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[ "Q:\n\nPrinting stdout (print) commands to tkinter window with .pyw extension\n\nI am making a Python (3) GUI Program with tkinter, and I am using a redirect function to direct all my print statements to a GUI Scrolled text box. ", "\nThis is the redirect function (in the same class as the tkinter window):\ndef redirector(self,inputStr):\n self.txt.insert(tk.", "INSERT, inputStr)\n self.txt.update()\n self.txt.see(tk.", "END)\n\nAnd then I add this line when I want to start redirecting the output:\nsys.stdout.write = self.redirector\n\nBut when I rename the file to .pyw, nothing appears on the textbox. ", "Please suggest a method to correctly direct the text to the GUI Window.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe reason why your print calls aren't working is because when you run a .pyw file on Windows, the executable that runs your program is actually pythonw.exe, which internally initializes your application by calling WinMain(), and so doesn't create a console. ", "No console means no standard IO streams, thus sys.stdout is undefined.", "\nInstead, I suggest you subclass tk.", "Text and define the write() and flush() functions as instance methods. ", "Then all you have to do is set sys.stdout to your subclass instance and everything should work.", "\nimport sys\nimport tkinter as tk\n\nclass TextOut(tk.", "Text):\n\n def write(self, s):\n self.insert(tk.", "CURRENT, s)\n\n def flush(self):\n pass\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n root = tk.", "Tk()\n text = TextOut(root)\n sys.stdout = text\n text.pack(expand=True, fill=tk.", "BOTH)\n root.mainloop()\n\n" ]

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[ "Using Digital to Reach More Small Business ExportersBy James Burrows, Senior Vice President, Export-Import Bank of the United States\n\nIn today’s economy, access to global markets is essential for small- and medium-size enterprises. ", "Businesses are increasingly spreading their risks across regions and unlocking flexibility to capture demand as economic conditions shift. ", "The Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM) equips American exporters with the protection and liquidity to enter new markets and diversify their portfolio of customers. ", "When U.S. companies, or their customers, are unable to access export financing from the private sector, EXIM fills the gap by furnishing American businesses with the tools necessary to compete for global sales.", "\n\nAt EXIM, we recognize small businesses form the bedrock of the American economy. ", "In fact, according to the Small Business Administration, small businesses create two out of three net, new private-sector jobs in the United States and employ half of the domestic workforce. ", "Therefore, small businesses are critical to what EXIM does. ", "As the information journey for businesspeople has evolved, so has EXIM’s outreach. ", "Over the past 3 years, we’ve forged a significant digital presence to educate small American businesses and connect exporters and exporters-to-be with on-the-ground support and expertise.", "\n\nWe do this by offering digestible digital content covering the fundamentals of trade finance and EXIM support. ", "This content primarily assumes the form of e-books, “How It Works” videos, checklists, and so on. ", "We host Webinars for industry- and geo-specific audiences. ", "We are active on social media, where we have increased our follower base by 116 percent over the past 2 years. ", "By reaching a broader audience and making trade finance more accessible, interactive, and understandable, we can better support the international growth of American small businesses and connect them with the appropriate solution, whether from EXIM or the private sector.", "\n\nThroughout our digital interactions with American exporters, we’ve also made available clearer paths to consultations with EXIM experts. ", "Accessing government support should be easy. ", "We’re striving to be as available, responsive, and helpful as possible to the small business community. ", "Our local EXIM specialists promptly respond to online requests for export consultations. ", "More than 100 of our new small business customers in 2016 first connected with our team digitally.", "\n\nWe’ve ramped up digital outreach to multiplier networks, such as economic development organizations, partner agencies, chambers of commerce, lenders and brokers, all of which are often critical steps in an exporter’s path to support. ", "The better we serve the community that interacts with our end user, the more we can grow American exports. ", "To that end, we’ve created a “Digital Toolkit” (http://grow .EXIM.gov/digital-toolkit) to equip these entities with illustrative trade finance content.", "\n\nEven in the digital age, small businesses need on-theground, face-to-face support available in their backyard. ", "Our 12 regional offices, strategically located throughout the country, are dedicated to providing that support and education exclusively to small businesses at no cost. ", "That is why we at EXIM are working every day, on the ground and online, to start conversations with small businesses about boosting that job growth and prosperity. ", "To obtain a free trade finance consultation, register at http://grow.exim .gov/contact-a-trade-finance-specialist.", "\n\nNative American Bank, the only Native American-owned nationwide financial institution, is excited to announce it will be moving its headquarters from a downtown Denver high-rise into a high-visibility building on South Broadway in 2019. (", "read more)" ]

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[ "Sardar Hasnain Bahadar Dreshak\n\nSardar Hasnain Bahadar Dreshak is a Pakistani politician who is the current Provincial Minister of Punjab for Livestock and Dairy Development, in office since 6 September 2018. ", "He has been a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab since August 2018.", "\n\nEarly life and education\nHe was born on 29 June 1974 to Sardar Nasrullah Khan Dreshak in Lahore, Pakistan.", "\n\nHe received degree of Bachelor of Science in Engineering (Electronics) in 1996 from the College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering.", "\n\nPolitical career\nHe was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as an independent candidate from Constituency PP-248 (Rajanpur-II) in 2002 Pakistani general election. ", "He received 28,070 votes and defeated Shahik Haider Khan Gorchani, a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N).", "\n\nHe was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) from Constituency PP-294 (Rajanpur-II) in 2018 Pakistani general election.", "\n\nOn 27 August 2018, he was inducted into the provincial Punjab cabinet of Chief Minister Sardar Usman Buzdar without any ministerial portfolio. ", "On 6 September 2018, he was appointed as Provincial Minister of Punjab for livestock and dairy development.", "\n\nIn September 2018, a deputy commissioner from Rajanpur accused Dreshak, his brother and his father of illegally interfering in transfers and postings of members of Revenue Department and officials of the Border Military Police.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1974 births\nCategory:Punjab MPAs 2002–2007\nCategory:Punjab MPAs 2018–2023\nCategory:Pakistan Muslim League (Q) MPAs (Punjab)\nCategory:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf MPAs (Punjab)\nSardar Hasnain\nCategory:Provincial ministers of Punjab\nCategory:National University of Sciences & Technology alumni" ]

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[ "For Web and Mobile testing, Cerberus can be interfaced with cloud-based testing tool to avoid to manage complexity of robot farm management. ", "\nMultiple combination of operating system, browser and version are available.", "\n" ]

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[ "1 comment:\n\nDon't you love BarkBox? ", "We got a subscription for Nalyah as one of our wedding presents-we were thrilled! ", "Wagatha's is a great dog treat brand, thanks for sharing some doggie wisdom and words to live by <3" ]

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[ "/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *\n * Mupen64plus - interpreter_regimm.def *\n * Mupen64Plus homepage: http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ *\n * Copyright (C) 2002 Hacktarux *\n * *\n * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify *\n * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by *\n * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or *\n * (at your option) any later version. ", " *\n * *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, *\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of *\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the *\n * GNU General Public License for more details. ", " *\n * *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License *\n * along with this program; if not, write to the *\n * Free Software Foundation, Inc., *\n * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. ", " *\n * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */\n\nDECLARE_JUMP(BLTZ, PCADDR + (iimmediate+1)*4, irs < 0, &state->reg[0], 0, 0)\nDECLARE_JUMP(BGEZ, PCADDR + (iimmediate+1)*4, irs >= 0, &state->reg[0], 0, 0)\nDECLARE_JUMP(BLTZL, PCADDR + (iimmediate+1)*4, irs < 0, &state->reg[0], 1, 0)\nDECLARE_JUMP(BGEZL, PCADDR + (iimmediate+1)*4, irs >= 0, &state->reg[0], 1, 0)\nDECLARE_JUMP(BLTZAL, PCADDR + (iimmediate+1)*4, irs < 0, &state->reg[31], 0, 0)\nDECLARE_JUMP(BGEZAL, PCADDR + (iimmediate+1)*4, irs >= 0, &state->reg[31], 0, 0)\nDECLARE_JUMP(BLTZALL, PCADDR + (iimmediate+1)*4, irs < 0, &state->reg[31], 1, 0)\nDECLARE_JUMP(BGEZALL, PCADDR + (iimmediate+1)*4, irs >= 0, &state->reg[31], 1, 0)\n" ]

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[ "By Brandon Turbeville\n\nAfter its horrendous decision to officially recognize Jerusalem as the Israeli capital, the Trump administration is showing signs of its intention to provide anti-tank missiles and possibly even the Javelin missile system to Ukrainian fascist forces in their fight against the Donbass separatists and, according to the State Department itself, Russia.", "\n\nEarlier, the Trump administration had announced that it would be providing “lethal aid” to Ukraine, which the U.S. characterizes as “defensive” in nature. ", "As The Hill reports,\n\nThe State Department confirmed that the U.S. had decided to provide Ukraine with defensive equipment. “", "The United States has decided to provide Ukraine enhanced defensive capabilities as part of our effort to help Ukraine build its long-term defense capacity, to defend its sovereignty and territorial integrity, and to deter further aggression,” State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert said in a statement. “", "U.S. assistance is entirely defensive in nature, and as we have always said, Ukraine is a sovereign country and has a right to defend itself. ", "The United States remains committed to the Minsk agreements as the way forward in eastern Ukraine.” ", "The Trump administration earlier this week signed off on a sale of lethal arms to Ukraine, a departure from the Obama administration. ", "The administration approved the sale of Model M107A1 sniper systems and associated equipment to the country on Wednesday at a value of $41.5 million. ", "The move drew swift praise from Russia hawks in Congress, including Sen. Bob Corker (R-Tenn.), who had urged the Obama administration to do more about Russian aggression into Ukraine.", "\n\nTerrorist supporter and anti-POW activist John McCain predictably praised the move as well, but demanded that this step toward confrontation with Russia only be the first step.", "\n\nRussia has responded strongly, condemning the move and stating that the United States is crossing the line.", "\n\n“Washington is trying to present itself as a mediator,” Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov said. “", "It is not a mediator at all, it is an accomplice in fomenting a war.”", "\n\n“They have started talking about Javelin missile complexes ‘to begin with’. ", "The question is: what’s next?” ", "said Mr Ryabkov. “", "American weapons can lead to new victims in our neighbouring country, to which we cannot remain indifferent.”", "\n\nTo be clear, the Trump administration has approved the sale of “lethal weapons” to Ukraine. ", "However, the jury is still out as to how far this aid will go. ", "The administration’s language has been shadowy in regards to whether or not heavier weapons such as the Javelin anti-tank missile system will be shipped to Ukraine at some point in the future. ", "The administration has yet to approve these missiles for sale but reports and the behavior of the Trump administration suggests such approvals are on their way.", "\n\nObviously, Trump’s move is a step toward greater conflict with Russia, who has been covertly supporting the Donbass separatists in their attempt to gain independence from Kiev. ", "It is now very possible that unofficial Russian soldiers, operatives, and assets may be killed in Ukraine by American weapons, a drastic and grossly unnecessary escalation in a conflict that has seen fighting increase over the past few weeks.", "\n\n“American weapons in the hands of Ukrainian soldiers are not for an offensive, but for a decisive rebuff of the aggressor, the protection of Ukrainian soldiers and civilians, as well as for effective self-defense,” said Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko. “", "It is also a trans-Atlantic vaccination against the Russian virus of aggression.”", "\n\nThe crisis in Ukraine, however, was entirely instigated by the United States and NATO, an obvious attempt to interrupt Russian-Ukrainian relations and install a regime hostile to Russia in the place of Yanukovich. ", "Russia responded defensively by annexing Crimea and covertly supporting Donbass separatists fighting against Nazi and fascist forces of Ukraine backed by the United States and other “Western” powers.", "\n\nIt has been well-known that American military mercenaries (aka contractors) like Blackwater have been operating in Ukraine for at least a year.", "\n\nAs RT reported in May, 2014,\n\nAbout 400 elite mercenaries from the notorious US private security firm Academi (formerly Blackwater) are taking part in the Ukrainian military operation against anti-government protesters in southeastern regions of the country, German media reports. ", "The Bild am Sonntag newspaper, citing a source in intelligence circles, wrote Sunday that Academi employees are involved in the Kiev military crackdown on pro-autonomy activists in near the town of Slavyansk, in the Donetsk region. ", "On April 29, German Intelligence Service (BND) informed Chancellor Angela Merkel’s government about the mercenaries’ participation in the operation, the paper said, RIA Novosti reported. ", "It is not clear who commands the private military contractors and pays for their services, however. ", "In March, media reports appeared suggesting that the coup-imposed government in Kiev could have employed up to 300 mercenaries.", "That was before the new government launched a military operation against anti-Maidan activists, or “terrorists” as Kiev put it, in southeast Ukraine.", "\n\nSputnik also relates the activities of Blackwater/Academi fighters’ presence inside Ukraine. ", "On December 31, 2014 the news agency reported,\n\nAcademi, formerly and more popularly known as Blackwater, is back in the news as reports are trickling in that they’ll train an “experimental battalion” of 550 Ukrainian soldiers in urban warfare next month. ", "The source, who spoke to Russia’s ITAR-TASS news agency, specified that the $3.5 million training will include “marksmanship, operations by assault groups in urban conditions, close combat and combat and logistics support for the battalion”, areas of focus that Blackwater is intimately familiar with from its time in Iraq. ", "In fact, if its deployment there is any indication, then it may be training Ukraine’s “experimental battalion” to carry out the same carnage in Donetsk in the future that Blackwater did in Baghdad in the past. ", "It’s an open secret that the ‘ceasefire’ hasn’t’ ceased any firing on either side, and Kiev’s’ forces seem to be gearing up for a continuation of war. ", "Urban warfare training won’t help them stop a mythical Russian invasion (likely to be fought more in the fields than the foyers if it did happen), but would definitely come in handy in subjugating the self-defense forces in Eastern Ukraine’s main cities.", "\n\nYet, while some may attempt to discount the presence of Blackwater mercenaries on the grounds of technicality since they are not official US troops, they would do well to remember that the United States has already committed a number of military personnel to Ukraine in the form of “advisers,” the famous designation that has preceded several of America’s quagmires. ", "As Chuck Vinch wrote for the Military Times in June, 2014,\n\nA small team of American military advisers will soon head to Ukraine to assess that embattled nation’s “mid- and long-term needs for defense reform,” a Pentagon official said Thursday. ", "Pentagon spokeswoman Eileen Lainez said senior U.S. defense officials met with senior Ukrainian officials earlier this week to discuss “ways our countries could strengthen our long-term defense cooperation to help Ukraine build highly effective armed forces and defense institutions.”", "\n\nThe dispatch of “advising teams” to Ukraine was not just a one-time deal either. ", "It was stated months after the initial announcement that the United States was going to continue its policy of sending personnel to act as “advisers” and provide training to the Ukrainian junta.", "\n\nStill, others have called into question whether or not “advising” and training is all these individuals and teams are doing.", "\n\nFor instance, a video that surfaced recently taken in the eastern Ukrainian city of Mariupol seems to prove what many have suspected for some time – that US operatives are on the ground inside Ukraine assisting the junta army in their campaign of extermination of eastern Ukrainians. ", "The video shows a Ukrainian journalist approaching a number of men in Ukrainian military uniforms and attempting to ask a question of what she thinks is a Ukrainian soldier. ", "As she approaches the man, she asks in Ukrainian, “Tell me, what happened here?” ", "to which he responds in perfect American English (no foreign accent), “Out of my face! ", "Out of my face, please.”", "\n\nReports coming out of Ukraine also seem to demonstrate that the United States has already made its decision whether or not to provide Kiev with “lethal” assistance. ", "For instance, an article entitled, “Militia DNR: Ukrainian army uses US missiles,” and published on the Russian website Life News Russia, reports that members of the DNR (Donetsk People’s Republic) militia have found shell fragments that do not belong to the Ukrainian military. ", "Those armaments, according to the DNR militia members, belong to the United States.", "\n\nThe report states (please note the translation is very rough),\n\nIn the shelling Gorlovki Ukrainian military use American equipment. ", "Proof of this channel information [was] provided [to] LifeNews [by the] Donetsk militia. ", "In an exclusive interview, they told and shown, from which the security forces shelled the city.", "\n\nAs reported from the scene [by a] correspondent [from] LifeNews, January 31, the Ukrainian military fired [on the] Gorlovki Cathedral – [a] shell landed on the roof of the temple grounds in the refectory, with the result [being] that there was a fire. ", "Later [,the] DNR militia found several fragments of shells that do not belong to Ukrainian artillery, and even more so do not use Soviet or post-Soviet military equipment. ", "According to their hypothesis, the APU use weapons that belong] to NATO.", "\n\nDeputy brigade commander [of the] DNR Army call sign “Biker” showed shells and said that it was after the shelling Ukrainian military militia are [inflicting upon] the DNR militia. “", "This is a special projectile 155-caliber self-propelled artillery of the M109 A1 American production, which is used by the NATO countries. ", "On this apparatus is installed [a] bottom detonator. ", "If it gets into the walls and get stuck in it, then he shall rend it easily. ", "If it gets into the interior of the building, the blast wave will happen indoors.” ", "It is these shells militia found after a fire in the building of the Cathedral, and these fragments are the main evidence that the temple has been under fire from NATO guns. ", "In addition, during the shelling, Gorlovki militias are increasingly finding shells, which are analogous to the “Castle”, only the size of a smaller caliber than our arms, and is only 75 mm. “", "The following projectiles that we found a 75-caliber. ", "They belong to the jet burst system, which is installed on all terrain vehicles – a more mobile system that can move easily through the streets of the city” – says militia Biker information. ", "The brigade commander also addressed the presence of foreign troops fighting for the Kiev junta. ", "He stated that “The presence of foreigners in their army and radio intercepts confirm our intelligence when we hear interceptions phrases in English and Polish.”", "\n\nThat the campaign against eastern Ukraine is actually a campaign of extermination of the eastern people is not exactly a well-kept secret either, except, of course, to the Western public.", "\n\nSome of the evidence corroborating the claims of intentional targeting of civilians on the part of the Kiev regime was recently uncovered by Ren TV, a major Russian news network (privately owned). ", "While covering a skirmish taking place in Ozeryanovka, the journalists got an up-front look at the artillery coordinates of the Ukrainian military. ", "These coordinates were indeed civilian targets such as restaurants, cafes, and markets. ", "The positions were abandoned after an assault by the Donbass militia who subsequently recovered the artillery coordinates and held them up for the camera to see.", "\n\nThe report, which can be seen in this video was transcribed by Eric Zuesse of Washington’s Blog. ", "It states,\n\n[29 January 2015] The journalists of Ren TV today received the first documentary evidence that residential areas of Donbass [the rebelling region of the former Ukraine; the farthest-east part of Ukraine, shown here in the darkest purple] are being targeted. ", "Although Kiev may claim that ‘stray shells’ hit a hospital or a kindergarten, we have found on the front line that is being left behind by departing Ukrainian soldiers, artillery maps, where the targets were restaurants, cafeterias and shops. ", "Here is an exclusive report by our correspondent Valentin Trushin from the former UAF’s [Ukrainian Armed Forces} trenches: This is a field near the village of Ozeryanovka, from which recently was a Ukrainian battery firing at Gorlovka: … [The rebel soldier says that many of these abandoned tanks and other weapons are undamaged, and ‘They will say tomorrow that Russia supplied them to us, but it’s actually their equipment that will be repaired if necessary but will be used at war against them.’ ", "Views of Government-destroyed Gorlovka are shown.] … ", "In the [rebel-]destroyed dugouts were found … notebooks of cannon commanders, maps. ", "The documents show that shelling of the city [by the Government] was not random, but deliberate.", "The coordinates of the targets are shown. ", "For examples, one is a restaurant, another a cafeteria or a market where no militiamen were stationed. … ", "Here are their target-maps, … irrefutable evidence of war crimes.", "\n\nIn yet another interview that was transcribed by Zuesse and broadcast on the Hromandske TV, a pro-regime television station that is apparently funded by the United States and Dutch government as well as George Soros, it was openly stated that civilians and civilian infrastructure was being openly targeted by the Kiev fascists. ", "The first interview is with Commander of the Ukrainian Government’s Volunteer ‘Shaktarksk’ Battalian, Ruslan Onishcenko. ", "Onischenko states, “Our mission, being employees of the Ministry of the Interior, is to clean the cities, after the army has ‘worked’ this territory with aircraft, artillery and heavy military equipment. ", "This is a normal tactical approach to warfare.”", "\n\nCol. ", "Vladimir Ruban Ret. ", "was also interviewed by Hromadske where he seconded Onischenko’s sentiment. ", "He said:\n\nI want to offer the Ukrainian artillerists medals, to those who shell the city [Donetsk], the houses and the civilian population, … for they [artillerists] have deserved it [medals], both because of the accuracy and inaccuracy. … ", "It’s one thing if attack groups or any mobile mortar troops drive through the city and shoot, … but if the artillery units fired from the airport [i.e., from the distance], then no one can claim that the separatists shoot themselves [i.e., that the people who are being killed in the city are victims of separatist troops mistakenly hitting passers-by when aiming at Government troops. ", "He is saying that artillerists will clearly get the blame, whereas street-fighters can always blame the ‘terrorists.’]. … ", "The shelling there is done as intimidation, … not just object destruction, but intimidation [to get the population to flee to nearby Russia]. ", "The civilian population is intimidated by a chaotic bombardment of different objects. ", "There are many shells that plug directly into the streets or vegetable gardens [and so make the very ground on which these people live terrifying to them].", "\n\nThe interview continues:\n\nINTERVIEWER: This refers to those that didn’t explode? ", "ANSWER: Yes, … there are many of those, … shells that fail to detonate. ", "But Gorlowka has been fortunate to have not yet been totally eradicated from the face of the earth, along with the civilian population. ", "INTERVIEWER: You mean that the city is bombarded violently? ", "ANSWER: Gorlowka was shelled by our troops, [even] as I went there for the prisoner exchange. ", "Although it was known that I was there, they [our troops] kept up the bombardment of Gorlowka.", "\n\nClearly, the US and NATO mission inside Ukraine, much like its mission inside Syria, has nothing to do with concern over human rights, democracy, or the lives of civilians. ", "In fact, quite the opposite is the case.", "\n\nThe US and NATO are interested in their geopolitical positions, the encircling of Russia, and world hegemony. ", "If civilians get in the way, then civilians will be eliminated.", "\n\nTo be sure, the Russians have their own “elite” fighters operating inside Ukraine as well. ", "However, it should be noted that, while both sides are playing geopolitical games, it was the United States that initiated the Euromaidan color revolution, the putsch of neo-Nazis and fascists, and the push to include Ukraine as a NATO member.", "\n\nBut this, of course, is what makes the game so dangerous.", "\n\nThe potential for a collision between two nuclear powers is one that concerns every human being and every living thing upon this planet. ", "The United States and Russia hold the power to eradicate a significant portion of the population in a single blast and much of what remains in the fallout. ", "Thus, the decision on to arm the Ukrainian junta is undoubtedly one that must be opposed.", "\n\nBrandon Turbeville writes for Activist Post – article archive here – He is the author of seven books, Codex Alimentarius — The End of Health Freedom, 7 Real Conspiracies, Five Sense Solutions and Dispatches From a Dissident, volume 1 and volume 2, The Road to Damascus: The Anglo-American Assault on Syria, The Difference it Makes: 36 Reasons Why Hillary Clinton Should Never Be President, and Resisting The Empire: The Plan To Destroy Syria And How The Future Of The World Depends On The Outcome. ", "Turbeville has published over 1000 articles on a wide variety of subjects including health, economics, government corruption, and civil liberties. ", "Brandon Turbeville’s radio show Truth on The Tracks can be found every Monday night 9 pm EST at UCYTV. ", "His website is BrandonTurbeville.com He is available for radio and TV interviews. ", "Please contact activistpost (at) gmail.com.", "\n\nThis article may be freely shared in part or in full with author attribution and source link.", "\n\nSupport us at Patreon. ", "Follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Steemit, and BitChute. ", "Ready for solutions? ", "Subscribe to our premium newsletter Counter Markets.", "\n\nImage credit" ]

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[ "How To Style a Chic Galentine’s Day Brunch\n\nAs soon as stores swipe the tinsel off the shelves, it’s replaced by heart-shaped boxes and all things bright red and pink. ", "When it comes to Saint Valentine’s Day, there are people who love it, others who passionately hate it, and those who remain indifferent to the romance and expectations of the day.", "\n\nAdmittedly, I have dabbled in the indifference category for several years now. ", "I normally love any excuse to celebrate. ", "But Valentine’s Day plans often come with too much pressure to be over-the-top extravagant.", "\n\nThis year I’m taking a new route and looking at the occasion through a new set of rose-colored glasses. ", "The day of love shouldn’t be limited to romantic relationships — why not take a day to celebrate the women in your life by hosting a Galentine’s Day brunch? ", "We’ve got ideas on how to host an elegant brunch that your group won’t soon forget.", "\n\nMuted pinks and greys add a laid back and sweet ambiance to the room. ", "Image: House of Five\n\nTake a muted path to your color scheme\n\nMillennial pink is the perfect color to build the details of your décor and color scape around. ", "Taking a turn away from the bright reds and pinks usually associated with the holiday adds an unexpected element.", "\n\nAdd elegant birthday candles\n\nWho says birthday candles have to be reserved for once a year? ", "We love the essence of minimalism and festivity that tall birthday candles bring to a batch of cupcakes or otherwise plainly decorated cake for dessert. ", "Try grouping them together in the middle of a full-sized cake, or stick to using just one in the middle of each cupcake or layer cake.", "\n\nKeep floral arrangements short, sweet and plentiful\n\nSweet petals add a soft texture and some often much-needed color to tablescapes. ", "Rather than opting for a large arrangement, try putting short vases of blooms along the table and around your apartment to spread the cheery blooms.", "\n\nThis balloon-covered ceiling is a sweet surprise for all. ", "Image: Lenzo\n\nTransform a room with matte balloons\n\nOne of my favorite party decorations of the moment is large, matte balloons. ", "They’re celebratory enough to transform corners and doorways, but simple enough they don’t look out of place. ", "Try tying a group of these matte beauties at different heights to create a fuller-looking bunch.", "\n\nIf ever there were a time to cover everything with frosting, fruit and rose petals, it would be for Galentine’s Day. ", "Image: Gal Meets Glam\n\nAll the desserts\n\nWe may be opting for a more modern take on everything else for this brunch, but Valentine’s Day is the sugariest holiday … and your Galentine’s brunch should be no exception. ", "For this brunch, however, let’s bypass the flavorless candy hearts and sour suckers. ", "Instead, indulge in over-decorating those cupcakes and buy the specialty macarons from that bakery down the street from your office.", "\n\nTry a new take on February 14th this year. ", "Opt for something more modern and elegant than the usual drugstore décor and shift your focus from stressing about relationships and grand gestures to enjoying time with the best women in your life and popping some bubbly." ]

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[ "Erdogan forces committed new massacres against Syrian civilians in Ras Al-Ain by bombing and by field executing in northern Syria in its latest crimes against humanity committed by anti-Islamic Jihadists in plain cloth and by anti-Islamic Muslim Brotherhood Turkish air force pilots loyal to the pariah caliph wanna be.", "\n\nLocal media sources reported the deliberate targeting of a convoy in the covered market in the city of Ras Al-Ain by air force pilots loyal to the most hated Muslim Brotherhood organization.", "\n\nThe sources stated that among the victims were a number of foreign reporters, we can’t confirm the details of the bombing and the number of victims as the area is a scene of the brutality of NATO and its disgrace of international law and human lives.", "\n\nRas Al-Ain is located in the northeastern province of Al-Hasakah at the borders with Turkey. ", "The city is within the ‘safe-zone’ Erdogan and his Trump role-model agreed to establish on Syrian land. ", "A ‘safe-zone’ in NATO’s definition is Israelize a region comprising of towns and villages obliterated from life and its citizens who will be replaced by families of terrorists.", "\n\nSome video footage shared on social media showed dozens of bodies and injured mostly burned from the bombing.", "\n\nSide note: In the above Google Map the giant’s search engine and Pentagon’s tool is already changing the names of Syrian towns into Kurdish names, Sari Kani is the fake name called by Kurds of the Syrian town of Ras Al-Ain.", "\n\nEarlier, a group of Erdogan Muslim Brotherhood fighters field-executed several persons ISIS-style, the victims were handcuffed and shot dead in the town of Tal Abyad in the northern countryside of previously obliterated by US-led coalition Raqqa province.", "\n\nTens of thousands of radical anti-Islamic Muslim Brotherhood fanatic terrorists fight under the Erdogan regime, he collected these human garbage from all over the world in his neo-Ottoman crusade and from the remnants of terrorist groups that fled from areas cleaned by the Syrian Arab Army and its allies over Syria. ", "Estimates put the total number of these terrorists anywhere between 50,000 – 150,000, depending on how close the sources are to Erodgan’s head of security and actual ruler of Turkey Hakan Fidan.", "\n\nKurdish SDF separatist militias collapsing like flies in front of the advancing Erdogan loyalists, many started in-fightings in the blame game. ", "SDF is known to be professional only in backstabbing Syrian citizens and Syrian soldiers, all the western media hype about their roles in fighting ISIS is mere propaganda to help them establish their second Israel on lands they occupied with US help northeast of Syria.", "\n\nTo help us continue please visit the Donate page to donate or learn other ways. ", "Follow us on Telegram: http://t.me/syupdates link will open Telegram app." ]

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[ "Deutsche Höhere Privatschule Windhoek\n\nThe Deutsche Höhere Privatschule, or DHPS as it is commonly known, is a private school in Namibia. ", "Situated in the capital Windhoek, it is the oldest private high school in the country. ", "Being a Namibian-German school of encounter and one of 140 German Schools Abroad, the DHPS is also one of the biggest German international schools in Africa. ", "The headmaster is Kristin Eichholz.", "\n\nThe DHPS also offers boarding school facilities, a kindergarten and pre-school and primary and secondary grades from Grade 1 to grade 12. ", "Various sporting facilities are part of the spacious campus in the centre of town, e.g. swimming pool, basketball courts, soccer fields, beach volleyball field and roller hockey rink. ", "\nScholars have the option of leaving with the NSSC (the Namibian Senior Secondary Certificate) in grade 12, which exempts them for Southern African universities and other Southern African institutions, or doing the (DIAP, The German International Abitur Examination), also in grade 12.", "\n\nHistory\nThe school was established in 1909 under the name Kaiserliche Realschule (Imperial High School). ", "Its name changed to Deutsche Höhere Privatschule () upon the abdication of the German emperor Wilhelm II. ", "The school celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2009 with the hosting of many events during the year. ", " DHPS is funded by the Federal German Government as well as by school fees.", "\n\nCampus\nThe school's campus is right in the centre of town and offers a great variety for each age group. ", "The kindergarten, pre-school, boarding facilities and sports field are on one side and offer together with cafeteria and open-air stage a great (outside) entertainment area with playgrounds etc.", "\n\nThe boarding school offers different sections for students in grades 1–4, 5–9, and 10–12, with grade 12 students having the privilege of having less supervision in their facilities.", "\n\nThe \"Kreutzberger building\" hosts Grades 1–2 and the DHPS Child & Youth Centre. ", "The hockey and sports field are in front of the Kreutzberger building as well. ", "The main campus consists of classrooms for Grades 3–12, the technical skills workshops, the gym, library, etc.", "\n\nSee also\n Germany–Namibia relations\n German language in Namibia\n German Namibians\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Deutsche Höhere Privatschule Windhoek\n Deutsche Höhere Privatschule Windhoek\n\nCategory:German-Namibian culture\nCategory:Schools in Windhoek\nCategory:Boarding schools in Namibia\nCategory:German international schools\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 1909\nCategory:1909 establishments in German South West Africa\nCategory:International schools in Namibia" ]

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[ "package serviceaccount\n\nimport (\n\t\"k8s.io/api/core/v1\"\n\tk8sErrors \"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/errors\"\n\tmetav1 \"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1\"\n\t\"k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes\"\n\tcorelisters \"k8s.io/client-go/listers/core/v1\"\n\t\"k8s.io/client-go/tools/record\"\n\n\t\"github.com/jetstack/navigator/pkg/apis/navigator/v1alpha1\"\n\t\"github.com/jetstack/navigator/pkg/controllers/cassandra/util\"\n)\n\ntype Interface interface {\n\tSync(*v1alpha1.CassandraCluster) error\n}\n\ntype control struct {\n\tkubeClient kubernetes.", "Interface\n\tserviceAccountLister corelisters.", "ServiceAccountLister\n\trecorder record.", "EventRecorder\n}\n\nvar _ Interface = &control{}\n\nfunc NewControl(\n\tkubeClient kubernetes.", "Interface,\n\tserviceAccountLister corelisters.", "ServiceAccountLister,\n\trecorder record.", "EventRecorder,\n) *control {\n\treturn &control{\n\t\tkubeClient: kubeClient,\n\t\tserviceAccountLister: serviceAccountLister,\n\t\trecorder: recorder,\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (c *control) Sync(cluster *v1alpha1.CassandraCluster) error {\n\tnewAccount := ServiceAccountForCluster(cluster)\n\tclient := c.kubeClient.", "CoreV1().ServiceAccounts(newAccount.", "Namespace)\n\texistingAccount, err := c.serviceAccountLister.", "\n\t\tServiceAccounts(newAccount.", "Namespace).", "\n\t\tGet(newAccount.", "Name)\n\tif err == nil {\n\t\treturn util.", "OwnerCheck(existingAccount, cluster)\n\t}\n\tif !", "k8sErrors.", "IsNotFound(err) {\n\t\treturn err\n\t}\n\t_, err = client.", "Create(newAccount)\n\treturn err\n}\n\nfunc ServiceAccountForCluster(cluster *v1alpha1.CassandraCluster) *v1.ServiceAccount {\n\treturn &v1.ServiceAccount{\n\t\tObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{\n\t\t\tName: util.", "ServiceAccountName(cluster),\n\t\t\tNamespace: cluster.", "Namespace,\n\t\t\tOwnerReferences: []metav1.OwnerReference{\n\t\t\t\tutil.", "NewControllerRef(cluster),\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t\tLabels: util.", "ClusterLabels(cluster),\n\t\t},\n\t}\n}\n" ]

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[ "RS\n\nEDITOR OF REDSTATE\n\nA conversation with Douglas Holtz-Eakin\n\nLast week I sat down with Doug Holtz-Eakin, John McCain’s top economics advisor and talked about the state of the campaign, McCain’s plan for homeowners, etc. ", "We’ve been so busy on the front page, I wanted to hold back on posting this until there was some time so it wouldn’t get buried.", "\n\nSo, in bullet point form, as we went through a number of topics, here’s what Doug has to say:\n\nOn the economy, John McCain understands the need to live within the nation’s and individuals’ means. “", "He is the only guy promising to balance the budget by controlling spending,” Doug pointed out, contrasted with Obama who wants to raise taxes.", "\n\nSomewhat out of order from the way the conversation happened, I asked Doug about Obama’s tax cut and his claim to cut taxes for 95% of working families. ", "He agreed with me that Obama is just trying to undo the 1996 welfare reform law through a backdoor. “", "How can you give a tax cut to people who don’t pay taxes?” ", "he asked rhetorically. ", "He pointed out that Obama would make a lot of his proposals refundable tax credits, i.e. paying them to everyone, even those who don’t pay taxes. ", "That’d get us back to welfare, but increase the welfare rolls.", "\n\nOn the homeowner mortgage plan that Senator McCain talked about in the second debate, Doug said the $300 billion price tax is “a heroic estimate.” ", "He admits they aren’t sure of the number, but suspect it might be less than that. ", "He emphasized that the government has a role to play in stopping the decline of property values, which is what the plan would do. ", "in effect, it’d be a re-finance for homeowners, with a credit check and an appraisal. ", "This will no be a plan to stop foreclosing properties.", "\n\nDoug was surprisingly blunt on the current economic situation. “", "Unless we can either get the thing turned around or give people hope that the economy will turn around, we are in a really horrific political environment.” ", "He’s got that right. ", "Again, Doug emphasized, McCain wants to tackle spending as an issue. ", "He doest not want to raise taxes during an economic downturn, something Obama is willing to do.", "\n\nLastly, we talked about ACORN. ", "Doug thinks ACORN needs to be prosecuted. ", "He said he is troubled by all the stories about ACORN engaging in voter fraud. ", "Likewise, we’ve all noticed Obama paying an ACORN front group $800,000.00 to do voter registration. ", "It’s troubling." ]

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[ "* Illustration: Marc Johns * 1 // They listen to the crowd. ", "Researchers asked two sets of soccer refs to judge game clips. ", "One group watched the footage on mute; the other with sound. ", "The refs who heard the fans called 15.5 percent fewer fouls against the home team. ", "So, yeah, screaming like a maniac really does help.", "\n\n2 // They aren't blind, but they are seeing things. ", "To compensate for a 100-millisecond lag in our visual system, our brain creates an illusion that shifts objects in the direction they're traveling. ", "So a tennis ball flying toward the baseline may appear to cross it before it bounces just inside. ", "This, according to vision scientists, explains 70 of 83 bad calls made during the 2007 Wimbledon Championships.", "\n\n3 // They prefer red. ", "Tae kwon do officials scoring fighters on film gave more points to those wearing red than blue. ", "When asked to review the same footage after the uniform colors were digitally switched, they again ruled in favor of red. ", "Pow!", "\n\nStart Previous: Cut the Carp: Repelling Invasive Species With Noisy Bubbles Next: Torture Chamber: NASA Tests Next-Gen Craft for Space Blast Match These Sports Pros to Their Bloggy Prose\n\nThe Best: Geek Sports — Segway Polo, Anyone?" ]

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[ "[Lab-on-a-chip systems in the point-of-care diagnostics].", "\nThe need in modern medicine for near-patient diagnostics being able to accelerate therapeutic decisions and possibly replacing laboratory measurements is significantly growing. ", "Reliable and cost-effective bioanalytical measurement systems are required which - acting as a micro-laboratory - contain integrated biomolecular recognition, sensing, signal processing and complex microfluidic sample preparation modules. ", "These micro- and nanofabricated Lab-on-a-chip systems open new perspectives in the diagnostic supply chain, since they are able even for quantitative, high-precision and immediate analysis of special disease specific molecular markers or their combinations from a single drop of sample. ", "Accordingly, crucial requirements regarding the instruments and the analytical methods are the high selectivity, extremely low detection limit, short response time and integrability into the healthcare information networks. ", "All these features can make the hierarchical examination chain shorten, and revolutionize laboratory diagnostics, evolving a brand new situation in therapeutic intervention." ]

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[ "FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE\n\nUDC Journalism Club to Present:\nBlack Press: New Focus – An Interactive Dialogue Between Journalists and the Civil Rights Pioneers\n\nWashington, D.C. – A two-part seminar on the Black Press: New Focus will be held on Monday, April 6 from 6-9:30 p.m. at the University of the District of Columbia, 4200 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Building 38 , 2nd floor, in the Windows Lounge.", "\n\nThe central theme of the seminar, How Can We Help Him Help US, under the Barack Obama presidency, will be expounded by the journalists and the Civil Rights leaders at a joint panel discussion focusing on civil duties in a Democracy.", "\n\nSponsored by the Journalism Club and the Kingmaker Magazine, the panelists will represent leading Black journalists as well as members of the renowned Civil Rights Council of Elders, who fought relentlessly against Jim Crow in step with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., for equality and justice. ", "The high-profile Civil Rights pioneers attending the seminar are mostly in their 80’s.", "\n\nLight refreshments will be served during the break session of the seminar, which is free and open to the public. ", "For additional information and pre-registration, call the UDC Department of Mass Media, Visual and Performing Arts at (202) 274-7402, Rita Holland at (202) 905-1175, or Professor Joe Elam at (703) 975-8070 or email elamjoe@verizon.net.", "\n\n###\n\nThe University of the District of Columbia is the fully-accredited sole public source for accessible, inclusive, affordable, and comprehensive public higher education in the District of Columbia. ", "The University, an urban land grant institution, is a very diverse community, a gateway to the world, and a significant economic engine for the District of Columbia. ", "The University is located at 4200 Connecticut Ave, NW Washington, and is conveniently located at the Van Ness/UDC stop on the Red Line of Metro." ]

