n\t\tglm::vec3(2.0f, 5.0f, -15.0f),\n\t\tglm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),\n\t\tglm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),\n\t\tglm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),\n\t\tglm::vec3(-1.7f, 3.0f, -7.5f),\n\t\tglm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),\n\t\tglm::vec3(1.5f, 2.0f, -2.5f),\n\t\tglm::vec3(1.5f, 0.2f, -1.5f),\n\t\tglm::vec3(-1.3f, 1.0f, -1.5f)\n\t};\n\t// 创建物体缓存对象\n\tGLuint VAOId, VBOId;\n\t// Step1: 创建并绑定VAO对象\n\tglGenVertexArrays(1, &VAOId);\n\tglBindVertexArray(VAOId);\n\t// Step2: 创建并绑定VBO 对象 传送数据\n\tglGenBuffers(1, &VBOId);\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBOId);\n\tglBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);\n\t// Step3: 指定解析方式 并启用顶点属性\n\t// 顶点位置属性\n\tglVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, \n\t\t8 * sizeof(GL_FLOAT), (GLvoid*)0);\n\tglEnableVertexAttribArray(0);\n\t// 顶点纹理坐标\n\tglVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,\n\t\t8 * sizeof(GL_FLOAT), (GLvoid*)(3 * sizeof(GL_FLOAT)));\n\tglEnableVertexAttribArray(1);\n\t// 顶点法向量属性\n\tglVertexAttribPointer(2, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,\n\t\t8 * sizeof(GL_FLOAT), (GLvoid*)(5 * sizeof(GL_FLOAT)));\n\tglEnableVertexAttribArray(2);\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);\n\tglBindVertexArray(0);\n\n\t// 创建光源的VAO\n\tGLuint lampVAOId;\n\tglGenVertexArrays(1, &lampVAOId);\n\tglBindVertexArray(lampVAOId);\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBOId); // 重用上面的数据 无需重复发送顶点数据\n\tglVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(GL_FLOAT), (GLvoid*)0);\n\tglEnableVertexAttribArray(0); // 只需要顶点位置即可\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);\n\tglBindVertexArray(0);\n\n\t// Section2 准备着色器程序\n\tShader shader(\"cube.vertex\", \"cube.frag\");\n\tShader lampShaer(\"lamp.vertex\", \"lamp.frag\");\n\n\t// Section3 准备diffuseMap和specularMap\n\tGLint diffuseMap = TextureHelper::load2DTexture(\"../../resources/textures/container_diffuse.png\");\n\tGLint specularMap = TextureHelper::load2DTexture(\"../../resources/textures/container_specular.png\");\n\tshader.use();\n\tglUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shader.programId, \"material.diffuseMap\"), 0);\n\tglUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shader.programId, \"material.specularMap\"), 1);\n\tglEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);\n\t// 开始游戏主循环\n\twhile (!", "glfwWindowShouldClose(window))\n\t{\n\t\tGLfloat currentFrame = (GLfloat)glfwGetTime();\n\t\tdeltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;\n\t\tlastFrame = currentFrame;\n\t\tglfwPollEvents(); // 处理例如鼠标 键盘等事件\n\t\tdo_movement(); // 根据用户操作情况 更新相机属性\n\n\t\t// 清除颜色缓冲区 重置为指定颜色\n\t\t//glClearColor(0.18f, 0.04f, 0.14f, 1.0f);\n\t\tglClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);\n\t\tglClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);\n\n\t\tglm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(camera.mouse_zoom,\n\t\t\t(GLfloat)(WINDOW_WIDTH) / WINDOW_HEIGHT, 1.0f, 100.0f); // 投影矩阵\n\t\tglm::mat4 view = camera.getViewMatrix(); // 视变换矩阵\n\n\t\t// 这里填写场景绘制代码\n\t\tglBindVertexArray(VAOId);\n\t\tshader.use();\n\t\t// 设置光源属性 \n\t\tGLint lightAmbientLoc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.programId, \"light.ambient\");\n\t\tGLint lightDiffuseLoc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.programId, \"light.diffuse\");\n\t\tGLint lightSpecularLoc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.programId, \"light.specular\");\n\t\tGLint lightDirLoc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.programId, \"light.direction\");\n\t\tglUniform3f(lightAmbientLoc, 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f);\n\t\tglUniform3f(lightDiffuseLoc, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);\n\t\tglUniform3f(lightSpecularLoc, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);\n\t\tglUniform3f(lightDirLoc, lampDir.x, lampDir.y, lampDir.z); // 方向光源\n\t\t// 设置材料光照属性\n\t\t\n\t\t// 启用diffuseMap\n\t\tglActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);\n\t\tglBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, diffuseMap);\n\t\t// 启用specularMap\n\t\tglActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);\n\t\tglBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, specularMap);\n\n\t\tGLint objectShininessLoc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.programId, \"material.shininess\");\n\t\tglUniform1f(objectShininessLoc, 32.0f);\n\t\t// 设置观察者位置\n\t\tGLint viewPosLoc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.programId, \"viewPos\");\n\t\tglUniform3f(viewPosLoc, camera.position.x, camera.position.y, camera.position.z);\n\t\t// 设置变换矩阵\n\t\tglUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.programId, \"projection\"),\n\t\t\t1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));\n\t\tglUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.programId, \"view\"),\n\t\t\t1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));\n\t\t// 绘制多个立方体\n\t\tglm::mat4 model;\n\t\tfor (int i = 0; i < sizeof(cubePositions) / sizeof(cubePositions[0]); ++i)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tmodel = glm::mat4();\n\t\t\tmodel = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);\n\t\t\tGLfloat angle = 20.0f * i;\n\t\t\tmodel = glm::rotate(model, angle, glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));\n\t\t\tglUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.programId, \"model\"),\n\t\t\t\t1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));\n\t\t\tglDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t// 方向光源 不再需要用立方体模拟光源\n// \t\tglBindVertexArray(lampVAOId);\n// \t\tlampShaer.use();\n// \t\tglUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(lampShaer.programId, \"projection\"),\n// \t\t\t1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));\n// \t\tglUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(lampShaer.programId, \"view\"),\n// \t\t\t1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));\n// \t\tmodel = glm::mat4();\n// \t\tmodel = glm::translate(model, lampPos);\n// \t\tmodel = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f));\n// \t\tglUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(lampShaer.programId, \"model\"),\n// \t\t\t1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));\n// \t\tglDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);\n\n\t\tglBindVertexArray(0);\n\t\tglUseProgram(0);\n\t\tglfwSwapBuffers(window); // 交换缓存\n\t}\n\t// 释放资源\n\tglDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAOId);\n\tglDeleteBuffers(1, &VBOId);\n\tglDeleteVertexArrays(1, &lampVAOId);\n\tglfwTerminate();\n\treturn 0;\n}\nvoid key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mods)\n{\n\tif (key >= 0 && key < 1024)\n\t{\n\t\tif (action == GLFW_PRESS)\n\t\t\tkeyPressedStatus[key] = true;\n\t\telse if (action == GLFW_RELEASE)\n\t\t\tkeyPressedStatus[key] = false;\n\t}\n\tif (key == GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE && action == GLFW_PRESS)\n\t{\n\t\tglfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, GL_TRUE); // 关闭窗口\n\t}\n}\nvoid mouse_move_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)\n{\n\tif (firstMouseMove) // 首次鼠标移动\n\t{\n\t\tlastX = xpos;\n\t\tlastY = ypos;\n\t\tfirstMouseMove = false; \n\t}\n\n\tGLfloat xoffset = xpos - lastX;\n\tGLfloat yoffset = lastY - ypos;\n\n\tlastX = xpos;\n\tlastY = ypos;\n\n\tcamera.handleMouseMove(xoffset, yoffset);\n}\n// 由相机辅助类处理鼠标滚轮控制\nvoid mouse_scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)\n{\n\tcamera.handleMouseScroll(yoffset);\n}\n// 由相机辅助类处理键盘控制\nvoid do_movement()\n{\n\t\n\tif (keyPressedStatus[GLFW_KEY_W])\n\t\tcamera.handleKeyPress(FORWARD, deltaTime);\n\tif (keyPressedStatus[GLFW_KEY_S])\n\t\tcamera.handleKeyPress(BACKWARD, deltaTime);\n\tif (keyPressedStatus[GLFW_KEY_A])\n\t\tcamera.handleKeyPress(LEFT, deltaTime);\n\tif (keyPressedStatus[GLFW_KEY_D])\n\t\tcamera.handleKeyPress(RIGHT, deltaTime);\n}" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Volume-based referral for cancer surgery: informing the debate.", "\nMounting evidence suggests a relationship between hospital volume and outcomes after major cancer surgery; however, the absolute benefits of volume-based referral on a national basis are unclear. ", "Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample were used to measure the likelihood of operative mortality and a prolonged length of stay (LOS) after six cancer surgeries (prostatectomy, cystectomy, esophagectomy, pancreatectomy, pneumonectomy, and liver resection) between 1993 and 2003. ", "Using sampling weights, the adjusted likelihood of the outcomes was used to calculate the number of lives saved (or prolonged LOS avoided) in the United States. ", "The magnitude of the volume-operative mortality effect varied from an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.3 (95% CI, 0.8 to 2.3) for cystectomy to 4.9 (95% CI, 2.4 to 10.1) for pancreatectomy. ", "After accounting for varying rates of procedure utilization, the lives saved per 100 surgeries regionalized ranged from 0.2 (95% CI, 0.12 to 0.24 lives saved) for prostatectomy to 9.2 (95% CI, 6.7 to 10.4 lives saved) for pancreatectomy. ", "The volume-prolonged LOS effect varied from an adjusted OR of 0.9 (95% CI, 0.5 to 1.6) for liver resection to 4.8 (95% CI, 3.5 to 6.7) for prostatectomy. ", "After accounting for procedure use, the number of prolonged hospitalizations avoided ranged from -1.7 (95% CI, -11.3 to 3.6 hospitalizations) to 14.3 (95% CI, 12.9 to 15.4 hospitalizations) per 100 surgeries regionalized for liver resection and prostatectomy, respectively. ", "For patients undergoing major cancer surgery, the benefits of volume-based referral depend on the interplay between procedure utilization, the magnitude of effect, and the outcome chosen." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "[Multidimensional family therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy in adolescents with a cannabis use disorder: a randomised controlled study].", "\nMore and more adolescents with cannabis problems are seeking treatment at addiction clinics. ", "There is an urgent need for new types of treatment in this field. ", "To evaluate the effectiveness of multidimensional family therapy (MDFT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in adolescents with a cannabis use disorder. ", "One hundred and nine adolescents were randomly assigned to outpatient MDFT or CBT. ", "Both types of therapy groups had a planned treatment course lasting 5 to 6 months. ", "After 12 months the two groups were compared in terms of changes in cannabis use and in terms of secondary outcome measures, including delinquency. ", "Adolescents in both treatment groups showed significant and relevant reductions in cannabis use and delinquency over 12 months. ", "Although the MDFT treatment lasted longer and was more intensive than the CBT treatment, there was no difference in the key outcome measures of the treatments. ", "Secondary analyses indicated that older adolescents and those without comorbid psychiatric problems derived considerably more benefit from CBT, whereas younger adolescents and those with comorbid psychiatric problems benefited much more from MDFT. ", "MDFT and CBT are equally effective in reducing cannabis use and delinquent behavior in adolescents with a cannabis use disorder. ", "Age and comorbid psychiatric problems turned out to be important moderators of the treatment results of MDFT and CBT and could therefore be used as a starting point for matching adolescent substance abusers to the most appropriate type of treatment." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Innate immunological signals delivered by tumor-resident dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MΦ) can contribute to the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents by engaging T cell-mediated adaptive immune responses that limit the expansion of chemotherapy-resistant tumor cells.[@R1] Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has emerged as a particularly relevant MΦ/DC-derived cytokine that---depending on tumor type and microenvironmental features---can either inhibit tumor growth by T cell-dependent mechanisms or support tumor progression. ", "The latter activity of IL-1β may involve[@R1] the release of paracrine growth factors from stromal cells of the tumor environment;[@R2] enhanced tumor angiogenesis; and/or[@R3] the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which suppress anticancer immunosurveillance (reviewed in Refs.[@R1]^,^[@R2]). ", "Given such contrasting roles for IL-1β in tumor growth and anticancer therapy, it is important to define the signaling pathways that underlie the production of IL-1β by MΦs and DCs in the context of diverse anticancer chemotherapeutic regimens.", "\n\nPrevious studies have identified 2 distinct, but not mutually exclusive, molecular cascades that lead to the secretion of IL-1β ([Fig.", " 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The aim of most chemotherapeutic agents is to directly promote apoptosis or necrosis among rapidly dividing neoplastic cells, which generally results in the accumulation of tumor-derived macromolecules (e.g., high mobility group box 1, HMGB1) and small metabolites (e.g., ATP) in the tumor microenvironment. ", "These molecules act as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and engage the canonical cascade involving the assembly of a multiprotein caspase-1-activating platform that includes NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) as well as the PYD and CARD domain containing adapter (PYCARD), best known as ASC. ", "This complex, commonly known as the NLRP3 inflammasome, promotes the secretion of bioactive IL-1β from tumor-resident MΦs and DCs. ", "This indirect pathway of IL-1β secretion involving a paracrine cancer cell/myeloid cell signaling axis has been documented in neoplastic lesions exposed to multiple chemotherapeutic agents, including (but not limited to) oxaliplatin, doxorubicin, and mitoxantrone.[@R3] A second mechanism underlying the secretion of IL-1β within neoplastic lesions involves the ability of specific chemotherapeutics to directly stimulate the NLRP3 inflammasome in MΦs and DCs. ", "This is consistent with the ability of NLRP3 to sense an extraordinarily diverse range of stressful conditions, involving perturbations of the homeostasitic functions of the plasma membrane as well as of the lysosomal or mitochondrial compartments.[@R4] The production of IL-1β via a cell-autonomous signaling axis has been observed in various myeloid leukocytes exposed to a subset of chemotherapeutic agents that can trigger mitochondrial (e.g., doxorubicin, staurosporine) or lysosomal dysfunction (gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil)[@R5]^-^[@R7].", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nWe have recently described a third, mechanistically distinct molecules cascade by which some chemotherapeutics can promote IL-1β production.[@R8] Although this pathway also involves a direct activity of chemotherapy on MΦs and DCs, it is independent of the classical NLRP3 inflammasome but rather reflects the engagement of a signaling cascade involving receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and resulting in the assembly of a Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain protein (FADD)- and caspase-8-containing supramolecular complex known as the ripoptosome ([Fig.", " 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These findings add to a growing literature on the important role for caspase-8 as both an alternative IL-1β-converting enzyme and a regulator of canonical inflammasomes.[@R4] Notably, the ripoptosome-dependent production of IL-1β was triggered by some common chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., doxorubicin, staurosporine) but not by others (e.g., oxaliplatin, cisplatin). ", "The ability of the various drugs to activate caspase-8 in myeloid cells and hence drive IL-1β secretion correlated with their efficacy to inhibit the expression of members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family. ", "The release of DIABLO (an IAP-binding protein best known as Smac) from mitochondria suppresses the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of IAPs, hence inhibiting the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of ripoptosomes.[@R9] The downregulation of baculoviral IAP repeat containing 2 (BIRC2, a member of the IAP family also known as cIAP1) in doxorubicin-treated DCs appeared to be critical for the preservation of the FADD/caspase-8 ripoptosome, corroborating previous results that implicated the downregulation of IAPs in the processing of IL-1β as triggered by Smac mimetics.[@R10]\n\nThe identification of a caspase-8-dependent pathway for IL-1β production has several implications in the context of anticancer chemotherapy. ", "First, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in the tumor-resident MΦs or DCs of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy may be activated by commensal bacteria-derived endotoxins that leak across compromised gut epithelial barriers or by tumor-derived DAMPs, such as HMGB1. ", "Such an activation of TLR4 may synergize with chemotherapeutics, such as doxorubicin, to trigger the FADD/caspase-8 ripoptosome in vivo*.* ", "Second, in contrast to caspase-1 (which is predominantly expressed in myeloid cells), caspase-8 is ubiquitously expressed. ", "The caspase-8-dependent processing of IL-1β may thus occur in non-myeloid stromal compartments of the tumor microenvironment, including epithelial cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts, as well as in some neoplastic cells, which do not express high levels of caspase-1 but may express pro-IL-1β in particular inflammatory contexts.", "\n\nOngoing studies indicate that the ability of particular chemotherapeutic agents to drive the caspase-8-dependent processing of IL-1β correlates with their ability to elicit pro-apoptotic signaling cascades in MΦs or DCs, even in the context of the NF-κB signals that are required for production of pro-IL-1β. ", "This is likely to be relevant given the prominent role of NF-κB in transactivation of anti-apoptotic/pro-survival genes. ", "Malignant cells proliferate rapidly in comparison to MΦs and DCs, and most chemotherapeutic agents act on cancer cells by inducing molecular injuries (e.g., DNA damage) that activate networks resulting in the transcriptional or post-transcriptional activation of pro-apoptotic proteins (e.g., pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members). ", "A key issue is therefore to discriminate how a particular drug may differently integrate NF-κB-driven pro-inflammatory vs. anti-apoptotic gene expression in malignant cells vs. tumor-resident immune cells. ", "Moreover, given the key role of organellar dysfunction in the activation of NLR3 inflammasomes and ripoptosomes,[@R4]^,^[@R9] the analysis of the effects of chemotherapeutic agents on mitochondrial, lysosomal, and plasma membrane integrity will likely provide novel insights into the multiple pathways underlying IL-1β production in different tumor models.", "\n\nNo potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.", "\n\nGrant support: NIH-R01-GM36387 (GRD)\n\nPreviously published online: [www.landesbioscience.com/journals/oncoimmunology/article/27499](http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/oncoimmunology/article/27499/)\n\nCitation: Antonopoulos C, Dubyak GR. ", "Chemotherapy engages multiple pathways leading to IL-1β production by myeloid leukocytes. ", "OncoImmunology 2013; 2:e27499; [10.4161/onci.27499](10.4161/onci.27499)\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Final Fling is the home of life and death decisions – the community for this critical life stage.", "\n\nMenu\n\nResilience Building Support Programme\n\nRoad Peace Resilience Building Support Programme The programme is run over six sessions in small groups with trained group facilitators and aims to provide participants with a tool box of skills to help them cope with many aspects of their trauma: stress, negative thoughts, anxiety and distress, panic attacks, sleeplessness and nightmares. ", "All natural reactions to […]\n\nEvents\n\nFinal Fling is for people who like to be in control of life and death decisions. ", "Know your options. ", "Make choices. ", "Leave instructions. ", "Stay in charge. ", "Right till the end. ", "And meantime, live life to the full." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Regional differences in desensitization of c-Fos expression following repeated self-stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in the rat.", "\nThe acute self-stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle was reported to induce the expression of c-Fos, the protein product of c-fos, an immediate early gene, in the central nervous system. ", "In the present study, we examined regional changes in c-Fos expression in several reward-related areas of rat brain in response to short- and long-term exposure to self-stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. ", "Short-term one-hour stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle for one day after training, which evoked steady self-stimulation behavior, significantly increased the number of c-Fos-positive neurons bilaterally in all of 15 brain structures assayed, as compared to the non-stimulation control. ", "Among them, structures showing a larger number of the stained neurons on the stimulated side were the anterior olfactory nucleus, amygdala, medial caudate-putamen complex, lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminals, ventral pallidum, substantia innominata, lateral preoptic area, medial preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus rostral to the stimulating electrodes, and substantia nigra. ", "Long-term stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle once daily for five successive days, which maintained consistently stable self-stimulation behavior, also increased the number of c-Fos-positive neurons in the aforementioned structures, as compared to the control. ", "However, the long-term rewarding stimulation diminished the increased number of labeled neurons, as compared to the short-term rewarding stimulation. ", "Seven areas, medial caudate-putamen complex, ventral pallidum, substantia innominata, lateral preoptic area, medial preoptic area, rostral lateral hypothalamus and substantia nigra, showed asymmetrical, ipsilateral predominance after the short- and long-term stimulation. ", "However, the stained neuron count in those areas after the long-term stimulation was reduced to less than 50% of that found after the short-term stimulation with the exception of lateral preoptic area and rostral lateral hypothalamus. ", "The results suggest that the development of desensitization of c-Fos response may differ among the reward-relevant brain regions as a consequence of repeated self-stimulation. ", "They also indicate that a larger portion of neurons in the lateral preoptic area and rostral lateral hypothalamus may be implicated in both short- and long-term self-stimulations of the medial forebrain bundle." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Supermarket shoppers look set to pay more for some breads after food producer Goodman Fielder said it will raise the prices it charges retailers.", "\n\nThe company makes Nature's Fresh, Quality Bakers, Vogel's and Freya's bread as well as spreads, dressings, baking ingredients and dairy products.", "\n\nGoodman Fielder New Zealand managing director Peter Reidie said that after discussions with retailers it would lift prices in its range of proprietary branded bread from next month.", "\n\n\"Over the last 18 months a significant number of the company's costs have risen including key ingredients, energy, labour and more recently, distribution costs with new government road user charges coming into effect on the first of August.", "\n\n\"We are unable to continue absorbing these higher costs and have no option but to now reflect this in our baking product pricing.\"", "\n\nHe did not disclose by how much Goodman's prices would increase.", "\n\nA Countdown spokesperson said it was too early to comment on Goodman's price increase, but it would seek to negotiate the best price for customers.", "\n\nIts rival Foodstuffs, which runs the New World and Pak n' Save supermarkets, was unavailable for comment.", "\n\nGoodman signalled the price hikes in Australia and New Zealand in its grocery and baking products at its annual general meeting in Sydney today.", "\n\nIt said the increases would help it recover higher input costs, including commodity ingredients.", "\n\nIn August, Goodman Fielder reported a A$147 million ($187 million) loss for the year ending June 30, thanks in part to a \"perfect storm\" that saw volumes in its bakery division fall, commodity prices rise and retail prices plunge on competition from cheaper private labels.", "\n\nBy August the price of some Australian wheat had increased by almost 50 per cent since mid-May, after predictions of a poor corn harvest in the US forced grain prices to rise sharply.", "\n\nGoodman Fielder chief executive Chris Delaney told shareholders the company was on track to make $100m in annualised savings by 2015.", "\n\nThat programme involves cutting its manufacturing facilities from 53 to 35 through consolidation of sites, closures and divestments.", "\n\nIt has already closed or announced plans to close or sell 11 sites, including the Champion flour mills in Christchurch and Mt Maunganui that are part of its New Zealand Milling business, which is up for sale.", "\n\nDelaney said it expected to conclude a sale of business, which employs about 130 people, \"in the near future\"." ]

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[ "Provides that land that would otherwise be eligible for exemption as land held by nonprofit corporation for building residences for low income individuals, but for failing to meet certain conditions related to amount and type of housing, type of transfer, income status of purchasers and corporation's history of such sales, is not eligible for exemption for property of benevolent and charitable institutions." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "RWA\n\nRAISING THE STANDARD.", "\n\nRaised Without Antibiotics\n\nFrom the first smile to the last drizzle of sauce, we strive to deliver the best. ", "That’s why we serve turkey, salami, ham and luncheon meats raised without antibiotics. ", "Because the way we see it, a sub shouldn’t just taste good – you should feel good about eating it too. ", "It’s just another part of our commitment to serving you quality, honest food every day.", "\n\nCHIPOTLE TURKEY BACON WRAP\n\nASSORTED SUB\n\nThe one and only flavour-packed classic, made with all RWA meats you can feel good about. ", "Salami, black forest ham, luncheon meat, cheese, shredded lettuce, tomatoes and our signature ’68 Sub Sauce. ", "It’s our most popular sub for a reason.", "Sm 390 Cals | Lrg 780 Cals\n\nMR.SUB offers products containing peanuts, tree nuts*, milk, eggs, soy, wheat, gluten**, fish, shellfish, mustard, sulphites and other allergens. ", "Our food products may also contain traces of allergens from a manufacturing facility or from preparation on site. ", "While we take steps to minimize the risk of cross contamination, we cannot guarantee the total absence of any allergen or that any of our products are safe to consume for people with allergies to such.", "\nIf you think you may be allergic to any ingredient contained in any of our products, please consult your physician prior to consuming.", "\n*tree nuts includes: almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios or walnuts **gluten includes: gluten protein from barley, oats, rye, triticale wheat (all species, including spelt and kamut) or any modified gluten protein and prolamins.", "\nFor a complete Nutritional Listing of our entire menu please download our Nutrition / Allergen Guide. ", "If you don’t find what you’re looking for, please speak to someone in restaurant.", "\n\nWe’re inspired by your choice to dine with us, and committed to serving you quality, honest food every day. ", "That’s why we use turkey, salami, ham and luncheon meats raised without antibiotics in our most popular subs.", "\n\nWe’re inspired by your choice to dine with us, and committed to serving you quality, honest food every day. ", "That’s why we serve turkey, salami, ham and luncheon meat raised without antibiotics in our most popular subs." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Okay, for all of you Brits out there and other guys from parts of the Commonwealth, you will get the full impact of the branding choice behind the hookup site known as ShagBook. ", "For the Americans in the audience, well, imagine if you came across a site called “GetLaidBook” or ” F*ckBook.” ", "Okay, I think that with that we are all now on the same page — nudge-nudge, wink-wink.", "\n\nShagBook.com promotes itself as the place to go for adult dating. ", "In its own words, “Hook up with hot singles worldwide looking for hot Adult Dating on Shagbook!”", "\n\nCould it be that easy? ", "Has our quest to find the best hookup site in the history of humanity finally come to an end? ", "Can we now shutter this site and all retire to a life of endless drinking and nightly debauchery?", "\n\nWell, it would be in poor style to answer all of these questions without first giving you access to our review of ShagBook. ", "By reading it you will be able to form your own opinion. ", "ShagBook, powerful or pathetic — you decide.", "\n\nShagbook Review Results Popularity - 54\n\nValue - 44\n\nFeatures - 52\n\nQuality of Members - 47\n\nSafety - 43\n\nCustomer Satisfaction - 46 48 Final Word on Shagbook In our opinion, ShagBook is definitely not the champion of hookup sites. ", "Depending on where you live and how often you frequent the site, it does offer you some possibility for meeting a real woman for a hookup, but it can also fall flat. ", "The fact that there are so few barriers against fake profiles also deters from the user experience. ", "Overall, we would rate ShagBook as barely passing. ", "Consider it between a POOR and a FAIR rating.", "\n\n— Pros and Cons —\n\nPros\n\nBeen in operation since 2006\n\nOffers regional variants for many English-speaking countries\n\nFast and simple registration process\n\nCons\n\nLack of native mobile apps\n\nMobile browser version can be slow and laggy\n\nRequires a paid membership for full functionality\n\nPresence of some fake profiles\n\n— A Little Background —\n\nShagBook has been around since 2006. ", "As its name implies, it started as a hookup site in the U.K. Later on, the developers of ShagBook began to launch regional versions of the site. ", "Currently, there are unique versions for the U.K., South Africa, Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zeland, and the U.S. There are also specialized niche variants of Shagbook for those who seek MILFs, BBWs, Grannies, as well as ShagBook sites for the gay community and people of color.", "\n\n— First Impression —\n\nWhen you first visit ShagBook, you will be greeted by a homepage which has an image of an absolutely stunning woman above the fold. ", "Honestly, it may take you a few seconds to realize that there are bits of genuine information and actionable buttons on the homepage as well. (", "Yes, she’s that stunning. ", "At least our editor thought so).", "\n\nThe most visible actionable button is where you must select what region you are visiting from. ", "This will quickly reload the page and the purple-colored regional selection button will change into a button that is labeled “See Your Matches.” ", "When you click on it, it will take you to the registration page for the country that you are located.", "\n\nMind you, as you do this, do not be surprised if when you close your eyes the image of the woman on the homepage continues to appear and linger in your mind. (", "Again, our editor. ", "Forgive him, he’s a lonely and desperate man).", "\n\n— Registration Process —\n\nRegistering for an account on ShagBook is fast. ", "You need to be a registered user in order to gain access to the platform. ", "Minimal information is required. ", "When reading the site’s FAQ section you will even find a portion which tells you that you can “put whatever you want in your profile.” ", "This same level of ambiguity is tolerated in the images that you can upload to your ShagBook profile.", "\n\nEssentially, all you need to register for a ShagBook account is a couple of free minutes, your desired username, your choice of password, and a valid email.", "\n\nThe email is just so you can click on a validation link which will be sent to you.", "\n\nWhat about verification that you are a real person? ", "Bah, who needs that, right?", "\n\n— Look at ALL Those Women —\n\nWhen you log in for the first time as a registered user on ShagBook you will be initially impressed by the number of female profiles on the site. ", "However, be forewarned, that initial excitement might turn into confusion or despair. ", "ShagBook may have a lot of female profiles purportedly belonging to real women, but are they really?", "\n\nOkay, at this moment, if you are new to hooking up online or if you are just an innocent soul just wanting to get laid, this is where we must dash a portion of your dreams. ", "You see, all of those hot and gorgeous women that you will see on ShagBook are not all real. ", "Yes, that’s right, some are fake profiles.", "\n\nThis does not mean that all are fake — only some. ", "If you read ShagBook’s terms of service you will find a section that reads, “This site is an entertainment service… by using this service you accept that any member profiles, messages, and communication may not be genuine”.", "\n\nBased on the experience of our testers, “may not be genuine”, is a very accurate way to describe at least one half of the profiles and message requests that men receive from this site. ", "Most of these fake profiles likely originate from trolls and catfish who get their jollies off pretending to be hot women looking for sex. ", "Others belong to sketchy individuals who may be trying to lure you into some sort of online honeypot. ", "That’s when you will get tricked into sending them money or into joining another hookup site.", "\n\nWith that said, however, we must also state that all of our male testers did find and engage in some online chatting with women who they were confident were real single women looking to meet someone. ", "The fake profiles on the site are easy to spot because they are all written to sound too good to be true. ", "They will usually have a profile picture of an absolute hotty. ", "If you have identified yourself as 40-ish male living in a middle-class town who is seeking some casual fun and you start receiving messages from a 22-year bombshell, chances are something may not be on the up and up. ", "When it comes to ShagBook, just make sure to always be on your toes.", "\n\n— Mobile Access —\n\nMobile access is important for hookup sites. ", "Unfortunately, ShagBook lacks any native mobile apps. ", "The only way to access it via smartphone or tablet is by using the mobile version of the site in your device’s browser.", "\n\nOur testers indicated that this is hit or miss in terms of the user experience. ", "On some devices, the mobile version created performance issues causing it to be slow and laggy. ", "The desktop version was consistently fast and smooth.", "\n\n— Cost —\n\nJoining ShagBook is free, getting any useful functionality out of it is not. ", "Unless you have a paid subscription the only way you can communicate with the potential hotties on its lists is via winks/icebreakers. ", "These are just digital greetings that do not allow you to convey any substantive communication. ", "In order to send a real message or to reply to one, you must pay. ", "A one-month membership costs $12.00. ", "This can be lowered to $9.34 per month by paying for three months in advance, $8.34 by paying six months in advance or $7.92 a month if you choose to pay for a full year in advance. ", "If you do decide to upgrade, we strongly urge you to test the service for a short period of time before committing to a long-term membership." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Q:\n\nExtJS4 - How to make an initial entry to a site with param data?", "\n\nI have an ExtJS4 site www.mysite.com where I serve index.html when a user enter the site. ", " I want the user to be able to access the site with some param data redirected from another site. ", " For example, www.mysite.com?q=10\n\nHow do I capture q=10 which I will use to retrieve some data from the database?", "\nHow do I send index.html so that browser retrieves javascript and css files. ", " Once all the javascript and css files are loaded, I need to render a page displaying the result from the database?", "\n\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nTo get the url parameters I've done this :\nvar getParams = document.URL.split(\"?\");", "\n\nvar params = Ext.urlDecode(getParams[getParams.length - 1]);\n\nconsole.log(params.q) // you should see 10 being printed\n\nIf index.html is gonna come with some param in the url you can use the launch method to do an ajax request and bassed on that response render something\n Ext.application({\n name : 'MyAppWithDynamicFirstPage',\n\n launch : function() {\n\n var getParams = document.URL.split(\"?\");", "\n\n var params = Ext.urlDecode(getParams[getParams.length - 1]);\n\n var q = params.q;\n\n Ext.Ajax.request({\n url: 'someServlet/getViewToRender',\n params: {\n\n 'q': q \n\n },\n success: function(response, opts) {\n\n //bassed on this you would do something else like render some specific panel on your viewport\n\n },\n failure: function(response, opts) {\n console.log('server-side failure with status code ' + response.status);\n }\n});\n\n}\n});\n\nI hope this was of some help. ", "\nBest regards.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "y: 3, m: 2, i: 4, l: 1}?", "\n1/2448\nFour letters picked without replacement from lllllllllllllmllllll. ", "Give prob of sequence llmm.", "\n0\nCalculate prob of sequence wt when two letters picked without replacement from tevkvwa.", "\n1/42\nWhat is prob of sequence yyv when three letters picked without replacement from {y: 6, v: 1, i: 4}?", "\n1/33\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {s: 1, e: 3, f: 1}. ", "Give prob of sequence sf.", "\n1/20\nCalculate prob of sequence gq when two letters picked without replacement from {q: 4, r: 4, g: 1, j: 1}.", "\n2/45\nThree letters picked without replacement from {i: 2, b: 5, h: 3, o: 3}. ", "What is prob of sequence boi?", "\n5/286\nCalculate prob of sequence up when two letters picked without replacement from {d: 1, i: 1, p: 10, x: 4, u: 2}.", "\n10/153\nFour letters picked without replacement from jsjstsssxsvsmv. ", "What is prob of sequence sjjt?", "\n1/1716\nCalculate prob of sequence oo when two letters picked without replacement from ooeooooeoeeoe.", "\n14/39\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {u: 1, n: 1, j: 5, p: 4, i: 1}. ", "Give prob of sequence jj.", "\n5/33\nThree letters picked without replacement from {x: 2, b: 3, z: 1, e: 1, j: 4}. ", "Give prob of sequence zbb.", "\n1/165\nWhat is prob of sequence myo when three letters picked without replacement from mbvoy?", "\n1/60\nCalculate prob of sequence ii when two letters picked without replacement from eiiiiiiiiieiiiiiiiie.", "\n68/95\nThree letters picked without replacement from saaaasaaaa. ", "What is prob of sequence sas?", "\n1/45\nFour letters picked without replacement from {z: 2, t: 2, d: 3, k: 2, c: 1, s: 2}. ", "Give prob of sequence ddtc.", "\n1/990\nCalculate prob of sequence tqqt when four letters picked without replacement from tstqqqqyytsqqyt.", "\n1/91\nWhat is prob of sequence dd when two letters picked without replacement from {n: 1, b: 2, d: 7, e: 1, z: 4}?", "\n1/5\nCalculate prob of sequence jj when two letters picked without replacement from {d: 7, j: 2}.", "\n1/36\nCalculate prob of sequence zlpl when four letters picked without replacement from {z: 5, p: 2, l: 3}.", "\n1/84\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {r: 7, g: 3}. ", "What is prob of sequence rr?", "\n7/15\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {t: 1, g: 1, j: 2, a: 9}. ", "Give prob of sequence aa.", "\n6/13\nThree letters picked without replacement from prpppppdppppdp. ", "Give prob of sequence pdr.", "\n11/1092\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {n: 2, a: 3, o: 3}. ", "What is prob of sequence an?", "\n3/28\nCalculate prob of sequence kc when two letters picked without replacement from {u: 2, k: 2, c: 2, b: 2}.", "\n1/14\nWhat is prob of sequence bvo when three letters picked without replacement from {b: 1, v: 7, o: 2}?", "\n7/360\nThree letters picked without replacement from ihhillih. ", "What is prob of sequence hih?", "\n3/56\nWhat is prob of sequence oom when three letters picked without replacement from {o: 11, m: 3}?", "\n55/364\nCalculate prob of sequence xu when two letters picked without replacement from zxxju.", "\n1/10\nTwo letters picked without replacement from roror. ", "Give prob of sequence rr.", "\n3/10\nFour letters picked without replacement from {n: 1, j: 3, h: 3, c: 1, m: 2, w: 1}. ", "Give prob of sequence jcnh.", "\n1/880\nWhat is prob of sequence xdx when three letters picked without replacement from {x: 2, d: 17}?", "\n1/171\nFour letters picked without replacement from {e: 1, s: 1, j: 1, g: 4, w: 2}. ", "Give prob of sequence gsej.", "\n1/756\nFour letters picked without replacement from {s: 1, i: 7, f: 4, c: 2}. ", "Give prob of sequence sfii.", "\n1/143\nCalculate prob of sequence oyov when four letters picked without replacement from oovyy.", "\n1/30\nTwo letters picked without replacement from uuuuguugguuuuuguuguu. ", "Give prob of sequence gu.", "\n15/76\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {l: 1, d: 1, o: 1, z: 1, q: 1}. ", "Give prob of sequence dq.", "\n1/20\nCalculate prob of sequence hu when two letters picked without replacement from uhhun.", "\n1/5\nWhat is prob of sequence xeex when four letters picked without replacement from eeeeexxxex?", "\n1/14\nWhat is prob of sequence ccw when three letters picked without replacement from {c: 4, z: 2, w: 2}?", "\n1/14\nWhat is prob of sequence kkkx when four letters picked without replacement from {x: 2, k: 7, p: 7}?", "\n1/104\nCalculate prob of sequence edev when four letters picked without replacement from eeeeovdoeeeede.", "\n6/1001\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {x: 3, j: 6, r: 4, c: 5, n: 1, e: 1}. ", "Give prob of sequence ex.", "\n3/380\nTwo letters picked without replacement from tnttnn. ", "Give prob of sequence tn.", "\n3/10\nWhat is prob of sequence qqqq when four letters picked without replacement from {g: 2, q: 5}?", "\n1/7\nThree letters picked without replacement from {p: 1, g: 1, x: 1, b: 5, a: 1}. ", "What is prob of sequence bbg?", "\n5/126\nWhat is prob of sequence rss when three letters picked without replacement from {r: 5, s: 7}?", "\n7/44\nCalculate prob of sequence ow when two letters picked without replacement from {o: 1, c: 4, m: 4, w: 4, s: 3}.", "\n1/60\nWhat is prob of sequence bbb when three letters picked without replacement from {b: 4}?", "\n1\nWhat is prob of sequence mw when two letters picked without replacement from wwwmcccwcmwmqwwc?", "\n7/80\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {h: 4, b: 16}. ", "Give prob of sequence hb.", "\n16/95\nFour letters picked without replacement from {l: 1, o: 1, e: 1, v: 2, c: 1, p: 1}. ", "Give prob of sequence vpev.", "\n1/420\nCalculate prob of sequence pp when two letters picked without replacement from pptpf.", "\n3/10\nFour letters picked without replacement from eqqeiiqeeieeqeee. ", "What is prob of sequence qqqe?", "\n9/1820\nFour letters picked without replacement from {c: 4, e: 6, p: 7, l: 1}. ", "What is prob of sequence elpc?", "\n7/3060\nWhat is prob of sequence ww when two letters picked without replacement from yyyyycywyycwwyy?", "\n1/35\nThree letters picked without replacement from {g: 17, k: 3}. ", "What is prob of sequence gkg?", "\n34/285\nTwo letters picked without replacement from ooaaooaooo. ", "What is prob of sequence aa?", "\n1/15\nWhat is prob of sequence zhh when three letters picked without replacement from hzzhhhhhhhhhhhhhhzhh?", "\n34/285\nThree letters picked without replacement from {p: 18, c: 2}. ", "Give prob of sequence cpc.", "\n1/190\nTwo letters picked without replacement from epepadeeaaaeaeaapaed. ", "Give prob of sequence dd.", "\n1/190\nCalculate prob of sequence je when two letters picked without replacement from {j: 1, y: 2, b: 4, e: 1}.", "\n1/56\nCalculate prob of sequence eees when four letters picked without replacement from seees.", "\n1/10\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {z: 1, t: 1, j: 1, l: 2, p: 4}. ", "What is prob of sequence pz?", "\n1/18\nCalculate prob of sequence oxo when three letters picked without replacement from okkkkkkxkkk.", "\n0\nCalculate prob of sequence qbun when four letters picked without replacement from bnqbnunbbu.", "\n1/210\nTwo letters picked without replacement from ppppppcppppppppppppp. ", "What is prob of sequence pp?", "\n9/10\nWhat is prob of sequence uu when two letters picked without replacement from {s: 1, c: 8, v: 2, f: 1, b: 1, u: 2}?", "\n1/105\nWhat is prob of sequence nn when two letters picked without replacement from {t: 9, n: 11}?", "\n11/38\nCalculate prob of sequence bp when two letters picked without replacement from {p: 2, b: 5}.", "\n5/21\nWhat is prob of sequence kch when three letters picked without replacement from {j: 2, o: 2, c: 2, b: 4, k: 1, h: 6}?", "\n1/340\nThree letters picked without replacement from {n: 3, k: 1, g: 4, d: 2}. ", "What is prob of sequence ddk?", "\n1/360\nCalculate prob of sequence qu when two letters picked without replacement from {u: 2, q: 1, h: 7, b: 9, e: 1}.", "\n1/190\nFour letters picked without replacement from {h: 2, e: 2, q: 9}. ", "What is prob of sequence eqqe?", "\n6/715\nWhat is prob of sequence cm when two letters picked without replacement from cccmucmcucucucccuu?", "\n10/153\nCalculate prob of sequence dsl when three letters picked without replacement from {d: 4, s: 1, y: 1, w: 3, l: 2}.", "\n4/495\nWhat is prob of sequence yyt when three letters picked without replacement from tttttyyyyt?", "\n1/10\nWhat is prob of sequence zwwz when four letters picked without replacement from {w: 5, z: 5}?", "\n5/63\nWhat is prob of sequence jg when two letters picked without replacement from {b: 1, f: 1, k: 5, j: 1, g: 4, n: 7}?", "\n2/171\nCalculate prob of sequence hh when two letters picked without replacement from {h: 7, b: 2}.", "\n7/12\nCalculate prob of sequence wcc when three letters pi" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Q:\n\nPlease make [google-inbox] a synonym of [inbox-by-gmail]\n\nThe official name of the product is Inbox by Gmail, but it is often called \"Google Inbox\". (", "The URL of inbox.google.com exacerbates this a bit.)", "\nPlease make google-inbox a synonym of inbox-by-gmail and merge.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou'd suggested the synonym.. I've approved it. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Chromatic plasmonic polarizers for active visible color filtering and polarimetry.", "\nColor filters are widely used in color displays, optical measurement devices, and imaging devices. ", "Conventional color filters have usually only one fixed output color. ", "However developing active color filters with controllable color output can lead to more compact and sophisticated color filter-based devices and applications. ", "Recent progress in nanotechnology and new knowledge of the interaction of light with metal nanostructures allow us to capture and control light better than ever. ", "Here we use it to fabricate active color filters, based on arrays of metallic optical nanoantennas that are tailored to interact with light at visible frequencies via excitation of localized surface plasmons. ", "This interaction maps the polarization state of incident white light to visible color. ", "Similarly, it converts unpolarized white light to chromatically polarized light. ", "We experimentally demonstrate a wide range of applications including active color pixels, chromatically switchable and invisible tags, and polarization imaging based on these engineered colored metasurfaces." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\nNeglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of diseases that disproportionately affect communities of poverty. ", "The lack of adequate infrastructure and public sanitation in these communities contribute to maintaining the vicious cycle of chronic disease burden and poverty despite current efforts to control and interrupt transmission using mass drug administration. ", "Currently, 252 million people are infected with schistosomiasis, an estimate that continues to rise as diagnostic methodologies become more refined \\[[@CR1]\\]. ", "Chronic intestinal schistosome infection can result in hepatosplenomegaly and eventually death due to internal bleeding. ", "It is not uncommon for the same populations to be infected or be at risk for infection with soil-transmitted helminths (STH) \\[[@CR2]\\]. ", "Over 465 million people currently live with whipworm infection \\[[@CR1]\\]. ", "Chronic whipworm, or *Trichuris trichiura*, infection can result in abdominal pain, anemia, and wasting, particularly in children. ", "Anemia and *Trichuris* Dysentery Syndrome contribute to protein energy malnutrition which leads to an immunocompromised state that can exacerbate subsequent helminth infections \\[[@CR3], [@CR4]\\]. ", "As major sources of morbidity and disability rather than mortality, the disability-adjusted life years attributed to schistosomiasis and trichuriasis are 3.31 million/year and 0.64 million/year, respectively \\[[@CR1]\\].", "\n\nThere are insufficient studies on the interactions of trichuriasis and schistosomiasis, specifically on the influence of co-infection on *Schistosoma mansoni* egg-induced hepatopathology. ", "Others have found that concomitant infections of *Schistosoma japonicum* and *Trichuris* significantly increased the odds of anemia in children \\[[@CR4]\\] and that mice with established chronic *Trichuris muris* infection and challenged with *S. mansoni* developed significantly higher *S. mansoni* worm burden and egg and granuloma burden in the liver \\[[@CR5]\\]. ", "To prepare for deployment of interventions such as vaccines against schistosomiasis \\[[@CR6]\\], it is critical to understand the interactions between potential confounding factors that will be present in endemic areas, such as polyparasitism. ", "This present study aimed to evaluate whether concurrent infection with *T. trichiura* could influence *S. mansoni* egg-induced hepatopathology using the non-human primate model (baboons). ", "Baboons develop a human-like acute schistosomiasis syndrome after exposure to the cercariae and chronic hepatic/intestinal clinical manifestations. ", "Herein, we describe the first transcription profiling using next-generation sequencing for liver damage in baboons infected with schistosomiasis and trichuriasis, indicating several pathways by which co-infection may exacerbate hepatopathology.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nAnimals {#Sec3}\n-------\n\nMale and female olive baboons (*Papio anubis*) aged 2 to 4 years-old were obtained from the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC) and were housed in facilities accredited by the AAALAC.", "\n\n*Schistosoma mansoni*-infected *Biomphalaria glabrata* (Puerto Rican strain) snails were obtained from the Schistosomiasis Resource Center, Biomedical Research Institute (Rockville, MD, USA).", "\n\nParasite challenge and necropsy {#Sec4}\n-------------------------------\n\nWe selected baboons that had prior exposure to *T. trichiura* for the co-infection group (*n* = 10) and baboons that had no prior exposure to *T. trichiura* for the single infection group (*n* = 10) as identified by microscopic identification of *T. trichiura* eggs in stool samples. ", "Baboon colonies commonly harbor *T. trichiura* and, in those cases, deworming with anthelmintics is routine. ", "In this study, baboons selected for the co-infection group did not undergo deworming and specific-pathogen-free baboons were utilized for the single infection group. ", "We subsequently exposed all baboons to 1000 *S. mansoni* cercariae percutaneously as previously described \\[[@CR7]\\]. ", "Eight weeks after infection with *S. mansoni*, necropsies were performed. ", "Briefly, the hepatic portal system and mesenteric vasculature were perfused to recover adult schistosome worms. ", "Blood was collected for PBMC isolation by density gradient centrifugation using HISTOPAQUE-1077 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) and stored in freezing media (10% DMSO in fetal bovine sera and RPMI) until later use for RNA-purification. ", "Liver samples were collected for tissue egg burden assessment and granuloma quantification *via* histology. ", "For determination of schistosome egg burden in tissue, liver samples were digested overnight in 4% potassium hydroxide at 37 °C without CO~2~. This suspension was then washed and resuspended with a solution of 1.2% (w/v) NaCl and eggs were enumerated under light microscopy to determine the number of eggs per gram of tissue \\[[@CR7]\\]. ", "Excised spleen samples and mesenteric lymph nodes were mashed through nylon cell strainers and stored in freezing media until RNA purification for RNA-sequencing.", "\n\nHistology {#Sec5}\n---------\n\nSections of liver were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin, dehydrated in ascending grades of alcohol, and embedded in paraffin. ", "Paraffin blocks were cut into 5-micron sections and processed for staining with hematoxylin and eosin. ", "Stained slides were observed *via* light microscopy at 100× magnification for granuloma quantification as previously described \\[[@CR8]\\]. ", "The diameter of each granuloma was measured *via* a straight line bisecting the central egg and the area of each granuloma was calculated assuming an area of a circle (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}: Figure S1).", "\n\nRNA purification {#Sec6}\n----------------\n\nTotal RNA was isolated from PBMCs, splenocytes, and mesenteric lymph nodes of each animal using GenElute™ mammalian total RNA miniprep kit (Millipore Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) as previously described \\[[@CR7]\\]. ", "Total RNA concentrations were measured using the Qubit® 3.0 Fluorometer and RNA HS assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). ", "RNA quality was assessed using Agilent 2200 TapStation (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA).", "\n\nRNA sequencing and pathway analysis {#Sec7}\n-----------------------------------\n\nTotal RNA from PBMCs, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node cells were used to prepare the libraries as previously described \\[[@CR7]\\]. ", "RNA sequencing was performed using the Illumina-HiSeq 2500 platform. ", "Raw sequence reads containing base call information were demultiplexed using bcl2fastq software and the quality of sequencing was evaluated using FastQC software (Babraham Bioinformatics). ", "Quality filtered reads for each animal from each tissue sample were mapped to the *Homo sapiens* genome (GRCh37) using QSeq® version 15.0 software (DNASTAR, Madison, WI, USA) for differential gene expression analysis using RPKM normalization. ", "Differential expression was considered significant at *P* \\< 0.05 (Student's t-test and the Benjamin Hochberg false discovery rate method) with a cut-off of 2-fold change.", "\n\nIngenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) (Qiagen, Venlo, Netherlands) was utilized to generate pathway analyses. ", "Fisher's exact test (right-tailored) was used to calculate *P*-values, and activation *Z*-score was used to predict activation or inhibition of a process or the directional effect of gene expression. ", "Data analysis and plots were generated using GraphPad Prism v7 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA).", "\n\nSelected genes were validated *via* quantitative real-time PCR as previously described \\[[@CR7]\\] (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}: Table S1). ", "Primers for qRT-PCR were designed from mRNA sequences obtained from the NCBI for *Papio anubis* genes in order to see their expression using qRT-PCR. ", "The list of primer sequences used for qRT-PCR is provided in Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}: Table S2. ", "Briefly, total RNA from PBMCs was extracted using GenElute™ Mammalian Miniprep kit (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and first strand cDNA synthesis was completed using the Maxima First Strand cDNA synthesis kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). ", "PCR amplification of selected genes was carried out using SYBR Premix Ex Taq™ (TIi RNase H Plus; Takara, Japan) on a StepOne™ plus Real-time PCR system (Thermo Fisher Scientific). ", "All reactions were carried out in triplicates and results analyzed using DataAssist™ software v3.0 (Thermo Fisher Scientific).", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec8}\n--------------------\n\nFor statistical comparison between co-infected animals and animals infected with *S. mansoni* alone, one- or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and/or two-tailed Student's t-test were performed, and statistical significance was determined at the 95% confidence interval (*P* \\< 0.05).", "\n\nResults {#Sec9}\n=======\n\nParasitological endpoints are distinct in baboons infected with both *S. mansoni* and *T. trichiura* compared to *S. mansoni* alone {#Sec10}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn endemic areas, the first contact with cercariae-contaminated water takes place in early childhood while contact with eggs from STH can occur within the first year of life \\[[@CR9]\\]. ", "As such, we selected baboons that had prior exposure to *T. trichiura* for the co-infection group and baboons that had no prior exposure to *T. trichiura*. ", "We exposed all baboons to 1000 *S. mansoni* cercariae as previously described \\[[@CR7]\\]. ", "When we compared the worm burden of baboons infected with *S. mansoni* and *T. trichiura*, henceforth considered the co-infected group, to baboons infected with *S. mansoni* alone, we found 27.9% (*t*~(18)~ = 3.1747, *P* = 0.0052) more female worms (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}a). ", "The number of male worms and total worm burden were not significantly different between the groups. ", "Liver tissue egg burden quantification revealed no significant difference; schistosome infection alone resulted in an average of 2620 ± 1687 eggs per gram of liver tissue compared to co-infected animals with an average of 4163 ± 2268 eggs per gram of liver tissue (*t*~(18)~ = 1.7270, *P* = 0.1013) (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}b).Fig.", " 1Parasitological endpoints of schistosomiasis in animals infected with *S. mansoni* alone or a combination of *S. mansoni* and *T. trichiura*. ", "Baboons were obtained from OUHSC with or without pre-existing *T. trichiura* infection. ", "All baboons were subsequently infected with 1000 *S. mansoni* cercariae and sacrificed after 8 weeks. **", "a** *S. mansoni* worm burden. **", "b** Eggs per gram in liver tissue. **", "c** Average number of granulomas in the liver within a 1 × 1 cm^2^ area. **", "d** Average size of granulomas in the liver within a 1 × 1 cm^2^ area. **", "e** Number and size of granulomas within a 1 × 1 cm^2^ area. ", "Error bars represent the mean and standard error of the mean. ", "\\**P* \\< 0.05, \\*\\**P* \\< 0.01, \\*\\*\\**P* \\< 0.001\n\nSystematic analysis of granulomas from liver sections revealed that average number of granulomas in a 1 cm^2^ area between both groups were not significant (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}c). ", "However, in comparing the average granuloma size of co-infected baboons, we found that granulomas were nearly double in size compared to those found in animals infected with *S. mansoni* alone (*t*~(18)~ = 4.0765, *P* = 0.0007) (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}d). ", "Co-infected animals had an average granuloma size of 1578 ± 465 µm^2^ compared to animals infected with *S. mansoni* alone with an average granuloma size of 870 ± 292 µm^2^. In summary, the average size of granulomas observed were significantly larger in baboons infected with both parasites when compared to baboons infected with *S. mansoni* alone (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}e).", "\n\nWhole transcriptome sequencing shows distinct transcriptional profiles that indicate greater liver damage in baboons co-infected with *S. mansoni* and *T. trichiura* {#Sec11}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo understand the transcriptional alterations elicited by preexisting *T. trichiura* infection on schistosomiasis, we performed RNA-Seq on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), splenocytes, and mesenteric lymph nodes. ", "Based on a *P*-value \\< 0.05, 2930 genes were differentially expressed in PBMCs, 1805 genes in splenocytes, and 90 genes in mesenteric lymph nodes. ", "Differential expression in these genes reflect changes in many biological processes including cellular processes, cell proliferation, and response to stimulus (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}a). ", "Focusing on differentially expressed genes in PBMCs, we observed 2634 genes that were significantly upregulated and 298 significantly downregulated genes when comparing the co-infected group compared to animals infected with only *S. mansoni* (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}b).Fig.", " 2RNA-Seq analysis reveal distinct transcriptional profiles that indicate greater liver damage in animals co-infected with *S. mansoni* and *T. trichiura*. **", "a** Distribution of differentially expressed genes in baboons co-infected with *S. mansoni* and *T. trichiura* compared to *S. mansoni* alone. **", "b** Significantly upregulated or downregulated genes in PBMCs. ", "Each colored dot represents one gene. **", "c** Disease pathway analyses on generated using IPA for PBMCs. ", "Bars are plotted based on the − log~10~(*P*-value) and colored red denoting upregulation/activation and blue representing downregulation/inhibition according to the *Z*-score, a prediction of activation or inhibition based on the degree of overlap between directional expression of genes from the observed data and the Qiagen-curated public database. **", "d** Schematic representation of genes from PBMCs involved in activation of liver damage pathway. ", "Red represents upregulation and blue represents downregulation. ", "For all comparisons, the threshold for statistical significance was *P* \\< 0.05\n\nPathways and functional analysis on PBMCs depicted signatures of liver damage, corroborating the data on liver granulomas described earlier. ", "Indeed, pathways predicting liver damage (*P* = 0.000001) and hepatic injury (*P* = 0.00002) were among the most significant (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}c). ", "Several significantly upregulated genes were predicted to lead to activation of liver damage and hepatic injury, including prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E member 1 (CYP2E1), cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member (CYP7A1), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1 (ALDH1A1), aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A1 (ALDH3A1), and others (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}d). ", "Interestingly, the pathways predicted to be inhibited include chronic liver disease and necrosis of the liver. ", "Upregulation in growth factors like epidermal growth factor (EGF), heparin binding EGF like growth factor (HBEGF), inhibin subunit alpha (INHA), nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR), and others were predicted to contribute to the inhibition of necrosis of the liver, possibly in response to ongoing liver damage cause by chronic schistosomiasis and trichuriasis.", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec12}\n==========\n\nSchistosomiasis and trichuriasis continue to be major contributors to the global disease burden, often within the same communities. ", "Taken together, our work demonstrates that underlying whipworm infection exacerbates *S. mansoni* egg-induced hepatopathology. ", "Co-infection with *T. trichiura* and *S. mansoni* resulted in significantly higher female schistosome worm burden compared to infection with *S. mansoni* alone. ", "Interestingly, while the number of granulomas quantified in the livers of both groups did not differ significantly, coinciding with the liver egg counts, the average size of granulomas was nearly double in the co-infected group (1578 ± 465 µm^2^) compared to animals with only schistosomiasis (870 ± 292 µm^2^).", "\n\nWhole transcriptome analysis of PBMCs provided insight into how gene expression correlated with the significant increase in average granuloma size. ", "Disease pathways including liver damage, hepatic injury, migration of hepatic stellate cells, apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells, increased levels of LDH, and others were predicted to be activated. ", "Several differentially expressed genes were common between these pathways, including cytochromes (CYP2E1 and CYP7A1), cyclooxygenase (PTGS2), aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH1A1 and ALDH3A1), and chemokines and cytokines (IFNγ, CCL4, CCL5, IL1β, IL17A). ", "Although splenocytes and lymph nodes were assayed in this study, we did not have enough differentially expressed genes to draw definitive conclusions. ", "For example, while we observed predicted activation of similar pathways in lymph node samples such as liver damage (*Z*-score: 0.916) and hepatic injury (*Z*-score: 0.873), fewer differentially expressed genes played a role in those predictions (7 genes for liver damage and 5 genes for hepatic injury) compared to the 60--80 genes differentially expressed in the PBMCs for the same pathways. ", "Common differentially expressed genes in the PBMCs, spleen samples, and lymph nodes that predict activation of liver damage and hepatic injury include CCL4, CCL5, CCR5, IFNγ, and PTGS2.", "\n\nThe activity of the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes, which include CYP2E1 and CYP7A1, has been reported to be modulated by intestinal schistosomiasis, contingent on granulomatous reactions around the eggs in the tissue \\[[@CR10]\\]. ", "Chronic infection with *S. mansoni* in mice coincided with decreased levels of liver cytochrome P450 which correlate with fibrosis and progression of hepatopathology. ", "Surprisingly, we observed increased levels of cytochrome P450 due to co-infection compared to infection with *S. mansoni* alone. ", "Activation of the liver damage pathway, in this case, may be due to the generation of reactive oxygen species and toxic metabolites by cytochrome P450 during infection \\[[@CR11]\\]. ", "Another gene that was predicted to activate the liver damage pathway was prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), also known as COX2. ", "It has been shown that COX2 can be induced by *S. mansoni* to downregulate IL-10-dependent host immune responses in the skin of mice \\[[@CR12]\\]; co-infection resulted in higher COX2 expression which potentially down-regulates immune responses in the liver, thus activating the liver damage pathway.", "\n\nUpregulation of ALDH1A1 and ALDH3A1 are predicted to lead to the activation of the liver damage pathway. ", "Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) and Vitamin A play a role in reducing the pathogenic effects of infection \\[[@CR13]\\] and it has been demonstrated that infection with *Trichuris muris* in mice reduces ALDH \\[[@CR14]\\]. ", "In contrast, others have shown that upregulation of aldehyde dehydrogenases, also known as retinal dehydrogenases, are induced during a retinoid-dependent type-2 immune response to chronic infection with *S. mansoni* \\[[@CR15]\\]. ", "It is likely that co-infection with *T. trichiura* and *S. mansoni* in our study resulted in a stronger response to the schistosomiasis rather than trichuriasis within the co-infected group, thus driving Th2 responses, possibly in part due to retinoic acid catalyzed by ALDH \\[[@CR15]\\]. ", "In subsequent studies, we plan to measure liver enzymes such as AST and ALT to corroborate the liver damage predicted by differential gene expression from RNA-seq. ", "Although genes related to immune function were differentially expressed, pathway analysis using IPA was unable to predict the role of canonical immune pathways such as the Th1 or Th2 pathway (*Z*-scores: NaN). ", "Further studies are required to describe the nuanced transcriptional gene expressions that comprise the immune response to co-infection with *S. mansoni* and *T. trichiura*, with insights into how a vaccine against schistosomiasis could mediate protection for animals with multiple helminth infections.", "\n\nConclusions {#Sec13}\n===========\n\nIn conclusion, RNA-Seq analysis provided insight into the various pathways by which liver damage is exacerbated in baboons co-infected with *T. trichiura* and *S. mansoni* compared to infection with *S. mansoni* alone, supporting the histological analysis of liver granulomas.", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n {#Sec14}\n\n**Additional file 1: Figure S1.** ", "Representative liver granuloma measurement. **", "Table S1.** ", "qRT-PCR validation of genes. **", "Table S2.** ", "List of primer sequences used.", "\n\n**Publisher\\'s Note**\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nLoc Le and Sabiha Khatoon contributed equally to this work\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n**Supplementary information** accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s13071-020-3980-z.\n\nThe snails were supplied through a NIH-NIAID contract (HHSN272201700014I) to Schistosomiasis Resource Center of the Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.", "\n\nWZ, AJM, GA, WT, DC, RFW, JFP and SK^4^ performed the baboon experimentation. ", "WZ, AJM, LL, SK^1,2^, PJ, SL, JS and JM completed the RNA-Seq and parasitological measurements. ", "PJ, CP, and RK analyzed the histology slides. ", "LL, SK^1,2^ and JUR analyzed the data. ", "Manuscript writing, editing, and review was completed by LL, SK^1,2^, WZ, AJM and AAS. ", "AAS designed the study and obtained funding. ", "All authors contributed to revision of the manuscript. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nThe work was supported in part by grants from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation \\[OPP1097537\\] and from the National Institutes of Health \\[R43/R44 AI103983\\] to AAS.", "\n\nAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its additional files.", "\n\nAll applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. ", "All animal procedures were conducted in accordance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) Guidelines and were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee at Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (protocol number: 11-160-I).", "\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ " Case: 14-20464 Document: 00513004561 Page: 1 Date Filed: 04/14/2015\n\n\n\n\n IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT\n United States Court of Appeals\n Fifth Circuit\n\n FILED\n No. ", "14-20464 April 14, 2015\n Lyle W. Cayce\nTAMMY K. COOPER, Clerk\n\n\n Plaintiff-Appellant\n\nv.\n\nCITY OF LA PORTE POLICE DEPARTMENT; ONE UNKNOWN OFFICER\nOF CITY OF LA PORTE POLICE DEPARTMENT; CITY OF LA PORTE;\nOFFICER M. DAVIDSON,\n\n Defendants-Appellees\n\n\n Appeal from the United States District Court\n for the Southern District of Texas\n USDC No. ", "4:12-CV-2651\n\n\nBefore JONES and HAYNES, Circuit Judges, and CRONE, District Judge. *", "\nPER CURIAM: **\n Plaintiff Tammy Cooper appeals the summary judgment on her 42\nU.S.C. § 1983 claims in favor of the Defendants, the City of La Porte and one\nof its police officers. ", "We AFFIRM.", "\n\n\n\n\n * District Judge for the Eastern District of Texas, sitting by designation.", "\n\n **Pursuant to 5TH CIR. ", "R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not\nbe published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH\nCIR. ", "R. 47.5.4.", "\n\f Case: 14-20464 Document: 00513004561 Page: 2 Date Filed: 04/14/2015\n\n\n No. ", "14-20464\n\n I. Background\n One evening Cooper’s neighbor called the La Porte Police Department to\nreport that Cooper’s two children, believed to be five years of age or younger,\nwere riding motorized scooters on a neighborhood street without adult\nsupervision. ", "Officers Davidson and Henson of the La Porte Police Department\nresponded to the scene at approximately 10:01 p.m.\n Davidson spoke to Cooper in her driveway and informed her of the\nreport. ", "Cooper stated that she was outside watching her children while they\nrode scooters. ", "During this conversation, Cooper’s garage door was open and\nDavidson observed that the rear lift gate on Cooper’s vehicle was raised.", "\nDavidson touched the hood of the vehicle and noticed that it was hot to the\ntouch. ", "At some point during this interaction, Cooper’s adult son came outside\nand unloaded a twelve pack of Dr. Pepper from the car. ", "From these facts,\nDavidson inferred that Cooper might have been at the grocery store when her\nchildren were playing in the street.", "\n While Davidson was speaking with Cooper, Henson spoke with the\nneighbor and another witness who informed Henson that she was driving her\nvehicle on a neighborhood street and nearly struck Cooper’s young daughter,\nwho darted out in front of her on a motorized scooter. ", "The witness stated that\nCooper’s young son was also on the street riding a motorized scooter at the\ntime, and the two children were not supervised by an adult. ", "The neighbor\nconfirmed that she witnessed these events and that they occurred shortly\nbefore she called to report the situation to the police.", "\n Henson relayed this information to Davidson, who informed Cooper of\nthese accounts. ", "Cooper denied that her daughter was almost struck by a\nvehicle. ", " Davidson asked Cooper of her whereabouts during the time the\nchildren were riding their scooters and whether she had been to the grocery\n\n\n\n 2\n\f Case: 14-20464 Document: 00513004561 Page: 3 Date Filed: 04/14/2015\n\n\n No. ", "14-20464\n\nstore. ", "Cooper then stated that she was invoking her Fifth Amendment right\nnot to answer questions.", "\n Davidson called the Harris County District Attorney’s Office and\ninformed an Assistant District Attorney of the information he had obtained at\nthe scene. ", "The Assistant District Attorney agreed with Davidson that there\nwas probable cause to arrest Cooper for abandoning or endangering a child and\nauthorized charges against Cooper. ", "Davidson arrested Cooper and left her\nchildren under the supervision of Cooper’s adult son after consulting with\nCooper and the son. ", "A grand jury indicted Cooper, but charges were later\ndismissed.", "\n The foregoing facts—as to what Davidson observed or was told by others\nat the scene—are not disputed by Cooper. ", "There is a dispute, however, as to\nwhether Cooper’s children were outside at the time Davidson arrived. ", "Cooper\nalso disputes some of the eyewitness accounts of what happened.", "\n Cooper sued the City of La Porte and Davidson pursuant to 42 U.S.C.\n§ 1983. ", "1 She alleged that Davidson arrested her without probable cause in\nviolation of the Fourth Amendment and that the City failed to properly train\nits police officers. ", "The Defendants filed a motion to exclude the report of\nCooper’s expert witness and a motion for summary judgment as to both claims.", "\nThe magistrate judge granted the motion to exclude the report of Cooper’s\nexpert witness and recommended that the district court grant the motion for\nsummary judgment. ", " The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s\nrecommendation and entered final judgment. ", "Cooper timely appealed.", "\n\n\n\n\n 1 Cooper initially filed suit against one of the witnesses, the City of La Porte Police\nDepartment, and One Unknown Officer. ", "Cooper later dismissed her claims against the\nwitness, and amended her complaint to substitute the City of La Porte for the City of La Porte\nPolice Department and Davidson for One Unknown Officer.", "\n\n\n 3\n\f Case: 14-20464 Document: 00513004561 Page: 4 Date Filed: 04/14/2015\n\n\n No. ", "14-20464\n\n II. ", "Discussion\n We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,\nconstruing all facts and evidence in the light most favorable to Cooper, the\nnonmoving party. ", "See EEOC v. Chevron Phillips Chem. ", "Co., 570 F.3d 606, 615\n(5th Cir. ", "2009). ", "Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine\ndispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a\nmatter of law.” ", "FED. ", "R. CIV. ", "P. 56(a). ", "We may affirm the district court’s grant\nof summary judgment on any ground supported by the record and presented to\nthe district court. ", "Hernandez v. Velasquez, 522 F.3d 556, 560 (5th Cir. ", "2008).", "\n “We review a trial court’s decision to exclude expert testimony for abuse\nof discretion.” ", "Brown v. Ill. Cent. ", "R.R., 705 F.3d 531, 535 (5th Cir. ", "2013).", "\n“[W]ith respect to expert testimony offered in the summary judgment context,\nthe trial court has broad discretion to rule on the admissibility of the expert’s\nevidence and its ruling must be sustained unless manifestly erroneous.”", "\nHathaway v. Bazany, 507 F.3d 312, 317 (5th Cir. ", "2007) (citation and internal\nquotation marks omitted).", "\nA. Exclusion of Expert Testimony\n Federal Rule of Evidence 702 allows testimony by a witness “qualified as\nan expert” if, inter alia, “the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized\nknowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine\na fact in issue” and the testimony is the product of the expert reliably applying\nprinciples and methods to the facts of the case. ", "FED. ", "R. EVID. ", "702. “[", "D]istrict\ncourts are assigned a gatekeeping role to determine the admissibility of expert\ntestimony” based on whether the evidence is reliable and relevant. ", "United\nStates v. Ebron, 683 F.3d 105, 138–39 (5th Cir. ", "2012) (citation and internal\nquotation marks omitted); see Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., ", "509 U.S. 579,\n589 (1993).", "\n Cooper sought to rely on the expert report of Lieutenant Eugene Kropff\n\n 4\n\f Case: 14-20464 Document: 00513004561 Page: 5 Date Filed: 04/14/2015\n\n\n No. ", "14-20464\n\nof the Duncanville Police Department. ", " As the magistrate judge correctly\nrecognized, “Kropff’s first seven conclusions relate not to the issue of whether\nthe totality of the facts and circumstances within Davidson’s knowledge at the\nmoment of arrest were sufficient to establish a fair probability that Plaintiff\nhad committed an offense, but rather to whether Davidson conducted his\ninvestigation in line with what Kropff believed to be adequate procedures.”", "\nThus, the magistrate judge found that these first seven conclusions, while\noccasionally mentioning probable cause, do not examine the primary issue in\nthe case—whether there was probable cause to conclude that Cooper\ncommitted the offense of child abandonment or endangerment. ", "The eighth\nconclusion, which does relate to probable cause, was based upon these seven\nconclusions rather than the result of a probable cause analysis. ", "A probable\ncause analysis determines those facts and circumstances known to the officer\nat the time of the arrest and analyzes whether a reasonable officer would\nconclude, based on those facts and circumstances, that there was a fair\nprobability that an offense was committed. ", " See United States v. Nunez-\nSanchez, 478 F.3d 663, 666 (5th Cir. ", "2007).", "\n Cooper has failed to demonstrate that the determination to exclude this\nreport because it would not assist the trier of fact was “manifestly erroneous.”", "\nHathaway, 507 F.3d at 317 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).", "\nThe report is unhelpful and conclusory. ", "See Bodzin v. Dallas, 768 F.2d 722,\n726 (5th Cir. ", "1985) (holding an expert witness’s conclusion that he would have\nconducted an investigation and arrest differently was irrelevant to whether\nthere was probable cause); see also Benavides v. Cnty. ", "of Wilson, 955 F.2d 968,\n973 (5th Cir. ", "1992) (holding expert testimony was properly excluded where it\nsimply provided assertions and did not describe the applicable standards or\n\n\n\n\n 5\n\f Case: 14-20464 Document: 00513004561 Page: 6 Date Filed: 04/14/2015\n\n\n No. ", "14-20464\n\nhow those standards were not met). ", "We conclude that the exclusion of the\nreport was not reversible error.", "\nB. False Arrest Claim\n Cooper asserts a false arrest claim against Davidson under § 1983, and\nDavidson contends that Cooper’s claim is barred by qualified immunity. “", "The\nFourth Amendment requires that an arrest be supported by a properly issued\narrest warrant or probable cause.” ", "Glenn v. City of Tyler, 242 F.3d 307, 313\n(5th Cir. ", "2001). ", " “Probable cause exists when the totality of facts and\ncircumstances within a police officer’s knowledge at the moment of arrest are\nsufficient for a reasonable person to conclude that the suspect had committed\nor was committing an offense. ", "The police officer’s knowledge must establish\nthat there was a fair probability that a crime occurred.” ", "Nunez-Sanchez, 478\nF.3d at 666–67 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). ", " A fair\nprobability is defined as more than bare suspicion but not necessarily fifty-\npercent probability. ", "Id. at 667.", "\n “When a defendant invokes qualified immunity, the burden is on the\nplaintiff to demonstrate the inapplicability of the defense” by showing: (1) “the\ndefendant[] committed a constitutional violation under current law”; and (2)\n“the defendant[’s] actions were objectively unreasonable in light of the law that\nwas clearly established at the time of the actions complained of.” ", "Crostley v.\nLamar Cnty., ", "717 F.3d 410, 422 (5th Cir. ", "2013) (citation and internal quotation\nmarks omitted). ", "Thus, as applied to a warrantless arrest, officers are entitled\nto qualified immunity unless there was not probable cause for the arrest and a\nreasonable officer in their position could not have concluded that there was\nprobable cause for the arrest. ", "See id. at 422–23.", "\n Cooper was arrested for the state offense of abandoning or endangering\na child. ", "See TEX. ", "PEN. ", "CODE ANN. § ", "22.041(a)–(c) (West 2011). ", "The following\nundisputed facts were within Davidson’s knowledge at the time of arrest: (1) a\n\n 6\n\f Case: 14-20464 Document: 00513004561 Page: 7 Date Filed: 04/14/2015\n\n\n No. ", "14-20464\n\nneighbor called the police at 9:56 p.m. and reported that Cooper’s two children,\nappearing to be five years of age or younger, were riding motorized scooters on\na street at night without adult supervision; (2) when interviewed at the scene,\nthe neighbor and another witness stated that shortly before the neighbor\ncalled the police, the witness was driving her vehicle on a neighborhood street\nand nearly struck Cooper’s young daughter, who darted out in front of her on\na motorized scooter; (3) the two stated that Cooper’s young son was also on the\nstreet riding a motorized scooter at the time and that the two children were\nnot supervised by an adult; (4) Davidson spoke to Cooper in her driveway, and\nCooper denied that her children were almost struck by a vehicle or\nunsupervised and invoked her Fifth Amendment right to not answer any\nfurther questions; (5) Davidson observed that Cooper’s garage door was open,\nthat the rear lift gate on Cooper’s vehicle was raised, that the hood of the\nvehicle was hot to the touch, and that Cooper’s son came outside and unloaded\na twelve pack of Dr. Pepper from the vehicle; and (6) Davidson relayed the\ninformation he had learned to a Harris County Assistant District Attorney,\nwho agreed with Davidson that there was probable cause to arrest Cooper for\nabandoning or endangering a child.", "\n At a minimum, Davidson was not objectively unreasonable in concluding\nthese facts were sufficient for a reasonable officer to believe that Cooper\ncommitted the offense of abandoning or endangering a child by leaving her\nyoung children to play in a roadway on motorized scooters at night and without\nsupervision, during which the youngest child was almost struck by a vehicle.", "\nSee Haggerty v. Tex. ", "S. Univ., ", "391 F.3d 653, 656 (5th Cir. ", "2004) (“There must\nnot even arguably be probable cause for the . . . ", "arrest for immunity to be lost.”", "\n(citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); cf. ", "Harrist v. State, Nos. ", "11-\n01-00093 & 11-01-00094-CR, 2002 WL 32344342, at *2 (Tex. ", "App.—Eastland,\n\n\n\n 7\n\f Case: 14-20464 Document: 00513004561 Page: 8 Date Filed: 04/14/2015\n\n\n No. ", "14-20464\n\nMar. 28, 2002, no pet.) (", "not designated for publication) (conviction affirmed\nbased on, inter alia, a six-year-old child crossing a busy street twice while the\nmother slept). ", "Importantly, while Cooper disputes the accounts given by the\neyewitnesses, she does not dispute that they gave these accounts to the police\nover the phone and at the scene. ", " It is immaterial to the probable cause\ndetermination whether Cooper actually abandoned her children or placed them\nin a dangerous situation. ", "The determinative issue is whether “the totality of\nfacts and circumstances within [Davidson’s] knowledge at the moment of arrest\nare sufficient” to establish probable cause. ", "Nunez-Sanchez, 478 F.3d at 666\n(emphasis added) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). ", "Davidson\nwas entitled to credit the eyewitness statements and to disbelieve Cooper’s\ndenial of their statements. ", "See United States v. Burbridge, 252 F.3d 775, 778–\n79 (5th Cir. ", "2001). ", "Therefore, while Cooper presents disputes of fact, these are\nnot disputes of material fact that preclude summary judgment. ", "See Ameristar\nJet Charter, Inc. v. Signal Composites, Inc., 271 F.3d 624, 626 (5th Cir. ", "2001)\n(“An issue is material if its resolution could affect the outcome of the action.”). ", "2\nAccordingly, the district court did not err in concluding that Davidson is\nentitled to qualified immunity.", "\nC. Failure to Train Claim\n Municipalities are not liable under § 1983 for a constitutional violation\nof an employee unless it is the direct result of a municipal custom or policy.", "\nSanders-Burns v. City of Plano, 594 F.3d 366, 380 (5th Cir. ", "2010). ", "To establish\na failure to train claim, a plaintiff “must demonstrate [among other things]\n\n 2 Cooper points out a dispute as to whether Davidson observed Cooper’s children run\ninto the house when he arrived or whether the children were inside, as well as whether she\nwent to the store. ", "However, the above-listed evidence considered to the exclusion of these\ndisputed facts is still sufficient to establish probable cause. ", "See Crostley, 717 F.3d at 423\n(“[T]he deficiency of any one piece of evidence used to demonstrate probable cause does not,\non its own, mean that probable cause did not exist.”); ", "see also United States v. Privette, 947\nF.2d 1259, 1260 (5th Cir. ", "1991).", "\n\n\n 8\n\f Case: 14-20464 Document: 00513004561 Page: 9 Date Filed: 04/14/2015\n\n\n No. ", "14-20464\n\nthat . . . [", "the City’s] training policy procedures were inadequate. ", "Id. at 381.", "\nCooper’s only argument in this regard is based upon what Davidson allegedly\nknew and did. ", "However, such evidence, standing alone, is insufficient to prove\nthe first element of a failure to train claim. ", "See City of Canton v. Harris, 489\nU.S. 378, 390–91 (1989). ", "On appeal, she points to nothing else. ", "Summary\njudgment was properly granted on this claim.", "\n AFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n\n 9\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Washburn Municipal Airport\n\nWashburn Municipal Airport is a public airport located four miles (6.5 km) north of the central business district of Washburn, in McLean County, North Dakota, United States. ", "It is owned by the Washburn Airport Authority.", "\n\nFacilities and aircraft\nWashburn Municipal Airport covers an area of which contains two runways: 8/26 with a 3,700 by 60 ft (1,128 x 18 m) concrete surface and 17/35 with a 2,235 by 120 ft (681 x 37 m) turf surface.", "\n\nFor the 12-month period ending July 31, 2007, the airport had 1,700 aircraft operations: 76% general aviation, 18% air taxi, and 6% military.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Airports in North Dakota\nCategory:Buildings and structures in McLean County, North Dakota\nCategory:Transportation in McLean County, North Dakota" ]