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[ "30 F.3d 1077\n74 A.F.T.R.2d 94-5363, 63 USLW 2076,94-2 USTC P 50,386\nJack R. HAWKINS, Cynthia J. Hawkins, husband & wife,Plaintiffs-Appellees,v.UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellant.", "\nNo. ", "93-15828.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Ninth Circuit.", "\nArgued and Submitted April 11, 1994.Decided July 19, 1994.", "\n\nGary R. Allen, Edward T. Perelmuter, Tax Div., ", "U.S. Dept. ", "of Justice, Washington, DC, for defendant-appellant.", "\nKenneth J. Whitehead, Phoenix, AZ, for plaintiffs-appellees.", "\nBefore GOODWIN, FERGUSON and TROTT, Circuit Judges.", "\nOpinion by Judge GOODWIN; Dissent by Judge TROTT.", "\nGOODWIN, Circuit Judge:\n\n\n1\nThe government appeals a summary judgment granted in favor of Jack and Cynthia Hawkins (\"the taxpayers\"). ", " The district court concluded that the taxpayers' punitive damage award was excludable from gross income as \"damages received ... on account of personal injury.\" ", " 26 U.S.C. Sec. ", "104(a)(2). ", " We reverse.", "\n\nI.\n\n2\nThe facts are undisputed. ", " In 1979, Cynthia Hawkins crashed the taxpayers' $8,000 car, totaling it. ", " Ms. Hawkins and her husband (\"the Hawkinses\") filed a claim with their insurer, Allstate Insurance Company (\"Allstate\"), requesting a replacement car. ", " Allstate agents allegedly pressured the couple into buying an inferior, less expensive replacement car for $6,741, and then failed to equip the new car with certain options. ", " The Hawkinses sued Allstate for breach of good faith and fair dealing (insurance bad faith), ultimately recovering $15,000 in compensatory damages and $3.5 million in punitive damages. ", " Hawkins v. Allstate Insurance Co., 152 Ariz. 490, 733 P.2d 1073, cert. ", "denied, 484 U.S. 874, 108 S.Ct. ", "212, 98 L.Ed.2d 177 (1987).", "\n\n\n3\nOn their 1988 federal income tax return, the Hawkinses initially reported $2,937,406 of the lawsuit proceeds as gross income, contending that the punitive damages (less attorneys' fees and costs) were taxable, but that the $15,000 compensatory damages were excludable \"damages received on account of personal injury or sickness.\" ", " 26 U.S.C. Sec. ", "104(a)(2). ", " They then filed an amended return, claiming that the punitive damages were also excludable under Sec. ", "104(a)(2) and requesting a refund of $793,277. ", " The IRS disallowed the refund, and the Hawkinses filed this refund action in the district court. ", " On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court found for the Hawkinses, ruling that the punitive damages were excludable. ", " The government timely appealed.", "\n\nII.", "\n\n4\nViewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, we review de novo to determine whether there are any genuine issues of material fact and whether the district court correctly applied the relevant substantive law. ", " Stevens v. Moore Business Forms, Inc., 18 F.3d 1443, 1446 (9th Cir.1994). ", " The case presents no genuine issues of material fact and summary judgment was appropriate. ", " However, we disagree with the district court's interpretation of the relevant law, and hold that the taxpayers' punitive damages were not excludable under Sec. ", "104(a)(2) (1988).", "\n\nIII.", "\n\n5\nFor taxation purposes, gross income includes \"all income from whatever source derived.\" ", " 26 U.S.C. Sec. ", "61(a). ", " An accession to wealth, such as the Hawkinses' punitive damage award, is presumed to be taxable income, unless the taxpayer can demonstrate that it fits into one of the Tax Code's specific exemptions. ", " Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co., 348 U.S. 426, 430, 75 S.Ct. ", "473, 476, 99 L.Ed. ", "483 (1985). ", " The Hawkinses contend that their punitive damage award fits into Sec. ", "104(a)(2), which provides:\n\n\n6\nSec. ", "104. ", " Compensation for injuries or sickness\n\n\n7\n... [G]ross income does not include-- ...\n\n\n8\n(2) the amount of any damages received (whether by suit or agreement and whether as lump sums or as periodic payments) on account of personal injuries or sickness;\n\n\n9\n26 U.S.C. Sec. ", "104(a)(2) (1988) (emphasis added).1 IRS implementing regulations define \"damages\" as amounts received \"through prosecution of a legal suit or action based upon tort or tort-type rights.\" ", " 26 C.F.R. Sec. ", "1.104-1(c) (1993) (emphasis added).", "\n\n\n10\nThe parties agree that, under Arizona law, the Hawkinses' bad faith lawsuit was a tort-type action, Rawlings v. Apodaca, 151 Ariz. 149, 726 P.2d 565, 567 (1986); Noble v. National American Life Insurance Co., 128 Ariz. 188, 624 P.2d 866, 868 (1981), and that the Hawkinses suffered \"personal injuries\" as a result of Allstate's conduct. ", " Bates v. The Superior Court of the State of Arizona, In and For the County of Maricopa, 156 Ariz. 46, 749 P.2d 1367, 1370 (1988) (mental distress suffered as a result of an insurance company's bad faith refusal to pay a legitimate claim can qualify as a personal injury); Lange v. Penn Mutual Life Ins. ", "Co., 843 F.2d 1175, 1178 (9th Cir.1988). ", " The government therefore concedes that the Hawkinses' compensatory damages are excludable \"damages received ... on account of personal injury.\" ", " Sec. ", " 104(a)(2).", "\n\n\n11\nThe parties also agree that the Hawkinses' compensatory damages completely covers the Hawkinses' actual injuries, including their two-week loss of the family car, out-of-pocket losses of less than $1,000, and attendant emotional distress. ", " The Hawkinses concede that the punitive damage award bears no relationship to their injuries and represents pure gain.", "\n\n\n12\nThus, the only dispute is whether the punitive damages, despite their tangential relationship to any actual injury, are excludable from gross income under Sec. ", "104(a). ", " We must decide whether Sec. ", "104(a) excludes all damages received in a tort-like lawsuit, or only those damages which have some compensatory purpose. ", " The government contends that noncompensatory, punitive damage awards such as the Hawkinses' are not received \"on account of personal injuries,\" but on account of the tortfeasor's egregious conduct. ", " In the government's view, Sec. ", "104(a)(2) excludes only those damages which purport to compensate the taxpayer for her injuries. ", " The Hawkinses, in contrast, contend that, under the 1988 version of Sec. ", "104(a)(2), all damages received in a tort-like lawsuit are excludable, regardless of their purpose.", "\n\n\n13\nWhile the Hawkinses' position draws some support from the IRS's vacillation on the issue,2 we believe the government's current interpretation is more consistent with Sec. ", "104(a)'s title and purpose, as well as with the rule that exemptions must be narrowly construed in favor of taxation. ", " We therefore join several other courts in concluding that Sec. ", "104(a)(2) does not exclude noncompensatory punitive damages. ", " See Reese v. Commissioner, 24 F.3d 228, (Fed.", "Cir.1994); Commissioner v. Miller, 914 F.2d 586 (4th Cir.1990); Estate of Wesson v. United States, 843 F.Supp. ", "1119 (S.D.Miss.1994); Kemp v. Commissioner, 771 F.Supp. ", "357, 359 (N.D.Ga.1991).", "\n\nA.\n\n14\nUnlike the district court, we are not convinced that the \"plain meaning\" of Sec. ", "104(a)(2) compels exclusion of punitive damages. ", " Rather, as the Fourth and Federal Circuits have noted, Sec. ", "104(a)(2) is \"ambiguous.\" ", " Reese, 24 F.3d at 230; Miller, 914 F.2d at 589-90. ", " \"Damages received on account of personal injury\" could mean all damages recovered in a personal injury lawsuit, or, it could mean only those damages which purport to compensate the taxpayer for her personal injuries. ", " Id. Punitive damages such as the Hawkinses, which do not purport to compensate the taxpayer for personal injuries and which bear no relation to the severity of the taxpayer's injuries, are not necessarily awarded \"on account of\" personal injury; rather, they are awarded \"on account of\" the tortfeasor's egregious conduct. ", " Id.3\n\n\n15\nWe also disagree with the Hawkinses' characterization of the case law as \"consistently h[olding] that the inquiry under Sec. ", "104(a)(2) is limited to an examination of the nature of the taxpayer's claim or injury.\" ", " Appellees Br. ", "at 15 (citing United States v. Burke, --- U.S. ----, ----, 112 S.Ct. ", "1867, 1870, 119 L.Ed.2d 34 (1992); Redfield v. Insurance Co. of North America, 940 F.2d 542 (9th Cir.1991); Threlkeld v. Commissioner, 848 F.2d 81 (6th Cir.1988)). ", " While these cases did examine the nature of the taxpayers' claim or injury to determine whether or not the damages at issue were recovered for personal injury, they did not hold that whenever the underlying claim is tort-like, all damages are excludable.", "\n\n\n16\nIn fact, the Federal Circuit recently rejected the Hawkinses' exact argument and distinguished precisely these cases. ", " Reese, 24 F.3d at 234. ", " As the Reese court noted, Burke held only that damages awarded under the 1991 version of Title VII were not excludable from gross income because the statute did not \"evidence[ ] a tort-like conception of injury and remedy.\" ", " --- U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. ", "at 1873. ", " The Burke taxpayers had not received punitive damages, and the Court did not address the excludability of punitive damages. ", " Rather, the Court mentioned punitive damages only because the Court felt that the availability of punitive damages indicates the nature of the underlying cause of action: Since punitive damages are traditionally available only in personal injury-type actions, the availability of punitives suggests that the underlying cause of action is \"tort-like\" within the meaning of Sec. ", "104(a). ", " Contrary to the dissent's arguments, however, nothing about this comment implies that punitive damages themselves are excludable from gross income. ", " Punitive damages may be an indicia of a tort-like cause of action without themselves being damages received on account of personal injury.", "\n\n\n17\nNor did the Court indicate that, if the underlying cause of action is tort-like, all damages, regardless of their purpose, are excludable. ", " While the Court \"agree[d] with the Court of Appeals' analysis insofar as it focused, for purposes of Sec. ", "104(a)(2), on the nature of the claim underlying ... [the taxpayers'] damages award,\" Burke, --- U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. ", "at 1872, the Court did not state that courts should look exclusively at the nature of the claim underlying the damage award. ", " The Court's alleged failure to \"mention any additional requirements for exclusion under Sec. ", "104(a)(2)\" means little, given that the Court concluded that the taxpayers' underlying cause of action was not \"tort-like.\" ", " The Court had no occasion to discuss any such additional requirements.", "\n\n\n18\nThe Hawkinses' other cases are similarly unpersuasive. ", " Redfield, 940 F.2d 542, addressed ADEA liquidated damages, which serve both to compensate and to punish; Threlkeld, 848 F.2d 81, addressed damages for loss of reputation, which similarly have a compensatory purpose. ", " Finally, Roemer v. Commissioner, 716 F.2d 693 (9th Cir.1983) relied on a 1975 Revenue Ruling which has since been overruled. ", " See Miller, 914 F.2d at 591 (distinguishing Roemer on this basis).4 Thus, contrary to the Hawkinses' arguments, no controlling authority5 contradicts the government's assertion that, in order to prove excludability under Sec. ", "104(a)(2), the taxpayer must show both (1) that the damages were recovered in a tort-like suit and (2) that the damages were received on account of the personal injury.", "\n\n\n19\nThe Hawkinses' reliance on the 1989 amendments to Sec. ", "104(a)(2) is similarly unconvincing. ", " As the Hawkinses emphasize, Congress has since amended Sec. ", "104(a)(2) to provide that the exclusion \"shall not apply to any punitive damages in connection with a case not involving physical injury or physical sickness.\" ", " Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989, Pub.", "L. No. ", "101-239, Sec. ", "7641, 103 Stat. ", "2106, 2379 (1989). ", " While this amendment applies only to damages received after July 10, 1989, and therefore does not affect the Hawkinses' award, the Hawkinses nonetheless contend that we should read the 1989 version of Sec. ", "104(a)(2) in light of this amendment. ", " According to the Hawkinses, Congress's decision to amend the exclusion to exempt punitive damages received in non-personal injury cases implies that, under the previous version of Sec. ", "104(a), such punitive damages were excludable--otherwise Congress would not have amended the statute.", "\n\n\n20\nWe disagree. ", " Congress may amend a statute simply to clarify existing law, to correct a misinterpretation, or to overrule wrongly decided cases. ", " Thus, an amendment to a statute does not necessarily indicate that the unamended statute meant the opposite. ", " Moreover, as the Supreme Court has emphasized, \"the views of a subsequent Congress form a hazardous basis for inferring the intent of an earlier one.\" ", " United States v. Price, 361 U.S. 304, 313, 80 S.Ct. ", "326, 332, 4 L.Ed.2d 334 (1961); see also United States v. Texas, --- U.S. ----, ----, 113 S.Ct. ", "1631, 1635 n. 4, 123 L.Ed.2d 245 (1993). ", " The interpretive value of an amendment to a statute is particularly dubious where, as here, the amendment was enacted long after the original provision. ", " Rainwater v. United States, 356 U.S. 590, 593, 78 S.Ct. ", "946, 948-49, 2 L.Ed.2d 996 (1958). ", " At the time of the proposed amendment, several cases had recently held that Sec. ", "104(a)(2) excludes damages recovered in cases involving employment discrimination and injury to reputation, Threlkeld, 848 F.2d at 83-84; Roemer, 716 F.2d at 700, and some had even held that punitive damages awarded in such cases are excludable. ", " Miller, 93 T.C. 330, 1989 WL 104238 (1989), rev'd, 914 F.2d 586 (4th Cir.1990); Roemer, 716 F.2d at 700 (relying on a 1975 Revenue Ruling which has since been overruled). ", " That Congress elected to overrule such cases does not prove that, prior to Congress's action, the statute meant the opposite.6 Rather, Congress may have amended the law simply to clarify existing law, or to overrule these recently decided cases.7\n\n\n21\nThus, neither Sec. ", "104(a)(2)'s plain language, interpretive case law, or recent amendments indicate whether noncompensatory punitive damages such as the Hawkinses' are excludable. ", " We therefore \"look not only to the particular statutory language, but to the design of the statute as a whole and to its object and policy.\" ", " Crandon v. United States, 494 U.S. 152, 158, 110 S.Ct. ", "997, 1001, 108 L.Ed.2d 132 (1990).", "\n\nB.\n\n22\nBoth Sec. ", "104's title, \"Compensation for Sickness and Injury,\" and its history suggest that Sec. ", "104(a)(2) was enacted to exclude damages which compensate a taxpayer for injuries. ", " See, e.g., S.Rep. ", "No. ", "97-646, 97th Cong., ", "2d Sess., ", "reprinted in 1982 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4580, 4582 (describing Sec. ", "104 as excluding certain types of compensation payments). ", " We have previously recognized that \"[d]amages paid for personal injuries are excluded from gross income because they make the taxpayer whole from a previous loss of personal rights--because, in effect, they restore a loss to capital.\" ", " Starrels v. Commissioner, 304 F.2d 574, 576 (9th Cir.1962); see also 1 B. Bittker, Federal Taxation of Income, Estates and Gifts, p 13.1.4 (1981) (\"The rationale for Sec. ", "104(a)(2) ... is presumably that the recovery does not generate a gain or profit but only makes the taxpayer whole by compensating for a loss.\").", "\n\n\n23\nThis rationale justifies excluding the Hawkinses' compensatory damages. ", " It also justifies excluding damages awards which purport both to compensate and to punish--such as the liquidated damages awarded in age discrimination cases. ", " See Miller, 914 F.2d at 591 (distinguishing between punitive damages which serve no compensatory purpose and liquidated damages which serve both a deterrent and compensatory purpose); Bennett v. United States, 30 Fed.", "Cl. ", "396, 401 (1994) (in contrast to exclusively noncompensatory punitive damages, ADEA liquidated damages have a compensatory purpose and are therefore excludable); Downey v. Commissioner, 100 T.C. 634, 1993 WL 231740 (1993) (ADEA liquidated damages, which serve both to compensate for intangible injuries and to punish, are excludable); cf. ", "Threlkeld, 848 F.2d at 84 (In a defamation suit alleging injury to reputation, \"[a]ll income in compensation of that injury is excludable under Sec. ", "104(a)(2)\").", "\n\n\n24\nHowever, purely punitive awards, such as the Hawkinses', \"are not intended to compensate the injured party, but rather to punish the tort-feasor whose wrongful action was intentional or malicious, and to deter him and others from similar extreme conduct.\" ", " City of Newport v. Fact Concerts, Inc., 453 U.S. 247, 266, 101 S.Ct. ", "2748, 2759, 69 L.Ed.2d 616 (1981); see also International Bhd. ", "of Elec. ", "Workers v. Foust, 442 U.S. 42, 48, 99 S.Ct. ", "2121, 2125-26, 60 L.Ed.2d 698 (1979) (\"Punitive damages are not compensation for injury. ", " Instead, they are private fines levied by civil juries to punish reprehensible conduct and to deter its future occurrence.\") ", " (internal quotations and citations omitted).", "\n\n\n25\nThe Hawkinses do not contend that their punitive award has any compensatory purpose whatsoever. ", " They concede that the $15,000 compensatory damage award completely covers their actual injuries, including the two-week deprivation of the family car, their out-of-pocket losses totalling less than $1,000, and their emotional distress. ", " The additional $3.5 million in punitives were awarded not because the Hawkinses had suffered severe injuries but because Allstate's conduct had injured numerous other people. ", " Hawkins, 733 P.2d at 1084-85 (upholding the award because of Allstate's wealth, pattern of similar misconduct, and the potential harm to innumerable claimants).", "\n\n\n26\nWhatever combination of policy or administrative convenience justifies giving the entire proceeds of Allstate's alleged bad faith to the Hawkinses--rather than distributing it among Allstate's other victims or donating it to the most deserving charity--the rationale (if any) has nothing to do with restoration of lost capital. ", " The $3.5 million does not compensate the Hawkinses for any injury, economic, intangible or otherwise. ", " It is a pure windfall, as much an accession to wealth as a successful lottery ticket or a game show winnings. ", " The Hawkinses have not been made whole; they have won the litigation lottery.", "\n\n\n27\nIn such circumstances, the restoration of capital rationale underlying Sec. ", "104(a) is simply inapplicable. ", " We see no valid reason to exempt a pure gain such as the Hawkinses' punitive award from taxation, and we doubt that Congress intended such a result.8 Rather, construing Sec. ", "104(a)(2) narrowly in favor of taxation, as all exemptions must be construed, United States v. Centennial Savs. ", " Bank, 499 U.S. 573, 583-84, 111 S.Ct. ", "1512, 1518-19, 113 L.Ed.2d 608 (1991); Commissioner v. Jacobson, 336 U.S. 28, 69 S.Ct. ", "358, 93 L.Ed. ", "477 (1949), we find that the exemption does not apply to punitive damages which bear no relationship to actual injuries, do not even purport to compensate the victim for actual losses, and cannot rationally be characterized as anything but a windfall. ", " Such awards are not received \"on account of\" personal injuries.", "\n\n\n28\nThe judgment of the district court is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED to the district court with instructions to enter judgment in favor of the government.", "\n\nTROTT, Circuit Judge, dissenting:\n\n29\nAttempting to provide some coherence to this muddled area of the law, the majority offers the following principle: damages are excludable from gross income under Sec. ", "104(a)(2) if they constitute a restoration of capital. ", " Because punitive damages are designed to punish the tortfeasor, not compensate the injured party, the majority concludes punitive damages are taxable. ", " Although I agree that the majority's restoration of capital rule may make sense as a matter of policy, I don't think the text of Sec. ", "104(a)(2), its legislative history, or the case law can be squared with the majority's interpretation.", "\n\n\n30\nA. Section 104(a)(2) provides that gross income does not include \"the amount of any damages received ... on account of personal injuries or sickness.\" ", " (emphasis added). ", " As the Tax Court observed, \"any damages\" suggests \"all damages.\" ", " Miller v. Commissioner, 93 T.C. 330, 338, 1989 WL 104238 (1989), rev'd, 914 F.2d 586 (4th Cir.1990); see also Horton v. Commissioner, 100 T.C. 93, 95, 1993 WL 28557 (1993). ", " If Congress intended to exclude only compensatory damages from gross income, it certainly could have made that distinction explicit. ", " The language of Sec. ", "104(a)(2) simply does not permit a distinction between compensatory and punitive damages.", "\n\n\n31\nThe majority, joining the Fourth and Federal Circuits, asserts the provision is ambiguous. ", " See Reese v. United States, 24 F.3d 228 (Fed.", "Cir.1994); Miller, 914 F.2d at 589-90. ", " I disagree. ", " The majority claims: \" 'Damages received on account of personal injury' could mean all damages received in a personal injury lawsuit, or, it could mean only those damages which purport to compensate the taxpayer for such injuries.\" ", " But the majority passes over the fact that the word \"any\" precedes \"damages.\" ", " I think the Tax Court's conclusion that the language was unambiguous, permitting no distinction between compensatory and punitive damages, is a sound construction of the statute. ", " See Horton, 100 T.C. at 95, 1993 WL 28557; Miller, 93 T.C. at 338, 1989 WL 104238.", "\n\n\n32\nThe Tax Court decisions were nearly unanimous--Miller was a 15 to 2 decision and Horton was a 16 to 3 decision. ", " Although we review the Tax Court's conclusions of law de novo, we should proceed cautiously when reversing a position the Tax Court carefully considered and accepted by an overwhelming majority on two separate occasions. ", " Similarly, the majority lightly glosses over our decision in Roemer v. Commissioner, 716 F.2d 693 (9th Cir.1983). ", " In Roemer, we held punitive damages were excludable \"where there has been a personal injury.\" ", " Id. at 700. ", " Under Roemer, taxpayers clearly win this case. ", " The majority contends Roemer no longer controls because the court relied upon a 1975 Revenue Ruling which has since been overruled. ", " Presumably, however, the Roemer court independently reviewed the text of the statute and did not blindly follow the Internal Revenue Service's pronouncements on the subject. ", " Furthermore, the Service's flip-flop on the issue, compare Rev.Rul. ", "75-45, 1975-1 C.B. 47 (punitive damages not taxable) with Rev.Rul. ", "84-108, 1984-2 C.B. 32 (punitive damages taxable), undermines its claim that now it really knows what Sec. ", "104(a)(2) means.", "\n\n\n33\nThe majority believes Sec. ", "104(a)(2) requires the taxpayer to prove both (1) the damages were recovered in a tort-like suit and (2) the damages were received on account of personal injury. ", " The majority then concludes punitive damages are not received on account of personal injury because they do not compensate for personal injury, nor do they bear any relationship to actual injuries. ", " Most jurisdictions, however, require some amount of actual damage before punitive damages are available. ", " Miller, 93 T.C. at 339, 1989 WL 104238. ", " I think it's reasonable to conclude that punitive damages are received on account of personal injury because punitive damages are not available unless a personal injury has occurred. ", " Therefore, even under the majority's test, punitive damages in a personal injury lawsuit should be excludable under Sec. ", "104(a)(2).", "\n\n\n34\nB. Instead of the majority's two-part test, however, I would adopt the Tax Court's approach:\n\n\n35\nThe beginning and end of the inquiry should be whether the damages were paid on account of \"personal injuries.\" ", " This inquiry is answered by determining the nature of the underlying claim. ", " Once the nature of the underlying claim is established as one for personal injury, any damages received on account of that claim, including punitive damages, are excludable.", "\n\n\n36\nHorton, 100 T.C. at 96, 1993 WL 28557.", "\n\n\n37\nLike the Tax Court, I believe the Supreme Court's opinion in United States v. Burke, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. ", "1867, 119 L.Ed.2d 34 (1992), essentially adopted this method of analysis. ", " The Sixth Circuit had held in Burke that\n\n\n38\nThrelkeld [v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 1294, 1986 WL 22061 (1986), aff'd 848 F.2d 81 (6th Cir.1988) ] and its progeny require that for the purposes of Sec. ", "104(a)(2), this court determine whether the injury is personal and the claim resulting in the damages is tort-like in nature. ", " If the answer is in the affirmative, then that is \"the beginning and end of the inquiry.\" ", " The damages resulting from such a claim are fully excludable under Sec. ", "104(a)(2).", "\n\n\n39\nBurke v. United States, 929 F.2d 1119, 1123 (6th Cir.1991). ", " Although the Supreme Court reversed the Sixth Circuit's holding that Title VII claims were tort-like in nature, the Court expressly adopted the Sixth Circuit's focus on the nature of the underlying claim: \"We thus agree with the Court of Appeals' analysis insofar as it focused, for purposes of Sec. ", "104(a)(2), on the nature of the claim underlying ... [the taxpayers'] damages award.\" ", " Burke, --- U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. ", "at 1872. ", " The majority tries to finesse this reasoning by noting the Burke Court did not directly consider whether punitive damages were excludable. ", " But the import of the Court's analysis is clear. ", " The focus should be on the nature of the underlying claim. ", " The Burke Court did not mention any additional requirements for exclusion under Sec. ", "104(a)(2).1\n\n\n40\nThere is also another way in which Burke supports the conclusion that punitive damages are excludable from gross income. ", " The Court described the availability of punitive damages as one of the indicia of traditional tort liability. ", " Id. The Court then relied upon the unavailability of punitive damages in a Title VII case to hold that Title VII does not redress a tort-like personal injury. ", " Id. at ----, 112 S.Ct. ", "at 1873. ", " The Supreme Court stated that \"the concept of a 'tort' is inextricably bound up with remedies,\" including punitive damages. ", " Id. at ----, 112 S.Ct. ", "at 1872 n. 7. ", " Because punitive damages are one of the primary indicia of a personal injury claim, I believe it follows that punitive damages are received \"on account of personal injury.\" ", " Horton, 100 T.C. at 99, 1993 WL 28557. ", " To conclude otherwise, as the majority does, is to say that although the availability of punitive damages makes the claim tort-like, rendering the compensatory damages excludable under Sec. ", "104(a)(2), the punitive damages themselves are unrelated to the personal injury and should be taxable. ", " I am reluctant to reach such an illogical conclusion.", "\n\n\n41\nBecause everyone agrees that the Hawkinses' bad-faith lawsuit against Allstate was a tort-type claim and that they suffered personal injury, I believe the punitive damages must be excludable.", "\n\n\n42\nC. The 1989 amendment to Sec. ", "104 further supports my conclusion. ", " The 1989 amendment provided that Sec. ", "104(a)(2) \"shall not apply to any punitive damages in connection with a case not involving physical injury or physical sickness.\" ", " Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989, Pub.", "L. No. ", "101-239, Sec. ", "7641, 103 Stat. ", "2106, 2379.2 Thus, if the Hawkinses recovered punitive damages for their bad-faith insurance claim after 1989, the punitive damages would be taxable because their personal injuries were not physical. ", " The Hawkinses contend, quite reasonably, that the amendment suggests all punitive damages received before 1989 are not taxable. ", " The majority rejects this argument. ", " The majority believes that just because Congress in 1989 thought punitive damages were excluded from taxation by Sec. ", "104(a)(2) doesn't necessarily mean that Congress in 1918 intended Sec. ", "104(a)(2) to encompass punitive damages.", "\n\n\n43\nI agree Congress's interpretation in 1989 may not be dispositive, but it certainly is relevant. ", " The majority's inability to harmonize the original statute with the amended statute troubles me because the majority's construction leads to peculiar results. ", " I believe we must start with the premise that punitive damages received after 1989 in cases of physical injury or sickness will be excludable from gross income. ", " See Burke, --- U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. ", "at 1871 n. 6 (\"Congress amended Sec. ", "104(a) to allow the exclusion of punitive damages only in cases involving 'physical injury or physical sickness.' \")", ".3 My position offers a consistent explanation of both the pre-1989 and post-1989 law. ", " Before 1989, all punitive damages received in personal injury cases were excludable from gross income. ", " After Congress's narrowing of the exclusion in 1989, only punitive damages received in personal injury cases involving physical injury or sickness were excludable.", "\n\n\n44\nBy contrast, the majority is unable to offer a satisfactory explanation of the 1989 amendment. ", " The majority suggests that all punitive damages, both before and after 1989, must be taxable. ", " After all, punitive damages are just as much of a windfall in a physical injury case as a nonphysical injury case. ", " In both cases, the punitive damage award does not compensate the injured party for any loss--rather it's designed to punish or deter the tortfeasor. ", " Unfortunately, this conclusion means that Congress's 1989 amendment to Sec. ", "104 had no effect because punitive damages were already taxable! ", " Moreover, if Congress wanted to clarify that all punitive damages were taxable, why did the amendment create a distinction between physical and nonphysical injury cases?", "\n\n\n45\nOne way to avoid the absurdity of construing the 1989 amendment as meaningless would be to argue that the amendment made punitive damages awarded in physical injury cases after 1989 not taxable when previously they were taxable. ", " But then, instead of narrowing the Sec. ", "104(a)(2) exclusion, one would have to conclude that Congress actually intended its 1989 amendment to broaden the Sec. ", "104(a)(2) exclusion. ", " I don't think that interpretation is tenable. ", " If Congress wanted to broaden the exclusion, it could simply have amended Sec. ", "104 to read: Punitive damages in cases involving physical injury or sickness are excludable. ", " But Congress didn't do that.4\n\n\n46\nI understand this case does not involve a post-1989 punitive damages award. ", " However, I think it's important that we consider the effect of our analysis on subsequent cases, especially when all future cases will be decided under the amended statute. ", " The rule the majority announces--damages representing a windfall are taxable--will undoubtedly be cited in support of the proposition that all punitive damages are taxable. ", " This court will then have to chose between rendering the 1989 amendment meaningless or improperly construing the amendment as expanding the Sec. ", "104 exclusion. ", " My interpretation of Sec. ", "104(a)(2) avoids that dilemma.", "\n\n\n47\nD. The majority tries to rationalize the Sec. ", "104(a)(2) exclusion in terms of a return of capital theory. ", " I wish it were that simple. ", " The majority's rationale makes a lot more sense than the scheme Congress has devised, but we're bound by the statute and the case law.", "\n\n\n48\nThe return of capital theory has been widely criticized as a means of explaining the Sec. ", "104(a)(2) exclusion. ", " See, e.g., Downey v. Commissioner, 97 T.C. 150, 159, 1991 WL 140900 (1991), supplemental opinion, 100 T.C. 634, 1993 WL 231740 (1993); Cochran, supra, at 1573; Henning, supra, at 796; Robert J. Henry, Torts and Taxes, Taxes and Torts: The Taxation of Personal Injury Recoveries, 23 Hous.", "L.Rev. ", "701, 725 (1986). ", " For example, suppose the Hawkinses are injured in an automobile accident and, as a result, can't work for two weeks. ", " If they receive compensatory damages equal to two weeks' lost earnings, the damages would clearly be excludable under Sec. ", "104(a)(2). ", " But haven't they been made more than whole? ", " After all, if they had worked during those two weeks, they would have been required to pay taxes on their wages. ", " But because of the injury, they received more money than if they had worked. ", " Thus, compensatory damages, like punitive damages, can represent a windfall in addition to a return of capital. ", " Furthermore, it's impossible to explain, based on the return of capital theory, why punitive damages in physical injury cases after 1989 are not taxable.", "\n\n\n49\nThe return of capital theory is closely related to the concept of basis in tax law. ", " If I buy a property for $100 and sell it for $150, my $50 gain is taxable. ", " My $100 basis, or return of capital, is not. ", " See 26 U.S.C. Secs. ", "1001, 1011-1012. ", " But what is a person's basis in his or her own body? ", " Should we keep track of how much money is spent on improving the human body to calculate each person's basis? ", " Obviously, this would be impractical, but how else can we separate return of capital from windfall? ", " See generally J. Martin Burke & Michael K. Friel, Tax Treatment of Employment-Related Personal Injury Awards: The Need for Limits, 50 Mont.L.Rev. ", "13, 42 (1989).", "\n\n\n50\nThe majority tries to impose some logic and commonsense on Sec. ", "104(a)(2). ", " Despite their efforts, I fear they might sow more confusion than clarification. ", " Congress should straighten out this mess, but until they do, we must do our best to apply the statute as it is written and as we believe Congress intended. ", " We cannot contradict the statute's plain language in an effort to impose order in the sometimes-chaotic world of the tax code.", "\n\n\n\n1\n Congress has since amended Sec. ", "104(a)(2). ", " See Pub.", "L. No. ", "101-239, Sec. ", "7641(a), 103 Stat. ", "2379 (1989) (providing that punitive damages recovered in non-physical injury cases are not excludable from gross income). ", " This amendment applies to amounts received after July 10, 1989 and therefore does not apply to the Hawkinses' award\n\n\n2\n In the last 30 years, the IRS has twice reversed its opinion on whether Sec. ", "104(a)(2) excludes punitive damages awarded in a personal injury suit. ", " Compare Rev.Rul. ", "58-418, 1958-2 C.B. 18 (1958) (punitives awarded in a libel suit not excludable) with Rev.Rul. ", "75-45, 1975-1 C.B. 47 (1975) (any damages, whether compensatory or punitive, received on account of personal injuries or sickness are excludable) and Rev.Rul. ", "84-108, 1984-2 C.B. 32 (1984) (punitive damages in a wrongful death suit must be included in gross income). ", " The Tax Court has also consistently held that punitives are excludable. ", " See Horton v. Commissioner, 100 T.C. 93, 1993 WL 28557 (1993), appeal pending 93-1929 (6th Cir.); ", " Miller v. Commissioner, 93 T.C. 330, 1989 WL 104238 (1989), rev'd, 914 F.2d 586 (4th Cir.1990)\n\n\n3\n The dissent argues that Sec. ", "104(a)(2) is not ambiguous because (1) a litigant cannot receive punitive damages unless she has suffered personal injury; and (2) because the statute refers to \"any damages.\" ", " While the dissent's attempt to make sense of the statute is commendable, we respectfully disagree\nFirst, even if punitive damage awards cannot be awarded \"but for\" personal injury, the phrase \"on account of\" does not necessarily mean \"but for causation.\" ", " Id. Rather, \"on account of\" could mean what the Miller court called \"sufficient causation\"--i.e. ", "all damages to which a litigant is entitled because of her injuries, but not those which serve solely to punish the wrongdoer.", "\nThe section's reference to \"any damages\" is no more illuminating. ", " Given the variety of compensatory damages available in tort actions--including specific or actual damages, general damages, loss of consortium damages, emotional distress damages, etc.--\"any damages\" could indicate an intent to make all of these various kinds of compensatory damages excludable. ", " The word \"any\" does not, as the dissent suggests, necessarily indicate an intent to make punitive damages excludable.", "\nFinally, the dissent's claim that \"[t]he language of Sec. ", "104(a)(2) simply does not permit a distinction between compensatory and punitive damages\" ignores both Sec. ", "104(a)'s title, \"Compensation for Injury and Sickness,\" and the long-standing rule that exclusions to income are to be construed narrowly in favor of taxation. ", " See United States v. Centennial Savs. ", " Bank, 499 U.S. 573, 583-84, 111 S.Ct. ", "1512, 1518-19, 113 L.Ed.2d 608 (1991); Commissioner v. Jacobson, 336 U.S. 28, 69 S.Ct. ", "358, 93 L.Ed. ", "477 (1949).", "\n\n\n4\n In contrast to the dissent, we see no evidence in Roemer that the court \"independently reviewed the text of the statute.\" ", " Nor are we accusing the Roemer court of \"blindly following the Internal Revenue Service's pronouncements on the subject.\" ", " Rather, we think the court reasonably and appropriately deferred to the IRS's interpretation of Sec. ", "104(a)(2), under the well-settled rule that an agency's interpretation of a statute is entitled to deference unless it contradicts the statute's plain meaning. ", " Sullivan v. Everhart, 494 U.S. 83, 88-89, 110 S.Ct. ", "960, 963-65, 108 L.Ed.2d 72 (1990). ", " We do not dispute that the dissent's interpretation of Sec. ", "104(a)(2) is reasonable, only that it is compelled\n\n\n5\n The Tax Court, however, continues to hold that punitive damages are excludable, Horton v. Commissioner, 100 T.C. 93, 1993 WL 28557 (1993), appeal pending, 93-1929 (6th Cir.). ", " We find the Horton dissent's arguments more persuasive than the majority's\n\n\n6\n In fact, the legislative history of the 1989 amendments indicates that Congress was not concerned with punitive damages, but with non-physical injury cases. ", " The original House of Representatives bill would have made all damages received on account of non-physical injuries fully taxable. ", " H.R.Rep. ", "No. ", "101-247, 101st Cong., ", "1st Sess. ", "at 1354-55, reprinted in 1989 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 1906, 2824-25. ", " The decision to address only punitive damages was a compromise reached after the Senate declined to pass the House bill. ", " H.R.Conf.", "Rep. No. ", "101-386, 101st Cong., ", "1st Sess. ", "at 623, reprinted in 1989 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 3225-26. ", " Even if the amendments indicate that, at the time Congress was debating the issue, it thought that Sec. ", "104(a)(2) applied to punitive as well as compensatory damages; they do not indicate that Congress gleaned the true intent of previous Congresses, only that Congress was aware that courts had recently so interpreted the section\n\n\n7\n The dissent correctly points out, of course, that Congress probably did not intend to broaden Sec. ", "104(a)(2) and, as currently drafted, the statute may imply that punitive damages in physical injury cases are excludable. ", " However, we do not believe that the only consistent explanation of these facts is that before 1989 all punitive damages received in personal injury cases were excludable from gross income. ", " Rather, even if the 1989 amendment makes punitive damages received in physical injury cases excludable, this implication could be inadvertent. ", " Or, since Congress simply did not address punitive damages received in physical injury cases and was concerned primarily with non-physical injury cases, it may have been \"deferring to the courts on this issue.\" ", " Dodge, Taxes and Torts, 77 Cornell L.Rev. ", "No. ", "1, 143 & n. 4 (1992). ", " Given our belief that excluding punitive damages is inconsistent with Sec. ", "104(a)(2)'s title and purpose, we doubt that Congress intended to exclude any noncompensatory punitive damages. ", " However, we express no opinion on the excludability of punitive damages received after 1989 in physical injury cases, as the issue is not before us. ", " Like the dissent, we hope that Congress will shortly clear up the issue\n\n\n8\n See also Reese, 24 F.3d at 231 (emphasizing that all of Sec. ", "104(a)'s other enumerated exemptions \"encompass only the replacement of losses resulting from injury or sickness\"); Miller, 914 F.2d at 590 (extending Sec. ", "104(a)(2) to \"situations in which a plaintiff's damages do not serve to make a plaintiff whole ... runs afoul of the statute's purpose.\")", "\n\n\n1\n The decision in O'Gilvie v. United States, 92-2 USTC p 50,567, 1992 WL 223847 (D.Kan.1992), construed Burke in a similar vein. ", " In O'Gilvie, the district court originally held punitive damages in a wrongful death suit were not excludable from gross income, relying on the Fourth Circuit's decision in Miller. ", " However, the district court reversed its decision upon reconsideration after Burke. ", " The court stated:\nIn our previous order, this court focused on the nature of the punitive damage award itself, rather than the nature of the underlying claim. ", " In light of Burke, we believe our focus was misplaced. ", " The Supreme Court's opinion makes clear that the proper inquiry for purposes of Sec. ", "104(a)(2) is on the nature of the claim underlying the taxpayers' damages award.", "\nId. at 85, 974-75, 1992 WL 223847.", "\n\n\n2\n The 1989 amendment only applies to \"amounts received after July 10, 1989, in taxable years ending after such date,\" unless the amounts were received \"under any written binding agreement, court decree, or mediation award in effect on (or issued on or before) July 10, 1989.\" ", " Id. Here, the Hawkinses' apparently received payment during 1988, thus, the 1989 amendment does not literally apply. ", " Nevertheless, any construction of Sec. ", "104(a)(2) should take into account Congress's latest interpretation and modification of the statutory scheme\n\n\n3\n Commentators overwhelmingly agree with this interpretation of the 1989 amendment. ", " See Arthur W. Andrews, The Taxation of Title VII Victims After the Civil Rights Act of 1991, 46 Tax Law. ", "755, 766 (1993); Mark Wright Cochran, 1989 Tax Act Compounds Confusion over Tax Status of Personal Injury Damages, 49 Tax Notes 1565, 1567 (1990); Margaret Henning, Recent Developments in the Tax Treatment of Personal Injury and Punitive Damage Recoveries, 45 Tax Law. ", "783, 801 (1992); David G. Jaeger, Taxation of Punitive Damage Awards: The Continuing Controversy, 57 Tax Notes 109, 114 (1992)\n\n\n4\n As one commentator observed:\nTo argue that unamended section 104 does not exclude any punitive damages would mean that the amendment has the effect of broadening the statute to cover punitive damages received for physical injury. ", " If this had been Congress' intent, the amendment would likely have been drafted in a positive manner and stated that punitive damages received for physical injury are excludable from income. ", " The legislative history behind the amendment clearly shows that the intent was to limit the scope of the language found in section 104.", "\nJaeger, supra, at 114.", "\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Adsorption of copolymers in a selective nanoslit: a hybrid density functional theory.", "\nA hybrid density functional theory (DFT) is developed for adsorption of copolymers in a selective nanoslit. ", "The DFT incorporates a single-chain simulation for the ideal-gas free energy functional with two weighted density approximations for the residual free energy functional. ", "The theory is found to be insensitive to the width parameter used in the weighted density. ", "Theoretical predictions are in excellent agreement with simulation results in the segment density profiles and the adsorption configurations including tail, loop, and train for copolymers with various sequences over a wide range of surface affinity. ", "The bridge conformation is also observed in multiblock copolymers. ", "Ordered assembly is facilitated in copolymers with longer chain/block and at stronger attraction between segment B and the slit wall. ", "While diblock copolymer shows the longest tail, alternating copolymer has the shortest. ", "As the attraction between segment B and the slit wall increases, the average size and fraction decrease for tail, but increase for loop and train." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Effect of endothelin-A receptor blockade with atrasentan on tumor progression in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a randomized, phase II, placebo-controlled trial.", "\nTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of atrasentan (ABT-627), an endothelin-A receptor antagonist, in the treatment of asymptomatic, hormone-refractory prostatic adenocarcinoma. ", "A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPCa) patients was conducted in the United States and Europe. ", "Two hundred eighty-eight asymptomatic patients with HRPCa and evidence of metastatic disease were randomly assigned to one of three study groups receiving a once-daily oral dose of placebo, 2.5 mg atrasentan, or 10 mg atrasentan, respectively. ", "Primary end point was time to progression; secondary end points included time to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression, bone scan changes, and changes in bone and tumor markers. ", "The three treatment groups were similar in all baseline characteristics. ", "Median time to progression in intent-to-treat (ITT) patients (n = 288) was longer in the 10-mg atrasentan group compared with the placebo group: 183 v 137 days, respectively; (P =.13). ", "Median time to progression in evaluable patients (n = 244) was significantly prolonged, from 129 days (placebo group) to 196 days (10-mg atrasentan group; P =.021). ", "For both ITT and evaluable populations in the 10-mg atrasentan group, median time to PSA progression was twice that of the placebo group (155 v 71 days; P =.002). ", "Patients who received placebo continued to have significant increases from baseline in serum (lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]), a marker of disease burden; elevations in LDH were uniformly attenuated by atrasentan in the ITT population. ", "Headache, peripheral edema, and rhinitis were primary side effects, typically of mild to moderate severity. ", "Quality of life was not adversely affected by atrasentan. ", "Atrasentan is an oral, targeted therapy with favorable tolerability and the potential to delay progression of HRPCa." ]

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[ "Breitbart editor Milo Yiannopoulos is set to deliver a major speech at the University of Houston on Monday, entitled “How to Destroy the alt-right.”", "\n\nThe speech is expected to be one of his most substantial addresses to an American university so far, and will include references to Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton’s speech on the alt-right, in which she read out two of Milo’s headlines in horrified tones.", "\n\nThe speech will cover where the alt-right came from, what it is, and how the Left can destroy it – assuming it’s not already too late. ", "He is expected to lay the blame for the rise of the movement, as well as the popularity of Donald Trump and himself, at the feet of progressive activists, the left-wing media, liberal college professors, Hollywood, and out-of-control political correctness.", "\n\nMilo, who has spoken extensively about the alt-right over the past few months, co-authored a guide to the movement in March entitled “An Establishment Conservative’s Guide to the alt-right” with Allum Bokhari, which was covered by news outlets all over the world, including the Washington Post, the Boston Globe, BBC News, and the Daily Mail.", "\n\nHe does not describe himself as a member of the alt-right, but the press has been desperate to crown him a figurehead, as he explained to CNBC recently.", "\n\n\n\nExplaining his decision on the theme of the speech, Milo said “The alt right has been attacked as racist, sexist, transphobic, Islamophobic and homophobic by journalists who show no interest in understanding something they helped to create”.", "\n\nMilo’s event at the University of Houston will be his second date in the recently continued Dangerous Faggot tour, which started its second leg at Texas Tech on Monday.", "\n\nIn Milo’s new tour bus, which is emblazoned with his logo, the name of the tour, and of course — five pictures of his face, he is currently travelling across the east and west coasts, stopping at a wide range of schools including Yale, Vanderbilt, and Stanford until the tour’s finale in February.", "\n\nYou can see the current dates on the Dangerous Faggot tour at Milo’s website here.", "\n\nCharlie Nash is a reporter for Breitbart Tech. ", "You can follow him on Twitter @MrNashington or like his page at Facebook." ]

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[ " the second smallest value? ", " (a) -4 (b) -1/4 (c) j\nc\nLet u = -4.6 + 5. ", "Let y = u - 0.7. ", "Let j = 0 - 3. ", "Which is the smallest value? ", " (a) j (b) -2 (c) y\na\nLet l = -115 + 113. ", "Which is the second biggest value? ", " (a) 4 (b) -2.1 (c) l\nc\nSuppose 0 = -q - q + 6. ", "Let f be (-2 + 3)*q/(-15). ", "Which is the third smallest value? ", " (a) f (b) 0.4 (c) -2\nb\nLet p = -0.04 + 0.03. ", "Let s = -0.09 + p. What is the biggest value in 4, 1/2, s?", "\n4\nLet l(c) = c**3 - 8*c**2 - 10*c + 7. ", "Let u(k) = -k**2 + 9. ", "Let w be u(0). ", "Let g be l(w). ", "What is the smallest value in g, 1, 0?", "\ng\nLet h = 1.41 + -1.51. ", "Which is the third biggest value? ", " (a) -0.4 (b) -0.46 (c) h\nb\nLet f = -2 - -1. ", "Let m be (70/56)/(f/(-4)). ", "Let l = -9 - -4. ", "What is the third biggest value in -0.2, m, l?", "\nl\nSuppose 4 + 11 = 5*t. ", "Let l = 2 + -2. ", "What is the third smallest value in -2/13, l, t?", "\nt\nLet w = -3.6 + 1.1. ", "Let u = w - -3. ", "What is the smallest value in -1, -0.5, u?", "\n-1\nLet z be 5/42 + (2/(-7) - 0). ", "What is the second smallest value in 0, -5/3, z, 1?", "\nz\nLet i = -5 - -4.6. ", "Let g = 0.1 - -1.9. ", "Let b = g + -7. ", "What is the smallest value in b, -5/3, i?", "\nb\nLet u = 3 + -3. ", "What is the biggest value in u, 4, -2?", "\n4\nSuppose 6*d + 15 = 3*d. ", "What is the third smallest value in d, 6, 0.2?", "\n6\nLet v = 0.02 - 2.02. ", "Let z = -42.9 - -43. ", "Let w be (4/(-6))/((-2)/3). ", "Which is the third biggest value? ", " (a) w (b) v (c) z\nb\nLet q = -4 - -3.5. ", "Let h(g) = -g + 1. ", "Let r be h(-5). ", "Let m be (r/4)/(6/16). ", "What is the second biggest value in m, -2, q?", "\nq\nLet v = -15.1 + 17. ", "Let o = v + -2.4. ", "Which is the third smallest value? ", " (a) 5 (b) 1 (c) o\na\nLet i be 6/(-40) + 1/4. ", "Let o = -6 + -3. ", "Let f be 2 - 12/o*-2. ", "What is the third smallest value in 3, f, i?", "\n3\nSuppose 0*s = 2*s - 36. ", "Let i be 2/(-6) + (-48)/s. ", "Let b be (-21)/(-5) - i/(-15). ", "What is the smallest value in b, -3, 0.5?", "\n-3\nLet s = -63 - -68. ", "Which is the biggest value? ", " (a) s (b) 0.01 (c) -0.2\na\nLet w = 1509/5 + -302. ", "Let m = -5.12 + 0.12. ", "What is the smallest value in m, 2, w?", "\nm\nLet s = 7.2 - 11.2. ", "Which is the biggest value? ", " (a) s (b) -2/3 (c) 3\nc\nLet v = 0.01 + -0.09. ", "Let n = v + -2.92. ", "Which is the second smallest value? ", " (a) 0 (b) 3 (c) n\na\nLet g be 27/(-63) - (-2 + 3 - 1). ", "What is the second biggest value in -3, g, -24, -0.3?", "\ng\nSuppose -7*i - 12 = -3*i. ", "Let c = -11 + 23/2. ", "What is the smallest value in c, -4/3, i?", "\ni\nLet p = -1 + 3. ", "Let v = -0.065 + 4.765. ", "Let x = v + -5. ", "What is the third biggest value in x, p, 0?", "\nx\nLet w be 6/(-18) + (-4)/15. ", "Suppose v - 4*v - 5*k - 15 = 0, -v = -4*k - 12. ", "What is the second biggest value in w, v, -0.4?", "\n-0.4\nLet u be (-2)/(-3)*9/(-12). ", "What is the second biggest value in -0.1, u, 3?", "\n-0.1\nLet y = 0.08 - -2.92. ", "Let r be 2 - (1 + (-4)/(-20)). ", "Let f = -3 + 4. ", "What is the second biggest value in r, y, f?", "\nf\nLet q be ((15/(-3))/25)/(6/15). ", "What is the biggest value in -2, -2/3, q?", "\nq\nLet o be 30/8 + 9/(-12). ", "Suppose -6*q + 2*q = 0. ", "Suppose -o*t + t = q. Which is the third biggest value? ", " (a) 2 (b) t (c) -4/5\nc\nLet g = 11 + -12. ", "Suppose -4 = 4*q, 4 - 17 = 3*r - 2*q. ", "Which is the second smallest value? ", " (a) -4 (b) r (c) g\na\nLet f = 0.1 + 0.1. ", "Let n = f + 2.8. ", "Let z = 0.26 - 0.16. ", "What is the biggest value in z, 2, n?", "\nn\nLet d be ((-15)/(-10))/(9/48*-1). ", "What is the second biggest value in 0.4, d, -0.4, 1?", "\n0.4\nLet m = 1.93 - 0.13. ", "Let s = m + -2. ", "Let o = s + -0.3. ", "Which is the smallest value? ", " (a) -1/4 (b) -1/6 (c) o\nc\nLet d = 20 - 20.1. ", "Which is the smallest value? ", " (a) 0 (b) -2 (c) d\nb\nLet l = 0.2 - 0.1. ", "Let o = l + -0.4. ", "Suppose 0 = -3*v + 8 + 4. ", "What is the biggest value in 0.3, o, v?", "\nv\nLet h = -1/55 - 2/11. ", "What is the biggest value in -3/4, h, -1?", "\nh\nSuppose -4*z + 10 = -2*j, z - 10 = -2*z + 4*j. ", "What is the third smallest value in z, 2/9, -13?", "\nz\nLet f = 0.7 - -0.3. ", "Let j = 0 + f. Let u = 0.04 - -0.26. ", "Which is the smallest value? ", " (a) -0.3 (b) u (c) j\na\nLet d(t) = 2*t + 5*t + 3*t. ", "Let x be d(1). ", "Let m = x - 6. ", "What is the third smallest value in m, 5, 3?", "\n5\nLet r = 324 - 4858/15. ", "Let l(k) = 2*k - 26. ", "Let y be l(11). ", "What is the second smallest value in y, 5, r?", "\nr\nLet t = -0.151 - -3.831. ", "Let i = t + 0.12. ", "Let o = i + 1.2. ", "Which is the second biggest value? ", " (a) o (b) -1 (c) 0.5\nc\nLet j = 0.8 - 0.3. ", "Let s = j - 2.5. ", "Let i = 15/26 - 53/182. ", "Which is the biggest value? ", " (a) 2 (b) i (c) s\na\nLet y(n) = -n**3 + 7*n**2 - 8*n + 8. ", "Let m be y(6). ", "Let t be (2/(-15))/(m/(-12)). ", "Let w = -0.2 - -0.1. ", "What is the third smallest value in w, 1, t?", "\n1\nLet p be (-129)/(-8)*24/18. ", "Let r = p + -21. ", "Which is the third smallest value? ", " (a) 1 (b) r (c) 0.4\na\nLet i(d) = -d**3 + 4*d**2 + 5*d + 4. ", "Let x be i(5). ", "Let o be ((-12)/(-99))/(10/(-15)). ", "Which is the third biggest value? ", " (a) 1 (b) o (c) x\nb\nLet r = -1 - -0.8. ", "Let m = -7.7 + 7.4. ", "What is the third biggest value in m, r, -4?", "\n-4\nLet q = 56/53 - 96640/371. ", "Let g = -260 - q. What is the second biggest value in g, 5, 1/2?", "\n1/2\nSuppose -2*r - 10 = 2. ", "Let y be (2/r)/(8/12). ", "Suppose -3*s = -0*s - 6. ", "Which is the third biggest value? ", " (a) s (b) 0.5 (c) y\nc\nLet g = 1 - 2. ", "Let w = -44 - -49. ", "What is the smallest value in w, g, 1?", "\ng\nLet r = -0.046 + 4.646. ", "Let k = 5 - r. Let i = -150 + 152. ", "Which is the biggest value? ", " (a) k (b) i (c) 3\nc\nLet a = -60/17 + 814/221. ", "Let u = -10 - -7. ", "What is the smallest value in u, a, -0.3?", "\nu\nSuppose 2*o - 4*q = 0, -q + 0*q = 0. ", "Let k = 0 + 0.1. ", "Which is the biggest value? ", " (a) -1/3 (b) o (c) k\nc\nLet j = 5.3 + -3.9. ", "What is the second smallest value in -1/3, j, -1?", "\n-1/3\nSuppose -10 = -k - 4*k. ", "Suppose -4 = -0*v + k*v. ", "Which is the smallest value? ", " (a) v (b) -0.5 (c) 2\na\nLet h = -119 - -118. ", "Let p = 8 - 1. ", "Let q(b) = b - 5. ", "Let x be q(p). ", "What is the third smallest value in -0.5, h, x?", "\nx\nLet q(h) = h + 1. ", "Let m be q(8). ", "Let y be ((-6)/m)/(0 + 1). ", "Which is the smallest value? ", " (a) y (b) -1 (c) 5\nb\nLet o = -1 + -1. ", "Let g = 9/68 + 2/17. ", "Which is the third biggest value? ", " (a) o (b) 5 (c) g\na\nLet z = 3.8 - 0.8. ", "Let y = z - -1. ", "Which is the third smallest value? ", " (a) y (b) 2 (c) -0.2\na\nLet c = -2.4 + -1.6. ", "What is the second smallest value in 5, c, 0.2?", "\n0.2\nLet m = -13 + 9. ", "Let w be 0 - (-1 - (-3)/2). ", "Which is the biggest value? ", " (a) m (b) 0.5 (c) w\nb\nLet m = -0.04 - 0.02. ", "Let x = 0.06 + m. Which is the smallest value? ", " (a) 0.2 (b) 2 (c) x\nc\nLet p = -27 - -31. ", "Let g = 1.05 - 1. ", "Which is the third biggest value? ", " (a) -3 (b) p (c) g\na\nSuppose 2*x - 2*v = -v - 11, -5*x = -v + 23. ", "Which is the smallest value? ", " (a) x (b) 1/7 (c) 5\na\nLet h = -0.5 + 1.7. ", "Let s = h - 0.2. ", "Let z = -1/44 - 41/132. ", "What is the third biggest value in s, z, -1/7?", "\nz\nLet x(i) = -i**3 + 7*i**2 + 9*i - 7. ", "Suppose -j + 8 = -0. ", "Let y be x(j). ", "Let g = -2/147 - 47/147. ", "Which is the second smallest value? ", " (a) g (b) y (c) 2/15\nc\nLet q(c) = -9*c**2 - 3*c - 1. ", "Let o be q(-3). ", "Let w = 656/9 + o. What is the smallest value in w, 1, 3?", "\nw\nLet c = -2/17 - -27/85. ", "What is the third biggest value in -0.7, c, -5?", "\n-5\nLet w be 1 + (-48)/21 - (-4 - -3). ", "What is the second biggest value in -4/3, 1/8, -4, w?", "\nw\nLet b = -0.1 - -0.2. ", "Let h = -46.1 + 46.1. ", "What is the biggest value in -4, b, h?", "\nb\nLet r = -13 + 4. ", "Let d = -8.9 - r. Let a = -6.2 - -6. ", "What is the smallest value in a, d, -0.1?", "\na\nLet i = 2.2 - 1.2. ", "What is the third biggest value in -1/7, -4/3, i?", "\n-4/3\nLet t = 4.6 - 5. ", "Let j = -0.4 - t. Which is the biggest value? ", " (a) 1/8 (b) -0.5 (c) j\na\nLet s(g) = g - 5. ", "Let o be s(6). ", "Suppose 4*r = 3*r + o. What is the third biggest value in -4, -3, r?", "\n-4\nLet g = 1.1 + -0.8. ", "Let k = g - 0.6. ", "Which is the third smallest value? ", " (a) -3 (b) 2 (c) k\nb\nLet k = -8 - -4. ", "Let m = 10 - 11. ", "Which is the third biggest value? ", " (a) k (b) 0 (c) m\na\nLet b = 6 + -11. ", "Let x = 2 + b. What is the second biggest value in -2, x, -5?", "\nx\nLet d = -1/209 - 207/418. ", "Which is the second biggest value? ", " (a) d (b) 13 (c) -5\na\nLet k be 2/12*-4 + (-3)/(-6). ", "What is the second smallest value in -8, k, 0.2?", "\nk\nLet b = -0.103 - 0.097. ", "What is the smallest value in -1, b, 0.1, 1/5?", "\n-1\nLet r = -0.35 - 0.05. ", "Let p = r - -0.4. ", "What is the second biggest value in p, 5, 2/13?", "\n2/13\nLet h = 12 - 22. ", "Let d = h - -7. ", "Let l = 1.8 - 2. ", "Which is the biggest value? ", " (a) -4 (b) d (c) l\nc\nLet c(j) = -3 + 0 + 6*j**2 + 4*j + 2*j**3 - j**" ]

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[ "Charles Waddington (philosopher)\n\nCharles-Pendrell Waddington (19 June 1819 – 18 March 1914) was a French philosopher, cousin of Richard and William H. Waddington. ", "He was born in Milan, of a Protestant family of English origin. ", "Graduating from the École normale supérieure at 19, he taught at various institutions, including the Protestant Seminary at Strasbourg, the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, and the Sorbonne, where in 1879 he was appointed professor of ancient philosophy. ", " In 1888 he became a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques. ", "His works, notable for clearness and penetration, include: \n Ramus (Pierre de la Ramée): Sa vie, ses écrits et ses opinions (1855)\n Essai de logique (1858) \n De l'idée de Dieu dans l'athéisme contemporain (1859) \n De l'âme humaine, études de psychologie (1863) \n Dieu et la conscience (1870) \n De la science du bien (1875) \n L'athéisme en France à la fin du XVIIIème siècle (1892) \n La philosophie ancienne et la critique historique (1904)\n\nSee also\n William Waddington, Prime Minister of France and cousin of Charles Waddington\n Senator Richard Waddington, cousin of Charles Waddington\n Alfred Waddington, uncle of Charles Waddington\n\nCategory:French people of English descent\nCategory:French historians\nCategory:French philosophers\nCategory:French science writers\nCategory:Italian emigrants to France\nCategory:Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques\nCategory:University of Paris faculty\nCategory:1819 births\nCategory:1914 deaths\nCategory:French male non-fiction writers" ]

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[ "The Cheribundi Boca Raton Bowl will be played between the SMU Mustangs and Florida Atlantic Owls on Dec. 21. ", "The game will be played at FAU Stadium in Boca Raton, Fla.\n\nSMU has a 10-2 overall record and a 6-2 record in the American Athletic Conference going into the game. ", "Florida Atlantic has a 10-3 record and a 7-1 record in Conference USA.", "\n\nIt’s the Mustangs’ first bowl appearance since 2017 and the first bowl game under coach Sonny Dykes. ", "It will be the program’s 17th bowl appearance. ", "The team is 7-8-1 overall in the postseason. ", "Quarterback Shane Buechele has led the SMU offense with 3,626 passing yards and 33 touchdown passes. ", "Running back Xavier Jones leads the team in rushing with 1,249 yards and 21 touchdowns. ", "James Proche has 1,139 receiving yards on 102 catches and has 14 touchdown catches. ", "Linebacker Patrick Nelson leads the defense with 12.5 sacks and safety Rodney Clemons has four interceptions.", "\n\nThe Owls enter the program’s fourth bowl game. ", "The team has never lost a bowl game before. ", "Lane Kiffin led the team to the bowl game but has moved on to coaching Ole Miss. Quarterback Chris Robinson leads the offense with 3,392 passing yards and 26 touchdown passes. ", "Tight end Harrison Bryant has 65 catches for 1,004 yards and seven touchdown catches. ", "Linebacker Akileis Leroy leads the Owls with 7 1/2 sacks. ", "Cornerback Meiko Dotson has nine interceptions.", "\n\nThe two teams have never played each other.", "\n\nCLICK HERE FOR COMPLETE COLLEGE FOOTBALL BOWL GAME COVERAGE\n\n--\n\nBOCA RATON BOWL INFO\n\nSponsor: Cheribundi\n\nDate: December 21\n\nTime: 3:30 p.m. ET\n\nTV: ABC\n\nStadium: FAU Stadium\n\nLocation: Boca Raton, Fla.\n\n--\n\nCLICK HERE FOR MORE SPORTS COVERAGE ON FOXNEWS.COM\n\nODDS\n\nMoneyline: SMU (-165), Florida Atlantic (+140)\n\nSpread: SMU (-3.5), Florida Atlantic (+3.5)\n\nOver/Under: 70.5; Over (-110), Under (-110)\n\n--\n\nBetting odds courtesy Bet-NJ.com" ]

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[ "Image copyright Getty Images Image caption The fall in abortions is due to different reasons, depending on who is asked\n\nThe rate of abortions has declined across almost all of the US since 2010, a new survey from the Associated Press has found.", "\n\nAbortions have decreased 12% in both liberal and conservative-run states.", "\n\nLaws across US states make it harder or easier to obtain contraception or get an abortion.", "\n\nOne factor behind the abortion decline is the fall in the teenage pregnancy rate, which reached its lowest mark for decades in 2010.", "\n\nSupporters of abortion rights say the fall in terminations is due to increased access to contraceptives.", "\n\nOpponents says more women are carrying unplanned pregnancies to full term.", "\n\nIn Indiana, Missouri, Ohio and Oklahoma - states notorious in the US for being aggressively anti-abortion - abortion has dropped 15% since 2010.", "\n\nThe situation in liberal states like New York, Washington and Oregon mirrors that trend, even though it is easier to get an abortion in those states.", "\n\nIn 2010, the teen pregnancy rate in the US was the lowest it has been in decades, and has continued to drop, which could be one reason for the decrease in abortions.", "\n\nImage copyright AP Image caption In Oklahoma, mother Heather Hall wants better sex education for young people\n\nCharmaine Yoest of Americans United for Life, one group promoting restrictive abortion laws, said the drop is correlated with pregnant women having an \"increased awareness of the humanity of [babies] before [they are] born\".", "\n\nIn Oklahoma, where the rate fell 19% from 2010 to 2013, a new law required women to wait at least 72 hours before receiving an abortion.", "\n\nThe state also banned a certain second-trimester procedure that opponents said dismembered the foetus.", "\n\nTony Lauinger, the chairman of Oklahomans for Life, said these laws helped increase public understanding of what abortion really means.", "\n\nBut abortion-rights advocates say strict laws are not needed to lower the abortion rate in the US.", "\n\n\"Better access to birth control and sex education are the biggest factors in reducing unplanned pregnancies,\" said Planned Parenthood Federation of America.", "\n\nCampaigners say intrauterine devices are one form of contraception reducing pregnancy, especially teen pregnancy, at a dramatic rate.", "\n\nAn initiative to give the devices free to teenagers helped the Colorado teenage birth rate decline by 40% in less than five years." ]

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[ "<!", "DOCTYPE html>\r\n<html xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\" lang=\"en\">\r\n<head>\r\n <title>Android Design - 视觉创意</title>\r\n\t<meta http-equiv=\"Content-type\" content=\"text/html;charset=UTF-8\" />\r\n\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:regular,medium,thin,italic,mediumitalic\" />\r\n\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"../css/style.css\" />\r\n\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"../css/folding.css\" />\r\n\t<style type=\"text/css\">\r\n\r\n\t</style>\r\n\t<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../js/jquery-1.4.4.min.js\"></script>\r\n\t<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../js/jquery.common.min.js\"></script>\r\n\t<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../js/jquery.folding.min.js\"></script>\r\n\t<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"../js/adchs.js\"></script>\r\n</head>\r\n<body>\r\n\t<div id=\"pageWrapper\">\r\n\t\t<div id=\"header\">\r\n\t\t\t<a href=\"../index.html\">Android Design&nbsp;<span class=\"headerChs\">Android 设计指南非官方简体中文版</span></a>\r\n\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t<div id=\"navWrapper\">\r\n\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t<div id=\"content\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"contentNav topNav\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"contentHeaderWraper\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2>视觉创意&nbsp;<a class=\"originalLink\" href=\"http://developer.android.com/design/get-started/creative-vision.html\" target=\"_blank\">Original Version</a></h2>\r\n\t\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"buttonWrapper\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"buttonPrev\" href=\"../index.html\">上一页</a><a class=\"buttonNext\" href=\"principles.html\">下一页</a>\r\n\t\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\t<div id=\"mainContent\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<img class=\"nomarginLR\" src=\"creative_vision_main.png\" />\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>我们对于 Android 的设计，在系统和核心应用上专注于以下三个目标。当你在设计 Android 应用时，也应当考虑这些目标:</p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"column col4\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4>使哥着迷</h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>真正的美入木三分。Android 应用在多个层次上都是光鲜且具有美感的: 过渡效果明确且迅速；布局和字体清晰且易于理解；应用图标具有艺术气息。就像一把精致的工具，一个应用应当努力结合美感、简洁以及魔幻般易用性和强大的使用体验。</p>\r\n\t\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"column col5\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4>简化哥的生活</h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Android 应能简化人们的生活。当第一次使用一个应用时，人们应当能直观的认识到最重要的功能。当然，设计的脚步不应止于引导初次使用的用户。Android 应用替人们打点各种琐事，诸如文件管理和同步。简单的任务无需冗余的步骤，复杂的任务也应当在人们能力所及的范围内。各个年龄段和各种文化背景的人都应能掌控所有操作，而不会淹没在太多的选择和无谓的炫技中。</p>\r\n\t\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"column col4 nomarginRight\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4>让哥感到惊奇</h4>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>仅仅让应用易用是不够的。Android 应用使得人们可以去尝试新鲜的事情，并且创造性的使用应用。Android 系统提供的多任务、提醒和应用间信息共享等功能，使人们可以将应用融入自己的工作流程中。同时，应用应当体现亲和力，使人们可以轻松而优雅的运用科技。</p>\r\n\t\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<br class=\"clear\" />\r\n\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"contentNav bottomNav\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"buttonWrapper\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"buttonPrev\" href=\"../index.html\">上一页</a><a class=\"buttonNext\" href=\"principles.html\">下一页</a>\r\n\t\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t</div>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"clear\"></div>\r\n\t\t<div id=\"footer\">\r\n\t\t</div>\r\n\t</div>\r\n</body>\r\n</html>\r\n" ]

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[ "Red Mountain Pass\n\nRed Mountain Pass may be one of the following:\n\nMountain passes\nRed Mountain Pass (Larimer County, Colorado) – a pass in Larimer County, Colorado, United States\nRed Mountain Pass (San Juan Mountains) – a pass between Ouray County and San Juan County, Colorado, United States\nRed Mountain Pass (Sawatch Range) – a pass on the Continental Divide of the Americas between Chaffee County and Gunnison County, Colorado, United States" ]

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[ "SOHR: 1100+ airstrikes on ~45 areas in Hama and Idlib in one week have left at least 58 civilians killed and 307 civilians injured. ", "Also, 142 rebels including over 50 Faylaq al-Sham rebels were killed by airstrikes on Idlib province.", "\n\nHundreds of families in besieged Raqqa are trapped in the football stadium. ", "They escaped to the stadium and IS surrounded them. ", "Now the SDF is trying to get into the football stadium and IS is using the families who sought refuge in the stadium as human shields." ]