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[ "Teaching population-focused practice to baccalaureate nursing students: a clinical model.", "\nAs the future of healthcare changes, there will be an increased demand for community-focused care, especially in the areas of health promotion and disease prevention. ", "However, to meet these future demands, nurses must develop a population-focused, wellness-oriented approach to practice. ", "This article briefly describes why many nurses may lack this focus, and then presents a model for teaching these essential community health principles to baccalaureate nursing students. ", "The model uses a secondary school as the setting for the community health clinical experience." ]

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[ "Lessons from the Stylish: Amy Smilovic, founder of Tibi\n\nAmy Smilovic at home: \"Dressing up is such a pleasure\" Photo: DAN CALLISTER\n\nTess of the d'Urbervilles, so Thomas Hardy tells us, spoke two languages: the Queen's English and her native Dorset dialect. ", "Amy Smilovic, designer and founder of the successful Tibi label, is also bilingual: she speaks Fashion as well as being fluent in School Mom.", "\n\nRelated articles\n\nIt's not always easy slipping between the two vernaculars. ", "What looks good in an office of twentysomething fashion assistants in SoHo can look bemusing at the school gates in Connecticut. ", "But Smilovic is a wry and thoughtful dresser who specialises in coming at fashion from unexpected angles. ", "Not, she concedes, that she always gets it spot on. \"", "I came down to breakfast the other day and one of my sons said, 'Mom, you will NOT get good marks on that outfit.'\"", "\n\nBeing of an analytical frame of mind, she has broken down the School Mom genre into marketable subcategories. ", "There is Cool School Mom, who, according to Smilovic, secretly yearns to be a Scandi Mom. ", "She's the one who appreciates Smilovic's leather jogging pants (every wardrobe should have a pair, she thinks) and high-top trainers. ", "There is Russki Mom with her boob job and immaculate hair, who presents an irresistible challenge to Smilovic's commercial spirit, since her label is neither boob-job nor immaculate-hair orientated. ", "Yet Smilovic is selling Tibi's understated tops to Russki Mom, \"which she wears with an ultra-push-up bra\".", "\n\nFinally there is old Old Money Mom. ''", "She's a lost cause, she will never, ever part from her Lily Pulitzer, which she likes to buy from outlets. ", "Her idea of dressing up is to fling a pashmina over everything.\"", "\n\nSmilovic wouldn't sling a pashmina over anything, apart, possibly, from her dog basket. \"", "Why would you wear something that ages you 20 years when you can slip a fabulously chic tuxedo over anything, including a ball dress?\"", "\n\nWhen Smilovic talks about \"dressing up\" she's referring to the downtown version, which revolves around deceptively simple \"basics\" in luxurious fabrics. ", "If she has friends over for dinner to her fabulous, glossy-magazine-ready house, she'll wear those leather jogging pants, or maybe silk ones, in grey, with a cropped tunic top and velvet smoking slippers. \"", "You don't want to look too trussed up, but you want to make an effort.\"", "\n\nIf she needs to do power-glamour in the office, she'll switch to a pencil skirt and oversized sweater. ''", "But black tights can look dowdy so I go bare-legged as long as I can hold out, and wear cashmere ankle socks inside block-heeled ankle or knee-boots. ", "But they have to be quite a wide fit up the calf - off the skin. ", "A skinny boot with a skinny skirt looks too tarty.\"", "\n\nSmilovic, for all her specificity, doesn't take fashion too seriously. ", "Laughing, she confesses that on the flight over from New York to London, a little LuluLemon may have crept into her attire. ", "She loathes this US brand, originally conceived as yoga wear, \"where it should stay. ", "But American women wear it everywhere. ", "It's killing fashion. ", "I find it very dispiriting when you go to a restaurant full of women in gymwear.\"", "\n\nDon't even talk to her about American men. \"", "They're the worst-dressed humans on the planet, unless they're gay. ", "It really bums me out. ", "Dressing up can be such a pleasure.\"", "\n\nSmilovic's love of clothes stems from her childhood in Georgia, where she grew up on St Simons Island. \"", "Everyone dressed rather formally then - never a day passed in the South without someone mentioning the Civil War.\" ", "Being the tree-climbing type, Smilovic avoided the frou-frou. \"", "But I always matched my hair-bow to my track pants,\" she winces. \"", "My line in the sand was not matching my lipstick.\"", "\n\nHer tomboy streak (or androgyny, as fashionistas prefer to call it) infuses Tibi's sleek, breezy pieces. ", "But at the start, when she launched the label with a friend while they were both living in Hong Kong, it was with a handful of dress styles.", "\n\nShe didn't have any fashion business experience, knew very little about her new friend \"but she was a DuPont, how bad could it be?\" ", "Besides, Smilovic had majored in business at college, and minored in art, which might just be the perfect credentials for a modern designer. ", "It was 1997 and the craze for niche labels selling Sixties-inspired cotton dresses was simmering nicely.", "\n\nSmilovic had four styles, which she had commissioned at $9 apiece. ", "She found her manufacturers in the telephone directory. ", "A day later she was in business. ", "By their third season things were on fire. ", "Smilovic's artistic leanings had come to the fore and she'd produced a collection of skirts and dresses made from silk scarves. \"", "Really gaudy, but it worked. ", "The\nNew York Times\nran an entire page of them.\" ", "Tibi received $600,000 (£365,000) of orders on the back of that. ", "Describing the operation as a cottage industry is doing thatch a disservice. \"", "We were so naive that when the store buyers asked what we were doing for the autumn season, I said, I don't do autumn…\"\n\nSomehow she convinced her mother, a school vice-principal back on St Simons, to help out. \"", "One day she calls me and says, 'Amy, there's a juggernaut trying to back into the garage with 4,000 dresses.' ", "She had to get all her teacher friends to help ship them to Neiman Marcus.\"", "\n\nAs the business took off, Smilovic and her co-founder parted amicably, which is when she switched from cute dresses to clean separates. \"", "That was when I realised a business degree can be both a blessing and a curse, because I'd launched Tibi to fill a niche. ", "But that niche wasn't me and one day I said to my husband, Frank, I know this can't be just about what Amy wants to wear, but if I'm going to do this it has to be from the heart.\"", "\n\nFrank appears to be an exemplary pupil. ", "In the early days of their marriage, aghast at how many shoes she bought, he tried to buy her some handmade shoes in London. \"", "I said, 'Frank, why would I ever want shoes that last a lifetime when I spend my life looking for excuses to buy more?'\" ", "He got it.", "\n\nNowadays he works alongside her in the business, which employs 70 people and does about $90million (£54million) at retail - and growing. ", "There are a lot of moms out there who'd like to look as cool as Amy.", "\n\nQuestions & Answers\n\nWhat's your latest fashion toy?", "\nWide, thick cotton culottes. ", "They have the ease of trousers but they look like a beautiful skirt. ", "I'm wearing them with an easy T-shirt and block heels.", "\n\nAny high street favourites?", "\nZara - but I also hate it. ", "It's too good. ", "I've had to ban my team from wearing it.", "\n\nBiggest fashion myths?", "\nThat the perfect white shirt will solve all your problems. ", "I was a waitress once. ", "Believe me, a white shirt just gets people clicking their fingers at you.", "\n\nEvery wardrobe should have?", "\nA tuxedo. ", "Wear it with anything. ", "Just please don't wear a pashmina draped over your shoulders.", "\n\nAge issues?", "\nNot really. ", "For years I've told my sons I'm 42, but apart from that I'm comfortable.", "\n\nRegrets?", "\nA few. ", "My main one is that I can't tan any more. ", "After 45 something happens and when you sit in the sun you get age spots and go a dirty shade of beige. ", "It's Fake Bake for me from now on.", "\n\nThings that keep you awake?", "\nFiguring out how to do body-con without looking vulgar. ", "How to be feminine without going prissy or boho.", "\n\nYour fashion weakness?", "\n30 grey T-shirts. ", "I get them from J Crew. ", "They're just the right weight. ", "And my huge Franck Muller watch that spends more time at the mender's than on my wrist. ", "I love precious things that don't look precious: Delfina Delettrez's pieces are fun. ", "My current crush is an above-the-knuckle ring.", "\n\nBest fashion advice?", "\nKeep to a monochrome-ish palette and you'll look chic. ", "A faded black pant, navy sweater and a dark green scarf - that's what I mean by monochrome-ish." ]

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[ "The Peer Health Advocate program supports the mission of the Counseling, Health and Wellness Center to enhance the physical and emotional health of students by providing the William Paterson University campus community with innovative programming and educational presentations that enhance the physical and emotional health of students. ", "Peer Health Advocates are trained to develop, promote, and provide health related outreach programming to encourage healthy decision making. ", "They offer their services to students through educational workshops, CHOICES theatrical presentations, tabling events, collaborating with campus clubs and organizations and hosting substance free events. ", "The Peer Health Advocates serve as positive role models both on and off campus by living healthy lifestyles." ]

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[ "Quantum Monte Carlo simulation in the canonical ensemble at finite temperature.", "\nA quantum Monte Carlo method with a nonlocal update scheme is presented. ", "The method is based on a path-integral decomposition and a worm operator which is local in imaginary time. ", "It generates states with a fixed number of particles and respects other exact symmetries. ", "Observables like the equal-time Green's function can be evaluated in an efficient way. ", "To demonstrate the versatility of the method, results for the one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard model and a nuclear pairing model are presented. ", "Within the context of the Bose-Hubbard model the efficiency of the algorithm is discussed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Gabi Luncă\n\nGabi Luncă (born 1938) is a Romani singer of urban lăutarească music from Romania, born in Vărbilău, Prahova County in Romania.", "\n\nHer father was also a lăutar, a violinist very respected among lăutari because he was a \"notist\" (he knew how to read music). ", "Her mother died when she was very young and this left a major impression on her life; many of her songs deal with the \"mother\" theme.", "\n\nShe was a favorite of Romania's communist ruler Nicolae Ceauşescu and his wife Elena.", "\n\nIn the later part of her life, Gabi Luncă converted to Pentecostalism and started singing exclusively religious music.", "\n\nShe was married to the great accordionist Ion Stan-Onoriu.", "\n\nReferences \n Jurnalul Naţional - Gabi Luncă collection edition - April 16, 2007\n Jurnalul Naţional - Gabi Luncă collection edition - June 23, 2008\n Biography\n\nExternal links\n Video recording from the archives of the television - Gabi Lunca singing \"My mother is a florist\"\n\nCategory:1938 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Romani musicians\nCategory:Romanian female singers\nCategory:Romanian manele singers\nCategory:Romanian Romani people\nCategory:Lăutari and lăutărească music" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPython read file in DOT format and return city name list\n\nhey everyone the question is like this, this is homework question to be honest but I am just stuck and its been forever. ", "\nMy question is, since the city has different index positions in each line how can we iterate line by line and return city names into a list? (", "any help that can get me started will be appreciated I am not being lazy I really did work on this for couple hours already)\ncitylist(filename) reads a file in the DOT format\n and returns a list of city names, one for each line in \n the file. ", " The DOT format may have trailing spaces on \n the city name; make sure citylist creates a list of \n city names with trailing spaces removed (easy using\n Python's strip() method). ", " Two test cases are shown \n below, for lines at index 3 and 347.", "\n\ncitylist(\"DOT500.txt\")[3]\n 'TUCSON'\n\ncitylist(\"DOT500.txt\")[347]\n 'NORTH VILLE'\n\nand below is the DOT file(part of it) \n1 958164 TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION TOYOTA LAND CRUISER 1994 19941223 N 0 0 SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:ANTILOCK ARNOLD CA JT3DJ81W8R0 19950103 19950103 ABS SYSTEM FAILURE, AT 20MPH. ", " TT EVOQ V \n\n2 958156 TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION TOYOTA PASEO 1994 Y 19941226 N 0 0 PARKING BRAKE:CONVENTIONAL SAN JOSE CA JT2EL45U5R0 19950103 19950103 1 PARKED ON FLAT SURFACE EMERGENCY BRAKING ENGAGED VEHICLE ROLLED REARWARD. ", " TT EVOQ V \n\n3 958124 TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION TOYOTA COROLLA 1994 Y 19941128 N 0 0 AIR BAGS:FRONTAL PHOENIX AZ 19950103 19950103 UPON FRONTAL COLLISION, AIR BAG FAILED TO DEPLOY. ", "VEHICLE CLASSIFIED AS TOTALED. ", "PLEASE DESCRIBE DETAILS. ", " TT EVOQ V \n\n4 958122 NISSAN NORTH AMERICA, INC. ", " NISSAN MAXIMA 1994 19950103 N 0 0 SUSPENSION TUCSON AZ JN1HJ01F4RT 19950103 19950103 THE STRUT WAS BAD THERE IS A NOISE ON THE PASSENGER SIDE DOOR AND THE ENGINE LIGHT MALFUNCTION. ", " TT EVOQ V \n\n5 958122 NISSAN NORTH AMERICA, INC. ", " NISSAN MAXIMA 1994 19950103 N 0 0 ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING:ENGINE TUCSON AZ JN1HJ01F4RT 19950103 19950103 THE STRUT WAS BAD THERE IS A NOISE ON THE PASSENGER SIDE DOOR AND THE ENGINE LIGHT MALFUNCTION. ", " TT EVOQ V \n\n6 958247 NISSAN NORTH AMERICA, INC. ", " NISSAN PATHFINDER 1994 N 0 0 SUSPENSION:FRONT ABINGDON MD 19950103 19950103 FRONT TIRES SHOW EXCESSIVE WEAR AND STEEL BELTS. ", "NISSAN IS OFFERING TO REPLACE TWO TIRES. ", " TT EVOQ V \n\n7 958143 FORD MOTOR COMPANY FORD MUSTANG 1991 19941119 Y 0 0 SEATS:FRONT ASSEMBLY:POWER ADJUST PENSICOLA FL 19950103 19950103 DRIVER SIDE POWER SEAT CAUGHT FIRE. ", " TT EVOQ V \n\n8 958141 DAIMLERCHRYSLER CORPORATION CHRYSLER NEW YORKER 1989 19950103 N 0 0 POWER TRAIN:AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION LEVITTOWN NY 1C3BC4639KD 19950103 19950103 2 TRANSMISSION NOT SHIFTING OUT OF 2ND GEAR, WENT INTO LIM MODE/TRANSMMION NOT SHIFTING THEN JUMPED OUT OF GEAR. *", "AK EVOQ V \n\n9 958128 DAIMLERCHRYSLER CORPORATION DODGE SHADOW 1990 Y 19941224 N 0 0 SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:ANTILOCK WILMINGTON DE 1B3XT44KXLN 19950103 19950103 1 ABS: EXPERIENCED ANTI-LOCK BRAKE FAILURE/EXTENDED STOPPING DISTANCE, RESULTING IN AN ACCIDENT, IMPACT 12:00 POSITION SPEED, 20 MPH. ", " TT EVOQ V \n\n10 958128 DAIMLERCHRYSLER CORPORATION DODGE SHADOW 1990 Y 19940412 N 0 0 SUSPENSION:FRONT WILMINGTON DE 1B3XT44KXLN 19950103 19950103 1 MISALIGNMENT, CAUSING VEHICLE TO VEER TO THE CENTER. ", " *AK EVOQ V \n\n11 958128 DAIMLERCHRYSLER CORPORATION DODGE SHADOW 1990 Y 19941117 N 0 0 ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING:ENGINE WILMINGTON DE 1B3XT44KXLN 19950103 19950103 1 ENGINE MOTOR MOUNTS FAILED, RESULTING IN ENGINE NOISE. ", " *AK EVOQ V \n\n12 958168 GENERAL MOTORS CORP. ", " CHEVROLET SUBURBAN 1995 Y 19950101 N 0 0 POWER TRAIN:AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION:GEAR POSITION INDICATION (PRNDL) SHAFTFBURG MI 19950103 19950103 VEHICLE ROLLED DOWN HILL WHILE IN PARK, AND INTO A TREE. ", " TT EVOQ V \n\n13 958169 GENERAL MOTORS CORP. ", " GEO METRO 1995 Y 19941225 N 1 0 SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:FOUNDATION COMPONENTS NORFOLK VA 19950103 19950103 BRAKES WOULD NOT WORK ON SEVERAL OCCASIONS, LAST INSTANCE RESULTED IN AN ACCIDENT. ", " TT EVOQ \n\nA:\n\nIn the general case, this would be really, really hard. ", " But we can see if they've made it any easier for us. ", " We can read in a line and look at it:\nIn [31]: first_line = open(\"toyota.dot\").readline()\n\nIn [32]: print repr(first_line)\n' 1\\t958164\\tTOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION\\tTOYOTA\\tLAND CRUISER\\t1994\\t\\t19941223\\tN\\t0\\t0\\tSERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:ANTILOCK\\tARNOLD \\tCA\\tJT3DJ81W8R0\\t19950103\\t19950103\\t\\t\\tABS SYSTEM FAILURE, AT 20MPH. ", " TT\\tEVOQ\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tV\\t\\n'\n\nSee all those \\t symbols? ", " We're in luck -- the columns are separated by tabs! ", " So one way is to use the .split() method on the lines to break them into columns:\nIn [33]: first_line.split(\"\\t\")\nOut[33]: \n[' 1',\n '958164',\n 'TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION',\n 'TOYOTA',\n 'LAND CRUISER',\n '1994',\n[... etc ...]\n '\\n']\n\nand we can then extract columns:\nIn [34]: first_line.split(\"\\t\")[11]\nOut[34]: 'SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:ANTILOCK'\n\nIn [35]: first_line.split(\"\\t\")[12]\nOut[35]: 'ARNOLD '\n\nand get rid of the spaces.", "\nIn [36]: first_line.split(\"\\t\")[12].strip()\nOut[36]: 'ARNOLD'\n\nYou can use the \nwith open(\"toyota.dot\") as data:\n for line in data:\n parts = line.split(\"\\t\")\n\npattern to iterate over the lines, and the rest you should be able to piece together. ", "\n[Aside: I'd actually use a csv.reader with delimiter=\"\\t\", but that's probably a little beyond what the teacher is after.]", "\n\n" ]

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[ "# ===========================================================================\n# http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf-archive/ax_pthread.html\n# ===========================================================================\n#\n# SYNOPSIS\n#\n# AX_PTHREAD([ACTION-IF-FOUND[, ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND]])\n#\n# DESCRIPTION\n#\n# This macro figures out how to build C programs using POSIX threads. ", "It\n# sets the PTHREAD_LIBS output variable to the threads library and linker\n# flags, and the PTHREAD_CFLAGS output variable to any special C compiler\n# flags that are needed. (", "The user can also force certain compiler\n# flags/libs to be tested by setting these environment variables.)", "\n#\n# Also sets PTHREAD_CC to any special C compiler that is needed for\n# multi-threaded programs (defaults to the value of CC otherwise). (", "This\n# is necessary on AIX to use the special cc_r compiler alias.)", "\n#\n# NOTE: You are assumed to not only compile your program with these flags,\n# but also link it with them as well. ", "e.g. you should link with\n# $PTHREAD_CC $CFLAGS $PTHREAD_CFLAGS $LDFLAGS ... $PTHREAD_LIBS $LIBS\n#\n# If you are only building threads programs, you may wish to use these\n# variables in your default LIBS, CFLAGS, and CC:\n#\n# LIBS=\"$PTHREAD_LIBS $LIBS\"\n# CFLAGS=\"$CFLAGS $PTHREAD_CFLAGS\"\n# CC=\"$PTHREAD_CC\"\n#\n# In addition, if the PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE thread-attribute constant\n# has a nonstandard name, defines PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE to that name\n# (e.g. PTHREAD_CREATE_UNDETACHED on AIX).", "\n#\n# Also HAVE_PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT is defined if pthread is found and the\n# PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT symbol is defined when compiling with\n# PTHREAD_CFLAGS.", "\n#\n# ACTION-IF-FOUND is a list of shell commands to run if a threads library\n# is found, and ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND is a list of commands to run it if it\n# is not found. ", "If ACTION-IF-FOUND is not specified, the default action\n# will define HAVE_PTHREAD.", "\n#\n# Please let the authors know if this macro fails on any platform, or if\n# you have any other suggestions or comments. ", "This macro was based on work\n# by SGJ on autoconf scripts for FFTW (http://www.fftw.org/) (with help\n# from M. Frigo), as well as ac_pthread and hb_pthread macros posted by\n# Alejandro Forero Cuervo to the autoconf macro repository. ", "We are also\n# grateful for the helpful feedback of numerous users.", "\n#\n# Updated for Autoconf 2.68 by Daniel Richard G.\n#\n# LICENSE\n#\n# Copyright (c) 2008 Steven G. Johnson <stevenj@alum.mit.edu>\n# Copyright (c) 2011 Daniel Richard G. <skunk@iSKUNK.ORG>\n#\n# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it\n# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the\n# Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your\n# option) any later version.", "\n#\n# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but\n# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", "See the GNU General\n# Public License for more details.", "\n#\n# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along\n# with this program. ", "If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.", "\n#\n# As a special exception, the respective Autoconf Macro's copyright owner\n# gives unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify the configure\n# scripts that are the output of Autoconf when processing the Macro. ", "You\n# need not follow the terms of the GNU General Public License when using\n# or distributing such scripts, even though portions of the text of the\n# Macro appear in them. ", "The GNU General Public License (GPL) does govern\n# all other use of the material that constitutes the Autoconf Macro.", "\n#\n# This special exception to the GPL applies to versions of the Autoconf\n# Macro released by the Autoconf Archive. ", "When you make and distribute a\n# modified version of the Autoconf Macro, you may extend this special\n# exception to the GPL to apply to your modified version as well.", "\n\n#serial 18\n\nAU_ALIAS([ACX_PTHREAD], [AX_PTHREAD])\nAC_DEFUN([AX_PTHREAD], [\nAC_REQUIRE([AC_CANONICAL_HOST])\nAC_LANG_PUSH([C])\nax_pthread_ok=no\n\n# We used to check for pthread.h first, but this fails if pthread.h\n# requires special compiler flags (e.g. on True64 or Sequent).", "\n# It gets checked for in the link test anyway.", "\n\n# First of all, check if the user has set any of the PTHREAD_LIBS,\n# etcetera environment variables, and if threads linking works using\n# them:\nif test x\"$PTHREAD_LIBS$PTHREAD_CFLAGS\" !", "= x; then\n save_CFLAGS=\"$CFLAGS\"\n CFLAGS=\"$CFLAGS $PTHREAD_CFLAGS\"\n save_LIBS=\"$LIBS\"\n LIBS=\"$PTHREAD_LIBS $LIBS\"\n AC_MSG_CHECKING([for pthread_join in LIBS=$PTHREAD_LIBS with CFLAGS=$PTHREAD_CFLAGS])\n AC_TRY_LINK_FUNC(pthread_join, ax_pthread_ok=yes)\n AC_MSG_RESULT($ax_pthread_ok)\n if test x\"$ax_pthread_ok\" = xno; then\n PTHREAD_LIBS=\"\"\n PTHREAD_CFLAGS=\"\"\n fi\n LIBS=\"$save_LIBS\"\n CFLAGS=\"$save_CFLAGS\"\nfi\n\n# We must check for the threads library under a number of different\n# names; the ordering is very important because some systems\n# (e.g. DEC) have both -lpthread and -lpthreads, where one of the\n# libraries is broken (non-POSIX).", "\n\n# Create a list of thread flags to try. ", " Items starting with a \"-\" are\n# C compiler flags, and other items are library names, except for \"none\"\n# which indicates that we try without any flags at all, and \"pthread-config\"\n# which is a program returning the flags for the Pth emulation library.", "\n\nax_pthread_flags=\"pthreads none -Kthread -kthread lthread -pthread -pthreads -mthreads pthread --thread-safe -mt pthread-config\"\n\n# The ordering *is* (sometimes) important. ", " Some notes on the\n# individual items follow:\n\n# pthreads: AIX (must check this before -lpthread)\n# none: in case threads are in libc; should be tried before -Kthread and\n# other compiler flags to prevent continual compiler warnings\n# -Kthread: Sequent (threads in libc, but -Kthread needed for pthread.h)\n# -kthread: FreeBSD kernel threads (preferred to -pthread since SMP-able)\n# lthread: LinuxThreads port on FreeBSD (also preferred to -pthread)\n# -pthread: Linux/gcc (kernel threads), BSD/gcc (userland threads)\n# -pthreads: Solaris/gcc\n# -mthreads: Mingw32/gcc, Lynx/gcc\n# -mt: Sun Workshop C (may only link SunOS threads [-lthread], but it\n# doesn't hurt to check since this sometimes defines pthreads too;\n# also defines -D_REENTRANT)\n# ... -mt is also the pthreads flag for HP/aCC\n# pthread: Linux, etcetera\n# --thread-safe: KAI C++\n# pthread-config: use pthread-config program (for GNU Pth library)\n\ncase ${host_os} in\n solaris*)\n\n # On Solaris (at least, for some versions), libc contains stubbed\n # (non-functional) versions of the pthreads routines, so link-based\n # tests will erroneously succeed. ", " (We need to link with -pthreads/-mt/\n # -lpthread.) ", " (The stubs are missing pthread_cleanup_push, or rather\n # a function called by this macro, so we could check for that, but\n # who knows whether they'll stub that too in a future libc.) ", " So,\n # we'll just look for -pthreads and -lpthread first:\n\n ax_pthread_flags=\"-pthreads pthread -mt -pthread $ax_pthread_flags\"\n ;;\n\n darwin*)\n ax_pthread_flags=\"-pthread $ax_pthread_flags\"\n ;;\nesac\n\nif test x\"$ax_pthread_ok\" = xno; then\nfor flag in $ax_pthread_flags; do\n\n case $flag in\n none)\n AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether pthreads work without any flags])\n ;;\n\n -*)\n AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether pthreads work with $flag])\n PTHREAD_CFLAGS=\"$flag\"\n ;;\n\n pthread-config)\n AC_CHECK_PROG(ax_pthread_config, pthread-config, yes, no)\n if test x\"$ax_pthread_config\" = xno; then continue; fi\n PTHREAD_CFLAGS=\"`pthread-config --cflags`\"\n PTHREAD_LIBS=\"`pthread-config --ldflags` `pthread-config --libs`\"\n ;;\n\n *)\n AC_MSG_CHECKING([for the pthreads library -l$flag])\n PTHREAD_LIBS=\"-l$flag\"\n ;;\n esac\n\n save_LIBS=\"$LIBS\"\n save_CFLAGS=\"$CFLAGS\"\n LIBS=\"$PTHREAD_LIBS $LIBS\"\n CFLAGS=\"$CFLAGS $PTHREAD_CFLAGS\"\n\n # Check for various functions. ", " We must include pthread.h,\n # since some functions may be macros. ", " (On the Sequent, we\n # need a special flag -Kthread to make this header compile.)", "\n # We check for pthread_join because it is in -lpthread on IRIX\n # while pthread_create is in libc. ", " We check for pthread_attr_init\n # due to DEC craziness with -lpthreads. ", " We check for\n # pthread_cleanup_push because it is one of the few pthread\n # functions on Solaris that doesn't have a non-functional libc stub.", "\n # We try pthread_create on general principles.", "\n AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([#include <pthread.h>\n static void routine(void *a) { a = 0; }\n static void *start_routine(void *a) { return a; }],\n [pthread_t th; pthread_attr_t attr;\n pthread_create(&th, 0, start_routine, 0);\n pthread_join(th, 0);\n pthread_attr_init(&attr);\n pthread_cleanup_push(routine, 0);\n pthread_cleanup_pop(0) /* ; */])],\n [ax_pthread_ok=yes],\n [])\n\n LIBS=\"$save_LIBS\"\n CFLAGS=\"$save_CFLAGS\"\n\n AC_MSG_RESULT($ax_pthread_ok)\n if test \"x$ax_pthread_ok\" = xyes; then\n break;\n fi\n\n PTHREAD_LIBS=\"\"\n PTHREAD_CFLAGS=\"\"\ndone\nfi\n\n# Various other checks:\nif test \"x$ax_pthread_ok\" = xyes; then\n save_LIBS=\"$LIBS\"\n LIBS=\"$PTHREAD_LIBS $LIBS\"\n save_CFLAGS=\"$CFLAGS\"\n CFLAGS=\"$CFLAGS $PTHREAD_CFLAGS\"\n\n # Detect AIX lossage: JOINABLE attribute is called UNDETACHED.", "\n AC_MSG_CHECKING([for joinable pthread attribute])\n attr_name=unknown\n for attr in PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE PTHREAD_CREATE_UNDETACHED; do\n AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([#include <pthread.h>],\n [int attr = $attr; return attr /* ; */])],\n [attr_name=$attr; break],\n [])\n done\n AC_MSG_RESULT($attr_name)\n if test \"$attr_name\" !", "= PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE; then\n AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE, $attr_name,\n [Define to necessary symbol if this constant\n uses a non-standard name on your system.])", "\n fi\n\n AC_MSG_CHECKING([if more special flags are required for pthreads])\n flag=no\n case ${host_os} in\n aix* | freebsd* | darwin*) flag=\"-D_THREAD_SAFE\";;\n osf* | hpux*) flag=\"-D_REENTRANT\";;\n solaris*)\n if test \"$GCC\" = \"yes\"; then\n flag=\"-D_REENTRANT\"\n else\n flag=\"-mt -D_REENTRANT\"\n fi\n ;;\n esac\n AC_MSG_RESULT(${flag})\n if test \"x$flag\" !", "= xno; then\n PTHREAD_CFLAGS=\"$flag $PTHREAD_CFLAGS\"\n fi\n\n AC_CACHE_CHECK([for PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT],\n ax_cv_PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT, [\n AC_LINK_IFELSE([\n AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <pthread.h>]], [[int i = PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT;]])],\n [ax_cv_PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT=yes],\n [ax_cv_PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT=no])\n ])\n AS_IF([test \"x$ax_cv_PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT\" = \"xyes\"],\n AC_DEFINE([HAVE_PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT], 1, [Have PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT.]))", "\n\n LIBS=\"$save_LIBS\"\n CFLAGS=\"$save_CFLAGS\"\n\n # More AIX lossage: must compile with xlc_r or cc_r\n if test x\"$GCC\" !", "= xyes; then\n AC_CHECK_PROGS(PTHREAD_CC, xlc_r cc_r, ${CC})\n else\n PTHREAD_CC=$CC\n fi\nelse\n PTHREAD_CC=\"$CC\"\nfi\n\nAC_SUBST(PTHREAD_LIBS)\nAC_SUBST(PTHREAD_CFLAGS)\nAC_SUBST(PTHREAD_CC)\n\n# Finally, execute ACTION-IF-FOUND/ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND:\nif test x\"$ax_pthread_ok\" = xyes; then\n ifelse([$1],,AC_DEFINE(HAVE_PTHREAD,1,[Define if you have POSIX threads libraries and header files.]),[$1])\n :\nelse\n ax_pthread_ok=no\n $2\nfi\nAC_LANG_POP\n])dnl AX_PTHREAD\n" ]

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[ "Two men have been charged with terrorist related offenses in Australia after security authorities foiled what they called the “most sophisticated” Islamic State terrorist plot which involved bringing down a passenger plane and staging a poisonous gas attack.", "\n\nMahmoud Khayat, 32, and Khaled Mahmoud Khayat, 49, have both been charged with “two counts of acts done in preparation for, or planning, a terrorist act,” Australian Federal Police announced Thursday.", "\n\nBREAKING: UPDATE - Two Sydney men charged over planned terrorist acts. ", "https://t.co/t8MgHloKXi — AFP (@AusFedPolice) August 3, 2017\n\nDetails of the Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS/ISIL) inspired terrorist plots that were foiled in police raids last Saturday, have been revealed by the Deputy Commissioner for National Security. ", "Michael Phelan told reporters Friday that the two men received orders from IS to carry out “one of the most sophisticated plots that has ever been attempted on Australian soil.”", "\n\nInitially, the suspects allegedly tried to smuggle an improvised explosive device (IED) on a July 15 Etihad flight out of Sydney. ", "They apparently failed to breach airport security and abandoned their plan without checking-in the bag.", "\n\nAFP and NSWP discuss the Two sydney men charged over alleged terrorist acts https://t.co/wgi6mDvFhx — AFP (@AusFedPolice) August 3, 2017\n\n“At no stage did the IED breach security,” Phelan emphasized, noting that authorities later created a similar mock IED to make sure it would not get through the airport security.", "\n\nThe second, more sophisticated plot, the investigation believes, involved constructing a device that would be used to stage a gas attack in a public place, allegedly using hydrogen sulphide.", "\n\nRead more\n\n“This hydrogen sulphide is very difficult to make so I want to make it quite clear that whilst it may have been a hypothetical plot for these people to put forward, we were a long way from having a functional device,” Phelan said.", "\n\nIn the course of the investigation, authorities discovered that the suspects received military-grade explosives used to construct the homemade bomb from Turkey through an IS operative.", "\n\n“The IED was sent through international cargo. ", "With assistance from the ISIL commander, the accused assembled the IED – so the components of the IED, into what we believe was a functioning IED to be placed on that flight,” Phelan said.", "\n\nOn Saturday, four people were arrested in counter-terrorism raids in Sydney suburbs, after police uncovered the ISIS-inspired plot. ", "After questioning, one of the four men who were detained was released earlier this week. ", "Another man remains in custody without being charged. ", "The two charged men, who face life imprisonment if found guilty, are due to appear in Parramatta Court Friday." ]

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[ "'use strict';\nangular.module(\"ngLocale\", [], [\"$provide\", function($provide) {\nvar PLURAL_CATEGORY = {ZERO: \"zero\", ONE: \"one\", TWO: \"two\", FEW: \"few\", MANY: \"many\", OTHER: \"other\"};\nfunction getDecimals(n) {\n n = n + '';\n var i = n.indexOf('.');", "\n return (i == -1) ? ", "0 : n.length - i - 1;\n}\n\nfunction getVF(n, opt_precision) {\n var v = opt_precision;\n\n if (undefined === v) {\n v = Math.min(getDecimals(n), 3);\n }\n\n var base = Math.pow(10, v);\n var f = ((n * base) | 0) % base;\n return {v: v, f: f};\n}\n\n$provide.value(\"$locale\", {\n \"DATETIME_FORMATS\": {\n \"AMPMS\": [\n \"\\u0128yakwakya\",\n \"\\u0128yaw\\u0129oo\"\n ],\n \"DAY\": [\n \"Wa kyumwa\",\n \"Wa kwamb\\u0129l\\u0129lya\",\n \"Wa kel\\u0129\",\n \"Wa katat\\u0169\",\n \"Wa kana\",\n \"Wa katano\",\n \"Wa thanthat\\u0169\"\n ],\n \"ERANAMES\": [\n \"Mbee wa Yes\\u0169\",\n \"\\u0128tina wa Yes\\u0169\"\n ],\n \"ERAS\": [\n \"MY\",\n \"IY\"\n ],\n \"FIRSTDAYOFWEEK\": 0,\n \"MONTH\": [\n \"Mwai wa mbee\",\n \"Mwai wa kel\\u0129\",\n \"Mwai wa katat\\u0169\",\n \"Mwai wa kana\",\n \"Mwai wa katano\",\n \"Mwai wa thanthat\\u0169\",\n \"Mwai wa muonza\",\n \"Mwai wa nyaanya\",\n \"Mwai wa kenda\",\n \"Mwai wa \\u0129kumi\",\n \"Mwai wa \\u0129kumi na \\u0129mwe\",\n \"Mwai wa \\u0129kumi na il\\u0129\"\n ],\n \"SHORTDAY\": [\n \"Wky\",\n \"Wkw\",\n \"Wkl\",\n \"Wt\\u0169\",\n \"Wkn\",\n \"Wtn\",\n \"Wth\"\n ],\n \"SHORTMONTH\": [\n \"Mbe\",\n \"Kel\",\n \"Kt\\u0169\",\n \"Kan\",\n \"Ktn\",\n \"Tha\",\n \"Moo\",\n \"Nya\",\n \"Knd\",\n \"\\u0128ku\",\n \"\\u0128km\",\n \"\\u0128kl\"\n ],\n \"STANDALONEMONTH\": [\n \"Mwai wa mbee\",\n \"Mwai wa kel\\u0129\",\n \"Mwai wa katat\\u0169\",\n \"Mwai wa kana\",\n \"Mwai wa katano\",\n \"Mwai wa thanthat\\u0169\",\n \"Mwai wa muonza\",\n \"Mwai wa nyaanya\",\n \"Mwai wa kenda\",\n \"Mwai wa \\u0129kumi\",\n \"Mwai wa \\u0129kumi na \\u0129mwe\",\n \"Mwai wa \\u0129kumi na il\\u0129\"\n ],\n \"WEEKENDRANGE\": [\n 5,\n 6\n ],\n \"fullDate\": \"EEEE, d MMMM y\",\n \"longDate\": \"d MMMM y\",\n \"medium\": \"d MMM y h:mm:ss a\",\n \"mediumDate\": \"d MMM y\",\n \"mediumTime\": \"h:mm:ss a\",\n \"short\": \"dd/MM/y h:mm a\",\n \"shortDate\": \"dd/MM/y\",\n \"shortTime\": \"h:mm a\"\n },\n \"NUMBER_FORMATS\": {\n \"CURRENCY_SYM\": \"Ksh\",\n \"DECIMAL_SEP\": \".\",", "\n \"GROUP_SEP\": \",\",\n \"PATTERNS\": [\n {\n \"gSize\": 3,\n \"lgSize\": 3,\n \"maxFrac\": 3,\n \"minFrac\": 0,\n \"minInt\": 1,\n \"negPre\": \"-\",\n \"negSuf\": \"\",\n \"posPre\": \"\",\n \"posSuf\": \"\"\n },\n {\n \"gSize\": 3,\n \"lgSize\": 3,\n \"maxFrac\": 2,\n \"minFrac\": 2,\n \"minInt\": 1,\n \"negPre\": \"-\\u00a4\",\n \"negSuf\": \"\",\n \"posPre\": \"\\u00a4\",\n \"posSuf\": \"\"\n }\n ]\n },\n \"id\": \"kam-ke\",\n \"localeID\": \"kam_KE\",\n \"pluralCat\": function(n, opt_precision) { var i = n | 0; var vf = getVF(n, opt_precision); if (i == 1 && vf.v == 0) { return PLURAL_CATEGORY.ONE; } return PLURAL_CATEGORY.OTHER;}\n});\n}]);\n" ]