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[ "Mauro Colagreco dans le potager du Mirazur, qui fournit 25 % des approvisionnements du restaurant. ", "VALERY HACHE / AFP\n\nLe restaurant français Mirazur du chef argentin Mauro Colagreco, situé à Menton dans les Alpes-Maritimes, a été élu meilleur restaurant du monde 2019 et meilleur restaurant d’Europe 2019 par le magazine britannique spécialisé Restaurant, lors d’une cérémonie à Singapour.", "\n\nMauro Colagreco, un Italo-Argentin de 42 ans, arrivé troisième de ce classement des 50 meilleurs restaurants du monde (World’s 50 Best Restaurants) lors de la précédente édition, est aussi le seul chef étranger couronné par trois étoiles au guide français Michelin. ", "Formé à l’école des plus grands – auprès de Bernard Loiseau jusqu’à son suicide en 2003, d’Alain Passard à L’Arpège, puis d’Alain Ducasse au Plaza Athénée –, Mauro Colagreco a ouvert son restaurant en 2006. ", "Il a obtenu une première étoile au Michelin dès 2007, sa deuxième étoile en 2012 et la troisième en 2019.", "\n\nAccompagné de son épouse brésilienne, Julia, et de l’équipe du Mirazur, le chef est monté sur scène à l’annonce de sa victoire, tenant une énorme bannière représentant quatre drapeaux : ceux de l’Argentine, du Brésil, de la France et de l’Italie.", "\n\nArticle réservé à nos abonnés Lire aussi Mauro Colagreco, chef trois étoiles : « Parler cinq langues m’a aidé à faire connaître ma cuisine »\n\nRestaurant qui vise à l’autosuffisance\n\n« Cette bannière représente le Mirazur et une nouvelle manière de cuisiner en France », a-t-il déclaré. ", "Il a rendu hommage à la France, qui lui a permis de « s’exprimer » à travers la cuisine, à l’Argentine pour « les souvenirs d’enfance », au Brésil, qui lui a offert « l’amour de sa vie », et à l’Italie, dont provient la moitié de son équipe. « ", "Merci, mon équipe. ", "Vous le méritez. ", "Merci, mes amis, pour nous avoir soutenus pendant ces treize années », a-t-il ajouté. ", "Le Mirazur, dont la brigade compte 25 personnes de huit nationalités, est aujourd’hui autosuffisant à 25 %, avec le but de monter à 60 %-70 % d’approvisionnement maison.", "\n\nLe Noma à Copenhague arrive deuxième de ce classement, suivi par Asador Etxebarri en Espagne. ", "Le restaurant Gaggan de Bangkok se classe troisième.", "\n\nLa France est représentée par cinq restaurants dans cette liste : outre le Mirazur, L’Arpège pointe à la 8e place, Le Septime à la 15e, L’Alain Ducasse au Plaza Athénée à la 16e et l’Alléno Paris au Pavillon Ledoyen à la 25e place. ", "La Française Jessica Préalpato avait été sacrée, le 11 juin, meilleure pâtissière du monde et Alain Passard a été élu par ses pairs comme le vainqueur des Chefs’ Choice Awards.", "\n\nLire aussi 50 best, un classement si alléchant\n\nLe Monde avec AFP" ]

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[ "In everyday life, we encounter stressful experiences that pose a threat to physiological homeostasis. ", "These threats trigger stress responses, including activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which leads to elevated local and systemic levels of catecholaminergic neurotransmitters that signal to cells[@b1]. ", "Stress-induced SNS signalling is important to enhance alertness and physiological functions for rapid reaction to threat[@b2]. ", "However, chronic periods of stress can be detrimental to health by increasing inflammation and promoting the progression of diseases including cancer[@b3][@b4][@b5][@b6]. ", "Clinical studies have linked experience of stressful events to poor cancer survival[@b7][@b8]. ", "This is supported by preclinical studies that show chronic stress promotes cancer progression[@b3][@b4][@b6]. ", "These studies found that stress recruits inflammatory cells to tumours and increases the formation of blood vessels[@b3][@b6], which may provide routes for tumour cell dissemination. ", "In addition to dissemination through blood vessels, cancer cells also escape from tumours through lymphatic vasculature[@b9][@b10][@b11].", "\n\nThe lymphatic system plays an important role in immune function and therefore can influence the trajectory of disease progression. ", "Under normal physiological conditions, the lymphatic system maintains homeostasis by directing cells and solutes from the interstitial fluid of peripheral tissues through lymphatic vessels and into lymph nodes, where they undergo immune examination[@b12][@b13]. ", "In addition, the lymphatic system aids in the resolution of inflammation by transporting immune cells away from sites of infection[@b14]. ", "In cancer, the lymphatic system contributes to disease progression by providing a pathway for tumour cell escape while also being a rich source of chemokines that can promote the invasive properties of tumour cells[@b15]. ", "Furthermore, tumour-draining lymph nodes and associated lymphatic endothelium have been shown to develop an immunosuppressive environment, which promotes immune tolerance to the cancer and facilitates tumour growth and spread[@b16][@b17][@b18]. ", "The importance of the lymphatic system in cancer progression is supported by vast clinical data that show tumour-associated lymphatic vessel density (LVD), tumour cell invasion into lymphatic vasculature and the presence of tumour cells in lymph nodes are each associated with increased clinical tumour stage and reduced disease-free survival[@b19][@b20][@b21].", "\n\nThe lymphatic system is innervated by fibres of the SNS[@b22], and acute SNS activity has been shown to increase lymphatic vessel contraction[@b23][@b24] and lymphocyte output into lymphatic circulation[@b25]. ", "However, little is known about whether stress-induced SNS signalling affects tumour lymphatic vasculature and the consequences this may have on cancer progression.", "\n\nIn this study, we show that chronic stress increases intratumoural LVD while also inducing dilation and increasing flow in lymphatic vessels that drain metastatic tumour cells into lymphatic circulation. ", "Inhibition of COX2 activity blocked the effect of stress on lymphatic vascular remodelling, and showed a key role for macrophage-mediated inflammation in the effects of stress. ", "In addition, we show a critical role for tumour cell-derived VEGFC in the effects of stress on lymphatic vasculature. ", "In both clinical and preclinical studies we demonstrate that disrupting SNS regulation of lymphatics, by blocking β-adrenoceptor signalling, protects against lymphatic dissemination and cancer progression. ", "These findings identify stress signalling as a regulator of lymphatic remodelling and provide evidence for the feasibility of clinically targeting SNS regulation of lymphatics to prevent tumour cell dissemination through lymphatic routes.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nChronic stress remodels tumour lymphatic vasculature\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nStress-related psychosocial factors have been linked to increased cancer-related mortality[@b8]. ", "This is supported by accumulating preclinical data that show chronic stress acts through SNS signalling to promote progression of multiple tumour types[@b3][@b4][@b6][@b26]. ", "However, the role of the lymphatic system in stress-induced tumour cell dissemination is unknown. ", "To examine the effect of stress on tumour-associated lymphatics, we used an orthotopic model of breast cancer in which primary tumours were developed from MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. ", "Mice were subjected to a well-established chronic stress paradigm that activates SNS signalling whereby inescapable confinement induces escape-avoidance behaviour ([Fig. ", "1a](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This paradigm has been shown to elevate stress hormones without activating motor-sensory pain pathways[@b3]. ", "To examine the effect of stress on intratumoural lymphatic vasculature, we used immunohistochemical analysis to quantify the expression of the lymphatic endothelial cell marker LYVE-1 (ref. [", "@b27]) within primary tumour sections as a measure of tumour LVD. ", "Multiple fields of view were captured around the periphery of the tumour margin ([Supplementary Fig. ", "1A](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Chronic stress significantly increased tumour LYVE-1 staining compared with control tumour-bearing mice ([Fig. ", "1b](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), demonstrating that stress-induced SNS signalling can increase the lymphatic network within primary tumours. ", "Consistent with our previous findings, chronic stress did not affect primary tumour growth ([Fig. ", "1c](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "1B](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), confirming that the effect of stress on LVD was independent of primary tumour size. ", "Stress similarly increased tumour LVD in immunocompetent BALB/c mice with 66cl4 luminal B mammary tumours ([Supplementary Fig. ", "1C](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) demonstrating that stress induces lymphatic remodelling in a model with an intact immune system.", "\n\nOur previous studies found that dilation of lymphatic vessels that drain primary tumours increase metastasis to lymph node[@b28]. ", "We showed that lymph vessel dilation was dependent on inflammatory signalling, but the physiological conditions in which collector dilation increases metastasis remain unclear[@b29]. ", "Therefore, we sought to evaluate if, in addition to increasing intratumoural LVD, chronic stress could also change the diameter of lymphatic vessels that drain primary tumours. ", "We used the clinical lymph-tracing agent Patent Blue V dye[@b30] to track lymph drainage from the primary tumour and to quantify the diameter of tumour-draining lymphatic vessels[@b28]. ", "Comparisons between the lymphatic vessels of control versus stressed mice revealed that chronic stress caused significant dilation of the lymphatic vessel that drains the primary tumour ([Fig. ", "1d](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This effect was independent of changes in the diameter of the adjacent blood vessel ([Supplementary Fig. ", "1D](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) and was maintained even 2 weeks after the cessation of stress, showing that stress induces stable changes in tumour-associated lymphatic architecture. ", "These data demonstrate the ability of chronic stress signalling to not only increase the density of lymphatic vessels within the primary tumour but also to induce stable dilation of the lymphatic vessels that drain primary tumours, suggesting an increased capacity for tumour cell dissemination.", "\n\nAs the functionality of intratumoural lymphatics has been debated[@b31][@b32], we first examined if tumour-associated lymphatic vessels are viable routes for tumour cell dissemination. ", "Immunohistochemical analysis of primary mammary tumours identified cell emboli within the lumen of intratumoural lymphatic vessels that stained positive for LYVE-1 ([Supplementary Fig. ", "1E](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Furthermore, we show that the tumour-associated lymphatic vasculature in this model is functional as it drained Patent Blue V dye from the tumour ([Fig. ", "1d,e](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To investigate if tumour cells spontaneously disseminate from orthotopic mammary tumours into lymphatic vasculature, we developed methodology to directly visualize tumour cells in these tumour-draining lymphatic vessels in live animals. ", "MDA-MB-231 tumour cells were tagged with the mCherry fluorescent marker and implanted into the fourth mammary fat pad ([Fig. ", "1e](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left panel). ", "Once tumours reached 150 mm^3^, fluorescently tagged nanospheres were injected into the inguinal lymph node, and intravital multiphoton fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize the nanospheres flowing through the draining lymphatic vessel *in situ* ([Fig. ", "1e](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right panels). ", "We detected mCherry^+^ tumour cells that had spontaneously intravasated from the primary tumour along the length of the draining lymphatic vessel towards the tumour-draining lymph node ([Fig. ", "1e](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [Supplementary Fig. ", "1F](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [Supplementary Movie 1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nHaving demonstrated that lymphatic vasculature is indeed a route for spontaneous tumour cell dissemination in this model, we then sought to determine whether these stress-induced alterations in lymphatic architecture were associated with increased tumour cell dissemination to lymphatic organs. ", "We used MDA-MB-231 cells tagged with firefly luciferase for longitudinal *in vivo* optical bioluminescence imaging to monitor cancer progression ([Fig. ", "1f](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Consistent with tumour LVD and lymphatic vessel dilation having a key role in lymphogenous tumour cell dissemination[@b28], stress-induced changes in lymphatic architecture were associated with increased metastasis to lymph nodes ([Fig. ", "1g](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Chronic stress also accelerated initial signs of metastasis, which were observed as early as 11 days post tumour cell injection ([Fig. ", "1h](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "1G](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The presence of tumour cells in the tumour-draining lymphatic vessel was associated with increased lymph node metastasis ([Fig. ", "1i](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and there was a shift to higher frequency of tumour-positive lymph nodes with stress ([Supplementary Fig. ", "1H](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [Supplementary Table 2](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Consistent with clinical observations that lymph node involvement is prognostic for distant metastasis, tumour cell dissemination to lymph nodes was associated with increased distant metastasis to lung ([Fig. ", "1g](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Chronic stress similarly increased tumour cell dissemination to lymph nodes in immunocompetent BALB/c mice with 66cl4 mouse mammary tumours[@b33] and in mouse mammary tumour virus-polyoma middle T oncoprotein (MMTV-PyMT) transgenic mice that spontaneously develop mammary tumours and metastasis ([Fig. ", "1j,k](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"})[@b34]. ", "These findings identify chronic stress as a regulator of tumour-associated lymphatics and demonstrate that stress-induced changes in lymphatic architecture are functional and provide pathways for tumour cell dissemination to increase lymph node metastasis. ", "While these findings do not exclude that stress also increases metastasis by promoting haematogenous routes of dissemination[@b3][@b6], they raise the possibility that targeting stress signalling to modulate lymphatic vasculature may limit lymphatic avenues of tumour cell dissemination.", "\n\nSNS signalling can be leveraged to regulate lymph flow\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nInnervation of the lymphatic system by fibres of the SNS provides evidence for a direct link between the stress-activated SNS and lymphatic function. ", "This raises the possibility that SNS signalling could increase lymph flow and facilitate tumour cell dissemination. ", "Using multiphoton microscopy, we first confirmed that lymph nodes are innervated with catecholaminergic TH^+^ fibres of the SNS ([Supplementary Fig. ", "2A](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "To investigate if the SNS could be acutely targeted to modulate lymphatic function, we examined the effect of neuraxial anaesthesia on lymph flow in a clinical setting. ", "Some anaesthetic agents, such as neuraxial anaesthesia, inhibit nerve signalling, which results in sympathectomy in the area of associated sensory blockade[@b35]. ", "Therefore, to investigate whether acute inhibition of sympathetic signalling could reduce lymph flow, we conducted a proof-of-concept study using nuclear lymphoscintigraphy to track the effect of neuraxial anaesthesia on lymph flow in the lower limbs of a consenting patient receiving brachytherapy for cervical carcinoma. ", "Unlike most patients receiving spinal anaesthesia, patients receiving brachytherapy have no surgery-induced lower limb wound oedema that would otherwise confound interpretation of the study\\'s findings. ", "Regional sympathetic blockade was induced by the administration of intrathecal ropivicaine at L3/4. ", "Nuclear lymphoscintigraphy was used to track lymph drainage of a radiolabelled tracer (Technetium-99m antimony sulphide colloid, ^99m^Tc-ASC) from the injection site in the feet through lymph vasculature to lymph nodes in the pelvis ([Fig. ", "2a](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To minimize confounding of anatomical variation, lymph flow was assessed before and after the implementation of SNS blockade in the same individual. ", "To minimize the potential contribution of blood pressure, heart rate or muscle contraction to changes in lymph drainage, the patient remained stationary in a supine position for the duration of the study, and lymphoscintigraphy only commenced after blood pressure was stabilized. ", "Under baseline conditions, tracer activity at the site of injection in the feet decreased over time and accumulated in pelvic lymph nodes, indicating clearance of the tracer by lymphatic flow ([Fig. ", "2b,c](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In contrast, sympathetic blockade reduced outflow of the tracer from feet by 84% and inflow to pelvic lymph nodes by 80% after 60 min, demonstrating that SNS signalling is necessary for lymph flow and that clinical strategies may be used to modulate SNS signalling and block lymph function.", "\n\nHaving shown that acutely blocking SNS signalling blocks lymph flow, we then investigated if conversely activating SNS signalling was sufficient to increase lymph flow. ", "Activation of the SNS leads to the release of the endogenous neurotransmitter norepinephrine from local SNS fibres[@b1]. ", "To mimic the local release of norepinephrine from tissue nerve endings, norepinephrine was administered intravenously to directly activate SNS signalling pathways, and lymph flow was measured using intravital multiphoton microscopy to track the rate of transit of fluorescent nanospheres through lymphatic vessels of anaesthetized mice. ", "Nanospheres were injected into the inguinal lymph node and the baseline rate of flow of nanospheres through the draining efferent lymphatic vessel was quantified after 3 min had elapsed to allow flow to stabilize. ", "Recording from lymphatic vessels was confirmed by the presence of occasional valves ([Fig. ", "2d](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Treatment with a single dose of norepinephrine significantly elevated the rate of lymph flow through collecting lymphatic vessels in mice ([Fig. ", "2e,f](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Supplementary Movie 2](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) demonstrating the ability of acute SNS signalling to promote lymphatic flow. ", "The baseline rate of lymph flow in the absence of norepinephrine treatment was observed to vary considerably between animals ([Supplementary Fig. ", "2B](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), consistent with previous data[@b36]. ", "Therefore, as with the clinical lymph flow studies, measurements were taken in each mouse before and after norepinephrine administration. ", "Together, these findings indicate that SNS signalling is a potent regulator of lymph flow and that existing clinical strategies may be utilized to selectively alter lymph function.", "\n\nβ-adrenergic signalling remodels tumour lymphatic vessels\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nNorepinephrine is released from parenchymal nerve fibres in response to stress, and binds β-adrenoceptors to modulate cell function[@b1]. ", "β-adrenoceptors are present on tumour cells and stromal cell populations in the tumour microenvironment[@b37][@b38], including inflammatory cells[@b6]. ", "Accumulating evidence from preclinical studies suggests that chronic stress promotes cancer progression through β-adrenoceptor activation[@b3][@b4][@b6][@b26][@b39]. ", "To investigate if β-adrenergic signalling is required for the effects of stress on intratumoural LVD, we treated mice with propranolol, a non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonist (beta-blocker; BB) that is used clinically for the treatment of hypertension. ", "Treatment with propranolol during MDA-MB-231 tumour development blocked chronic stress from increasing tumour LYVE-1^+^ LVD and reduced metastasis to lymph nodes, suggesting that reduced LVD had functional effects on tumour cell dissemination ([Fig. ", "3a](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Supplementary Table 1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Conversely, systemic activation of β-adrenoceptors with the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol was sufficient to increase intratumoural LVD and increase lymph node metastasis ([Fig. ", "3b](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "3A](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) without affecting primary tumour growth ([Supplementary Fig. ", "3B](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "These findings demonstrate that β-adrenoceptor signalling is sufficient to promote intratumoural LVD and is necessary for the adverse effects of stress on lymphatic vascular remodelling.", "\n\nVEGFC mediates stress-induced lymphatic remodelling\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nTo define the molecular mechanisms that drive stress-induced changes in lymphatic vasculature, we used quantitative reverse transcription--PCR (qRT--PCR) to profile the effect of stress on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs). ", "VEGFA, VEGFC and VEGFD are central to lymphangiogenesis, and their expression in tumours is associated with poor cancer outcome[@b21][@b40][@b41][@b42]. ", "Using species-specific probes ([Supplementary Fig. ", "4A](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), we found that chronic stress elevates the expression of both tumour cell-derived and stromal cell-derived *VEGFC* in MDA-MB-231 primary tumours ([Fig. ", "4a](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "SNS regulation of *VEGFC* expression was also confirmed in 66cl4 mammary tumours from immunocompetent mice or in mammary tumours from MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice ([Fig. ", "4b](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "VEGFC has been shown to promote tumour lymphangiogenesis and metastasis to lymph nodes in preclinical cancer models[@b43][@b44], and is associated with increased lymph node metastasis and decreased progression-free survival in patients[@b40]. ", "Treatment with isoproterenol also elevated tumour cell and stromal cell *VEGFC* expression ([Supplementary Fig. ", "4B](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), while BB treatment blocked the effect of stress on *VEGFC* expression ([Fig. ", "4c](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), demonstrating the importance of β-adrenoceptor activation in stress-induced expression of this lymphangiogenic factor. ", "VEGFC binds to its receptor VEGFR3 (FLT4) to drive tumour lymphangiogenesis[@b43][@b45][@b46][@b47]. ", "Chronic stress or treatment with isoproterenol also increased stromal cell expression of *Vegfr3* ([Fig. ", "4d](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "4C](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), indicating that β-adrenoceptor signalling increases the capacity for VEGFC--VEGFR3 signalling.", "\n\nTo investigate the contribution of tumour cell-derived VEGFC in SNS-induced lymphatic remodelling, we used short hairpin RNA to stably silence *VEGFC* in MDA-MB-231 tumour cells ([Supplementary Fig. ", "4D](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Knockdown of VEGFC blocked stress-induced LYVE-1^+^ LVD in primary tumours ([Supplementary Fig. ", "4E](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), demonstrating a key role for tumour cell *VEGFC* in stress-induced lymphatic remodelling. *", "VEGFC* knockdown also blocked the ability of stress to promote lymphogenous metastasis and distant metastasis ([Fig. ", "4e](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), consistent with a critical role for *VEGFC*-dependent lymphangiogenesis in stress-enhanced tumour cell dissemination. ", "These data demonstrate that tumour cell-derived VEGFC is necessary for stress-induced lymphatic remodelling and metastasis.", "\n\nTo begin to investigate possible stromal sources of VEGFC, we treated lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and primary macrophages---both of which express β-adrenoceptors ([Supplementary Fig. ", "4F](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"})[@b6][@b48]---with isoproterenol. ", "β-agonism increased *Vegfc* expression in macrophages but not in LECs ([Fig. ", "4f](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, stress did not elevate *Vegfc* expression in CD11b^+^F4/80^+^ macrophages isolated from primary mammary tumours ([Fig. ", "4g](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), suggesting that there may be additional stromal sources of stress-regulated VEGFC.", "\n\nStress remodels tumour lymphatics via inflammation\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nWhile chronic stress increased tumour cell *VEGFC* expression in primary mammary tumours *in vivo* ([Fig. ", "4a](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), direct treatment of cultured tumour cells with the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol was insufficient to drive *VEGFC* expression *in vitro* ([Fig. ", "4f](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), suggesting that a mediating factor is required for the effect of stress on tumour cell *VEGFC* expression *in vivo*. ", "As inflammation promotes VEGFC expression and drives lymphatic remodelling[@b15], we investigated if inflammatory pathways are linked to stress regulation of lymphatic vasculature *in vivo.* ", "We first looked at expression of the inflammatory marker cyclooxygenase-2 (*COX2*, or *PTGS2*). ", "While tumour *COX2* levels were low in control mice, stress or isoproterenol elevated *COX2* mRNA transcript levels ([Fig. ", "5a](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "5A](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), which were strongly associated with *VEGFC* mRNA levels ([Fig. ", "5b](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "5B](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "This is consistent with findings in other solid cancers[@b49][@b50][@b51][@b52], and extends observations that inflammation is linked with lymph vessel formation by identifying stress signalling as a potential driver of this relationship. ", "To determine if inflammation is necessary for stress to modulate lymphatic architecture and lymphogenous spread, we treated control and stressed mice bearing MDA-MB-231 mammary tumours with the COX2 inhibitor celecoxib. ", "Inhibition of COX2 activity blocked the effect of stress on tumour LYVE-1^+^ LVD ([Fig. ", "5c,d](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and prevented metastasis to lymph node and distant organs ([Fig. ", "5c,d](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "5C](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), demonstrating a functional consequence of limiting lymphatic remodelling.", "\n\nProstaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a well-characterized inflammatory eicosanoid produced by COX2. ", "To investigate if PGE2 may induce VEGFC in tumour cells, we treated MDA-MB-231 cells with PGE2. ", "We found a concentration-dependent increase in tumour cell VEGFC expression and protein secretion ([Fig. ", "5e](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "5D](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), suggesting the COX2-PGE2 inflammatory pathway as a plausible mediator of stress-induced lymphatic remodelling. ", "Macrophages are a key source of inflammatory molecules in the tumour microenvironment[@b53][@b54]. ", "They are also highly sensitive to stress signalling, which leads to their recruitment to primary mammary tumours[@b6][@b55]. ", "To investigate if β-adrenergic signalling regulates macrophage PGE2 production, we treated primary macrophages with isoproterenol and assayed inflammatory mediators. ", "Direct activation of β-adrenoceptor signalling elevated *COX2* expression and PGE2 production in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages ([Fig. ", "5f,g](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and human monocyte-derived macrophages ([Supplementary Fig. ", "5E](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), while physiological activation of β-adrenoceptor signalling by chronic stress elevated *COX2* expression in CD11b^+^F4/80^+^ macrophages isolated from primary mammary tumours ([Fig. ", "5h](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These findings confirm that stress signalling can regulate the COX2-PGE2 pathway in tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). ", "To investigate if macrophages are necessary for the effects of stress on intratumoural lymphatic remodelling, we treated mice with a small molecule inhibitor of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor GW2580, which we have previously shown blocks stress-induced macrophage recruitment to primary mammary tumours[@b6]. ", "Blocking macrophage recruitment prevented stress-induced VEGFC expression in tumours and blocked lymphatic dissemination as shown by reduced lymph node metastasis ([Fig. ", "5i](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "While not excluding other cellular sources of prostaglandins[@b56], these data suggest that TAMs may be one source of the inflammatory signalling required for stress-enhanced *VEGFC* expression and lymphogenous dissemination.", "\n\nClinical BB use is linked to reduced lymph node metastasis\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nThese findings suggest that targeting β-adrenergic stress-responsive signalling may provide a clinical strategy to limit lymphogenous tumour cell dissemination. ", "Recent retrospective, epidemiological studies have linked BB use to improved cancer outcomes[@b57][@b58][@b59][@b60], but it is unclear if lymphogenous dissemination was affected. ", "We therefore investigated the incidence of lymph node metastasis in a cohort of 956 breast cancer patients during an average of 78 months after diagnosis ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Multivariate analysis revealed BB use was significantly associated with reduced risk of lymph node metastasis ([Fig. ", "6a](#f6){ref-type=\"fig\"}), after controlling for age, tumour stage, peritumoural vascular invasion, tumour treatment and other cardiac medications (hazard ratio, 0.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.02--0.97; *P*=0.04 by Cox regression analysis; [Table 2](#t2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "During the follow-up period, 47 lymph node metastases were identified in patients not taking BB (5.5% of patients) versus only 1 lymph node metastasis in patients taking BB (1.1%, *P*=0.07 by Gray\\'s test; [Table 2](#t2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Consistent with our earlier analysis of a subset of these patients[@b60], BB use was also associated with decreased distant metastasis ([Fig. ", "6b](#f6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "There was no association between BB use and local recurrence ([Fig. ", "6c](#f6){ref-type=\"fig\"}), consistent with our *in vivo* studies that found β-adrenoceptor signalling did not affect primary tumour size or growth ([Fig. ", "1c](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "1B](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThese findings identify chronic stress as a pathophysiological regulator of lymphatic remodelling in cancer ([Fig. ", "7](#f7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We demonstrate that chronic stress induces stable changes in intratumoural and peritumoural lymphatic architecture, and increases lymphogenous tumour cell dissemination leading to increased lymph node metastasis. ", "These studies define a critical role for neural-inflammatory signalling in the adverse effects of stress on tumour lymphatic remodelling. ", "Additionally, the findings show that stress-induced vascular remodelling is dependent on β-adrenergic signalling to inflammatory cells, which increases tumour cell-derived VEGFC. ", "Furthermore, we demonstrate the translational potential of these findings by showing that stress-induced SNS signalling may be blocked pharmacologically to prevent lymph vascular remodelling, to reduce lymph flow and to prevent tumour cell dissemination.", "\n\nThese findings expand our understanding of the role of lymphogenous dissemination in metastasis by identifying chronic stress as an external factor that drives lymphogenous spread. ", "Lymphatic dissemination has been described as a passive process that presents the lowest barrier to tumour cell escape and survival[@b61]. ", "Rather than being passive, we show that lymphatic dissemination may be directed by external (non-tumour) influences. ", "Specifically, we show that chronic stress drives SNS signalling to form new lymphatic pathways of tumour cell escape. ", "We show that SNS signalling increases flow through lymphatic vessels, which could potentially increase tumour cell dissemination. ", "In addition, it has been suggested that increased lymph flow promotes immune tolerance of tumour antigens through a VEGFC-centric mechanism[@b62], suggesting an alternate mechanism by which stress may promote metastatic escape by modulating the immune system. ", "The importance of lymphatic dissemination in metastatic progression has been questioned due to the ability of distant metastasis to form seemingly in the absence of functional lymphatics[@b32]. ", "Our studies using Patent Blue V drainage and intravital microscopy provide evidence for functional tumour-associated lymphatic vasculature and spontaneous tumour cell dissemination from orthotopic mammary tumours.", "\n\nIt will be important to define stromal sources of VEGFC ([Fig. ", "4a](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Macrophages are a known source of VEGFC[@b43], and treatment with isoproterenol increases *Vegfc* expression in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages ([Fig. ", "4f](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, we found no evidence that stress increased *VEGFC* expression by TAMs ([Fig. ", "4g](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This suggests that while macrophages may act through an autocrine mechanism to increase macrophage VEGFC synthesis, this may not be the main source of stromal VEGFC in tumours of stressed individuals. ", "While it is also plausible that LECs and fibroblasts may be additional sources of prostaglandins[@b56], we found that direct β-adrenergic signalling to LECs did not modulate PGE2 production *in vitro* (or *VEGFC* expression) ([Fig. ", "4f](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "5E](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "In contrast, the data presented here suggest that PGE2 derived from TAMs may contribute to stress regulation of tumour cell-derived VEGFC. ", "In addition, it will be important to define the direct effect of stress on lymphatic vasculature function, as isolated lymphatic vessels have been shown to respond to β-agonists[@b63]. ", "Further studies using strategies such as cell-specific knockout will be required to assess the effect of β-adrenergic signalling on these various cell populations and determine their respective contributions to remodelling of lymphatic vasculature.", "\n\nOur finding that BB treatment prevents lymphatic remodelling and tumour cell dissemination, provides new mechanistic insight to explain recent clinical observations that BB use is associated with reduced metastasis and improved survival[@b57][@b58][@b59][@b60]. ", "β-adrenergic regulation of lymphogenous tumour cell dissemination---with no effect on primary tumour growth---may explain why clinical BB use was not associated with primary tumour recurrence. ", "Our finding that SNS signalling may be acutely leveraged to limit lymph flow suggests that the perioperative period may be an additional opportunity for interventions that target stress signalling. ", "Selective choice of anaesthetic agents that block SNS signalling and lymph flow may help to limit dissemination of tumour cells that become displaced from the tumour during surgical resection. ", "While the capacity of anaesthetic sympathectomy to limit tumour cell dissemination or perioperative inflammation is still unclear, the use of SNS-blocking neuraxial anaesthesia has been associated with improved cancer outcomes[@b64].", "\n\nThese findings suggest that it may be important to identify stressed individuals who may be particularly susceptible to lymphogenous dissemination. ", "One approach may be through transcriptional profiling using a stress signature[@b55]. ", "Alternatively, as cancer is often a highly stressful experience, it is plausible that SNS intervention may be generally useful to improve cancer outcome. ", "In support of that contention, we found here that clinical BB use was linked to a significant reduction in lymph node metastasis (and reduced distant metastasis) in a cancer cohort without prior evaluation of stress levels.", "\n\nStress regulation of lymphatic vasculature may have evolved to promote survival during times of threat. ", "Co-ordinated regulation of the fight-or-flight stress response with increased lymphatic function may have provided an evolutionary advantage by enhancing immune surveillance and activating a rapid immune response to physical threat. ", "However, the findings presented here demonstrate that SNS-regulated lymphatic function can have adverse effects in the context of chronic diseases such as cancer. ", "Importantly, these findings identify multiple points of clinical intervention to limit these adverse effects of stress.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nCells\n-----\n\nA highly metastatic variant of the MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-231HM, a kind gift from Dr Zhou Ou, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, China) was transduced with a lentiviral vector containing codon-optimized firefly luciferase-eGFP or -mCherry under the control of the ubiquitin-C promoter as previously described[@b65], and was cultured in DMEM medium (Invitrogen) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 200 mM glutamine. ", "The identity of this cell line was confirmed by karyotyping (Cellbank, Australia). ", "Luminal B 66cl4 mammary adenocarcinoma cell line (a kind gift from Prof. Robin Anderson, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Australia) was transduced with FUhlucW construct as previously described[@b6], and cultured in α-MEM medium (Invitrogen) containing 10% FBS and 200 mM glutamine. ", "Primary mouse macrophages were derived from bone marrow of BALB/c *nu/nu* mice. ", "Bone marrow was isolated from mouse femurs and then cultured in RPMI medium (Invitrogen) containing 10% FBS, 200 nM glutamine and 100 ng ml^−1^ of CSF-1 (Sigma) for 7 days for macrophage maturation. ", "Human monocyte cell line U937 (American Type Culture Collection)[@b66] was cultured in RPMI medium (Invitrogen) containing 10% FBS and 200 nM glutamine. ", "To induce differentiation into macrophages, U937 cells were treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (200 nM, Sigma) for 24 h. Human lymphatic endothelial cells (human dermal microvascular endothelial cells; HMVEC-D, catalogue \\#: CC-2812, Lonza) were cultured in EGM-2MV BulletKit supplemented with 5% FBS (Lonza). ", "All cells were maintained at 37 °C and 5% CO~2~. *VEGFC* was silenced in MDA-MB-231 cells by stable expression of short hairpin RNA against *VEGFC* (TRCN0000058503, Mission Viral Particles, Sigma). ", "Cells were transduced with viral particles (multiplicity of infection 2) for 5 h and selected with puromycin (8 μg ml^−1^; Invitrogen). ", "Single-cell clones were established from GFP^+^ sorted cells, and knockdown of mRNA and protein levels were confirmed by qRT--PCR and ELISA (R&D Systems), respectively ([Supplementary Fig. ", "4D](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "All cells were confirmed negative for mycoplasma contamination before use using the MycoAlert Mycoplasma Detection Kit (Lonza).", "\n\nBreast cancer models\n--------------------\n\nFor orthotopic tumour studies, 2 × 10^5^ MDA-MB-231 cells or 1 × 10^5^ 66cl4 cells in 20 μl PBS (Invitrogen) were injected into the fourth mammary fat pad of anaesthetized (3% isoflurane) 8-week-old, female BALB/c *nu/nu* (University of Adelaide, Australia) or BALB/cJAsmu (Monash Animal Research Platform, Australia) mice, respectively. ", "Mice were housed under PC2 barrier conditions on 12 h dark/light cycle. ", "Primary tumours were measured by caliper, and volume was calculated by the formula: (length × width^2^)/2. ", "Metastasis was tracked with bioluminescence using an IVIS Lumina II (Perkin Elmer) imaging system by measuring luciferase activity (60-s exposure) after a tail-vein injection of 150 mg kg^−1^ [D]{.smallcaps}-luciferin (CHOICE Analytical). ", "After 22 (MDA-MB-231) or 29 (66cl4) days of tumour progression, mice were killed for evaluation. ", "Tissue-specific metastasis in lung, liver and lymph nodes were imaged *ex vivo* and frozen in liquid nitrogen for immunohistochemistry and gene expression studies. ", "For the spontaneous metastasis model, 7-week-old female MMTV-PyMT-C57Bl/6 mice[@b34] were used and metastasis evaluated by histology. ", "CD11b^+^F4/80^+^ TAMs were isolated from 66cl4 mammary tumours by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. ", "Primary tumours were dissociated using collagenase type IV (Gibco) and stained with fluorescent-conjugated antibodies against CD11b (BD Biosciences, clone M1/70, 1:200) and F4/80 (eBioscience, Clone BM8, 1:200). ", "Sample sizes were determined using conservative sample size calculations under a mixed-effect longitudinal model with a power of \\>0.90 to detect a 5% change compared to control at the 0.05 significance level. ", "All procedures were carried out under protocols approved by the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Animal Ethics Committee.", "\n\nChronic restraint stress\n------------------------\n\nFemale BALB/c *nu/nu*, BALB/cJAsmu or MMTV-PyMT-C57Bl/6 mice at 8 weeks of age were randomly assigned to home cage control conditions or chronic restraint stress (*n*=5 per experimental group). ", "Mice were restrained in a confined space that prevented them from moving freely but did not press on them. ", "These conditions increase tissue levels of the stress neurotransmitter norepinephrine[@b3]. ", "Mice were restrained for 2 h per day for 21 days commencing 7 days before tumour cell inoculation or from 8 weeks of age for the MMTV-PyMT model.", "\n\nPharmacologic studies\n---------------------\n\nFor β-agonist studies, 8-week-old female BALB/c *nu/nu* mice received isoproterenol (Sigma; 5 mg kg^−1^ day^−1^) by daily subcutaneous injections for a total of 21 days. ", "For BB studies, mice received propranolol (Sigma; 5 mg kg^−1^ day^−1^) by mini-osmotic pump (Alzet, model 1004). ", "For macrophage inhibition studies, mice received GW2580 (R.I. Chemical; 160 mg kg^−1^) as previously described[@b6]. ", "For COX2 inhibitor studies, mice received celecoxib (Celebrex; Clifford Hallam; 25 mg kg^−1^ day^−1^) in drinking water. ", "Mice were treated with inhibitors for the duration of the study.", "\n\nLymphangiography\n----------------\n\nA volume of 20 μl of 0.25% (w/v) Patent Blue V dye (Sigma) was injected intratumourally in anaesthetized 8-week-old female BALB/c *nu/nu* mice for uptake into collecting lymphatic vessels as previously described[@b28]. ", "A skin flap preparation was conducted by making an incision along the central line separating the peritoneum from the skin containing lymphatic collectors. ", "Draining-collecting lymphatic vessels were imaged using a dissecting microscope fitted to an AxioCam ERc 5s camera (Zeiss). ", "Average vessel diameter was quantified across ⩾5 intervals using the Fiji distribution of ImageJ software (NIH) by an investigator blinded to treatment conditions.", "\n\nImmunohistochemistry\n--------------------\n\nFollowing antigen retrieval with citrate buffer (0.01 M, pH 6), 5 μm cryosections of primary tumours or lymph nodes were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma) and then incubated with one or more primary antibodies for 16 h at 4 °C. ", "Anti-LYVE-1 (Fitzgerald, catalogue \\#: 70R-LR003, 1:500) antibody was used to localize lymphatic vasculature followed by incubation with corresponding Alexa-Fluor-conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen, catalogue \\#: A31573, 1:500) and Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining (Sigma, catalogue \\#: B2261, 1:1000). ", "Immunostaining was visualized at × 40 magnification using an Eclipse 90i microscope (Nikon). ", "LYVE-1^+^ LVD was evaluated in ⩾5 digital images per sample captured at random intervals around primary tumour margins[@b32] by an investigator blinded to treatment conditions. ", "Area of vessel density (percentage of total tissue area) was quantified using ImageJ software.", "\n\n*In vivo* lymph flow\n--------------------\n\nInert Fluoresbrite YG carboxylate nanospheres (50 nm; Polysciences) at 0.025% in 10 μl PBS were injected into the left inguinal lymph node of anaesthetized 8-week-old female BALB/c *nu/nu* mice. ", "Visualization of nanospheres was carried out using a Leica SP8 multiphoton as described above. ", "Emission was collected at 455/25 (second harmonic generation), 525/25 (nanospheres) and 585/20 nm (mCherry tumour cells). ", "The baseline rate of flow of nanospheres through the efferent lymphatic vessel was quantified after 3 min had elapsed to allow flow to stabilize. ", "To investigate stress signalling in anaesthetized mice, stress neurotransmitter norepinephrine (Sigma; 1 mg kg^−1^) was injected intravenously and impact on lymph flow investigated. ", "To avoid confounding of anatomical variation, lymph flow readings were taken in each mouse before and after norepinephrine administration. ", "Quantification of lymphatic flow rate was carried out by manually tracking individual particles using the Fiji distribution of ImageJ over ⩾10 time points. ", "The average velocity of each particle was then calculated in μm s^−1^.\n\nNuclear lymphoscintigraphy\n--------------------------\n\nThis proof-of-concept study involved comparing lower limb lymphatic drainage under resting conditions with that following sympathetic blockade in a consenting patient receiving brachytherapy for cervical carcinoma (Project Number 09/15, Human Research Ethics Committee Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; ACTRN12612001162808). ", "Written, informed consent was obtained from the study subject. ", "Regional sympathetic blockade was induced by intrathecal ropivicaine administered at the L3/4 interspace. ", "Confirmation of spinal anaesthesia was made before commencement of the lymphoscintigram using ice testing to ensure a dermatome block higher than T~9~ (ref. [", "@b67]). ", "Unlike most patients receiving spinal anaesthesia, patients receiving brachytherapy have no surgery-induced lower limb wound oedema that would otherwise confound the study\\'s results; patients with pre-existing alterations in lymphatic flow or sympathetic tone, chronic regional pain syndrome, lymphoedema, surgery or trauma to the lower limbs, obesity (body mass index \\>30 kg m^−2^), diabetes mellitus, patients receiving adrenergic receptor antagonists or anti-inflammatory agents, and clinical pelvic or lower limb lymphadenopathy were excluded. ", "To minimize the confounding of anatomical variation, lymph flow was assessed before and after the implementation of sympathetic blockade in the same individual. ", "In alliance with common anaesthesia practice, intravenous fluid resuscitation was provided intraoperatively to the patient to achieve restoration of blood pressure within 20% of starting blood pressure. ", "^99m^Tc-ASC (0.25 ml), a colloid that migrates through the lymphatic vessels and is retained in the sentinel lymph node for 24 h until cleared, was injected sub-dermally in the first web-space of both feet, and tracked from feet to inguinal lymph nodes using dynamic image acquisition over 60 min (two head gamma camera, Philips Skylight).", "\n\nSecreted protein quantification\n-------------------------------\n\nCells were serum-starved overnight before treatment with isoproterenol or PGE2 (Sigma). ", "After 24 or 72 h conditioned medium was centrifuged at 2,000 r.p.m. ", "for 5 min. ", "Secreted levels of VEGFC or PGE2 were quantified by ELISA according to the manufacturer\\'s instructions (R&D Systems).", "\n\nMessenger RNA isolation and qRT--PCR\n------------------------------------\n\nqRT--PCR using TaqMan probes was used to quantify *VEGF* (*VEGFA*; Hs00900055_m1), *VEGFC* (Hs01099203_m1), *FIGF* (*VEGFD*; forward, 5′- GTATGGACTCTCGCTCAGCAT -3′; reverse, 5′- AGGCTCTCTTCATTGCAACAG -3′), *Ptgs2* (*Cox2*; Mm00478374_m1), *PTGS2* (*COX2*; Hs00153133_m1), *Flt4* (*Vegfr3*; Mm01292604_m1), *FLT4* (*VEGFR3*; Hs01047677_m1), *Rpl30* (Mm01611464_g1) and *RPL30* (Hs00265497_m1). ", "Total RNA was isolated from 2 mm^3^ of mammary primary tumour tissue or 10^6^ cultured cells using RNeasy Mini Kit. ", "A unit of 100 ng total RNA was assayed by qRT--PCR reactions using standard PCR conditions through 60 PCR amplification cycles and normalized to human or mouse *RPL30* housekeeping gene.", "\n\nClinical beta-blockade\n----------------------\n\nA detailed description of a cohort of 800 triple-negative breast cancer patients diagnosed and operated at the European Institute of Oncology in Milan between 1997 and 2008 has been previously described[@b60]. ", "For this present study we added 2 years of observation (156 patients operated in the same Institute between 2009 and 2010) and updated the entire cohort follow-up. ", "Use of the data, retrieved from the European Institute of Oncology Breast Cancer Institutional Database, was approved by the European Institute of Oncology Review Board. ", "At the time of admission to the hospital, all patients gave their consent for the use of their data for research purposes. ", "Patients with history of any previous invasive cancer or with metastatic disease at diagnosis (stage IV) were previously excluded. ", "Patients were divided into two groups: the BB users group, which included patients who were using any BB at the time of cancer diagnosis; and the BB non-users group, which included all other patients. ", "Association between the occurrence of first metastatic events and BB use was evaluated in a competing-risk survival analysis framework. ", "Definition of events: local events are recurrences in the ipsilateral breast. ", "Lymph node events are events that involve the axillary lymph nodes or the regional lymph nodes (that is, internal mammary chain lymph nodes or supraclavicular lymph nodes). ", "Distant events are metastases in distant organs.", "\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nAll bar graphs show sample means±s.e. ", "Single comparisons were performed using unpaired two-sided Student\\'s *t*-test without equal variance. ", "Multiple comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance or two-way analysis of variance with Dunnett\\'s or Tukey\\'s correction for multiple comparisons, respectively, and were confirmed using non-parametric Mann--Whitney *U*-tests. ", "Comparisons between Kaplan--Meier curves were performed using log-rank test. ", "Statistical significance was assumed where *P*\\<0.05. ", "A generalized linear model approach based on beta regression was used to model the measured density of LYVE-1 immunostaining in primary tumour sections[@b68]. ", "Since the response measurements occur in the interval between 0 and 1, we model the response measurements *Y*~i~ by a beta distribution, beta(*μ*~i~, Φ~i~), where *μ*~i~ is the mean response and *μ*~i~(1−*μ*~i~)/Φ~i~ is the response variance. ", "In our model both the mean response and the dispersion parameter depend on a linear combination of the main treatment effects, with the dispersion parameter capturing mouse heterogeneity. ", "Model parameters were fitted using maximum likelihood estimation. ", "Results are reported in [Supplementary Table 1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.", "\n\nAssociation between categorical variables and BB use was evaluated by *χ*^2^-test, Fisher exact test or *χ*^2^-test for trend, as appropriate. ", "Differences in median age and Ki-67 were tested using the non-parametric median two-sample test. ", "Cumulative incidences of breast cancer outcomes were compared across different patient subgroups using the Gray test[@b69]. ", "Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were applied to adjust the effect of BB for age, tumour stage, peritumoural vascular invasion, tumour treatment, other antihypertensives, antithrombotics and statins[@b60]. ", "Adjusted hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals were reported. ", "All analyses were carried out with SAS software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and R software, version 2.12.2 (ref. [", "@b70]). ", "All *in vitro* and *in vivo* experiments were repeated 2--4 times.", "\n\nAdditional information\n======================\n\n**How to cite this article:** Le, C. P. *et al*. ", "Chronic stress in mice remodels lymph vasculature to promote tumour cell dissemination. *", "Nat. ", "Commun.* ", "7:10634 doi: 10.1038/ncomms10634 (2016).", "\n\nSupplementary Material {#S1}\n======================\n\n###### Supplementary Information\n\nSupplementary Figures 1-5 and Supplementary Figures 1-2.", "\n\n###### Supplementary Movie 1\n\n3D reconstruction of a multi-photon image showing collecting lymphatic vessel containing fluorescent carboxylate nanospheres (green) and mCherry-tagged MDA-MB-231 tumor cells (red) running adjacent to a blood vessel.", "\n\n###### Supplementary Movie 2\n\nFlow of fluorescent carboxylate nanospheres (green) in a lymph vessel visualized with multi-photon imaging before (control, top) and after norepinephrine treatment (stress, bottom). ", "The video is encoded in real time. ", "Scale bar: 20 μm.", "\n\nWe thank Prof. Bernhard Riedel, Assoc. ", "Prof. Frederic Hollande, Prof. Steven Cole, Prof. Catherine Hill, Prof. Chris Porter, Dr Chris Langmead and members of the Sloan lab for thoughtful discussion of this research and critically reviewing the manuscript; the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Imaging, Flow Cytometry and Analysis Core for imaging and data analysis support; Assoc. ", "Prof. Michael Hofman and Mr Mark Scalzo for nuclear lymphoscintigraphy imaging support; and Mr Domenic Trimboli and Dr Jon Tarry for artwork. ", "This research was funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (1008865 and 1053535), the Australian Research Council (LE110100125), the National Cancer Institute (CA160890) and the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (N13/002). ", "C.P.L. is supported by a Monash Graduate Scholarship and a PhD scholarship from the Co-operative Research Centre for Cancer Therapeutics. ", "C.K.-F. is supported by a fellowship from the Swiss Cancer League and a Monash Graduate Scholarship. ", "J.G.H. is supported by a fellowship from the Australian New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. ", "S.A.S. is supported by a fellowship and program grant from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. ", "A.M. and E.K.S. are supported by Early Career Fellowships from the National Breast Cancer Foundation.", "\n\nS.A.S. is a shareholder in Circadian Technologies and Ark Therapeutics. ", "The remaining authors declare no competing financial interests.", "\n\n**Author contributions** E.K.S., C.P.L. and S.A.S. designed the study; C.P.L., C.J.N., C.K.-F., M.A.P., M.G.C. and E.K.S. performed preclinical experiments; J.G.H. and H.I. conducted the clinical lymph flow study; E.B., N.R., G.R. and S.G. conducted and analysed the clinical beta-blocker study; C.J.N. developed analytic tools; A.M. and C.W.P. provided reagents; C.P.L., C.J.N., T.K., D.F. and E.K.S. analysed data; C.P.L. and E.K.S. prepared the manuscript; all authors edited and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\n{ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). (**", "f**) Representative *in vivo* bioluminescence image of orthotopic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer model showing PT, and spontaneous metastasis to draining lymph node (LN) and lung 21 days after tumour cell injection. (**", "g**) Representative images of LN and lung metastasis and quantification of metastasis by *ex vivo* bioluminescence (BLI) imaging in control versus stressed mice with MDA-MB-231 tumours (*n*=5). (**", "h**) Metastasis *in vivo* over time (*n*=5 at each time point). (**", "i**) LN metastasis in mice that were negative or positive for tumour cells in collecting lymphatic vessels (*n*⩾13). (**", "j**) *Ex vivo* quantification of bioluminescence from LN at day 28 of 66cl4 tumour progression from control or stressed mice (*n*=5). (**", "k**) Area of lymph node metastasis when primary tumour diameter reached 12 mm in control or stressed MMTV-PyMT mice (*n*⩾8). ", "Experiments were completed 2--4 times. ", "All data represent mean±s.e. ", "\\*\\**P*\\<0.01 and \\*\\*\\**P*\\<0.001 by Student\\'s *t*-test or Mann--Whitney *U*-test (*post hoc* Bonferroni correction).](ncomms10634-f1){#f1}\n\n{ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "All data represent mean±s.e. ", "\\*\\**P*\\<0.01 and \\*\\*\\**P*\\<0.001 by Student\\'s *t*-test.](ncomms10634-f2){#f2}\n\n{#f3}\n\n{#f4}\n\n{#f5}\n\n{#f6}\n\n{#f7}\n\n###### Characteristics at baseline by BB intake.", "\n\n **Variable** **Category** **No BB no. (%)** ", " **BB no. (%)** ", " ***P*** **value**\n -------------------------------- ---------------- ------------------- ---------------- -------------------\n Total   863 (90.3) 93 (9.7)  \n Age Median (range) 60 (30--92) 63 (48--80) \\<0.01\n   \\<65 593 (68.7) 50 (53.8) \\<0.01\n   ⩾65 270 (31.3) 43 (46.2)  \n BMI \\<25 459 (59.8) 48 (53.9) 0.10\n   25--30 238 (31.0) 27 (30.3)  \n   \\>30 70 (9.1) 14 (15.7)  \n T[\\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"} 1 387 (46.0) 51 (54.8) 0.23\n   2 340 (40.4) 31 (33.3)  \n   3 42 (5.0) 4 (4.3)  \n   4 72 (8.6) 7 (7.5)  \n N[\\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0 449 (54.4) 51 (56.0) 0.89\n   1 253 (30.7) 26 (28.6)  \n   2/3 123 (14.9) 14 (15.4)  \n Ki-67 Median (range) 42 (1--95) 38 (4--90) 0.12\n   ≤40 408 (49.2) 53 (57.6) 0.12\n   \\>40 422 (50.8) 39 (42.4)  \n Peritumoural vascular invasion Absent 650 (75.8) 73 (79.3) 0.39\n   Focal 110 (12.8) 11 (12.0)  \n   Extensive 98 (11.4) 8 (8.7)  \n Neoadjuvant chemotherapy No 716 (83.0) 80 (86.0) 0.45\n   Yes 147 (17.0) 13 (14.0)  \n Type of surgery MAST 206 (23.9) 20 (21.5) 0.61\n   QUAD 657 (76.1) 73 (78.5)  \n Radiotherapy No 138 (16.0) 12 (12.9) 0.44\n   Yes 725 (84.0) 81 (87.1)  \n ACEI No use 763 (88.4) 68 (73.1) \\<0.01\n   Use 100 (11.6) 25 (26.9)  \n ARB No use 817 (94.7) 80 (86.0) \\<0.01\n   Use 46 (5.3) 13 (14.0)  \n CCB No use 808 (93.6) 79 (84.9) \\<0.01\n   Use 55 (6.4) 14 (15.1)  \n Diuretic No use 785 (91.0) 60 (64.5) \\<0.01\n   Use 78 (9.0) 33 (35.5)  \n Antithrombotics No use 837 (97.0) 83 (89.2) \\<0.01\n   Use 26 (3.0) 10 (10.8)  \n Statins No use 812 (94.1) 80 (86.0) \\<0.01\n   Use 51 (5.9) 13 (14.0)  \n\nACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CCB, calcium channel blocker; MAST, mastectomy; QUAD, quadrantectomy.", "\n\n^\\*^Clinical stage was used for patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. ", "Numbers might not sum up to totals due to missing values. *", "P* values were obtained using *χ*2-test or Fisher\\'s exact test, as appropriate.", "\n\n###### Events and follow-up by BB intake.", "\n\n **Event** **No BB no. (%)** ", " **BB no. (%)** ", " ***P*** **value**[\\*](#t2-fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"} **HR (95% CI)**[†](#t2-fn3){ref-type=\"fn\"} ***P*** **value**[†](#t2-fn3){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n ------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------- ----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------\n *At risk* 863 93      \n            \n *First events* \n  Lymph node metastasis 47 (5.5) 1 (1.1) 0.07 0.13 (0.02--0.97) 0.04\n  Distant metastasis 131 (15.2) 6 (6.5) 0.04 0.40 (0.17--0.93) 0.03\n  Local recurrence 68 (7.9) 6 (6.5) 0.74 0.93 (0.39--2.25) 0.93\n  Local or regional or distant 246 (28.5) 13 (14.0) \\<0.01 0.48 (0.25--0.79) \\<0.01\n            \n *Overall mortality* \n  Death from breast cancer 161 (18.9) 8 (8.6) 0.03 0.48 (0.23--0.99) 0.05\n  Death from other or missing causes 48 (5.6) 10 (10.8) 0.02 1.75 (0.84--3.62) 0.13\n            \n *Follow-up* \n  Months, median (Q1--Q3) 78 (46--109) 77 (47--105) 0.91    \n\nCI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; Q1, lower quartile; Q3, upper quartile.", "\n\n^\\*^Univariate analysis: association between number of events and BB use was tested by the Gray test, while association between follow-up and BB use was tested by the median two-sample test.", "\n\n^†^HRs and *P* values for testing BB versus non-BB were obtained using a Cox regression multivariable model that included age, tumour size, lymph node status, peritumoural vascular invasion, type of surgery, radiotherapy, other cardiac medications and statins.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Mitogenic stimulation of cells induces rapid and transient activation of MAP kinases. ", "Previously we have identified PAC1 as an immediate early, mitogen- inducible, dual specificity phosphatase that dephosphorylates and inactivates the MAP kinase ERK2 in vitro and in vivo. ", "PAC1 RNA and protein are short-lived, and it appears that controlling the transcription of PAC1 is a major form of its regulation. ", "Thus, the induction of an early response gene, PAC1, results in the feed back attenuation of a primary signalling pathway. ", "PAC 1 is part of a larger family of related MAP kinase phosphatases. ", "In order to reveal possible unique functions of these phosphatases in the context of development and the immune response, we have developed transgenic mouse lines which constitutively express the phosphatases in T cells starting at a stage of development preceeding antigenic selection. ", "The development of T cells and selection of TCR-transgenic populations in the constitutive presence of the various MAP kinase phosphatases has been investigated. ", "The most profound effect has been seen with transgenic expression of the M3/6 phosphatase which inactivates JNK and p38 MAP kinase. ", "M3/6- expressing mice displayed a decrease in TCR-driven negative selection, and no obvious effect on positive selection. ", "This phenotype was observed as an increase in the number of double-positive thymocytes which survive in male mice expressing a TCR specific for the H-Y antigen. ", "The developmental history of such surviving cells is currently being investigated. ", "In order to define the role of ERK in tumorigenesis and metastasis, we have developed a system of tetracycline-inducible PAC1 expression in 3T3 cells. ", "Such cells were transformed with various constitutively- active oncogenes that have been hypothesized to transform cells as a result of ERK activation. ", "MAP kinase activation of raf and MEK but not ras -transformed cells was required for morphological transformation and experimental metastasis in vivo. ", "Effector mutants of Ras have been used in conjunction with PAC1 inducibility to define the signaling pathways emanating from ras which are required for tumorigenesis and invasion. ", "Significantly, the pathway mediated by the Ras(G37) effector mutant appears to play an important stimulatory role in the development of infiltrating metastasis in vivo and the development of matrix degrading activity in vitro. ", "The Ras(G37) pathway synergizes with the ERK pathway to produce experimental metastasis." ]

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[ "The four of us wore matching blue-and-white George Washington University Table Tennis shirts. ", "One way of telling whether someone is serious about table tennis is if they have special clothes just for playing it. ", "Other dead giveaways are protective paddle carriers, talk of “pips” (little raised bumps on the paddle surface designed to facilitate spin),\n\nContinue Reading →" ]

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[ "<?", "php\n\n/**\n * netscape_cert_type\n *\n * PHP version 5\n *\n * @category File\n * @package ASN1\n * @author Jim Wigginton <terrafrost@php.net>\n * @copyright 2016 Jim Wigginton\n * @license http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.html MIT License\n * @link http://phpseclib.sourceforge.net\n */\n\nnamespace phpseclib3\\File\\ASN1\\Maps;\n\nuse phpseclib3\\File\\ASN1;\n\n/**\n * netscape_cert_type\n *\n * mapping is from <http://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/tech-notes/tn3.html>\n *\n * @package ASN1\n * @author Jim Wigginton <terrafrost@php.net>\n * @access public\n */\nabstract class netscape_cert_type\n{\n const MAP = [\n 'type' => ASN1::TYPE_BIT_STRING,\n 'mapping' => [\n 'SSLClient',\n 'SSLServer',\n 'Email',\n 'ObjectSigning',\n 'Reserved',\n 'SSLCA',\n 'EmailCA',\n 'ObjectSigningCA'\n ]\n ];\n}\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to use ajax GET or POST method to pass data to Amazon lambda node.js function\n\nI have the node.js code below (following Getting Started with REST APIs in Amazon API Gateway):\nconsole.log('Loading event');\n\nexports.handler = function(event, context) {\nvar name = (event.name === undefined ? '", "No-Name' : event.name);\ncontext.done(null, {\"Hello\":name}); // SUCCESS with message\n};\n\nBut I don't know how to use jQuery ajax method to pass \"name\" parameter to that code. ", "It works when I use:\ncurl -H \"Content-Type: application/json\" -X POST -d \"{\\\"name\\\": \\\"PeterChan\\\"}\" https://my-api-id.execute-api.region-id.amazonaws.com/test/mydemoresource\n\nand I can get the result:\n{\"Hello\":\"User\"}\n\nbut how can I use jQuery ajax method to pass the \"name\" variable?", "\nThe ajax code that I wrote: \nvar data = {\"name\":\"bbbb\"};\n\n $.ajax({\n type: \"POST\",\n dataType: \"json\",\n url:\"https://my-api-id.execute-api.region-id.amazonaws.com/test/mydemoresource\",\n data: data,\n //processData: false,\n success: function(data) {\n var text=JSON.stringify(data);\n alert(text);\n //console.log(data);\n\n },error: function(data) {\n alert(\"err\");\n }\n});\n\nIt alerts an error when I run it.", "\n\nA:\n\nSo it looks like you might have a couple of issues. ", "One, avoid using \"name\" as a variable name. ", "Two, the data probably isn't being parsed correctly. ", "You need JSON.Stringify when you send it (yeah, you've already got JSON, but it's finicky):\n$.ajax({\n url: 'https://mylambdafunctionurl/',\n type: 'POST',\n crossDomain: true,\n contentType: 'application/json',\n data: JSON.stringify(data),\n dataType: 'json',\n success: function(data) {\n //success stuff. ", "data here is the response, not your original data\n },\n error: function(xhr, ajaxOptions, thrownError) {\n //error handling stuff\n }\n});\n\nI've also added crossDomain:true, and contentType: 'application/json'.", "\nIn the lambda function to get the key/value in the passed in JSON you just use event.whateverkey (when using the test event in the Lambda console make the keys match what you're sending in to avoid any problems).", "\nThe data in your success callback in your ajax function is what comes back from the lambda function, so I recommend JSON.stringifying that in the lambda function, and not the success to make sure it gets sent correctly:\ncontext.done(null, JSON.stringify({\"Hello\":name}));\n\n" ]

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[ "Vodka. ", "Connecting people. ", "Since the Middle Ages. ", "Believe it or not, the word vodka comes from the Slavic voda, which meant water, but was used as a diminutive, as in little water. ", "We don’t need to tell you where this drink originated. ", "It’s still those countries who drink it the most. ", "They’re called the vodka belt countries.", "\n\nVodka is produced through the distillation of grains, with some even made from potatoes, molasses, soy beans or rice as well. ", "The minimum alcohol content one drink should have to be called vodka is 40% ABV in the US, and 37.5% in Europe.", "\n\nToday, vodka it’s spread all over the world, and though traditionally it’s drank neat, it’s often used in cocktails or other mixed drinks, such as Cosmopolitan, Vodka martini, Screwdriver, Vodka tonic, Black or White Russian or Bloody Mary.", "\n\nThis drink is widely spread and very popular nowadays, so you can expect that the quality varies a lot, from the most inexpensive to the most exquisite.", "\n\nWe bet you’re interested in the latter so let’s find out which are the Top 10 Most Expensive Vodkas in the World:\n\n10. ", "Swarovski Studded Alize\n\nThe Swarovski Studded Alize was created in celebration of Valentine’s Day in 2007, to be offered as the perfect gift for that occasion.", "\n\nIt’s made as a mixture of French Vodka, cognac and several fruits such as strawberries, lychee and passion fruit as well as roses to stir the senses and prepare them for that special night on Valentine’s. ", "The bottle itself looks exquisite, decorated with Swarovski crystals, and the price proves that as well. ", "You’d have to pay at least $2,000 to get your hands on one of these rarities today.", "\n\n9. ", "Imperial Collection Super Premium Vodka\n\nThe Imperial Collection Super Premium Vodka is a royal presence with a carafe and glasses made of Venetian glass with refined gilding produced in the same manner since the 12th century. ", "The handcrafted Faberge egg on top of the carafe and the the eagle on the cap speak of that royal presence as well.", "\n\nThe drink itself was distilled from selected grains and went through multiple refinement processes after which it was filtered to add that smoothness and brilliance in the end product. ", "The price for a bottle of this impressive drink it’s a good $2,400.", "\n\n8. ", "Stoli Elit: Himalayan Edition\n\nAs we were saying, vodka comes from water. ", "But this one, the Stoli Elit: Himalayan Edition comes with pure water from the underground reservoirs of the Himalayas in its mixture. ", "The water was combined with winter wheat from Russia in the crafting process to give birth to this special drink.", "\n\nThe bottle is made from the finest hand-blown Bohemian glass that Czech Republic had to offer and sealed with a gold-plated decorative ice pick. ", "Each bottle is individually numbered and comes with a hand-made walnut chest adorned with the elit logo and gold closure. ", "With such a delivery and its rare ingredients, the price of $3,000 per bottle should sound normal.", "\n\n7. ", "Iordanov Vodka\n\nThe Iordanov Vodka is made with the highest quality water from the town of Koblenz, situated on the rivers Rhine and Moselle in Germany. ", "It’s a premium vodka, made in a slow process with a high accent on quality. ", "As the producers say, this is not a vodka to be rushed. ", "It’s to be savoured and enjoyed.", "\n\nThe bottle was hand-designed and comes adorned with no less than 8,300 Swarovski crystals. ", "No wonder it was named the Decadence Edition. ", "The price for one bottle goes as high as $4,353.", "\n\n6. ", "OVAL Swarovski Crystal Vodka\n\nReleased in 2008 for the most exclusive nightclubs around the world, the OVAL Swarovski Crystal Vodka is a high-end vodka made to attract looks.", "\n\nThe bottle boasts over 7,000 Swarovski crystals and speaks of luxury and elegance. ", "This vodka is available in limited edition only for an outrageous $6,922 per bottle.", "\n\n5. ", "Belver Bears Belvedere Vodka\n\nDesigned by Jean-Roch in collaboration with Belvedere for the Cannes Film Festival in France, to be offered in the VIP Rooms of the festival in the cities of Cannes, St. Tropez and Paris, the Belver Bears Belvedere Vodka is a limited edition exclusive vodka.", "\n\nThe bottle was created in the shell form of a teddy bear made from clear plexiglas and back-lit with a bright light. ", "The price for a bottle of this now rare vodka reached a jaw-dropping $7,240. ", "Good luck finding one.", "\n\n4. ", "The Old Russo-Baltique Vodka\n\nProduced by the Russian car manufacturer Russo-Baltique “to woo Russian royalty, tycoons and wealthy aficionados worldwide”, the Old Russo-Baltique Vodka tells a story of past ages, classic cars and good, proper aged drinks.", "\n\nThe bottle recreates some of the design elements of the old classic Russo-Balt automobiles, offering different packages. ", "If you thought that the previous vodkas on our list are expensive, hold you breath because this one jumps into the super expensive category with a whooping price of $740,000, a price that seems to justify the age of this vodka, hence the old addition to the name.", "\n\n3. ", "DIVA Premium Vodka\n\nWhen first released, it was the most expensive vodka in the world. ", "Right now, it stands at number three. ", "The DIVA Premium Vodka is made with spring water filtered through ice. ", "The distillation process is a meticulous one, because the triple refined alcohol is finished after being poured through precious stones.", "\n\nSome precious stones are added in the bottle as well, and to make it even more exquisite, they also added crushed diamond sand and birch charcoal. ", "A bottle of DIVA Premium Vodka costs $1 million, though if you don’t care about the luxurious bottle, you could have the same vodka for a price tag of $3,700.", "\n\n2. ", "The New Russo-Baltique Vodka\n\nAnother addition from the Russian car manufacturer Russo-Baltique, the New Russo-Baltique Vodka makes a difference not through the vodka itself but the packaging.", "\n\nIt comes in a flask made of bulletproof glass and designed as a replica of the radiator guard that was used in the Russo-Baltique cars out of gold coins minted in the period between 1908 and 1912, when the company created their first car. ", "The cap of the flask is made of gold and boasts a replica of the Russian Imperial Eagle adorned with diamonds. ", "The price for such a bottle of vodka is an unbelievable $1.3 million.", "\n\n1. ", "Billionaire Vodka\n\nThe Billionaire Vodka, as the name says, it’s the most expensive vodka one could buy right now, with a motto that states “it’s good to be the king”. ", "To create the best and smoothest experiences, the vodka is run through diamonds to remove impurities.", "\n\nThe bottle is adorned with 3,000 diamonds and Swarovski crystals as well, but those only purify some select wallets, because the price for one of those bottles is a whooping $3.7 million. ", "But when you buy one, you also receive the Billionaires Card concierge which gives you access to the most exclusive liquors, personal shopping services and some of the most exquisite products the world has to offer. ", "In translation, more wallet purifying." ]

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[ "Emil Salomonsson\n\nEmil Salomonsson (born 28 April 1989) is a Swedish footballer who plays for Avispa Fukuoka, on loan from Sanfrecce Hiroshima, as a defender.", "\n\nCareer\n\nEarly career\n\nStarting his career in Ekets GoIF, he then moved to Ängelholms FF in 2004. ", "During the 2006 season in Division 1 he gained the interest from three clubs in Allsvenskan, IFK Göteborg, Helsingborgs IF and Halmstads BK, he went on trial with all three and eventually signed for Halmstads BK, however he was directly loaned back to Ängelholms FF where he would stay until 1 July, he could then return to Halmstads BK, but Halmstad let him stay for the rest of the season. ", "The main part of the 2009 season he was used as a right wing defender, however in the game against Kalmar FF on 9 August he played as forward.", "\n\nIFK Göteborg\nOn 30 August 2011, it was confirmed that Salomonsson had signed for Allsvenskan rivals IFK Göteborg. ", "During his first time in IFK Göteborg, he played a small role and acted as back-up for Adam Johansson. ", "However, when Johansson left the club, he became the first-choice right back and in the 2012 season he played 27 matches when IFK finished in 7th place. ", "Before the start of the 2013, he wasn't the first-choice anymore with the comeback of Adam Johansson, the arrival of Ludwig Augustinsson and Mikael Dyrestam already being in the squad. ", "However, because of injuries, he played 28 matches that season, most of them as defender, but some as a right winger. ", "In the 2014 season, he once again started the season as the second-choice, but in the summer the reclaimed his place in the starting-eleven and he was a big contributor to IFK once again qualified for UEFA Europa League qualification. ", "On 30 September 2014, he signed a new contract, keeping him at the club until the end of the 2018 season.", "\n\nSanfrecce Hiroshima\nHe scored his first goal for Sanfrecce Hiroshima on his J-League debut against Shimizu S-Pulse , 23 February 2019.", "\n\nCareer statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nInternational goals\n\nScores and results list Sweden's goal tally first.", "\n\nHonours\n\nClub\nIFK Göteborg\nSvenska Cupen: 2012–13, 2014–15\n\nIndividual\nArchangel of the Year: 2014\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n IFK Göteborg profile\n Halmstads BK profile\n\nCategory:1989 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Swedish footballers\nCategory:Sweden youth international footballers\nCategory:Sweden under-21 international footballers\nCategory:Sweden international footballers\nCategory:Swedish expatriate footballers\nCategory:Association football midfielders\nCategory:Allsvenskan players\nCategory:Superettan players\nCategory:J1 League players\nCategory:Ängelholms FF players\nCategory:Halmstads BK players\nCategory:IFK Göteborg players\nCategory:Sanfrecce Hiroshima players\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Japan" ]

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[ "Most people with a history of drug use have poor discipline and self-care habits. ", "A critical part of self-care for a person in recovery is setting and accomplishing goals. ", "Most people, whether in recovery or not, do not know how to set goals that are likely to be achieved. ", "They begin with sincere intentions that eventually get abandoned because they didn’t approach goal setting with the proper mindset. ", "The repetitive cycle of wanting to change habits but continually falling short gradually weakens a person’s resolve to the point where many stop trying. ", "Alcohol Detox made simple | Alcohol Detox at homeWhether you’re seeking inpatient PTSD treatment, residential rehab for depression (inpatient treatment for depression), or any other inpatient mental health treatment, The Recovery Village’s programs can help. ", "As an outpatient and inpatient facility, The Recovery Village is equipped to treat these disorders simultaneously with substance use disorders on an inpatient basis. ", "Treating these conditions together is often the best way to achieve optimum results.", "\nYour first step is to call our Patient Access Team for a confidential phone assessment. ", "You will talk with a recovery expert who will determine whether drug or alcohol treatment is needed and, if it is, will recommend the appropriate level of care and work with you to coordinate insurance benefits. ", "If alcohol or drug addiction is not clearly indicated or if you’re not ready to commit to an inpatient stay, you can learn more about your situation and possible next steps by participating in one of our residential evaluation programs. ", "Residential evaluations typically involve a four-day stay at one of our treatment centers where a number of screenings and assessments will help to identify your particular needs and challenges.", "\nBiological factors that can affect a person's risk of addiction include their genes, stage of development, and even gender or ethnicity. ", "Scientists estimate that genes, including the effects environmental factors have on a person's gene expression, called epigenetics, account for between 40 and 60 percent of a person's risk of addiction.27 Also, teens and people with mental disorders are at greater risk of drug use and addiction than others.28\nAlcohol is one of the most commonly abused substances in the world. ", "If not treated, alcohol addiction can destroy mental and physical health, derail careers, and damage personal relationships. ", "If you or a loved one feels trapped and needs help with alcohol addiction, Passages Malibu’s world-renowned addiction treatment center could be the answer you’re looking for. ", "We offer comfortable and effective individual addiction treatment therapy to help you end your addiction forever. ", "Our luxury treatment program is the most sought after in the world, and we would honor the opportunity to welcome you into our facility. ", "It’s not just the extraordinary amount of one-on-one attention you will receive, or our luxurious facility-it’s our progressive treatment philosophy that sets us significantly apart from our competitors. ", "Sam Fights Loneliness with Heroin | True Stories of Addiction | Detox To Rehab\n\nFor those searching specifically for drug rehabilitation, there are many treatment options available. ", "Drug rehabilitation can include a variety of programs, levels of care and therapy options. ", "Drug rehab centers can help those searching for help with comprehensive medical and emotional care. ", "By working closely with clients to understand the underlying causes of addiction, a drug and alcohol treatment center can help clients heal by addressing the roots of substance use disorder.", "\n\nWhile detox is often looked upon as one of the most difficult aspects of the recovery process, addicts aren’t in the clear once they make it through withdrawal.5The real work of recovery takes place post-detox in the therapeutic portion of treatment. ", "In therapy, both individual and group, recovering addicts uncover the root causes behind their substance abuse, helping them to address these issues so they don’t cause them to return to substance abuse at a later date.3 Connor's Battle with Pills to Heroin | True Stories of Addiction | Detox To Rehab\n\nSubstance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug administration, and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use.[1][2] A drug addiction, a distinct concept from substance dependence, is defined as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences.[1][2] An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing.[1] ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral addiction and drug addictions,[3][4][5] but not dependence.", "\n\nJust because your system has been cleansed of substances of abuse during detox, and you have gone through productive therapy and equipped yourself with defence mechanisms against relapse, does not mean that you can let your guard down and consider yourself “cured”: that mindset is asking for trouble as it encourages you to become too casual and overconfident about your position in relation to substance abuse.", "\nMade from a mixture of baking soda and powder cocaine, crack is a version of cocaine—but at a lower purity level. ", "The key difference is that crack is smoked. ", "This method of ingestion allows the drug to seep into lung tissues, producing a completely different result. ", "Smoking crack causes the high to be much faster and more intense than the high traditionally felt from powder cocaine. ", "Crack’s high is extremely short, usually less than 15 minutes, causing the user to crave a frightening amount of the drug. ", "Withdrawal symptoms can cause immense depression, agitation and insomnia – all of which drive an addict to keep using the drug.11 Drug Rehab Near Me\n\nSome people are able to stop drinking on their own or with the help of a 12-step program or other support group, while others need medical supervision in order to withdraw from alcohol safely and comfortably. ", "Which option is best for you depends on how much you’ve been drinking, how long you’ve had a problem, the stability of your living situation, and other health issues you may have.", "\n\nSie werden dabei unterstützt, einen Weg aus der Abhängigkeit und ihren möglichen seelischen und gesundheitlichen Folgen zu finden. ", "Die hauptamtlichen Fachkräfte in den Krankenhäusern und den Beratungsstellen bieten Betroffenen und ihren Angehörigen vorbehaltlose Hilfe auf neuestem wissenschaftlichen Stand an und respektieren dabei immer die individuellen Lebenslagen.", "\nIf you checked one to three boxes from each of the two checklists, there’s a strong chance that your loved one has an alcohol problem. ", "However, some of these signs could also be red flags for a mental or physical illness. ", "Encourage your loved one to be evaluated by a physician or therapist. ", "Talk to him or her about alcohol abuse, and express your support for further treatment, such as therapy, counseling, or a 12-step program. ", "You or your loved one can also call a free alcohol hotline for more information.", "\nFor most people, it takes one drink to produce an Antabuse reaction, therefore it's hard to get by mistake. ", "You can have foods that have been cooked in wine, as long as they've been cooked the alcohol evaporates quickly. ", "You have to be careful of some deserts that have a lot of uncooked alcohol in them. ", "You also have to be careful of some cough syrups and cold preparations that can contain as much as 40% alcohol. ", "How To Detox From Alcohol FastIn order to effectively address drug addiction as well as the co-occurring issues that may be underlying the problem, most patients will require residential or inpatient care. ", "At a residential treatment program, the addicted patient will live at the treatment facility with access to 24-hour care and support that can be critical in helping them to avoid relapse in the early stages of recovery.", "\nThe way it works is when people normally drink alcohol, endorphins are released into the brain, and this reinforces the behavior of drinking alcohol. ", "Revia and Vivitrol block the feel-good endorphins. ", "Much like when Pavlov's dogs were presented with food when a bell was rung, these dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell alone. ", "However, when these dogs continued to be presented with the ringing bell and no food, the salivating stopped.", "\nAfter the detoxification stage, you will begin rehabilitation. ", "This involves a wide range of different therapies and treatments to help you combat drinking urges and triggers. ", "During this stage, you will also learn coping skills that can be applied to everyday situations after leaving rehab. ", "The rehabilitation stage may take place in an inpatient or outpatient setting, depending on the severity of your alcoholism and what your doctor recommends.", "\nAddiction affects not just the addict but also everyone that person comes into contact with. ", "The addict will likely suffer physical consequences, social consequences, emotional consequences, financial consequences, and perhaps even legal consequences as a result of their drug use. ", "As the drug addict’s personal life falls apart, their work and health will likely suffer as well. ", "Drug addicts are more likely to have domestic violence problems, to lose their jobs, and to be arrested than those who are not addicts, proving that addiction, if left untreated, can negatively impact every facet of a person’s life. ‘", "Not A Single Rehab Has Worked For Me,’ Says Woman With Alcohol Dependency\n\nThis is an ongoing debate in the medical community, but it is generally agreed that there is no one cause for the development of addiction. ", "According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, contributing factors may include a genetic predisposition to develop addictive tendencies, an environment that is permissive of drug abuse, access to illicit substances, and certain developmental issues. ", "The existence of a Dual Diagnosis is one of the biggest risk factors for the development of addiction. ", "My Story - Jackie's Incredible Journey with Opioid Addiction (Full Story)\n\nThe United States' approach to substance abuse has shifted over the last decade, and is continuing to change. ", "The federal government was minimally involved in the 19th century. ", "The federal government transitioned from using taxation of drugs in the early 20th century to criminalizing drug abuse with legislations and agencies like the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) mid-20th century in response to the nation's growing substance abuse issue.[47] These strict punishments for drug offenses shined light on the fact that drug abuse was a multi-faceted problem. ", "The President's Advisory Commission on Narcotics and Drug Abuse of 1963 addressed the need for a medical solution to drug abuse. ", "However, drug abuse continued to be enforced by the federal government through agencies such as the DEA and further legislations such as The Controlled Substances Act (CSA), the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, and Anti-Drug Abuse Acts. ", "Narcissistic, Borderline, and Psychopathic Personality Types in Addiction Treatment, Part 1Marijuana has become one of the most widely used — and abused — drugs in the United States. ", "The Journal of the American Medical Association notes that while the prevalence of marijuana use in the US hasn’t changed much since the 1990s, the prevalence of cannabis abuse and addiction has greatly increased. ", "The 2012 Monitoring the Future survey, which tracks drug use among American teens, showed that marijuana use has increased among high school students in recent years, while disapproval of cannabis among teens has declined. ", "At one time, marijuana was not considered to be addictive, but recent studies have shown that this drug can cause symptoms of dependence and addiction, including cravings, insomnia, anxiety, depression, and agitation. ", "12 Steps of RecoveryAddiction medications make the recovery process easier by easing the cravings and side effects associated with withdrawal. ", "In the advanced stages of recovery, some people continue to take these medications in order to maintain their sobriety. ", "Addiction medication should be taken only under a doctor’s supervision. ", "These drugs can have serious side effects, including physical dependence and tolerance. ", "Ironically, the medications used to treat opiate addiction have addictive properties themselves. ", "Drug Rehab Near MeResearch has identified differences in how the reward center of the brain responds to alcohol in heavy and light drinkers. ", "In either group, alcohol caused the release of naturally occurring feel-good endorphins in the two brain regions linked to reward processing. ", "Once addicted, alcohol withdrawal presents dangerous physical and psychological issues.9\nWhen you or someone close to you needs drug abuse rehab, it can be hard to know where exactly to find help. ", "Without the proper help, however, substance abuse can lead to potential life-threatening situations. ", "Additionally, drug abuse affects not only the life of the individual user but also the lives of his or her family. ", "Fortunately, there are a variety of effective treatment methods to help individuals overcome their drug addictions.", "\n\nRock Solid Recovery (men’s rehab) and its sister center, Sure Haven (women’s rehab), are highly rated, intimate treatment facilities. ", "Treatment is based on a holistic, 12-step approach. ", "Each facility has its own complete, multidisciplinary treatment staff, allowing patients to receive the best individualized care possible. ", "The facilities offer inpatient treatment programs ranging from 30 days to 90 days, depending on patient needs. ", "The primary benefit of these treatment centers is their small size. ", "The men’s facility supports 6 patients and the women’s supports 13. ", "This allows for the specialized, highly successful treatment that these facilities are known for.", "\n\nDrugs affect the way a person thinks, feels, behaves and how they look. ", "But substance use disorders are often accompanied by co-occuring mental health disorders like anxiety or depression. ", "Some people may use drugs as a form of self-medication for these issues, while other people may develop a mental health disorder after taking substances. ", "Either way, it’s important to look out for psychological and behavioral changes in friends or loved ones who might be struggling with addiction: Documentaries on Alcoholism | RecoveryNavigation.", "ComSince 1962, IVRS has grown into a continuum of care network offering an array of substance abuse services including detoxification, residential and outpatient treatment, aftercare, education, individual and group counseling, along with primary & secondary prevention services. ", "Also we operate licensed, court-approved domestic violence batterer’s treatment alternatives. ", "IVRS is headquartered in the City of Upland, and has facilities in the County San Bernardino (Southern California). ", "Each year, IVRS serves approximately 5,000 individuals through a variety of substance abuse recovery, treatment, and prevention services. ", "IVRS is run by qualified, caring multi-disciplinary team of administrators, counselors, therapists and support staff, including bilingual English/Spanish, who meet the California Department of Health Care Services licensing & certification requirements.", "\nThis group of potent pain-relieving substances includes all drugs that are derived from opium, a compound found in the opium poppy. ", "Some of these drugs, like morphine and codeine, are classified as non-synthetic opiates, while others, like heroin, hydrocodone, methadone, and oxycodone, are produced synthetically in laboratories. ", "Until recently, heroin was considered to be the most addictive of the opiates. ", "Today, however, opiate pain medications have surpassed heroin and cocaine in their popularity as drugs of abuse. ", "According to Harvard University, the number of opiate addicts in the US increased threefold between 1991 and 2001, largely because of the increase in nonmedical use of drugs like hydrocodone (Vicodin), oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet) and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). ", "Harvard estimates that as of 2007, approximately 2 million people in the US were dependent on opiates, a number that continues to increase.", "\n\nIt is also estimated that around a third of all older adults with alcohol problems developed them in later life for the first time. ", "It has been suggested that factors such as social isolation, poor health, bereavement, and boredom all contribute to alcohol abuse in older people. ", "Some older adults may begin self-medicating with alcohol when experiencing chronic pain due to age-related health problems.", "\n\nAlcohol dependence or abuse rates were shown to have no correspondence with any person's education level when populations were surveyed in varying degrees of education from ages 26 and older. ", "However, when it came to illicit drug use there was a correlation, in which those that graduated from college had the lowest rates. ", "Furthermore, dependence rates were greater in unemployed populations ages 18 and older and in metropolitan-residing populations ages 12 and older.[43]\nAs with other diseases and disorders, the likelihood of developing an addiction differs from person to person, and no single factor determines whether a person will become addicted to drugs. ", "In general, the more risk factors a person has, the greater the chance that taking drugs will lead to drug use and addiction. ", "Protective factors, on the other hand, reduce a person's risk. ", "Risk and protective factors may be either environmental or biological. ", "Trib Talk: Fraud and abuse in rehab centersAs a person in long term recovery, He has been working to help people find recovery from addiction in some fashion for 12 + years either as a sponsor, mentor, or as a professional in clinical environments. ", "At CRTC he works to formulate practical, action-based plans to transition our clients into healthier states of mental and emotional processing.", "\nNOTE: This fact sheet discusses research findings on effective treatment approaches for drug abuse and addiction. ", "If you’re seeking treatment, you can call the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA's) National Helpline at 1-800-662-HELP (1-800-662-4357) or go to www.findtreatment.samhsa.gov for information on hotlines, counseling services, or treatment options in your state.", "\n\nA longitudinal study of drug-dependent individuals who participated in a six-month aftercare program showed that participants were less likely to relapse into drug or alcohol use. ", "This study, published in Addictive Behaviors, indicates that the support, information, and coping strategies gained from aftercare play a big part in the success of a recovery program.", "\n\nMost countries have legislation which brings various drugs and drug-like substances under the control of licensing systems. ", "Typically this legislation covers any or all of the opiates, amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, anesthetics, hallucinogenics, derivatives and a variety of more modern synthetic drugs. ", "Unlicensed production, supply or possession is a criminal offence.", "\n\nWith the help of professional drug treatment programs, a large number of addicts have learned to live meaningful, drug-free lives. ", "Relapse rates among recovering opiate addicts are as high as 90 percent, according to a study published in the Irish Medical Journal; however, addicts in this study who completed an inpatient treatment program were more likely to avoid relapse and remain drug-free.", "\n\nCertain drugs (like cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamines) are infamous for how they can mess up the brain. ", "Most people know to beware of their potency and danger. ", "Other substances (such as alcohol, marijuana and painkillers) tend to be viewed quite differently. ", "For many Americans, they are deemed to be much less dangerous. ", "But is this view accurate?", "\n\nMany patients get caught up in trying to define their relationship with drugs and alcohol. ", "For example, drug abuse, has a far less threatening reputation than that of drug addiction. ", "According to Medline Plus, an issue with drug abuse is defined as the regular abuse of any illicit substance including alcohol over the course of a year with negative consequences. ", "These negative consequences can be financial, interpersonal, work-related, legal, health-related – anything that changes the patient’s experience of day-to-day life for the worse.2\n\nAt Casa Palmera, our goal is to aid you in a comprehensive spiritual, physical, and emotional recovery. ", "We offer treatment not only for eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating, but also for chemical dependencies such as cocaine addiction, drug addiction and alcoholism. ", "It is extremely important to us that you receive the highest quality medical care from our qualified staff during your stay.", "\n\nFriends and family: The loved ones of those who are addicted to drugs or alcohol often want to help but aren’t always sure how to bring it up. ", "It’s worth it to ask loved ones if they are willing to assist with the cost of treatment, even if one is embarrassed to do so. ", "Perhaps it could be discussed as a loan that the individual can work to pay back over time. ", "This may be a last resort for some, and even for those who ask, the answer may be no, but it’s a chance for loved ones to be involved and invested in recovery.", "\n\nAll calls to numbers on individual facility listings will always go to the facility listed. ", "All calls to general contact numbers and contact us forms on this site are routed to Delphi Behavioral Health Group. ", "If Delphi Behavioral Health Group is unable to assist with a particular need they are committed to providing direction and assistance in finding appropriate care.", "\nGroup therapy tends to involve a licensed professional and multiple patients. ", "Although group therapy sessions can occur at inpatient facilities, they are more likely to happen in the other rehabilitation programs. ", "Group therapy sessions can last up to an hour. ", "These sessions tend to be particularly useful because they help confront one of the primary issues of addiction.", "\nAlcohol Health & Research World notes that outpatient alcohol detox programs can be as safe and effective as inpatient detox, as long as the patients have been professionally screened and matched to the right level of care. ", "With outpatient treatment, the average length of stay in rehab is usually shorter, and the cost is generally less. ", "However, for patients at risk of serious alcohol withdrawal symptoms, or for those with co-occurring medical or psychiatric disorders, inpatient alcohol detox is often more appropriate.", "\n\nIf the patient has an antisocial personality (ie, severe problems with family, peers, school, and police before age 15 y and before the onset of alcohol problems), recovery is less likely. ", "If the patient has primary depression, anxiety disorder, or another potentially contributory disorder (the other disorder must antedate the problems with alcohol or it must be a significant problem during long periods of sobriety), treat this primary problem aggressively. ", "Step 1 - Admitting We Are Powerless\n\nEach state is not required to participate in Medicaid, although every state currently does and complies with federal Medicaid laws. ", "Each state sets standards of eligibility, how much is paid into it, the types of services covered, and all of these changes from state to state as each state administers its own program. ", "In the year 2002, there were close to 40 million Americans enrolled in the program, with the majority of them being children. ", "By the year 2009, there were close to 63 million Americans enrolled in Medicaid and receiving different services and coverage. ", "Drug Rehab Near Me\n\nIf you’ve noticed the signs or symptoms of drug addiction in someone you love, don’t hesitate to intervene. ", "Many people are reluctant to talk to a friend or family member about drug addiction, either because they’re afraid of jumping to conclusions, or because they don’t want to make the problem worse. ", "Although it’s never easy or comfortable to bring up the topic of substance abuse, reaching out to an addict could stop the progression of a fatal disease. ", "Here are a few steps you can take to communicate your concerns, while protecting yourself and your loved ones from the repercussions of addiction:\nInpatient treatment: Inpatient or residential treatment provides intensive therapy, 24-hour monitoring and a full spectrum of rehab services for patients who need structure in the early stage of recovery. ", "Inpatient facilities include hospitals, mental health facilities and residential treatment centers. ", "Patients live full-time at the center so they can focus exclusively on the healing process without the stressors or distractions of everyday life.", "\nAt this stage, you will have developed a problem with alcohol and will be drinking out of habit than choice. ", "Your use may be starting to have an impact on other aspects of your life and you might be noticing problems with your moods and sleeping patterns. ", "Nevertheless, you are probably still at the stage where you are enjoying alcohol and believe that it is making your life better.", "\nMore good news is that drug use and addiction are preventable. ", "Results from NIDA-funded research have shown that prevention programs involving families, schools, communities, and the media are effective for preventing or reducing drug use and addiction. ", "Although personal events and cultural factors affect drug use trends, when young people view drug use as harmful, they tend to decrease their drug taking. ", "Therefore, education and outreach are key in helping people understand the possible risks of drug use. ", "Teachers, parents, and health care providers have crucial roles in educating young people and preventing drug use and addiction. ", "Three Approaches to Treating Addiction by Dr. Bob WeathersYou should also speak with an addiction specialist who can give you a wider-range view of treatment options both in your area and further away (some people choose to place quite some distance between their recovery and the environment in which they have been abusing drugs), and who will be able to give you the benefit of more specialised experience and insight than your GP. ", "Step 1 of the 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous ★★★★★\n\nChallenge and change your thoughts. ", "When experiencing a craving, many people have a tendency to remember only the positive effects of the drug and forget the negative consequences. ", "Therefore, you may find it helpful to remind yourself that you really won’t feel better if you use and that you stand to lose a lot. ", "Sometimes it is helpful to have these consequences listed on a small card that you keep with you.", "\n\nFor those searching specifically for drug rehabilitation, there are many treatment options available. ", "Drug rehabilitation can include a variety of programs, levels of care and therapy options. ", "Drug rehab centers can help those searching for help with comprehensive medical and emotional care. ", "By working closely with clients to understand the underlying causes of addiction, a drug and alcohol treatment center can help clients heal by addressing the roots of substance use disorder. ", "Quit alcohol with simple home remediesNote: These PET scans compare the brain of an individual with a history of cocaine use disorder (middle and right) to the brain of an individual without a history of cocaine use (left). ", "The person who has had a cocaine use disorder has lower levels of the D2 dopamine receptor (depicted in red) in the striatum one month (middle) and four months (right) after stopping cocaine use compared to the non-user. ", "The level of dopamine receptors in the brain of the cocaine user are higher at the 4-month mark (right), but have not returned to the levels observed in the non-user (left).", "\nUrge surf. ", "Many people try to cope with their urges by toughing it out. ", "But some cravings are too strong to ignore. ", "When this happens, it can be useful to stay with the urge until it passes. ", "This technique is called urge surfing. ", "Imagine yourself as a surfer who will ride the wave of your drug craving, staying on top of it until it crests, breaks, and turns into less powerful, foamy surf. ", "When you ride out the craving, without trying to battle, judge, or ignore it, you’ll see that it passes more quickly than you’d think. ", "Alabama rehab" ]

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[ "Q:\n\ncss not loading on site\n\nI am trying to get basic css working on my site. ", "This is my html:\n<!", "DOCTYPE html>\n\n<html>\n<head>\n <style type=\"text/css\" href=\"test.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\"></style>\n</head>\n<body>\n <p id=\"test\">\n This is a test document.", "\n </p>\n</body>\n</html>\n\nThis is my css:\nbody {\n background-color: blue;\n}\n\nThis is how the files are laid out:\n + ask_site\n + index.php\n + test.css\n\nI am running the newest version of XAMPP and have no idea what's going on. ", "Thank you so much in advance :)\n\nA:\n\nYou need to change following line \n<style type=\"text/css\" href=\"test.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\"></style>\n\nto\n<link type=\"text/css\" href=\"test.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\" />\n\n" ]

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[ "AP - In a major campaign blunder, Senator Barack Obama stated today that the sky is blue.", "\n\n\"This proves his elitist insensitivity,\" reported correspondent Karl Rove \"There were clouds over many parts of America today, including states the Democrats need to win in November. ", "He completely ignored millions of Americans.\"", "\n\n\"This shows Obama is out of touch,\" added Fox News Inventor Bill O'Reilly. \"", "What are blind people supposed to think? ", "Obama doesn't care whether they can see the sky? ", "What about coal miners who work from dawn to dusk? ", "And people working the nightshift? ", "All these demographics were attacked today, and Obama must apologize to them or pay the price.\"", "\n\nSome defended Obama's remark. \"", "Many Americans see blue skies only on television,\" noted one scientist. \"", "When you must work two or even three jobs to feed your family, you haven't much time to look up. ", "So it may be a surprise to many that, in fact, the sky can be blue at times.\"", "\n\nBut the vast majority of pundits determined that this was a major error. \"", "If Obama keeps talking crazy like that,\" explained White House News Plant Tony Snow, \"What will he say next? ", "That we need to leave Iraq?\"" ]

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[ "Q:\n\npython でテキストの行数を取得したい\n\npythonでテキストデータの行数を取得したいです\n1行読み込む毎にint型変数をインクリメントする以外に良い方法はありますか？", "\n\nA:\n\n他人の投稿で申し訳ありませんが、全く同じような質問が出ていたのでこちらに。", "\nhttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/845058/how-to-get-line-count-cheaply-in-python\n本家で議論された内容で、以下の内容が最も評価されているようです。", "\nhttps://stackoverflow.com/a/1019572\n以下に引用して載せておきます\nnum_lines = sum(1 for line in open('myfile.txt'))\n\nA:\n\n行数を数えるだけで良ければ\nlen(open('hoge.txt').readlines())\n\nでは、どうでしょうか。", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Prosecutor wraps up Pistorius questioning in murder trial\n\nSouth African sprinter Oscar Pistorius reacts during his trial at the North Gauteng High Court in Pretoria on April 15, 2014.", "\n\nThe prosecutor in the murder trial of Oscar Pistorius ended his five-day cross-examination of the double amputee track athlete today with a stark summary of how he shot his girlfriend, insisting he killed her deliberately after an argument. ", "The defense later moved onto questioning its third witness, with the trial looking likely to run into next month.", "\n\n\"You fired four shots through the door whilst knowing that she was standing behind the door,\" said prosecutor Gerrie Nel, known in South Africa as \"The Pitbull\" for his hectoring style of questioning.", "\n\n\"She was locked into the bathroom and you armed yourself with the sole purpose of shooting and killing her.\"", "\n\n\"That is not true,\" said 27-year-old Pistorius, who faces life in prison if convicted of murder.", "\n\nPistorius has broken down in tears on many occasions during the questioning, and at one point retched into a bucket on the witness stand after being shown grisly pictures of Reeva Steenkamp after the shooting on Valentine's Day last year.", "\n\nHe insists he killed the 29-year-old law graduate and model accidentally after mistaking her for an intruder hiding behind a closed toilet door.", "\n\nToday he told the court he had pulled the trigger without thinking after hearing a noise behind the door, out of terror and fear that his and Steenkamp's lives were in danger.", "\n\n\"I was extremely fearful, overcome with a sense of terror and vulnerability,\" said Pistorius, whose lower legs were amputated as a baby.", "\n\n\"I didn't think about pulling the trigger, as soon as I heard the noise, before I could think about it, I pulled the trigger.\"", "\n\nThe athlete's voice quivered as he recounted how he was \"overcome with terror and despair\" on finding her bloodied body slumped against the toilet after he broke down the door with a cricket bat.", "\n\n\"I was broken, I was overcome, filled with sadness,\" he told judge Thokozile Masipa, adding he urged Steenkamp to hold on while he sought help from neighbors at his high security Pretoria residence.", "\n\nPistorius insists he and Steenkamp were in a loving, if fledgling, relationship, despite phone text messages read in court which pointed to some arguments. ", "Today he read a Valentine's Day card his girlfriend got for him before her death.", "\n\n\"Roses are red, violets are blue,\" the card begins.", "\n\n\"I think today is a good day to tell you that I love you,\" the message concludes, the last part in Steenkamp's own words.", "\n\nBefore the shooting, Pistorius was one of South Africa's most revered sportsmen, admired for his prowess on the track using carbon-fiber prosthetics that earned him the nickname \"The Blade Runner\" and brought him a clutch of Paralympic medals." ]

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[ "Marvel has said that a Ms Marvel movie is in the works. ", "It would be the studio’s second female-led superhero film after Captain Marvel that will release next year. ", "Although many characters in Marvel Comics have adopted the mantle of Ms Marvel, president Kevin Feige made it clear that the movie will be based on Kamala Khan’s version of Ms Marvel. ", "Brie Larson will play the role of Danvers in the Captain Marvel film.", "\n\nKevin Feige told the BBC, “Ms. Marvel… is definitely sort of in the works.” ", "He went on to clarify that it is Kamala Khan’s version that will be adapted. ", "Marvel’s recent Avengers: Infinity War is currently in theatres and has broken multiple box office records in India and around the world.", "\n\nAfter a lot of criticism for casting mainly white, male characters in major roles, Marvel is trying to diversify its film slate by including characters of colour and female superheroes. ", "This year’s Black Panther with its predominantly black cast was a humongous success for the studio and many believe that after the Thanos and Infinity Stones storyline is finished, the major characters would be the younger superheroes instead of Iron Man, Captain America and so on. ", "There are also rumours of a Black Widow movie and an all-female superhero movie.", "\n\nWhen Kamala Khan’s Ms Marvel was introduced, it received enthusiastic response from comic-book readers around the world who praised her characterisation. ", "Many said she was the perspective of Pakistani-Americans and asked the comic-book and film industries to follow Marvel’s example.", "\n\nFans on Twitter are asking for casting Priyanka Chopra to don the role. ", "But others say she would not be a great choice, since Kamala Khan is a Pakistani-American and a teenager. ", "Priyanka’s Quantico was recently cancelled after three seasons but she has a couple of Hollywood projects this year in the pipeline." ]

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[ "German Coalition Talks Move Closer to New Dual Citizenship Law\n\nIntegration DebateParties Close in on Dual Citizenship Deal\n\nFor the first time in Germany, politicians seem close to a deal that would extend the right to dual citizenship to children of immigrants and naturalized Germans. ", "The national identity of thousands of young people hangs in the balance.", "\n\nDPA\n\nThe current deal would affect, among others, roughly a million German-born Turks in the country.", "\n\nThe subject of dual citizenship has long been a political flashpoint in Germany. ", "In recent years, calls have mounted from the left for the country to overturn its prohibitive approach and make it easier for people to hold two passports. ", "Yet heavy opposition, including from Chancellor Angela Merkel, kept it from becoming a reality.", "\n\nAs things currently stand, a child born in Germany to immigrant parents is allowed to hold both nationalities only until the age of 23. ", "At that point, he or she is forced to choose between German citizenship or that of the parents' country of origin. ", "Anyone who misses the deadline has the German citizenship revoked by default. ", "Other immigrants to Germany can be naturalized after eight years of residence, but only if they give up their original nationality.", "\n\nThe Social Democrats want to repeal that rule, and they've made the right to dual citizenship one of their \"non-negotiable demands\" in official talks toward a so-called grand coalition government, which is expected to be in place by Christmas. ", "If they are successful, it would affect not only the millions of Germans born to foreign parents, but also any resident of Germany who qualifies for naturalization.", "\n\nThe negotiation working group assigned to immigration has been unable to come up with a compromise, so the topic has now moved up to the big round of negotiations. ", "An SPD spokesman told SPIEGEL ONLINE on Thursday that dual citizenship remains a \"very important issue\" for the party and that he is hopeful a deal will be pushed through.", "\n\nTime for Change\n\nThe topic became increasingly pressing as of January 2013. ", "Children of immigrants turning 23 this year will be the first batch of German-born citizens forced to make the choice. \"", "As of this year, thousands of young people could lose their German citizenship,\" says Mehmet Tanriverdi, head of the National Federation of Immigrant Associations in Germany.", "\n\nCritics of the current system, known as the \"option model\" complain that it marginalizes those of foreign descent and sends a message that integration is a zero-sum game -- and that it imposes a heavy administrative burden. ", "If the system is upheld, roughly 40,000 young people per year will eventually be forced to choose between nationalities. ", "And giving up one's foreign nationality can create unforeseen difficulties, as well. ", "Children of Russian immigrants who have been naturalized in Germany, for instance, have to apply for expensive visas to visit their grandparents.", "\n\nThe option model was introduced in 2000, when it was seen as a compromise between the center-left coalition government of Social Democrats and Greens and the opposition conservatives. ", "Already many exceptions apply: Moroccans, Syrians, Iranians, Algerians, as well as all EU citizens, are exempt from the need to choose between their nationalities. ", "But to Germany's three million people of Turkish descent, a third of whom were born in Germany, reforming the current law would be a very welcome development.", "\n\n\"In the scientific community, we speak of hybrid identity,\" says Christine Langenfeld, head of the Expert Council of German Foundations on Integration and Migration (SVR). \"", "Young people from migrant families identify with both Germany and their parents' culture. ", "For them it's the best of both worlds. ", "The option model forces the second generation to renounce their parent's nationality. ", "This is counterproductive for integration.\"", "\n\nConservatives Turn Corner\n\nOn no other issue have the conservatives reversed course more than on that of dual citizenship. ", "During the campaign leading up to national elections in September, the conservative parties' tagline on the topic was \"Yes to our country.\"", "\n\n\"My personal conviction is that we want to stick to the option model, whereby a decision on citizenship is necessary at age 23,\" Merkel said at an integration summit in May. Experience shows, she added, \"that the overwhelming majority choose German citizenship.\"", "\n\nBut the tide began to turn this year, as many Germans reassessed immigration as a way to combat its aging population and shortage of skilled workers. ", "In May, a Bertelsmann Stiftung study showed that more than 40 percent of newcomers have graduated from a university, technical school or graduate program, a higher share than among the German population at large.", "\n\nNow even Horst Seehofer of the Christian Social Union (CSU), the Bavarian sister party to Merkel's center-right Christian Democratic Union (CDU), has questioned the logic of forcing 23-year-olds to go through the \"ordeal\" of choosing between citizenships.", "\n\nThe conservatives have suggested several compromises, including raising the age in which the option obligation kicks in to 30 and introducing the concept of \"dormant citizenship,\" whereby a person can hold dual citizenship, but his or her country of residence would determine which of the two nationalities is active. ", "But an SPD spokesman told SPIEGEL ONLINE on Thursday that the party will accept nothing less than a full revocation of the option model and that the \"dormant citizenship\" proposal is unworkable and now \"completely off the table.\"", "\n\nResistance from the Right\n\nDespite these proposed compromises, there remains trenchant resistance from the conservative ranks. ", "Interior Minister Hans-Peter Friedrich, a CSU member who is a notorious hardliner on immigration issues, said the Social Democrats' proposal threatens Germany's very integrity. ", "If a \"permanent Turkish minority\" were permitted to establish itself in the country, he told the daily Münchener Merkur last week, it would mean a \"long-term change in the identity of German society.\"", "\n\nAyse Demir, deputy chairman of the Turkish Community in Germany (TGD), called Friedrich's statements \"extremely discriminatory.\" ", "Such a statement sends a signal to Germany's largest migrant group that they are not welcome here, Demir told SPIEGEL ONLINE. ", "He also pointed out that the many exceptions made to the current rule make Friedrich's statement seem even more off-base, \"because we've actually had dual citizenship in Germany for years.\"", "\n\nSome observers worry that dual citizenship could be sacrificed at the negotiation table for an even higher-priority SPD demand, such as a national minimum wage. ", "Nevertheless, consensus is building that the current system doesn't work.", "\n\n\"The option model is alienating young people instead of making them feel a part of our society,\" says Dr. Christine Langenfeld of the Expert Council of German Foundations on Integration and Migration, which has proposed a system that would grant dual citizenship to second-generation immigrants but not automatically to their successive offspring. \"", "The option model is the result of a dysfunctional political compromise more than ten years ago, and it is high time to repeal it.\"", "\n\nGermany is making a colossal mistake on immigration. ", "The social costs associated with large scale third world immigration are so high that its not worth the economic benefits. ", "The German people will come to regret this decision. [...]", "\n\nGermany is making a colossal mistake on immigration. ", "The social costs associated with large scale third world immigration are so high that its not worth the economic benefits. ", "The German people will come to regret this decision. ", "It will be impossible to ever reverse the damage to society. ", "Chancellor Kohl wanted to reduce the immigrant population gradually but even he wasn't able to do it. ", "It doesn't really matter if Germany has slower economic growth because of a greying population and labor shortages. ", "Germany is a wealthy country already and would be fine with slower growth and a more cohesive homogeneous population.", "\n\nsteve i 11/14/2013\n\n2. ", "The strangeness of German immigration law..\n\nOn the one hand Germany takes a liberal view on asylum seekers but does very little to help them integrate, which is strange indeed. ", "Then there is the bizarre restriction against dual citizenship. ", "Personally I'm [...]\n\nOn the one hand Germany takes a liberal view on asylum seekers but does very little to help them integrate, which is strange indeed. ", "Then there is the bizarre restriction against dual citizenship. ", "Personally I'm \"ethnically\" German, but born in a Commonwealth nation. ", "To get German citizenship I would need to renounce my current citizenship - the nation I was born in! ", "Absolutely never would I do that. ", "What exactly is the fear? ", "That people holding dual citizenship are some kind of security risk? ", "Stupid and ridiculous. ", "It's quite common for Commonwealth citizens to hold dual citizenship - and to ask someone to surrender a citizenship is humiliating and makes no sense. ", "I would rather surrender my right to a German passport than my pride, but I should be able to have both.", "\n\njandthenao 11/14/2013\n\n3. ", "duel-citizen\n\nAs someone born in New Zealand to German parents it was very easy for me to get a dual citizenship. ", "All I had to prove, at the embassy, was my parent’s citizenship/birth certificate and then I was a German citizen as well as a [...]\n\nAs someone born in New Zealand to German parents it was very easy for me to get a dual citizenship. ", "All I had to prove, at the embassy, was my parent’s citizenship/birth certificate and then I was a German citizen as well as a Kiwi. ", "Considering I have yet to spend longer than a few months in Germany at a time i fail to understand why those who have lived there for decades are not entitled to the same right.", "\n\njohann84 11/15/2013\n\n4. ", "johann84\n\nYou cannot be loyal to two countries in the same time. ", "Sometimes the interests of those countries are different. ", "Which one would you support or choose? ", "You came to Germany with a reason, to have a better life than in your home [...]\n\nYou cannot be loyal to two countries in the same time. ", "Sometimes the interests of those countries are different. ", "Which one would you support or choose? ", "You came to Germany with a reason, to have a better life than in your home country. ", "So in ROme you should do as the Romans do ! ! ", "Period ! !", "\n\ndtechba 11/15/2013\n\n5. ", "Dual Citizenship Confusion\n\nPretty certain it is only a problem if you have no right to German citizenship in th first place. ", "if you have such a right from say your parents it isn't an issue.", "\n\nPretty certain it is only a problem if you have no right to German citizenship in th first place. ", "if you have such a right from say your parents it isn't an issue." ]

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[ "Customers' and physicians' opinions of and experiences with generic substitution during the first year in Finland.", "\nMedicine expenditures have continuously increased in Finland over the past 25 years. ", "Generic substitution was introduced in Finland in the beginning of April 2003 with the aim of curbing the rise in the medical expenses of society and individuals. ", "Pharmacists are obligated to substitute the cheapest or close to the cheapest medicine for prescribed medicine unless the customer refuses or the physician forbids substitution, which the physician can do for medical or therapeutic reasons. ", "In this study, we explored how customers and physicians view the 2003 reform via two customer questionnaires and by interviewing physicians. ", "The first questionnaires were handed out in 15 pharmacies in 5 geographical areas (hospital districts) in Finland to customers (n=1243, response rate 44%) who had refused generic substitution, and the second in 18 pharmacies in 6 geographical areas to customers (n=453, response rate 47%) who had accepted substituted medicines at least once. ", "The physician interview study was directed to psychiatrists, geriatrists, internists and general practitioners (n=49). ", "Most customers and physicians think generic substitution is a good reform measure. ", "The main reason mentioned for substitution was to save money. ", "The most important reason given for refusing substitution was the customers' positive experiences with medicines they had used previously. ", "About half of the physicians thought not all interchangeable medicines are effective and safe." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Consent is key\n\nIt’s your first date with the cutest guy in your class. ", "Things are going well and you’re sitting on the couch, knee-to-knee, looking into each other’s eyes. ", "Suddenly, he leans in and asks “can I kiss you?”", "\n\nYou laugh, maybe out of awkwardness; you’ve never been asked that before.", "\n\n“Can I Kiss You?” ", "is a presentation and book by American author Mike Domitrz. ", "He brings his lectures to colleges, universities, and even the military all around the world. ", "Domitrz came to the Student Commons Nov. 25, and returning again on Jan. 12.", "\n\nWhen it comes to dating, Domitrz challenges people to ask for consent before you engage in any form of intimate activity – even kissing.", "\n\nDating by nature can be awkward, Domitrz said, and by asking someone to kiss them you’re not only giving them an option, but also willing to accept the answer, whatever it is.", "\n\n“It is not the question that is awkward,” said Domitrz. “", "It is your lack of confidence that is awkward.”", "\n\nAs the brother of a sexual assault survivor Domitrz has the voice and activism to take his message of safe dating and consent around the world.", "\n\n“We’ve never been given a verbal set about sexual intimacy,” said Domitriz, explaining that the extent of most sex education classes consist of telling students what not to do, as opposed to what they’re supposed to do.", "\n\nThe talk, sponsored by Algonquin ResLife, included a presentation, skits and humour, but overall it contained an empowering message with real life education on how to recognize and prevent sexual assault.", "\n\nThroughout the evening, Domitrz demystified the reasons people give for not intervening during instances of potential sexual assault at a party. ", "And in turn that gave the audience direction on how to approach the situation.", "\n\n“Human beings have no problems with confrontation, as long as we believe the confrontation is worth it,” said Domitrz. “", "Our DNA is wired to care about each other, it’s our business\n\nIt’s your first date with the cutest guy in your class. ", "Things are going well and you’re sitting on the couch, knee-to-knee, looking into each other’s eyes. ", "Suddenly, he leans in and asks “can I kiss you?” ", "You laugh, maybe out of awkwardness; you’ve never been asked that before. “", "Can I Kiss You?” ", "is […]\n\nIt’s your first date with the cutest guy in your class. ", "Things are going well and you’re sitting on the couch, knee-to-knee, looking into each other’s eyes. ", "Suddenly, he leans in and asks “can I kiss you?” ", "You laugh, maybe out of awkwardness; you’ve never been asked that before. “", "Can I Kiss You?” ", "is […]\n\nOff Campus\n\nLocal: (FROM CBC) A homeowner from Orléans is taking action after her Christmas decorations were stolen off her front lawn. ", "Elizabeth Godon has since placed a sign on her lawn that says, “Smile you’re on camera,” after her Frosty and Nic the Christmas pig were stolen on Dec. 7. ", "The whole incident was caught on…" ]