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[ "Cross-linked hemoglobin-superoxide dismutase-catalase scavenges oxygen-derived free radicals and prevents methemoglobin formation and iron release.", "\nIn this study, we prepared PolyHb-SOD-catalase (intermolecularly cross-linked hemoglobin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase). ", "We found that PolyHb-SOD-catalase is effective in scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals. ", "In the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, the initial rate of cytochrome c reduction was 2.13 +/- 0.26 nmoles cyt. ", "c/min for PolyHb alone. ", "PolyHb- SOD-catalase reduced this to 0.56 +/- 0.08 nmoles cyt. ", "c/min because of its ability to eliminate superoxide (O2-). ", "Addition of PolyHb to 200 microM of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), changed the H2O2 level slightly to 192 +/- 0.4 microM. Addition of PolyHb-SOD-catalase, on the other hand, lower the level to 41 +/- 0.3 microM. Results also show that both effects were dependent on the concentration of SOD-catalase cross-linked with hemoglobin. ", "Oxidative challenge with H2O2 resulted in minimal changes in the absorbance spectra of PolyHb-SOD-catalase. ", "With PolyHb, there were spectral changes reflecting the formation of methemoglobin and heme degradation. ", "Furthermore, the amount of iron released, after incubation with 250 microM H2O2, was 6.8 +/- 1.8 micrograms/dl for PolyHb-SOD-catalase and 76.6 +/- 1.0 micrograms/dl for PolyHb. ", "These results show that cross-linked SOD-catalase prevents oxidative reactions involving the hemoglobin component of PolyHb-SOD-catalase." ]

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[ "This invention relates to the inner pot of an electric fryer, particularly to one able to let the remaining oil attaching on the inner wall and the bottom of an inner pot flow into an oil gathering groove after the surplus oil in the inner pot is poured out to prevent the remaining oil in an inner pot from accumulating around an electric heating tube and catching fire.", "\nA conventional electric fryer includes an inner and an outer pot, which are either detachable or inseparable. ", "The inner pot 10 of a conventional electric fryer, as shown in FIG. ", "1, has its level bottom provided with an annular projection 101 with its ends separated from each other and having an electric heating tube 102 extended therein. ", "The inner pot 10 further has its bottom center formed with a round recess 103 surrounded by the annular projection 101, as shown in FIG. ", "2. ", "The outer pot 20 of the conventional electric fryer is provided with a temperature control device (not shown) for adjusting and controlling temperature of the electric heating tube 102 and an overheat protective device (not shown), which is able to cut off electricity automatically when the temperature of the electric heating tube 102 exceeds a heat value preset by the temperature control device.", "\nIn using, pour a proper amount of oil into the inner pot 10 and adjust the temperature control device of the outer pot 20 and then turn on the electric heating tube 102 to heat the oil in the inner pot 10 to carry out frying food, and after finishing frying, the surplus oil in the inner pot 10 is poured out.", "\nHowever, oil is thick and sticky, therefore after the oil in the inner pot 10 is poured out, the remaining oil inside always accumulates near the electric heating tube 102 at the bottom of the inner pot 10. ", "Under the circumstances, when the inner pot 10 recovers its level position and if a user operates improperly or the temperature control device is not cut off, the electric heating tube 102 will continue to heat the inner pot 10 and make the temperature of the accumulated oil near the electric heating tube 102 rise fast. ", "At this time, in case the overheat protective device cannot automatically cut off the electricity of the electric fryer in time, the accumulated oil around the electric heating tube 102 may catch fire, not only possible to burn up the electric fryer, but even likely to give rise to a fire as well. ", "Evidently, remaining oil accumulated near the electric heating tube 102 at the bottom of the inner pot 10 may be the main cause of a fire. ", "In other words, so long as there is no remaining oil accumulated in the inner pot 10 near the electric heating tube 102 and the overheat protective device can be controlled, a fire will not happen.", "\nThe objective of this invention is to offer the inner pot of an electric fryer, able to prevent remaining oil in an inner pot from accumulating near an electric heating tube at the bottom of the inner pot and avoid burning of oil therein.", "\nThe inner pot of an electric fryer in the present invention is provided at the bottom with an electric heating tube having two ends separated from each other to form therein a gap, which forms the coolest section around the inner circumference at the bottom of the inner pot. ", "The feature of the invention is an oil gathering groove provided at the coolest section at the bottom of the inner pot and an oil passage positioned between and communicating with the oil gathering groove and the bottom center of the inner pot. ", "The oil passage passes through the gap between the two ends of the electric heating tube, and the inner pot is designed to have a bottom slanting downward toward the oil gathering groove after combined with an outer pot. ", "Thus, the remaining oil in the inner pot can flow into the oil gathering groove along the inner wall and through the oil passage at the bottom of the inner pot to prevent remaining oil from accumulated near the electric heating tube." ]

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[ "i'm STUCK!!!", "\n\nok guys i seem to be stuck at 336. ", "the scale just want seem to move, what should i do to get past this plateau. ", "oh and for you guys who read my last post...i'm gonna get a trainer and work out three times a week. ", "i'm so excited i start next week.", "\n\ni've been eating about 1200 calories...and i'm doing low carbs. ", "so far i've been stuck at this weight for about 2 1/2 weeks so far have not lost anything. ", "at first the weight was falling off not its just not moving\n\nYep, I agree with modkittn. ", "IMHO, You started far far too low a calorie level for someone at your height/weight/age. ", "I think you need to get your calorie count up to a reasonable level. ", "That is the very first thing I would change.", "\n\nSince you are still over 300 pounds, I would definitely up the calories to around 1500-1600 per day.", "\n\nAlso, I wouldn't consider what you are going through a plateau...more like a stall. ", "It is very common for someone who is very overweight, to see very large losses in the first few weeks, and then it will slow down. ", "It is also very common for a person losing weight (of any weight) to have a big weight drop, and then have a couple weeks where the scale doesn't move...and then another drop.", "\n\nA 1-2 pound weight loss per week is considered a healthy level, but our bodies do not work like clockwork. ", "It is very common to have a 3 pound loss one week, nothing the next, a 1 pound loss the next week, and none the next. ", "Overall the average is a pound a week, if you average it out over the month.", "\n\nFirst-don't weigh in too often. ", "If you are truly eating 1200 calories a day, you are not gaining any fat. ", "It is very normal to have the scale fluctuate up and down at times-so don't weigh too often.", "\n\nIt is very common to gain a couple pounds when your time of month is nearing/starting. ", "It is also common to show a scale gain if you ate too much sodium recently, or if you are about due for a bathroom visit.", "\n\nHow often are you weighing in? ", "If the fluctuations are making you crazy, weigh in only once per week." ]

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[ "Role of the structural domain of troponin C in muscle regulation: NMR studies of Ca2+ binding and subsequent interactions with regions 1-40 and 96-115 of troponin I.\nThe interaction between the calcium binding and inhibitory components of troponin is central to the regulation of muscle contraction. ", "In this work, two-dimensional heteronuclear single-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-¿1H,15N¿-HSQC NMR) spectroscopy was used to determine the stoichiometry, affinity, and mechanisms for binding of Ca2+ and two synthetic TnI peptides [TnI1-40 (or Rp40) and TnI96-115] to the isolated C-domain of skeletal troponin C (CTnC). ", "The Ca2+ titration revealed that 2 equiv of Ca2+ binds to sites III and IV of CTnC with strong positive cooperativity and high affinity [dissociation constant (KD) </= 0.1 microM]. ", "In this process, CTnC folds from a largely unstructured state to a compact domain capable of interacting with TnI. Titration of CTnC x 2Ca2+ with Rp40 occurs with a 1:1 stoichiometry and a KD of 2 +/- 1 microM. Titration of CTnC x 2Ca2+ with a peptide corresponding to the inhibitory region of TnI (TnI96-115) also reveals a 1:1 ratio, but weaker affinity (KD = 47 +/- 7 microM). ", "Both Rp40- and TnI96-115-induced backbone amide chemical shift changes of CTnC x 2Ca2+ are similarly distributed along the sequence, indicating that these two regions of TnI may compete for the same binding site on CTnC x 2Ca2+. ", "The changes induced by Rp40 are much larger, however, and define the interaction sites on TnC and regions where the flexibility of hinge and terminal residues is altered. ", "To investigate the possibility of direct competition, TnI(96-115) was titrated into the CTnC x 2Ca(2+) x Rp40 complex, whereas Rp40 was titrated into the CTnC x 2Ca2+. ", "TnI96-115 complex. ", "The results show that Rp40 can displace TnI96-115 completely, while TnI96-115 has no effect on CTnC x 2Ca2+ x Rp40. ", "Recent proposals for the mechanism of muscle regulation [Tripet, B. P., Van Eyk, J. E., and Hodges, R. S. (1997) J. Mol. ", "Biol. ", "271, 728-750] suggest that the N-terminal and inhibitory regions of TnI competitively bind the structural domain of TnC. The findings presented here indicate that additional factors, such as interactions between the N-domain of TnC with the C-domain of TnI or the C-domain of TnT, are required, if the inhibitory region is going to successfully compete for the structural domain of TnC." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I turn off spoken notifications?", "\n\nCan't figure out how to change the settings on my Samsung Galaxy S phone to actually have a ringtone when receiving a call. ", " \nWhen receiving a call a voice says \"call from 123-456-7890\" or \"call from Fred\". ", "I know how to set the ringtone which has been set..but I don't know how to take the voice off. ", "\nSo how do I turn off these spoken notifications and get back the ringtone I've set?", "\n\nA:\n\nOn my Droid 2 it's under Settings > Call Settings > Caller ID Readout...then you can set Ring Only, Caller ID then Ring, or Caller ID Repeat. ", " I realize you have a different phone, but I hope this helps.", "\n\nA:\n\nFor Galaxy S2 go to Settings -> Language and Input -> Text-to-speech output and turn off Driving Mode. ", "This should turn off both call and messaging readout.", "\n\nA:\n\nIn Epic 4G (imagine same for other Galaxy S handsets):\nSettings -> Text-To-Speech -> Speak incoming CallerID\n\n" ]

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[ "The Role of Sexual Images in Online and Offline Sexual Behaviour With Minors.", "\nSexual images have long been associated with sexual interest and behaviour with minors. ", "The Internet has impacted access to existing content and the ability to create content which can be uploaded and distributed. ", "These images can be used forensically to determine the legality of the behaviour, but importantly for psychiatry, they offer insight into motivation, sexual interest and deviance, the relationship between image content and offline sexual behaviour, and how they might be used in online solicitation and grooming with children and adolescents. ", "Practitioners will need to consider the function that these images may serve, the motivation for their use and the challenges of assessment. ", "This article provides an overview of the literature on the use of illegal images and the parallels with existing paraphilias, such as exhibitionism and voyeurism. ", "The focus is on recent research on the Internet and sexual images of children, including the role that self-taken images by youth may play in the offending process." ]

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[ "#!", "/usr/bin/env ruby\nrequire 'pathname'\n\n# path to your application root.", "\nAPP_ROOT = Pathname.new File.expand_path('../../', __FILE__)\n\nDir.chdir APP_ROOT do\n # This script is a starting point to setup your application.", "\n # Add necessary setup steps to this file:\n\n puts \"== Installing dependencies ==\"\n system \"gem install bundler --conservative\"\n system \"bundle check || bundle install\"\n\n # puts \"\\n== Copying sample files ==\"\n # unless File.exist?(\"config/database.yml\")\n # system \"cp config/database.yml.sample config/database.yml\"\n # end\n\n puts \"\\n== Preparing database ==\"\n system \"bin/rake db:setup\"\n\n puts \"\\n== Removing old logs and tempfiles ==\"\n system \"rm -f log/*\"\n system \"rm -rf tmp/cache\"\n\n puts \"\\n== Restarting application server ==\"\n system \"touch tmp/restart.txt\"\nend\n" ]

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[ "Terrorists threaten to shut down an entire city if their demands are not met\n\nMISSION: MacGyver happens across a team of terrorists hijacking a piece of military hardware with which they plan to take an entire city hostage. ", "MacGyver and Pete must go it alone to sabotage the threat.", "\n\nThis week’s highlights include:\n\nElectromagnetic pulse (Physics)\n\nAn electromagnetic pulse (EMP), also sometimes called a transient electromagnetic disturbance, is a short burst of electromagnetic energy. ", "Such a pulse’s origination may be a natural occurrence or man-made and can occur as a radiated, electric or magnetic field or a conducted electric current, depending on the source.", "\n\nPhoenix Foundation is a non-profit podcast intended solely for entertainment and review purposes. ", "We claim no affiliation with CBS's MacGyver or its rights holders. ", "All images from the series are property of CBS Television Distribution." ]

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[ "Patrick Mullings\n\nPatrick \"Schoolboy\" Mullings (born 19 October 1970 in Harlesden) is an English amateur bantamweight and professional super bantam/feather/super featherweight boxer of the 1990s and 2000s, who as an amateur was the runner-up for the 1990 Amateur Boxing Association of England (ABAE) bantamweight title, against Paul Lloyd (Vauxhall Motors ABC (Ellesmere Port)), and won the 1992 Amateur Boxing Association of England (ABAE) bantamweight title, against Michael Alldis (Crawley ABC), boxing out of St Patricks ABC, and as a professional won the World Boxing Council (WBC) International super bantamweight title, International Boxing Organization (IBO) super bantamweight title, BBBofC (BBBofC) British super bantamweight title, International Boxing Organization (IBO) Inter-Continental super bantamweight title, and Commonwealth featherweight title, and was a challenger for the BBBofC Southern Area super bantamweight title against Spencer Oliver, and International Boxing Organization super bantamweight title against Simon Ramoni, his professional fighting weight varied from , i.e. bantamweight to , i.e. super featherweight. ", "Patrick Mullings was managed by Frank Maloney.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1970 births\nCategory:Bantamweight boxers\nCategory:English male boxers\nCategory:Featherweight boxers\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Harlesden\nCategory:Boxers from Greater London\nCategory:Super-bantamweight boxers\nCategory:Super-featherweight boxers" ]

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[ "A new electro-thermal pulsed energy fuel injection system for fuel flow rate control through pressure pulse width." ]

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[ "Semiconductor dies or chips are frequently embedded in a molding composition to produce packages. ", "In modern uses, small packages, commonly known as Chip Scale Packages, are frequently preferred. ", "Chip Scale Packages, or CSPs, based on the IPC/JEDEC J-STD-012 definition, are single-die, direct surface mountable packages with an area no more than 20% greater than the original die area. ", "The IPC/JEDEC definition does not specify a particular design or construction of a chip scale package, so any package that meets the surface mountability and dimensional requirements of the definition may be viewed as a CSP.", "\nThe advantages offered by chip scale packages include small size, reduced weight, and improvement in electrical performance. ", "The small size of a CSP makes it useful in portable devices, such as cell phones, laptops, palmtops, and digital cameras.", "\nWafer-level Chip Scale Packages (WL-CSPs) may be made by extending wafer fabrication processes to include device interconnection and device protection processes. ", "Redistribution Layer and Bump technology, the most widely-used WL-CSP technology, extends the conventional fabrication process with an additional step that deposits a thin-film metal rerouting and interconnection system on the surface of the wafer by photolithography and thin film deposition techniques. ", "This metal rerouting and interconnection system redistributes the bonding pads from the periphery of the upper surface of each chip to an array of metal bonding pads that are evenly deployed over the chip's surface. ", "The solder balls or bumps used in connecting the device to the application circuit board are subsequently placed over these evenly deployed bonding pads. ", "This redistribution technique improves chip reliability by allowing the use of larger and more robust balls for interconnection between the bonding pads and the leadframe.", "\nHowever, the WL-CSP technology described has inherent limitations because it arranges solder balls directly on a surface of the die and, since the solder balls must have greater than a certain minimum spacing to avoid contact between adjacent solder balls, the larger the number of solder balls that are required means the larger the required chip area. ", "This requirement for a large area on which to arrange the solder bumps may still persist even after deposition of a redistribution layer with an array of metal bonding pads that are evenly deployed over the chip's surface." ]

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[ "5 storylines for Colts vs. Saints: Time for Frank Gore's 100-yard day?", "\n\nHere are five storylines to keep an eye on ahead of the Indianapolis Colts (3-3) hosting the New Orleans Saints (2-4) Sunday at Lucas Oil Stadium:\n\n1) Thin at safety: Mike Adams? ", "He’s out. ", "Clayton Geathers? ", "He’s doubtful. ", "Colt Anderson? ", "He’s up.", "\n\nFor the season’s first stretch, it was the Colts cornerbacks fighting off the injury bug. ", "Now it’s the safeties. ", "Adams, tied for the league lead in interceptions, will miss his first NFL game in five years with a sore hamstring. ", "Geathers, dealing with a sore knee, was listed as doubtful but did see his first practice time of the week on Friday.", "\n\nThat means Anderson is next in line. ", "Typically a special-teamer, Anderson filled in after Geathers went down in the first half of Sunday’s game. ", "He finished with five combined tackles. ", "Backing up Anderson will be Dewey McDonald, who hasn’t played a defensive snap all season and is best known for dropping a too-easy pass on a fake punt last year in Dallas.", "\n\nNeedless to say, it’s not ideal to be facing a Drew Brees-piloted offense with a depleted secondary.", "\n\n“Trust and count on our guys, no matter who it is,” said coach Chuck Pagano. “", "They study. ", "They work extremely hard. ", "Next man up, there’s nothing we can do about it. ", "We happen to be playing another great, great quarterback that poses a great challenge for anybody, let alone guys that are stepping into the lineup in bigger roles.”", "\n\n2) Saints D: Ripe against the run? ", "New Orleans enters Sunday’s game ranked 30th in the league against the run, allowing 138.2 yards per game and 4.7 per carry. ", "That’s music to the ears of Colts running back Frank Gore, who has been trying, trying, and trying, to snap the team’s most embarrassing current streak. ", "It’s now 46 games —dating to late in the 2012 season —the Colts have gone without a 100-yard rusher, the longest such streak in the league.", "\n\nThis could be the week. ", "Gore’s averaged just 14.8 carries per game the first six weeks of the season. ", "A big day against this defense seems possible, pitch count or no pitch count. ", "If the Colts are going to achieve the sort of offensive balance they constantly speak of, Sunday would be a good time to start.", "\n\n3) The Brees Factor: Former Purdue quarterback Drew Brees will make just his third career start in the state where he played college football, and just the second as a member of the Saints. ", "He enters Sunday’s game averaging 323 passing yards per game, second in the NFL to New England’s Tom Brady. ", "Despite missing one start, Brees already has 1,616 yards and seven touchdowns.", "\n\nBehind Manning and Brady, aging stars nearing their 40s, Brees is next in line in quarterbacking seniority. ", "He’s in his 15th season and 10th with the Saints.", "\n\n“There is not a day that goes by that you take that for granted or don’t realize some of the things you’re able to do because of his skill set,” Saints coach Sean Payton said this week.", "\n\nBrees, likewise, holds Colts quarterback Andrew Luck in high regard.", "\n\n“In my times around him, he’s got a great demeanor, great poise,” Brees said. “", "He’s a big-time player. ", "I’ve seen him win a ton of big games and play really well doing it. ", "He’s got the opportunity to make big plays with his arm in the pocket and also running the football, which is a rare combination for a guy as big and strong as him, to be that athletic. ", "He’s just a competitor, so I respect a lot of things about him.”", "\n\n4) More Mathis? ", "Both Pagano and defensive coordinator Greg Manusky were adamant this week that outside linebacker Robert Mathis will see more snaps on Sunday. ", "After playing 33 downs in Houston (43 percent of the defensive snaps), Mathis’ total sunk to just 19 Sunday against the Patriots (28 percent).", "\n\nBrees would be wise to expect a lot more Mathis come Sunday afternoon.", "\n\n“I think every week we’re just keeping on trying to grow with him,” Manusky said. “", "Sometimes in that situation, if they’re no-huddle or moving the ball and stuff, it’s hard to get them in. ", "But from that standpoint, we’re just going to try to up and up (Mathis) each week and every week (get him as many snaps) as he can. ", "The more he can handle, the better it is for us. ", "But that’s just a process right now.”", "\n\n5) Bad, bad memories: The Colts and Saints have only met 12 times. ", "The past two have been memorable – and not a good memorable for the Colts. ", "The two squared off in Super Bowl XLIV, also known as The Hank Baskett Game, also known as the Saints’ 31-17 victory. ", "The Colts led 10-6 at the half but the game swung, swiftly and decisively, after New Orleans engineered a successful onside kick to open the second half. ", "The Colt with the best chance to corral the football was reserve wideout Baskett. ", "Needless to say it didn’t go well.", "\n\nIt was far uglier more than a year later, when the Colts visited New Orleans for a Sunday night date with the Saints in October 2011. ", "By this point, Peyton Manning was stuck on the sidelines, recovering from neck surgery, and Curtis Painter was under center. ", "The Colts lost 62-7. ", "It was the most points the Colts have given up in a game. ", "Ever.", "\n\nCall Star reporter Zak Keefer at (317) 444-6134. ", "Follow him on Twitter: @zkeefer." ]

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[ "EMBED >More News Videos Video shows confrontation over MAGA hat inside Mexican restaurant\n\nEMBED >More News Videos A San Francisco homeowner says his home was vandalized and he believes it all started after he put out an \"Impeach Trump\" sign on his balcony.", "\n\nEMBED >More News Videos A San Mateo restaurant owner says customers will not be served if they are wearing a \"Make America Great Again\" hat.", "\n\nEMBED >More News Videos A shoving match began when a Trump supporter came into demonstrator area outside Toyota Center.", "\n\nTORONTO, Canada (KTRK) -- College students in peaceful prayer to remember the Christchurch, New Zealand mosque victims say a person in a \"Make America Great Again\" hat showed up in an apparent attempt of disrupting the vigil.", "Video posted on Twitter stated the backpack-wearing man appeared as York University students prayed on Monday, a mere three days after the mass shooting that took the lives of 50 people.", "According to Raneem Ayoub's post, the man showed up \"on purpose\" and said the vigil was \"meaningless\" before other students made him leave.", "\"The man in the cap did not attend the vigil until the very ending of the event when it was being finished off with a prayer,\" Ayoub said in her tweets. \"", "During the prayer, he was arguing with the two men next to him. ", "Everyone else at the vigil ignored him until the vigil was officially over (out of respect of the victims and the event). ", "No one approached him and disturbed the vigil until it was finished.", "\"An original clip posted on the day of the incident was taken down over negative comments from other users. ", "A longer video clip was later posted, showing the man leaving and another student knocking the hat off his head.", "There was no immediate report of any law enforcement intervention." ]

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[ "6 Freshwater CourtNashua, New Hampshire 03060\n\nAbout this property\n\nBamboo Hardwood floors throughout, Custom Kitchen with Granite Counters & Stainless Steel Appliances is just the start to all this home has to offer. ", "This charming cape is located on 3/4 of an acre on a quiet cul-de-sac with a nicely landscaped fenced in yard and irrigation system. ", "Great Natural light with oversized windows throughout. ", "3 Bedrooms, 2 bath and an additional bonus room finished in the basement. ", "Formal Dining and living rooms along with a Wood Fireplace for those chilly nights. ", "Once your done enjoying all the interior has to offer, step outside and enjoy a custom-built pavilion including cushioned swings to settle in by a cozy firepit. ", "Great home for entertaining. ", "Ideal commuter location with easy highway access." ]

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[ "This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. ", "The subproject and investigator (PI) may have received primary funding from another NIH source, and thus could be represented in other CRISP entries. ", "The institution listed is for the Center, which is not necessarily the institution for the investigator. ", "Note: This information was found under Core D in previous reports. ", "Based on hits from the HTS laboratory, Core C has supported two projects with medicinal chemistry expertise and has prepared a number of analogues of the hit compounds. ", "One project focuses on the synthesis of a library of methionine amino peptidase inhibitors as potential anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal agents. ", "The enzyme was co-crystallized with a substituted furoic acid, which became the lead compound for further study. ", "Towards this goal, we have developed a catch-Suzuki-release strategy to generate various aryl substituted furan and thiophene carboxylic acid. ", "Current efforts are aimed at optimizing experimental conditions for related pyridine carboxylic acids. ", "In addition, investigations using Irori Accutag[unreadable] protocols for facile combine-sort-cleave methodology are being pursued for the generation of the aforementioned biaryl compounds. ", "The second project concerns MurA, a bacterial cell wall synthesis enzyme. ", "Inhibition of the enzyme leads to antibacterial activity. ", "MurA inhibitors were identified by HTS and one hit compound was co-crystallized with the enzyme. ", "These preliminary data were used to submit an NIH RO3 application and a plan for structure-activity relationship studies was developed. ", "The acquisition of large-scale synthesis equipment and analytical instrumentation was continued to enhance the capabilities of the Core C laboratory. ", "Core C personnel have been active participants in the formation of NIPTE (National Institute for Pharmaceutical Technology and Education), an organization that has as its goal making safer, cheaper drugs and to preserve the U.S. advantage in drug manufacturing. ", "Core C continued to organize symposia, workshops and seminars in collaboration with Core A. Core C also and made acquisition of compounds for the HTS laboratory. ", "We expect to initiate 1-2 new medicinal chemistry projects in the coming fiscal year." ]

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[ "Hot electron-driven photocatalysis and transient absorption spectroscopy in plasmon resonant grating structures.", "\nPlasmon resonant grating structures provide an effective platform for distinguishing between the effects of plasmon resonant excitation and bulk metal absorption via interband transitions. ", "By simply rotating the polarization of the incident light, we can switch between resonant excitation and non-resonant excitation, while keeping all other parameters of the measurement constant. ", "With light polarized perpendicular to the lines in the grating (i.e., TE-polarization), the photocatalytic reaction rate (i.e., photocurrent) is measured as the angle of the incident laser light is tuned through the resonance with the grating. ", "Here, hot holes photoexcited in the metal are used to drive the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), producing a measurable photocurrent. ", "Using TE-polarized light, we observe sharp peaks in the photocurrent and sharp dips in the photoreflectance at approximately 9° from normal incidence, which corresponds to the conditions under which there is good wavevector matching between the incident light and the lines in the grating. ", "With light polarized parallel to the grating (i.e., TM), we excite the grating structure non-resonantly and there is no angular dependence in the photocurrent or photoreflectance. ", "In order to quantify the lifetime of these hot carriers, we performed transient absorption spectroscopy of these plasmon resonant grating structures. ", "Here, we observe one feature in the spectra corresponding to interband transitions and another feature associated with the plasmon resonant mode in the grating. ", "Both features decay over a time scale of 1-2 ps. ", "The spectral responses of grating structures fabricated with Ag, Al, and Cu are also presented." ]

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[ "Soundcloud Tells Guy It Needs To Kill His Account Of 8 Years Because Someone Else Trademarked His Name\n\nfrom the trademark-law-gone-mad dept\n\nI've known Bas Grasmayer for many years, and he's a super insightful digital/music strategist and has written a bunch of posts for us over the years. ", "He tends to be on the cutting edge of any digital music startup -- so it's little surprise that he first got a Soundcloud account way back in 2008 or 2009, soon after Soundcloud started. ", "His account is at soundcloud.com/bas/ because, well, that's his name. ", "So it was a bit of a shock for Bas to get this notice from Soundcloud yesterday:\n\nIf you can't read that, it says:\n\nHi there, We are writing to inform you that a SoundCloud user has reported trademark infringement regarding your URL \"https://soundcloud.com/bas\" and Display Name \"Bas\". ", "They have provided verified proof of trademark ownership. ", "Accordingly, we are writing to request that you please change your URL and Display Name so that they do not include any version of \"BAS\". ", "If your URL and Display Name are not changed within the next 48 hours, we may have to suspend your account, on the grounds of trademark infringement. ", "Please make these changes within the next two days, to avoid any consequences in this situation. ", "Thank you very much for cooperation and please let us know if you have any questions about this. ", "Kind regard, SoundCloud Trust & Safety Team\n\nDid you get that? ", "Bas Grasmayer is not allowed to use any version of his own damned name in a URL or Display Name. ", "Of course, if you're in SoundCloud's shoes, you're in a tough spot. ", "They don't want to get sued, and the intermediary liability protections around trademark are even weaker than they are for copyrights.", "\n\nAfter writing back to SoundCloud with a \"hey, but that's my name...\" message, the company has told Bas if he can prove that's his name then maybe, just maybe, the company can push back on his behalf:\n\nThe key portion in that one reads:\n\n\"...their [sic] is an exception within the Trademark Directive that may apply in your case. ", "This exception states that trademark owners can't prevent an individual from using their own name in the course of trade. ", "If we receive documentation proving that your name is \"Bas\", we will be able to push back and reject the trademark infringement claim.", "\n\nThat's better than nothing, but still seems silly that Bas needs to go about proving his name is Bas just to keep his account or to use his name anywhere on his own account.", "\n\nThe problem here isn't so much SoundCloud, which is in a tough spot due to ridiculous laws, but with the nature of trademark law itself and how it's been expanded and twisted over the years. ", "Again, the original intent of trademarks was for consumer protection -- to distinguish one company's products from another's. ", "It's not like people are going to go to Bas' SoundCloud page and freak out that it's not the trademarked' \"BAS'\" page.", "\n\nOf course, over the years there have been other disputes involving trademarks and people's names. ", "Most famously there was the years-long legal fight over Nissan.com (which we wrote about back in 2001) between the car company Nissan and a dude named Uzi Nissan who ran a computer repair business under his own name. ", "Either way, Bas has responded with evidence that his name really is Bas, and also questioned that anyone might confuse him with a musician who trademarked Bas.", "\n\nIt's fairly ridiculous that these kinds of disputes keep happening, but it's the result of over aggressive trademark laws in a world where our basic namespace has put little emphasis on the need to be unique. ", "While you can quibble over whether or not everyone should have unique names, we shouldn't be stripping or shutting down long term internet accounts just because someone jumps in years later with a trademark claim.", "\n\nThank you for reading this Techdirt post. ", "With so many things competing for everyone’s attention these days, we really appreciate you giving us your time. ", "We work hard every day to put quality content out there for our community. ", "Techdirt is one of the few remaining truly independent media outlets. ", "We do not have a giant corporation behind us, and we rely heavily on our community to support us, in an age when advertisers are increasingly uninterested in sponsoring small, independent sites — especially a site like ours that is unwilling to pull punches in its reporting and analysis. ", "While other websites have resorted to paywalls, registration requirements, and increasingly annoying/intrusive advertising, we have always kept Techdirt open and available to anyone. ", "But in order to continue doing so, we need your support. ", "We offer a variety of ways for our readers to support us, from direct donations to special subscriptions and cool merchandise — and every little bit helps. ", "Thank you.", "\n\n–The Techdirt Team\n\nFiled Under: bas, bas grasmayer, confusion, eu, likelihood of confusion, trademark\n\nCompanies: soundcloud" ]