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[ "package com.github.bkhezry.demoextramaputils.ui.fragment;\n\nimport android.content.", "Intent;\nimport android.os.", "Bundle;\nimport androidx.fragment.app.", "Fragment;\nimport android.view.", "LayoutInflater;\nimport android.view.", "View;\nimport android.view.", "ViewGroup;\nimport android.widget.", "TextView;\n\nimport com.github.bkhezry.demoextramaputils.", "R;\nimport com.github.bkhezry.demoextramaputils.ui.activity.", "MapsActivity;\nimport com.github.bkhezry.demoextramaputils.utils.", "AppUtils;\nimport com.github.bkhezry.extramaputils.builder.", "ViewOptionBuilder;\nimport com.github.bkhezry.extramaputils.model.", "ExtraPolygon;\nimport com.github.bkhezry.extramaputils.model.", "ExtraPolyline;\nimport com.github.bkhezry.extramaputils.model.", "ViewOption;\nimport com.github.bkhezry.extramaputils.utils.", "MapUtils;\nimport com.google.android.gms.maps.", "GoogleMap;\nimport com.google.android.gms.maps.", "MapView;\nimport com.google.android.gms.maps.", "MapsInitializer;\nimport com.google.android.gms.maps.", "OnMapReadyCallback;\nimport com.google.android.gms.maps.model.", "LatLng;\n\nimport java.util.", "Locale;\n\n\npublic class BasicFragment extends Fragment implements OnMapReadyCallback {\n private MapView mMap;\n private TextView areaTextView;\n private TextView lengthTextView;\n\n @Override\n public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n\n }\n\n @Override\n public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,\n Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_basic,\n container, false);\n areaTextView = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.area);\n lengthTextView = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.length);\n mMap = (MapView) view.findViewById(R.id.mapLite);\n mMap.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n mMap.getMapAsync(this);\n return view;\n }\n\n public Fragment newInstance() {\n return new BasicFragment();\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onMapReady(GoogleMap googleMap) {\n MapsInitializer.initialize(getActivity());\n final ViewOption viewOption = getViewOption();\n calculateAreaAndLength(viewOption);\n MapUtils.showElements(viewOption, googleMap, getActivity());\n googleMap.setOnMapClickListener(new GoogleMap.", "OnMapClickListener() {\n @Override\n public void onMapClick(LatLng latLng) {\n Bundle args = new Bundle();\n args.putParcelable(\"optionView\", viewOption);\n Intent intent = new Intent(getActivity(), MapsActivity.class);\n intent.putExtra(\"args\", args);\n startActivity(intent);\n }\n });\n }\n\n private void calculateAreaAndLength(ViewOption viewOption) {\n double area = 0.0;\n double length = 0.0;\n for (ExtraPolygon extraPolygon : viewOption.getPolygons()) {\n area += extraPolygon.getArea();\n }\n areaTextView.setText(String.format(Locale.", "ENGLISH, \"%.2f\", area) + getString(R.string.square_meters));\n for (ExtraPolyline extraPolyline : viewOption.getPolylines()) {\n length += extraPolyline.getLength();\n }\n lengthTextView.setText(String.format(Locale.", "ENGLISH, \"%.2f\", length) + getString(R.string.meters));\n }\n\n public static ViewOption getViewOption() {\n return new ViewOptionBuilder()\n .withStyleName(ViewOption.", "StyleDef.", "RETRO)\n .withCenterCoordinates(new LatLng(35.6892, 51.3890))\n .withMarkers(AppUtils.getListExtraMarker())\n .withPolygons(\n AppUtils.getPolygon_1()\n )\n .withPolylines(\n AppUtils.getPolyline_2(),\n AppUtils.getPolyline_4()\n )\n .withForceCenterMap(false)\n .build();\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Plasma estrogens in euthyroid and thyrotoxic women.", "\nPlasma levels of estrogen were measured daily by radioimmunoassay for 28 consecutive days in 12 healthy euthyroid women and 15 thyrotoxic women (10 with hypomenorrhea and 5 with amenorrhea) before commencement of therapy (except in one case) in an effort to increase understanding of the relationship between the thyroid gland and ovarian function. ", "The results show that the patterns of plasma estrogen in thyrotoxic women with hypomenorrhea were similar to those in euthyroid women, although the levels in the thyrotoxic women were significantly elevated (P less than 0.001). ", "Thyrotoxic women with amenorrhea also had a markedly elevated plasma estrogen level with a persistence of a sharp peak of estrogen but without the secondary estrogen rise associated with corpus luteum function. ", "This suggests a failure of the positive feedback effect of estrogen on the hypothalamopituitary axis with resultant failure of ovulation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\n\n日本国における国際連合の軍隊の地位に関する協定の実施に伴う刑事特別法\n（昭和二十九年六月一日法律第百五十一号）最終改正：平成二三年六月二四日法律第七四号\n\n　第一章　総則（第一条）\n\n　第二章　刑事手続（第二条―第十二条）\n\n　附則\n　　　第一章　総則\n\n\n（定義）\n第一条\n\n　この法律において「協定」とは、日本国における国際連合の軍隊の地位に関する協定をいう。", "\n\n２\n\n　この法律において「派遣国」とは、千九百五十年六月二十五日、六月二十七日及び七月七日の国際連合安全保障理事会決議並びに千九百五十一年二月一日の国際連合総会決議に従つて朝鮮に軍隊を派遣したアメリカ合衆国以外の国であつて、日本国との間に協定が効力を有している間におけるものをいう。", "\n\n３\n\n　この法律において「国際連合の軍隊」とは、派遣国が前項に規定する諸決議に従つて朝鮮に派遣した陸軍、海軍及び空軍であつて、日本国内にある間におけるものをいう。", "\n\n４\n\n　この法律において「国際連合の軍隊の構成員」とは、国際連合の軍隊に属する人員で、現に服役中のものをいう。", "\n\n５\n\n　この法律において「軍属」とは、派遣国の国籍を有する文民（派遣国及び日本国の二重国籍者については、当該派遣国が日本国内に入れた者に限る。）で、当該国際連合の軍隊に雇用され、これに勤務し、又はこれに随伴するもの（通常日本国内に在留する者を除く。）をいう。", "\n\n６\n\n　この法律において「家族」とは、左に掲げる者（日本国の国籍のみを有する者を除く。）をいう。", "\n一\n\n　国際連合の軍隊の構成員又は軍属の配偶者及び二十一歳未満の子\n\n二\n\n　国際連合の軍隊の構成員又は軍属の父、母及び二十一歳以上の子で、その生計費の半額以上を当該国際連合の軍隊の構成員又は軍属に依存するもの\n\n\n７\n\n　この法律において「国際連合の軍隊の使用する施設」とは、協定第五条第一項の施設をいう。", "\n\n\n\n　　　第二章　刑事手続\n\n\n（施設内の逮捕等）\n第二条\n\n　国際連合の軍隊がその権限に基いて警備している国際連合の軍隊の使用する施設内における逮捕、勾引状又は勾留状の執行その他人身を拘束する処分は、当該国際連合の軍隊の権限ある者の同意を得て行い、又は当該国際連合の軍隊の権限ある者に嘱託して行うものとする。", "\n\n２\n\n　死刑又は無期若しくは長期三年以上の懲役若しくは禁こにあたる罪に係る現行犯人を追跡して前項の施設内で逮捕する場合には、同項の同意を得ることを要しない。", "\n\n\n\n（逮捕された国際連合の軍隊の構成員又は軍属の引渡）\n第三条\n\n　検察官又は司法警察員は、逮捕された者が国際連合の軍隊の構成員又は軍属であり、且つ、その者の犯した罪が協定第十六条第三項(a)に掲げる罪のいずれかに該当すると明らかに認めたときは、刑事訴訟法\n（昭和二十三年法律第百三十一号）の規定にかかわらず、直ちに被疑者を当該国際連合の軍隊に引き渡さなければならない。", "\n\n２\n\n　司法警察員は、前項の規定により被疑者を国際連合の軍隊に引き渡した場合においても、必要な捜査を行い、すみやかに書類及び証拠物とともに事件を検察官に送致しなければならない。", "\n\n\n\n（国際連合の軍隊によつて逮捕された者の受領）\n第四条\n\n　検察官又は司法警察員は、国際連合の軍隊から日本国の法令による罪を犯した者を引き渡す旨の通知があつた場合には、裁判官の発する逮捕状を示して被疑者の引渡を受け、又は検察事務官若しくは司法警察職員にその引渡を受けさせなければならない。", "\n\n２\n\n　検察官又は司法警察員は、引き渡されるべき者が日本国の法令による罪を犯したことを疑うに足りる充分な理由があつて、急速を要し、あらかじめ裁判官の逮捕状を求めることができないときは、その理由を告げてその者の引渡を受け、又は受けさせなければならない。この場合には、直ちに裁判官の逮捕状を求める手続をしなければならない。逮捕状が発せられないときは、直ちにその者を釈放し、又は釈放させなければならない。", "\n\n３\n\n　前二項の場合を除く外、検察官又は司法警察員は、引き渡される者を受け取つた後、直ちにその者を釈放し、又は釈放させなければならない。", "\n\n４\n\n　第一項又は第二項の規定による引渡があつた場合には、刑事訴訟法第百九十九条\nの規定により被疑者が逮捕された場合に関する規定を準用する。但し、同法第二百三条\n、第二百四条及び第二百五条第二項に規定する時間は、引渡があつた時から起算する。", "\n\n\n\n（施設内の差押え、捜索等）\n第五条\n\n　国際連合の軍隊がその権限に基づいて警備している国際連合の軍隊の使用する施設内における、又は国際連合の軍隊の財産についての捜索（捜索状の執行を含む。）、差押え（差押状の執行を含む。）、記録命令付差押え（記録命令付差押状の執行を含む。）又は検証は、当該国際連合の軍隊の権限ある者の同意を得て行い、又は検察官若しくは司法警察員から当該国際連合の軍隊の権限ある者に嘱託して行うものとする。ただし、裁判所又は裁判官が必要とする検証の嘱託は、その裁判所又は裁判官からするものとする。", "\n\n\n\n（日本国の法令による罪に係る事件についての捜査）\n第六条\n\n　協定により派遣国の軍事裁判所が裁判権を行使する事件であつても、日本国の法令による罪に係る事件については、検察官、検察事務官又は司法警察職員は、捜査をすることができる。", "\n\n２\n\n　前項の捜査に関しては、裁判所又は裁判官は、令状の発付その他刑事訴訟に関する法令に定める権限を行使することができる。", "\n\n\n\n（証人の出頭等の義務）\n第七条\n\n　派遣国の軍事裁判所の嘱託により、裁判官から派遣国の軍事裁判所に証人として出頭すべき旨を命ぜられ、又は派遣国の軍事裁判所において宣誓若しくは証言を求められた者は、これに応じなければならない。", "\n\n２\n\n　前項の者が、正当な理由がないのに、出頭せず、又は宣誓若しくは証言を拒んだときは、一万円以下の過料に処する。", "\n\n\n\n（証人の勾引についての協力）\n第八条\n\n　正当な理由がないのに、前条第一項の規定による裁判官の出頭命令に応じない証人について派遣国の軍事裁判所から嘱託があつたときは、裁判官は、その証人に対して勾引状を発して、これを派遣国の軍事裁判所に勾引することができる。", "\n\n２\n\n　前項の勾引状には、派遣国の軍事裁判所の嘱託の趣旨を記載しなければならない。", "\n\n３\n\n　第一項の勾引状は、検察官の指揮により、司法警察職員が執行する。", "\n\n４\n\n　刑事訴訟法第七十一条\n及び第七十三条第一項\n前段の規定は、第一項の規定による勾引に準用する。", "\n\n\n\n（書類又は証拠物の提供等）\n第九条\n\n　裁判所、検察官又は司法警察員は、その保管する書類又は証拠物について、派遣国の軍事裁判所又は国際連合の軍隊から、刑事事件の審判又は捜査のため必要があるものとして申出があつたときは、その閲覧若しくは謄写を許し、謄本を作成して交付し、又はこれを一時貸与し、若しくは引き渡すことができる。", "\n\n\n\n（日本国の法令による罪に係る事件以外の刑事事件についての協力）\n第十条\n\n　検察官又は司法警察員は、国際連合の軍隊から、日本国の法令による罪に係る事件以外の刑事事件につき、当該国際連合の軍隊の構成員、軍属又は当該派遣国の軍法に服する家族の逮捕の要請を受けたときは、これを逮捕し、又は検察事務官若しくは司法警察職員に逮捕させることができる。", "\n\n２\n\n　国際連合の軍隊から逮捕の要請があつた者が、人の住居又は人の看守する邸宅、建造物若しくは船舶内にいることを疑うに足りる相当な理由があるときは、裁判官の許可を得て、その場所に入りその者を捜索することができる。但し、追跡されている者がその場所に入つたことが明らかであつて、急速を要し裁判官の許可を得ることができないときは、その許可を得ることを要しない。", "\n\n３\n\n　第一項の規定により国際連合の軍隊の構成員、軍属又は当該派遣国の軍法に服する家族を逮捕したときは、直ちに検察官又は司法警察員から、その者を当該国際連合の軍隊に引き渡さなければならない。", "\n\n４\n\n　司法警察員は、前項の規定により国際連合の軍隊の構成員、軍属又は当該派遣国の軍法に服する家族を引き渡したときは、その旨を検察官に通報しなければならない。", "\n\n\n\n第十一条\n\n\n　検察官又は司法警察員は、派遣国の軍事裁判所又は国際連合の軍隊から、日本国の法令による罪に係る事件以外の刑事事件につき、協力の要請を受けたときは、参考人を取り調べ、実況見分をし、又は書類その他の物の所有者、所持者若しくは保管者にその物の提出を求めることができる。", "\n\n２\n\n　検察官又は司法警察員は、検察事務官又は司法警察職員に前項の処分をさせることができる。", "\n\n３\n\n　前二項の処分に際しては、検察官、検察事務官又は司法警察職員は、その処分を受ける者に対して派遣国の軍事裁判所又は国際連合の軍隊の要請による旨を明らかにしなければならない。", "\n\n４\n\n　正当な理由がないのに、第一項又は第二項の規定による検察官、検察事務官又は司法警察職員の処分を拒み、妨げ、又は忌避した者は、一万円以下の過料に処する。", "\n\n\n\n（刑事補償）\n第十二条\n\n　刑事補償法\n（昭和二十五年法律第一号）又は少年の保護事件に係る補償に関する法律\n（平成四年法律第八十四号）の適用については、派遣国の軍事裁判所又は国際連合の軍隊による抑留又は拘禁は、刑事訴訟法\nによる抑留若しくは拘禁又は少年の保護事件に係る補償に関する法律第二条第一項第二号\nに掲げる身体の自由の拘束とみなす。", "\n\n\n\n\n\n　　　附　則　抄\n１\n　この法律は、日本国とアメリカ合衆国以外の国との間における協定の最初の効力発生の日から施行する。", "\n\n２\n　この法律の施行前に派遣国に関して日本国における国際連合の軍隊に対する刑事裁判権の行使に関する議定書の実施に伴う刑事特別法（昭和二十八年法律第二百六十五号。以下「法律第二百六十五号」という。）の規定によつてなされた手続及び処分は、この法律の相当規定によつてなされた手続及び処分とみなす。この法律の施行後に法律第二百六十五号の派遣国がこの法律の派遣国となつた場合において、この法律の派遣国となる前に当該派遣国に関し法律第二百六十五号の規定によつてなされた手続及び処分についても、同様とする。 ", " \n\n\n　　　附　則　（昭和六一年一二月四日法律第九三号）　抄\n\n（施行期日）\n第一条\n　この法律は、昭和六十二年四月一日から施行する。", "\n\n\n　　　附　則　（平成四年六月二六日法律第八四号）　抄\n（施行期日等）\n１\n　この法律は、公布の日から起算して九十日を超えない範囲内において政令で定める日から施行し、この法律の施行後に第二条に規定する決定があった保護事件に係る身体の自由の拘束又は没取について適用する。", "\n\n\n　　　附　則　（平成二三年六月二四日法律第七四号）　抄\n\n（施行期日）\n第一条\n　この法律は、公布の日から起算して二十日を経過した日から施行する。ただし、次の各号に掲げる規定は、当該各号に定める日から施行する。", "\n一\n　第二条の規定、第三条中組織的な犯罪の処罰及び犯罪収益の規制等に関する法律（以下「組織的犯罪処罰法」という。）第七十一条第一項の改正規定、第四条及び第五条の規定並びに附則第十条から第十二条まで及び第十六条の規定　公布の日から起算して一年を超えない範囲内において政令で定める日\n\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nReplace only certain percentage of value in condition\n\nI would like to change 5% of the good data into outliers. ", "So in this case n=40 which means I need to change 2 y-values to become outliers. ", "But I dont know how to put in one more condition to let R know that I only want to change 2 y-values, instead of all values less than or equal to 2. ", "Following are the R codes that I tried:\nset.seed(1001)\nx1 <- runif(40,1,10)\ny1 <- 5 + x1\nx <- 2\nfor (i in 1:length(x1)){\n if (x1[i] <= x){\n y1[i] <- rnorm(1,20,1)\n\n } \n}\n\nA:\n\nYou probably want the outliers to be randomly selected.", "\nset.seed(1001)\nx1 <- runif(40,1,10)\ny1 <- 5 + x1\n\nchange_idx <- sample(1:40, 2, replace = FALSE)\ny1[change_idx] <- rnorm(2, 20, 1)\n\nThe line y1[change_idx] makes use of vectorization, so there is no need for loops.", "\nTo make it easier to reuse it or change variables, you could use some variables for values that are used in the code:\nn <- 40\no <- 2\n\nx1 <- runif(n,1,10)\ny1 <- 5 + x1\n\nchange_idx <- sample(1:n, o, replace = FALSE)\ny1[change_idx] <- rnorm(o, 20, 1)\n\nYou can now visualise your data and mark the outliers:\ngroup <- rep(\"normal\", n)\ngroup[change_idx] <- \"outlier\"\nggplot(data.frame(x1, y1, group)) + geom_point(aes(x1, y1, col = group))\n\nDepending on what you want to achieve I recommend adding some noise to the y1 variable, e.g. y1 <- 5 + x1 + rnorm(n, 0, 1), which will result in data like this: \n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00333889816360601 ]

[ "// +build !", "ignore_autogenerated\n\n/*\nCopyright2019 The Kubernetes Authors.", "\n\nLicensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\nyou may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\nYou may obtain a copy of the License at\n\n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n\nUnless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\ndistributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\nWITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\nSee the License for the specific language governing permissions and\nlimitations under the License.", "\n*/\n\n// Code generated by helpgen. ", "DO NOT EDIT.", "\n\npackage markers\n\nimport (\n\t\"sigs.k8s.io/controller-tools/pkg/markers\"\n)\n\nfunc (Default) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"sets the default value for this field. \",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"A default value will be accepted as any value valid for the field. ", "Formatting for common types include: boolean: `true`, string: `Cluster`, numerical: `1.24`, array: `{1,2}`, object: `{policy: \\\"delete\\\"}`). ", "Defaults should be defined in pruned form, and only best-effort validation will be performed. ", "Full validation of a default requires submission of the containing CRD to an apiserver.\",", "\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\"Value\": markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\tSummary: \"\",\n\t\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (Enum) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies that this (scalar) field is restricted to the *exact* values specified here.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (ExclusiveMaximum) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"indicates that the maximum is \\\"up to\\\" but not including that value.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (ExclusiveMinimum) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"indicates that the minimum is \\\"up to\\\" but not including that value.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (Format) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies additional \\\"complex\\\" formatting for this field. \",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"For example, a date-time field would be marked as \\\"type: string\\\" and \\\"format: date-time\\\".\",", "\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (ListMapKey) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD processing\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the keys to map listTypes. \",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"It indicates the index of a map list. ", "They can be repeated if multiple keys must be used. ", "It can only be used when ListType is set to map, and the keys should be scalar types.\",", "\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (ListType) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD processing\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the type of data-structure that the list represents (map, set, atomic). \",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"Possible data-structure types of a list are: \\n - \\\"map\\\": it needs to have a key field, which will be used to build an associative list. ", "A typical example is a the pod container list, which is indexed by the container name. ", "\\n - \\\"set\\\": Fields need to be \\\"scalar\\\", and there can be only one occurrence of each. ", "\\n - \\\"atomic\\\": All the fields in the list are treated as a single value, are typically manipulated together by the same actor.\",", "\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (MapType) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD processing\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the level of atomicity of the map; i.e. whether each item in the map is independent of the others, or all fields are treated as a single unit. \",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"Possible values: \\n - \\\"granular\\\": items in the map are independent of each other, and can be manipulated by different actors. ", " This is the default behavior. ", "\\n - \\\"atomic\\\": all fields are treated as one unit. ", " Any changes have to replace the entire map.\",", "\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (MaxItems) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the maximum length for this list.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (MaxLength) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the maximum length for this string.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (Maximum) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the maximum numeric value that this field can have.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (MinItems) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the minimun length for this list.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (MinLength) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the minimum length for this string.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (Minimum) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the minimum numeric value that this field can have.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (MultipleOf) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies that this field must have a numeric value that's a multiple of this one.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (Nullable) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"marks this field as allowing the \\\"null\\\" value. \",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"This is often not necessary, but may be helpful with custom serialization.\",", "\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (Pattern) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies that this string must match the given regular expression.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (PrintColumn) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"adds a column to \\\"kubectl get\\\" output for this CRD.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\"Name\": markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the name of the column.\",", "\n\t\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\"Type\": markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\tSummary: \"indicates the type of the column. \",", "\n\t\t\t\tDetails: \"It may be any OpenAPI data type listed at https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/2.0.md#data-types.\",", "\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\"JSONPath\": markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the jsonpath expression used to extract the value of the column.\",", "\n\t\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\"Description\": markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the help/description for this column.\",", "\n\t\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\"Format\": markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the format of the column. \",", "\n\t\t\t\tDetails: \"It may be any OpenAPI data format corresponding to the type, listed at https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/2.0.md#data-types.\",", "\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\"Priority\": markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\tSummary: \"indicates how important it is that this column be displayed. \",", "\n\t\t\t\tDetails: \"Lower priority (*higher* numbered) columns will be hidden if the terminal width is too small.\",", "\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (Resource) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"configures naming and scope for a CRD.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\"Path\": markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the plural \\\"resource\\\" for this CRD. \",", "\n\t\t\t\tDetails: \"It generally corresponds to a plural, lower-cased version of the Kind. ", "See https://book.kubebuilder.io/cronjob-tutorial/gvks.html.\",", "\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\"ShortName\": markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies aliases for this CRD. \",", "\n\t\t\t\tDetails: \"Short names are often used when people have work with your resource over and over again. ", " For instance, \\\"rs\\\" for \\\"replicaset\\\" or \\\"crd\\\" for customresourcedefinition.\",", "\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\"Categories\": markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies which group aliases this resource is part of. \",", "\n\t\t\t\tDetails: \"Group aliases are used to work with groups of resources at once. ", "The most common one is \\\"all\\\" which covers about a third of the base resources in Kubernetes, and is generally used for \\\"user-facing\\\" resources.\",", "\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\"Singular\": markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\tSummary: \"overrides the singular form of your resource. \",", "\n\t\t\t\tDetails: \"The singular form is otherwise defaulted off the plural (path).\",", "\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\"Scope\": markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\tSummary: \"overrides the scope of the CRD (Cluster vs Namespaced). \",", "\n\t\t\t\tDetails: \"Scope defaults to \\\"Namespaced\\\". ", " Cluster-scoped (\\\"Cluster\\\") resources don't exist in namespaces.\",", "\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (SkipVersion) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"removes the particular version of the CRD from the CRDs spec. \",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"This is useful if you need to skip generating and listing version entries for 'internal' resource versions, which typically exist if using the Kubernetes upstream conversion-gen tool.\",", "\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (StorageVersion) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"marks this version as the \\\"storage version\\\" for the CRD for conversion. \",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"When conversion is enabled for a CRD (i.e. it's not a trivial-versions/single-version CRD), one version is set as the \\\"storage version\\\" to be stored in etcd. ", " Attempting to store any other version will result in conversion to the storage version via a conversion webhook.\",", "\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (StructType) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD processing\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the level of atomicity of the struct; i.e. whether each field in the struct is independent of the others, or all fields are treated as a single unit. \",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"Possible values: \\n - \\\"granular\\\": fields in the struct are independent of each other, and can be manipulated by different actors. ", " This is the default behavior. ", "\\n - \\\"atomic\\\": all fields are treated as one unit. ", " Any changes have to replace the entire struct.\",", "\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (SubresourceScale) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"enables the \\\"/scale\\\" subresource on a CRD.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\"SpecPath\": markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the jsonpath to the replicas field for the scale's spec.\",", "\n\t\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\"StatusPath\": markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the jsonpath to the replicas field for the scale's status.\",", "\n\t\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\"SelectorPath\": markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies the jsonpath to the pod label selector field for the scale's status. \",", "\n\t\t\t\tDetails: \"The selector field must be the *string* form (serialized form) of a selector. ", "Setting a pod label selector is necessary for your type to work with the HorizontalPodAutoscaler.\",", "\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (SubresourceStatus) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"enables the \\\"/status\\\" subresource on a CRD.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (Type) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"overrides the type for this field (which defaults to the equivalent of the Go type). \",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"This generally must be paired with custom serialization. ", " For example, the metav1.Time field would be marked as \\\"type: string\\\" and \\\"format: date-time\\\".\",", "\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (UniqueItems) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies that all items in this list must be unique.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"\",\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (UnservedVersion) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"does not serve this version. \",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"This is useful if you need to drop support for a version in favor of a newer version.\",", "\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (TopLevelDesc) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"specifies that a top-level description field will be added to the validation schema.\",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"This is useful for CRDs that want a top-level description field to describe the resource.\",", "\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (XEmbeddedResource) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD validation\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"EmbeddedResource marks a fields as an embedded resource with apiVersion, kind and metadata fields. \",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"An embedded resource is a value that has apiVersion, kind and metadata fields. ", "They are validated implicitly according to the semantics of the currently running apiserver. ", "It is not necessary to add any additional schema for these field, yet it is possible. ", "This can be combined with PreserveUnknownFields.\",", "\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (XPreserveUnknownFields) Help() *markers.", "DefinitionHelp {\n\treturn &markers.", "DefinitionHelp{\n\t\tCategory: \"CRD processing\",\n\t\tDetailedHelp: markers.", "DetailedHelp{\n\t\t\tSummary: \"PreserveUnknownFields stops the apiserver from pruning fields which are not specified. \",", "\n\t\t\tDetails: \"By default the apiserver drops unknown fields from the request payload during the decoding step. ", "This marker stops the API server from doing so. ", "It affects fields recursively, but switches back to normal pruning behaviour if nested properties or additionalProperties are specified in the schema. ", "This can either be true or undefined. ", "False is forbidden.\",", "\n\t\t},\n\t\tFieldHelp: map[string]markers.", "DetailedHelp{},\n\t}\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "The calibration and use of plane-parallel ionization chambers for dosimetry of electron beams.", "\nThe AAPM TG 39 protocol has proposed three different methods of calibrating plane-parallel ionization chambers, i.e., in-phantom irradiation with a high-energy electron beam and in-phantom and in-air 60Co irradiation. ", "To verify the consistency of the three methods, we have measured Ngaspp values using each of these techniques for the five most commonly used plane-parallel chambers considered by the protocol. ", "Our results demonstrate that the measured Ngaspp values for the three different methods for any of the chambers agree to within +/- 0.6%. ", "Once Ngaspp was measured, the determination of absorbed dose for electron beams with different energies for an AECL Therac 20 and Philips SL25 was carried out according to the AAPM TG 39 protocol. ", "The results show that the determination of the absorbed dose outputs for any of the five chambers agree to within +/- 0.7% for electron-beam energies of 4-20 MeV if all five chambers had Ngaspp values determined by the electron-beam method. ", "The uncertainties are well within the expected error for these approaches." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The real estate giant is running tests on its website and app that display its Zillow Offers for-sale homes ahead of other competing listings\n\nReal estate search giant Zillow has become the owner of hundreds of homes in the last year through its Zillow Offers service, in which the company buys properties directly from consumers for all-cash in select cities through its namesake website, and re-sells them on the open market.", "\n\nNow the company confirms that it is running tests on Zillow.com and its mobile apps that will show its own for-sale homes at the top of its home search pages, ahead of other competing for-sale listings.", "\n\nTo Be Continued\n\n————————————————————————————————————————\n\nDid you Lose Your Job? ", "Health Concerns? ", "Are you late on Mortgage Payments? ", "Need Help with the Bank ??", "\n\nContinued\n\nInman first observed this behavior when searching for properties in Phoenix, Arizona, on Zillow’s website and mobile app. ", "Take a look at the first four properties displayed in the screenshot below:\n\nIn fact, 22 of the 26 homes listed on the first page of an Inman reporter’s search results of for-sale and potential listings on a desktop, were homes owned by Zillow.", "\n\nIn Las Vegas, Zillow Offers’ second market, it took until the second page of searching for a non-Zillow-owned home to show up, searching only for-sale and potential listings under $600,000.", "\n\n“Searching on Zillow is designed to be personalized to allow a home shopper to tailor their results based on their specific criteria (ie, newest homes on market, number of bedrooms, house size, price range, neighborhood),” a spokesperson for Zillow told Inman, in a statement. “", "If a Zillow owned home fits that criteria, it will show up in a consumer’s search results.”", "\n\nTo Be Continued\n\n—————————————————————————————————————————\n\nDid you Lose\nYour Job? ", "Health Concerns?", "\nAre you late on Mortgage Payments? ", "Need Help with the Bank ??", "\n\nContinued\n\n“Additionally, as we experiment to improve the overall search experience on Zillow, we do test different ways we display search results, and that does include prominently displaying Zillow Owned homes, but we also prominently display listings that have video tours and 3D walkthroughs,” the spokesperson added.", "\n\nAgents whose listings appear on Zillow through agreements with local multiple listing services or direct feeds from their brokerage could feel slighted by Zillow Offers boosting its own listings above those of other companies.", "\n\nHowever, it should be noted, that as users change their filters or narrow their search on Zillow’s website and mobile app, it will further instantly change which listings rise to the top.", "\n\nThe above video shows a screen recording of that Las Vegas search on a desktop. ", "In a search of all homes for sale in Las Vegas on the mobile app, the first 34 results were all homes owned by Zillow, outside of one promoted listing.", "\n\nZillow spokesperson also told Inman that other real estate businesses and platforms boost their own listings\n\nOn Redfin, when searching in Seattle with no filters, the first two pages of results are Redfin listings.", "\n\nHowever Redfin, unlike Zillow, is a real estate brokerage that employs its own agents and is directly competing with other brokerages and franchises such as RE/MAX, Keller Williams, Century 21, etc. ", "Zillow does not operate as a traditional brokerage in that it does not employ agents (though it has brokerage licenses in several states) and uses outside real estate agents at other brokerages to represent its Zillow-owned homes for-sale.", "\n\nPhoenix and Las Vegas are the two markets in which Zillow Offers has operated the longest, but even in Denver, the first two listings are homes owned by Zillow, when this reporter searched for-sale and potential listings.", "\n\nOne commenter wrote in an Inman Facebook group thread about this phenomena that the first listing he saw in Phoenix was from rival online homebuyer and seller Opendoor.", "\n\n“Odd,” wrote John A. Brassner, a broker-owner in Las Vegas. “", "I clicked on your link and the first home was Opendoor not Zillow.”", "\n\nTo Be Continued\n\n————————————————————————————————————————–\n\nDid you Lose\nYour Job? ", "Health Concerns?", "\nAre you late on Mortgage Payments? ", "Need Help with the Bank ??", "\n\nContinued\n\nMultiple Inman staffers got different results when searching in Phoenix and Las Vegas.", "\n\nOn homes that aren’t owned by Zillow, browsers are greeted by the message, “Buying but need to sell first? ", "Get a Zillow Offer for your home,” under the listing photos.", "\n\nPage one of a search for homes in Las Vegas. ", "Every home on the page is owned by Zillow.", "\n\nZillow Offers is live in Phoenix, Las Vegas, Denver, Atlanta, Charlotte and Raleigh. ", "It’s not clear if, in the latter three markets, whether Zillow has not prioritized their own listings or if, instead, the company doesn’t own enough homes for sale in those markets yet to display them.", "\n\nZillow’s direct-to-consumer homebuying and selling platform – known in the industry as an “iBuyer” – plans to additionally launch in Houston, Dallas, Miami, Minneapolis, Nashville, Orlando, Portland and Riverside, California, in 2019.", "\n\nSo far, however, investors on Wall Street have not been happy with Zillow’s foray into this new business, with the stock falling after Zillow’s iBuyer announcement in April 2018 and Zillow’s acquisition of a mortgage lender meant to aid in the effort.", "\n\nZillow will announce its fourth quarter earnings on February 21, at which time the public will likely gain more insight into the first-year success of Zillow Offers.", "\n\nAt the Inman Connect real estate conference in New York City this week, the CEO of Knock, another competitor to Zillow Offers, predicted that in 10 years, more than 50 percent of home sales will go towards iBuyers." ]

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[ "The cdk-activating kinase (CAK): from yeast to mammals.", "\nCell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks). ", "The activity of cdks is tightly controlled by several mechanisms, including binding of subunits to cdks (cyclins and inhibitors), and phosphorylation events. ", "This review focuses on the activating phosphorylation of cdks by an enzyme termed cdk-activating kinase (CAK). ", "Two classes of CAKs have been identified: monomeric Cak1p from budding yeast and the p40MO15 (cdk7)/cyclin H/MAT1 complex from vertebrates. ", "Cak1p is the physiological CAK in budding yeast and localizes to the cytoplasm. ", "p40MO15(cdk7)/cyclin H/MAT1 localizes to the nucleus, is a subunit of the general transcription factor IIH and activates cdks as well as phosphorylates several components of the transcriptional machinery. ", "Functions, substrate specificities, regulation, localization, effects on cdk structure and involvement in transcription are compared for Cak1p and p40MO15(cdk7)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We theoretically study the operation of a 4-terminal device consisting of two lateral thin-film spin valves that are coupled by a magnetic insulator such as yttrium iron garnet (YIG) via the spin transfer torque. ", "By magnetoelectronic circuit theory we calculate the current voltage characteristics and find negative differential resistance and differential gain in a large region of parameter space. ", "We demonstrate that functionality is preserved when the control spin valve is replaced by a normal metal film with a large spin Hall angle.'", "\nauthor:\n- Takahiro Chiba\n- 'Gerrit E. W. Bauer'\n- Saburo Takahashi\ntitle: Spin torque transistor revisited\n---\n\nA transistor is a three terminal device that plays important roles in today’s electronics. ", "A conventional transistor generates a large current modulation between source and drain terminals by a relatively small signal on the third base contact. ", "This property is called gain and the corresponding circuit acts as an amplifier. ", "In the field of spintronics three-terminal devices have been studied since Datta-Das proposed the spin FET,[@Datta90] in which the electronic spin degrees of freedom are utilized to achieve new functionalities in circuits and devices made of ferromagnetic and normal conductors. ", "However, with few exceptions[@Bauer03; @Konishi12] spin transistors lack current gain, which is essential for many applications.", "\n\nA transistor based on the current-induced spin-transfer torque, the so-called spin torque transistor (STT), was proposed a decade ago.[@Bauer03] Figure 1 shows the schematics of the device. ", "The central insulating ferromagnetic disk with in-plane magnetization is sandwiched by normal metal films on both sides that form the spacers of two lateral spin valves (LSVs). ", "The magnetizations in the upper and lower LSVs are parallel to the $x$ and $y$ direction, respectively, forming a closed magnetic flux loop with weak stray fields. ", "An applied voltage $V_{S}$ drives a current through the lower LSV, generating a spin accumulation in the lower normal metal spacer that exerts a torque on the magnetization of the central magnetic disk in the $y$-direction. ", "Application of a voltage $V_{B}$ induces a spin accumulation that creates a spin transfer torque along $x$, which competes with that of the lower LSV. ", "The magnetization direction of the central layer can therefore be controlled by the relative magnitude of $V_{S}$ and $V_{B}$. The transistor action consists of the control of the source-drain current $I_{SD}$ by the base voltage $V_{B}$. This device can display negative differential resistance and gain when the conductance polarization is high and spin-flip scattering is small, even at room temperature.[@Bauer03] Unfortunately, current gain was found only for very highly polarized magnetic contacts. ", "The originally proposed structure was also complicated, since the central layer was assumed to be a strongly coupled magnetic tunnel junction.", "\n\n![", "Schematics of the spin torque transistor.[@Bauer03] The contacts are ferromagnets in a flux closure configuration. ", "The circular disk is made form a magnetic insulator with easy plane magnetization, while the rectangles represent normal metal thin films. ", "$\\theta$ is the angle between base magnetization and $y$-axis.[]{data-label=\"Figure1\"}](fig1_Chiba.eps){width=\"40.00000%\"}\n\nRecently, magnetic insulators have attracted attention as new materials for spintronics. ", "The magnetization of Yttrium iron garnet (YIG), a ferrimagnetic insulator (FI) with a large band gap, can be activated thermally[@Uchida10] or electrically[@Kajiwara10] by means of the spin Hall effect (SHE) via a Pt contact and detected electrically in another Pt contact using the inverse SHE (ISHE). ", "Spin transport at a normal metal (N)FI interface is governed by the spin-mixing conductance $g^{\\uparrow\n\\downarrow}$.[@Brataas00] The prediction of large $g^{\\uparrow\\downarrow}$ for interfaces between YIG and simple metals by first-principle calculations[@Jia11] has been confirmed by experiments,[@Heinrich11] proving that the magnetization in insulators may undergo large spin-transfer torques. ", "We therefore propose here a thin YIG film as central layer of an STT as shown in Fig. ", "1. ", "Secondly, we suggest to take advantage of the recent discovery of the giant spin Hall effect in Ta[@Tant] and W[@Tung] or Bi-doped Cu[@CuBi] to operate the STT, leading to further simplifications of the device design.", "\n\nThe $I$-$V$ characteristics of the spin torque transistor with a YIG base as shown in Fig. ", "1 can be computed by magnetoelectronic circuit theory.[@Brataas00] We calculate source-drain currents, torques on the base magnetization created by the spin accumulations, and the differential resistance and gain as a function of the voltage ratio $V_{S}/V_{B}$ and device parameters.", "\n\nAt the interface between a monodomain ferromagnet with magnetization parallel to the unit vector $\\mathbf{m}$ and a paramagnetic metal, the charge and spin currents, $I_{c}$ and $\\boldsymbol{I}_{s}$, driven by charge chemical potential difference $\\Delta\\mu_{c}$ and spin accumulation in the normal metal $\\Delta\\boldsymbol{\\mu}_{s}$ are linear functions of the interface conductances. ", "The conventional conductances $g^{\\uparrow\\uparrow}$ and $g^{\\downarrow\\downarrow}$ for electrons with up and down spins, respectively, vanish when the ferromagnet is an insulator. ", "The complex spin-mixing conductance $g^{\\uparrow\\downarrow}$ governs the spin current polarized transverse to the magnetization. ", "The conductance parameters are in units of the conductance quantum $e^{2}/h$, contain (for ferromagnetic metals) bulk and interface contributions, and can be computed from first-principles.[@Xia10] For metallic[@Xia10; @Stiles12] and insulating[@Jia11] ferromagnets, $\\operatorname{Im}g^{\\uparrow\\downarrow}$ is usually smaller than $10\\%$ of $\\operatorname{Re}g^{\\uparrow\\downarrow}$ and is disregarded below. ", "It is convenient to introduce $g=g^{\\uparrow\n\\uparrow}+g^{\\downarrow\\downarrow}$ and $p=(g^{\\uparrow\\uparrow}-g^{\\downarrow\\downarrow})/g$, where $g$ is the total conductance and $p$ its polarization. ", "The continuity equation for spin current and spin accumulation $\\boldsymbol{\\mu}_{s}^{N1}$ in N1 reads: $$\\mathbf{I}_{s}^{S}+\\mathbf{I}_{s}^{D}+\\mathbf{I}_{s}^{B}=\\frac{e^{2}N(0)V_{ol}}{\\tau_{\\mathrm{sf}}}\\boldsymbol{\\mu}_{s}^{N1},$$ where $\\boldsymbol{I}_{s}^{S/D/B}$ are the spin currents flowing from the Source/Drain/Base ferromagnets into the spacer N1. ", "$N(0)$ and $V_{ol}$ are the density of states at the Fermi level and the volume, and $\\tau_{\\mathrm{sf}}$ is the spin-flip relaxation time. ", "Spin-flip can be disregarded in the normal metal node of small enough structures made from metals with weak spin dissipation such Al,[@Jedema00] Cu,[@Jedema01] Ag,[@Silver] or graphene.[@graphene] The spin-flip in the source and drain electrodes can simply be included by taking their magnetically active thickness as the smaller one of the spin-flip diffusion length and physical thickness. ", "The electrically insulating base electrode is assumed to be thin and magnetically soft. ", "The source-drain current $I_{SD}$ has been derived earlier[@Bauer10] in terms of $g_{S}$ and $p_{S}$, the normal conductance and polarization of the metallic source/drain contacts and $g_{S}^{\\uparrow\\downarrow}$ $\\bigl(g_{B}^{\\uparrow\\downarrow}\\bigl) $ is the spin-mixing conductance of the source/drain (insulating base) contacts. ", "$I_{SD}$ depends on the base magnetization angle $\\theta$ with respect to the $y$-axis. ", "The torque $\\tau_{B}^{N1}(\\theta)$ on the base magnetization created by the spin accumulation in the space is proportional to the transverse spin current into the base.[@Bauer10] We disregard effects of the Ørsted field produced by $I_{SD}.$ A steady state with finite $\\theta$ exists when $\\tau_{B}^{N1}$ is exactly canceled by an external torque, either from an applied magnetic field or a current-induced torque from the top layer. ", "We assume the same parameters for the upper and lower sections such that $\\tau_{B}^{N2}(\\theta)/V_{B}=\\tau_{B}^{N1}(\\pi/2-\\theta)/V_{S}$ (see Fig. ", "1), where $V_{B}$ is the voltage over the upper layer. ", "We keep the ratio between the mixing conductances of metal and insulator variable, *viz*. ", "chose $g_{S}:g_{S}^{\\uparrow\\downarrow\n}:g_{B}^{\\uparrow\\downarrow}=1:1:\\beta$. The stationary state of the biased spin torque transistor is described by the angle $\\theta_{0}$ at which the two torques on the base magnet cancel each other. ", "$\\tau_{B}^{N1}(\\theta_{0})=\\tau_{B}^{N2}(\\theta_{0})$ then leads to the transcendental equation $$\\frac{V_{S}}{V_{B}}=\\frac{\\tan^{2}\\theta_{0}+\\epsilon}{\\epsilon\\tan^{2}\\theta_{0}+1}\\frac{1}{\\tan\\theta_{0}},\\label{Eqltheta}$$ where $\\epsilon=(\\beta+2)/(2\\beta+2)$. With $\\delta=1/\\left( \\beta+1\\right)\n,$ the source-drain conductance becomes $$\\frac{I_{SD}(V_{S},V_{B})}{V_{S}}=\\frac{e}{h}\\frac{g_{S}}{2}\\left(\n1-p_{S}^{2}\\frac{\\epsilon+\\delta\\tan^{2}\\theta_{0}}{\\epsilon+\\tan^{2}\\theta_{0}}\\right). ", " \\label{ISDSV}$$ With increasing $p_{S}$, strong non-linearities develop that for large polarizations lead to negative differential conductances for $V_{S}/V_{B}\\gtrsim1$.\n\n![(", "a),(b):Differential current gain as a function of the voltage ratio $V_{S}/V_{B}$ for different values of $p_{S}$ (c) $\\beta=1$, (d) $\\beta=5$. Insets represent the infinity gain for the critical value of $p_{S}$.[]{data-label=\"Figure2\"}](fig2_Chiba.eps){width=\"40.00000%\"}\n\nWe concentrate on the differential current gain $\\Gamma=T/G$ as a representative figure of merit, where $T=\\left( dI_{SD}/dV_{B}\\right)\n_{V_{S}}=\\left( \\partial I_{SD}/\\partial\\theta\\right) _{V_{B}}\\left(\n\\partial\\theta/\\partial V_{B}\\right) _{V_{S}}$ is the differential transconductance and $G=\\left( dI_{SD}/dV_{S}\\right) _{V_{B}}=I_{SD}/V_{S}+\\left( \\partial I_{SD}/\\partial\\theta\\right) _{V_{S}}\\left(\n\\partial\\theta/\\partial V_{S}\\right) _{V_{B}}$ the differential source-drain conductance $G$. While Ref. ", "focused on angles $\\theta_{0}\\rightarrow0$, we extend the calculations of the spin torque transistor device characteristics to arbitrary working points $\\theta_{0}$ controlled by the ratio of the applied voltages. ", "The differential gain then reads\n\n$$\\Gamma=\\frac{2p_{S}^{2}(1-\\delta)\\tan\\theta_{0}}{1+(3\\epsilon-1/\\epsilon\n)\\tan^{2}\\theta_{0}+\\tan^{4}\\theta_{0}-p_{S}^{2}\\left[ 1+(3\\epsilon\n-\\delta/\\epsilon)\\tan^{2}\\theta_{0}+\\delta\\tan^{4}\\theta_{0}\\right].", "\n}\\label{DG1}$$\n\nBy substituting the solution of Eq. (", "\\[Eqltheta\\]), we calculate the differential current gain $\\Gamma$ as a function of $V_{S}/V_{B}\\ and$ plot it in Fig. ", "\\[Figure2\\] as a function of the ratio $V_{S}/V_{B}$ and different values of the conductance polarization of the metallic ferromagnetic contacts $p_{S}$. The differential current gain can be huge, particularly near the half-metallic limit of $p_{S}=1$, indicating that the contacts should be fabricated from high polarizations materials such as certain Heusler alloys or very thin MgO tunnel junctions. ", "The device performance depends strongly on all parameters and is by no means universal. ", "The critical value of $p_{S}$ for vanishing differential resistance $G(\\theta_{0})=0$ can be computed as $$\\begin{aligned}\np_{S}(\\beta) & =\\sqrt{\\frac{9\\epsilon^{2}-1}{9\\epsilon^{2}-\\delta}}=\\sqrt{\\frac{5\\beta^{2}+28\\beta+32}{9\\beta^{2}+32\\beta+32}}\\\\\n& \\rightarrow\\frac{\\sqrt{5}}{3}\\simeq0.74536\\ \\ (\\beta\\rightarrow\\infty).\\end{aligned}$$ $\\beta$ can be increased by reducing the source/drain contact areas or by introducing tunnel junctions, although this will increase the response time. ", "It should also be kept in mind that our results are valid only when the spin accumulation is not strongly affected by spin flip assuming that $\\mu_{s}^{N1}/p_{S}eV_{S}=1$. The error involved can be estimated by the spin accumulation of the spin valve for $\\theta=0$, for which the spin accumulation is limited by the spin relaxation according to[@SA] $$\\frac{\\mu_{s}^{N1}}{p_{S}^{2}eV_{S}}=\\left[ 1+\\frac{hA}{e^{2}g_{S}}\\frac{L_{N1}}{\\rho_{N1}\\lambda_{N1}^{2}}\\right] ^{-1},$$ where $\\rho_{N1}$ is the bulk resistivity, $L_{N1}$ the length, and $\\lambda_{N1}$ the spin diffusion length. ", "Figure \\[Figure3\\] shows this ratio for Py$|$Cu, Py$|$Ag, Py$|$Al, Co$|$Graphene, using the (room temperature) parameters. ", "$\\rho_{N}=2.9,\\ 2.0,\\ 3.2$ and 3.0 $\\mathrm{\\mu\n\\Omega cm}$, and $\\lambda_{N}=400,$ 700, 600 and 2000 $\\mathrm{nm}$ for Cu, Ag, Al and Graphene, respectively.[@Jedema03; @Silver; @Han12]\n\n![", "Spin accumulation in the source-drain spin valve for $\\theta=0$ as a function of the interface resistance $R_{S}=hA/e^{2}/g_{S}$ for a node length of $L_{N1}=200\\,\\mathrm{nm}$.[]{data-label=\"Figure3\"}](fig3_Chiba.eps){width=\"40.00000%\"}\n\nThe spin Hall effect (SHE)[@Dyakonov10] refers to the spin current induced transverse to a charge current through a nonmagnetic material with spin-orbit interaction. ", "Recently, large spin Hall effects have been reported in platinum,[@Kimura10] and CuBi alloy.[@CuBi] $\\beta$-tantalum,[@Tant] and $\\beta$-tungsten,[@Tung] generate spin Hall currents large enough to induce spin-torque switching of ferromagnetic contacts. ", "The strength of the SHE is measured by the spin Hall angle defined by the ratio, $\\alpha_{\\mathrm{SH}}=I_{s}/I_{c}$, where $I_{s}$ is the transverse spin current induced by a charge current $I_{c}$. $\\alpha\n_{\\mathrm{SH}}=0.07$ for Pt,[@Kimura10] $-0.15$ for $\\beta$-Ta,[@Tant] $-0.3$ for $\\beta$-W,[@Tung] and $-0.24$ for CuBi alloy[@CuBi] have been reported. ", "We therefore suggest the device which we call the spin Hall torque transistor. ", "In the new device, the control spin valve (upper one in Fig. ", "\\[Figure1\\]) is replaced by a normal metal film with a large spin Hall angle. ", "For the cited values of $\\alpha_{\\mathrm{SH}}$ its performance is comparable to the one discussed above, but easier to fabricate. ", "We point out the interest of simple bilayers of a spin Hall metal and magnetic insulator, in which an new effect has been discovered recently, *viz*. ", "a dependence of the electrical resistance in the normal on the magnetization angle of the neighboring magnetic insulator, the spin Hall magnetoresistance.[@Nakayama13; @Chen13] We can therefore envisage a device in which both spin valves are replaced by films of a metal with a large spin Hall angle. ", "In this case, the steady state magnetization angle is simply $\\theta=\\arctan\\left( V_{B}/V_{S}\\right) $. ", "However, since the spin Hall magnetoresistance in the lower layer scales like $\\alpha_{\\mathrm{SH}}^{2}$, such a device would be not very attractive unless $\\alpha_{\\mathrm{SH}}\\gtrsim1,$ which has not been reported up to now. ", "We therefore consider in the following a hybrid device consisting of a source-drain lateral spin valve as before, and only replace the upper one by a spin Hall metal.", "\n\nWe treat the upper layer (spin Hall system) by diffusion theory with quantum mechanical boundary conditions at the interface to the insulating magnet.[@Chen13] At $\\theta=0\\left( \\pi/2\\right) $ the source-drain current into (or torque on) the magnetic insulator vanishes (is maximal) while that from the upper film is maximal (vanishes). ", "Following Ref. , ", "the torque reads: $$\\tau_{B}^{\\mathrm{SH}}(\\theta)=\\frac{\\hbar}{2e}\\alpha_{\\mathrm{SH}}\\frac{A\\sigma}{L}V_{B}\\frac{2\\lambda G_{B2}^{\\uparrow\\downarrow}\\tanh(d/2\\lambda)}{\\sigma+2\\lambda G_{B2}^{\\uparrow\\downarrow}\\coth\n{(d/\\lambda)}}\\cos{\\theta},$$ where $d$ is the film thickness, $A=LW$ the cross section of the contact, with $L$ and $W$ the length and width of the (rectangular) wire in contact with the YIG disk, and $G_{B2}^{\\uparrow\\downarrow}(=e^2g_{B2}^{\\uparrow\\downarrow}/A/h)$ the real part of the spin-mixing interface conductance per unit area for the top contact.", "\n\nThe torque-induced rotation from $\\theta=0$ suppresses the spin accumulation and increases the source-drain current. ", "As before this may lead to vanishing differential conductance. ", "We choose a model system with $p_{S}$ and $\\alpha_{\\mathrm{SH}}$ variable, but other parameters fixed, viz. ", "$g_{S}:g_{S}^{\\uparrow\\downarrow}:g_{B1}^{\\uparrow\\downarrow}:g_{B2}^{\\uparrow\n\\downarrow}=1:1:\\beta:\\gamma$. The two torques on the base magnet cancel each other, when $\\tau_{B}^{N1}(\\theta_{0})=\\tau_{B}^{\\mathrm{SH}}(\\theta_{0})$ or $$F\\frac{V_{S}}{V_{B}}=\\frac{\\tan^{2}\\theta_{0}+\\epsilon}{\\tan^{2}\\theta_{0}+1}\\frac{1}{\\tan\\theta_{0}}, \\label{Eqltheta2}$$ where $F\\equiv K(1-\\epsilon),$ $\\epsilon=\\left( \\beta+2\\right)\n/(2\\beta+2),$ and $$K=2\\frac{e^{2}g_{S}}{hA}\\frac{L}{\\sigma}\\frac{p_{S}}{\\alpha_{\\mathrm{SH}}}\\left[ \\frac{\\sigma}{2\\gamma\\lambda}\\frac{hA}{e^{2}g_{S}}+\\coth\\frac{{d}}{{\\lambda}}\\right] \\coth\\frac{{d}}{{2\\lambda}}.$$ The enhancement factor $F\\sim L$ scales with the SHE metal wire and the base magnetic insulator contact length because the spin current density is governed by the electric field $V_{B}/L.$ The differential gain now reads\n\n$$\\Gamma=\\frac{1}{F}\\frac{2p_{S}^{2}\\epsilon(1-\\delta)\\tan\\theta}{\\epsilon\n+(3\\epsilon-1)\\tan^{2}\\theta+\\tan^{4}\\theta-p_{S}^{2}\\left[ \\epsilon\n+(3\\epsilon-\\delta)\\tan^{2}\\theta+\\delta\\tan^{4}\\theta\\right] }. ", "\\label{DG22}$$\n\nBy substituting the solution of Eq. (", "\\[Eqltheta2\\]), we calculate the differential current gain $\\Gamma$ as a function of $V_{S}/V_{B}\\ $and plot it in Fig, \\[Figure4\\] for different values of the conductance polarization and the spin Hall angle $\\alpha_{\\mathrm{SH}}$.\n\n![(", "a),(b):Differential current gain in the spin (Hall) transistor as a function of the voltage ratio $V_{S}/V_{B}$ for different values of $p_{S}$ and $\\alpha_{\\mathrm{SH}}$ ($\\beta=\\gamma=5,e^{2}g_{S}/h/(L\\sigma\n)=1,K=5p_{S}/6/\\alpha_{\\mathrm{SH}}$) (c)$\\alpha_{\\mathrm{SH}}=0.3$, (d) $\\alpha_{\\mathrm{SH}}=1.$ Insets represent the infinity gain for the critical value of $p_{S}$.[]{data-label=\"Figure4\"}](fig4_Chiba.eps){width=\"40.00000%\"}\n\nThe critical value of $p_{S}$ at which $G(\\theta)=0$ in Eq. (", "\\[DG22\\]) becomes $$\\begin{aligned}\np_{S}(\\beta) & =\\sqrt{\\frac{9\\epsilon-1}{9\\epsilon-\\delta}}=\\sqrt\n{\\frac{7\\beta+16}{9\\beta+16}}\\\\\n& \\rightarrow\\frac{\\sqrt{7}}{3}\\simeq0.88192\\ \\ (\\beta\\rightarrow\\infty).\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThe spin (Hall) torque transistors can display negative differential resistance and differential gain by controlling source-drain current by the competing spin transfers on both sides of the base magnetization. ", "We represented the negative differential resistance and gain as a function of the ratio between the base voltage and the source-drain voltage. ", "These device can operate at room temperature, but in order to be useful, ferromagnetic materials with polarizations close to unity and normal metals with a large spin Hall angles are required. ", "These parameters are still quite high, but might be accessible with special materials. ", "The base contact should be a magnetic insulator in order to suppress undesired cross-talk and have a large mixing conductance with the normal metal, which is known to be the case for YIG.[@Jia11; @Heinrich11] Tunnel junctions or reduced contact areas for the source-drain contacts improve the differential gain but slow down the response time and require reduced spin-flip scattering. ", "The contact between the metals and YIG should be relatively large. ", "Since the current-induced torques due to the spin Hall effect are comparable to that from spin valves, the performance of the spin (Hall) torque transistor can be comparable to the old type, but might be easier to fabricate. ", "We also note that while $p_{S}\\leq1$, $\\alpha_{\\mathrm{SH}}$ is not limited by any principle.", "\n\nThe spin torque transistors are to our knowledge the only spintronics devices that provide analogue gain; this in contrast to the Oersted field-operated digital scheme in Ref. (", "that, by the way, could also work with the spin Hall effect). ", "A disadvantage of the spin torque transistor is the stand-by current that is analogous to the leakage current in bipolar transistors. ", "The full electric control of the magnetization direction without need for magnetic field might find applications as well.", "\n\nThis work was supported by FOM (Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie), EU-ICT-7  the ICC-IMR, DFG Priority Programme 1538  (GO 944/4), and KAKENHI (No. ", "22540346).", "\n\n[99]{}\n\nS. Datta and B. Das, Appl. ", "Phys. ", "Lett. **", "56**, 665 (1990).", "\n\nK. Konishi, T. Nozaki, H. Kubota, A. Fukushima, S. Yuasa, and Y. Suzuki, IEEE Trans. ", "Magn. **", "48**, 1134 (2012).", "\n\nG. E. W. Bauer, A. Brataas, Y. Tserkovnyak, and B. J. van Wees, Appl. ", "Phys. ", "Lett. **", "82**, 3928 (2003).", "\n\nK. Uchida, J. Xiao, H. Adachi, J. Ohe, S. Takahashi, J. Ieda, T. Ota, Y. Kajiwara, H. Umezawa, H. Kawai, G. E.W. Bauer, S. 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{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nRetinitis pigmentosa is a collection of inherited retinal disorders characterized by a progressive increase in night blindness and visual field loss. ", "The rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium are the main structures affected. ", "The number of genes, mutations of which cause retinitis pigmentosa, has greatly increased, but the phenotypes of these patients vary considerably. ", "Even a mutation in one gene can lead to very different clinical phenotypes. ", "Thus, it is difficult to predict the degree of progression and the final visual acuity in individual patients by genotyping.[@b1-opth-5-1459]\n\nThe two most common tests used in the clinic to follow the progression of retinitis pigmentosa are best corrected visual acuity, measured with optotypes of approximately 100% contrast, and visual fields. ", "However, these examinations are generally not sensitive enough to evaluate the degree of progression of retinitis pigmentosa. ", "Several studies have used contrast sensitivity measurements to evaluate patients with retinitis pigmentosa, and the results have shown that the contrast sensitivity function can be depressed in patients with retinitis pigmentosa even in those who still have good central vision.[@b2-opth-5-1459]--[@b7-opth-5-1459] Under constant luminance levels, the results of Arden grating tests showed that patients with retinitis pigmentosa have a decrease in their contrast sensitivity function, especially at high spatial frequencies.[@b5-opth-5-1459]--[@b7-opth-5-1459] Measurements of contrast sensitivity using a modified Vistech contrast sensitivity system have shown that patients with retinitis pigmentosa have significantly lower contrast sensitivity at all luminance levels, especially at the middle and high spatial frequencies.[@b7-opth-5-1459] Other authors have obtained similar results by using letter charts instead of grating targets.[@b8-opth-5-1459]--[@b10-opth-5-1459] Their results showed that patients with retinitis pigmentosa had a lower ability to identify low contrast letters at all luminance levels. ", "This contrast sensitivity method with letter targets has two advantages; first, the letters are easier to identify by patients, and second, the ability to use different luminance levels is easier, although the change in background luminance level is performed by a slide projector, which is not especially accurate.", "\n\nAlthough contrast sensitivity measurements have been recognized to be a more sensitive method for following patients with retinitis pigmentosa, there are several difficulties that need to be overcome for its routine use in the outpatient clinic. ", "First, most of the contrast sensitivity measurements are performed with printed charts which are difficult to print with accurate contrast. ", "Second, patients can remember the orientation of the gratings or the position of the letter on a printed chart. ", "And third, accurate and consistent luminance changes are not fully achieved with slide projectors.", "\n\nThe contrast sensitivity acuity tester (CAT-CP, Neits Instrument, Nagoya, Japan) was developed to overcome these disadvantages. ", "This instrument determines the logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity using different contrast Landolt rings instead of letter optotypes, and the tests can be performed under photopic and mesopic conditions. ", "To date, the contrast visual acuity has been used mainly to assess preoperative and postoperative visual acuities in patients with cataracts, intraocular lens implantation,[@b11-opth-5-1459] and refractive surgery. ", "Contrast visual acuity findings in patients with retinitis pigmentosa have not been published.", "\n\nThe purpose of this study was to determine contrast visual acuity in patients with retinitis pigmentosa and compare this with that of normal individuals. ", "We would like to confirm that measurements with lower contrast targets might be more representative of visual stimuli encountered in daily living by patients with retinitis pigmentosa.", "\n\nMaterials and methods\n=====================\n\nSubjects\n--------\n\nRetinitis pigmentosa was diagnosed on the findings of peripheral visual field restrictions and scotomas, abnormalities in the electroretinogram, intraretinal bone spicule-like pigmentation, and narrowing of the retinal vessels. ", "Sixty eyes from 31 normal controls, 92 eyes from 52 typical patients with retinitis pigmentosa without cataract or other ophthalmological disorders (RP-1 group), and 20 eyes from 14 patients with typical retinitis pigmentosa and cataract without other ophthalmological disorders (RP-2 group) were studied. ", "Cataract is known to influence contrast visual acuity even when visual acuity is apparently good, so we enrolled patients with retinitis pigmentosa and cataract as a different group (RP-2). ", "The RP-2 enrolment criteria were cataract being cortical and posterior subcapsular type. ", "The patients were seen in the Eye Clinic at Chiba University Hospital from May to November 2008. ", "Their mean age (±standard deviation) was 37.8 ± 13.4 (range 21--59) years in the control group, 46.9 ± 14.1 (range 12 to 71) years in the RP-1 group, and 53.7 ± 12.2 (range 28--69) years in the RP-2 group. ", "Only patients with retinitis pigmentosa whose decimal visual acuity was ≥1.0 or 0 logMAR units with central visual fields ≥ 10 degrees were studied. ", "Patients who had intraocular lens implantation, whose subjective refractive error was \\>±6.0 diopters (D), or whose cylinder power was \\>±2.0 D were excluded. ", "Individuals with visual acuity ≥1.0 and no ocular diseases were studied as controls.", "\n\nConventional visual acuity measurements\n---------------------------------------\n\nVisual acuity was determined monocularly using Landolt ring charts (system charts SC-2000 Nidek Instruments, Gamagori, Japan) at a test distance of 5 m. All tests were performed at a constant background luminance of 150 cd/m^2^. The decimal visual acuity values were converted to logMAR units, and mean values were used for the analyses. ", "When more than two correct answers were obtained during the three trial tests, the subject was considered to have identified orientation of the ring correctly.", "\n\nContrast visual acuity measurements\n-----------------------------------\n\nContrast visual acuity can be measured automatically under three contrast levels, ie, 100%, 10%, and 5%, under both photopic and mesopic conditions with the CAT-CP. ", "However, only contrast levels of 100% and 10% were used, because most patients with retinitis pigmentosa had difficulty in recognizing even the largest ring of 1.3 logMAR units under 5% contrast. ", "Thus, contrast visual acuity was determined monocularly under four conditions, ie, two contrast levels under photopic and mesopic conditions. ", "Landolt rings are used with the CAT-CP, and the luminance of the rings and background can be chosen to be photopic (200 cd/m^2^) or mesopic (10 cd/m^2^). ", "The luminances of 200 cd/m^2^ and 10 cd/m^2^ were the conditions for daytime and evening, respectively. ", "Measurements were made after dark-adapting for at least 5 minutes, and the refractive error was corrected for 5 m. All measurements were made by one investigator (KO) who was masked to the type of patient.", "\n\nComparisons\n-----------\n\nThree comparisons were made. ", "First, contrast visual acuities among the three groups were compared under the two contrast levels, 100% and 10%, and under photopic and mesopic conditions. ", "Second, differences between visual acuity (150 cd/m^2^) and 100% contrast visual acuity under two luminance levels (200 cd/m^2^ and 10 cd/m^2^) were compared among the three groups to investigate the effects of luminance. ", "In this comparison, we used the same Landolt ring under a 100% contrast level and chose the \"distance\" as 5 m on CAT-CP to minimize the difference between the two methods. ", "Finally, the contrast visual acuities between two contrast levels of 100% and 10% among the three groups were compared under two luminance levels to investigate the effects of contrast.", "\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nThe statistical significance of differences in visual acuity was determined using the analysis of covariance test (ANCOVA) for comparison among the three groups with correction for age differences. ", "Differences in the contrast visual acuity data were also evaluated using ANCOVA with correction for age and visual acuity differences among the three groups.", "\n\nANCOVA is a general linear model with a continuous outcome variable (quantitative) and two or more predictor variables, where at least one is continuous (quantitative) and at least one is categorical (qualitative). ", "Inclusion of covariates can increase the statistical power because it accounts for some of the variability. ", "All of the probabilities were corrected for multiple testing by the Dunnett method. ", "Differences were considered statistically significant if the *P* value was \\<0.05.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nThe visual acuities and contrast visual acuities of the three groups are shown in [Table 1](#t1-opth-5-1459){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The visual acuities were relatively good in the three groups, and were not significantly different by ANCOVA.", "\n\nThe 100% and 10% contrast visual acuities determined under photopic conditions were significantly lower in both the RP-1 and RP-2 groups than in the controls (*P* = 0.0001, *P* = 0.0003, *P* = 0.0002, *P* = 0.0007, respectively, by ANCOVA, [Figure 1A](#f1-opth-5-1459){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The 100% and 10% contrast visual acuities obtained under photopic conditions were significantly lower in the RP-2 group than in the RP-1 group (*P* = 0.002, *P* = 0.046, respectively, by ANCOVA). ", "The 100% and 10% contrast visual acuities determined under mesopic conditions were significantly lower in both the RP-1 and RP-2 groups than in the controls (*P* = 0.0002, *P* = 0.0005, *P* = 0.0009, *P* = 0.0003, respectively, by ANCOVA, [Figure 1B](#f1-opth-5-1459){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The 100% and 10% contrast visual acuities obtained under mesopic conditions were significantly lower in the RP-2 group than in the RP-1 group (*P* = 0.031, *P* = 0.027, respectively, by ANCOVA).", "\n\nThe differences between the visual acuities and the 100% contrast visual acuities under both photopic and mesopic conditions were significantly greater in both the RP-1 and RP-2 groups than in the controls (*P* = 0.0001, *P* = 0.0004, *P* = 0.0001, *P* = 0.0003, respectively, by ANCOVA, [Figure 2A and B](#f2-opth-5-1459){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Furthermore, the differences were significantly greater in the RP-2 group than in the RP-1 group under both photopic and mesopic conditions (*P* = 0.048, *P* = 0.047, respectively, by ANCOVA, [Figure 2A and B](#f2-opth-5-1459){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The differences between 100% contrast visual acuity and 10% contrast visual acuity under photopic and mesopic conditions were not significantly different between the three groups (by ANCOVA, [Figure 3A and B](#f3-opth-5-1459){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThe 100% and 10% contrast visual acuities were significantly lower in the RP-1 and RP-2 groups than in the controls, even though all patients had good visual acuities. ", "This is in good agreement with earlier findings.[@b12-opth-5-1459] In addition, among patients with comparable visual acuities, patients with cataract had lower contrast visual acuity than those without cataract. ", "This is supported by an earlier report that contrast visual acuity was more affected than the conventional visual acuity in patients with cataract.[@b13-opth-5-1459]\n\nWe also found among the patients with retinitis pigmentosa, but not in controls, that there were differences between visual acuity and 100% contrast visual acuity under photopic and mesopic conditions. ", "The difference between visual acuity and 100% contrast visual acuity in the RP-1 and RP-2 groups was significantly greater than in controls, not only under mesopic but also under photopic background luminance. ", "These findings indicate that there is a significant luminance effect on visual acuity. ", "Considering that the visual acuities of both the RP-1 and RP-2 groups were good, a dysfunction of the rod may have affected the contrast visual acuity under the mesopic condition. ", "Furthermore, the functional luminance range could be smaller in patients with retinitis pigmentosa, because the contrast visual acuity was also reduced under a photopic background, where the luminance was much higher than that of conventional visual acuity. ", "There are several possibilities to explain this somewhat unexpected result. ", "First, glaring under high luminance level affects visual acuity. ", "In fact, we undertook a brief questionnaire survey of the participants, and found that they had visual difficulties from glaring, not only in the clinical evaluation but also in daily living when in a high luminance environment. ", "Second, a different viewing method could have contributed to the difference. ", "Visual acuity measurement uses an \"open field view\" chart, whereas contrast visual acuity with the Neitz CAT-CP uses a \"closed field view\". ", "We tried to adjust for this difference by using the same Landolt ring on the same 100% contrast, with the \"distance\" in CAT-CP as \"long\". ", "In addition to that, we have adjusted the result statistically by using ANCOVA analysis. ", "Thus, we believe that comparison of the two methods would be feasible. ", "However, in a closed field view, in which the light source could be more directional, enhanced glaring and/or scattering might have a greater influence in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. ", "If glaring really matters, tinted eye glasses may be helpful for patients with retinitis pigmentosa who have decreased photopic contrast visual acuity.", "\n\nThe difference between the 100% contrast visual acuity and the 10% contrast visual acuity under the same luminance was approximately the same among the three groups. ", "These results indicate that reduction of target contrast affects visual acuity almost equally in normals and in patients with retinitis pigmentosa, even though the light response deteriorates significantly in patients with retinitis pigmentosa, which is apparent by the fact that patients could not recognize a 5% contrast Landolt ring.", "\n\nIn conclusion, our patients with retinitis pigmentosa and good visual acuity had significantly poorer contrast visual acuity. ", "Therefore, when patients with retinitis pigmentosa and good visual acuity have subjective visual complaints, contrast visual acuity could be a sensitive method to monitor for subtle changes in foveal function.", "\n\nThe authors thank Emi Utsuno and Yasunori Sato for their contributions as study coordinators, and Duco Hamasaki for editing the manuscript.", "\n\n**Disclosure**\n\nThe authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.", "\n\n{#f1-opth-5-1459}\n\n{#f2-opth-5-1459}\n\n{#f3-opth-5-1459}\n\n###### \n\nVisual acuity and contrast visual acuity of the three groups\n\n Control RP-1 RP-2\n -------------------- -------------- -------------- --------------\n Conventional VA −0.04 ± 0.05 −0.04 ± 0.04 −0.02 ± 0.05\n 100% CVA, photopic 0.00 ± 0.05 0.16 ± 0.08 0.28 ± 0.09\n 100% CVA, mesopic 0.14 ± 0.06 0.26 ± 0.07 0.4 ± 0.09\n 10% CVA, photopic 0.31 ± 0.05 0.47 ± 0.07 0.61 ± 0.09\n 10% CVA, mesopic 0.53 ± 0.06 0.7 ± 0.08 0.84 ± 0.09\n\n**Note:** Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Zonisamide for migraine prophylaxis in patients refractory to topiramate.", "\nTopiramate is a sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide that has proven efficacy in reducing migraine attacks frequency and severity and has similar mechanisms of action and side effects profile to zonisamide. ", "Although there are some studies suggesting a potential role of this drug in migraine prophylaxis, data are still scarce. ", "We evaluate the efficacy and safety of zonisamide for migraine prevention in patients refractory to topiramate. ", "Sixty-three patients were initiated on 50 mg/d zonisamide dosage, which was titrated to 400 mg/d, as tolerated. ", "Number of migraine attacks, headache severity (according to a 1- to 10-point visual analog scale), and use of acute medication were tested before and 2 and 6 months after the initiation of zonisamide. ", "Demographic data, dose of the medication, duration of the treatment, and adverse events were also collected and analyzed. ", "Statistically significant improvement in number of migraine attacks, headache severity, and use of acute medication reduction was obtained after the second month of zonisamide therapy and carried through month 6 of treatment. ", "Fifteen patients reported adverse events, the most common of which was concentration difficulties. ", "These results suggest that zonisamide is effective and well tolerated for migraine prevention in patients refractory to topiramate. ", "With the exception of the inhibition of T-type calcium channels by zonisamide, its mechanisms of action seem to be very similar to topiramate's. ", "We suggest the potential role of these channels in the pathophysiology of migraine." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Uraemia and adrenocortical function in Nigerian subjects.", "\nIn assessing the pituitary-adrenal axis of uraemic Nigerians, we investigated the circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol secretion, the response to the overnight dexamethasone (1 mg) suppression test and the pattern of excretion of urinary free cortisol (UFC) in 10 uraemic subjects and nine non-uraemic controls. ", "Basal (0800 h) plasma cortisol levels were similar in both uraemic (mean +/- s.e.m.; ", "224 +/- 36 nmol/l) and non-uraemic (218 +/- 47 nmol/l) subjects. ", "The non-uraemic subjects demonstrated the normal late night (2300 h) reduction in cortisol levels but this was absent in uraemic subjects in whom the basal and late night values were similar. ", "Post-dexamethasone (0800 h) values were suppressed by 80% in non-uraemic subjects (P less than 0.01) from 218 +/- 47 nmol/l (at 2300 h) to 44 +/- 16 nmol/l (at 0800 h), whereas there was lack of suppression (P greater than 0.05) in values from uraemic subjects (224 +/- 36 nmol/l at 2300 h and 210 +/- 39 nmol/l at 0800 h). ", "Irrespective of the degree of renal impairment in uraemic subjects, the 24 h UFC excretion was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) (1126 +/- 403 nmol/24 h) compared with non-uraemic subjects (342 +/- 94 nmol/24 h). ", "These results confirm previous observations in Caucasians and reaffirm the existence of a pseudo-Cushingoid state in uraemia which may contribute to the associated hypertension and electrolyte abnormalities." ]

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[ "108 F.3d 333\nLuciusv.", "Barger, Inc.*\nNO. ", "96-30624\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit.", "\nJan 20, 1997\nAppeal From: W.D.La. , ", "No. ", "92-CV-1484\n\n1\nAFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n*\n Fed.", "R.App.", "P. 34(a); 5th Cir.", "R. 34.2\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Blood samples are extensively used for clinical diagnosis and in medical research. ", "In many assay formats, the presence of certain components in blood can interfere with the assay and render the test results unreliable or unusable. ", "Interference is typically manifested as an inhibition of chemical reactions in the assay that reduces the performance and compromises the integrity of the assay and its result.", "\nPatient samples may be compromised in a clinical setting by conditions such as poor handling, haemolysis, icterus, or lipemia. ", "It is for example well known that HIV patients, treated with protease inhibitors, often show increased triglyceride levels. ", "Yet another example of a compromised sample is cadaveric samples, which are often tested before organ transplantation. ", "Cadaveric samples can be very challenging for nucleic acid tests, due to their potentially inhibitory nature from lysed or degraded tissues.", "\nBlood samples, or samples derived from whole blood, are often analyzed for a nucleic acid analyte by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), other Nucleic Acid Amplification Technologies (NAT), or other nucleic acid detection technologies. ", "NAT and PCR-based diagnosis of disease, infections, and genetic variations, as well as forensic analysis and blood typing are well known. ", "It is also known that contaminants or PCR inhibitory substances such as lipids, hemoglobin, bilirubin or frequently administered drugs and anticoagulants can interfere with the PCR assay.", "\nPCR-based assays rely on amplification and detection of nucleic acids present in the blood samples. ", "These reactions can be dramatically reduced or blocked by the presence of contaminants or natural components of blood that inhibit chemical or biochemical reactions that occur in the assay. ", "Blood components known as PCR inhibitors include immunoglobulin, heme, hemoglobin, leukocyte DNA, and common blood additive such as the anticoagulant heparin. ", "Therefore, the usefulness of PCR-based detection of microorganisms, pathogens and other targets in complex biological samples, such as clinical, environmental, and food samples, is limited in part by the presence of substances that inhibit the fundamental amplification reaction at PCR or which reduce the amplification efficiency.", "\nBecause the potential for contamination and interference in PCR-based assays is well known, a variety of different approaches have been studied to attempt to prevent the inhibition. ", "In one approach, the inhibition caused by specific substances is tested to attempt to compensate for their presence in a test sample or assay.", "\nSolutions that samples used for assays typically are, or may be, converted into a liquid form containing compounds that inhibit chemical or biochemical reactions in an assay. ", "The agents that cause interference or inhibition in the inhibitory testing assay include: hemoglobin, L-ascorbic acid, free fatty acids, iron, heme, triglycerides, drugs, bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, bicarbonate, pH extremes, proteins, bile acids, larger amounts of DNA, or keto-acids. ", "These inhibitors may interfere with cell lysis, degrade or capture of the nucleic acids, inactivate Taq polymerase or degrade the specificity of this enzyme, or otherwise interfere with enzymes used in nucleic acid amplification or detection technologies. ", "In particular reverse transcription PCR (rt-PCR), which initially reverse transcribes RNA into cDNA, is very sensitive to the presence of inhibitors. ", "In an attempt to preserve the fidelity of the assay, different methods of sample preparation have been developed to remove the inhibitory effect of these blood-derived components.", "\nIt is possible to attempt to control for inhibitory substances by monitoring the presence or absence of PCR product(s) at the end of thermal cycling by gel electophoresis, dot blots, high-pressure liquid chromatography or microtiter or plate-based, calorimetric assay. ", "The quantitative effect of inhibitors on DNA synthesis can also be studied by measuring the efficiency of incorporation of radiolabeled nucleotides. ", "Recently, thermal cyclers with real-time detection of PCR product accumulation were introduced, offering a new possibility to study amplification efficiency and/or DNA synthesis efficiency. ", "Most commonly a known amount of an internal control molecule, which should behave similar to the target, is added into each PCR reactions. ", "A change from the expected signal generated by the internal control can indicate the presence of inhibitors but can also change if the assay was not performed correctly. ", "An internal control used for quantification is sometimes referred to as Quantification Standard (QS).", "\nA resolution of the problem of inhibiting substances in assays can be attempted by sample preparation techniques. ", "PCR-inhibitory components include salts, complex polysaccharides, heme protein in blood, RNases, DNases, feces, some detergents (e.g., SDS), DNA intercalating substances (e.g., intercalating dyes), humic substances in soil, melanin, collagen, myoglobin, alcohol, calcium ions, lactoferrin, proteases, proteinases in milk, and urea in urine. ", "Significant effort is being devoted to the development of sample preparation methods to remove these substances and overcome the problems of inhibition in the reactions that occur in an assay. ", "Different processing techniques are also being employed to reduce the effect of inhibitors. ", "For example, aqueous two phase-systems, boiling, density gradient centrifugation, dilution, DNA extraction methods, enrichment media, filtration, and immunological techniques have been used to attempt to avoid the effect of inhibitory substances in PCR analyses. ", "The thermostable DNA polymerase is perhaps the most important target site of PCR-inhibiting substances. ", "The most widely used polymerase in PCR-based methods for the detection of microorganisms is Taq DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus. ", "Other DNA polymerases with manganese instead of magnesium as cofactor are commonly used for rt-PCR. ", "Other systems use a reverse transcriptase in combination with a DNA polymerase for rtPCR. ", "Taq DNA polymerase, as well as many other PCR enzymes, can be degraded by proteinases, denatured by phenol or detergents, and inhibited by blocking of the active site by the inhibitor, which is the effect of the heme protein. ", "Inhibitors can also work on the substrate by decaying DNA or RNA. ", "RNases in plasma are known to destroy RNA, or DNases can destroy DNA.", "\nOne approach for quality control of analytical assays is to use a sample-processing control as an internal control to verify adequate processing of the target analyte. ", "This monitors the presence of inhibitors to avoid a false negative result, or incorrect quantification. ", "If the system fails with this control, then there is an invalid result.", "\nWhile common interfering substances are well known, it remains difficult and inconvenient to prepare constant, quantified controls for analytical assays. ", "The reliability of standard solutions may be questionable or concentrations may not be calculated correctly. ", "Also, it is time-consuming to be constantly preparing standards and calibrating them from week to week. ", "This is particularly true for clinical samples, where there is high volume of testing, yet these are samples which must conform to rigorous quality control standards. ", "Further, patient samples may be contaminated, or be presented in less than optimum condition. ", "Because sample size and availability may be limited, however, it is often important that these critical samples be accurately analyzed.", "\nKnown guidelines recognize two primary limitations of interference testing. ", "Properties of compounds added to a serum pool may be different from those of the compound naturally circulating in vivo. ", "Also, the presence of more than one interfering substance may offset or enhance the concentrations of interfering substance and analyte tested. ", "Various combinations of interfering substances in various combinations, therefore, should be evaluated in an assay.", "\nTo assure optimum performance of the analytical assay, a test assay includes several types of controls in addition to the test sample. ", "A negative control, usually with a key ingredient missing, indicates a positive test result can be trusted. ", "A positive control, usually a known amount of the analyte of interest, indicates the assay is functional. ", "An internal control has a known substance added to the test sample before analysis, while an external control compares the test sample with other samples of substances run in the same assay. ", "Because analytical assays can be sensitive and are designed to detect very small quantities of analyte, it is very important to include complementary controls to evaluate an analytical assay for acceptance criteria.", "\nAccepted guidelines for estimation of interference characteristics recommend evaluating the effect of potentially interfering substances added to the sample of interest, as well as evaluating the bias of individual patient specimens in comparison to a highly specific comparative measurement procedure (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. ", "Interference Testing in Clinical Chemistry; Approved Guideline—Second Edition, 2005, p. 13). ", "An interference screen can be prepared by adding a potentially interfering substance to a sample pool and evaluating bias relative to a control portion of the same pool, which is termed paired-difference testing. ", "An interference screen, with many substances at relatively high concentrations, simulates interference and provides a standardized evaluation to complement actual patient samples.", "\nIt would be very useful to have calibrated substances prepared in an interference panel to determine the presence of interfering substances and to evaluate the performance of an analytical assay. ", "This would also allow the standardized comparison of interfering substances on different assays or diagnostic systems." ]

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[ "Vienna Malt\n\n$5.00\n\nGladfield Vienna has a kiwi twist but still has the normal\ncharacteristics of typical Vienna malt. ", "The germination and kilning\nallows a sweeter maltier character with out over doing it. ", "It is ideal\nfor darker lagers or Marzen style beers. ", "The Gladfield Vienna goes well\nwith Gladiator and Toffee giving a big white head and lovely golden redy\nlager for that drinkable session beer." ]

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[ "I was raped by a foster mom I tried talking to a a couple of friends about it but they just say \"niiice\"\n\n859 shares" ]

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[ "Thursday, December 30, 2010\n\n\"Now Mosheh {Moses} kept the flock of Jethro his father in law,the priest of Midian: and he led the flock to the backside of the desert,and came to the mountain of Elohim, even to Horeb.", "And the angel of YHVH {the LORD} appeared unto himin a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush:and he looked, and, behold, the bush burned with fire,and the bush was not consumed.", "And Mosheh {Moses} said, I will now turn aside,and see this great sight, why the bush is not burnt.", "\"Exodus 3:2-3\n\nMoses was going about his daily dutiesof tending to the flocks when he noticed something...a burning bush.", "He could have rationalized it away,he could have claimed he was too busy to investigate,and he could have continued about with his day.", "\n\nHe didn't, though.", "Instead, he stopped what he was doingand decided to turn aside to find out more.", "\n\nIt wasn't until he made that choicethat YHVH called to him.", "\n\n\"And when YHVH saw that he turned aside to see, Elohim called unto him out of the midst of the bush...\"(verse 4)\n\nDo we notice the burning bushes throughout our day?", "\n\nThere are many ways that YHVH seeks usto turn aside from our daily routine to listen to Him.", "Sometimes we can become so busythat we miss Him and what He wants to say to us.", "\n\nMay we not get caught up in daily life, so much so,that we miss the opportunities He sets before us...so busy that our intentions never come to fruition.", "May we never be too busy for Him.", "May we turn aside from the rhythm of 'dailyness'to listen and learn of Him...to study, to pray, to do good, to serve\n\nSometimes those burning bushes are not obvious,sometimes they are subtle.", "May we pay attention and not miss those moments,missing the blessings that He has for us through them.", "\n\nMay we look for the burning bushesalong the pathway of our daily lives.", "\n\n\"... Elohim called unto him out of the midst of the bush, and said, Moses, Moses. ", "And he {Moses} said, Here am I.\" (v.4)\n\nWe covered the burning bush last term in a class I am doing with our pastor. ", "The neat thing is that in the middle east, it is not uncommon to see bushes, trees and shrubs suddenly burst into flames due to the intense heat. ", "A burning bush wa......s a normal everyday occurrence for Moses. ", "The thing about this bush, that Moses noticed, was that it was not burning up. ", "That piqued his curiosity to check it out. ", "And the rest, as so aptly put in your post, is the lesson to us. ", "What may at first appear as a normal everyday thing may not be if we take the time to look at it closely.", "\n\nThis is so beautiful Christina and so thoughtful! ", "We get so busy in our lives, we forget to stop- \"be still and know Adonai is Adonai.\" ", "We definitely need reminders to answer \"here I am\".", "Blessings!Joycelyn" ]

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[ "Osteoporosis in earlier human populations.", "\nSkeletons excavated from archeological sites form a rich resource for research into ancient disease. ", "This article takes the form of a brief review of some of the work that has been conducted on osteoporosis in past populations using collections of ancient skeletons. ", "It is clear from this work that osteoporosis has a long history in humankind." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Surgical endoscopy is a surgical technique of using small-diameter long-handled tools such as graspers, forceps, scissors, retractors, dissectors and clamps specially designed to be inserted through small incisions in the skin (or other openings in the body) to perform operations within the body. ", "The surgeon performing the surgery often cannot see the operation directly, and must watch the procedure on a video monitor fed by an endoscopic camera or endoscope. ", "Endoscopic surgery replaces open surgery, which requires large incisions, essentially opening the body cavity completely, in order to perform surgery deep within the body. ", "Endoscopic techniques have been used for gall stone removal, gall bladder removal, hernia repair, tumor removal, lymph node removal and appendectomy and many other operations. ", "Endoscopic surgery is also called laparoscopic surgery, video assisted surgery, minimally invasive surgery, and band-aid surgery, but throughout this specification the term endoscopic surgery or laparoscopic surgery will be used.", "\nTo illustrate the background of the inventions described below, the example of the laparoscopic cholecystectomy, hernia repair or lymphadenectomy, as well as the operation for harvesting a blood vessel, will be used to illustrate both the old laparoscopic procedures and the new laparoscopic procedures now possible with the new devices. ", "In the old procedure, a working space was created in the abdomen using the process called pneumoperitoneum or insufflation. ", "Insufflation is the process of injecting gas into the body to blow it up like a balloon, creating a chamber filled with gas. ", "When performed on the abdomen, the peritoneum is inflated and the procedure is known as pnuemoperitoneum. ", "The procedure can be used for inflating a space between the peritoneum and the skin to permit laparoscopic hernia repair, as illustrated in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,496,345 issued to Kieturakis et al. ", "and entitled \"An Expansible Tunneling Apparatus for Creating An Anatomic Working Space\". ", "Insufflation can be used also to inflate a tunnel shaped working space over a blood vessel, to facilitate blood vessel harvesting, as described in U.S. patent applicatin Ser. ", "No. ", "08/267,484 entitled \"Extraluminal Balloon Dissection Apparatus and Method\" incorporated herein by reference. ", "While the chamber is filled with gas, the surgeon inserts long slender laparoscopic tools through trocars and cannulas which pierce the skin and provide access ports into the insufflated chamber.", "\nFor abdominal surgery such as a cholecystectomy (gall bladder removal), the insufflation is accomplished by the following procedure. ", "An incision is made at the lower edge of the belly button or umbilicus. ", "The surgeon uses his fingers or a blunt dissection tool such as a blunt nosed obturator to uncover the fascia or abdominal muscles, then a large needle, referred to as a Verres needle is inserted into the abdomen or peritoneal cavity. ", "The Verres needle punctures the fascia and peritoneum which cover the abdomen. ", "A pressurized gas such as CO.sub.2 is injected into the abdomen through the needle, in effect inflating the abdomen like a balloon. ", "After the abdomen is inflated, the Verres needle is removed. ", "After the needle is removed, trocars and cannulas are inserted into the space created by the insufflation. ", "Endoscopic instruments including an endoscope or laparoscope, scissors, graspers, etc., ", "are inserted into the abdomen through the cannulas and manipulated to dissect tissue surrounding the gall bladder, remove the gall bladder, and stitch the internal wounds.", "\nTo harvest the saphenous vein using laparoscopic procedures, the surgeon may insufflate a tunnel shaped work space over a blood vessel. ", "The tunnel is first created using obturators or tunneling devices or balloons inserted through small incisions along or over the saphenous vein. ", "After the tunnel is created, the surgeon may insert skin seals and cannulas, and insufflation gas is injected through one of the trocars. ", "While the tunnel is insufflated, the cannulas permit the surgeon to insert laparoscopic instruments into the tunnel to perform surgery on the saphenous vein.", "\nThe cannula used in the procedures described above is a length of rigid tube. ", "The trocars and cannula are designed to allow laparoscopic instruments to pass through them and prevent gas from escaping the abdomen or other insufflated work space. ", "The cannula may have a flapper valve or a trumpet valve inside which opens to allow an endoscope or laparosope or other instrument to pass through, and valve closes when the laparoscope is removed. ", "Some trocar/cannula devices also contain a duckbill valve to assist in sealing the trocar. ", "The cannulas are typically about 6 inches or 15 centimeters long, and come in diameters matching various laparoscopic devices, generally from 2 to 15 mm.", "\nSome surgeons use bare cannulas, secured only by a tight fit with the skin and fascia. ", "However, cannulas frequently slip out of the body during use, disrupting the procedure and possibly endangering the patient. ", "To prevent this danger, surgeons have devised a variety of methods to secure the cannula to the body and prevent it from slipping out of the body. ", "Some cannulas are provided with threaded sleeves, fixed to the cannula. ", "Some cannulas are provided with a threaded gripper with a smooth inner bore that matches the size of the cannula, so that the cannula can slide inside the gripper as shown in FIG. ", "2. ", "The gripper stabilizes the cannula so that it will not slip out of the body inadvertently, but can be easily slipped out when the surgeon wants. ", "The threaded gripper is simply screwed into the incision in the skin. ", "This option permits the ready insertion and removal of smooth walled cannulas by sliding them in and out of the gripper. ", "Other grippers have been used, such as the gripper with expandable arms, the gripper with inflatable balloon on the outside, and the Hasson cannula. ", "These devices are illustrated in Oshinsky, et al., ", "Laparoscopic Entry and Exit, reprinted in Urologic Laparoscopy at 91-101 (Das & Crawford ed. ", "1994). ", "These devices are variously referred to as threaded skin seals, screw skin seals, skin anchors, obturators, grippers, trocar stabilizers or cannula stabilizers.", "\nThe surgeon usually needs to place several trocars and cannulas into the abdomen, and inserts as many as needed to accomplish the intended operation. ", "The first cannula placed through the belly button is used to insert a laparoscope so that the placement of other trocars and cannulas can be viewed from inside the abdomen. ", "After several cannulas are in place, the surgeon can view the procedure through any port, and can insert laparoscopic scissors, cutters and graspers and other tools through the cannulas in order to perform the surgery. ", "The typical endoscopic graspers 3 used for stitching inside the abdomen are shown, deployed inside the cannulas, in FIG. ", "2. ", "A bare cannula 4 is used with endoscopic graspers 3a. ", "Another pair of laparoscopic graspers 3b is inserted into a cannula 4a which is inserted through a threaded gripper 5. ", "A third cannula 6, shown with a threaded outer surface, is provided for an endoscope 34 which is inserted into the work space to provide the surgeon with a video view of the graspers and body tissue.", "\nThe arrangement of the cannulas and trocars is required because the abdomen must be inflated to make room for the surgeon to work. ", "The small diameter of the cannulas keeps the incisions small, and the matching diameter of the laparoscopic instruments is necessary to prevent leakage of the insufflation gas from the abdomen. ", "Laparoscopic instruments of various designs are available, and they generally are about 5 to 12 mm in diameter (to match the inside bore of the cannulas) and about 10 to 40 cm in length. ", "They are long and therefore difficult to use, and they are usually used when the surgeon can see them only through the laparoscope. ", "Modern laparoscopic procedures require the surgeon to view the procedure on a video monitor. ", "It may take a surgeon a lot of practice before becoming comfortable and skillful with the laparoscopic graspers, grippers and scissors. ", "These tools are more difficult to use than the surgical tools which every surgeon uses in normal surgery, such as those shown in FIG. ", "3, in use during open laparotomy. ", "The normal graspers are shown in use while the surgeon is tying off a suture. ", "This normal procedure is familiar to a large number of surgeons. ", "The normal surgical graspers 7a and 7b are shown in use in FIG. ", "3, suturing body tissue 8 with suture 9, and it can readily be appreciated that the laparoscopic graspers shown in FIG. ", "2 require significantly more skill than the normal surgical tools. ", "One of the drawbacks of the known cannulas and grippers is that they are adapted to admit only relatively narrow instruments, and are therefore generally unsuited for use with ordinary open-incision surgical tools.", "\nIt would be advantageous to use normal surgical tools during laparoscopic procedures, but this is usually not permitted by the typical construction of the trocars and cannulas which are too narrow, long and rigid to permit passage of the normal surgical tools. ", "Most surgeons are very well trained in using conventional non-endoscopic instruments, such as the open-incision graspers shown in FIG. ", "3, and numerous procedures involving the graspers such as tying off a suture are well known and well practiced. ", "The endoscopic instruments shown in FIG. ", "2, on the other hand, are not well known and well practiced, and generally require significantly more skill than the more familiar open-incision instruments. ", "Thus, there is a need to provide cannulas and grippers which would accommodate the instruments used in open-incision procedures." ]

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[ "Generally, once a semiconductor wafer has gone through the front end of line and back end of line processing to form semiconductor devices and their respective connections, the semiconductor wafer is coated with, e.g., a resin in order to further protect the semiconductor wafer from physical and environmental damage. ", "In order to get the resin into a desired shape the semiconductor wafer is placed into a molding chamber (usually with a special release film that keeps the wafer from adhering to the molding chamber) and the resin is injected into the molding chamber such that the molding chamber molds the resin into the desired shape over the semiconductor wafer.", "\nHowever, when a resin is injected into the chamber with the semiconductor wafer merely resting (or “floating”) on the release film, an undesired accumulation of resin, known as “flash,” may occur along the backside of the semiconductor wafer. ", "This flash can cause several destructive issues and can interfere with the operation of the semiconductor wafer. ", "For example, the flash, being a dielectric material, can cover conductive contacts and prevent them from conducting power and/or signals into and out of the semiconductor wafer. ", "Additionally, flash accumulation may also interfere by destroying the planarity of the backside of the semiconductor wafer, and could prevent the proper placement and alignment of the semiconductor wafer during connection with external devices.", "\nCorresponding numerals and symbols in the different figures generally refer to corresponding parts unless otherwise indicated. ", "The figures are drawn to clearly illustrate the relevant aspects of the various embodiments and are not necessarily drawn to scale." ]

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[ "Elective affinities--bioinformatic analysis of proteomic mass spectrometry data.", "\nShotgun proteomic strategies based on the identification of proteolytic peptides by tandem mass spectrometry and sequence database searches have emerged as useful approaches for qualitative and quantitative measurement of proteins in large scale studies. ", "Coincidentally, the automated analysis of the resulting mass spectrometry data has become increasingly challenging. ", "Important steps in the analysis include the statistical validation of peptide and protein identifications, the extraction of quantitative information, and the interpretation of identified peptide and protein lists. ", "This review discusses current informatics methods and software available to analyze shotgun proteomics data." ]