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[ "'use strict'\n\nconst importer = require('ipfs-unixfs-importer')\nconst normaliseAddInput = require('ipfs-core-utils/src/files/normalise-input')\nconst { parseChunkerString } = require('./utils')\nconst { pipe } = require('it-pipe')\nconst { withTimeoutOption } = require('../../utils')\n\n/**\n * @typedef {Uint8Array | Blob | String | Iterable<Uint8Array> | Iterable<number> | AsyncIterable<Uint8Array> | ReadableStream<Uint8Array>} FileContent\n *\n * @typedef {object} FileObject\n * - If no path is specified, then the item will be added to the root level and will be given a name according to it's CID.", "\n * - If no content is passed, then the item is treated as an empty directory.", "\n * - One of path or content must be passed.", "\n * @property {string} [path] - The path you want to the file to be accessible at from the root CID _after_ it has been added\n * @property {FileContent} [content] - The contents of the file\n * @property {number | string} [mode] - File mode to store the entry with (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system_permissions#Numeric_notation)\n * @property {UnixTime} [mtime] - The modification time of the entry\n *\n * @typedef {FileContent | FileObject} Source\n * @typedef {Iterable<Source> | AsyncIterable<Source> | ReadableStream<Source>} FileStream\n *\n * @typedef {Date | UnixTimeObj | [number, number]} UnixTime - As an array of numbers, it must have two elements, as per the output of [`process.hrtime()`](https://nodejs.org/dist/latest/docs/api/process.html#process_process_hrtime_time).", "\n *\n * @typedef {object} UnixTimeObj\n * @property {number} secs - the number of seconds since (positive) or before (negative) the Unix Epoch began\n * @property {number} [nsecs] - the number of nanoseconds since the last full second.", "\n *\n * @typedef {object} UnixFSEntry\n * @property {string} path\n * @property {import('cids')} cid\n * @property {number} mode\n * @property {UnixTimeObj} mtime\n * @property {number} size\n */\n\n/**\n * @typedef {import('../add').AddOptions & _AddAllOptions} AddAllOptions\n * @typedef {object} _AddAllOptions\n * @property {boolean} [enableShardingExperiment] - allows to create directories with an unlimited number of entries currently size of unixfs directories is limited by the maximum block size. ", "Note that this is an experimental feature (default: `false`)\n * @property {number} [shardSplitThreshold] - Directories with more than this number of files will be created as HAMT-sharded directories (default: `1000`)\n */\n\n/**\n * Import multiple files and data into IPFS.", "\n * @template {Record<string, any>} ExtraOptions\n * @callback AddAll\n * @param {FileStream} source\n * @param {AddAllOptions & import('../../utils').AbortOptions & ExtraOptions} [options]\n * @returns {AsyncIterable<UnixFSEntry>}\n */\n\nmodule.exports = ({ block, gcLock, preload, pin, options: constructorOptions }) => {\n const isShardingEnabled = constructorOptions.", "EXPERIMENTAL && constructorOptions.EXPERIMENTAL.sharding\n\n // eslint-disable-next-line valid-jsdoc\n /**\n * @type {AddAll<{}>}\n */\n async function * addAll (source, options) {\n options = options || {}\n\n const opts = {\n shardSplitThreshold: isShardingEnabled ? ", "1000 : Infinity,\n ...options,\n strategy: 'balanced',\n ...parseChunkerString(options.chunker)\n }\n\n // CID v0 is for multihashes encoded with sha2-256\n if (opts.hashAlg && opts.hashAlg !", "== 'sha2-256' && opts.cidVersion !", "== 1) {\n opts.cidVersion = 1\n }\n\n if (opts.trickle) {\n opts.strategy = 'trickle'\n }\n\n delete opts.trickle\n\n if (opts.progress) {\n let total = 0\n const prog = opts.progress\n\n opts.progress = (bytes) => {\n total += bytes\n prog(total)\n }\n }\n\n const iterator = pipe(\n normaliseAddInput(source),\n source => importer(source, block, {\n ...opts,\n pin: false\n }),\n transformFile(opts),\n preloadFile(preload, opts),\n pinFile(pin, opts)\n )\n\n const releaseLock = await gcLock.readLock()\n\n try {\n yield * iterator\n } finally {\n releaseLock()\n }\n }\n\n return withTimeoutOption(addAll)\n}\n\nfunction transformFile (opts) {\n return async function * (source) {\n for await (const file of source) {\n let cid = file.cid\n\n if (opts.cidVersion === 1) {\n cid = cid.toV1()\n }\n\n let path = file.path ? ", "file.path : cid.toString()\n\n if (opts.wrapWithDirectory && !", "file.path) {\n path = ''\n }\n\n yield {\n path,\n cid,\n size: file.size,\n mode: file.unixfs && file.unixfs.mode,\n mtime: file.unixfs && file.unixfs.mtime\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfunction preloadFile (preload, opts) {\n return async function * (source) {\n for await (const file of source) {\n const isRootFile = !", "file.path || opts.wrapWithDirectory\n ? ", "file.path === ''\n : !", "file.path.includes('/')\n\n const shouldPreload = isRootFile && !", "opts.onlyHash && opts.preload !", "== false\n\n if (shouldPreload) {\n preload(file.cid)\n }\n\n yield file\n }\n }\n}\n\nfunction pinFile (pin, opts) {\n return async function * (source) {\n for await (const file of source) {\n // Pin a file if it is the root dir of a recursive add or the single file\n // of a direct add.", "\n const isRootDir = !", "file.path.includes('/')\n const shouldPin = (opts.pin == null ? ", "true : opts.pin) && isRootDir && !", "opts.onlyHash\n\n if (shouldPin) {\n // Note: addAsyncIterator() has already taken a GC lock, so tell\n // pin.add() not to take a (second) GC lock\n await pin.add(file.cid, {\n preload: false,\n lock: false\n })\n }\n\n yield file\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "\"ANNOUNCER:\" \"And the final seconds tick off the clock.\" \"", "The Goats have done it, 12 and 0.\" \"", "A perfect season for Coach Marty Daniels and the number one ranked Blue Mountain State, and they did it behind the arm of backup quarterback Alex Moran.\" \"", "Simply incredible.\" \"", "And... (TV TURNS OFF)\" \"(CHEERING)\" \"They said I couldn't do it.\" \"", "They said I was washed up.\" \"", "Well, they can kiss my ass because we're number one!\" \"(", "CHEERING)\" \"COACH DANIELS:\" \"Where's Moran?\" \"", "Where's Moran?\" \"", "I gotta be honest, son.\" \"", "I didn't expect too much from you today.\" \"", "But you played a hell of a game.\" \"", "I'm as surprised as you are, Coach.\" \"(", "PLAYERS LAUGHING)\" \"COACH DANIELS:\" \"But it all would have been for nothing if it wasn't for the game-saving goal line tackle by our captain Thad Castle.\" \"", "Come on and get your game ball, son.\" \"", "Thank you, Coach.\" \"", "You know, this might have been my last game ever here at BMS.\" \"", "There's a lot I want to say about my career here and the season as a whole, but let's save the waterworks for when the reporters get here.\" \"", "COACH DANIELS:\" \"All right, buddy.\" \"", "Listen...\" \"So you're just gonna give Thad the game ball?\" \"", "He's the one who injured my shoulder.\" \"", "I carried this team the whole season.\" \"", "I should be getting that game ball.\" \"", "Yeah, shoulda, coulda, woulda.\" \"", "Hell with this team.\" \"", "COACH DANIELS:\" \"Hey, Radon, wait a minute.\" \"", "They're going crazy out there.\" \"", "Who's going crazy?\" \"(", "SCREAMING)\" \"Get that asshole out of here.\" \"", "It's a riot!\" \"", "What's going on outside?\" \"", "It's probably just the media trying to interview me.\" \"", "Are you serious right now?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"(", "CHEERING)\" \"REPORTER:\" \"You are witnessing what appears to be the biggest sports riot\" \"Blue Mountain State has seen in nearly 20 years.\" \"", "The last such riot at BMS resulted in $500,000 worth of damages,\" \"39 injuries, and of course, the worst tragedy of all, the beloved Mountain Goat mascot was mauled and hung from the football house balcony.\" \"", "I'm Julia King and I'm reporting live...\" \"Oh, my God.\" \"", "Where's Sammy?\" \"(", "SAMMY SCREAMING)\" \"(RIOTERS SCREAMING)\" \"What the hell are they rioting for out there?\" \"", "We won!\" \"", "The biggest sports riots in history happen after wins.\" \"", "Iowa State, Maryland, L.A.\" \"I'll call Alex.\" \"", "He'll come for us.\" \"", "Damn it.\" \"", "No signal.\" \"", "What makes you think Alex Moran would come for someone like you?\" \"", "If he's coming for anyone, he's coming for us.\" \"", "BOTH:\" \"We're practically dating him.\" \"", "Guys, Alex isn't coming for anybody.\" \"", "He threw four touchdown passes.\" \"", "He's probably out there partying his ass off with the rest of 'em.\" \"", "He'll come for us.\" \"", "I know it.\" \"", "Look, I can't take this anymore.\" \"", "I gotta go find Sammy.\" \"", "There's a good chance he's already dead, Moran.\" \"", "You should just wait here for the reporters.\" \"", "I'm sure they'll be interested in talking to you, too, especially if your friend is dead.\" \"", "MORAN:\" \"Mary Jo?\" \"", "They're at the Goat House.\" \"", "What are they doing to my house?\" \"", "Somebody call the police!\" \"", "The police?\" \"", "Do you see what's going on out there?\" \"", "Yeah...\" \"Yes.\" \"", "The police are useless.\" \"", "Thad, the only people who can stop them is us.\" \"", "All the work I've done to turn BMS into a respectable institution is being destroyed on national television.\" \"", "I think it's romantic.\" \"", "Us trapped in this room, danger right outside the door.\" \"", "Anything could happen.\" \"", "This isn't just about Sammy and Mary Jo.\" \"", "If the Goat House gets destroyed, we lose everything.\" \"", "The beer.\" \"", "The drugs.\" \"", "Our home.\" \"", "Stop!\" \"", "You had me at drugs.\" \"", "Me, too.\" \"", "Thank you, Donnie.\" \"", "You guys are gonna need a better leader than Moran.\" \"", "So you have my sword.\" \"", "Mine, too.\" \"", "Great, okay.\" \"", "Can we go?\" \"", "Do not let our tale go untold.\" \"", "Especially mine.\" \"", "I got the game ball today, so...\" \"(HEROIC MUSIC PLAYING)\" \"All right, so the Goat House is half a mile that way.\" \"", "We can sneak across campus through these buildings, all right?\" \"", "Moran, the day you save the game with that goal line stand after I fumble on our own one-yard line is the day I start listening to you.\" \"", "There's nothing to be scared of.\" \"", "Really?\" \"(", "WHOOSHING)\" \"(BOTH SCREAMING)\" \"Did you see that?\" \"", "Shh!\" \"", "Don't move.\" \"(", "SHOUTING)\" \"BMS!\" \"", "Woo!\" \"", "Yeah!\" \"", "Football players.\" \"", "ALL:\" \"Football players!\" \"(", "SHOUTING)\" \"(SCREAMING) Go, go, go, go, run, go!\" \"", "Right here!\" \"", "LARRY:\" \"No, take me!\" \"", "Take me!\" \"", "THAD:\" \"No, Larry!\" \"", "No, Larry!\" \"", "LARRY:\" \"Save the Goat House!\" \"", "Save the Goat House!\" \"", "Save the Goat House!\" \"", "Bring out the goat!\" \"(", "CHANTING) Get the goat!\" \"", "Get the goat!\" \"", "If they get through that door I'm a dead man!\" \"", "They're so drunk and blinded by joy, they've stopped seeing you as a human being.\" \"", "To them you're just the goat.\" \"", "They want the goat's blood.\" \"", "I want a dying wish.\" \"", "Well, this brings back old memories, doesn't it?\" \"", "How could you two be drinking at a time like this?\" \"", "This is old hat for us.\" \"", "We met during one of these.\" \"", "You met during a riot?\" \"", "Yeah, it was my first year of coaching.\" \"", "Oh, and I was a freshman cheerleader.\" \"", "My boyfriend was pinned under his Mustang after the rioters flipped it.\" \"", "And I pulled her into this very locker room.\" \"", "How is this happening?\" \"", "I took every precaution to keep things safe.\" \"", "I even had them stop serving alcohol at halftime.\" \"", "You did what?\" \"", "You don't cut off a stadium full of BMS fans at halftime.\" \"", "Now they're drunk enough to riot but they're not drunk enough to pass out.\" \"", "Don't you raise your voice to me, Marty.\" \"", "I'm still your boss.\" \"", "Warren, honey, listen to me.\" \"", "You're always talking about how the students respect you, right?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "You need to go out there and talk to them, okay?\" \"", "Fine.\" \"", "Dean Simon to the rescue, again.\" \"(", "DOOR CLOSES)\" \"THAD:\" \"No!\" \"", "No, Larry!\" \"", "He's gone.\" \"", "Forget about him.\" \"", "He's gone, man!\" \"", "Can we go back to the locker room, please?\" \"", "No, we've gotta keep moving.\" \"", "Moran's right.\" \"", "How else is the world gonna know that I got the game ball?\" \"", "Let's go!\" \"", "Come on, Donnie.\" \"", "Let's go!\" \"", "Whoa, guys, food.\" \"", "I haven't eaten since halftime.\" \"", "Donnie, we gotta go.\" \"", "You know how my blood sugar gets.\" \"", "Ah.\" \"", "Fine.\" \"", "Chips or chocolate?\" \"", "Chips or chocolate?\" \"(", "GRUNTING) Come on, we gotta go, Donnie!\" \"", "I got it!\" \"", "I got it, guys.\" \"", "I got it.\" \"(", "LAUGHING) Okay, okay, good.\" \"", "I'm stuck.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Alex, I'm stuck.\" \"", "Alex, help me!\" \"(", "RIOTERS SHOUTING)\" \"Thad, help me!\" \"", "Help me!\" \"", "Donnie!\" \"(", "CRYING) Help me!\" \"(", "MOOD MUSIC PLAYING) Oh, yeah.\" \"", "There it is.\" \"", "You know, they say you should live each day like it could be your last.\" \"", "But we never really do...\" \"(GLASS SHATTERS)\" \"(SCREAMING)\" \"Oh, my God!\" \"", "Holy shit!\" \"", "Wow!\" \"", "God damn it!\" \"", "Wow!\" \"", "Sammy, I know what you're doing.\" \"", "And I love it.\" \"", "What can I do to help?\" \"", "Mary Jo, I've got everything under control, don't you...\" \"RIOTER: 12 and 0!\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "You protect the Goat House,\" \"I'm gonna try and go bang those cheerleaders.\" \"", "Remember, don't use condoms.\" \"", "They're a waste of time in a situation like this.\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "Harmon, get the door.\" \"", "Oh, great.\" \"", "The book room?\" \"", "Can't we find somewhere else to hide?\" \"", "This is my least favorite room on campus.\" \"", "This is the safest place on campus during a riot.\" \"", "No one parties in here.\" \"", "I can't stop thinking about the drugs and the booze, you guys.\" \"", "I mean, the hardest part is not knowing.\" \"", "You know what I mean?\" \"", "I remember the first time I did 'shrooms.\" \"", "I was 10.\" \"", "My uncle Dennis sold them to me at my mom's birthday party.\" \"", "I was tripping so hard\" \"I thought the deviled eggs were trying to suck on my balls.\" \"", "Do you know what?\" \"", "I let 'em, 'cause it felt fantastic.\" \"", "MORAN:\" \"The first time I met Sammy\" \"I thought he was dead.\" \"", "We both went to summer camp together.\" \"", "The big kids kept dunking his head in the lake over and over again, and his body went limp.\" \"", "Everyone thought he was gone.\" \"", "Then the nurse gave him mouth-to-mouth and brought him back.\" \"", "Found out later he was faking the whole thing so he could make out with the hot nurse.\" \"", "That's when he became my hero, my best friend.\" \"", "I've lived in the Goat House since my freshman year.\" \"", "And I carry the flame of all the captains that have gone before me.\" \"", "I will not let that go out on my watch.\" \"(", "RUMBLING)\" \"Shit.\" \"", "They're storming the library.\" \"", "Get up, get up!\" \"", "You said nobody comes here.\" \"", "I didn't know they were gonna find us!\" \"", "Maybe they read my blog.\" \"", "You gave our whereabouts to them on a blog?\" \"", "Wait, you write a blog?\" \"", "How else is the media gonna know where to find me?\" \"(", "POUNDING)\" \"DEAN SIMON:\" \"The bottom line is that the nation is watching.\" \"", "Oh, God.\" \"", "Oh, my God.\" \"", "I forgot how much I like you after a big win.\" \"", "It's the only time we ever got along.\" \"(", "LAUGHS) That's true.\" \"", "You know, I had a heart attack last week.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "I almost died.\" \"", "Would have been nice if you had called me.\" \"", "I prayed for you.\" \"", "Did you...\" \"Did you touch yourself?\" \"(", "LAUGHING)\" \"(POUNDING ON DOOR) (RIOTERS SHOUTING)\" \"(SHRIEKING)\" \"(WHISTLE BLOWS)\" \"RIOTERS:\" \"It's the leader.\" \"", "Praise the leader.\" \"", "The leader's here.\" \"", "Oh, shit.\" \"", "Look who it is.\" \"", "Oh, God.\" \"", "Thank God it's you.\" \"", "We need to go to the Goat House.\" \"", "We need your help.\" \"", "Can you help us?\" \"", "Of course I can help you.\" \"", "I've got enough tear gas and tasers to get you to the White House.\" \"", "But why should I?\" \"", "You guys didn't need me earlier today.\" \"", "Oh, come on!\" \"", "What's it gonna take?\" \"", "I want that game ball.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "No way.\" \"", "Charge!\" \"(", "RIOTERS SCREAMING)\" \"Hold on!\" \"", "Hold on!\" \"", "Look, I'll get you something better.\" \"", "Yeah, if you help me save Sammy and the Goat House, the papers aren't gonna say anything about game balls tomorrow.\" \"", "No, the headlines are gonna read, \"Goats 12-0.\"\" \"\"", "Radon Randell saves the day.\"\" \"", "I'll do it.\" \"", "Great.\" \"", "Move out!\" \"(", "RIOTERS CHEERING)\" \"Okay, but we've gotta hurry because there's no telling what Sammy's going through right now.\" \"", "Come on, Alex.\" \"", "What's taking so long?\" \"", "How do we even know they're gonna kill Sammy?\" \"", "You think what's going on outside this door is a joke?\" \"", "If we sleep with him, it's only going to be out of pity.\" \"", "Is he gonna be okay with that?\" \"", "I wouldn't have it any other way, ladies.\" \"(", "SHOUTING)\" \"(GASPING) Now quick, get upstairs and bang my brother.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Go, go, go!\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "You can thank me when you're done laying pipe.\" \"", "Now go.\" \"...", "till I was 24 years old, I had no idea...\" \"RIOTER: 12 and 0!\" \"", "MORAN:\" \"You're pretty good at this.\" \"", "RADON:\" \"I'm from Detroit.\" \"", "Our sports fans invented rioting.\" \"", "Where'd you get the police gear?\" \"", "From a police officer.\" \"(", "LAUGHS)\" \"Harmon!\" \"", "Stop the cart!\" \"", "No, no, no.\" \"", "You gotta keep going.\" \"", "You gotta keep going, man.\" \"", "If we stop, it's over.\" \"", "Go, go, go, go!\" \"", "HARMON:\" \"Go!\" \"", "Save the drugs!\" \"(", "HARMON SCREAMING)\" \"Let's go, bitches.\" \"(", "MARY JO YELLING)\" \"All right, you two are kissing each other at the end of the bed, staring at me.\" \"", "You, you're in the corner touching yourself, watching them watching me getting double-teamed by Kate and Kara.\" \"", "Maybe we should hurry this up.\" \"", "Yeah, um...\" \"It's my dying wish, Kate.\" \"", "I kind of want to get this right.\" \"", "So maybe when you're about to die, you can have your own fantasy.\" \"", "You two, start kissing each other at the end of the bed.\" \"", "You, get in the corner and start touching yourself.\" \"", "And you two, get on top of me.\" \"", "The rest of you, just fill in where you see fit.\" \"", "And action.\" \"(", "SHOUTING) (GIRLS SCREAMING)\" \"(PANTING)\" \"They're animals.\" \"", "Marty...\" \"You've got to talk to them.\" \"", "They respect you.\" \"", "You can put a stop to this.\" \"", "Get on your knees.\" \"", "Excuse me?\" \"", "Get on your knees and ask me again.\" \"", "Marty, will you put an end to this riot?\" \"", "Let me think about it.\" \"", "Wait a second.\" \"", "Where's Debra?\" \"", "Debra?\" \"", "What the hell are you doing under there?\" \"", "We're in love.\" \"", "Sorry, boss.\" \"", "Shit happens.\" \"(", "ALL CHEERING) (DRUM BANGING)\" \"Sammy!\" \"", "Silence!\" \"", "Let's hang the goat!\" \"(", "CHEERING)\" \"(ALL CHANTING) Hang the goat!\" \"", "Hang the goat!\" \"(", "ELECTRICITY CRACKLES)\" \"(RIOTERS GROANING) Back up!\" \"", "Back up!\" \"", "Sammy!\" \"", "Sammy!\" \"", "What we accomplished today was great, as a team and as a school.\" \"", "And we did something that everybody said was impossible.\" \"", "We fought and we clawed our way out of the abyss into the promised land.\" \"", "COACH DANIELS:\" \"And we did it not because we became champions again, but because we remembered we always were.\" \"", "We did this together, as one.\" \"", "And as one, we will celebrate what we achieved.\" \"", "Is he gonna be okay?\" \"", "I mean...\" \"He's gonna need a miracle.\" \"", "We knew you'd come for us.\" \"", "Excuse me.\" \"", "You saved my life, man.\" \"", "Radon, give me back my game ball.\" \"", "Hey, hey...\" \"Under one condition.\" \"", "If you promise to come back here with me next year and help me tear this school up again.\" \"", "Hey, we could be a dynasty, man.\" \"", "You have my word.\" \"", "REPORTER:\" \"Thad Castle, Radon Randell.\" \"", "A few words about what's happened here today?\" \"", "Yeah, it's really been a whirlwind kind of a day.\" \"", "COACH DANIELS:\" \"Today represents the rebirth of Blue Mountain State.\" \"", "We rose from the ashes.\" \"", "And sometimes you have to come to the brink of destruction before redemption can truly be earned.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Yeah!\" \"", "Woo!\" \"", "Yeah, baby, I did it!\" \"", "And now there's only one other thing\" \"I have to say to you, Blue Mountain State.\" \"", "12 and 0!\"" ]

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[ "AN ACT AMENDING REPUBLIC ACT NO. ", "6848, ALSO KNOWN AS, \"CHARTER OF AL AMANAH ISLAMIC INVESTMENT BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES\" AND PROVIDING FOR THE REGULATION AND ORGANIZATION OF AN EXPANDED ISLAMIC BANKING SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES\n\nStatus: Pending with the Committee on BANKS AND FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES since 2016-07-26\n\nAN ACT STRENGTHENING THE CULTURAL AND SPORTS TRAINING OF THE FILIPINO YOUTH BY RE-ORGANIZING THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (DEPED) INTO THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CULTURE, AND SPORTS (DECS), APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR\n\nStatus: Pending with the Committee on GOVERNMENT REORGANIZATION since 2016-08-15\n\nAN ACT TO RAISE AWARENESS OF, AND TO EDUCATE BREAST CANCER PATIENTS ANTICIPATING SURGERY, ESPECIALLY PATIENTS WHO ARE MEMBERS OF ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS, REGARDING THE AVAILABILITY AND COVERAGE OF BREAST RECONSTRUCTION, PROSTHESES, AND OTHER OPTIONS\n\nAN ACT TO STRENGTHEN THE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNMENT CORPORATE COUNSEL, BY RE-DEFINING, EXPANDING, STRENGTHENING, RATIONALIZING AND FURTHER PROFESSIONALIZING ITS ORGANIZATION, UPGRADING EMPLOYEE BENEFITS AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR\n\nAN ACT AMENDING REPUBLIC ACT NO. ", "6848, ALSO KNOWN AS 'CHARTER OF AL-AMANAH ISLAMIC INVESTMENT BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES', AND PROVIDING FOR THE REGULATION AND ORGANIZATION OF AN EXPANDED ISLAMIC BANKING SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES\n\nStatus: Pending with the Committee on BANKS AND FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES since 2016-10-12\n\nAN ACT AMENDING SECTION 6 OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. ", "6958, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS 'AN ACT CREATING THE MACTAN-CEBU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUTHORITY TRANSFERRING EXISTING ASSETS OF THE MACTAN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AND THE LAHUG INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT TO THE AUTHORITY, VESTING THE AUTHORITY WITH POWER TO ADMINISTER AND OPERATE THE MACTAN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AND THE LAHUG AIRPORT, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES\n\nStatus: Pending with the Committee on GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES AND PRIVATIZATION since 2016-10-19\n\nAN ACT DECLARING DECEMBER 8 OF EVERY YEAR AS A SPECIAL NON-WORKING HOLIDAY IN THE ENTIRE COUNTRY TO COMMEMORATE THE FEAST OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION OF MARY, THE PRINCIPAL PATRONESS OF THE PHILIPPINES\n\nAN ACT UPGRADING THE SALARY GRADE OF PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS AND NON-TEACHING PERSONNEL FROM SALARY GRADE 11 TO SALARY GRADE 18, AND FROM SALARY GRADE 1 TO SALARY GRADE 9 RESPECTIVELY, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR\n\nJOINT RESOLUTION URGING PRESIDENT RODRIGO R. DUTERTE TO CONTINUE THE BOTTOM-UP BUDGETING (BUB) ALLOTMENTS IN THE PROPOSED 2017 NATIONAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET IN ORDER TO STRENGTHEN CITIZENS' PARTICIPATION IN BUDGET PROCESSES AND LAY THE GROUND FOR CHANGING PEOPLE'S MINDSET AND STRONGER LOCAL GOVERNANCE PRACTICES AND INSTITUTIONS TOWARDS FEDERALISM\n\nRESOLUTION URGING PRESIDENT RODRIGO R. DUTERTE TO VIGOROUSLY PURSUE THE ALREADY JUMPSTARTED PEACE NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES (GPH) AND THE NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC FRONT OF THE PHILIPPINES (NDFP) AND CAUSE THE IMMEDIATE RELEASE OF DETAINED NDFP PEACE TALKS CONSULTANTS IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE JOINT AGREEMENT ON SAFETY AND IMMUNITY GUARANTEES PREVIOUSLY SIGNED BY THE GPH AND THE NDFP\n\nStatus: Pending with the Committee on PEACE, RECONCILIATION AND UNITY since 2016-07-26\n\nRESOLUTION EXPRESSING THE PROFOUND SYMPATHY AND SINCERE CONDOLENCES OF THE CONGRESS OF THE PHILIPPINES ON THE DEATH OF THE HONORABLE JUM AKBAR, ELECTED REPRESENTATIVE OF THE LONE DISTRICT OF BASILAN AND FORMER GOVERNOR OF THE PROVINCE OF BASILAN (2007-2016)\n\nRESOLUTION EXPRESSING THE PROFOUND CONDOLENCES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO THE FAMILY OF FORMER DEPUTY SPEAKER HENEDINA R. ABAD, REPRESENTATIVE OF THE LONE DISTRICT OF BATANES DURING THE THIRTEENTH, FIFTEENTH, SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CONGRESSES" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCheckbox has values of 0 and -1?", "\n\nI have some checkboxes on my webapp, and a save button. ", " When I click the save button, I save the checked state of the checkboxes to the database.", "\nWhen the checkboxes are not checked, I get 0's in the database. ", " However, when they are checked, I get -1's in the database. ", " I was expecting 1's. ", " Are the -1's normal for checked states?", "\nSample code:\nFunction ProcessAction(ByVal checkbox1 As Integer, ByVal checkbox2 As Integer) As Integer\n\n connection = New SqlConnection(ConfigurationSettings.", "AppSettings(\"connString\"))\n\n command = New SqlCommand(\"stored_procedure_name_here\", connection)\n command.", "CommandType = CommandType.", "StoredProcedure\n\n command.", "Parameters.", "Add(New SqlParameter(\"@id\", SqlDbType.", "Int, 4)).Value = 100\n command.", "Parameters.", "Add(New SqlParameter(\"@checkbox1\", SqlDbType.", "Int, 4)).Value = checkbox1\n command.", "Parameters.", "Add(New SqlParameter(\"@checkbox2\", SqlDbType.", "Int, 4)).Value = checkbox2\n\n command.", "Connection.", "Open()\n command.", "ExecuteNonQuery()\n command.", "Connection.", "Close()\n\n Return 1\nEnd Function\n\nThe call:\nSub ButtonClick(ByVal Source As Object, ByVal E As EventArgs)\n ProcessAction(checkbox1.Checked, checkbox2.Checked)\nEnd Sub\n\nA:\n\nA lot will depend on the code in between, but a Boolean true value is conventionally represented as the integer value -1. ", "It all depends on how you are handling the value before it gets persisted. ", "Some code would be useful if you need further help.", "\n\nEDIT: The code added shows you are relying on an implicit cast from Boolean to integer, resulting in this -1 value. ", "In VB, depending on the version, you could use Iif(checkbox1.Checked, 1, 0) or If(checkbox1.Checked, 1, 0). ", "Alternatively, keep the value as a Boolean, and save to the appropriate underlying DBMS data type if there is one - for example, in SQL Server, this would be a bit data type.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Oil and gas stocks opened Monday with slim losses as lower crude-oil backed away from its overnight highs. ", "The NYSE Arca Oil Index slipped 0.4% to 1,387 points, with Anadarko Petroleum Corp. leading decliners in the group on a 1.1% drop to..." ]

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[ "* For every task you can add a long description and an attachment which can be a file or a folder. * ", "Every task can have a reminder which will alert you when the task is due. ", "How useful is a task you forget about?* ", "Turn every task to a sticky yellow note and place it wherever you want!", "\n\nInnovative task managment software. ", "Improve the way you manage your everyday tasks.", "\nThis application will make it easy and fun for you to keep track of your tasks and goals by going much further than the usual To-Do lists go.", "\n\nA VIP Organizer v.2.9.56VIP Organizer is a personal time and task management software for organizing and optimizing of your workflow. ", "It is a powerful and full-featured tool which helps you create to-do list and track progress of your working tasks.", "\n\nEfficient Calendar v.5.50.0.542Efficient Calendar is a cross-platform and easy-to-use scheduler, planner and reminder. ", "Begin to use Efficient Calendar now to help you manage time, save time and finally control time! ", "And you can sync data across PCs and mobile phones.", "\n\nPortable Efficient Man's Organizer v.5.50.0.542Efficient Man's Organizer is a cross-platform personal information management package specially designed for men! ", "It has a beyond-cool interface - a choice only of tasty and wise men! ", "And you can sync data across PCs and mobile phones.", "\n\nEfficient Man's Organizer v.5.50.0.542Efficient Man's Organizer is a cross-platform personal information management package specially designed for men! ", "It has a beyond-cool interface - a choice only of tasty and wise men! ", "And you can sync data across PCs and mobile phones." ]

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[ "Super Combo\n\nMove Analysis\n\nNormal Moves\n\nStanding LP - Has slow startup and fast recovery, making it useful as a meaty attack. ", "It also hits low, so it can be used for mix-ups.", "\n\nStanding MP - Very strong ground poke. ", "It also works as an anti-air.", "\n\nStanding HP - Has about the same range as standing MP. ", "It is mainly useful in cross rush combos.", "\n\nStanding LK - Mainly useful for pressure. ", "It does not hit low and starts up slightly slower than crouching LK, but it stuffs low crush moves such as launcher. ", "It also starts his Low & High Smash Kick Combo (st.", "LK > MK).", "\n\nStanding MK - Frequently used in boost combos and for starting some very useful strings.", "\n\nStanding HK - Useful for certain juggles and as a starter for basic punish combos.", "\n\nCrouching LP - Good attack to use for close range footsies and can be confirmed into combos or pressure.", "\n\nCrouching MP - Mainly useful in combos. ", "It can be used as a poke, but cr.", "LP is generally preferred.", "\n\nCrouching HP - Can be used in cross rush combos from Flamingo MP.", "\n\nCrouching LK - Hwoarang's fastest attack outside of Flamingo stance. ", "Unfortunately, it is difficult to use defensively because he has a db+LK command normal, but it is useful in frame traps.", "\n\nCrouching MK - Situational anti-air. ", "It is special-cancelable, so it can be followed up with Special Step for mix-up/pressure.", "\n\nCrouching HK - Nice long-reaching sweep to use as a poke. ", "It can be canceled into specials such as LK Hunting Hawk to make it safer on block. ", "Note that the cancel is delayed, making the effective \"cancel blockstun\" only 12 frames.", "\n\nFlamingo LP - Hwoarang's only 3f normal. ", "It can be used to make frame traps tighter, but unlike his other light attacks, it does not lead to safe chains on block.", "\n\nFlamingo MP - Two-hit attack that does twice the damage of a normal medium attack. ", "Using this in combos generally always increases damage.", "\n\nFlamingo HP - Can be used to anti-air, but its main use is in combos.", "\n\nFlamingo LK - The animation is the same as standing LK, but the move properties are altered. ", "FLA LK has shorter range than st.", "LK, but it starts up in only 4f and hits low.", "\n\nFlamingo MK - Can be used as a poke and combo starter.", "\n\nFlamingo HK - Has good range, but it whiffs crouchers and has long startup and recovery. ", "Its main use is in combos.", "\n\nUnique Attacks\n\nSpinning Trip Kick (b+LK) - Because of the input, this move tends to get in the way more often than it's useful. ", "Its main use is as a feint to catch opponents who are looking to block Hwoarang's overheads.", "\n\nTsunami Kick (f+MK) - This is one of the best overhead attacks in the game overall. ", "The startup is 19f with the beginning of the animation being somewhat subtle, making it difficult for opponents to react to consistently. ", "On hit, it can be followed up with a combo. ", "On block, it is very safe. ", "The hitstun/blockstun of the attack is quite long, so it is practical to hit-confirm the attack to decide how to follow up.", "\n\nIron Heel (f+HK) - This overhead is somewhat slow, and it leaves Hwoarang at a disadvantage if blocked. ", "However, it can be useful because it has good range and can easily be followed up at any range. ", "The startup also looks very similar to the low-hitting Spinning Trip Kick (db+LK).", "\n\nFade-Away Kick (b+MK) - This attack crushes crouching attacks during its startup. ", "Its recovery is somewhat slow, but it is fairly safe because of its backward movement. ", "It can also be canceled into special moves such as Dynamite Heel (hcb+P) or Hunting Hawk (qcb+K).", "\n\nReverse Kick (st.", "MP > MP)\n\nThis string can be started from a boost combo and can be followed with a boost combo.", "\n\nFlamingo Stance (st.", "MP > MP > f) - Recovers 9f faster than normal (+2 on block, +8 on hit), but it has too much pushback to be used for pressure or combos. ", "This is a relatively good way of building meter on whiff, building about 2.5% of a bar (10 meter) in 30 frames.", "\n\nChainsaw Kick (st.", "MP > LP) - This string has some use for specific combos and setups. ", "It can be difficult to make use of because of its short range.", "\n\nFlashing Trident (j.LP > MP) - Both hits of this string must be blocked high. ", "This allows Hwoarang to mix it up with things such as empty jump low/throw, making it difficult to defend against consistently. ", "This string also works on whiff, so an opponent cannot crouch under it to avoid it.", "\n\nst.", "MK > MK\n\nThis string can be started from a boost combo and can be followed with a boost combo.", "\n\nFlamingo Stance (st.", "MK > MK > f) - Recovers 8f faster than normal.", "\n\nOn block, this ends at +2 advantage and can be followed with FLA LK for pressure.", "\n\nOn hit, this can link into FLA LK or MP for a combo.", "\n\nCan be used in certain juggle combos to connect cr.", "MP or st.", "HK afterwards.", "\n\nMiddle Kick Combo (st.", "MK > MK > MK)\n\nThis string can be followed with a boost combo.", "\n\nFlamingo Stance (st.", "MK > MK > MK > f) - Recovers 7f faster than normal. ", "This can be used to make the Middle Kick Combo safe on block. ", "Generally, it is preferable to hit-confirm with High Kick Combo (st.", "MK > MK > HK) instead.", "\n\nHigh Kick Combo (st.", "MK > MK > HK)\n\nThis string is very useful for easy hit-confirms because it can be started from a boost combo and is special-cancelable.", "\n\nFlamingo Stance (st.", "MK > MK > HK > f) - Recovers 6f faster than normal. ", "This does not give Hwoarang good frame advantage on block, nor does it lead to any combos on hit.", "\n\nThis string can be canceled into specials, but it is generally preferable to transition to Flamingo stance except in specific cases.", "\n\nFlamingo Stance (st.", "LK > MK > f)\n\nRecovers 9f faster than normal.", "\n\nOn block, this ends at +2 advantage. ", "This makes it useful for creating frame traps.", "\n\nOn hit, this ends at +8 advantage. ", "If the string was started close enough, this can be linked into Fire Storm (FLA MK > LK).", "\n\nQuick Kick Combo (FLA MP > MP) - This string has short range but leads to good damage, making it mostly useful for combos.", "\n\nFlamingo Stance (FLA MP > MP > f) - Recovers 6f faster than normal.", "\n\nFlamingo Kick Combo (FLA LK > MK) - This string is relatively difficult to hit-confirm, but it can be canceled into Special Step/Dynamite Heel to make it safe and keep pressuring the opponent while having the threat of Hwoarang's 3f FLA LP available.", "\n\nFire Storm (FLA MK > LK) - This string whiffs most characters crouching, but it has good forward movement, is very safe on block, and can be canceled into specials.", "\n\nThis string can be followed with boost combos and counts as a medium attack.", "\n\nThis string is delayable, making it possible to hit-confirm the first hit.", "\n\nFlamingo Stance (FLA MK > LK > f) - Recovers 4f faster than normal.", "\n\nOn block, this ends at +4 advantage. ", "This is good for starting pressure or mix-ups.", "\n\nOn hit, this ends at +6 advantage. ", "It is possible to link FLA LK or st.", "LK afterwards.", "\n\nOn whiff, this causes the string to recover fairly quickly, making it possible to catch opponents off-guard with a quick light attack or throw. ", "This is somewhat of a gimmick, so try not to rely on it often.", "\n\nMotion Switch (KKK)\n\nThis causes Hwoarang to enter or exit his Flamingo Stance. ", "It starts up in only 1f, making additional normal moves instantly accessible.", "\n\nHwoarang's walk speed becomes very slow during this stance, so it should be canceled when not attacking. ", "The Motion Switch command can be used to cancel the stance, but it causes a recovery animation. ", "Because of this, it is better to cancel the stance by tapping down (crouching).", "\n\nNormal Throws\n\nFalcon Dice Kick (LP+LK) - The knockdown time of this throw is very short, limiting setup options afterwards. ", "However, it doesn't use up much of the round timer.", "\n\nBring It On (b+LP+LK)\n\nSpecial Moves\n\nSpecial Step (dp+P) - This move has upper-body projectile invincibility and can be canceled into other specials. ", "It is useful for getting past projectiles as well as moving forward during blockstrings.", "\n\nEX - This version has full upper-body invincibility. ", "It can be useful in option-selects and baits.", "\n\nSky Rocket (dp+K)\n\nLK/MK - These versions have invincibility on startup, making them useful as anti-airs or reversals.", "\n\nHK - This version has the most range. ", "It can be used to punish an opponent jumping out of the range of the lighter versions.", "\n\nEX - This version has more invincibility and damage.", "\n\nHunting Hawk (qcb+K) - This move hops off the ground and has a small amount of lower body projectile invincibility.", "\n\nLK - This move can be used at neutral to hop over fireballs as well as low attacks. ", "It is -4 at worst on block, making it fairly safe.", "\n\nMK - This version is average in terms of startup, recovery, and damage.", "\n\nHK - This is the slowest and most unsafe version, but it is very good if switch-canceled on block. ", "The 3rd hit is an overhead and causes a ground bounce (techable by grounded opponents). ", "Hwoarang cannot follow it up by himself if it was comboed into, but the long knockdown time is useful.", "\n\nEX - Causes a wall bounce. ", "This is useful for high damage combos.", "\n\nAir Raid (hcf+K) - This attack has slow startup, but it has high frame advantage (+6) on block. ", "It travels different distances depending on the version.", "\n\nHK - This move can be useful to escape from the corner against an unsuspecting opponent.", "\n\nEX - Air Raid Special (air hcf+K)\n\nEX - This version has invincibility at the beginning of its startup, so it can be used to bait anti-airs.", "\n\nDynamite Heel (hcb+P) - This move is very useful in blockstrings as it is +1 on block and hit and +5 on counterhit. ", "This makes many of Hwoarang's blockstrings safe and can allow him to continue pressure. ", "It is also safe to switch-cancel on block. ", "Heavier versions start up slower but move forward more.", "\n\nEX - This hits overhead and can sometimes cross up. ", "On hit, it causes a ground bounce that can be comboed from. ", "However, it is very unsafe on block or whiff, making its usefulness questionable.", "\n\nSuper Combos\n\nHeel Explosion Combo (hcb+PPP)\n\nIf an opponent does an unsafe switch cancel, allowing you to catch two characters in a combo together, it is good to combo into this. ", "This is because of a glitch where hitting two characters with this super art causes one of the characters to be randomly chosen to enter the cinematic, while the other character gets stuck in an extended hitstun state. ", "If the cinematic occurs with the inactive character, this lets you follow up with any combo on the opposing active character.", "\n\nThe Basics\n\nFlamingo Stance can be exited by using crouch, any jump, or any dash, as well as using the motion.", "\n\nAdvanced Strategy\n\nDefense\n\nNote: As of version 1.08, you must go to the Customize menu and disable quick combo 2 by setting it to Preset 1 in order to use this technique.", "\n\nYou can perform a unique crouch tech by inputting db+LP+KKK, which will cause Hwoarang to enter Flamingo stance and immediately cancel it. ", "He is vulnerable for the 1f of startup but can block again immediately afterwards. ", "This technique makes it nearly impossible to punish Hwoarang for teching. ", "Be careful not to input KKK~LP, as this is read as 2 Motion Switch inputs and has a vulnerable recovery animation.", "\n\nOffense, Pressure, & Okizeme\n\nAir Reset Glitch\n\nNote: As of version 1.08, this glitch has been removed.", "\n\nThere is a glitch where hitting with Hwoarang's st.", "MK > MK string when the opponent is in a ground bounce state causes an air reset. ", "This is easy for Hwoarang to utilize because after hitting with his two main ground bounce moves (f+HK, st.", "MP > LP), executing the string immediately causes the first hit to whiff and the second hit to connect, causing the reset. ", "At the end of the combo, hold any forward direction to use the Flamingo transition to recover as fast as possible. ", "Holding up-forward allows a cross-up with j.MP, but beware of anti-airs because it is not a safe jump. ", "Holding down-forward cancels the stance, allowing you to do any meaty attack.", "\n\nSwitch-Cancels\n\nNormally, during a switch-cancel, the incoming character runs in until reaching the opponent character. ", "This run-in can be canceled by inputting a move, but it is not cancelable into jumping or blocking. ", "With Hwoarang, you can get around this limitation by using the Motion Switch command (KKK) to enter Flamingo stance and gain full control of Hwoarang. ", "uf+KKK causes him to jump, and db+KKK causes him to crouch-block." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Subsea immersed tunnel construction is to place multiple immersed tube sections on an underwater gravel foundation bed surface one by one. ", "Accumulation of seabed mud on the gravel foundation bed surface will change the stress characteristics of the gravel foundation bed surface and affect the force transfer effect of a foundation bed structure, thus leading to a phenomenon that the immersed tube sections may not be in effective contact with the gravel foundation bed surface; and during the placement of the immersed tube sections, it needs to dredge placement positions on the gravel foundation bed surface to prevent the phenomenon that the immersed tube sections may not be jointed with adjacent tube sections due to their abnormal settlement when placed on the mud.", "\nIn order to efficiently pave the underwater gravel foundation bed surface, an existing mechanical workboat is used for riprapping and pavement; a riprapping tube extends into water and is used as a surface region; the riprapping tube dumps rocks while moving, thus paving a Z-shaped gravel ridge foundation bed surface; a furrow is reserved between two adjacent gravel ridges; and a conventional dredging system may hardly efficiently clear away the mud in the furrows." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0 ]

[ "Preparing for an intensive IELTS exam requires effort and concentration. ", "This is why it is significant that you look for other ways to develop your English communication skills aside from engaging in one-on-one coaching sessions. ", "One key strategy that you Continue Reading…" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372 ]

[ "use crate::{error::FromStrError, H160, H256, H512, H520};\n\npub(crate) const DICT_HEX_ERROR: u8 = u8::max_value();\npub(crate) static DICT_HEX_LO: [u8; 256] = {\n const ____: u8 = DICT_HEX_ERROR;\n [\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____,\n ]\n};\npub(crate) static DICT_HEX_HI: [u8; 256] = {\n const ____: u8 = DICT_HEX_ERROR;\n [\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, 0x00, 0x10, 0x20, 0x30, 0x40, 0x50, 0x60, 0x70, 0x80, 0x90, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, 0xa0, 0xb0, 0xc0, 0xd0, 0xe0, 0xf0, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, 0xa0, 0xb0, 0xc0, 0xd0, 0xe0, 0xf0, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____,\n ____,\n ]\n};\n\nmacro_rules! ", "impl_std_str_fromstr {\n ($name:ident, $bytes_size:expr) => {\n impl ::std::str::FromStr for $name {\n type Err = FromStrError;\n fn from_str(input: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {\n let len = input.as_bytes().len();\n if len !", "= $bytes_size * 2 {\n return Err(FromStrError::InvalidLength(len));\n }\n let mut ret = Self::default();\n for (idx, chr) in input.bytes().enumerate() {\n let val = if idx % 2 == 0 {\n DICT_HEX_HI[usize::from(chr)]\n } else {\n DICT_HEX_LO[usize::from(chr)]\n };\n if val == DICT_HEX_ERROR {\n return Err(FromStrError::InvalidCharacter { chr, idx });\n }\n ret.0[idx / 2] |= val;\n }\n Ok(ret)\n }\n }\n };\n}\n\nmacro_rules! ", "impl_from_trimmed_str {\n ($name:ident, $bytes_size:expr) => {\n impl $name {\n pub fn from_trimmed_str(input: &str) -> Result<Self, FromStrError> {\n let bytes = input.as_bytes();\n let len = bytes.len();\n if len > $bytes_size * 2 {\n Err(FromStrError::InvalidLength(len))\n } else if len == 0 {\n Ok(Self::default())\n } else if bytes[0] == b'0' {\n if len == 1 {\n Ok(Self::default())\n } else {\n Err(FromStrError::InvalidCharacter { chr: b'0', idx: 0 })\n }\n } else {\n let mut ret = Self::default();\n let mut idx = 0;\n let mut unit_idx = ($bytes_size * 2 - len) / 2;\n let mut high = len % 2 == 0;\n for chr in input.bytes() {\n let val = if high {\n DICT_HEX_HI[usize::from(chr)]\n } else {\n DICT_HEX_LO[usize::from(chr)]\n };\n if val == DICT_HEX_ERROR {\n return Err(FromStrError::InvalidCharacter { chr, idx });\n }\n idx += 1;\n ret.0[unit_idx] |= val;\n if high {\n high = false;\n } else {\n high = true;\n unit_idx += 1;\n }\n }\n Ok(ret)\n }\n }\n }\n };\n}\n\nimpl_std_str_fromstr!(H160, 20);\nimpl_std_str_fromstr!(H256, 32);\nimpl_std_str_fromstr!(H512, 64);\nimpl_std_str_fromstr!(H520, 65);\n\nimpl_from_trimmed_str!(H160, 20);\nimpl_from_trimmed_str!(H256, 32);\nimpl_from_trimmed_str!(H512, 64);\nimpl_from_trimmed_str!(H520, 65);\n\n#[cfg(test)]\nmod tests {\n use crate::{H160, H256, H512, H520};\n use std::str::FromStr;\n\n macro_rules! ", "test_from_trimmed_str_one_byte {\n ($name:ident, $trimmed_str:expr, $index:expr, $value:expr) => {\n let result = $name::from_trimmed_str($trimmed_str).unwrap();\n let mut expected = $name::default();\n expected.0[$index] = $value;\n assert_eq!(result, expected);\n };\n }\n\n #[test]\n fn from_trimmed_str() {\n test_from_trimmed_str_one_byte!(H160, \"1\", 19, 1);\n test_from_trimmed_str_one_byte!(H256, \"1\", 31, 1);\n test_from_trimmed_str_one_byte!(H512, \"1\", 63, 1);\n test_from_trimmed_str_one_byte!(H520, \"1\", 64, 1);\n test_from_trimmed_str_one_byte!(H160, \"10\", 19, 16);\n test_from_trimmed_str_one_byte!(H256, \"10\", 31, 16);\n test_from_trimmed_str_one_byte!(H512, \"10\", 63, 16);\n test_from_trimmed_str_one_byte!(H520, \"10\", 64, 16);\n test_from_trimmed_str_one_byte!(H160, \"100\", 18, 1);\n test_from_trimmed_str_one_byte!(H256, \"100\", 30, 1);\n test_from_trimmed_str_one_byte!(H512, \"100\", 62, 1);\n test_from_trimmed_str_one_byte!(H520, \"100\", 63, 1);\n }\n\n macro_rules! ", "test_from_str_via_trimmed_str {\n ($name:ident, $trimmed_str:expr, $full_str:expr) => {\n let expected = $name::from_trimmed_str($trimmed_str).unwrap();\n let result = $name::from_str($full_str).unwrap();\n assert_eq!(result, expected);\n };\n }\n\n #[test]\n fn from_str() {\n {\n let full_str = \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001\";\n test_from_str_via_trimmed_str!(H160, \"1\", full_str);\n }\n {\n let full_str = \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001\";\n test_from_str_via_trimmed_str!(H256, \"1\", full_str);\n }\n {\n let full_str = \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\\\n 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001\";\n test_from_str_via_trimmed_str!(H512, \"1\", full_str);\n }\n {\n let full_str = \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\\\n 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\\\n 01\";\n test_from_str_via_trimmed_str!(H520, \"1\", full_str);\n }\n {\n let full_str = \"1000000000000000000000000000000000000001\";\n test_from_str_via_trimmed_str!(H160, full_str, full_str);\n }\n {\n let full_str = \"1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001\";\n test_from_str_via_trimmed_str!(H256, full_str, full_str);\n }\n {\n let full_str = \"1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\\\n 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001\";\n test_from_str_via_trimmed_str!(H512, full_str, full_str);\n }\n {\n let full_str = \"1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\\\n 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\\\n 01\";\n test_from_str_via_trimmed_str!(H520, full_str, full_str);\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.004888647474198805, 0.0034965034965034965, 0.001422475106685633, 0.0023485204321277596, 0.0008960573476702509, 0 ]