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[ "Learn Chinese (song)\n\n\"Learn Chinese\" is the first single released from Jin's debut album The Rest Is History. ", "The song features Wyclef Jean, who produced and co-wrote the track. ", "At first, the song was a buzz song. ", "But, later, it turned into the first single for Jin's debut album due to its success. ", "This single has been said to be Jin's signature song. ", "To date the single is still Jin's most successful song and single in his music career. ", "The single was featured on an episode of The Andy Milonakis Show. ", "The single went gold in China and was high at one point in the US but never achieved gold success there.", "\n\n\"Learn Chinese\" contains samples from James Brown's \"Blind Man Can See It\"; it also contains elements of Yellowman's \"Mr. Chin\". ", "The song has background vocals from Ayeesha.", "\n\nTrack lists and formats\nCD\n\"Learn Chinese\" (4:06)\n\"Little Hungry\" (3:52)\n\"Check the Clock\" (5:43)\n\"Learn Chinese\" (Video)\n\n2-track promo CD\n\"Learn Chinese\" (Radio Edit) (4:04)\n\"Learn Chinese\" (Instrumental) (4:30)\n\n5-inch single\n\"Learn Chinese\" (4:06)\n\"Little Hungry\" (3:52)\n\"Check the Clock\" (5:43)\n\"Learn Chinese\" [Multimedia Track]\n\n12-inch single\nA-side\n\"Learn Chinese\" (Radio Edit) (4:04)\n\"Learn Chinese\" (Explicit Version) (4:32)\n\nB-side\n\"Learn Chinese\" (Instrumental) (4:30)\n\"Learn Chinese\" (Acapella [Clean]) (4:27)\n\nMusic video\nThe music video for \"Learn Chinese\" was shot in Washington DC's Chinatown, using the Friendship gate as a backdrop. ", "The video featured Wyclef Jean and Ayeesha. ", "The video also had a cameo appearance by rapper Yung Mac. ", "In the video Jin plays two characters: one who looks like a mob boss; the other, a normal Chinese food delivery employee. ", "It starts with a man tired of delivering Chinese food who is then hit by a car. ", " A woman then helps him up but at the same time, a mob boss is seen on his way to a restaurant. ", "The guy notices an Asian woman getting kidnapped, the same woman who helped him up after he got hit by the car. ", "He chases the mob boss and his crew, but is caught by the mob boss' body guards. ", "He then is confronted by the mob boss. ", "He manages to get away and is led to a karate lesson. ", "He gets through them and gets the Asian woman out of there. ", "They get out of the restaurant and are confronted again with the mob boss and his crew. ", "Knowing he is out matched, he still begins to fight them. ", "Just before the fighting begins, the video switches to a \"To be continued..\" screen.", "\n\nChart position\n\nCategory:2003 debut singles\nCategory:Wyclef Jean songs\nCategory:Songs written by Wyclef Jean\nCategory:Songs written by Jerry Duplessis\nCategory:Song recordings produced by Jerry Duplessis\nCategory:Ruff Ryders Entertainment singles\nCategory:Virgin Records singles\nCategory:2003 songs" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Jomhod Eminentair\n\nJomhod Eminentair (จอมโหด อีมิเน้นท์แอร์ป) is a Thai Muay Thai fighter.", "\n\nTitles and accomplishments\n\n2007 S1 Mini flyweight 105 lb Rajadamnern Champion\n2008 Channel 7 Boxing Stadium 108 lbs Champion\n2013 WBC Muaythai World Super Flyweight 122 lbs Champion\n2014 Channel 7 Stadium 115 lbs Champion\n2015 Rajadamnern Stadium 115 lbs Champion\n2018 Channel 7 Stadium 115 lbs Champion\n\nFight record\n\n|}</div></div>\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Thai male Muay Thai practitioners\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1988 births" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nhttps Sub-Domain not redirecting correctly with htaccess\n\nI have a domain called: example.com and a subdomain called: sub.example.com\nI want to force all primary domain requests for example.com to https:// except for 1 folder. ", "Example:\nhttp://www.example.com/ <-- Redirect all requests to https://\nhttp://www.example.com/folder/ <-- Force to http:// not https://\n\nI also want to force all subdomain requests for sub.example.com to https:// except for 1 folder. ", "Example:\nhttp://sub.example.com <-- Redirect all requests to https://\nhttp://www.example.com/folder/ <-- Force to http:// not https://\n\nCurrently example.com is working fine and forces to https:// for the primary domain and the folder is not redirecting to https:// however the folder is not enforcing http:// if someone chooses https://\nIf i visit http://sub.example.com it does not enforce https:// and if I visit https://sub.example.com manually it shows as such in the url. ", "However the website it displays is actually from https://www.example.com\nThe htaccess file i have for example.com is:\n<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>\n\n RewriteEngine On\n RewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} 80 \n RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !", "^www.example.com$ [NC] \n RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !", "^sub.example.com$ [NC]\n RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !", "^/folder/\n RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://www.example.com/$1 [R=301,QSA,L]\n\n </IfModule>\n\nThe htaccess file i have for sub.example.com is:\nRewriteEngine on\nRewriteBase /\nRewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} 80 \nRewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !", "^/folder/\nRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^example\\.com\\.au$ [NC]\nRewriteRule ^ https://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L] \n\nA:\n\nI found the issue. ", "It was unrelated to the htaccess file. ", "I found the certificate i had was installed onto the primary domain and the subdomain did not have a certificate that matched.", "\nApache was redirecting to the ssl certificates domain instead of the subdomain. ", "I solved this by purchasing a wild card ssl, installing it onto the primary domain and then separately installing it onto the sub domain also.", "\nThis fixed the problem.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Molecular characterization of thalassemia intermedia in Indians.", "\nThalassemia intermedia shows considerable heterogeneity. ", "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and effect of common molecular determinants in thalassemia intermedia. ", "In 73 cases of thalassemia intermedia, the possible molecular basis was co-existent a-deletions (n=16/50), homozygous XmnI polymorphism (n=17/50), both factors (n=3/50), and milder beta-alleles (n=9/50) in homozygous beta-thalassemia (total 50 cases). ", "In heterozygous beta-thalassemia, alphaalphaalphaanti-3.7 triplication was the predominant factor (14/23 cases)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nChronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and affects more than 250 million individuals^[@CR1],[@CR2]^. Persistent HBV infection can cause cirrhosis and HCC, which has become a worldwide health problem^[@CR3]^.\n\nPrevious studies indicate that HBV is involved in HCC development. ", "HBV upregulates the transcription factors GATA2 and GATA3, which could suppress the expression of MICA/B to help hepatoma cells escape NK cell detection^[@CR4]^. HBV inhibits TGF-β-induced apoptosis by upregulating Smad7 to downregulate TGF-β signaling and promote tumor development^[@CR5]^. An HBV mRNA promotes tumor growth and cell invasion by sponging miR-122 to upregulate PBF (PTTG1 binding factor)^[@CR6]^. Furthermore, HBV-encoded HBx promotes viral transcription by promoting the degradation of the Smc5/6 complex^[@CR7]^.\n\nLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are defined as transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides without protein-coding function, have received increased attention as an increasing number of lncRNAs are identified^[@CR8]--[@CR10]^. It has been reported that lncRNAs play important roles in different processes. ", "For instance, lncRNA NRON promotes HIV-1 latency by facilitating Tat ubiquitin-mediated degradation^[@CR11]^. LncHIFCAR acts as a transcriptional coactivator for HIF-1α and promotes oral cancer development^[@CR12]^. LncMyoD binds to IMP2 to inhibit IMP2-mediated translation of proliferation genes and regulate skeletal muscle differentiation^[@CR13]^. LncRNAs play crucial roles in HCC development. ", "LncRNA MVIH is associated with tumor growth and intrahepatic metastasis^[@CR14]^. LncRNA HULC is overexpressed in HCC, which contributes to HCC progression by downregulating lipid metabolism through the RXRA signaling pathway^[@CR15]^. LncRNA-hPVT1 stabilizes NOP2 to enhance cell proliferation as well as pluripotency of HCC cells^[@CR16]^. LncRNA-DANCR was identified as a tumor-associated lncRNA by genome-wide analyses in two HCC cohorts, which greatly promoted stemness properties in HCC cells^[@CR17]^. Recently, it has been reported that HBV-related lncRNAs contribute to HCC development. ", "LncRNA-HEIH was identified as a highly expressed lncRNA in HBV-related HCC and acts as an oncogenic lncRNA that promotes tumor progression^[@CR18]^. The HBV-encoded HBx suppresses the expression of lncRNA-Dreh, which functions as a tumor suppressor^[@CR8]^. In addition, it has been found that HBx increases lncRNA UCA1 transcription to promote HCC progression^[@CR19]^.\n\nPreviously, we analyzed differentially expressed lncRNAs between HBV-negative (HepG2) and HBV-positive (HepG2-4D14) cells and identified a series of HBV-associated lncRNAs, including lnc-HUR1, which promotes cell growth and tumorigenesis by inhibiting p53 transcriptional activity^[@CR20]^. Here, we focused on lncRNA SAMD12-AS1. ", "We show that HBV-encoded HBx enhances SAMD12-AS1 transcription. ", "Functional analyses indicate that SAMD12-AS1 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. ", "Further studies demonstrate that SAMD12-AS1 interacts with NPM1, which reduces its association with the E3 ligase HDM2 and consequently enhances the interaction of HDM2 and p53 to promote p53 degradation. ", "Our study reveals that HBx-upregulated SAMD12-AS1 reduces p53 stability through the NPM1-HDM2-p53 axis, which in turn affects cell proliferation and apoptosis.", "\n\nResults {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nHBV-encoded HBx enhances SAMD12-AS1 transcription {#Sec3}\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nPreviously, we identified 38 lncRNAs that were upregulated in HepG2-4D14 cells^[@CR20]^. In this study, we focused on SAMD12-AS1, as it has been reported that SAMD12-AS1 is associated with neuroblastoma progression^[@CR21]^. SAMD12-AS1 is located in the same locus as SAMD12 on chromosome 8 (Fig.", " [1a](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "qRT-PCR data showed that SAMD12-AS1 was upregulated in HepG2-4D14 cells compared with HepG2 cells, which is consistent with the RNA-Seq data^[@CR20]^ (Fig.", " [1b](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Northern blot data confirmed that SAMD12-AS1 is upregulated in HepG2-4D14 cells (Fig.", " [1c](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We then examined SAMD12-AS1 expression in tumors and adjacent nontumorous tissues in 38 paired liver samples (Supplementary Table [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"})and observed that the amount of SAMD12-AS1 in 32 tumor samples was higher than that in nontumorous tissues (Fig.", " [1d](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We performed 5′ and 3′ RACE to determine the full sequence of SAMD12-AS1 (Fig.", " [1e](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To confirm that SAMD12-AS1 is indeed a noncoding RNA, we generated C-terminally FLAG-tagged SAMD12-AS1 constructs in three reading frames and transfected the constructs into 293T cells. ", "Immunoblotting indicated that SAMD12-AS1 cannot be translated (Fig.", " [1f](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Analysis in ORF Finder (NCBI) and Coding Potential Assessment Tool (CPAT) also supported that SAMD12-AS1 is a noncoding RNA (Supplementary Fig.", " [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Next, we analyzed the subcellular localization of SAMD12-AS1. ", "As shown in Fig.", " [1g](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, SAMD12-AS1 localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. ", "Since HBx is a known transcriptional regulator, we compared the expression level of SAMD12-AS1 in HepG2-GFP and HepG2-GFP-HBx cells and found that the SAMD12-AS1 level in HepG2-GFP-HBx was significantly higher than that in HepG2-GFP (Fig.", " [1h](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Using Promoter Scan and Neural Network Promoter Prediction, one region (−425 to 1) was predicted as the promoter of SAMD12-AS1. ", "We generated a luciferase reporter for this region and performed a luciferase assay using the CDK2 promoter as a positive control. ", "As shown in Fig.", " [1i](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, this region demonstrated high promoter activity. ", "We then cotransfected HepG2 cells with the pGL2-SAMD12-AS1-luc reporter and pCMV FLAG-HBx or pCMV FLAG-HBc and observed that luciferase activity in HBx-expressing cells was over 10-fold higher than that in control cells (Fig.", " [1j](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results indicate that HBx can enhance the transcription of SAMD12-AS1.Figure 1SAMD12-AS1 is upregulated by HBx. (**", "a**) Schematic map of the SAMD12 and SAMD12-AS1 genomic locus on chromosome 8. (**", "b**) Relative amounts of SAMD12-AS1 in HepG2 and HepG2-4D14 cells were examined by qRT-PCR. (**", "c**) Total RNA extracted from HepG2 and HepG2-4D14 cells was subjected to Northern blot with DIG-labeled DNA probe for SAMD12-AS1. (**", "d**) Total RNA from tumor tissues of HCC and corresponding adjacent normal tissues (NT) was extracted to measure SAMD12-AS1 levels using qRT-PCR. (**", "e**) RNA was extracted from HepG2 cells and subjected to 5′ and 3′ RACE assays for SAMD12-AS1. (**", "f**) Full-length SAMD12-AS1 was cloned into pcDNA3.1 in three open reading frames with a C-terminal FLAG tag. ", "The plasmids were subsequently transfected into 293 T cells. ", "After 48 h, the cell lysates were harvested and subjected to immunoblotting with anti-FLAG antibody. ", "HBx-FLAG served as a positive control. (**", "g**) RNA from nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of HepG2 and HepG2-4D14 cells was extracted and subjected to qRT-PCR to quantify SAMD12-AS1 normalized to β-actin mRNA and using MALAT1 as a control (left). ", "The quality of cell fractionation was determined by immunoblotting with anti-Tubulin and anti-Lamin B antibodies. ", "C, cytosolic fraction; N, nuclear fraction (right). (**", "h**) Total RNA was extracted from HepG2-GFP and HepG2-GFP-HBx stable cell lines, and the amount of SAMD12-AS1 was examined by qRT--PCR. (**", "i**) HepG2 cells were transfected with pGL2-Basic-luc, pGL-SAMD12-AS1-luc and pGL2-CDK2-luc as a positive control. ", "The cell lysates were collected for a luciferase assay. ", "The relative luciferase activities were calculated. (**", "j**) HepG2 cells were cotransfected with pGL-SAMD12-AS1-luc and pCMV FLAG-HBx, pCMV FLAG-HBc or empty vector as a control. ", "The cell lysates were subjected to luciferase assay (left) and immunoblotting (right). ", "\\*\\*\\*P \\< 0.001. ", "The data in b, h, i and j are representative of three independent experiments.", "\n\nSAMD12-AS1 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis {#Sec4}\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe generated HepG2 cell lines stably expressing SAMD12-AS1, (SAMD12-AS1\\#1, SAMD12-AS1\\#2, and SAMD12-AS1\\#3), and examined SAMD12 levels (Fig.", " [2a,b](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "No significant difference was observed in SAMD12 mRNA levels in HepG2 SAMD12-AS1 and control cells, suggesting that SAMD12-AS1 did not affect the transcription of SAMD12 mRNA. ", "Next, we measured the proliferation of these cell lines and found that HepG2 SAMD12-AS1 cells grew faster than control cells (Fig.", " [2c](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We also examined the growth of the above cells in nude mice. ", "As shown in Fig.", " [2d--f](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, SAMD12-AS1 cells grew faster and developed larger tumors than control cells. ", "We then treated cells with etoposide to induce apoptosis and analyzed caspase-3/7 activity. ", "The data indicate that caspase-3/7 activity in SAMD12-AS1 cells was lower than that in control cells (Fig.", " [2g](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Consistent with these findings, PARP-1 cleavage in HepG2 SAMD12-AS1 cells was significantly lower compared to that in control cells (Fig.", " [2h](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These data indicate that SAMD12-AS1 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis.", "Figure 2SAMD12-AS1 promotes cell growth and blocks apoptosis. (**", "a**) HepG2 cells were infected with lentivirus carrying SAMD12-AS1 or control virus. ", "Three clones of HepG2 cells stably expressing SAMD12-AS1 (SAMD12-AS1\\#1, \\#2 and \\#3) were chosen, and the amount of SAMD12-AS1 was examined by qRT-PCR. (**", "b**) The relative amount of SAMD12 mRNA was examined by qRT-PCR in Ctrl and SAMD12-AS1 cell lines. (**", "c**) Growth curves of Ctrl and SAMD12-AS1 cells were determined using CCK-8 assays. (**", "d**--**f**) Ctrl and SAMD12-AS1 cells were injected into 6-week-old BALB/c nude mice (5 per group). ", "Tumor sizes were measured at the indicated times (**d**). ", "At day 24, the mice were sacrificed, and tumors were dissected out and photographed (**e**). ", "Tumor weight was measured (**f**). (**", "g**,**h**) The above cells were treated with etoposide (2 μM) for 48 h. The cell lysates were subjected to caspase-3/7 activity assay (**g**) and immunoblotting with anti-PARP-1 antibody (h, left). ", "The relative amount of cleaved PARP-1 was quantified using ImageJ (h, right). ", "\\*P \\< 0.05; \\*\\*P \\< 0.01; \\*\\*\\*P \\< 0.001; ns, not significant. ", "The data in (**a**--**c**,**g**,**h**) are representative of three independent experiments.", "\n\nNext, we generated SAMD12-AS1 knockdown HepG2 cell lines (sh-SAMD12-AS1\\#1 and sh-SAMD12-AS1\\#2) using a lentiviral system (Fig.", " [3a](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and examined SAMD12 mRNA levels. ", "The results indicate that knockdown of SAMD12-AS1 did not affect transcription of SAMD12 mRNA (Fig.", " [3b](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Growth curve data showed that cells with SAMD12-AS1 knockdown grew more slowly than control cells (Fig.", " [3c](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Then, we examined whether knockdown of SAMD12-AS1 affects cell growth *in vivo*. ", "The data showed that sh-SAMD12-AS1 cells grew more slowly and developed smaller tumors than control cells (Fig.", " [3d--f](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Similar to the cells treated with etoposide, caspase-3/7 activity in SAMD12-AS1 knockdown cells was significantly higher than that in control cells (Fig.", " [3g](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The relative amount of cleaved PARP-1 in SAMD12-AS1 knockdown cells was higher than that in control cells (Fig.", " [3h](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results indicate that SAMD12-AS1 knockdown inhibits cell proliferation and enhances etoposide-induced apoptosis.", "Figure 3Knockdown of SAMD12-AS1 inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis. (**", "a**,**b**) Total RNA from HepG2 sh-Ctrl, sh-SAMD12-AS1\\#1 and sh-SAMD12-AS1 \\#2 cell lines was extracted and subjected to qRT-PCR to quantify the amount of SAMD12-AS1 (**a**) and SAMD12 mRNA (**b**). (**", "c**) Growth curves for the above cell lines were determined using CCK-8 assays. (**", "d**, **e**, **f**). ", "HepG2 sh-Ctrl and sh-SAMD12-AS1 cell lines were injected into 6-week-old BALB/c nude mice (5 per group). ", "Tumor sizes were measured at the indicated times (**d**). ", "At day 24, the mice were sacrificed, and tumors were dissected out and photographed (**e**). ", "Tumor weight was measured (**f**). (**", "g**,**h**) The indicated cells were treated with etoposide (2 μM) for 48 h. The cell lysates were subjected to caspase-3/7 activity assay (**g**) and immunoblotting with anti-PARP-1 antibody (h, left). ", "The relative amount of cleaved PARP-1 was quantified using ImageJ (h, right). ", "\\*P \\< 0.05; \\*\\*P \\< 0.01; \\*\\*\\*P \\< 0.001; ns, not significant. ", "The data in a, b, c, g and h are representative of three independent experiments.", "\n\nSAMD12-AS1 interacts with NPM1 {#Sec5}\n------------------------------\n\nTo investigate the function of SAMD12-AS1, we used RNA immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to identify SAMD12-AS1-associated protein(s) (Fig.", " [4a](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Briefly, we generated a HepG2 cell line in which SAMD12-AS1 with a 3′ S1 tag was stably expressed. ", "The cell lysates were pulled down with streptavidin beads, and bound proteins were subjected to silver staining (Fig.", " [4b](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Mass spectrometry indicated that NPM1 is a candidate interacting protein for SAMD12-AS1 (Supplementary Fig.", " [S2](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "To confirm the interaction between SAMD12-AS1 and NPM1, we performed an S1 pulldown assay. ", "As shown in Fig.", " [4c](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, SAMD12-AS1 and SAMD12-AS1(1-350) both interact with NPM1, while SAMD12-AS1(351-701) does not. ", "Next, we immunoprecipitated NPM1 with and without UV cross-linking and detected NPM1-bound SAMD12-AS1. ", "The data showed that SAMD12-AS1 was associated with NPM1 (Fig.", " [4d](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Furthermore, to determine the subcellular localization of the SAMD12-AS1 and NPM1 complexes, we immunoprecipitated NPM1 from nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions (Fig.", " [4e](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left), and quantified NPM1-bound SAMD12-AS1 (Fig.", " [4e](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right). ", "The data indicated that SAMD12-AS1 interacts with NPM1 mainly in the nucleus.", "Figure 4SAMD12-AS1 interacts with NPM1. (**", "a**) Schematic outline of the purification and identification of SAMD12-AS1-associated proteins. (**", "b**) The cell lysates from HepG2 Ctrl-S1 and SAMD12-AS1-S1 cells were subjected to pulldown with streptavidin beads. ", "The eluted proteins were visualized with silver staining. (**", "c**) 293 T cells were transfected with full-length or truncated SAMD12-AS1 expression plasmids as indicated. ", "The cell lysates were subjected to S1 pulldown followed by immunoblotting with anti-NPM1 and anti-GAPDH antibodies. (**", "d**) HepG2 cells with and without UV cross-linking were lysed and immunoprecipitated with anti-NPM1 antibody or rabbit IgG as a control, followed by qRT-PCR for SAMD12-AS1, with GAPDH and β-actin mRNA amplification as negative controls. (**", "e**) Cell lysates from nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of HepG2 cells were immunoprecipitated with anti-NPM1 antibody or rabbit IgG as a control (left). ", "The amount of SAMD12-AS1 bound to NPM1 was quantified by qRT-PCR (right). ", "C, cytosolic fraction; N, nuclear fraction. ", "\\*P \\< 0.05; \\*\\*P \\< 0.01. ", "The data in c, d and e are representative of three independent experiments.", "\n\nSAMD12-AS1 reduces p53 protein by decreasing p53 stability {#Sec6}\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nIt has been reported that NPM1 interacts with the E3 ligase HDM2 and reduces HDM2-mediated p53 degradation. ", "We wondered whether SAMD12-AS1 affects p53 stability through the NPM1-HDM2-p53 axis. ", "First, we examined p53 protein levels in SAMD12-AS1 and control cells treated with DOXO (Doxorubicin) or etoposide. ", "Immunoblotting showed that p53 protein levels in SAMD12-AS1 cells were significantly lower than those in control cells upon treatment with both DOXO and etoposide (Fig.", " [5a,b](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We then performed a similar experiment with cells expressing truncated forms of SAMD12-AS1. ", "The data indicated that p53 protein levels were reduced in HepG2 cells expressing full-length SAMD12-AS1 and SAMD12-AS1(1-350) but not SAMD12-AS1(351-701) (Fig.", " [5c,d](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}), suggesting that NPM1-bound SAMD12-AS1 negatively regulates p53 levels. ", "Conversely, the p53 protein level in SAMD12-AS1 knockdown cells was higher than that in control cells (Fig.", " [5e,f](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We examined whether SAMD12-AS1 affects p53 mRNA levels by qRT-PCR. ", "The data showed that overexpression of SAMD12-AS1 or knockdown of SAMD12-AS1 did not influence p53 mRNA levels (Fig.", " [5g,h](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Next, we analyzed whether SAMD12-AS1 affects the half-life of p53 protein by treating cells with cycloheximide. ", "The results showed that the degradation of p53 in SAMD12-AS1 cells was faster than that in control cells (Fig.", " [5i](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Consistent with this result, the degradation of p53 in SAMD12-AS1 knockdown cells was slower than that in control cells (Fig.", " [5j](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In addition, we performed similar experiments in HepG2-4D14 cells. ", "The data showed that the p53 protein level in SAMD12-AS1-knockdown HepG2-4D14 cells was higher than that in control cells (Fig.", " [6a--c](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}), while the p53 mRNA level was not changed (Fig.", " [6d](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Furthermore, we found that p53 stability was decreased in SAMD12-AS1-knockdown HepG2-4D14 cells compared to control cells after CHX treatment (Fig.", " [6e](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results demonstrate that SAMD12-AS1 reduces p53 protein by affecting its stability.", "Figure 5SAMD12-AS1 reduces p53 protein via decreasing p53 stability. (**", "a**,**b**) HepG2 Ctrl and SAMD12-AS1 cells were treated with doxorubicin (DOXO) (1 μg/ml) for the indicated times (0, 8 and 12 h) (**a**, left) and etoposide (4 μM) for 24 h (**b**, left). ", "Cell lysates were harvested for immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. ", "The relative amount of p53 was quantified (**a**,**b**, right). (**", "c**,**d**) Cells were treated with DOXO (1 μg/ml) for 12 h (**c**, left) and etoposide (4 μM) for 24 h (**d**, left). ", "Then, immunoblotting was performed with the indicated antibodies. ", "The relative amount of p53 was quantified (**c**,**d**, right). (**", "e**,**f**) HepG2 sh-Ctrl and sh-SAMD12-AS1 cells were treated with doxorubicin (DOXO) (**e**, left) and etoposide (**f**, left). ", "Cell lysates were harvested for immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. ", "The relative amount of p53 was quantified (**e**,**f**, right). (**", "g**,**h**) HepG2 Ctrl and SAMD12-AS1 cells (**g**) or HepG2 sh-Ctrl and sh-SAMD12-AS1 cells (**h**) were treated with DOXO (1 μg/ml) for 12 h. Total RNA was extracted and subjected to qRT-PCR to quantify p53 mRNA. (**", "i**,**j**) HepG2 Ctrl and SAMD12-AS1 cells (**i**, left) or HepG2 sh-Ctrl and sh-SAMD12-AS1 cells (**j**, left) were treated with CHX (25 μg/ml) for the indicated times (0, 20, 40 and 60 min). ", "Cell lysates were harvested for immunoblotting with anti-p53 antibody. ", "The relative amount of p53 was quantified on a log scale (**i**,**j**, right). ", "The relative amount of p53 protein was quantified using ImageJ. The results are shown as the means ± S. D. from three independent biological replicates per group. ", "\\*P \\< 0.05; \\*\\*P \\< 0.01; \\*\\*\\*P \\< 0.001; ns, not significant. ", "The data are representative of three independent experiments.", "Figure 6SAMD12-AS1 decreases p53 stability in HepG2-4D14 cells. (**", "a**) Total RNA from HepG2-4D14 sh-Ctrl and HepG2-4D14 sh-SAMD12-AS1 cell lines was extracted and subjected to qRT-PCR to quantify the amount of SAMD12-AS1. (**", "b**,**c**) Cells were treated with doxorubicin (DOXO) (1 μg/ml) (**b**, left) and etoposide (2 μM) (**c**, left). ", "Cell lysates were harvested for immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. ", "The relative amount of p53 was quantified (**b**,**c**, right). ", "d. HepG2-4D14 sh-Ctrl and HepG2-4D14 sh-SAMD12-AS1 cells were treated with DOXO for 12 h. Total RNA was extracted and subjected to qRT-PCR to quantify p53 mRNA. (**", "e**) Cells were treated with CHX (25 μg/ml) for the indicated times (0, 20, 40 and 60 min). ", "Cell lysates were harvested for immunoblotting with anti-p53 antibody. ", "The relative amount of p53 was quantified on a log scale (right). ", "The relative amount of p53 protein was quantified using ImageJ. The results are shown as the means ± S. D. from three independent biological replicates per group. ", "\\*P \\< 0.05; \\*\\*P \\< 0.01; \\*\\*\\*P \\< 0.001; ns, not significant. ", "The data are representative of three independent experiments.", "\n\nSAMD12-AS1 promotes HDM2-mediated ubiquitination of p53 {#Sec7}\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nAs we observed that SAMD12-AS1 promotes p53 degradation, we hypothesized that SAMD12-AS1 may bind NPM1 competitively and enhance the interaction of HDM2 and p53, which in turn would promote p53 ubiquitination. ", "Therefore, we examined whether SAMD12-AS1 can enhance the interaction of HDM2 and p53. ", "Since the transfection efficiency of HepG2 cells is too low, we performed the following experiments using the human hepatic cell line L02, which has a higher transfection efficiency than HepG2 cells. ", "We transfected L02 cells with Myc-HDM2-expressing plasmid with or without pLenti-SAMD12-AS1. ", "The cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-Myc antibody and then immunoblotted with anti-p53 antibody. ", "The data showed that the amount of HDM2-bound p53 was higher in SAMD12-AS1-expressing cells than in control cells (Fig.", " [7a](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Then, we transfected the L02 cells with plasmids expressing SAMD12-AS1, SAMD12-AS1(1-350), and SAMD12-AS1(351-701). ", "The cell lysates were collected for immunoprecipitation with anti-p53 antibody followed by immunoblotting with anti-HDM2 antibody. ", "The data showed that the amount of p53-bound HDM2 in SAMD12-AS1- and SAMD12-AS1(1-350)-expressing cells was greater than that in control cells or SAMD12-AS1(351-701)-expressing cells (Fig.", " [7b](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We also examined whether SAMD12-AS1 affects the interaction of NPM1 and HDM2. ", "As shown in Fig.", " [7c](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}, overexpression of SAMD12-AS1 and SAMD12-AS1(1-350) but not SAMD12-AS1(351-701) reduced the amount of NPM1 associated with HDM2. ", "We then performed a GST pulldown assay using *E*.*coli*-expressed GST-HDM2 and His-NPM1 and SAMD12-AS1, SAMD12-AS1(1-350) or SAMD12-AS1(351-701) transcribed *in vitro*. ", "The data indicated that SAMD12-AS1 and SAMD12-AS1(1-350) reduced the interaction of NPM1 and HDM2 (Fig.", " [7d](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These data suggest that SAMD12-AS1 facilitates the interaction between HDM2 and p53 by blocking the association of NPM1 with HDM2. ", "Next, we examined whether SAMD12-AS1 can enhance p53 ubiquitination. ", "We transfected L02 cells with pCMV His-Ub and pLenti-SAMD12-AS1 or its truncated mutants and then treated the cells with MG132. ", "The cell lysates were subjected to a His-pulldown assay. ", "The data showed that the intensity of ubiquitinated p53 in SAMD12-AS1- and SAMD12-AS1(1-350)-expressing cells was higher than that in control cells and SAMD12-AS1(351-701)-expressing cells (Fig.", " [7e](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results demonstrate that SAMD12-AS1 enhances the interaction between HDM2 and p53 and promotes p53 ubiquitination and turnover.", "Figure 7SAMD12-AS1 promotes HDM2-mediated ubiquitination of p53. (**", "a**) L02 cells were cotransfected with pCMV Myc-HDM2 and control plasmid or SAMD12-AS1-expressing plasmids. ", "Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies (left). ", "The amount of p53 bound to Myc-HDM2 was quantified (right). (**", "b**,**c**) L02 cells were transfected with control, SAMD12-AS1, SAMD12-AS1(1-350) or SAMD12-AS1(351-701) plasmids. ", "Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-p53 antibody (**b**, left) or anti-HDM2 antibody (**c**, left), followed by immunoblotting with antibodies against HDM2, p53 or NPM1 as indicated. ", "The relative amount of HDM2 bound to p53 and NPM1 bound to HDM2 were quantified (**b**,**c**, right). (**", "d**) GST-HDM2 and His-NPM1 were mixed with *in vitro* transcribed SAMD12-AS1, SAMD12-AS1(1-350) or SAMD12-AS1(351-701) and then subjected to pulldown with glutathione beads followed by immunoblotting with anti-GST and anti-His antibodies (left). ", "The amount of His-NPM1 bound with GST-HDM2 was quantified (right). (**", "e**) L02 cells were cotransfected with pCMV His-Ub and control plasmid or SAMD12-AS1, SAMD12-AS1(1-350) or SAMD12-AS1(351-701)expression plasmids. ", "Then, cells were treated with MG132 for 6 h, and cell lysates were subjected to His pulldown and immunoblotted with anti-p53 antibody (upper panel). ", "The relative amount of ubiquitinated p53 (Ub-p53 in short) was quantified (lower panel). ", "The relative amounts of p53, HDM2, NPM1, His-NPM1 and Ub-p53 were quantified using ImageJ. \\*\\*P \\< 0.01; \\*\\*\\*P \\< 0.001; ns, not significant. ", "The data are representative of three independent experiments.", "\n\nIn summary, we identified that SAMD12-AS1 as a novel lncRNA upregulated by HBV HBx. ", "We demonstrated that SAMD12-AS1 promotes cell growth and blocks apoptosis of hepatocytes. ", "Furthermore, we found that SAMD12-AS1 interacts with nucleophosmin NPM1 and enhances HDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and degradation, consequently reducing p53 stability (Fig.", " [8](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Our studies reveal the mechanism by which HBV regulates SAMD12-AS1 expression and a novel function of SAMD12-AS1 in cell proliferation and apoptosis.", "Figure 8Schematic map of SAMD12-AS1 regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. ", "HBV-encoded HBx promotes the transcription of SAMD12-AS1. ", "SAMD12-AS1 interacts with NPM1 to prevent its association with HDM2. ", "Consequently, HDM2 binds to p53 and enhances p53 ubiquitination and degradation, which in turn promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis.", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec8}\n==========\n\nThe recent application of RNA-Seq to cancer transcriptomes has revealed an increasing number of lncRNAs associated with cancer development^[@CR22],[@CR23]^. These lncRNAs have been found to participate in various aspects of cellular processes, such as cell growth, apoptosis, or genomic stability^[@CR24]--[@CR27]^. However, the detailed mechanisms by which lncRNAs regulate cell proliferation and tumorigenesis require further investigation.", "\n\nHepatitis B virus infection has been considered to be closely correlated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ", "Previous studies revealed that HBV HBx is a transcriptional regulator that regulates the expression of many genes. ", "Recently, it has been reported that HBx also affects the transcription of lncRNAs^[@CR28]^. For example, HBx downregulates lncRNA-Dreh, which promotes HCC development^[@CR8]^. Furthermore, HBx could upregulate MALAT1, which promotes HCC development and metastasis by upregulating the expression of LTBP3^[@CR29]^. Our current work revealed that HBx enhances lnc-HUR1 transcription, which interacts with p53 directly and interferes with p53 transcriptional activity^[@CR20]^. In this study, we demonstrate that HBx-upregulated SAMD12-AS1 interacts with NPM1 and competes with the interaction of NPM1 with the E3 ligase HDM2, which causes a reduction in p53 stability and consequently promotes cell proliferation and tumor growth. ", "These findings indicate that HBx promotes HCC development by influencing the protein expression and transcription of lncRNAs, thus providing the possibility of crosstalk between proteins and lncRNAs during HBV-associated HCC development.", "\n\nIt is known that NPM1 not only plays an important role in regulating rDNA transcription but also controls p53 stability by interacting with HDM2^[@CR30],[@CR31]^. However, there is no report of an lncRNA regulating the NPM1-HDM2-p53 axis. ", "Here, we provide evidence to show that SAMD12-AS1 interacts with NPM1 and enhances the interaction of HDM2 and p53, which in turn promotes the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of p53. ", "Since p53 is identified as a tumor suppressor that is deregulated in various types of tumors, the negative correlation between SAMD12-AS1 and p53 stability implies that SAMD12-AS1 could be a prognostic marker for HCC and other types of tumors.", "\n\nIn addition to SAMD12-AS1, we identified a set of lncRNAs differentially expressed in HBV transgenic cells. ", "Further studies investigating the functions of these lncRNAs will be important to aid our understanding of HBV-associated HCC development and may provide novel lncRNA targets to prevent and treat HCC.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec9}\n=======\n\nPlasmids and reagents {#Sec10}\n---------------------\n\nPlasmids were constructed as follows: the SAMD12-AS1 and SAMD12-AS1-S1, SAMD12-AS1(1-350)-S1 and SAMD12-AS1(351-701)-S1 tagged genes were cloned into a lentiviral plasmid, pLentiLox3.7; the SAMD12-AS1, SAMD12-AS1-T, SAMD12-AS1-TT, and HBx genes were cloned into pcDNA3.1 with a C-terminal FLAG tag.; ", "and pGL2-SAMD12-AS1-luc was constructed by cloning the predicted SAMD12-AS1 promoter (−425 to 1, genome location: nt118620575-nt118621000) into the pGL2-Basic vector.", "\n\nRabbit anti-NPM1 antibody was produced by immunizing rabbits with *E*. *", "coli*-expressed NPM1. ", "Mouse anti-FLAG antibody (M2), rabbit anti-Myc antibody (9E10) and anti-Myc beads were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA. ", "Mouse anti-GAPDH antibody, goat anti-human lamin B antibody, and anti-p53 antibody were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA. ", "Rabbit anti-human tubulin antibody and rabbit anti-human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) antibody were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, USA. ", "Rabbit anti-HDM2 antibody was purchased from Bioworld, USA. ", "HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies were purchased from Jackson Laboratory, USA. ", "Anti-Mouse IgG (Heavy Chain)-HRP, anti-Mouse IgG (Light Chain)-HRP, anti-Rabbit IgG (Light Chain)-HRP, and anti-Rabbit IgG (Heavy Chain)-HRP were purchased from EASYBIO, China. ", "The anti-HA-Tag beads were purchased from Abmart, and Ni-NTA beads were purchased from Qiagen, Germany.", "\n\nCell culture and tumor samples {#Sec11}\n------------------------------\n\nHuman hepatoma cell line (HepG2), human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293T) and human normal liver cell line (L02) were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA). ", "The HepG2-4D14 cell line, in which the HBV genome was stably integrated, was kindly provided by Dongping Xu (302 Hospital of PLA, China)^[@CR5]^. All cell lines were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37 °C and 5% CO~2~.\n\nTo generate SAMD12-AS1 overexpression cell lines, HepG2 cells were infected with lentivirus carrying SAMD12-AS1 or empty plasmid as a control. ", "Then, GFP-positive cells were sorted, and cell clones stably expressing SAMD12-AS1 were chosen and named SAMD12-AS1\\#1, SAMD12-AS1\\#2 and SAMD12-AS1\\#3.", "\n\nTo generate S1-tagged SAMD12-AS1 and truncated SAMD12-AS1 overexpression cell lines, HepG2 cells were infected with lentivirus carrying SAMD12-AS1-S1, SAMD12-AS1(1-350)-S1, SAMD12-AS1(351-701)-S1 or empty plasmid as a control. ", "Then, GFP-positive cells were sorted and named SAMD12-AS1-S1, SAMD12-AS1(1-350)-S1 and SAMD12-AS1(351-701)-S1, respectively.", "\n\nTo generate SAMD12-AS1 stably silenced HepG2 cells or HepG2--4D14 cells, HepG2 cells or HepG2-4D14 cells were infected with lentivirus carrying shRNAs (sh-SAMD12-AS1\\#1 and \\#2) targeting SAMD12-AS1. ", "Then, GFP-positive cells were sorted. ", "The shRNA-targeted regions are located at SAMD12-AS1 nt 451--469 (sh-SAMD12-AS1\\#1) and nt 641--659 (sh-SAMD12-AS1\\#2).", "\n\nLiver tissues from 38 patients with HCC were collected from the 302 Hospital of PLA. ", "The clinical characteristics of the patients are listed in Supplementary Table [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}. ", "Written informed consent was provided by all study participants. ", "Patient samples were assigned arbitrary identification numbers based on the order of enrollment. ", "The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the 302 Hospital of PLA^[@CR20]^. All experiments were performed according to approved guidelines and regulations.", "\n\nQuantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) {#Sec12}\n-----------------------------\n\nqRT-PCR was performed as previously published^[@CR6]^. In brief, total RNA was extracted from cultured cells or tissues following standard TRIzol protocol (Invitrogen, USA). ", "Then, reverse transcription was performed using cDNA Synthesis SuperMix (TransGen Biotech, China), and real-time PCR was performed with a SYBR green real-time PCR kit (Toyobo, Japan) according to the manufacturer's protocol. ", "Relative expression was quantified using the comparative threshold cycle (CT) method. ", "Primers are listed below: SAMD12-AS1-F, 5′-CGTCTCTCCAAAGCAACTGAA-3′, SAMD12-AS1-R, 5′-CTTGAACTCCAGCAACTCTAGTC-3′; SAMD12-F, 5′-GTGCCTGACCAGAAA GGAACTC-3′, SAMD12-R, 5′-TTCTTCAACCACTTGCAGACATC-3′; p53-F, 5′-ACTGCCTTCCGGGTCACTGC-3′, p53-R, 5′-GTCAGTGGGGAACAAGAAGTGG AG-3′. All data were normalized to β-actin.", "\n\nCaspase activity assay {#Sec13}\n----------------------\n\nCells were plated in 96-well plates and treated with etoposide (2 μM) for 48 h. The cell lysates were harvested to detect caspase activity using Caspase-Glo3/7 reagents (Promega, USA). ", "Then, the luminescence of all samples was measured with a luminometer.", "\n\nImmunoblotting {#Sec14}\n--------------\n\nImmunoblotting was performed as previously described^[@CR32]^. Briefly, cell lysates were subjected to SDS-PAGE and blotted with the indicated antibodies. ", "Then, the membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody for 1 h. Protein bands were visualized using Enlight Western blotting reagents (Engreen Biosystem, China). ", "The intensities of the bands were quantified using ImageJ. Full blots are included in the supplementary information files (Figs [S3](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}--[S7](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}).", "\n\nNorthern blot {#Sec15}\n-------------\n\nTotal RNA from HepG2 and HepG2-4D14 cells was extracted using TRIzol reagent. ", "Northern blot was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions for the NorthernMax-Gly Kit (Invitrogen, USA) as previously described^[@CR20]^. The probe for SAMD12-AS1 (nt 200--500) was labeled with digoxigenin using the DIG DNA Labeling Kit (Roche, Switzerland), and chemiluminescent detection was performed using the DIG Chemiluminescent Detection Kit (Roche).", "\n\nRapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) assay {#Sec16}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nRACE was performed as previously described^[@CR20]^ and carried out with SMARTer^TM^ RACE cDNA Amplification Kit (Clontech, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. ", "Briefly, cDNA was reverse transcribed from total RNA from HepG2 cells. ", "PCR was performed with specific primers. ", "Then, the products were cloned into the pRACE vector for sequencing. ", "The primers for SAMD12-AS1 were as follows: 5′ primer, 5′-TGATGCGAAACGATATCCTCTTCGATTTG-3′ and 3′ primer, 5′-ACCATAGTTGA TATTCTGAATGGCTTCTGTTCC-3′.\n\nS1-pulldown and mass spectrometry analysis {#Sec17}\n------------------------------------------\n\nHepG2 cells were infected with lentivirus carrying control-S1 or SAMD12-AS1-S1, and then GFP-positive cells were sorted and expanded. ", "The S1 aptamer can bind to streptavidin and be applied to pulldown assays as previously described^[@CR33]^. Briefly, cells were UV cross-linked and lysed with lysis buffer containing RNase inhibitor for 20 min. ", "The cell lysates were incubated with prewashed Streptavidin T1 magnetic beads (Invitrogen, USA) at 4 °C for 3 h. Then, the magnetic T1 beads were washed 5 times. ", "After washing, the beads were boiled for 15 min in 0.1% SDS and subjected to SDS-PAGE. ", "The proteins in the gel were subjected to mass spectrometry. ", "Data were analyzed using the Mascot search engine and the SwissProt human database.", "\n\nImmunoprecipitation {#Sec18}\n-------------------\n\nFor endogenous NPM1 immunoprecipitation experiments, anti-NPM1 antibody or rabbit IgG (as a control) and protein A beads were used. ", "As previously described^[@CR20]^, HepG2 cells were UV cross-linked and were lysed with lysis buffer (25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM KCl, 2 mM EDTA, 0.5% NP-40, and 0.5 mM DTT) containing protease inhibitor and RNase inhibitor on ice for 20 min. ", "The lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-NPM1 antibody or rabbit IgG and protein A beads. ", "The RNA was extracted, and SAMD12-AS1 was quantified by qRT-PCR. ", "For immunoprecipitation of endogenous p53, anti-p53 antibody or mouse IgG (as a control) and protein A beads were used. ", "For endogenous HDM2 immunoprecipitation, anti-HDM2 antibody or rabbit IgG (as a control) and protein A beads were used. ", "For Myc-HDM2 immunoprecipitation, L02 cells were cotransfected with pCMV Myc-HDM2 and control or SAMD12-AS1 plasmids. ", "The cell lysates were harvested for immunoprecipitation with anti-Myc beads. ", "Cell lysates were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies.", "\n\nDual-luciferase reporter activity assay {#Sec19}\n---------------------------------------\n\nHepG2 cells were plated in 24-well plates and cotransfected with the pGL2-SAMD12-AS1-promoter and pRL-TK as an internal control and pCMV FLAG-HBx or pCMV FLAG-HBc. ", "The cell lysates were harvested, and dual-luciferase activity was assessed according to the manufacturer's instructions (Promega, USA). ", "Relative luciferase activity was calculated (Firefly luciferase/Renilla luciferase).", "\n\nCCK8 assay {#Sec20}\n----------\n\nCell viability was determined using the CCK8 kit (Dojindo, Japan) according to our previously published method^[@CR6]^. Briefly, 5000 cells per well were plated into 96-well plates and cultured in DMEM with 1% serum. ", "CCK8 reagent was added at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. The absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a Microplate Reader (Thermo Fisher, USA).", "\n\nTumor growth assay {#Sec21}\n------------------\n\nA tumor growth assay was performed as described previously^[@CR34]^. Briefly, 1 × 10^7^ cells were suspended in PBS and injected subcutaneously into 6-week-old BALB/c nude mice. ", "Tumor size was measured and calculated as follows: tumor volume (mm^3^) = (L × W^2^)/2, where L = long axis and W = short axis. ", "Tumor size was measured at each indicated time point. ", "On day 24, the mice were sacrificed, and the tumors were dissected out. ", "All animals received humane care, and the study of mice was permitted by the Research Ethics Committee of the Institute of Microbiology (APZMCAS2016011).", "\n\nHis-pulldown assay {#Sec22}\n------------------\n\nHis pulldown assay was performed according to our previously published method^[@CR34]^. L02 cells were cotransfected with pCMV His-Ub and with control plasmid or plasmids expressing SAMD12-AS1, SAMD12-AS1(1-350) or SAMD12-AS1(351-701) for 24 h and treated with MG132 (20 μM) for 6 h. The cells were lysed in denaturing lysis buffer at room temperature for 30 min. ", "Then, the cell lysates were mixed with 40 μL of Ni-NTA beads and incubated at room temperature for 4 h. The Ni-NTA beads were washed and eluted with 40 μL of elution buffer (0.15 M Tris-HCl at pH 6.7, 30% glycerol, 5% SDS and 0.5 M imidazole). ", "The solutions were subjected to SDS-PAGE.", "\n\nGST pulldown assay {#Sec23}\n------------------\n\nA GST pulldown assay was performed as described previously^[@CR30]^. Briefly, the GST-HDM2 and His-NPM1 fusion proteins were expressed in *E*. *", "coli* following induction with IPTG. *", "In vitro* transcription of RNA for SAMD12-AS1, SAMD12-AS1(1-350) or SAMD12-AS1(351-701) was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions for the MEGAscript™ T7 Transcription Kit (Invitrogen, USA). ", "Binding was performed in TNE buffer with RNase-free water (140 mM NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, 50 mM Tris-HCl at pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF and RNase inhibitor) overnight at 4 °C, and the beads were washed. ", "After washing, the beads were boiled for 15 min in 0.1% SDS and subjected to SDS-PAGE.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec24}\n--------------------\n\nThe statistical significance between groups was determined using Student's t-test. ", "P value \\< 0.05 was considered significant.", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n {#Sec25}\n\nSupplementary Information\n\n**Publisher's note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n**Supplementary information** accompanies this paper at 10.1038/s41598-019-48116-1.", "\n\nThis work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB29010000), the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2015CB910502, 2016YFC1200304), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (81772989, 31600129 and 31471278). ", "Xin Ye is the principal investigator of the Innovative Research Group of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81621091).", "\n\nQ.L. designed and performed experiments, analyzed data, and wrote the manuscript; N.L., Q.S., F.Z., W.C. and X.T. participated in the experiments; X.Z. and Z.L. collected clinical samples. ", "D.Q. and X.Y. designed, conceived, and supervised the study and wrote the manuscript. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "The periodontal tissue which is composed of gingiva, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament (periodontal membrane), cementum, dental pulp, etc. ", "is essential for erecting teeth and maintaining their functions such as mastication and occlusion, and its damage or destruction will lead to the loss of teeth. ", "Consider, for example, a periodontal disease which is reportedly afflicting about 30 million people in Japan; as the disease progresses, the periodontal tissue becomes increasingly damaged or destroyed resulting in tooth loss. ", "To treat damaged or destroyed periodontal tissue including the dental pulp, various methods comprising medication and surgical operation are being attempted but none of the medicaments and therapeutic methods are sufficiently effective to regenerate the damaged or destroyed periodontal tissue including the dental pulp.", "\nNeurotrophic factors include brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5) and are involved in differentiation, survival, regeneration and functional maintenance of neuron. ", "BDNF and NT-4/5 bind to the high-affinity receptor TrkB (tropomyosin receptor kinase B), NGF to TrkA, and NT-3 to TrkC.\nBDNF, NGF and NT-3 are neurotrophic factors mostly present in the brain and the efficacy of BDNF and NGF has been demonstrated in experiments with animals of various disease models such as a motor neuropathy model, a Parkinson's disease model, and an Alzheimer disease model. ", "In particular, BDNF is expected as an effective therapeutic drug for motor and peripheral nervous diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and peripheral neuropathies due to diabetes and chemotherapeutic agents, and for diseases involving the central nervous system such as the Alzheimer disease, the Parkinson's disease, and retina-related diseases.", "\nThese neurotrophic factors are said to play an important role not only in the central nervous system but also in the peripheral nervous system. ", "It has been reported that the expression of BDNF, NGF, NT-3, TrkC and TrkA increased during the healing process of fractured mouse ribs (K. Asaumi et al., ", "Bone, Vol. ", "26, No. ", "6, 625-633, 2000) and that BDNF, NGF and NT-3 enhanced the proliferation of mouse periodontal ligament cells (Y. Tsuboi et al., ", "J Dent Res 80(3):881-886, 2001). ", "However, there are no detailed reports on the behavior of those neurotrophic factors in the periodontal tissue and pulp tissue." ]

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[ "Pages\n\nTuesday, January 26, 2010\n\nMy Awful Wedded Wife\n\nIn it, Sandra Tsing Loh out-earned her last husband and current boyfriend (or girlfriend... she says \"partner,\" so I can never tell), and fantasizes a little about a 50s style life where she could be the Don Draper breadwinner and come home to the BettyDraper who has a pot roast on the table and a Manhattan chilling (I don't really know if Manhattans are supposed to be cold, but she talks about bourbon, and I know that goes in a Manhattan).", "\n\nIt's the kind of thing I used to write about a lot in my 30s when I worked in carpetland, but not so much in my 40s, where there are probably homeless people who out-earn me, and I've actually paid a lot (of money and labor and time) for the privilege of doing a pretty costly, expensive (but generally fulfilling and rewarding) job. ", "I may be the only person I know who plans to retire into teaching... where I'll probably make more money for vastly less stress. (", "And I taught college freshmen for several years, so I'm fully aware of how underpaid and over-stressful it is.)", "\n\nIn my 30s, I dated the Poor (grad students), the Broke (bass players), the Rich (surgeons, captains-of-the-universe types), and the In-Betweens: lawyers, architects, and a positively statistically improbable number of engineers. ", "I still don't even know exactly what engineers do, but I think it has something to do with whether or not buildings, bridges, or roads collapse (and nothing to do with trains), and that's all the more embarrassing considering the fact that my first job out of graduate school was working for an engineering firm. (", "It's ok though, I was in \"communications\" which was a glorified title for \"making coffee\" and I don't think anything fell down because of me. ", "Mostly, we worked for the Navy... so it is possible people died because of me...but not likely, unless it involved too much Maxwell House).", "\n\nAs my friend Tad observed back then, money wasn't an issue -- we were a tight-knit group post-college, and even though our jobs ranged from social work to trust fund babies, we all lived fairly comparably -- one house per person/or couple, one car per person, etc. ", "There were those who picked up restaurant tabs, and there were those of us who cooked -- but that was most always based on skill set, rather than income. (", "And there were a few who never did either; rest assured, everyone remembers who they are. ", "I was in charge of administering Social Probation, and I still have the List.) ", "I started cooking Sunday Suppers as soon as I got my first college apartment -- and trust me, no one at that school had less money than I did. (", "I have the student loans to prove it.)", "\n\nThe first time I remember Income really getting to be an issue among the couples was when my grad school roommate kept trying to force her boyfriend into law school (he was the heir to a pretty sizeable old-school firm, but this kid had artsy non-profit written all over him). ", "It created a big rift among all us womenfolk because -- as we pointed out -- she was far better suited to law school than he was (smarter, with better logic skills and grades), but she was having none of it. ", "What she wanted was the lifestyle his dad's firm would've afforded them. ", "She just didn't want to do any of the actual work. ", "She was happy to consign him to that, but she wanted to toil away in her groovy little $12,000 a year arts administrator job. (", "They eventually split up and last I heard, he'd gotten to the top of the artsy field he'd ended up in and even ended up making a good living at it.) ", "She had no interest in being a Corporate Wife -- her job was way too hippie-esque for that -- but she sure wanted that Corporate Husband.", "\n\nPersonally, I would looooooove to have a Wife (the stereotypical kind). ", "But I'd have to go back to working in carpetland to afford one. ", "In the meantime, I can do it all -- make a living; get dinner on the table; maintain a household in keeping with board of health standards; and come up with proper attire for mucking a stall and then attending an inaugural ball -- everybody just has to understand that I can NOT do it all at the same time. ", "You can get a good meal at my house anyday -- as long as you don't mind me serving it in yoga pants. ", "Or, you can come over to a spotless house -- but if it's spotless, that's only because I didn't cook anything in it that day.", "\n\nI know I would be a better Don Draper than Betty Draper and that's a fact. ", "I just need to take up drinking." ]

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[ "/**\n * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.", "\n *\n * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the LICENSE\n * file in the root directory of this source tree.", "\n */\n#pragma once\n\n#include <assert.h>\n#include <math.h>\n#include <stdarg.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n\n#ifndef __cplusplus\n#include <stdbool.h>\n#endif\n\n#include \"YGEnums.h\"\n#include \"YGMacros.h\"\n#include \"YGValue.h\"\n\nYG_EXTERN_C_BEGIN\n\ntypedef struct YGSize {\n float width;\n float height;\n} YGSize;\n\ntypedef struct YGConfig* YGConfigRef;\n\ntypedef struct YGNode* YGNodeRef;\n\ntypedef YGSize (*YGMeasureFunc)(\n YGNodeRef node,\n float width,\n YGMeasureMode widthMode,\n float height,\n YGMeasureMode heightMode);\ntypedef float (\n *YGBaselineFunc)(YGNodeRef node, const float width, const float height);\ntypedef void (*YGDirtiedFunc)(YGNodeRef node);\ntypedef void (*YGPrintFunc)(YGNodeRef node);\ntypedef void (*YGNodeCleanupFunc)(YGNodeRef node);\ntypedef int (*YGLogger)(\n const YGConfigRef config,\n const YGNodeRef node,\n YGLogLevel level,\n const char* format,\n va_list args);\ntypedef YGNodeRef (\n *YGCloneNodeFunc)(YGNodeRef oldNode, YGNodeRef owner, int childIndex);\n\n// YGNode\nWIN_EXPORT YGNodeRef YGNodeNew(void);\nWIN_EXPORT YGNodeRef YGNodeNewWithConfig(const YGConfigRef config);\nWIN_EXPORT YGNodeRef YGNodeClone(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeFree(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeFreeRecursiveWithCleanupFunc(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n YGNodeCleanupFunc cleanup);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeFreeRecursive(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeReset(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT int32_t YGNodeGetInstanceCount(void);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeInsertChild(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGNodeRef child,\n const uint32_t index);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeRemoveChild(const YGNodeRef node, const YGNodeRef child);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeRemoveAllChildren(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT YGNodeRef YGNodeGetChild(const YGNodeRef node, const uint32_t index);\nWIN_EXPORT YGNodeRef YGNodeGetOwner(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT YGNodeRef YGNodeGetParent(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT uint32_t YGNodeGetChildCount(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeSetChildren(\n YGNodeRef const owner,\n const YGNodeRef children[],\n const uint32_t count);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeSetIsReferenceBaseline(\n YGNodeRef node,\n bool isReferenceBaseline);\n\nWIN_EXPORT bool YGNodeIsReferenceBaseline(YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeCalculateLayout(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float availableWidth,\n const float availableHeight,\n const YGDirection ownerDirection);\n\n// Mark a node as dirty. ", "Only valid for nodes with a custom measure function\n// set.", "\n//\n// Yoga knows when to mark all other nodes as dirty but because nodes with\n// measure functions depend on information not known to Yoga they must perform\n// this dirty marking manually.", "\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeMarkDirty(const YGNodeRef node);\n\n// Marks the current node and all its descendants as dirty.", "\n//\n// Intended to be used for Uoga benchmarks. ", "Don't use in production, as calling\n// `YGCalculateLayout` will cause the recalculation of each and every node.", "\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeMarkDirtyAndPropogateToDescendants(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodePrint(const YGNodeRef node, const YGPrintOptions options);\n\nWIN_EXPORT bool YGFloatIsUndefined(const float value);\n\nWIN_EXPORT bool YGNodeCanUseCachedMeasurement(\n const YGMeasureMode widthMode,\n const float width,\n const YGMeasureMode heightMode,\n const float height,\n const YGMeasureMode lastWidthMode,\n const float lastWidth,\n const YGMeasureMode lastHeightMode,\n const float lastHeight,\n const float lastComputedWidth,\n const float lastComputedHeight,\n const float marginRow,\n const float marginColumn,\n const YGConfigRef config);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeCopyStyle(\n const YGNodeRef dstNode,\n const YGNodeRef srcNode);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void* YGNodeGetContext(YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeSetContext(YGNodeRef node, void* context);\nvoid YGConfigSetPrintTreeFlag(YGConfigRef config, bool enabled);\nbool YGNodeHasMeasureFunc(YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeSetMeasureFunc(YGNodeRef node, YGMeasureFunc measureFunc);\nbool YGNodeHasBaselineFunc(YGNodeRef node);\nvoid YGNodeSetBaselineFunc(YGNodeRef node, YGBaselineFunc baselineFunc);\nYGDirtiedFunc YGNodeGetDirtiedFunc(YGNodeRef node);\nvoid YGNodeSetDirtiedFunc(YGNodeRef node, YGDirtiedFunc dirtiedFunc);\nvoid YGNodeSetPrintFunc(YGNodeRef node, YGPrintFunc printFunc);\nWIN_EXPORT bool YGNodeGetHasNewLayout(YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeSetHasNewLayout(YGNodeRef node, bool hasNewLayout);\nYGNodeType YGNodeGetNodeType(YGNodeRef node);\nvoid YGNodeSetNodeType(YGNodeRef node, YGNodeType nodeType);\nWIN_EXPORT bool YGNodeIsDirty(YGNodeRef node);\nbool YGNodeLayoutGetDidUseLegacyFlag(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetDirection(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGDirection direction);\nWIN_EXPORT YGDirection YGNodeStyleGetDirection(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetFlexDirection(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGFlexDirection flexDirection);\nWIN_EXPORT YGFlexDirection YGNodeStyleGetFlexDirection(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetJustifyContent(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGJustify justifyContent);\nWIN_EXPORT YGJustify YGNodeStyleGetJustifyContent(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetAlignContent(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGAlign alignContent);\nWIN_EXPORT YGAlign YGNodeStyleGetAlignContent(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetAlignItems(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGAlign alignItems);\nWIN_EXPORT YGAlign YGNodeStyleGetAlignItems(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetAlignSelf(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGAlign alignSelf);\nWIN_EXPORT YGAlign YGNodeStyleGetAlignSelf(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetPositionType(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGPositionType positionType);\nWIN_EXPORT YGPositionType YGNodeStyleGetPositionType(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetFlexWrap(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGWrap flexWrap);\nWIN_EXPORT YGWrap YGNodeStyleGetFlexWrap(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetOverflow(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGOverflow overflow);\nWIN_EXPORT YGOverflow YGNodeStyleGetOverflow(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetDisplay(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGDisplay display);\nWIN_EXPORT YGDisplay YGNodeStyleGetDisplay(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetFlex(const YGNodeRef node, const float flex);\nWIN_EXPORT float YGNodeStyleGetFlex(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetFlexGrow(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float flexGrow);\nWIN_EXPORT float YGNodeStyleGetFlexGrow(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetFlexShrink(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float flexShrink);\nWIN_EXPORT float YGNodeStyleGetFlexShrink(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetFlexBasis(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float flexBasis);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetFlexBasisPercent(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float flexBasis);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetFlexBasisAuto(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT YGValue YGNodeStyleGetFlexBasis(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetPosition(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGEdge edge,\n const float position);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetPositionPercent(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGEdge edge,\n const float position);\nWIN_EXPORT YGValue\nYGNodeStyleGetPosition(const YGNodeRef node, const YGEdge edge);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetMargin(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGEdge edge,\n const float margin);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetMarginPercent(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGEdge edge,\n const float margin);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetMarginAuto(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGEdge edge);\nWIN_EXPORT YGValue\nYGNodeStyleGetMargin(const YGNodeRef node, const YGEdge edge);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetPadding(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGEdge edge,\n const float padding);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetPaddingPercent(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGEdge edge,\n const float padding);\nWIN_EXPORT YGValue\nYGNodeStyleGetPadding(const YGNodeRef node, const YGEdge edge);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetBorder(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGEdge edge,\n const float border);\nWIN_EXPORT float YGNodeStyleGetBorder(const YGNodeRef node, const YGEdge edge);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetWidth(const YGNodeRef node, const float width);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetWidthPercent(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float width);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetWidthAuto(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT YGValue YGNodeStyleGetWidth(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetHeight(const YGNodeRef node, const float height);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetHeightPercent(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float height);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetHeightAuto(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT YGValue YGNodeStyleGetHeight(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetMinWidth(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float minWidth);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetMinWidthPercent(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float minWidth);\nWIN_EXPORT YGValue YGNodeStyleGetMinWidth(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetMinHeight(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float minHeight);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetMinHeightPercent(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float minHeight);\nWIN_EXPORT YGValue YGNodeStyleGetMinHeight(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetMaxWidth(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float maxWidth);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetMaxWidthPercent(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float maxWidth);\nWIN_EXPORT YGValue YGNodeStyleGetMaxWidth(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetMaxHeight(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float maxHeight);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetMaxHeightPercent(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float maxHeight);\nWIN_EXPORT YGValue YGNodeStyleGetMaxHeight(const YGNodeRef node);\n\n// Yoga specific properties, not compatible with flexbox specification Aspect\n// ratio control the size of the undefined dimension of a node. ", "Aspect ratio is\n// encoded as a floating point value width/height. ", "e.g. A value of 2 leads to a\n// node with a width twice the size of its height while a value of 0.5 gives the\n// opposite effect.", "\n//\n// - On a node with a set width/height aspect ratio control the size of the\n// unset dimension\n// - On a node with a set flex basis aspect ratio controls the size of the node\n// in the cross axis if unset\n// - On a node with a measure function aspect ratio works as though the measure\n// function measures the flex basis\n// - On a node with flex grow/shrink aspect ratio controls the size of the node\n// in the cross axis if unset\n// - Aspect ratio takes min/max dimensions into account\nWIN_EXPORT void YGNodeStyleSetAspectRatio(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const float aspectRatio);\nWIN_EXPORT float YGNodeStyleGetAspectRatio(const YGNodeRef node);\n\nWIN_EXPORT float YGNodeLayoutGetLeft(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT float YGNodeLayoutGetTop(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT float YGNodeLayoutGetRight(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT float YGNodeLayoutGetBottom(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT float YGNodeLayoutGetWidth(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT float YGNodeLayoutGetHeight(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT YGDirection YGNodeLayoutGetDirection(const YGNodeRef node);\nWIN_EXPORT bool YGNodeLayoutGetHadOverflow(const YGNodeRef node);\nbool YGNodeLayoutGetDidLegacyStretchFlagAffectLayout(const YGNodeRef node);\n\n// Get the computed values for these nodes after performing layout. ", "If they were\n// set using point values then the returned value will be the same as\n// YGNodeStyleGetXXX. ", "However if they were set using a percentage value then the\n// returned value is the computed value used during layout.", "\nWIN_EXPORT float YGNodeLayoutGetMargin(const YGNodeRef node, const YGEdge edge);\nWIN_EXPORT float YGNodeLayoutGetBorder(const YGNodeRef node, const YGEdge edge);\nWIN_EXPORT float YGNodeLayoutGetPadding(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const YGEdge edge);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGConfigSetLogger(const YGConfigRef config, YGLogger logger);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGAssert(const bool condition, const char* message);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGAssertWithNode(\n const YGNodeRef node,\n const bool condition,\n const char* message);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGAssertWithConfig(\n const YGConfigRef config,\n const bool condition,\n const char* message);\n// Set this to number of pixels in 1 point to round calculation results If you\n// want to avoid rounding - set PointScaleFactor to 0\nWIN_EXPORT void YGConfigSetPointScaleFactor(\n const YGConfigRef config,\n const float pixelsInPoint);\nvoid YGConfigSetShouldDiffLayoutWithoutLegacyStretchBehaviour(\n const YGConfigRef config,\n const bool shouldDiffLayout);\n\n// Yoga previously had an error where containers would take the maximum space\n// possible instead of the minimum like they are supposed to. ", "In practice this\n// resulted in implicit behaviour similar to align-self: stretch; Because this\n// was such a long-standing bug we must allow legacy users to switch back to\n// this behaviour.", "\nWIN_EXPORT void YGConfigSetUseLegacyStretchBehaviour(\n const YGConfigRef config,\n const bool useLegacyStretchBehaviour);\n\n// YGConfig\nWIN_EXPORT YGConfigRef YGConfigNew(void);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGConfigFree(const YGConfigRef config);\nWIN_EXPORT void YGConfigCopy(const YGConfigRef dest, const YGConfigRef src);\nWIN_EXPORT int32_t YGConfigGetInstanceCount(void);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGConfigSetExperimentalFeatureEnabled(\n const YGConfigRef config,\n const YGExperimentalFeature feature,\n const bool enabled);\nWIN_EXPORT bool YGConfigIsExperimentalFeatureEnabled(\n const YGConfigRef config,\n const YGExperimentalFeature feature);\n\n// Using the web defaults is the prefered configuration for new projects. ", "Usage\n// of non web defaults should be considered as legacy.", "\nWIN_EXPORT void YGConfigSetUseWebDefaults(\n const YGConfigRef config,\n const bool enabled);\nWIN_EXPORT bool YGConfigGetUseWebDefaults(const YGConfigRef config);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGConfigSetCloneNodeFunc(\n const YGConfigRef config,\n const YGCloneNodeFunc callback);\n\n// Export only for C#\nWIN_EXPORT YGConfigRef YGConfigGetDefault(void);\n\nWIN_EXPORT void YGConfigSetContext(const YGConfigRef config, void* context);\nWIN_EXPORT void* YGConfigGetContext(const YGConfigRef config);\n\nWIN_EXPORT float YGRoundValueToPixelGrid(\n const float value,\n const float pointScaleFactor,\n const bool forceCeil,\n const bool forceFloor);\n\nYG_EXTERN_C_END\n\n#ifdef __cplusplus\n\n#include <functional>\n#include <vector>\n\n// Calls f on each node in the tree including the given node argument.", "\nextern void YGTraversePreOrder(\n YGNodeRef const node,\n std::function<void(YGNodeRef node)>&& f);\n\nextern void YGNodeSetChildren(\n YGNodeRef const owner,\n const std::vector<YGNodeRef>& children);\n\n#endif\n" ]