[ "A leap back to the books we loved in February\n\nBEACON 23, by Hugh Howey (John Joseph Adams). ", "A wisecracking, slightly obsessive-compulsive ex-soldier operates a space station that helps illuminate the Milky Way so ships can safely maneuver through it. ", "This is a perfect blend of a fast-paced action coupled with a psychologically insightful portrait of loneliness, of the little idiosyncrasies we develop when living on our own, and how we crave companionship. — ", "Reviewed by Nancy Hightower\n\nBLUE LAWS: Selected & Uncollected Poems, by Kevin Young (Knopf). ", "Encompassing 20 years of his work, this collection draws from and deepens the African American poetic tradition. ", "Young brilliantly conveys the struggles and triumphs of those oppressed by slavery, economic hardship after emancipation, Jim Crow laws and prejudice that still tinge life today. — ", "Reviewed by Elizabeth Lund\n\nTHE DEFENDER: How the Legendary Black Newspaper Changed America, by Ethan Michaeli (HMH). ", "What makes the book so significant is that Michaeli not only details the history of the Chicago Defender but also demonstrates its role in shaping the local and national political landscapes. — ", "Reviewed by Kim Gallon\n\n(Harper)\n\nFIXERS, by Michael M. Thomas (Melville). ", "This isn’t just an audacious financial thriller, it’s also, even primarily, a meditation on values. ", "It reveals the purported financial shenanigans that made possible the 2008 election of our current president and the real reasons the federal government bailed out the banks and investment groups that caused the global financial crisis of that same year. — ", "Reviewed by Michael Dirda\n\nA FRIEND OF MR. ", "LINCOLN, by Stephen Harrigan (Knopf). ", "Harri­gan offers us an acute and original portrait of Lincoln in the 1830s and 1840s, when our 16th president was still a young backwoods lawyer whose hair was “like a clump of crow feathers.” — ", "Reviewed by Jerome Charyn\n\nGINNY GALL, by Charlie Smith (Harper). ", "This powerful story covers a great swatch of the Jim Crow South and conjures up the largely separate, ferociously repressed world of African Americans in the early 20th century. ", "The protagonist is Delvin, born in 1913, to a “good-time gal” in Chattanooga, Tenn. He’s a bright boy, “a wonderanemous child,” quick to read and eager to make up stories, but his primary occupation is staying alive in a society that insists black men — even boys — remain dumb, shiftless and unthreatening. — ", "Reviewed by Ron Charles\n\n(Crown)\n\nTHE HIGHEST GLASS CEILING: Women’s Quest for the American Presidency, by Ellen Fitzpatrick (Harvard). ", "Fitzpatrick is a worthy biographer, offering a rich, amply footnoted story of quick-witted and resilient women who preceded Clinton’s quest. ", "In a world where women were expected to demur, they lived large — and paid the price. ", "One finishes the book believing that they wouldn’t have had it any other way. — ", "Reviewed by Connie Schultz\n\nTHE IMPORTANCE OF BEING LITTLE: What Preschoolers Really Need from Grownups, by Erika Christakis (Viking). ", "If not quite a defense of Carpet Fluff 101, this is a fervent rebuke of academic-style early education — testing, flashcards and so on. ", "Instead, Christakis favors a more nuanced approach, centered on the child and based on play. ", "She makes a powerful and persuasive case, even if it’s hard to see how such a system would work on a large scale. — ", "Reviewed by Nora Krug\n\nIN OTHER WORDS, by Jhumpa Lahiri; translated from the Italian by Ann Goldstein (Knopf). ", "Strikingly honest, lyrical, untouched by sentimentality, “In Other Words” chronicles as philosophical and quotidian a courtship with a language as Ovid’s “The Art of Love” does with amore itself. — ", "Reviewed by Howard Norman\n\nMASTER OF CEREMONIES: A Memoir, by Joel Grey (Flatiron). ", "This lovely memoir by the actor best known for his role as the emcee in the film “Cabaret” is a reminder that just a few decades ago people in every profession believed that being perceived as straight was an essential prerequisite for success — even actors in the theater. — ", "Reviewed by Charles Kaiser\n\nA MOTHER’S RECKONING: Living in the Aftermath of Tragedy, by Sue Klebold (Crown). ", "This book’s insights are painful and necessary, and its contradictions inevitable. ", "It is an apology to the loved ones of the victims; an account of the Klebold family’s life in the days and months following the shooting; a catalogue of warning signs missed. ", "Most of all, it is a mother’s love letter to her son, for whom she mourned no less deeply than did the parents of the children he killed. — ", "Reviewed by Carlos Lozada\n\nTHE SWANS OF FIFTH AVENUE, by Melanie Benjamin (Delacorte). ", "In this highly entertaining novel, Benjamin investigates the bonds between Truman Capote and socialite Babe Paley. ", "It’s a bit like wandering through La Cote Basque at lunchtime and overhearing snippets of conversation. — ", "Reviewed by Caroline Preston\n\nTENDER, by Belinda McKeon (Lee Boudreaux). ", "A poignant story about the deeply troubled relationship between a college student and her best friend when he comes out of the closet. — ", "Reviewed by Ron Charles\n\n13 WAYS OF LOOKING AT A FAT GIRL, by Mona Awad (Penguin). ", "Awad follows the life of Elizabeth, a woman whose identity shifts along with her weight. ", "The way food and body image define Elizabeth’s life is depressing and sad. ", "But the book is neither. ", "There is so much humor here — much of it dark, but spot on, like Dolores in Wally Lamb’s “She’s Come Undone” or Lena Dunham in “Girls.” — ", "Reviewed by Julie Klam\n\nUNITED STATES OF JIHAD: Investigating America’s Homegrown Terrorists, by Peter Bergen (Crown). ", "Bergen makes the case that the real threat from the Islamic State will remain “lone wolves” — Americans inspired by the group, rather than directly financed or trained by it. ", "And he frets about the convergence of the lone-wolf phenomenon with the Islamic State’s social-media savvy. — ", "Reviewed by Mary Louise Kelly\n\nYOU COULD LOOK IT UP: The Reference Shelf from Babylon to Wikipedia, by Jack Lynch (Bloomsbury). ", "This Rutgers professor of English takes a broad view of his subject and includes lively pages on several dozen radically different works, including “The Code of Hammurabi,” Pliny’s “Natural History,”the long defunct papal index of prohibited books, Hoyle’s rules for card games, the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, the National Union Catalogue, Emily Post’s “Etiquette in Society,” “The Joy of Sex,” the Catholic Encyclopedia, the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and even “Schott’s Original Miscellany.” — ", "Reviewed by Michael Dirda\n\nYOUNGBLOOD, by Matt Gallagher (Atria). ", "In “Youngblood,” about a young Army lieutenant stationed outside Baghdad, Gallagher shows how war works in the human heart. — ", "Reviewed by Roxana Robinson\n\nComments\n\nRon CharlesRon Charles writes about books for The Washington Post. ", "Before moving to Washington, he edited the books section of the Christian Science Monitor in Boston. ", "Follow" ]

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[ "Creative and efficient ideas when planning technology for your home and business.", "\n\nWelcome!", "\n\nWhat is Decker Technology Solutions?", "\n\n\"DeckerTech\" is a home-based technology consulting business located in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. ", "We are specifically located in Santa Rosa, and primarily provide technology support for Petaluma, Rohnert Park, Santa Rosa, Windsor, Healdsburg, Geyserville, and Cloverdale regions. ", "For a full listing of my services provided, check out my services page.", "\n\nWho Is Decker Technology Solutions?", "\n\nScott Decker is the founder of Decker Technology Solutions. ", "He is a native of Healdsburg, California. ", "Scott attended Sonoma State University where he graduated with a B.A. in Music with emphasis on Jazz Guitar Performance. ", "Earlier in his educational career, Scott studied Windows NT networking, Unix/Linux, and HTML/CSS at the Santa Rosa Junior College.", "\n\nScott has been involved with Technology from a very young age. ", "He has nearly two decades experience with PC hardware and system building, and close to a decade of networking experience in both the PC and Mac realm. ", "Scott is always willing to go the \"extra mile\" for the customer to make sure they are satisfied with their technology network." ]

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[ "If this is your first visit, be sure to\ncheck out the FAQ by clicking the\nlink above. ", "You may have to register\nbefore you can post: click the register link above to proceed. ", "To start viewing messages,\nselect the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.", "\n\nRe: Outlook 2003 Send/Receive Error 0x800CCC0F\n\n(1) The &quot;server timeout&quot; in Outlook was set to 1 minute and I set it to 2 minutes but I still get the error.(2) I only get the error during the &quot;Receive&quot; and have never got it during the &quot;Send&quot;.(3) I had turned off the MailSafe setting when I first got this error but to no avail. ", "It is currently on.", "\nFor some reason I have had very few errors today. ", "Yesterday I was getting them continuously all day long as I was the prior day. ", "I set the timeout to 2 minutes, hit the Send/Receive 25 times and had no errors. ", "I set it back to 1 minute, hit it 5 times and got and error. ", "I changed it back to 2 minutes, hit Send/Receive 2 times and got the error - very strange.", "\n\nRe: Outlook 2003 Send/Receive Error 0x800CCC0F\n\nYou're right...strange. ", "I'd leave the Time-Out at two minutes; it seems to be marginally better. ", "By chance is your e-mail client trying to check more than one mail box? ", "I ask that because my e-mail client (Pegasus) will sometimes give me the same sort of error when checking the second mail box after receiving something in the first mail box.", "\n\nYou know, it could be your mail server is just busy and there is not a problem with your programs? ", "You think?", "\n\nRe: Outlook 2003 Send/Receive Error 0x800CCC0F\n\n(1) Time out is set for 2 minutes(2) I only have one EMail account/box setup in Outlook(3) My wife has the same account but different mail box\nand no problems. ", "She is running Norton Internet Security.(4) I have had problems with Verizon EMail in the past but it was few and far between. ", "When I had the problem it was down not sporadic like this.(5a) I took down Kaspersky and hit the Send/Receive 100 times and had no errors.(5b) I brought Kaspersky back up and hit Send/Receive another 100 times and got 5 errors. ", "Again, yesterday and the day before I was getting them continuously all day long and that was without me hitting the send/receive - just from Outlook polling.(5c) With Kaspersky up I then shutdown ZA, hit the Send/Receive 100 times and had no errors(5d) So if I run Kaspersky\nOR ZoneAlarm I don't get errors but if I have them\nBOTH running I get errors. ", "I don't know how meaningfull this is since the error is so infrequent today.(8) Kaspersky had me run a script that generated a text file which I sent to them\n\nRe: Outlook 2003 Send/Receive Error 0x800CCC0F\n\nWould you also pass the though information along to Zone Labs Technical Support ? ", "They might be able to provide additional guidance on this issue with which I'm not familiar.", "\n\nI'm curious if you've tried just turning off the mail scanning function of Kaspersky while leaving the AV running? ", "It certainly appears the problem has something to do with the filtering of your mail when both applications handle the mail data packet.", "\n\nRe: Outlook 2003 Send/Receive Error 0x800CCC0F\n\nRe: Outlook 2003 Send/Receive Error 0x800CCC0F\n\nI am having the identical problem that you've described.", "\nI too am receiving\nsporadic send/receive &quot;connection to the server was interrupted: 0x800CCC0F&quot; errors from Outlook. ", "I also have Kaspersky Antivirus installed.", "\nThis\nonly happens when ZoneAlarm Pro and Kaspersky are both enabled.", "\nIf either is disabled the error never occurs. ", "I've further\ndiscovered that if I disable scanning on port 110 (POP3 inbound mail) in Kaspersky while ZoneAlarm Pro is active, this too eliminates the error. ", "However, I worry that disabling scanning on\nincoming mail in Kaspersky creates a vulnerability.", "\nI've seen numerous posts from individuals who have ZoneAlarm Pro and Kaspersky antivirus running without issue. ", "Has anyone encountered and overcome this problem?", "\nSystem particulars are:\nWindows XP Pro PS2\nZoneAlarm Pro v6.5.737.000\nKaspersky Antivirus v6.0.1.411\nMany thanks.", "\n\nRe: Outlook 2003 Send/Receive Error 0x800CCC0F\n\nI worked with both Kaspersky and ZA and was never able to resolve this. ", "Kaspersky was not much help.", "\nI finally uninstalled Kaspersky (trial version) and replaced it with BitDefender and the problem disappeared. ", "I am now running ZA Pro 6.5.737 and BitDefender 10 and have never had problems of any kind." ]

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[ "Slaven Došlo\n\nSlaven \"Slavko\" Došlo (; born 11 April 1991, Sombor, Serbia) is a Serbian actor who has won awards for his stage and screen performances. ", "The Serbian actor is best known for highly praised roles in Pored Mene / Next to Me (2015) and Panama (2015).", "\n\nBiography \nIn November 2016, Slaven received his first international award for acting, in the form of an Angela Award from Ireland's Subtitle European Film Festival.", "\n\nSlaven was named Actor of the Year in the first ‘League of Extraordinary Gentlemen’ from Serbia's Men's Health magazine (Oct 2015), crowning a summer of success with two box office hits and film festival awards.", "\n\nWithin months of graduating from Belgrade's Faculty of Dramatic Arts, Slaven was enjoying international media attention at the Cannes Film Festival for his powerful lead in Panama, a thriller about sexual politics in the social media age, from Serbian director Pavle Vucković.", "\n\nSlaven took the lead role in the Serbia's biggest domestic film of 2015, Pored Mene (Next to Me), which topped the Serbian box office for a month.", "\n\nThe ensemble drama from writer-director Stevan Filipovic was named Best Film at the Pula International Film Festival and won the Young Audience Award at the Sarajevo Film Festival.", "\n\nSlaven's stand-out performance as a sharp-witted college boy who enjoys Serbian cinema's first teenage gay kiss attracted overwhelming critical acclaim at home and abroad, including international trade title, The Hollywood Reporter.", "\n\nThe film played to packed houses at the Raindance Film Festival in the UK and at international festivals.", "\n\nAt the same time, Slaven showed dramatic intrigue and convincingly hot sex scenes in the contemporary thriller, Panama.", "\n\t\nSlaven stars in Vlaznost (Humidity), a captivating drama from director Serbian Nikola Ljuca, which won the Best Film Award at the Belgrade Film Festival FEST in February 2016. ", "\t\n\nIn April 2016, Slaven signed on to play a new recruit in RTS TV series Vojna Akademija (Military Academy). ", "\t\n\nAs well as numerous local productions, Slaven has performed in musical theatre at Belgrade's renowned Terazije Theatre in productions of Zorba the Greek and Glavo Luda, based on the songs of Zdravko Colic.", "\n\nSlaven studied under the tutorage of the esteemed actress Mirjana Karanović. ", " He joined the Novi Sad Youth Theatre in January 2015, starring in shows such as Encyclopaedia of Lost Time.", "\n\nFor his performance in the Special Sterija Award-winning play by Filip Vujošević, Life Stands Still, Life Goes On, at Belgrade's Bitef Theatre, in 2015, Slaven received the Dara Calenic Foundation Award for Best Young Actor.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:1991 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Sombor\nCategory:Serbian male film actors" ]

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[ "Nodejs - The best way to install Nodejs on Linux(Amazon Linux, Ubuntu)\n\nIf you install the nodejs on Linux(Amazon Linux, Ubuntu) using the nodejs installer, permission problems could happen when you use Yeoman, Bower, Grunt and so on.", "\nAfter I tried the nodejs installation in several ways, eventually I knew the best way is to avoid using ‘sudo’ permission while installing the nodejs." ]

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[ "Discover what nursery is like at a Kiddi Caru FREE open session\n\nUnlock your child’s imagination at Kiddi Caru’s FREE Discovery Weeks throughout September and October in Essex!", "\n\nThese sessions are the perfect opportunity for your little one to explore a range of learning and educational activities, with access to a fantastic range of toys and resources – all in a fun environment." ]

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[ "Mary McCool\n\n“Travis, Ray and I thank you for your prompt and attentive service during our adventure with lightning. ", "We were so lucky! ", "You and your crew are great at informing, advising, and getting the job done. ", "And you leave no tracks behind! ", "We are comforted and SOLD”" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHtml dataset how to put object? ", "data-x={}\n\nHTML:\n<a data-test=\"{a: 1}\">test</a>\n\nbut in chrome Console:\n> document.querySelector('a').dataset.test\n< \"{a: 1}\"\n\ntypeof document.querySelector('a').dataset.test\n\"string\"\n\nI expected:\n> document.querySelector('a').dataset.test\n< {a: 1}\n\ntypeof document.querySelector('a').dataset.test\n\"object\"\n\nHow can I write this HTML? ", "\nWithout javascript\n\nA:\n\nYou can write your HTML as the following.", "\n<a data-test='{\"a\": 1}'>test</a>\n\nAnd then in your script\nconsole.log(JSON.parse(document.querySelector('a').dataset.test));\n\nThe output will be\n{a: 1}\n\n" ]

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[ "Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever--a viral haemorrhagic disease unique to the Arabian Peninsula.", "\nThe emergence and re-emergence of human and animal pathogens on a global scale continues unabated. ", "One such pathogen is the arbovirus that causes Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever, which emerged in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the mid 1990s. ", "It has since re-emerged in other regions of the country and threatens to widen its area of endemicity beyond the peninsula. ", "Human and animal movements, especially those associated with the annual mass gathering event of Hajj (pilgrimage) may facilitate introduction into other continental masses, where it must be differentiated from dengue and other similar arboviral haemorrhagic fevers. ", "In addition to dengue and Kadam viruses, which are known to be endemic in Saudi Arabia, it is thought that other flaviviruses exist in the region, though undetected. ", "Collectively, these viruses present diagnostic challenges that may confound the recognition of clinical cases of Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever. ", "The Saudi Ministry of Health is making concerted efforts to expand the evidence base in order to enhance the diagnostic and preventive protocols used to address the challenge of Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever." ]

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[ "The primary objective of this research is to uncover a cause for the neuromal damage in glaucoma. ", "The approach utilized is the study of the vascular aspects of the optic nerve and retina; techniques include fluorescein angiography, opththalmodynamometry, stereoscopic photography of the optic disc, Goldmann perimetry. ", "Cases studied include normals, \"ocular hypertensives,\" and those with definite glaucomatous disease, both of the \"primary\" and the \"secondary\" types. ", "Studies are repeated at six month intervals in an attempt to I) find significant correlations between the aspects studied, and II) find objective changes that preceed detectable alteration of the optic disc or field of vision. ", "BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES: Spaeth, George L.M.D. Fluorescein Angiography: Its contributions towards understanding the mechanisms of visual loss in glaucoma. ", "Tr. ", "Am. ", "Ophth. ", "Soc. ", "1975 73:492-553, 1975." ]

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[ "Saturday, January 26, 2013\n\nI used the SNSS featured stamp set from last Friday for this one. ", "It's called Love From Rhubarb. ", "So many great sentiments in this set. ", "It can be used for Valentine's Day or just to send a little love to someone any time.", "\n\nIsn't Rhubarb just precious holding his big heart? ", "I seem to be making a lot of \"hugs\" cards. ", "It is one of my favorite sentiments I guess because I do like hugs.", "\n\nI pulled out some heart shaped doilies and some fun red/pink fiber that I bought so many years ago when that was the rage. ", "Am I the only one that goes crazy with some of those trends and then has a stash because I never figured out what to do with it all? ", "So I pulled out my box of fibers and I am determined to use them up on my cards. ", "Finally! ", "The pattern papers are from Hobby Lobby. ", "And the hearts are from the SNSS set Bottom of My Heart. ", "I cut them out with the coordinating dies.", "\n\nNow it's your turn to show us what you can do with this sketch. ", "Please swing by the Sweet Stop Sketch blog and get all the details for the challenge this week. ", "Have a great week.", "\n\nThursday, January 24, 2013\n\nHello! ", "I want to make a quick post tonight to share a card I made for the Sweet N Sassy Digi Challenge this week. ", "It's Anything Goes. ", "I like those kind of challenges. ", "I made a coffee cup shaped card for the challenge.", "\n\nAlmost everything is digital on this card. ", "I cut the coffee cup card base, coffee cup sleeve and hearts with my Silhouette Cameo. ", "The sweet little girl and sentiment are from digi sets. ", "I used Bundled Autumn and the sentiment from Hot Cocoa Sentiments. ", "The only part about the card that is not digital is the embossing. ", "I just had to add some fun embossing for dimension and texture. ", "I had a different approach on this card as well. ", "I usually pick my colors by the card stock or pattern paper I am using. ", "This time I pulled out some Copic markers to color in the image and then found card stock colors to match.", "\n\nI am also entering this in the challenge to be considered for the Design Team. ", "So please wish me \"luck\".", "\n\nSaturday, January 19, 2013\n\nIt's time for another Sweet Stop Sketch. ", "This week we have a spin on the sketch: Snowman. ", "I love snowmen.", "\n\nSince we are approaching Valentine's Day but still in the midst of winter I combined some hearts with snowflakes and this fun snowman ready to give a big warm hug.", "\n\nThe heart patterned layer is from a stack of cards I bought from the dollar spot at Target a few years ago. ", "I had the scrap of blue laying on my desk from another project and thought they went well together. ", "So I went to work coloring the huggable snowman image from the Love You This Much set, matching the colors in the two sheets of paper. ", "I used foam tape on most of the layers to give dimension. ", "I also pulled out another crocheted heart. ", "Love making and using them. :) ", "I stamped the sentiment on a fun little die cut snowflake tab that I cut using my Silhouette.", "\n\nNow it's your turn to join the fun. ", "Get all the details over at the Sweet Stop Sketch blog. ", "Have a great weekend!", "\n\nSaturday, January 12, 2013\n\nI've been obsessed with crocheting lately. ", "I found a pattern a while ago to make little crochet hearts and have been making a bunch of them. ", "They are so quick and easy to make. ", "And apparently they are quite popular with some of the companies at CHA. ", "I had no idea they were going to become a new trend when I started making them. ", "Well I had some of them laying on my stamp table just waiting to be used. ", "They look perfect on this Love card I made for the sketch this week.", "\n\nI used the pattern paper from MME for the color palette of the whole card. ", "I love the red, orange and vanilla put together. ", "I always tend to use white instead of vanilla and am trying to make more of a conscious effort to change that. ", "I used the dots from Grunge Borders for the bottom panel. ", "The hearts stamped on the panel under the crocheted hearts are from the Vintage Postcard set as well as the postmark stamp surrounding the work Love on the vanilla heart. ", "The word 'Love' is from Vintage Ornaments. ", "I like that you can use stamps from Christmas sets for non-Christmas cards. ", "Makes the stamp sets go further. ", "I pulled out some different trims to add a border between the two bottom panels and used a lot of foam tape for dimension. ", "I 'LOVE' how it turned out.", "\n\nSo now it is your turn. ", "Join us over the the Sweet Stop and show us what you can make with the sketch this week. ", "I can't wait to see what you share. ", "You can get all the details over at the Sweet Stop Sketch blog.", "\n\nSaturday, January 05, 2013\n\nI just received the SNSS stamp set, Timeless Classic, in the mail and had to make a masculine card with it.", "\n\nI love the fun vintage truck image. ", "I also love chevrons and found this very cool and funky wavy chevron cut file in the Silhouette store. ", "So it was perfect for the wavy border in the sketch. ", "Since ribbon, buttons and other frills were out for a masculine card, I opted for lots of dry embossing for texture, ink distressing for dirty and old, and several of the layers are adhered with foam tape for dimension." ]

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[ "Holden has offered an insight into the future of in-car technology with a workshop to support the introduction of the Holden Volt long range electric car\n\nThe workshop was hosted by Holden Chairman and Managing Director, Mike Devereux and showcases parent company GM’s global developments in car safety and infotainment.", "\n\n\nMr Devereux said the long range Holden Volt gave drivers a chance to own the car of the future today.", "The Volt, which goes on sale in Australia in November, can recharge in less than six hours via a regular household outlet (10A charge) and costs as little as $2.50 for a full charge.", "\n\n“Volt is a very exciting car as it offers owners a unique driving experience. ", "From its award-winning advanced technology propulsion to its cutting edge infotainment system and all-new active safety features, Volt is a showcase of what is to come from cars in the future. ", "But it will be available for Australian drivers to own before the end of the year,” said Mr Devereux.", "\n\nHolden reported new advanced active safety features, including Lane Departure Warning and Forward Collision Alert, will be offered for the first time in a Holden, making Volt one of the safest vehicles on the road.", "\n\n‘Volt’s Lane Departure Warning helps to modify collision risks that may arise when drivers stray over lane markings unintentionally, or depart a lane without signalling first. ", "The system uses a windscreen-mounted digital camera that looks for lane markings to provide lane departure alerts over a certain speed.", "\n\nThe Forward Collision Alert system uses the same windscreen-mounted camera for lane departure warnings to detect slow or stationary traffic in front of the vehicle. ", "The system looks for vehicles ahead and warns drivers if they are following another vehicle too closely.’ (", "Holden)\n\nAdditionally Volt offers many of the features expected by today’s car buyer, including voice recognition and Bluetooth®, DVD playback (while stationary), MP3 plug and play functionality, USB input with iPod® compatibility, 30GB inbuilt hard drive and Premium low energy Bose® audio system.", "\n\nGM Senior Manager for Infotainment Program Management, Kathleen McMahon said that these were features increasing number of consumers were expecting to see in vehicles.", "\n\n“We’ve seen a rapid change in the way drivers expect to be able to interact with the vehicles and it has been driven to a large extent by the explosion in usage of smartphones and the accessibility of 3G and now 4G mobile networks,” said Mrs McMahon.", "\n\nGM’s Executive Director for Electrical Systems, Kristen Siemen, shared details on new safety technology as well as GM’s work on early autonomous vehicles.", "\n\n“There are many important technologies under development on the way to our vision to build vehicles that don’t crash and ultimately vehicles that can drive themselves. ", "The building blocks toward that vision are systems like Electronic Stability Control (ESC), which is now standard on Holden cars,” Kristen Siemen.", "\n\nGM reported the company is participating in a 2800 vehicle pilot program in the city of Ann Arbor, Michigan. ", "Using the same hardware piloted initially in a South Australian trial by UniSA and Cohda Wireless, more than 2800 cars, trucks and public transport vehicles have been fitted with integrated safety systems, vehicle awareness devices, aftermarket and retrofit safety devices. ", "This will enable the vehicles to both communicate with each other and 73 lane-miles of roadway which has been fitted with transponder equipment.", "\n\nmedia.gm.com" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRichfaces datatable - adding a new row without rerendering the whole datatable on the client side\n\nThe new row can be added to the associated server-side collection on an action event of a command button or a command link, and the newly added row can be displayed on the client if the whole table is re-rendered.", "\nIs it possible to display the newly added row on the client side without needing to refresh the whole datatable, using the partial rendering, with the help of AjaxKeys or something ?", "\nThanks in advance for any help :)\n\nA:\n\nYou have to rerender whole datatable if you are adding a new row. ", "AjaxKeys may be useful if you want to rerender existing columns.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Pesticide application and cropping data from 37 states, 1972--national soils monitoring program.", "\nThis report summarizes pesticide application and cropping data collected in 1972 from 1,402 agricultural sampling sites in 37 states as part of the National Soils Monitoring Program. ", "Pesticide application data are summarized by all sites, states, and crop. ", "Tables generally give the number of sites reporting, number of times a compound was applied, percent occurrence, and arithmetic mean application rate. ", "Pesticides applied most frequently were atrazine, 2.4-D, captan, and trifluralin. ", "Among selected major crops, pesticides were most frequently applied to sites growing field corn and cotton, least frequently to sites growing alfalfa/bur clover and mixed hay." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Consultation on energy efficient windows and doors\nfor new construction and replacement\n\nHelping make your home beautiful since 1976\n\nWe are the River Region's trusted source for windows & doors. ", "We also offer hardware, columns, shutters & millwork. ", "We invite you to come by our showroom located in historic downtown Prattville, Alabama.", "\n\nReplacement Windows\n\nWe offer an affordable line of maintenance free vinyl replacement windows and fiberglass doors. ", "Make your house more comfortable by updating to more energy efficient products. ", "Our on staff installers will install your new windows, so you can be confident that it will be done right. ", "Click on the \"WINDOWS\" tab to learn more.", "\n\nNew Construction\n\nWe carry a large selection of new construction window and door brands. ", "We have windows in vinyl, wood, clad wood, aluminum and composite. ", "Wood, fiberglass and steel entry doors. ", "We also have MDF and wood interior doors. ", "Check out our in stock selection of interior trim moulding, hardware and columns. ", "Bring in or email us your plans for a free estimate.", "\n\nSuperior Customer Service , Competitive Pricing. ", "Let us prove it!", "\n\nIt is our belief, that great customer service is the absolute foundation of a successful business. ", "It is that belief that has kept us in business since 1976. ", "We would like the opportunity to serve you as your professional source for windows and doors. ", "Our experienced sales staff and service technicians are here to help you. ", "You will also find our pricing to be very competitve. ", "Don't think that you have to sacrifice quality or service for a better price. ", "Let us show you how easy buying new windows and doors can be.", "\n\nCall to schedule a free in-home estimate or to have us quote your new house plans. ", "Come by our showroom today and you'll see why more and more builders and homeowners are choosing Weather Seal for their new construction or home improvement projects." ]

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[ "Cars and vans on a walking trail? ", "Oh my!", "\n\nThe problem\n\nWhen the Watchdog wants a cheap date with his perky little papillon, he’ll visit one of the area’s many recreational trails — knowing that he and his beloved will be safe from behemoths with six-cylinder engines.", "\n\nGood thing he hasn’t chosen the Little Blue Trace Trail in eastern Jackson County, where security gates were removed near the Missouri 78 shelter house.", "\n\n“I am meeting people in cars and vans on a cycling and walking trail,” said Mark Breeding of Independence. “", "Someone in a stolen truck even led a police chase, which I fortunately missed.”", "\n\nNever miss a local story.", "\n\nSign up today for a free 30 day free trial of unlimited digital access.", "\n\nBreeding said the problem persisted even after he notified Jackson County a couple of months back. ", "Earlier this week, a concrete barrier blocked vehicles at one entrance, but a barrier farther north was shoved aside.", "\n\nThe answer\n\nThe folks at Jackson County Parks + Rec share Breeding’s concern.", "\n\n“We fully acknowledge this has been a challenge,” the department said in a statement.", "\n\nSlide-arm gates had kept vehicles off the trail there, but repeated vandalism rendered them nonfunctional.", "\n\n“Because of this, concrete barriers were placed at the north and south entrances,” the department said.", "\n\nOn July 2, however, Independence utility workers moved the northern barrier to gain access to the area. ", "A county crew put it back Tuesday.", "\n\nMeanwhile, parks officials had been designing a bollard system — vertical posts — to admit bikers, walkers and maintenance vehicles while blocking larger vehicles. ", "It’s supposed to be installed next week.", "\n\n“We appreciate the time Mr. Breeding took to let us know about the situation,” the department said.", "\n\nThe Watchdog believes in sharing the road, but not in this way.", "\n\nDo you have a problem or a question about a public issue? ", "Write to the Watchdog, The Kansas City Star, Newsroom, 1729 Grand Blvd., ", "Kansas City, MO 64108, or send email to watchdog@kcstar.com. ", "Include your name, phone number and city of residence." ]

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[ "A regular decorative lighting string includes an electrical wire, which is provided with several bulb-assemblies in interval to provide a simple decoration. ", "A conventional lighting string has though been provided with two or more bulb-assemblies on the electrical wire at a nearby position for increasing lighting effect. ", "But the bulb-assemblies are placed in great disorder that can not increase decorative or beautiful purpose." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Stamp duty changes: Estate agent's view of the impact\n\nEstate agent David Ricketts says stamp duty changes in Wales could help first-time buyers with a cut but others facing extra tax may put off moving.", "\n\nFinance Secretary Mark Drakeford said nine out of ten homebuyers in Wales will either pay the same or less tax under the new land transaction tax (LTT), which replaces stamp duty in Wales in April 2018.", "\n\nLTT will start with a higher threshold of £150,000, resulting in a tax saving of almost £500 on the average house sale in Wales.", "\n\nBut there will be significantly higher rates for house sales above £400,000.", "\n\n\"It is going to be more money to consider when you are purchasing property,\" Mr Ricketts said." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nfind and replace text from urls in csv data feed Debian 7\n\nMy server OS is Debian 7.", "\nI want to add id say 'xyz' to the below URLs\n\nexample.com/abc.html?id=White\nexample.com/abc.html?id=Black \n\nThen URLs should look like \nexample.com/abc.html?id=White&trackId=xyz\nexample.com/abc.html?id=Black&trackId=xyz\n\nIn data feed there are lots of URLs and there could be any color mentioned in front of ?", "id=\nI want to add cron job for this, to download the feed and add id to the URLs.", "\nPlease help me.", "\nThanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nAssuming you just want to append trackId=xyz to the end of each URL:\nawk '{print $0 \"&trackId=xyz\"}' <in.txt >out.txt\n\n" ]

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[ "The emergence of micro fabrication technology has led to a number of developments in the field of airborne acoustic sensors (microphones). ", "Traditionally, the most common technology for microphones has been the use of an electret to detect a deflection of a diaphragm caused by a differential acoustic pressure. ", "Electrets are insulators (such as Teflon or Mylar) on which an electrical charge is trapped. ", "An electret is used in a microphone to produce the necessary electrical field in the air gap between the electrically conductive movable diaphragm and fixed electrode to detect the deflection of the diaphragm. ", "Alternatively, a DC potential between the diaphragm and fixed electrode may be applied from an external source to create the electrical field. ", "This latter device is referred to as a condenser microphone.", "\nA common problem with electret microphones is leakage of electrical charge from the electret, which directly affects the sensitivity of the microphone. ", "This problem is especially severe at elevated temperature and humidity levels. ", "It is inherently difficult to protect the microphone, since it must be exposed to the environment to detect an acoustic signal. ", "Condenser microphones do not suffer from this problem; however due to the large air gaps in devices made with traditional fabrication methods, the external DC potentials required are in the order of hundreds of Volts, which is difficult to realize in battery powered systems.", "\nWith the utilization of micro fabrication technology, it is possible to significantly reduce the dimensions, including the air gap, of a microphone. ", "With micro fabrication technology, condenser microphone structures can be fabricated which only require an external DC potential of 5-20 Volts. ", "There are several key motivations for the development of MEMS microphones, the most important of which are: improvement of device ruggedness in system assemblies, miniaturization, improvement of performance and manufacturability of existing devices, and potential monolithic integration with semiconductor electronics.", "\nAn important limiting parameter for the performance, specifically sensitivity, of micro fabricated microphones is the mechanical sensitivity of the diaphragm in the device. ", "As the device is scaled down, the microphone sensitivity increases linearly as the air gap decreases, but this is counteracted by a decrease which goes to the fourth power of the diaphragm size. ", "The mechanical sensitivity of the diaphragm is determined by the material properties (such as Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio), thickness, and any intrinsic stress in the diaphragm. ", "It is therefore very important to maximize the diaphragm sensitivity by making it very thin and with a minimal amount of intrinsic stress. ", "In micro fabrication, it is difficult to control the intrinsic stress levels in materials, hence special attention is required to solve this problem. ", "In the prior art, the stress problem has been addressed by using low-stress materials, such as single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon and silicon germanium for the diaphragm. ", "Alternatively, the intrinsic stress can be relieved by creating a compliant suspension between the diaphragm and the supporting substrate, which allows the diaphragm to expand and contract.", "\nThe idea of suspension is attractive, since it will not only allow relief of any intrinsic stress in the diaphragm, but also decouple the diaphragm from any stress induced due to mismatch of thermal expansion between the diaphragm and the substrate, as well as any stress stemming from the mounting of the substrate in a package. ", "There is, however, some undesirable features associated with prior art devices.", "\nOne prior art microphone device 210 shown in FIG. ", "1 contains a diaphragm 211 supported by four or more springs 212, which are all formed from a silicon substrate 213. ", "However, to realize springs 212 and diaphragm 211, a number of slots 214 must be etched in diaphragm 211, which leads to an acoustical bypass, or leakage, of diaphragm 211. ", "As a result, the low-frequency roll-off of microphone 210 is directly determined by these slots, the dimensions of which are difficult to control. ", "Furthermore, since the motion of diaphragm 211 is set by the stiffness of suspension springs 212, it is important to control tightly the physical dimensions of these springs.", "\nAn alternative microphone device 220 shown in FIG. ", "2 is a variation of the design in which the diaphragm 221 is suspended in a single point 222 (see FIG. ", "2) or along a straight line around which diaphragm 221 can freely expand or contract. ", "Since the air gap in this type of structure not only defines the distance between movable diaphragm 221 and the fixed counter electrode 223, but also the acoustical leakage resistance in the device it must be tightly controlled. ", "As the diaphragm in this device is essentially a cantilever with one end fixed and the other end free to move, any intrinsic stress gradient in the diaphragm material will cause diaphragm 221 to bend, leading to a change of the air gap in the device, and therefore, the sensitivity and roll-off frequency. ", "This problem is especially important if the diaphragm is composed of more than one material, which may induce a stress gradient by mismatch of thermal expansion in the different materials. ", "Therefore, to realize a suspended diaphragm structure such as that shown in FIG. ", "2, precise control of dimensions and material stress gradients is required. ", "In another prior art design without suspension in which the diaphragm is loosely confined between the substrate and a lateral restraint, there is no suspension force to release the diaphragm from the substrate, and thus, it is important to avoid stiction in the device during the release of the diaphragm. ", "Unfortunately, surface forces and associated stiction is a predominant effect in micro fabrication due to the extremely smooth surfaces in the device.", "\nMicrophones with directional properties are desirable in many applications to lower background noise levels and, in some systems, to enable determination of sound source location. ", "A fundamental limitation on the directivity of a single pressure type microphone is that the size of the sound detecting diaphragm must be comparable to the wavelength of the sound of interest to achieve significant directivity. ", "For human speech and hearing, which is centered around a wavelength of approximately 156 mm, this requires diaphragms of unrealistic sizes. ", "Alternatively, as shown in FIG. ", "3a, a pressure type microphone 230 can be combined with a pressure gradient microphone in a single structure to achieve a directional response. ", "Such microphones are known as first order gradient microphones. ", "By carefully adjusting the volume of the air cavity 231, the acoustic resistance through the screen 232, and the acoustical path length from the front of the diaphragm 233 to the screen 232, a directivity pattern known as a cardioid pattern can be achieved (see FIG. ", "3b). ", "The directivity pattern is depicted for a sound source location 235 at the angle θ from a principal direction 234. ", "Microphone 230 has maximum response on the principal axis 234 of microphone 230 and a null response at ±180° from principal axis 234, the principal axis being perpendicular to diaphragm 233. ", "The condition which must be met to achieve the cardioid pattern shown in FIG. ", "3b is given by:Δl=cCARA,where Δl is the acoustical path between diaphragm 233 and screen 232, c is the speed of sound in air (344 m/s), CA is the acoustical compliance of the air cavity 231, and RA is the acoustical resistance of screen 232. ", "For very small devices, it is difficult and costly to manufacture screen material with high enough acoustical resistance to meet the condition above. ", "Secondly, since the lower roll-off frequency of the microphone is given approximately by:\n f low = 1 2 ⁢ ⁢ π ⁢ ⁢ R A ⁢ C A = c 2 ⁢ ⁢ π ⁢ ⁢ Δ ⁢ ⁢ l ,the lower roll-off frequency of microphone 230 increases as the exterior dimensions decrease. ", "As a result, most first order gradient directional microphones have a sloped frequency response, since in most cases the frequency of interest for detection is smaller than the roll-off frequency. ", "Such microphones are typically referred to as having a ski-slope response.", "\nA common method employed to improve the frequency response of a directional microphone is to increase the effective acoustical path Δl by design of the microphone package. ", "FIG. ", "4 shows a microphone package 240 with two air cavities 241 in which acoustical inlets 242 and 246 for the front and back of the microphone diaphragm 243 are further separated by tubes 247 mounted on the microphone package. ", "The microphone shown in FIG. ", "3a employs only one damping screen 232; however, if a second damping screen 246 is added in front of diaphragm 243, the frequency response can be leveled when compared to the structure of FIG. ", "3a with one damping screen. ", "The device of FIG. ", "4 has symmetric acoustic paths and resistances on both sides of single diaphragm 243.", "\nAnother approach to achieve directivity is to implement a so-called second order gradient (SOG) microphone, in which the difference in arrival time of the incoming acoustic wave is enhanced by electronic or acoustical means. ", "The principal idea of the SOG microphone is illustrated in FIG. ", "5 and FIG. ", "6. ", "In FIG. ", "5, the typical electronic implementation of an SOG microphone is shown with an array 250 of four omni directional microphones 251, and a complex summing network 252. ", "A specific time delay τ and τ′ is added electronically to the microphone signals and the signals are subtracted in the network 252. ", "As a result, the output signal 253 of summing network 252 is the sum of the signal from microphone M1 and the signal from microphone M4 delayed by τ+τ′, minus the sum of the signal from microphone M2 delayed by τ′ and the signal from microphone M3 delayed by τ. ", "If τ and τ′ are chosen such that τ=2τ′, the delays will make the microphone array 250 behave as if the distance between each microphone is increased by c*τ′ where c is the speed of sound in air (344 m/s). ", "In other words, a small array can be made to behave like a larger array, with better directivity, by adding delays to each microphone signal. ", "The disadvantages of adding electronic delays are the number of external components needed to realize the functionality, and the need for finely tuned and matched microphones in the array.", "\nIt is also possible to achieve the desired delay by acoustical means. ", "Such an implementation is shown in FIG. ", "6, in which a first order gradient microphone 261 is connected to acoustic paths 262-265 of different lengths which has openings 266-269 with impedance matched acoustic resistances. ", "In operation, the acoustic paths 262-265 act as delay lines, and by adjusting the length of the paths, a directional response similar to the electronic system of FIG. ", "5 can be realized. ", "A common drawback of all approaches described above is the relative bulkiness of the devices, which does not lend itself well to miniaturization due to fundamental limitations in the underlying physics upon which these devices are based.", "\nAn alternative detection principle has been found in nature in auditory organs of the Ormia ochracea parasitoid fly. ", "This insect uses hearing to locate sounds produced by crickets, and has been shown to possess a remarkable directional hearing ability. ", "An impressive feat considering the distance between the eardrums in the insect is only approximately 2% of the wavelength of the sound of interest (4.8 kHz). ", "It has been shown that complex interaction between the two eardrums through mechanical coupling greatly enhances the directional response of each eardrum. ", "A single diaphragm solution with properties similar to the second order mechanical system of the hearing organs in the fly has been suggested in the prior art. ", "The single diaphragm contains a number of corrugations to create resonance modes similar to the dominant vibration modes in the hearing organs of the fly. ", "Unfortunately, the micro fabrication of a single diaphragm with these properties is difficult and problems with stress and stress gradients in the diaphragm material, leading to intrinsic curling and deflection, complicates the matter in a similar fashion as described earlier." ]

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[ "The value of stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for patients referred from the adult congenital heart disease clinic: 5-year experience at the Toronto General Hospital.", "\nVasodilator stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging is a clinically useful tool for detection of clinically significant myocardial ischaemia in adults. ", "We report our 5-year retrospective experience with perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance in a large, quarternary adult congenital heart disease centre. ", "We reviewed all cases of perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients referred from the adult congenital heart disease service. ", "Dipyridamole stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance was undertaken on commercially available 1.5 and 3 T cardiovascular magnetic resonance scanners. ", "Late gadolinium enhancement imaging was performed 8-10 minutes after completion of the rest perfusion sequence. ", "Navigator whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography was also performed where feasible. ", "RESULTS of stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance were correlated with complementary imaging studies, surgery, and clinical outcomes. ", "Over 5 years, we performed 34 stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance examinations (11 positive). ", "In all, 84% of patients had further investigations for ischaemia in addition to cardiovascular magnetic resonance. ", "Within a subgroup of 19 patients who had definitive alternative assessment of their coronary arteries, stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance demonstrated a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 100%. ", "Of the 34 studies, two were false negatives, in which the aetiology of ischaemia was extrinsic arterial compression rather than intrinsic coronary luminal narrowing. ", "Coronary abnormalities were identified in 71% of cases who had coronary magnetic resonance angiography. ", "Stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance is a useful and accurate tool for investigation of myocardial ischaemia in an adult congenital heart disease population with suspected non-atherosclerotic coronary abnormalities." ]

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[ "Here’s Why Critical Role Is My Natural 20\n\n(credit: Geek and Sundry)\n\nWhether it’s a movie (Lost in Translation), a comic book (Hawkeye), a television show (The X-Files) or a book (Harry Potter), I’ve always found ways of dealing with my mental health that are tied to unconventional methods of therapy. ", "That’s not to say I don’t go sit in front of a woman I’ve been seeing for over two years at least twice a month and talk to her about all my anxieties, because I do. (", "And she probably wishes I would stop re-hashing the same things over and over, bless her heart.) ", "But I also take comfort in material things that, whether intentional or not, hit at something that I’m struggling with and help me through it. ", "I suppose that’s why I became a professional writer (because I was always using words to get my feelings out when I couldn’t articulate them), why I pursued entertainment journalism (because I loved the things that I was interested in and knew they could mean more to people than just a piece of work), and why I dove into books and fantasy (because constantly being surrounded by other people’s stories made me happy).", "\n\nI wasn’t and had never been a gamer. ", "My nerdy boyfriend plans his entire life around video games, has a storage unit ten feet high filled with PS4 and X-Box games, and collects Magic cards. ", "But he’d never been into RPG or tabletop gaming, and none of my nerdy friends were into that sort of stuff , either — it was all comic books and video games and cosplay. ", "As a result, I never had a sharp interest in something like Dungeons and Dragons, and had never really watched or known anyone who played. ", "So when Critical Role, the RPG web series lovingly described by Dungeon Master Matt Mercer as a place where “a bunch of nerdy voice actors get together to play Dungeons & Dragons” began seeping into my life via tweets and Tumblr posts from close friends, I didn’t bother to think about checking it out.", "\n\nI eventually did. ", "I’m really glad I did.", "\n\nWatching those early episodes, where there’s that delicate but perfect balance of “we all know each other and we’re comfortable with our relationships because we’re friends outside of this, but you don’t feel like an outsider watching us interact,” I felt something that I hadn’t felt in a long time — lightness. ", "And comfort. ", "And distraction from a world that seemed like it was always on fire in the worst way. ", "The actors made me laugh with their antics (and swears) and inside jokes. ", "The characters they inhabited piqued my interest in a way I’d been missing when I looked for stories to dive into. ", "I found myself wholly invested in Vex’ahlia and Vax’ildan, the half-elven twins who re-defined the word “family” — my love for them only increased when I found out that the actors who played them spent three hours in a diner thinking up their backstory and family history. ", "Scanlan’s hilariously random bard songs made me laugh out loud and caused me to text my friends in amusement, while Grog’s one-liners endeared me to an angry, violent Barbarian who I would probably run away from in real life. (", "Sorry, Travis. ", "No offense, I swear.) ", "Pike’s loyalty reminded me that sometimes, you have to stop and take care of other people who are important to you, no matter what the cost is. ", "Keyleth’s fight for self-confidence gave me confidence to be more daring in my own way — I couldn’t shape-shift into an animal and carry friends across a cliff, but I could reach out to someone who I’d been hesitant to make contact with, or raise my hand and offer my thoughts when I felt like no one would listen to my opinions. ", "And don’t even get me started on the amount of emotion I was able to express by watching and listening to things like Vex worrying about the safety of her beloved bear, Trinket.", "\n\nSit yourself down for one episode, and you’ll be able to easily understand how these players and their characters meld together so seamlessly. ", "But it’s more than just feeling their pain, or their happiness, or their stress during a part of their campaign. ", "You find yourself tapping into your own feelings, whether or not you’re aware that you’re doing so. ", "You watch them experience the loss of a team member or tearfully explain a hard moment in their past, and in an instant, you’re suddenly sharing that grief with them. ", "You’re letting yourself mourn for things you haven’t figured out how to say out loud. ", "You’re forced to confront a locked away emotion that you felt vulnerable about sharing, or didn’t know how to embrace. ", "All from a group of voice actors who, for three or so hours, let you into their circle and make you feel like you have a home.", "\n\nHere’s the thing about Critical Role: RPGs, by nature, are a place of self-expression. ", "If you’re playing or invested in a game, you’re committing to opening up. ", "But more than that, people who you’re interacting with share a common understanding about how invested you should be. ", "I consider myself an introvert, but I don’t consider myself a loner. ", "I have a good group of friends and a pretty decent social life; I even have the luck of having a significant other who fully understands my nerdiness and lets me embrace it. ", "But we all have darkness in our lives, in some way. ", "And Critical Role made me feel like I had friends who understood this darkness, even though I’ve never met any of them in real life. ", "Because they welcomed me with open arms into this world, and into their group, because they knew I needed a place to be alone for a little bit — while not actually being alone at all.", "\n\nI’m someone who preaches self-care, yet I get so invested in what’s in my own head that I often forget to find healthy ways to practice it. ", "I can tell people something practical, like the fact that Critical Role has helped me become a better communicator, by showing me that I can embrace my true self during podcast recordings or professional speaking events. ", "But I can also tell people something more personal: that an episode of Critical Role on my phone in the morning (making me smile during an otherwise hellish New York City commute) or an episode on my big screen television (relaxing me at the end of a long work week) gives me an outlet to stop and remember why I’m not okay sometimes. ", "And I’m able to realize that because these voices and these players provide me with a crane that lifts the heavy parts I’m carrying around off of me without me asking for that help.", "\n\nAt the heart of gnomes, gunslingers, druids, elves, barbarians and armored bears is Vox Machina — a group that is defined by their teamwork, and the love they show each other as they weather hardships, setbacks, and unexpected roadblocks.", "\n\nPerhaps more importantly, it is a group that is defined by the love they give to us — the people who are lucky enough to find themselves invited into their world." ]

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[ "This item has been removed from the community because it violates Steam Community & Content Guidelines. ", "It is only visible to you. ", "If you believe your item has been removed by mistake, please contact Steam Support\n\nThis item is incompatible with Empyrion - Galactic Survival. ", "Please see the instructions page for reasons why this item might not work within Empyrion - Galactic Survival.", "\n\nCurrent visibility: Hidden This item will only be visible to you, admins, and anyone marked as a creator.", "\n\nCurrent visibility: Friends-only This item will only be visible in searches to you, your friends, and admins.", "\n\nNot enough ratings Falcon 3\n\nDescription Discussions Comments Change Notes\n\nAward Award Favorite Favorited Unfavorite Share Add to Collection This item has been added to your Favorites File Size Posted 0.037 MB 24 Jun, 2017 @ 5:50pm ( view ) 1 Change Note\n\nCreated by meazle\n\nIn-Game\n\nTerraria 92 Unique Visitors 13 Current Subscribers 0 Current Favorites" ]

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[ "(1) Field of the Invention\nThe invention relates to a method for repairing cracks in metal parts using cathodic arc coating and Hot Isostatic Pressing processes.", "\n(2) Description of the Related Art\nIt is common for gas turbine engine components to develop, over the course of their operation, cracks that originate on the surface of the component and extend into the component or vice versa. ", "Such cracks primarily arise over time from the extreme temperatures and pressures experienced by the turbine engine components. ", "Of particular concern are cracks which form in turbine components comprised of superalloy materials such as nickel-based superalloys. ", "Such materials tend to produce equiaxed, directionally solidified, and single crystal alloy structures.", "\nUnfortunately, presently utilized methods for repairing such cracks suffer from significant drawbacks. ", "Examples of such presently employed methods include Activated Diffusion Healing (ADH) or Turbofix™ diffusion brazing, welding, and the use of High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) spray materials. ", "ADH/Turbofix diffusion brazing typically employs a mixture of braze and base alloy to seal the crack. ", "Properties of the braze and base alloy typically exhibit less than 50% of the strength of the base material on equiaxed alloys. ", "When applied to directionally solidified and single grain alloys, the braze and base alloy repair material exhibits strength properties which are significantly lower than 50% of base material. ", "Attempts to weld base material into cracks suffer from different drawbacks. ", "Specifically, it is difficult to apply through a process of welding a material onto a superalloy component without inducing further cracking, typically due to the localized heat input from the welding operation. ", "In addition, in instances where the weld is successful, the properties exhibited by directionally solidified and single crystal alloys exhibit significantly lower strength than the original part. ", "Lastly, the application of HVOF spray materials similarly suffers drawbacks. ", "Specifically, because the process seals the cracks in an air atmosphere, the ability to seal and bond the crack is inhibited as a result of the presence of oxidation. ", "Moreover, HVOF processes induce oxidation in both the material being applied, and the part to which the material is being applied. ", "The internal oxidation of the part and the oxygen content of the applied alloy lessens the resulting strength of the repair.", "\nWhat is therefore needed is a method for repairing cracks in metallic parts, particularly gas turbine engine components, which can seal and repair the crack with an alloy resulting in a repair exhibiting material properties which approach that of the base material from which the part is constructed, and which is usable on an equiaxed, directionally solidified and single crystal alloys." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to make a 301 redirect of several get requests\n\nI've finished a website, now i'm changing old website to new and creating 301 redirects in .htaccess.", "\nI have a sitemap containing aroud 100 equal get requests like:\n?", "foodmenu=name-of-the-dish\n\nIn the new website there is no similar request and all this requests must be redirected to a fixed website, lets say http://myrestaurant.com/menu\nThere is a way I can avoid 100+ lines of almost similar httacces lines:\nInstead of:\nRedirect 301 ?", "foodmenu=name-of-the-dish1 http://myrestaurant.com/menu\nRedirect 301 ?", "foodmenu=name-of-the-dish2 http://myrestaurant.com/menu\nRedirect 301 ?", "foodmenu=name-of-the-dish3 http://myrestaurant.com/menu\nRedirect 301 ?", "foodmenu=name-of-the-dish4 http://myrestaurant.com/menu\n\nMake all this in one line or function, something similar to:\nRedirect 301 ?", "foodmenu* http://myrestaurant.com/menu\n\nNOTE: this requests are multilanguage, so I will need more than one rule / redirect:\nRedirect 301 ?", "foodmenu=name-of-the-dish3 http://myrestaurant.com/menu\nRedirect 301 /ca?foodmenu=name-of-the-dish3 http://myrestaurant.com/ca/menu\nRedirect 301 /es?foodmenu=name-of-the-dish3 http://myrestaurant.com/es/menu\n\nA:\n\nYou can not match against query strings in redirect directive, try :\nRewriteEngine on\n\nRewriteCond %{THE_REQUEST} \\?foodmenu=([^\\s]+) [NC]\nRewriteRule ^ %{REQUEST_URI}menu? [", "L,R]\n\n" ]

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[ "\n272 F.Supp.2d 1304 (2003)\nJimmy D. EAKLE, Plaintiff,\nv.\nGRINNELL CORPORATION, Defendant.", "\nNo. ", "CIV-02-568-S.\nUnited States District Court, E.D. Oklahoma.", "\nJune 11, 2003.", "\n\n\n*1305 ORDER\n\nSEAY, District Judge.", "\nPlaintiff Jimmy D. Eakle (\"Eakle\") brings this declaratory judgment action against Defendant Grinnell Corporation (\"Grinnell\") seeking to have the court declare the parties' Non-Compete Agreement (\"NCA\") invalid and unenforceable under Oklahoma law. ", "The parties have filed their respective motions for summary judgment and the matter is ripe for determination. ", "Having fully reviewed the respective submissions, the court concludes the NCA is valid and enforceable; consequently, Eakle's motion for summary judgment should be denied and Grinnell's motion for summary judgment should be granted.", "\n\n\n*1306 I. Background\n\nPrior to May 30, 2000, Eakle was the President and sole shareholder of Advanced Communication Systems, Inc. (\"ACS\"), a company which was engaged in the business of selling, installing, and servicing electronic security and alarm systems. ", "ACS was headquartered in Pocola, Oklahoma, and conducted its business activities primarily in Arkansas and Oklahoma. ", "Through his ownership of ACS and his prior employment history, Eakle had acquired considerable experience and expertise in the security industry and he had cultivated substantial client and industry contacts in the Arkansas/Oklahoma region.", "\nOn May 31, 2000, Eakle and Grinnell entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (\"Agreement\") whereby Grinnell purchased all shares of the outstanding capital stock of ACS from Eakle. ", "Agreement, § 1.1.[1] The initial purchase price was $550,000. ", "Id. at § 2.1(a). ", "The Agreement also provided that Eakle was entitled to two additional $50,000 payments, due on the first and second anniversary dates of the May 31, 2000, Closing Date, unless Eakle voluntarily left the employ of Grinnell or was terminated for defined cause. ", "Id. at § 2.1(b).[2] As part of this stock transaction, Eakle executed the NCA. ", "Id. at § 5.7. ", "Under the terms of the NCA, Eakle agreed that for a period of five years from the Closing Date he would not undertake certain activity which would compete against or devalue the business acquired by Grinnell within the defined Territory[3]. ", "As set forth in paragraph four of the NCA, Eakle agreed to the following:\nAs an inducement for Purchaser to enter into the Stock Purchase Agreement and as additional consideration for the consideration to be paid to Shareholder under the Stock Purchase Agreement, Shareholder agrees that:\n(a) For a period of five (5) years after the Closing:\n(i) Shareholder will not, directly or indirectly, engage or invest in, own, manage, operate, finance, control, or participate in the ownership, management, operation, financing, or control of, be employed by, associated with, or in any manner connected with, lend Shareholder's name or any similar name to, lend Shareholder's credit to, or render services or advice to, any business whose products or activities compete in whole or in part with the products or activities of the Company, anywhere within the Territory; provided, however, that Shareholder may purchase or otherwise acquire up to (but not more than) five percent (5%) of any class of securities of any enterprise (but without otherwise participating in the activities of such enterprise) if such securities are listed on any national or regional securities exchange or have been registered under Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ", "Shareholder agrees that this covenant is reasonable with respect to its duration, geographical area, and scope.", "\n(ii) Shareholder will not, directly or indirectly, either for himself or any other Person, (A) induce or attempt to induce any employee of the Company *1307 to leave the employ of the Company, (B) in any way interfere with the relationship between the Company and any employee of the Company, (C) employ, or otherwise engage as an employee, independent contractor, or otherwise, any employee of the Company, or (D) induce or attempt to induce any customer, supplier, licensee, or business relation of the Company to cease doing business with the Company, or in any way interfere with the relationship between any customer, supplier, licensee, or business relation of the Company.", "\n(iii) Shareholder will not, directly or indirectly, either for himself or any other Person, solicit business of any Person known to Shareholder to be a customer of the Company, whether or not Shareholder had personal contact with such Person, with respect to products or activities which compete in whole or in part with the products or activities of the Company.", "\n(b) In the event of a breach by Shareholder of any covenant set forth in Subsection 4(a) of this Agreement, the term of such covenant will be extended by the period of the duration of such breach;\n(c) Shareholder will not, at any time during or after the five year period, disparage Purchaser of the Company, or any of their shareholders, directors, officers, employees, or agents.", "\nBoth the Agreement and the NCA provide that the law of the State of Delaware is the governing law. ", "Agreement, § 10.7 and NCA, § 8.", "\nFollowing the execution of the Agreement and the NCA in May 2000, Eakle became employed by Grinnell and continued to work for them in Arkansas and Oklahoma until his termination in June 2002. ", "Eakle was terminated after receiving the two additional $50,000 payments under the Agreement. ", "Eakle thereafter filed an action in the District Court of Haskell County, Oklahoma, seeking a declaratory judgment that the NCA was not enforceable. ", "Grinnell removed the state court action to this court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction and seeks to have the NCA enforced in its entirety.", "\nAlthough he recognizes the inclusion of the Delaware choice-of-law provision in the NCA, Eakle asserts Delaware law cannot apply because enforcement of the NCA under Delaware law would violate the fundamental public policies of the State of Oklahoma. ", "In this regard, Eakle contends the NCA is unenforceable by arguing that Oklahoma law limits non-competition agreements between employees and employers to the prohibition of the active solicitation of business from the established customers of the former employer. ", "Furthermore, even if the court were to find that this case involved the sale of goodwill, Eakle contends Oklahoma law would only permit the enforcement of the NCA with respect to the operation of a competing business in Leflore County, Oklahoma (the location of Pocola, Oklahoma) and the counties contiguous thereto. ", "Eakle nonetheless objects to any reformation of the NCA with regard to its geographical scope because the NCA is otherwise inconsistent with Oklahoma public policy as to its duration and the activities covered. ", "Finally, Eakle argues that even if the court were to find the NCA enforceable, principles of equity dictate its non-enforcement due to the fact that he did not receive the consideration promised him in the form of continued employment with Grinnell.", "\nGrinnell contends Delaware clearly applies as the chosen law under the explicit terms of the NCA. ", "Grinnell further argues that even if Oklahoma law were to apply, the NCA would be enforceable. ", "As to *1308 Eakle's equity argument, Grinnell claims the evidence fails to establish any promise of continued employment on its part and, moreover, that the terms of the NCA provide that the parties' entire agreement is reflected in that written document and no oral representations can operate to amend its provisions.", "\n\nII. ", "Choice-of-Law\n\nIn a diversity action such as the instant case, the court is required to apply the law of the forum state including its choice of law rules. ", "Moore v. Subaru of America, 891 F.2d 1445, 1448 (10th Cir. ", "1989). ", "With respect to contract actions, the general rule under Oklahoma law is that \"a contract will be governed by the laws of the state where the contract was entered into unless otherwise agreed and unless contrary to the law or public policy of the state where enforcement of the contract is sought.\" ", "Williams v. Shearson Lehman Brothers, Inc., 917 P.2d 998, 1002 (Okla.Ct.", "App.1996). ", "Thus, the parties to a contract \"are free to specify by contract the rules under which [the contract will be enforced], including the specification of the law of a particular jurisdiction.\" ", "Id. As this general rule recognizes, however, the forum court will not apply the law chosen by the contracting parties should doing so violate the public policy of the forum state. ", "Moore, 891 F.2d at 1448-50. ", "In this case, the court must therefore determine whether application of Delaware law as chosen by the parties violates the public policy of Oklahoma. ", "To do so, the court will identify the conflict between Delaware and Oklahoma law with respect to non-compete agreements and the settled public policy of Oklahoma law applicable to such agreements.", "\n\nIII. ", "Delaware Law\n\nCovenants not to compete in connection with the sale of businesses have been upheld under Delaware law. ", "In Turek v. Tull, 139 A.2d 368 (Del.Ch.1958), aff'd, 147 A.2d 658 (Del.1958), the Delaware Chancery court set forth the standard for evaluating the validity of non-compete agreements:\nIt is established, however, that in the sale of a business and its good will, a promise by the seller not to compete will be enforced if reasonably limited as to time, area and purpose and if such promise does not constitute an unreasonable restraint of trade or otherwise contravene public policy. ", "Or, as has been stated, if at the time of the sale of a business a covenant not to compete is no broader than is necessary for the adequate protection of the buyer and does not tend to create a monopoly, it is generally valid, ....\nId. at 372 (citation omitted); see also Research & Trading Corporation v. Pfuhl, 1992 WL 345465 *6 (Del.Ch.1992). ", "Eakle does not dispute Delaware's recognition of non-compete agreements which conform to this standard.[4]\nA review of the NCA under this standard reveals that it is valid under Delaware law. ", "The NCA has a stated term of five years from the Closing Date of May 30, 2000. ", "Given Eakle's two-year employment with Grinnell, however, the effective term of the NCA is actually three years from the date of his termination. ", "Regardless of whether the NCA is interpreted as five-years or three-years in duration, the court concludes it is reasonably limited temporally. ", "See Turek, 139 A.2d at 372 (enforcement of a ten-year covenant not to *1309 compete in connection with sale of sanitarium). ", "Under the circumstances, such a term provides a reasonable time frame for the protection of Grinnell's interests and the preservation and development of the goodwill it acquired by purchasing ACS.", "\nThe NCA is also reasonable as far as its geographic coverage. ", "Under the terms of the NCA, Eakle is prohibited from engaging in certain activities within the states of Arkansas and Oklahoma. ", "It is undisputed that ACS marketed and sold its services throughout the Arkansas/Oklahoma region.[5] Given Eakle's concentration of efforts in the Arkansas/Oklahoma region, it is not unreasonable to extend Grinnell's protection to that market. ", "Delaware courts have addressed the geographic scope of non-compete agreements as follows:\nWhile most judicial opinions regarding the reasonableness of the geographic extent of employee non-competition agreements speak in terms of physical distances, the reality is that it is the employer's goodwill in a particular market which is entitled to protection. ", "If this market, or more accurately, the employer's customer base, extends throughout the nation, or indeed even internationally, and the employee would gain from the employment some advantage in any part of that market, then it is appropriate that an employee subject to a non-competition agreement be prohibited from soliciting those customers on behalf of a competitor regardless of their geographic location.", "\nPfuhl, 1992 WL 345465, *12. ", "As Grinnell purchased a company (and its goodwill) with extensive market connections in the Arkansas/Oklahoma region, Delaware law counsels that it would not be unreasonable to enforce the parties' non-competition agreement in that market.", "\nFinally, the court concludes the purpose and operation of the NCA reasonably protect the legitimate interests of Grinnell without creating a monopoly in the marketplace. ", "Delaware law recognizes that \"[a] non-competition agreement will only be enforced to protect the legitimate economic interests of the employer.\" ", "Pfuhl, 1992 WL 345465, *12. ", "In this case, Grinnell has legitimate economic interests it seeks to protect through the enforcement of the NCA. ", "Under the terms of the NCA, Eakle is prohibited from engaging in certain activities — (1) financial, management, or employment connections with competing businesses, (2) interference with existing employees or customers of Grinnell, and (3) solicitation of Grinnell's customers. ", "These prohibitions, while broad, are intended to protect the legitimate economic interests of Grinnell in preserving the value and goodwill of its investment, as well as the retention of its employees and customers free from improper influence by Eakle. ", "These prohibitions provide Grinnell with the opportunity to develop its investment, including ACS's employees and customers, without the fear of Eakle taking action which would cause a depreciation of the company's value. ", "In exchange for these restrictions on his activities post-acquisition of ACS, Eakle was paid the considerable sum of $650,000. ", "Under these circumstances, the court concludes the purpose and operation of the NCA are reasonable.[6]\nIn light of this analysis, the court concludes the scope and terms of the NCA are valid and enforceable under Delaware law.", "\n\n\n*1310 IV. ", "Public Policy of Oklahoma\n\nUnder Oklahoma law, non-competition agreements are generally void as against public policy, subject to statutorily created exceptions. ", "Bayly, Martin & Fay, Inc. v. Pickard, 780 P.2d 1168, 1170 (Okla.1989). ", "In this regard, 15 O.S. § 217 provides:\nEvery contract by which any one is restrained from exercising a lawful profession, trade or business of any kind, otherwise than as provided by Sections 218 and 219 of this title, or otherwise than as provided by Section of this act, is to that extent void.", "\nThe exceptions set forth under section 217 involve the sale of goodwill (section 218), the dissolution of a partnership (section 219), and non-competition agreements in the context of the termination of an employment relationship (section 219A). ", "As this case does not involve the dissolution of a partnership, the relevant exceptions to be discussed are sections 218 and 219A.\nInitially, it is argued by Eakle that the NCA violates section 219A because of its duration, geographic restriction, and overall comprehensive nature of the prohibited activities. ", "Eakle accurately points out that section 219A permits employees to enter into non-compete agreements with employers, but only to the extent \"the former employee does not directly solicit the sale of goods, services or a combination of goods and services from the established customers of the former employer.\" ", "15 O.S. § 219A(A). ", "Otherwise, the employee is \"permitted to engage in the same business as that conducted by the former employer or in a similar business as that conducted by the former employer.\" ", "Id. Admittedly, the NCA goes beyond section 219A(A)'s specific prohibition against the active solicitation of established customers by, among other things, precluding Eakle from owning, operating, or being employed by any similar business in competition with Grinnell.", "\nNotwithstanding the NCA's conflict with the limited prohibition allowed by section 219A(A), the court finds section 219A(A) does not operate to render the NCA invalid and unenforceable for the reason that section 219A(A), which became effective June 4, 2001, is not applicable to the court's assessment of the NCA, entered into on May 31, 2000. ", "Given the absence of any legislative provision dictating the retroactive application of section 219A(A), and the presumption that parties contract with reference to the applicable law at the time of the contract, the court concludes section 219A(A) should only be applied to contracts entered into on or after the June 4, 2001, effective date. ", "See McKinley v. Prudential Property and Cas. ", "Ins., ", "619 P.2d 1269, 1270 (Okla.Ct.", "App.1980). ", "As Eakle and Grinnell executed the NCA on May 31, 2000, section 219A(A) has no application with respect to the court's analysis of the public policy of Oklahoma in the context of non-compete agreements such as the NCA.", "\nThe operative exception embodying Oklahoma public policy on the issue of non-compete agreements can be found in section 218, which provides:\nOne who sells the goodwill of a business may agree with the buyer to refrain from carrying on a similar business within a specified county and any county or counties contiguous thereto, or a specified city or town or any part thereof, so long as the buyer, or any person deriving title to the goodwill from him carries on a like business therein. ", "Provided, that any such agreement which is otherwise lawful but which exceeds the territorial limitations specified by this section may be deemed valid, but only within the county comprising the primary place of the conduct of the subject business and within any counties contiguous thereto.", "\n*1311 Thus, section 218 allows a party selling the goodwill of his business \"to agree not to compete within a specified county or city for as long as the purchaser carries on a similar business.\" ", "Bayly, Martin & Fay, 780 P.2d at 1173 n. 11. ", "The Oklahoma Supreme Court has held that non-compete agreements in connection with the sale of goodwill, which are otherwise valid, are subject to modification with respect to the territorial restrictions found in section 218. ", "See Hartman v. Everett, 158 Okla. 29, 12 P.2d 543, 544 (1932) (non-compete agreement restricting seller from engaging in business in United States for five years void only to extent prohibition goes beyond specific county of operation). ", "Moreover, the Court has approved non-compete agreements under section 218 with five-year terms. ", "Id. and Herrington, 74 P.2d at 391 (five years).", "\nEakle argues that section 218 is not applicable because this case does not involve the sale of goodwill, but rather, involves the enforcement of a non-compete agreement between an employer and an employee — a situation governed by section 219A(A). ", "The court disagrees for two reasons. ", "First, the court has determined that the effective date of section 219A(A) precludes its application herein. ", "Second, the court finds the Agreement and the NCA clearly contemplate the sale of ACS's goodwill to Grinnell, which purchased 100% of the stock of ACS. ", "By itself, this stock purchase is evidence of the sale of goodwill. ", "See Key v. Perkins, 173 Okla. 99, 46 P.2d 530, 532 (1935) (sale of 20% of stock could constitute sale of goodwill within meaning of section 218). ", "Moreover, the provisions of the NCA prohibiting Eakle from engaging in certain activities are clearly directed to the preservation of goodwill for the benefit of Grinnell. ", "Oklahoma case law has defined \"goodwill\" as:\n\"the custom or patronage of an established trade or business; the benefit or advantage of having established a business and secured its patronage by the public. ", "See Black's Law Dictionary, Third Edition. ", "The `good will' value of any business is the value that results from the probability that old customers will continue to trade with an established concern.\" ", "Freeling v. Wood, 361 P.2d 1061 (Okla.1961).", "\nThe sale of ACS unquestionably involved the transfer of its entire asset base to Grinnell, including the goodwill it developed during the course of its operations. ", "The mere fact that the term \"goodwill\" is not listed in either the Agreement or the NCA does not equate with a finding that goodwill was not transferred. ", "See Herrington v. Hackler, 181 Okla. 396, 74 P.2d 388, 391 (1937) (\"Where a contract for the sale and transfer of a business omits to mention the goodwill, the presumption is that it was the intention of the parties that the goodwill should pass with the other assets. ", "This necessarily results from the fact that the goodwill cannot exist except in connection with the business.\").", "\nIt is Eakle's position that, assuming the application of section 218 in the context of evaluating Oklahoma's public policy, the NCA violates the fundamental public policies of the state of Oklahoma as embodied in section 218 because it goes beyond prohibiting him from carrying on a similar business within a specified county or city and because it contains a five-year term. ", "As to the duration of the NCA, Eakle's argument is foreclosed by Hartman and Herrington, both of which approved of five-year non-compete agreements under a section 218 analysis. ", "With respect to the territorial restrictions contained in the NCA, the court agrees with Eakle that section 218 would preclude the enforcement of the NCA in the Arkansas/Oklahoma region and that a modification consistent with section 218 would limit enforcement to a particular county (presumably LeFlore County, Oklahoma — the *1312 site of Pocola, Oklahoma) and those contiguous thereto. ", "As to the breadth of the prohibitions imposed on Eakle, the court concludes the restrictions under the NCA, i.e. ownership in similar business, interference with customers and employees, and solicitation of business, are within the meaning of \"carrying on a similar business\" set forth under section 218. ", "As stated by the Oklahoma Supreme Court, \"the purpose of this statute [section 218] is to allow the parties to the transfer of a going business to mutually agree, as part of the value of the business transferred, that the transferee will be protected from his transferor who might use his previously acquired experience, contacts and expertise to promote his own interests in the same field of business in competition with his transferee.\" ", "Farren v. Autoviable Serv., ", "Inc., 508 P.2d 646, 648 (Okla.1973). ", "The prohibitions listed in the NCA clearly promote this purpose of protecting Grinnell by prohibiting Eakle from using his experience, contacts, and expertise to his advantage in competition with Grinnell. ", "These type of restrictions are therefore reasonably within the ambit of section 218's coverage of \"carrying on a similar business.\"", "\nThis analysis of section 218 in the context of the NCA reveals a conflict only with respect to the territorial restrictions imposed on Eakle. ", "Under the NCA, as enforced under Delaware law, Eakle is prohibited from certain activities in the Arkansas/Oklahoma region; under section 218, the prohibition would extend only to Leflore County, Oklahoma, and those counties contiguous thereto. ", "Eakle would have this court invalidate the NCA based on this difference. ", "The court declines to do so. ", "A mere difference in the law is not sufficient to warrant the application of the public policy exception argued for by Eakle. ", "See Mirville v. Mirville, 10 Fed. ", "Appx. ", "640 (10th Cir.2001) (a mere difference in the law does not warrant the application of the public policy exception to Kansas's lex loci contractus rule). ", "To hold otherwise would be to allow the exception to swallow the rule. ", "If the court were to follow Eakle's line of reasoning then the forum's law would always apply when a difference in respective states' laws could be shown. ", "The mere fact a chosen law differs from the forum's law does not make the application of the chosen law a violation of the forum's public policy. ", "Rather, a broader concept of public policy is required. ", "Here, the public policy of Oklahoma authorizes non-compete agreements in the context of the sale of goodwill. ", "While it is true that certain limitations have been enacted under section 218 to govern these situations, the fact remains that Oklahoma nonetheless approves of the concept of non-compete agreements when the sale of goodwill is involved, albeit with certain geographic restrictions. ", "The court concludes such restrictions do not act as an impediment to its application of Delaware law in connection with the NCA.", "\n\nV. Equitable Considerations\n\nFinally, Eakle asserts equity will not permit the court to enforce the NCA because he did not receive consideration in the form of five years of employment with Grinnell. ", "Eakle argues he was induced into entering the NCA by a promise of continued employment throughout the term of the NCA and that Grinnell's failure to assure this consideration warrants the application of equitable principles to invalidate the NCA. ", "The court rejects this argument. ", "The record does not substantiate any promise of continued employment. ", "Neither the Agreement nor the NCA refer to any specific term of employment.[7] Eakle *1313 attempts to insert a five-year term by virtue of an alleged oral promise of employment. ", "Such an attempt, however, is foreclosed by the language of the sale documents. ", "Both the Agreement and the NCA contain language to the effect that these documents are the parties' entire agreement and that they superseded any prior written and oral agreements. ", "Agreement, § 10.4 and NCA § 13. ", "Moreover, a review of Eakle's deposition testimony discloses only his \"belief\" that he would be employed throughout the term of the NCA — not any promise by Grinnell to that effect. ", "Eakle Deposition, p. 141:13-145:5. ", "Consequently, Eakle's attempt to invoke equity to overturn the enforcement of the NCA must be rejected.", "\n\nVI. ", "Conclusion\n\nAfter much negotiation and with the assistance of counsel, Eakle executed documents transferring his company, ACS, and its goodwill to Grinnell for $650,000. ", "As part of this transaction, Eakle executed a non-compete agreement whereby he agreed to certain restrictions on his future activities for a five-year period in the Arkansas/Oklahoma region. ", "Eakle also agreed to the application of Delaware law in regards to the interpretation and enforcement of the agreement. ", "These restrictions were designed to afford Grinnell the opportunity to develop its acquired business free from competitive activities on the part of Eakle in the territorial market formerly canvassed by ACS. ", "This type of non-compete agreement, as to duration, territory, and scope, is authorized by Delaware law and does not violate the public policy of Oklahoma law. ", "The court therefore upholds the validity of the NCA and rejects Eakle's request for declaratory relief.", "\nBased on the foregoing reasons, Eakle's motion for summary judgment is denied and Grinnell's counter-motion for summary judgment is granted.", "\nNOTES\n[1] On Eakle's behalf, the Agreement and NCA were negotiated with the assistance of his attorney, Stan Holliman.", "\n[2] The $650,000 purchase price is set against a backdrop of net assets of ACS in the amount of $462,992.00, consisting of $437,823.00 in accounts receivable, $53,159.00 in inventory, $247,858.00 in other assets, and $275,848.00 in total liabilities.", "\n[3] Paragraph two of the NCA defines \"Territory\" as the \"States of Arkansas and Oklahoma.\"", "\n[4] As noted above, rather than attacking the validity of the NCA under Delaware law, Eakle implicitly admits that Delaware courts would uphold the validity of the NCA, but that it nonetheless should not be enforced as such an agreement is forbidden under Oklahoma law.", "\n[5] In the past, ACS conducted business in states other than Arkansas and Oklahoma. ", "The NCA does not preclude Eakle from engaging in business activities outside the Arkansas/Oklahoma region.", "\n[6] There is no evidence in the record to suggest the enforcement of the NCA would somehow create a monopoly in the relevant marketplace of the security industry.", "\n[7] The Agreement does make reference to a two-year employment period for Eakle by conditioning the two yearly $50,000 payments on Eakle not voluntarily leaving the employ of Grinnell and not being terminated for cause prior to May 31, 2002, the two-year anniversary of the date of the Agreement.", "\n" ]

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[ "ANDRITZ Separation, trusted partner for process solutions for waste water treatment. ", "There is a wide range of challenges in municipal drinking water and waste water treatment: whereas in developing countries the focus is often on setting up a base structure for drinking water and wastewater, in industrialized countries water quality, efficiency and recycling of residual ...\n\nFollowing the merger of Eimco Water Technologies, Enviroquip and Christ Water Technology, September 2010 sees the emergence of a new global force in the water sector, dedicated to bringing the latest thinking, proven technologies and the most advanced application knowledge to the municipal and industrial clean water, process water and wastewater markets around the globe. ...", "\n\nACCIONA Agua concentrates on water treatment and reverse osmosis desalination, a technology in which it is the world leader. ", "ACCIONA Agua is a leader in the water treatment sector with the ability to design, construct and operate drinking water treatment plants, residual purification plants, tertiary treatment plants for re-use and reverse-osmosis desalination plants. ...", "\n\nThe ProMinent group is manufacturer of components and systems for the metering technology, and a reliable water treatment solutions partner. ", "ProMinent offers components, systems and technologies for highly efficient, environmentally friendly, sustainable and user-centric metering and water treatment.", "ProMinent concentrates on components and complete solutions for the ...\n\nEvoqua Water Technologies, formerly Siemens Water Technologies, is a leader in water and wastewater treatment products, systems and services for industrial and municipal customers. ", "We offer a wide range of proven product brands and advanced water and wastewater treatment technologies, mobile and emergency water supply solutions and service contract options.", "\n\nLedcor, one of North America’s leading construction companies, is introducing alternative wastewater treatment technologies for municipal and industrial waste streams. ", "One such technology is electrocoagulation (EC). ", "For many years EC has been used to treat a broad spectrum of pollutants, but on a very limited basis due to problems with electrode fouling, flow rates and ...\n\nSUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT and its subsidiaries are committed to the daily challenge of protecting resources and ecosystems. ", "The company provides innovative solutions to millions of people and industries in the drinking water, wastewater treatment and waste management fields. ", "With 62,000 employees and a worldwide presence, SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT has secured a position as world leader ...\n\nCalgon Carbon Corporation, a global manufacturer and supplier of activated carbon and innovative treatment systems, provides value-added technologies and services for optimizing production processes and safely purifying water and air. ", "As a leader in the activated carbon industry and with ultraviolet light disinfection and oxidation expertise, Calgon Carbon Corporation has ...\n\nKemira is committed to being a leading water chemistry company. ", "Our strengths are high-level application know-how, a comprehensive range of water and wastewater treatment chemicals, and reliable customer deliveries. ", "As a leading global provider of inorganic coagulants and organic flocculants, we offer an extensive portfolio of products that also includes biocides, ...\n\nAs one of the world’s leading suppliers of drinking water and wastewater plant planning, installation and operational management, we offer sustainable solutions that can serve as the economic basis for a region and provide enhanced quality of life for the local population.", "Our customers have justified confidence in our blend of innovative technologies and over 80 years of ..." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nuseContext() returns undefined\n\nI'm running into an issue which is super frustrating and I can't figure out whats going on.", "\nI have a simple context as shown here:\nimport React, { useState, createContext } from \"react\";\n\nexport const AppStateContext = createContext();\n\nconst AppStateContextProvider = props => {\n const [appState, setAppState] = useState({\n cartOpen: false\n });\n\n return <AppStateContext.", "Provider value={{ appState, setAppState }}>{props.children}</AppStateContext.", "Provider>;\n};\n\nexport default AppStateContextProvider;\n\nI've also wrapped my App in the provider:\nimport React from \"react\";\nimport ReactDOM from \"react-dom\";\nimport App from \"./components/App\";\nimport CssBaseline from \"@material-ui/core/CssBaseline\";\nimport { createMuiTheme, ThemeProvider } from \"@material-ui/core/styles\";\nimport { deepPurple, amber } from \"@material-ui/core/colors\";\nimport AppStateContextProvider from \"./contexts/AppStateContext\";\n\nconst theme = createMuiTheme({\n palette: {\n type: \"dark\",\n primary: {\n main: deepPurple[400]\n },\n secondary: {\n main: amber[800]\n }\n }\n});\n\nReactDOM.render(\n <ThemeProvider theme={theme}>\n <CssBaseline />\n <AppStateContextProvider>\n <App />\n </AppStateContextProvider>\n </ThemeProvider>,\n document.getElementById(\"root\")\n);\n\nand I'm consuming the context here:\nimport React, { useContext } from \"react\";\nimport {\n Grid,\n Card,\n CardHeader,\n CardContent,\n CardActions,\n Divider,\n Container,\n AppBar,\n Toolbar,\n IconButton,\n Tooltip\n} from \"@material-ui/core\";\nimport ShoppingCartIcon from \"@material-ui/icons/ShoppingCart\";\nimport AppStateContext from \"../contexts/AppStateContext\";\n\nconst TopAppBar = props => {\n console.log(\"context: \", AppStateContext);\n console.log(\"useContext(context): \", useContext(AppStateContext));\n\n // const { appState, setAppState } = useContext(AppStateContext);\n\n return (\n <AppBar>\n <Toolbar>\n <Tooltip title=\"View Cart\">\n <IconButton>\n <ShoppingCartIcon />\n </IconButton>\n </Tooltip>\n </Toolbar>\n </AppBar>\n );\n};\n\nexport default TopAppBar;\n\nThe line of code that is commented out throws an error because useContext(AppStateContext) is undefined.", "\nThe output of the two console logs are this:\ncontext: props => {\n const [appState, setAppState] = Object(react__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_0__[\"useState\"])({\n cartOpen: false\n });\n return react__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_0___default.a.createElement(App…\nuseContext(context): undefined\n\nAs you can see, the context looks okay, but calling useContext on the context returns undefined. ", "So there must be some mistake somewhere but I'm struggling to find it.", "\nAny help would be greatly appreciated! :)", "\n\nA:\n\nYou are importing AppStateContextProvider\nchange import AppStateContext from \"../contexts/AppStateContext\";\nto import { AppStateContext } from \"../contexts/AppStateContext\";\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Background\n\nThe Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) has contributed to detecting cognitive impairment, yet few studies have evaluated its accuracy when used by general practitioners (GP) in an actual public-health setting.", "\n\nObjectives\n\nWe evaluated the accuracy of MMSE scores obtained by GPs by comparing them to scores obtained by Alzheimer's Evaluation Units (UVA).", "\n\nMethods\n\nThe study was observational in design and involved 59 voluntary GPs who, after having undergone training, administered the MMSE to patients with symptoms of cognitive disturbances. ", "Individuals who scored ≤ 24 (adjusted by age and educational level) were referred to Alzheimer's Evaluation Units (UVA) for diagnosis (including the MMSE). ", "UVAs were unblinded to the MMSE score of the GP. ", "To measure interrater agreement, the weighted Kappa statistic was calculated. ", "To evaluate factors associated with the magnitude of the difference between paired scores, a linear regression model was applied. ", "To quantify the accuracy in discriminating no cognitive impairment from any cognitive impairment and from Alzheimer's disease (AD), the ROC curves (AUC) were calculated.", "\n\nResults\n\nFor the 317 patients, the mean score obtained by GPs was significantly lower (15.8 vs. 17.4 for the UVAs; p < 0.01). ", "However, overall concordance was good (Kappa = 0.86). ", "Only the diagnosis made by the UVA was associated with the difference between paired scores: the adjusted mean difference was 3.1 for no cognitive impairment and 3.8 for mild cognitive impairment. ", "The AUC of the scores for GPs was 0.80 (95%CI: 0.75–0.86) for discriminating between no impairment and any impairment and 0.89 (95%CI: 0.84–0.94) for distinguishing patients with AD, though the UVA scores discriminated better.", "\n\nConclusion\n\nIn a public-health setting involving patients with symptoms of cognitive disturbances, the MMSE used by the GPs was sufficiently accurate to detect patients with cognitive impairment, particularly those with dementia.", "\n\nIn industrialized countries, dementia is one of the main causes of death and disability for persons over 65 years of age. ", "Dementing illnesses also have a strong impact on the quality of life of both patients and their families [1], requiring a complex organization of social and health services.", "\n\nIn Italy, among persons aged 65–84 years, the prevalence of any form of dementia has been estimated to be around 6%, whereas the estimated prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is around 2.5% [2]. ", "When also considering persons older than 84 years, the estimated prevalence ranges from 5.9% to 6.4% for any dementia and from 3% to 3.3% for AD [3, 4].", "\n\nThe initial stage of dementia is frequently not identified as such, with diagnosis often being performed two or three years after the first symptoms [5]. ", "At present, it is not recommended that screening for non-symptomatic persons be performed, given the high rate of false-positive cases, whereas screening is instead recommended for symptomatic persons. ", "In fact, early diagnosis is extremely important, given that there exists non-pharmacological and, to a lesser extent, pharmacological treatment capable of decreasing the severity of symptoms, retarding disease progression, and strengthening the residual cognitive abilities when neuronal impairment/death is not complete [6–11]. ", "Furthermore, managing persons with dementia and, in particular, the progressive worsening of the disease entails implementing measures in the family environment and in the patient's general environment.", "\n\nGeneral practitioners (GP) could play a key role in detecting persons with symptoms that are suggestive of dementia (e.g., memory deficit and/or alterations in other cognitive processes). ", "However, many of the neuropsychological scales and tests for predicting the onset of cognitive impairment are of limited use for GPs because of the time and complex training required to administer them [12–18].", "\n\nThe Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a widely used tool for assessing cognitive mental status which can be administered in less than 10 minutes by following simple instructions [19–23]. ", "Though it cannot be used for making formal diagnoses [22], the MMSE has been used as a first step in detecting cognitive impairment [23–25]. ", "However, few studies have evaluated its accuracy when used by GPs [24, 25].", "\n\nThe objective of the present study was to determine in an actual public-health setting whether GPs can accurately detect a cognitive deficit using the MMSE in patients with suspected cognitive impairment. ", "To this end, we compared the results of the MMSE applied by GPs to those of the MMSE applied by specialized neuropsychologists.", "\n\nThe study was conducted as part of a the project \"A Model for Estimating the Occurrence of Alzheimer's Disease for Creating a Regional Registry and Evaluating Healthcare Needs\", conducted in Rome in 2004–2005 and financed by the Italian Ministry of Health. ", "The project was performed in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki [26] and was approved by the ethics committee of the \"Fatebenefratelli Hospital\" (Rome) in February 2004. ", "Four specialized outpatient centres for dementia participated in the Project (referred to as \"Unità Valutativa Alzheimer\", UVA; Alzheimer's Evaluation Units) [27]. ", "The objectives of the project were: 1) to define criteria for identifying persons with dementia in the general population; 2) to estimate the incidence and prevalence of dementia; 3) to construct an index of severity of dementia; 4) to identify neuropsychological, behavioural, and neurophysiological predictors of disease progression; 5) to quantify the resources used in relation to the disease; and 6) to provide useful information for the planning and development of an integrated model of service provision based on the network of available services.", "\n\nIn 2004–2005, we contacted the heads of the four Health Districts in which the above-mentioned UVAs were located, asking them to recruit GPs who had a private practice in their Health District. ", "Eighty GPs volunteered to attend a meeting in which the study was presented; at this meeting, the GPs were first asked to participate in a course on dementia, particularly AD, with the aim of updating their knowledge on diagnostic criteria and patient management and to train them in the use of the MMSE, including the interpretation of the scores (for example, regarding questions on dates, if the answer was off by one day, then the GPs were instructed to consider this as a wrong answer).", "\n\nSixty-five GPs participated in the course. ", "Of these, 59 agreed to participate in the MMSE evaluation. ", "The GPs, based on their patients' records, were first asked to identify persons over 65 years of age who had already been diagnosed with any form of dementia and those with memory or cognitive disturbances that were causing difficulties in daily-living activities (reported by the patient him/herself or a family member) yet who had not suffered from pathologies other than dementia that cause cognitive impairment (e.g., Down Syndrome) The GPs were then asked to administer the MMSE (Italian version [28]), following the instructions for use, to those who had not already been diagnosed. ", "All evaluated patients, or relatives, were asked to sign an informed consent form.", "\n\nThe total score for the MMSE ranges from 0 to 30; scores > 24 indicate basically no cognitive impairment; scores < 18 indicate severe cognitive impairment [20]. ", "For persons with a score of 24 or lower (corrected by age and educational level using the score-adjustment coefficients proposed by Magni et al. [", "28]), the GPs used a standardized form to collect, with the help of patients' family members, demographic data, medical history (including pharmacological use), and family history of dementia. ", "The GP then invited the patient to undergo a clinical examination at the UVA, which was scheduled within six months of the GP's evaluation. ", "The clinical evaluation at the UVA was based on a standardized protocol and included cognitive and familial anamnesis, neurological examination, blood examination, neuroimaging (i.e., computed tomography or magnetic resonance), neuropsychological evaluation (i.e., MMSE, the Mental Deterioration Battery [14], the Stroop Test [29]), functional evaluation [i.e., Activities of Daily living (ADL) [30] and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) [31]] and behavioural evaluation through the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) [32]. ", "The diagnosis of any form of dementia was made according to DSM IV criteria [33]; the diagnosis of AD was made according to NINCS-ADRDA criteria [34]; that of vascular dementia according to NINDS-AIREN criteria [35] and that of frontotemporal dementia according to the Lund and Manchester criteria [36]. ", "Mixed dementia was defined as the presence of both AD and vascular dementia. ", "Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was diagnosed according to Petersen et al. ", "and Ritchie & Touchon criteria [37–40].", "\n\nStatistical analysis\n\nOf the patients with suspected cognitive impairment identified by the GPs, we excluded from the analysis those being followed by an UVA and those who in the previous four years had been prescribed inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which are indicative of a diagnosis of dementia.", "\n\nThe scores of the MMSE administered by the GPs were compared to those of the MMSE administered by the UVAs. ", "To examine agreement, the difference between the scores was plotted against their mean (Bland-Altman plot) [41]. ", "The level of agreement was measured by the mean difference and the standard deviation of the differences. ", "The precision of the estimated limits of the agreement was calculated assuming that differences basically followed a Normal distribution [41]. ", "To provide a synthetic measurement of interrater agreement, the Kappa statistic was calculated using weights defined as follows:\n\nweights = 1 - [(i - j)/(k - 1)]2\n\nwhere i and j indicate the scores provided by the two raters and k is the maximum number of possible ratings (in this case 31 because the MMSE varies from 0 to 30). ", "This measure of agreement is scaled to be 0 when the level of agreement is what would be observed by chance and 1 when there is perfect agreement.", "\n\nTo evaluate factors associated with the magnitude of the difference between scores, a linear regression model was used, considering this difference as a dependent variable and, as independent variables, age (categorized into three classes), gender, educational level (categorized into four classes), and the diagnosis made by the UVA (i.e., AD, other forms of dementia, MCI, and no cognitive impairment). ", "The estimated standard errors were corrected for the clustering effect due to potential correlation among scores for the MMSE performed by the same GP [42].", "\n\nTo quantify the accuracy of the MMSE administered by the GP and by the UVA in discriminating unconfirmed cognitive impairment from any type of cognitive impairment (i.e., MCI, AD, and other types of dementia) and from AD, the ROC curves (AUC) were calculated. ", "Finally, the sensitivity, specificity, the percentage of cases correctly classified, the positive predictive value (PPV), and the negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for each score of the crude and adjusted MMSE administered by GPs and UVAs.", "\n\nThe GPs identified 552 individuals, of whom 155 had been previously diagnosed with dementia. ", "Of the remaining 397 individuals, 28 were not tested; for 15 of these individuals, testing was not possible (e.g., they were institutionalized), whereas the remaining 13, though not tested, were nonetheless sent to the UVA based on evidence of cognitive impairment. ", "Thus the GPs performed the MMSE on 369 individuals. ", "Of these, 11 were excluded because the MMSE score exceeded 24, and 41 were excluded from the comparison because the MMSE was not performed by the UVA. ", "Thus 317 individuals were included in the present analysis (82% of the eligible candidates).", "\n\nMost of the 317 patients were women (73.5%); the most represented age group was that of persons 75–84 years of age (48.6%); and the largest proportion of participants had a low educational level (0–5 years of schooling) (68.1%). ", "After the visit to the UVA, 84 (26.5%) of the cases with suspected cognitive impairment were not confirmed, and 40 (12.6%) were defined as affected by MCI; AD was the most frequent diagnosis of dementia (n = 95; 30.0%). ", "Among the other types of dementia, there were 56 cases of mixed dementia, 33 cases of vascular dementia, 7 cases of frontotemporal dementia, and 2 undetermined cases. ", "When considering both the cases identified with this study and those already diagnosed, the estimated prevalence was 3.5% for dementia (1.8% for AD) among persons aged 65 years or older who were followed by the 59 GPs.", "\n\nThe mean crude score of the MMSE was 15.8 when the test was administered by the GPs [standard deviation (SD): 7.96, median: 18, range: 0–27, interquartile range (IQR): 11–22] and 17.4 when it was administered by the UVA (SD: 9.06, median:19, range: 0–30, IQR: 12–25). ", "The median time between the two evaluations was 43 days (IQR: 17–119), during which deterioration in MMSE scores could be expected. ", "The adjusted mean score (by educational level and age) was 16.0 when administered by the GPs [SD: 7.57, median: 18.5, range: 0.4–24.7, IQR: 12.1–22.0] and 17.7 when administered by the UVAs (SD: 8.74, median: 20.0, range: 0–30, IQR: 12.0–24.8). ", "The mean and the median differences between paired scores (both crude and adjusted) were 1.58 (SD: 4.28) and 1 (IQR = -1; 4), respectively. ", "Both the mean and the median differences were significantly different from zero (p < 0.01, by Student's t and Wilcoxon matched pair test). ", "Figure 1 shows the difference between the paired measurements against their mean. ", "Around 95% of the differences were between -10.0 and +6.8; for 29.4% of the participants, the difference between paired MMSE scores was 5 or more. ", "The Kappa statistic was 0.86.", "\n\nFigure 1\n\nScatter plot of differences between paired MMSE scores and their average; Rome, Italy, 2005. ", "The diameter of the circle points are proportional to the frequency of the individuals with same difference and same average.", "\n\nTable 1 shows the unadjusted and adjusted mean differences between paired scores obtained from the univariate and multivariate linear regression models, considering as independent variables age (categorized into three classes), gender, educational level (categorized into four classes), and the diagnosis made by the UVA (i.e., AD, other forms of dementia, MCI, unconfirmed cognitive impairment). ", "At the univariate analysis, the mean differences were similar for males and females. ", "The mean differences significantly varied by age class, with patients aged 65–74 years old having the largest mean differences, whereas those aged ≥85 years old had a mean difference very close to zero. ", "For educational level, those with ≥ 14 years of schooling had the largest mean difference, although this was not statistically significant. ", "For the UVA diagnosis, there was a significant difference among the 4 groups, with very large differences for those with no cognitive impairment and those with MCI. ", "At the multivariate analysis, only the mean differences by type of diagnosis still varied significantly, showing that the age effect found at the univariate analysis was mainly attributable to confounding due to the type of diagnosis. ", "We also explored other potential factors that could explain the difference between the paired MMSE scores. ", "However, the UVA scores were, on average, higher in each participating UVA (data not shown). ", "Furthermore, we did not find an association with the time between the two administrations. ", "In fact, the mean differences were -2.8 for patients re-tested at the UVAs within 17 days, -1.0 for those re-tested between 19 and 42 days, -2.3 for those re-tested between 43 and 118 days, and -0.2 for those re-tested after 118 days.", "\n\nNote: Negative values in the mean differences indicate that the GPs provided higher scores than the UVAs. ", "Adjusted mean differences are calculated from a multiple regression linear model, in which the independent covariates were all of the variables reported in the table. ", "Standard errors of the estimated parameters of the model are corrected for clustering among patients evaluated by the same GP. ", "P-values are adjusted Wald-tests evaluating the probability of having obtained these estimates under the null hypothesis that they were equal to zero (i.e., no difference among levels).", "\n\nFigure 2 shows the box-plots of the MMSE scores, according to the GPs and UVAs, by type of UVA diagnosis. ", "Overall, according to both GPs and UVAs, the scores were highest for persons with unconfirmed cognitive impairment, intermediate for those with MCI and lower for those with AD or other types of dementia. ", "For persons with unconfirmed cognitive impairment or MCI, the UVAs, on average, gave higher scores than the GPs, whereas the scores were similar for persons with AD or other types of dementia. ", "The results were very similar when adjusting the scores for age and educational level (data not shown in figure).", "\n\nFigure 2\n\nBox-plots of the MMSE scores obtained by GPs and UVAs, stratified by diagnosis made by UVAs; Rome, Italy 2005.", "\n\nFigure 3 shows the graphs of the ROC curves of the crude MMSE scores according to the GPs and the UVAs, which illustrate the ability to discriminate unconfirmed cognitive impairment from any type of cognitive impairment (i.e., MCI, AD, and other types of dementia) (panel A) and from AD (panel B). ", "In both cases, both the scores given by the GPs and those by the UVAs were able to discriminate (as shown by the AUC), though the scores given by the UVAs consistently provided a significantly better discrimination (p < 0.01). ", "The results were very similar when adjusting the scores for age and educational level (data not shown in figure).", "\n\nFigure 3\n\nAccuracy of the MMSE scores obtained by GPs and UVAs in discriminating individuals with no cognitive impairment from those with cognitive impairment (panel A) and from those with Alzheimer's disease (panel B).", "\n\nFinally, we calculated the sensitivity, the specificity, the percentage of correct classifications, the PPV, and the NPV for each crude MMSE score provided by GPs and by UVAs, which was used as cut-off to evaluate the accuracy in discriminating persons with and without cognitive impairment and with AD from those with unconfirmed cognitive impairment. ", "Table 2 shows the results for cut-off values between 16 and 26. ", "Regarding the cut-off value to better discriminate between persons with and without cognitive impairment, the value of 21 provided the highest percentage (i.e, 79.5%) of persons correctly classified when using the MMSE scores given by the GPs; when considering the MMSE scores given by the UVAs, the value that provided the highest percentage of persons correctly classified was 26 (i.e., 85.5%). ", "Regarding the cut-off value to better discriminate persons with AD from those with no cognitive impairment, there was no single cut-off value for MMSE scores given by GPs. ", "In fact, both the values 18 and 21 provided the highest percentage of persons correctly classified (i.e., 81.6%). ", "The better cut-off value of the MMSE scores given by the UVAs was 21 (88.8% correctly classified).", "\n\nTable 2\n\nSensitivity, specificity, and percentage of correct classification of individuals with and without cognitive impairment and those with AD and without cognitive impairment for different cut-off scores of the crude MMSE scores obtained by GPs and by UVAs; Rome, Italy, 2005\n\nCrude MMSE obtained by GPs\n\nCrude MMSE obtained by UVAs\n\nMMSE cut-off score\n\nSensitivity\n\nSpecificity\n\n% correctly classified\n\nPPV\n\nNPV\n\nSensitivity\n\nSpecificity\n\n% correctly classified\n\nPPV\n\nNPV\n\nClassification of individuals with and without cognitive impairment\n\n16\n\n58.8%\n\n85.7%\n\n65.9%\n\n92.0%\n\n41.1%\n\n53.7%\n\n94.1%\n\n64.4%\n\n96.2%\n\n42.3%\n\n17\n\n63.1%\n\n82.1%\n\n68.1%\n\n90.7%\n\n42.9%\n\n55.8%\n\n91.7%\n\n65.3%\n\n94.9%\n\n42.8%\n\n18\n\n66.5%\n\n77.4%\n\n69.4%\n\n89.1%\n\n44.5%\n\n60.1%\n\n91.7%\n\n68.5%\n\n95.2%\n\n45.3%\n\n19\n\n75.1%\n\n69.1%\n\n73.5%\n\n87.1%\n\n45.5%\n\n64.8%\n\n89.3%\n\n71.3%\n\n94.4%\n\n47.8%\n\n20\n\n83.7%\n\n64.3%\n\n78.6%\n\n86.7%\n\n50.0%\n\n70.8%\n\n88.1%\n\n75.4%\n\n94.3%\n\n52.1%\n\n21\n\n88.8%\n\n53.6%\n\n79.5%\n\n84.2%\n\n58.7%\n\n75.1%\n\n85.7%\n\n77.9%\n\n93.6%\n\n55.4%\n\n22\n\n92.7%\n\n39.3%\n\n78.6%\n\n80.9%\n\n63.4%\n\n79.4%\n\n79.8%\n\n79.5%\n\n91.6%\n\n58.3%\n\n23\n\n95.7%\n\n21.4%\n\n76.0%\n\n77.2%\n\n66.0%\n\n83.3%\n\n77.4%\n\n81.7%\n\n91.1%\n\n62.5%\n\n24\n\n98.7%\n\n4.8%\n\n73.8%\n\n74.2%\n\n64.3%\n\n87.1%\n\n72.6%\n\n83.3%\n\n89.8%\n\n67.0%\n\n25\n\n99.6%\n\n0.0%\n\n73.2%\n\n73.4%\n\n57.1%\n\n91.9%\n\n64.3%\n\n84.5%\n\n87.7%\n\n74.0%\n\n26\n\n100.0%\n\n0.0%\n\n73.5%\n\n73.5%\n\n0.0%\n\n94.9%\n\n59.5%\n\n85.5%\n\n86.7%\n\n80.7%\n\nClassification of individuals with AD and without cognitive impairment\n\n16\n\n71.6%\n\n90.5%\n\n80.5%\n\n89.5%\n\n73.8%\n\n71.6%\n\n94.1%\n\n82.1%\n\n93.2%\n\n74.5%\n\n17\n\n75.8%\n\n85.7%\n\n80.5%\n\n85.7%\n\n75.8%\n\n73.7%\n\n91.7%\n\n82.1%\n\n90.9%\n\n75.5%\n\n18\n\n81.1%\n\n82.1%\n\n81.6%\n\n83.7%\n\n79.3%\n\n75.8%\n\n91.7%\n\n83.2%\n\n91.1%\n\n77.0%\n\n19\n\n83.2%\n\n77.4%\n\n80.5%\n\n80.6%\n\n80.2%\n\n80.0%\n\n89.3%\n\n84.4%\n\n89.4%\n\n79.8%\n\n20\n\n90.5%\n\n69.1%\n\n80.5%\n\n76.8%\n\n86.6%\n\n88.4%\n\n88.1%\n\n88.3%\n\n89.4%\n\n87.1%\n\n21\n\n96.8%\n\n64.3%\n\n81.6%\n\n75.4%\n\n94.7%\n\n91.6%\n\n85.7%\n\n88.8%\n\n87.9%\n\n90.0%\n\n22\n\n96.8%\n\n53.6%\n\n76.5%\n\n70.2%\n\n93.8%\n\n92.6%\n\n79.8%\n\n86.6%\n\n83.8%\n\n90.5%\n\n23\n\n96.8%\n\n39.3%\n\n69.8%\n\n64.3%\n\n91.7%\n\n94.7%\n\n77.4%\n\n86.6%\n\n82.6%\n\n92.9%\n\n24\n\n97.9%\n\n21.4%\n\n62.0%\n\n58.5%\n\n90.0%\n\n94.7%\n\n72.6%\n\n84.4%\n\n79.7%\n\n92.4%\n\n25\n\n99.0%\n\n4.8%\n\n54.8%\n\n54.0%\n\n80.0%\n\n97.9%\n\n64.3%\n\n82.1%\n\n75.6%\n\n96.4%\n\n26\n\n99.0%\n\n0.0%\n\n52.5%\n\n52.8%\n\n0.0%\n\n97.9%\n\n59.5%\n\n79.9%\n\n73.2%\n\n96.2%\n\nNote: Individuals whose score was equal to or lower than the reported cut-off value were classified as having cognitive impairment in the first section of the table and as having AD in the second section of the table.", "\n\nThe individuals with suspected cognitive impairment identified by GPs and sent to the UVAs had, on average, an MMSE score of 16, suggesting that a large proportion of them were in an advanced stage of disease without a specific diagnosis. ", "Many of them were institutionalized or at home for other co-morbidities, and this study allowed them to be referred to specialized centres for dementia. ", "Although dementia continues to be considered as a taboo for patients, families, and professionals in many countries, we observed that only 15 of the 397 individuals (3.8%) were not tested by GPs. ", "This low percentage is likely the result of the advice and suggestions provided to the GPs during training to persuade patients and their families of the benefits of undergoing a specialized evaluation. ", "It may also be due to the fact that the MMSE is easy to perform. ", "Although there exist briefer tests (i.e., MIS, MISplus, MINIcog, GPCOG) which could be more attractive for use in general practice [43], we chose the MMSE because the others are not commonly used in Italian UVAs.", "\n\nOur results showed that there was good agreement between the MMSE performed by GPs and that performed by neuropsycologists in the UVAs, although the scores obtained by the GPs were, on average, significantly lower. ", "The overall concordance was good (Kappa statistic = 0.86), confirming the high test-retest reliability reported in several other studies [28]. ", "Our results are also in agreement with those of a similar study performed in France, which found that the MMSE scores obtained by GPs were slightly yet significantly higher than those obtained by trained neuropsychologists. ", "The concordance between paired scores in the French study was also similar to that in our analysis [25].", "\n\nAge, gender, and educational level were apparently not associated with the difference between paired scores. ", "There were significant differences when considering the diagnosis made by the UVA, specifically, for individuals with no cognitive impairment and those with MCI; however, it should be mentioned that the MMSE was not designed to detect patients with MCI. ", "On average, the scores of the GPs decreased with increasing severity of dementia, with the highest median score for individuals with no cognitive impairment and the lowest median score for those with AD. ", "A similar yet clearer trend was observed for the scores of the UVAs. ", "It should be considered that the MMSE was always administered first by the GPs and then by the UVAs (after a median time of 43 days), during which time deterioration in MMSE scores could be expected; however, the time between assessments was not related to the degree of discrepancy. ", "Other possible reasons for the difference between MMSE scores could be related to the site, the assessor and the time of administration, as well as to the specific items of the MMSE, yet no data were available to explore these hypotheses. ", "We cannot exclude the possibility that for some patients with important symptoms, or because specifically requested by the patient's family, the GPs forced the MMSE to be 24 or less (i.e., the score needed to warrant a specialised visit by the UVA).", "\n\nThe scores of the GPs showed good accuracy in discriminating individuals with no cognitive impairment both from those with cognitive impairment (AUC = 0.80) and even more so from those with AD (AUC = 0.88). ", "However, the scores of the UVAs discriminated significantly better than those of the GPs. ", "Of note is the finding that, although the MMSE score has been shown to be influenced by age and educational level [22], we did not find a higher accuracy when adjusting the scores based on the Italian normative sample [28] for either the scores of the GPs or those of the UVAs. ", "This was probably because of the relative homogeneity of the study population, which was characterized by a large percentage of persons with a low educational level (i.e., 0–5 years of education) and aged 75–84 years old.", "\n\nThe sensitivity and the specificity of several MMSE cut-off scores in discriminating individuals with no cognitive impairment from those with impairment and from those with AD differed from those reported in a previous study [24], in which analogous cut-offs showed lower sensitivity and higher specificity. ", "However, these differences can probably be attributed to the fact that we did not include those individuals who were likely to have had no cognitive impairment (i.e, MMSE score of GP > 24), thus increasing the sensitivity and simultaneously reducing the specificity. ", "Furthermore, we performed a cross-sectional evaluation to identify cases with cognitive impairment, whereas the previous study used the MMSE to predict AD after two years among persons initially not diagnosed with AD. ", "We found that a cut-off between 18 and 21 provided the highest percentage of persons correctly classified. ", "If the MMSE were to be used as a screening tool by GPs, a cut-off in this range should be considered.", "\n\nIn our study, all types of dementia other than AD, given the low numbers, were considered as \"other types of dementia\", yet we did not evaluate whether the MMSE scores of the GPs or the UVAs were capable of discriminating among the different types in this category. ", "One of the objectives of our study was to identify persons with slightly compromised cognitive capabilities. ", "We considered MCI as an intermediate state between normal aging and dementia [44] and which has been suggested to be a predictor of dementia [44, 45], although it has been estimated that 11–40% of persons with MCI do not worsen over time and may revert to normal cognitive abilities [46]. ", "To this regard, some authors have suggested that a non-pharmacological approach based on cognitive rehabilitation and a correct lifestyle may contribute to preventing MCI and dementia [47].", "\n\nThe MMSE scores of the GPs for individuals with no cognitive impairment were, on average, slightly higher than those for individuals with MCI, yet the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.1); by contrast, the difference between the MMSE scores of the UVAs for these two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.01). ", "This result seems to suggest that the MMSE, when applied by GPs, is of limited usefulness in distinguishing persons with MCI from those with no cognitive impairment. ", "However, we have to take into account that in this study we included only those persons with scores ≤ 24 according to the GPs.", "\n\nOne of the strengths of our study is that we evaluated the reliability and accuracy of the MMSE in a sample of individuals who were not selected and who were in a true general-medicine setting. ", "The major limitation of our study is that the GPs were asked to identify only those patients who they suspected to have a cognitive deficit (see selection criteria in the \"Methods\" section), and only those patients who scored 24 or less were evaluated by the UVAs. ", "Thus we do not know how accurate the MMSE used by GPs would be in detecting cognitive impairment in patients not suspected to have a deficit (i.e., not sampled) or in patients with a suspected deficit yet with a score greater than 24. ", "With regard to the latter patients, we feel that it is reasonable to assume that there were very few missed cases with cognitive impairment, as suggested by the results shown in Figure 2; furthermore, for patients who scored more than 24 yet whose symptoms were extremely serious, it was suggested that the GPs refer them to the UVA, and no cases of suspected cognitive impairment were confirmed. ", "Another limit of our study is that the single items of the MMSE were not collected, so that we were not able to evaluate more in-depth whether or not disagreement between paired scores was due to specific aspects of the examination. ", "Moreover, patients with borderline scores (23 or 24) according to the GPs had a greater probability of receiving higher UVA scores than patients with scores far below the cut off, simply because of measurement error and daily variation. ", "In particular, we cannot exclude the possibility that some of the GPs may have assigned a score of 24 to persons who, in their opinion, based on clinical observation or information provided by family members, were affected by cognitive impairment. ", "Another limit that should be taken into account is that the GPs were not randomly selected and they underwent a training session, limiting the representativeness with respect to the general community. ", "Furthermore, the UVAs were not blinded to the GPs' MMSE scores, because patients were invited to go to the UVA based on the MMSE score. ", "However, it is unlikely that the UVAs were conditioned by the score given by the GP. ", "Finally, in this observational study, those who administered the MMSE in the UVAs were not blinded to the cognitive and familial anamnesis, the neurological and blood examinations, neuroimaging, and the neuropsychological, functional and behavioural evaluations. ", "However, in the UVAs' normal clinical practice, the MMSE is administered and scored without taking into account the results of the other measurements for making the clinical diagnosis. ", "Thus it is unlikely that this would have biased the results.", "\n\nIn conclusion, our study shows that the MMSE can be used in a general-medicine setting as a useful tool for identifying cognitive impairment in individuals with memory or other cognitive impairment. ", "This could contribute to increasing the early identification of persons with MCI or dementia and thus to increasing the timeliness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment for delaying progression, as well as possible public-health measures for reducing the social impact for the affected individuals and their families.", "\n\nAcknowledgements\n\nThe following centres and individuals participated in the conception of the study project, in the writing the study protocol, in the training activities, in the clinical evaluation, and in the acquisition of data.", "\n\nWe wish to thank Alessandro Maltempi, who collected data for the Agenzia di Sanità Pubblica della Regione Lazio. ", "We thank Mark Kanieff for his help in revising the manuscript. ", "We also wish to thank all of the patients and families involved in the Project.", "\n\nAuthors' original submitted files for images\n\nBelow are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.", "\n\nCompeting interests\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nAuthors' contributions\n\nPP conceived the initial idea of the study, performed the statistical analysis, drafted and revised the manuscript. ", "SS participated in the conception of the study project, supervised all the phases of the project (i.e., training, data collection, activities coordination, data registration), conceived the initial idea of the study, drafted and revised the manuscript. ", "AM participated in the conception of the study project, supervised all the phases of the project (i.e., training, data collection, activities coordination, data registration), revised the manuscript. ", "DDL participated in the conception of the study project, revised the manuscript and contributed especially to the intellectual content. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nPre-publication history\n\nThis article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited." ]

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