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[ "Transmit-receive (Tx-Rx) switches are typically designed for frequency ranges up to around 2.5 GHz, for example when a switch is integrated on an ASIC. ", "Discrete switches may be used at higher frequencies. ", "An example from reference [1] of an integrated switch is illustrated in FIG. ", "1, which shows a transceiver 100 having a power amplifier (PA) 101 and a low noise amplifier (LNA) 102, both of which are connected to an antenna 103. ", "The PA 101 is connected to the antenna 103 via a transformer 104 and a transmit (Tx) switch 105. ", "A further transmit switch 106 is provided between an input of the LNA 102 and ground. ", "When the Tx switches 105, 106 are activated, the output of the PA 101 is fed to the antenna 103 and the input of the LNA is grounded.", "\nFIGS. ", "2 and 3 illustrate another approach from references [2] and [3], in which Tx-Rx switches employ two or more transformers (baluns), which may be integrated or provided as off-chip components. ", "In the transceiver 200 illustrated in FIG. ", "2, the PA 201 and LNA 202 are switched using an external balun 203, while in the transceiver 300 illustrated in FIG. ", "3 the PA 301 and LNA 302 are switched using an internal impedance matching circuit 303.", "\nIn the first type of transceiver 100, i.e. that of FIG. ", "1, the series switch 105 between the PA 101 and the antenna 103 will tend to result in output power loss. ", "In addition, the parasitic capacitance of the switch 105 will tend to limit the working frequency range of the transceiver 100. ", "In the second approach, i.e. that of either FIG. ", "2 or FIG. ", "3, employing two or more transformers is considerably more expensive, especially in the case of using an off-chip transformer (in the FIG. ", "2 arrangement). ", "In addition to manufacturing cost, designing two transformers for wideband applications is very difficult, which will tend to limit the use of this type of arrangement to narrowband applications." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAnimating the display of a view on button press\n\nI'd like to animate the display of a view when a button is pressed. ", "When the button is pressed, the button will animate by increasing the x origin by ~150px. ", "\nThe tricky part...\nAs the button slides to the right, a view should animate into display as if it is being pulled by the button. ", "The animation will take place roughly in the middle of the screen, so I cannot simply set the initial origin of the view off the screen and animate it back on. ", "\nHow do I accomplish this type of animation?", "\n\nA:\n\nAdd a clear view with the clipToBounds set to YES and with for frame the final frame of you view with the stars. ", "Then you just have to put your view with the stars in that clear view, shift it to the left, animate the x origin, and enjoy !", "\n\n" ]

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[ "This Week in Sex: ‘Virgin’ Boys May Have HPV Anyway, Even Without Having Intercourse\n\nSexual contact, outside of penetrative sex, can spread HPV too. ", "Young women are missing opportunities, even in OB-GYN clinics, to be vaccinated against contracting HPV. ", "And are seven words really banned from the CDC?", "\n\nThis Week in Sex is a summary of news and research related to sexual behavior, sexuality education, contraception, STIs, and more.", "\n\nBoys Who Have Never Had Sex May Have HPV Anyhow\n\nOpponents of the HPV vaccine sometimes argue that it’s not necessary to immunize teenagers from a sexually transmitted infection because the teenagers could just instead not have sex, but new research suggests this strategy isn’t foolproof: Researchers from the University of Texas Health Science Center found some self-identified male “virgins” had HPV anyhow.", "\n\nThe researchers looked at data from a previous study that followed more than 4,000 men ages 18 to 70 in Brazil, Mexico, and the United States from 2005 to 2009. ", "During that time, the men had check-ups every six months. ", "The goal of that study was to track how HPV spread in men.", "\n\nGet the facts, direct to your inbox.", "\n\nThe current study looked specifically at the health records of 87 men who identified themselves as virgins—meaning they had not engaged in penetrative sex (penile-vaginal or penile-anal)—at the start of the study and found that many of them actually had HPV. ", "And, among the virgins who did not have HPV, many of those who began having penetrative sex during the study contracted it quickly. ", "About one quarter (28.7 percent) of men who started the study as virgins but went on to have penetrative sex during the study period contracted HPV within the first year, and 45 percent contracted the virus within two years.", "\n\nAlan Nyitray, one of the study’s authors, said in a statement: “Previous studies have found HPV among female virgins, but this is the first to find it among male virgins. ", "Finding HPV in this population was not entirely surprising, but it reinforces the point that HPV vaccination should not be thought of only in the context of sexual behavior.”", "\n\nIn fairness to the abstinence-alone-is-enough crew, the men likely contracted the STI through nonpenetrative sexual behavior like hand-to-genital or even genital-to-genital contact that didn’t involve penetration. ", "Still, this finding underscores the importance of getting young people vaccinated before they become sexually active—and that doesn’t just mean before they lose their “virginity.” ", "The CDC now recommends that both boys and girls get the HPV vaccine at age 11 or 12, but the vaccine remains controversial and vaccination rates still lag those of other routine immunizations (see the next story for more on this).", "\n\nDoctors Missing Opportunities to Provide HPV Vaccine\n\nAnother new study, this one from Yale University, found that two-thirds of young women had at least one “missed opportunity” in which they were seen at an obstetrics and gynecology clinic, were eligible to get the HPV vaccine, but were not given the shot.", "\n\nResearchers analyzed medical records of more than 1,200 women ages 18 to 26 who were treated at an urban, hospital-based obstetrics and gynecology clinic between February 2013 and January 2014. ", "The women were unvaccinated or under-vaccinated, meaning they hadn’t received all three shots in the HPV series. ", "The women went to the clinic for various reasons including STI screenings, visits to get contraceptive, and postpartum checkups. ", "These visits were considered “missed opportunities” because the women, many of whom were there to get another injection, such as for birth control or another vaccine, were still not given the HPV vaccine shot.", "\n\nDuring the year of the study, 833 women, 67 percent of those studied, had at least one such missed opportunity—33 percent of these were during contraceptive visits, 21 percent during STI screenings, and 17 percent were during postpartum check-ups. ", "The researchers noted that many of these visits were scheduled with nurses and that the patient did not see a physician, who may have been more empowered to suggest the HPV vaccine.", "\n\nSangini Sheth, one of the researchers on the study, suggested that a change in the way the role of nurses is viewed could help: “If we can create a clinical culture where nurses are empowered to discuss, recommend, and administer the HPV vaccine, we could potentially affect the rates of immunization for a population like the one we studied. ", "Nurses are always allies and partners in care, especially in [preventive] and primary care medicine.”", "\n\nAs mentioned earlier in this update, HPV vaccination rates lag behind other routine vaccinations despite the fact that it prevents cancer. ", "Some of the shortfall in vaccination rates may be the result of parents worried that vaccinating a school-aged child against an STI could lead to increased sexual activity (a fear that has been routinely disproved by research). ", "Other research suggests that physicians may also be undermining the vaccine—a 2012 study found that only 71 percent of physicians said they strongly recommended the HPV vaccine to girls 11–12 years old and only 57 percent strongly recommended it to boys the same age.", "\n\nAre Seven Words Really Banned From the CDC?", "\n\nLate Friday afternoon, as public health experts at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were packing up their charts and graphs, a story broke that they would no longer be able to say seven words that by all accounts are key to their work.", "\n\nThe Washington Postfirst reported that some CDC employees, during a meeting about the agency’s budget with senior agency officials Thursday, were given a list of words and phrases they should stop using. ", "The forbidden words: vulnerable, entitlement, diversity, transgender, fetus, evidence-based, and science-based. ", "The CDC is part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the original article said that another HHS department had been given similar instructions to avoid using words including entitlement, diversity, and vulnerable.", "\n\nThe story gained a great deal of attention on social media this weekend as commentators and Twitter users alike tried to comprehend just how much of the CDC’s work would be impacted by these seven words. ", "After all, as the nation’s top public health agency, everything is supposed to be evidence- or science-based. ", "The agency has a number of projects geared toward improving the health of transgender individuals, and others are designed to protect other vulnerable populations. ", "It also spearheads work on preventing fetal alcohol syndrome and other health complications that occur during fetal development such as the impact of the Zika virus.", "\n\nThe reaction captured by the Twitter hashtag #CDC7words included outrage, heartbreak, and humor: The March for Science tweeted about the right of scientists to openly discuss their research. ", "One woman tweeted pictures of a transgender child saying that erasing the words are an attempt to erase her. ", "Many noted that the CDC cannot do its job without being based on science, and others pointed out similarities to other restrictive regimes both real and fictional. ", "Our favorite tweet was from a musical theater writer who promised to write a play entitled, “The Science-Based Vulnerable Entitlement of the Transgender Fetus for Evidence-Based Diversity.”", "\n\nBy Sunday, however, the head of the CDC—Dr. Brenda Fitzgerald—had walked back the concept of banned words. ", "She tweeted: “CDC has a long-standing history of making public health and budget decisions that are based on the best available science and data and for the benefit of all people—and we will continue to do so.”", "\n\nLater, an HHS spokesperson said that calling this a ban on words was inaccurate. ", "Matt Lloyd said in an email: “The assertion that HHS has ‘banned words’ is a complete mischaracterization of discussions regarding the budget formulation process. ", "HHS will continue to use the best scientific evidence available to improve the health of all Americans. ", "HHS also strongly encourages the use of outcome and evidence data in program evaluations and budget decisions.” ", "And, the New York Timesreported that several CDC officials described the move not as a ban but as a suggestion to help advance Republican objectives during the budget process.", "\n\nOf course, if this story teaches us anything, it’s that words matter. ", "Not being able to say the word fetus is clearly designed to force the use of the term baby or unborn baby, which in turn is designed to advance an anti-abortion agenda. ", "And, whether we call it a ban or a strategy, the list of words-that-shall-not-be-spoken tells us a lot about the direction the Trump administration would like to take our public health infrastructure—away from relying on science and evidence that protects diverse, vulnerable populations like transgender individuals and fetuses." ]

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[ "While the show doesn't officially start until Monday, February 22nd, the action actually kicks off sooner than that, with many of the major companies holding their main press events tomorrow, February 21st. ", "Stay tuned, as we'll be bringing you the latest news as it happens from Barcelona." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nNaming Mixins with Ember-CLI\n\nI have an ember addon which uses several Mixins to provide its functionality. ", "Unfortunately when I look at this object in the Ember Inspector I get a boat load of \"unknown mixin\" buckets where my state is scattered across:\n\nI'm ok with there being a lot of \"buckets\" but I'd really like to have them named. ", "How does one go about doing that when working within the Ember-CLI context/environment.", "\np.s. ", "I'm on Ember-CLI 0.2.3 with Ember 1.11.1 and the latest build of Ember Inspector (as of 11 Apr 2015).", "\n\nIt was suggested that a toString() function might solve this problem but it does not seem to be having that effect for me:\n\nWhat you see in the image above is what appears in the Inspector after applying the changes suggested below: \n// addon/mixins/ui-shared-animation.js\n\nimport Ember from 'ember';\n\nvar AnimationSupport = Ember.Mixin.create({\n classNameBindings: ['_animateClass'],\n\n animate: null,\n _animator: Ember.observer( ... ),\n animateEnabled: null,\n animateDisabled: null,\n _disabledObserver: Ember.observer( ... ),\n animateEnter: null,\n _enterAnimationObserver: Ember.observer( ... ),\n _processAnimation: function(animate) { ... }\n }\n});\n\nAnimationSupport.toString = function() { return 'ui-shared-animation'; };\nexport default AnimationSupport; \n\nA:\n\nOk, I've answer my question by looking into the Ember Inspector's closed issues and pulling out this gem:\n\nhttps://github.com/emberjs/ember-inspector/issues/284\n\nWithin Ember-CLI, all you need to do for a mixin is the following:\n// addon/mixins/ui-shared-animation.js\n\nimport Ember from 'ember';\n\nvar AnimationSupport = Ember.Mixin.create({\n classNameBindings: ['_animateClass'],\n\n animate: null,\n _animator: Ember.observer( ... ),\n animateEnabled: null,\n animateDisabled: null,\n _disabledObserver: Ember.observer( ... ),\n animateEnter: null,\n _enterAnimationObserver: Ember.observer( ... ),\n _processAnimation: function(animate) { ... }\n }\n});\n\nAnimationSupport[Ember.", "NAME_KEY] = 'animation-support';\nexport default AnimationSupport; \n\nYay! ", "My 6 mixin approach to addons just got a lot more reasonable. :)", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCheck a list of DTOs using linq to see if all values that exclude a particular value all equal the same thing\n\nI have a list of DTOs filled with values. ", "I want to check to see if a certain value across all the DTOs is the same while excluding a specific value. ", "In other words I need to take a subset of this list and then check if all values are equal.", "\nI initially tried\nitemList.", "Where(x => x.status !", "= 17).All(x => x.status == 15)\n\nbut it is evaluating true when all DTOs in the list have status = 17. ", "I wanted to get a subset of DTOs that didn't have status 17 and then check if all of those DTOs have a status of 15. ", "What's the best way to do that?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt sounds like there might be some confusion about what to do with empty collections in this question. ", " I find that partitioning the source into sub-collections can lend clarity to any decisions.", "\nvar lookup = itemsList.", "ToLookup(x =>\n x.Status == 17 ? \"", "Exclude\" :\n x.Status == 15 ? \"", "Include\" :\n \"Trouble\");\n\nbool hasTrouble = lookup[\"Trouble\"].Any();\nbool hasInclude = lookup[\"Include\"].Any();\nbool hasOnlyGoodOnes = !", "hasTrouble && hasInclude;\nvar goodOnes = lookup[\"Include\"].ToList();\n\n" ]

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[ "Martial arts training in India, for healthy relaxation\n\nThough yoga retreats are much more widespread in India, there are some martial arts training available here. ", "Most of them are focused on weight loss, and include nutrition and cooking classes. ", "Tai Chi and yoga may also be incorporated into your program. ", "On your free time, you can explore the area as you wish. ", "Train hard, eat healthy, and get a glimpse of rich culture. ", "Martial arts training in India will definitely be worth your while!" ]

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[ "In modern authoring environments, development work for complex software systems can be done in parallel by a number of development teams around the world. ", "Each development team may work on discrete portions of the system's overall functionality. ", "The teams may work largely independently, in geographically diverse areas of the world, which renders day-to-day consultations between the teams impractical. ", "Although the development teams may develop their sub-systems from a common high level design document, the team's design efforts may not be synchronized. ", "At some point during development, however, the various teams' developments must be merged together and perhaps additional functionality will be developed based on the merged code.", "\nThe act of merging software developments from several independent design teams entails substantial expense. ", "This dependency between the teams can hamper efficiency and code stability, among other issues. ", "Further, there exists a fundamental dependency upon the code lines of the foundation or basic development team forming the base of the software program.", "\nFor example, FIG. ", "1 illustrates a current approach of software development in a distributed environment. ", "As shown at box 101, the code of a foundation team, for example, includes procedure oriented code segments which are statements and function calling. ", "During cluster functionality enhancement, modifications by one or more globalization teams, for example, are added to the procedure oriented code segments of the foundation team. ", "The new code is mixed with the original code, as shown at box 102. ", "Errors often arise when merging code, and functionality conflicts among code from different teams are essentially inevitable when synchronizing the codes.", "\nIn addition, in the example of FIG. ", "1, the source code for the new functions from the different globalization teams is embedded into the source code of the foundation team. ", "Further, there is no unified mechanism for managing all new codes of a specific cluster.", "\nIn such situations, a procedure oriented interface and a subroutine called directly through the name of its interface are used to handle code integration and resulting conflicts as shown at boxes 103 and 104. ", "This solution, however, is inefficient, prone to error, and inflexible. ", "If the name of an interface is changed, everything referencing the interface must be modified, resulting in a huge workload and potential for error. ", "Further, even if a logic enhancement is made, the caller cannot call the enhancement automatically.", "\nThus, it would be desirable to introduce a unified mechanism for managing codes from different sources or entities in a distributed software development environment." ]

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[ "Natural gas - fuel of the 21st century\n---------------------------------------------\nAccording to a recent speech by Spencer Abraham, the new US Secretary for \nenergy, by 2020, Americans will consume 62 percent more natural gas than they \ndo today; and more than nine out of 10 of the announced new electric \ngenerating plants will fired by natural gas.", "\n---------------------------------------------\nOrganized by the Utility Forum, Australia\u0001,s premium independent media \nsolution provider to the utilities industry, National Gas Conference brings \nyou the key players and experts in today\u0001,s gas industry.", "\n\n5th Annual National Gas Conference\nForms one stream of the UTILICON Convention\n24-26 July 2001\nMelbourne Convention Centre\nMelbourne, Australia\nRegister online today for the most significant on-shore gas event in \nAustralia this year @ \nhttp://www.utilicon.com.au/utilicon_au_2001/home_page.htm\n\nFeaturing international keynote speakers\n-------------------------------------------------\nDr Amory Lovins, Chief Executive, Rocky Mountain Institute, USA\nDr Peter Wilton, Stanford University\u0001,s Graduate School of Business, USA\n\nPlus senior executives from key regulators and national players\n---------------------------------------------------\nACCC, NCC, Woodside Energy, Enron Australia, Epic Energy, Duke Energy \nInternational, Integral Energy, NT Department of Mines and Energy, Aurora \nEnergy, Victorian Gas Contestability Steering Committee, VENCorp, and more\u0001(\n\nDebate on sustainable development\n-----------------------------------------------\nAustralia is blessed with abundant in natural gas reserves, but how to most \neffectively use them for the best of national interest? ", " Be proactive! ", " Come \nand join in the debate on supply options and on how to develop a sustainable \nplan for gas exploration and development in Australia.", "\n\nUnderstand competition reform and risk management\n-------------------------------------------------------\nThe price for ignoring the volatility of the increasing competitive energy \nmarkets can be high. ", " Find out how is competition reshaping the gas \ndistribution and retail markets in Australia, and how to implement risk \nmanagement and trading to fortify your position.", "\n\nNational Gas more than just one conference\n------------------------------------------------------\nBeing co-located with 2 other leading utilities conferences National Power \nand National Water, you are treated to a plenary cross the 3 industries, and \nyou are welcomed to move among the conferences and streams. ", " This is your \nchance to network and share information with senior executives across the \nemerging and dynamic utilities industry. ", " There will also be a free utility \nB2B exhibition alongside the conferences, focusing on renovation and \ne-business.", "\n\nFor more information, feel free to contact me on\nTel:+ 61 2 9210 5777\nmailto:kristin.fan@terrapinn.com\n\n-------------------------------------------\nIf you wish to unsubscibe to this e-newsletter, please reply with unsubscribe \nin the subject field\n-------------------------------------------" ]

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[ "/*\nXOWA: the XOWA Offline Wiki Application\nCopyright (C) 2012-2017 gnosygnu@gmail.com\n\nXOWA is licensed under the terms of the General Public License (GPL) Version 3,\nor alternatively under the terms of the Apache License Version 2.0.", "\n\nYou may use XOWA according to either of these licenses as is most appropriate\nfor your project on a case-by-case basis.", "\n\nThe terms of each license can be found in the source code repository:\n\nGPLv3 License: https://github.com/gnosygnu/xowa/blob/master/LICENSE-GPLv3.txt\nApache License: https://github.com/gnosygnu/xowa/blob/master/LICENSE-APACHE2.txt\n*/\npackage gplx.xowa.bldrs.wms.sites; import gplx.*; ", "import gplx.xowa.*; ", "import gplx.xowa.bldrs.*; ", "import gplx.xowa.bldrs.wms.*;", "\r\nimport gplx.dbs.*;", "\r\nclass Site_language_tbl implements Db_tbl {\r\n\tprivate final Dbmeta_fld_list flds = new Dbmeta_fld_list();\r\n\tprivate final String fld_site_abrv, fld_code, fld_name, fld_bcp47;\r\n\tprivate final Db_conn conn;\r\n\tprivate Db_stmt stmt_select, stmt_insert, stmt_delete;\r\n\tpublic Site_language_tbl(Db_conn conn) {\r\n\t\tthis.conn = conn;\r\n\t\tthis.fld_site_abrv\t\t\t\t= flds.", "Add_str(\"site_abrv\", 255);\r\n\t\tthis.fld_code\t\t\t\t\t= flds.", "Add_str(\"code\", 255);\r\n\t\tthis.fld_name\t\t\t\t\t= flds.", "Add_str(\"name\", 255);\r\n\t\tthis.fld_bcp47\t\t\t\t\t= flds.", "Add_str(\"bcp47\", 255);\r\n\t\tconn.", "Rls_reg(this);\r\n\t}\r\n\tpublic String Tbl_name() {return tbl_name;} private static final String tbl_name = \"site_language\";\r\n\tpublic void Create_tbl() {conn.", "Meta_tbl_create(Dbmeta_tbl_itm.", "New(tbl_name, flds, Dbmeta_idx_itm.new_unique_by_name(tbl_name, Dbmeta_idx_itm.", "Bld_idx_name(tbl_name, \"main\"), fld_site_abrv, fld_code, fld_bcp47)));}\r\n\tpublic void Delete_all() {conn.", "Stmt_delete(tbl_name, Dbmeta_fld_itm.", "Str_ary_empty).Exec_delete();}\r\n\tpublic void Rls() {\r\n\t\tstmt_select = Db_stmt_.Rls(stmt_select);\r\n\t\tstmt_insert = Db_stmt_.Rls(stmt_insert);\r\n\t\tstmt_delete = Db_stmt_.Rls(stmt_delete);\r\n\t}\r\n\tpublic void Select(byte[] site_abrv, Ordered_hash list) {\r\n\t\tif (stmt_select == null) stmt_select = conn.", "Stmt_select(tbl_name, flds, fld_site_abrv);\r\n\t\tlist.", "Clear();\r\n\t\tDb_rdr rdr = stmt_select.", "Clear().Crt_bry_as_str(fld_site_abrv, site_abrv).Exec_select__rls_auto();\r\n\t\ttry {\r\n\t\t\twhile (rdr.", "Move_next()) {\r\n\t\t\t\tSite_language_itm itm = new Site_language_itm\r\n\t\t\t\t( rdr.", "Read_bry_by_str(fld_code)\r\n\t\t\t\t, rdr.", "Read_bry_by_str(fld_name)\r\n\t\t\t\t, rdr.", "Read_bry_by_str(fld_bcp47)\r\n\t\t\t\t);\r\n\t\t\t\tlist.", "Add(itm.", "Code(), itm);\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\tfinally {rdr.", "Rls();}\r\n\t}\r\n\tpublic void Insert(byte[] site_abrv, Ordered_hash list) {\r\n\t\tif (stmt_delete == null) stmt_delete = conn.", "Stmt_delete(tbl_name, fld_site_abrv);\r\n\t\tif (stmt_insert == null) stmt_insert = conn.", "Stmt_insert(tbl_name, flds);\r\n\t\tstmt_delete.", "Clear().Crt_bry_as_str(fld_site_abrv, site_abrv).Exec_delete();\r\n\t\tint len = list.", "Count();\r\n\t\tfor (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {\r\n\t\t\tSite_language_itm itm = (Site_language_itm)list.", "Get_at(i);\r\n\t\t\tInsert(site_abrv, itm.", "Code(), itm.", "Name(), itm.", "Bcp47());\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\tprivate void Insert(byte[] site_abrv, byte[] code, byte[] name, byte[] bcp47) {\r\n\t\tstmt_insert.", "Clear()\r\n\t\t\t.Val_bry_as_str(fld_site_abrv\t\t, site_abrv)\r\n\t\t\t.Val_bry_as_str(fld_code\t\t\t, code)\r\n\t\t\t.Val_bry_as_str(fld_name\t\t\t, name)\r\n\t\t\t.Val_bry_as_str(fld_bcp47\t\t\t, bcp47)\r\n\t\t\t.Exec_insert();\r\n\t}\t\t\r\n}\r\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Atagi\n\nAtagi may refer to:\n\nPeople\nAtagi Fuyuyasu (1528–1564), Japanese samurai\nAtagi Nobuyasu (1549–1578), Japanese samurai, son of above\n\nPlaces\nNovye Atagi, rural locality (a selo) in Shalinsky District of the Chechen Republic, Russia\nStarye Atagi, rural locality (a selo) in Groznensky District of the Chechen Republic, Russia" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Finansiering av andra åtgärder än offentligt utvecklingsbistånd i länder som faller under förordning (EG) 1905/2006 (debatt)\nTalmannen\nNästa punkt är ett betänkande av Thijs Berman, för utskottet för utveckling, om finansiering av andra åtgärder än offentligt utvecklingsbistånd i länder som faller under förordning (EG) nr 1905/2006.", "\nThijs Berman\nJag är också glad att Nirj Deva har satt sig, eftersom Benita Ferrero-Waldner nu kommer att kunna höra mig, vilket är en stor lättnad.", "\nDenna bitande hårda kris av aldrig tidigare skådad dimension innebär nya katastrofer för utvecklingsländerna. ", "Krisen leder till minskade råvarupriser, färre investeringar, minskade handelskrediter och mindre pengar som skickas hem av invandrare. ", "Samtidigt faller alla de rika ländernas BNP snabbt, vilket innebär att budgeten för utvecklingssamarbete också minskar eftersom den är 0,7 procent av BNP. ", "Det är åtminstone vad den borde vara, men de flesta länderna lever inte upp till sina löften.", "\nDet är i detta sammanhang som diskussionen om det nya politiska instrumentet hålls. ", "Om spanska studenter får stipendium för att studera i Latinamerika några månader, eller vice versa, är ett utbytet värdefullt, nödvändigt och eftersträvansvärt, men ett sådant projekt kan inte finansieras uteslutande med medel som är avsatta för fattigdomsbekämpning. ", "Även om EU-finansiering inom området ska välkomnas är detta inte fattigdomsbekämpning. ", "Det är frustrerande att behöva stryka den här typen av projekt bara för att det inte finns någon laglig grund för att ge dem stöd.", "\nDärför har vi försökt hitta ett enkelt instrument som EU kan använda för att genomföra sin politik i utvecklingsländer som strängt taget inte omfattas av ramen för fattigdomsbekämpning. ", "Vi måste hitta en finansieringskälla och en rättslig grund som inte faller under utvecklingspolitiken. ", "Den rättsliga grunden kan inte vara artikel 179 i Nicefördraget, eftersom det är just den rättsliga grunden för utvecklingspolitiken som vi vill undvika här.", "\nEU:s egna intressen - studieresor för europeiska studenter - får inte finansieras under artikel 179. ", "Dessutom måste EU uppfylla de kriterier som lagen föreskriver i fråga om utvecklingssamarbete när utvecklingsmedel används, nämligen att de ska användas för att bekämpa fattigdomen.", "\nMed lite kreativitet kan man hitta andra källor. ", "Att utöka tillämpningsområdet för instrumentet för samarbete med industriländer är en möjlighet som utskottet för utrikesfrågor har föreslagit och som också stöds av mitt eget utskott. ", "En annan tänkbar lösning är en kombination av artiklarna 150, 151 och 170 om utbildning, kultur och forskning. ", "Med en sådan kombinerad rättslig grund skulle Europaparlamentet behålla fullständigt medbestämmande om instrumentet, och pengarna - i nuläget omkring 13 miljoner euro - skulle varken tas ur utvecklingspolitikens eller utrikespolitikens kassa.", "\nSom föredragande - och jag vet att jag har utskottet för utveckling med mig - kan jag inte godta artikel 179 som rättslig grund. ", "Om den skulle användas blir det nya instrumentet ineffektivt, eftersom dess hela syfte är att förhindra att utvecklingsmedel används till andra ändamål. ", "Den rättsliga grunden för instrumentet bör därför inte vara sådan att det kan bli obligatoriskt.", "\nJag ber därför gruppen för Europeiska folkpartiet (kristdemokrater) och Europademokrater återkalla sitt ändringsförslag så fort som möjligt. ", "Det går helt emot vår gemensamma strävan att skydda budgeten för utvecklingsverksamhet även under den ekonomiska krisen.", "\nBenita Ferrero-Waldner\nledamot av kommissionen. - (", "EN) Herr talman! ", "Först av allt vill jag bekräfta det åtagande jag gjorde på kommissionens vägnar att utföra halvtidsöversynen av finansieringsinstrumenten under 2009. ", "Åtagandet gjordes som ett svar på parlamentets krav under slutförhandlingarna om instrumenten.", "\nÖversynen kommer att få formen av ett meddelande, åtföljt av förslag till rättsakt när så är lämpligt. ", "Meddelandet planeras att antas i april 2009 och ingår i kommissionens lagstiftningsprogram.", "\nÖversynen avser genomförandet av instrumenten. ", "Den bör skiljas från den andra halvtidsöversynen som görs nu, även den planerad i förordningarna, gällande programplaneringsdokument och strategidokument för 2011-2013. ", "Den nya programplaneringen kommer att medföra en rad demokratiska kontroller i samband med den första programplaneringen för 2007-2010.", "\nDessa två översyner skiljer sig åt, men de kompletterar varandra. ", "Det är viktigt att åtgärda problem som är kopplade till instrumenten innan den nya programplaneringsperioden påbörjas. ", "Översynen av strategi och programplanering kommer att äga rum under 2009, så att den är klar till parlamentets demokratiska kontroll 2010.", "\nAngående finansieringsinstrumentet för utvecklingssamarbete (DCI), har våra inledande reflektioner bekräftat ett problem som kommer att vara centralt i översynen: luckan i lagstiftningen vad gäller annan verksamhet än offentligt utvecklingsbistånd (ODA) i länder som omfattas av DCI.", "\nVilken typ av verksamhet är det fråga om? ", "Det varierar, men de pågående fyra förberedande åtgärder som parlamentet har tagit initiativ till ger en bra bild av vad det handlar om: samarbete med medelinkomstländer i Asien och Latinamerika som inte omfattas av DCI samt näringslivsutbyte och vetenskapligt utbyte med Kina och Indien.", "\nNär det gäller denna typ av verksamhet håller vi med om att det behövs en lagstiftning som omfattar åtgärder som främjar EU-frågor i DCI-länder. ", "Detta skulle kunna göras genom ett nytt rättsligt instrument eller genom ändringar i förordningen om finansieringsinstrument för samarbete med industriländer.", "\nNär vi förberedde instrumenten för yttre förbindelser 2006 gick vi med på att dessa även skulle omfatta den yttre dimensionen av vår inre politik. ", "Vi gick med på att det kunde göras enligt den rättsliga grunden för yttre åtgärder. ", "Detta var en betydlig förenkling jämfört med tidigare situation.", "\nDet kommer att bli svårt för kommissionen att använda sig av det tillvägagångssättet. ", "Vi anser att den rättsliga grunden måste spegla instrumentets syften och innehåll. ", "Vi är medvetna om problemet med annan verksamhet än ODA-verksamhet. ", "På grund av dess natur klassificeras inte sådan verksamhet som utvecklingsbistånd. ", "Förslag som innehåller endast sådan verksamhet kan därför inte räknas som utvecklingssamarbete, enligt artikel 179, som ni tog upp.", "\nMed tanke på att vi vill omfatta den ODA-verksamhet som vi känner till är förmodligen artikel 181a i EG-fördraget den bäst lämpade rättsliga grunden, eftersom den omfattar ekonomiskt, finansiellt och tekniskt samarbete. ", "Kommissionen kommer att noga överväga frågan mot bakgrund av parlamentets ståndpunkt, innan vi kommer med några förslag. ", "Det skulle vara till stor hjälp att ha parlamentets ståndpunkt, så att vi kan färdigställa förslagen före valet, som vi utlovat.", "\nAvslutningsvis kan jag konstatera att man i betänkandet efterlyser ökade resurser. ", "Det måste vi undersöka. ", "Ni är medvetna om att budgetrubrik 4 i budgetramen är mycket ansträngd. ", "Tillväxtländerna befinner sig i en övergångsfas och kanske borde den nuvarande biståndsramen följa den övergången, genom att man gradvis skiftar dess inriktning från utveckling till annan verksamhet än ODA-verksamhet. ", "Vi kommer att undersöka detta när vi genomför översynen.", "\nDetta är kommissionens inledande synpunkter på det betänkande som vi diskuterar i dag. ", "Vi ser det som en god utgångspunkt för vårt gemensamma arbete, och jag ser fram emot ta del av ledamöternas åsikter.", "\nVicente Miguel Garcés Ramón\nHerr talman! ", "Budgetutskottet anser att det är av yttersta vikt att varje budgetinstrument är klart och tydligt avdelat. ", "Det mest realistiska alternativet förefaller därför vara att inrätta ett nytt finansieringsinstrument för andra åtgärder än offentligt utvecklingsbistånd i länder som faller under förordningen.", "\nFrån budgetsynpunkt verkar utvecklingsutskottets finansieringsförslag inte lämpligt, eftersom pengarna inte finns och dessa poster inte har några medel tilldelade på flerårig basis. ", "Det finns finansiering för 2009, men inte längre än så.", "\nMed tanke på att finansieringen av detta nya samarbetsinstrument måste vara kompatibelt med budgetramen 2007-2013 är det i varje fall viktigt att påpeka att halvtidsöversynen av budgetramen kan spela en roll här. ", "Den bör göra det möjligt att justera taken för de olika rubrikerna.", "\nNirj Deva\nför PPE-DE-gruppen. - (", "EN) Herr talman! ", "Jag välkomnar varmt kommissionsledamot Ferrero-Waldners uttalande, och jag ber min politiska grupp att dra tillbaka sitt ändringsförslag så att betänkandet kan antas. ", "Annars befinner jag mig i en ganska besvärlig situation, men i denna fråga är jag tvungen att stödja den socialistiska föredraganden.", "\nJag måste säga att syftet med utvecklingsinstrument är utveckling. ", "Men om man granskar utvecklingsinstrumentet, särskilt artikel 179, ser man att ODA-instrumentet trots alla restriktioner omfattar främjande av museum, bibliotek, humaniora, musik i skolor, sportcentrer och arenor - allt detta räknas som ODA. ", "Men det omfattar givetvis inte kostnader för konsertturnéer eller idrottsmäns resor. ", "Kulturprogram i utvecklingsländer, vars främsta syfte är att främja givarens kulturella värden, utgör inte ODA. ", "Det utesluter militärt stöd, men inte fredsbevarande. ", "Det omfattar en rad olika verksamheter, däribland civilt polisarbete för att i tillräcklig utsträckning kunna utbilda poliser, demobilisera soldater, övervaka val, röja minor och landminor - allt detta räknas som ODA.", "\nI parlamentet ägnar vi oss åt hårklyveri, när merparten av arbetet faktiskt omfattas av ODA-instrumentet. ", "Jag välkomnar därför kommissionsledamot Ferrero-Waldners uttalande att man genom artikel 181a kan söka resurser för att göra det som en del av mina kolleger hoppas göra.", "\nAna Maria Gomes\nför PSE-gruppen. - (", "EN) Herr talman! ", "Det är oerhört viktig att åtgärda luckan i den gällande lagstiftningen när det gäller finansiering av andra åtgärder än ODA-åtgärder i länder som omfattas av DCI. ", "I förslaget om ett instrument som åtgärdar denna lucka måste man bibehålla DCI som ett instrument för ODA och tillåta en tydlig åtskillnad på anslag till rent ODA-utvecklingssamarbete och anslag till andra typer av utvecklingssamarbete med utvecklingsländer. ", "Åtskillnaden är ett viktigt politiskt budskap och skulle synliggöra EU:s politik för utvecklingssamarbete på att bra sätt.", "\nDet nya eller reviderade instrumentet bör även kunna omfatta en lång rad åtgärder som inte följer riktlinjerna från OECD:s biståndskommitté (DAC), men som är väsentliga för EU:s samarbete med utvecklingsländer, som till exempel utvecklingen av Akkas gasfält i Irak eller flygsäkerhetssamarbete med Indien. ", "Därför är jag inte helt överens om den restriktiva rättsliga grund som föreslås. ", "Jag stödjer helt kommissionsledamot Ferrero-Waldner i att artikel 181a kanske är lämpligare som rättslig grund, för med den skulle de typer av arbete som jag lyfter fram omfattas. ", "Jag är dock inte övertygad om att alternativet i PPE-DE-gruppens ändringsförslag, som vi ska rösta om i morgon, är det rätta.", "\nDärför hoppas jag att vi under vägledning av föredraganden kan avsätta lite tid för en ordentlig diskussion om detta och överväga ett antagande av den bästa rättsliga grunden, nämligen den som föreslogs av kommissionsledamot Ferrero-Waldner.", "\nToomas Savi\nför ALDE-gruppen. - (", "EN) Herr talman! ", "Jag vill tacka Thijs Berman för betänkandet. ", "Det belyser en viktig aspekt av utvecklingsstödet som jag tycker att kommissionen borde överväga noga. ", "Verksamheter som kulturella, vetenskapliga och ekonomiska utbytesprogram, kontakter medborgare emellan och politisk dialog omfattas tyvärr inte av gällande gemenskapslagstiftning, och det är bara några exempel.", "\nMed diverse organs beskydd har EU inrättat många program och finansieringsinstrument, som alla omfattar endast vissa aspekter av de problem som utvecklingsländerna står inför. ", "Jag anser att det krävs ett centralt EU-organ samt en omfattande och sammanhängande politik för att vårt arbete med att förbättra situationen i utvecklingsländerna ska göra någon märkbar skillnad.", "\nVi är alla överens om att syftet med EU:s politik för utvecklingssamarbete är att nå ut till så många behövande människor som möjligt, och ändå har vi valt en ganska olämplig väg till det målet. ", "För närvarande är EU både institutionellt splittrat och rättsligt förhindrat när det gäller utvecklingsstöd. ", "I detta mycket uppskattade betänkande tar man itu med följderna av de bristerna.", "\nEU och dess medlemsstater har bidragit enormt till det offentliga utvecklingsbiståndet, vilket aldrig bör underskattas, men mycket återstår att göra för att effektivisera den institutionella ramen och anpassa lagstiftningen för utvecklingsstöd.", "\nMichael Gahler\n(DE) Herr talman! ", "Ärligt talat blev jag lite överraskad av att Thijs Bermans betänkande redan var klart och att ett förslag lagts fram innan vi fått Gay Mitchells betänkande, det som ska bedöma erfarenheterna av finansieringsinstrumentet för utvecklingssamarbete (DCI).", "\nMin kollega i Europaparlamentet har rätt i sak i sitt förslag. ", "Med tanke på DCI:s utformning var luckan i lagstiftningen oundviklig. ", "Jag ställer mig bakom slutsatsen att det behövs ett annat instrument för att sluta luckan när det gäller åtgärder inom det icke-officiella biståndet. ", "Båda de alternativ som han föreslår i punkt 3 i betänkandet kan övervägas.", "\nJag vill dock göra det helt klart att även icke-officiella biståndsåtgärder är viktiga för ett lands utveckling. ", "Det enda som ifrågasätts här är valet av rättslig grund. ", "Som jag ser det är det föredraganden och hans utskott mot resten av världen i den här frågan. ", "Utskottet för utveckling väljer en snäv tolkning av artikel 179 och måste därför använda sig av artiklar avsedda för inrikespolitiken som rättslig grund. ", "Utskottet för utrikesfrågor, utskottet för rättsliga frågor, parlamentets rättstjänst, EG-domstolen, rådet och kommissionen har alla läst artikel 179 på ett annat sätt.", "\nDärför har vi i gruppen för Europeiska folkpartiet (kristdemokrater) och Europademokrater i dag beslutat att inte återkalla vårt förslag i morgon, utan att lägga fram ett förslag om att ändra den föreslagna rättsliga grunden. ", "Vi kommer heller inte att stödja uppskjutningen eftersom vi är eniga om att det bara är den rättsliga grunden som är omstridd. ", "Jag är därför övertygad om att vi kommer att få klarhet i detta i morgon.", "\nCorina Creţu\n(RO) Betänkandet av vår kollega Thijs Berman visar tydligt hur vi ska kunna åtgärda luckan i lagstiftningen beträffande finansiering av externa åtgärder som inte är brådskande och som inte faller under kategorin utvecklingsåtgärder enligt definitionen i finansieringsinstrumentet för utvecklingssamarbete.", "\nUr ett politiskt perspektiv är det viktigt att finansiera denna typ av åtgärder, eftersom det innebär att Europeiska unionen kan fortsätta samarbeta med länder och regioner som kommit förbi det första utvecklingsstadiet. ", "Det är också mycket viktigt att medlen till dessa åtgärder inte tas från källor som är öronmärkta för utveckling, utan från andra budgetposter.", "\nSyftet med det lagstiftningsförslag som efterfrågas i betänkandet är att uppmuntra utveckling och inte begränsa den genom att minska de medel som finns tillgängliga för utvecklingspolitiken till fördel för andra åtgärder. ", "Därför måste vi kunna skilja mellan åtgärder som genomförs enligt finansieringsinstrumentet för utvecklingssamarbete och åtgärder som kan få stöd av det nya lagstiftningsförslag som ska övervägas när man bestämmer vilka medel som ska öronmärkas för att finansiera dem.", "\nMairead McGuinness\n(EN) Herr talman! ", "Först vill jag tacka föredraganden för betänkandet. ", "Jag ställer mig bakom hans första kommentar om den ekonomiska krisen och hur den påverkar utvecklingsvärlden, och att vi inte når vårt mål på 0,7 procents stöd. ", "Det är verkligen synd eftersom utvecklingsvärlden tar den hårdaste stöten när den utvecklade världen krymper.", "\nJag deltar i den här debatten eftersom jag var angelägen om att få höra diskussionen om rättsliga grunder. ", "Det verkar som att det finns en bakomliggande rädsla för att budgeten ska spridas för glest. ", "Låt oss kalla saker vi deras rätta namn. ", "Låt mig citera en hjälporganisation som kontaktade mig i dag: \"Vi stöder parlamentets begäran om ett finansieringsinstrument för verksamhet annan än ODA-verksamhet i utvecklingsländer, men vi anser att instrumentet måste byggas på en rättslig grund som är lämplig för de verksamheter som det ska finansiera. ", "Det är uppenbarligen olämpligt att använda artikel 179 som rättslig grund för icke-utvecklingsrelaterad verksamhet, det skulle strida mot både EG-fördraget och gemenskapens regelverk. ", "Det skulle även öppna för möjligheten att verksamhet annan än ODA-verksamhet i framtiden finansieras från budgetposter som är avsedda för verklig utvecklingsverksamhet. ", "Vi hoppas verkligen att ändringsförslaget dras tillbaka.”", "\nJag är här i kväll som medlem i PPE-DE-gruppen för att lyssna på båda sidor i diskussionen, men också för att framföra en del av de viktiga ståndpunkter och farhågor som jag tar emot från människor som är engagerade inom området för utveckling.", "\nJag upprepar att om vi badade i pengar skulle vår rättsliga grund kanske inte vara något större problem. ", "Problemet är att vi inte gör det. ", "Det finns en oro bland de som är inblandande i utvecklingsarbetet att de pengar som finns kommer att spridas till alltför många verksamheter. ", "Det återstår att övertyga mig.", "\nPaul Rübig\n(DE) Herr talman, fru kommissionsledamot Ferrero-Waldner, mina damer och herrar! ", "Jag skulle vilja att vi diskuterar grunderna för överlevnad, snarare än de rättsliga grunderna. ", "Små och medelstora företag spelar här en speciell roll. ", "Kreditvärde är särskilt viktigt under en finansiell kris, så att de små och medelstora företagen fortfarande kan erhålla mikrokredit.", "\nJag vill särskilt betona att instrumenten för mikrokredit har visat sig vara mycket värdefulla världen över. ", "Dessutom borde vi, speciellt inom ramen av WTO-rundan, som förhoppningsvis närmar sig sitt slutskede, fundera över hur vi ska kunna åstadkomma förenklade och relevanta handelsprocedurer för de drabbade familjerna inom området.", "\nVälstånd skapas ju, trots allt, där någonting produceras och där människor kan leva av vad de själva producerar och försörja sina familjer. ", "Om de utöver det lyckas sälja något, så är välståndet säkrat. ", "Det är med detta i minnet som jag hoppas att utvecklingspolitiken ska ta rätt riktning.", "\nBenita Ferrero-Waldner\nledamot av kommissionen. - (", "EN) Herr talman! ", "Efter att ha lyssnat till de olika inläggen är det tydligt att ledamöternas främsta angelägenhet är valet av rättslig grund.", "\nI min inledning berättade jag i vilken riktning kommissionen vill gå, men jag kommer gladeligen ta upp era förslag också.", "\nVi vill ge det bästa utvecklingsbiståndet för alla länder, och det är vår styrande princip. ", "Så låt oss arbeta tillsammans för att hitta rätt lösning.", "\nThijs Berman\nföredragande. - (", "EN) Herr talman! ", "Jag är inte advokat, och jag är inte väl bevandrad i juridik, men jag vet att man bör undvika att tänja på tolkningen av rättsakter. ", "Jag är rädd att vi gör det om vi använder artikel 181a, för artikeln handlar om ekonomiskt och tekniskt samarbete, medan det i vårt fall handlar om studenter som åker utomlands genom universitetens utbytesprogram. ", "Det är riskabelt. ", "Jag är inte emot detta om kommissionen ser det som en lösning för annan verksamhet än ODA-verksamhet, som vi alla anser är nödvändig och viktig, och jag kommer att acceptera det. ", "Min oro kanske beror på att jag är journalist. ", "Jag tycker om texter och jag tar orden på allvar, vilket är Europas kärna: humanism och att ta texter och språket på allvar. ", "Man måste vara mycket försiktig när man använder ord, så artikel 181a är ett kanske, fast jag är inte särskilt glad över det.", "\nMen jag blev glad över att Mairead McGuinness uppgav att hon behöver övertygas. ", "Hon kommer från Irland, och har sina övertygelser och bestämda principer, vilket vi alla har. ", "Om vi inte kan komma överens om den rättsliga grunden i morgon skulle jag helst överlämna frågan till mitt utskott och avsätta tid för att besluta om passande rättslig grund, för vi vet att andra åtgärder än ODA-åtgärder är nödvändiga.", "\nJag tackar kommissionen för påpekandet att andra åtgärder än ODA-åtgärder kommer att bli allt viktigare i utvecklingsländer och medelinkomstländer. ", "Vi är alla överens om att de är nödvändiga och att det behövs en rättslig grund. ", "En del av oss är överens om att artikel 179 inte är den grund vi söker.", "\nOm jag inte kan komma överens med PPE-DE-gruppen före morgondagens omröstning kl. ", "12, vilket skulle vara synd, kommer jag att be om ett hänskjutande till mitt utskott. ", "Jag är beredd att göra det och jag kommer att göra det i samband med omröstningen om ändringsförslaget i morgon. ", "Det skulle verkligen vara synd om det är PPE-DE-gruppens ståndpunkt, eftersom vi alla är överens om att det behövs fortsatt utvecklingsstöd på nuvarande nivå, och vi vet att det sjunker på grund av den ekonomiska krisen.", "\nTalmannen\nDebatten är härmed avslutad.", "\nOmröstningen kommer att äga rum i morgon.", "\nSkriftliga förklaringar (artikel 142)\nAngelika Beer \nÖversynen av de nya utrikespolitiska finansieringsinstrumenten har avslöjat problem i samarbetet med tredjeländer och därför föreslår vi en reform av de industriella instrumenten.", "\nUtrikesutskottet anser att det inte är önskvärt att begränsa de nya rättsliga grunderna för instrumenten till ett fåtal samarbetsområden. ", "Dessutom är de politiska områden som för närvarande anges (kultur, ungdom och forskning) lånade från europeisk inrikespolitik och de har hitintills inte syftat till att betona samarbete med tredjeländer. ", "Det är bara ett exempel på en osäkerhet som oroar utrikesutskottet. ", "Vad händer till exempel om det inom en nära framtid blir önskvärt att samarbeta med andra länder inom klimatpolitiken? ", "Måste vi inrätta en ny rättslig grund för sådana instrument vid varje nytt tillfälle? ", "Tänker vi göra det varje gång det sker förändringar i samarbetsområdena?", "\nReformen av de utrikespolitiska instrumenten är väldigt viktigt för oss alla och därför borde det klargöras att vi inte utkämpar en strid mot varandra.", "\nDetta är den enda anledningen till att gruppen De gröna/Europeiska fria alliansen och den andra föredraganden från utrikesutskottet tog tillbaka ändringsförslaget i måndags.", "\nI fråga om innehåll anser vi att vårt förslag är mer långtgående och att det skapar en samstämmig utrikespolitik. ", "Men betänkandet är bara en rekommendation till kommissionen. ", "Det återstår att se vad den gör av det.", "\nSirpa Pietikäinen \nHerr talman, mina damer och herrar! ", "Europeiska unionen är världens största bidragsgivare och står för 60 procent av utvecklingsbiståndet. ", "Europeiska unionens centrala roll som nyckelaktör inom utvecklingssamarbete borde stärkas ytterligare i framtiden.", "\nFör att stabilisera ekonomierna i utvecklingsländerna och skapa fred där, är det av yttersta vikt att Europeiska unionen håller fast vid sina mål och ökar sin andel utvecklingsbistånd med 0,7 procent av BNP till år 2015. ", "Enbart den åtgärden är dock inte tillräcklig.", "\nDet är nödvändigt att uppnå ett konsekvent utvecklingssamarbete mellan de olika institutionerna. ", "Finansiella investeringar och projekt för att bygga infrastruktur samt bättre tillförlitlighet till begreppet mänskliga rättigheter måste genomföras på ett sätt så att de underbygger varandra. ", "EU måste upprätta de instrument som är nödvändiga för att genomföra en konsekvent utvecklingspolitik.", "\nEuropeiska unionens nuvarande rättsliga grund för utvecklingssamarbete har dessvärre brister i lagstiftningen och det är av den anledningen som jag vill tacka föredraganden för att ha tagit upp detta viktiga ämne. ", "Projekt som har som mål att förbättra transport, teknik och energisektorer samt dialogen mellan forskarsamhället och icke-statliga organisationer är av stor vikt för den sociala livskraften i utvecklingsländer. ", "Det huvudsakliga målet för sådana projekt är dock inte att nära den ekonomiska utvecklingen och välfärden i utvecklingsländerna och därmed uppfyller de inte heller de kriterier för offentligt utvecklingsbistånd som Organisationen för ekonomiskt samarbete och utveckling satt upp. ", "I framtiden borde offentligt utvecklingsbistånd framförallt inriktas på att utrota fattigdom och förbättra människors levnadsförhållanden.", "\n" ]

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[ "Multiple significant trauma diagnosis related groups: analysis and national projections based on the first year in an all-payor prospective payment system.", "\nTo assess the effect of diagnosis related group (DRG) changes on reimbursement for trauma care in New York State (NYS), 840 trauma patients were studied over a 2-year period. ", "Average costs increased moderately ($10,338 vs. $11,646) while average revenues increased dramatically ($6,934 vs. $9,115), leading to a 21% reduction in operating losses ($1,310,625 vs. $1,032,733). ", "This was largely a result of new multiple significant trauma (MST) DRGs. ", "The impact of 1990/1991 DRG changes was assessed; a 39% reduction in operating losses occurred. ", "Regression analysis of 1989 DRG case weight on cost indicated that MST DRGs were better predictors of resource utilization than other trauma DRGs. ", "Review of NYS data affirmed that only 10% of trauma patients were assigned MST DRGs and 63% of trauma patients were discharged from community hospitals. ", "On a national level, the effect of the new Medicare MST DRGs would be minimal, since only 5% of Medicare patients were assigned MST DRGs. ", "Although improvements have been made, reimbursement for trauma care must be addressed further." ]

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[ "Grapevine Online Exclusive\n\nA Way to Start the Day\n\nA morning meeting was the foundation of her sobriety\n\nI was living in Palm Desert, Calif. when I was six months sober and going crazy. ", "At the same time, May 1980, Dr. Paul (\"Doctor, Addict, Alcoholic\" from the Big Book) started the 7 a.m. Attitude Adjustment meeting.", "\n\nFive of us were at that first meeting. ", "We were all newcomers, and Paul, who still loves working with newcomers, slowly got a few more coming. ", "Dally L., from the ABC Club in Indio, would bring in new members we called the \"old drunks\" out of the weeds and off the railroad tracks. ", "The old-timers in Palm Desert didn't attend the meeting because, they said, \"Nobody could stay... Login to read moreNot a subscriber? ", "Click here to subscribe." ]

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[ "This article is more than 3 years old\n\nThis article is more than 3 years old\n\nThis article is more than 3 years old\n\nMore than 160,000 people have signed a petition against a decision to hand over the running of a popular tourist attraction in St Petersburg from the state to the Russian Orthodox church.", "\n\nBuilt between 1818 and 1858, St Isaac’s Cathedral was the most important cathedral in Russia until the Soviets stripped it of its religious trappings in the 1930s and installed an anti-religion museum inside. ", "Regular worship resumed after the fall of communism, with space reserved inside for educational facilities, exhibitions and classical music concerts.", "\n\nThe Unesco world heritage site now attracts more than 3 million visitors annually, drawn to its spectacular interior and an observation deck around the base of its golden dome that offers the best view of the landmarks and canals of Russia’s “Venice of the North”. ", "It also hosts a permanent exhibition on the Leningrad blockade in the second world war.", "\n\n\n\nThe petition on Change.org argues that transferring management of the cathedral from Russia’s state museum organisation to the church could result in non-worshippers facing restricted access.", "\n\nOn Wednesday police prevented protesters from unfurling banners reading “Not the Russian Orthodox church” in front of the cathedral. ", "Another protest is planned for Friday evening.", "\n\nSpeaking after a meeting with the head of the Russian Orthodox church this week, St Petersburg’s governor, Georgy Poltavchenko, said the state would give St Isaac’s to the church to run but that the “cathedral will preserve its museum and educational function”. ", "The city said the transfer agreement would cover a period of 49 years.", "\n\nFacebook Twitter Pinterest A view of the interior of the cathedral. ", "Photograph: Alexander Demianchuk/TASS\n\nCity authorities have previously refused requests to hand over the cathedral to the church, which has enjoyed increased influence during Vladimir Putin’s presidency. ", "The church has received 184 buildings from the state since 2015, TV Rain reported on Friday.", "\n\nChurch officials have pledged that tourist activities will continue, but opponents of the move doubt that the promises can be kept. ", "Boris Vishnyovsky, a city council member, said he would challenge the decision in court.", "\n\nA statement by the Museums Union of Russia said a handover of control would result in the “liquidation of one of the most successful museums” in the country.", "\n\nNikolai Burov, director of the state museum organisation, told the local publication 812 Online that the transfer would lead to the “destruction of the museum in its current form as a museum complex” and put employees out of work.", "\n\nBurov raised concerns that the church would not be able to maintain St Isaac’s, which requires near-constant renovations and employs a staff of 393 people. ", "In 2015 alone, 200 million roubles (£2.7m) was spent on renovations.", "\n\nUnder the church’s control, the cathedral would lose most of its income as it would not be allowed to charge an admission fee, according to Vishnyovsky." ]

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[ "Anastomotic aneurysms are well described in patients with a reversed great saphenous vein (GSV) for peripheral arterial disease.[@bib1] However, true aneurysmal graft dilation of an autologous vein graft is rare, and its etiology is not completely understood. ", "Possible pathogeneses include atherosclerotic degeneration, systemic dilation diathesis, venous graft varicosities, infection, and post-stenotic dilations.[@bib2], [@bib3], [@bib4], [@bib5], [@bib6] Plaque and cholesterol depositions are common in bypass grafts, suggesting that atherosclerosis may be the main factor in this process. ", "We herein describe a case of a rapidly expanding nonatherosclerotic aneurysm in a GSV graft, resulting in distal malperfusion. ", "The patient\\'s history of multiple aneurysms prompted us to search for potential genetic factors. ", "Although no exact gene mutation was found, this case provides further evidence that aneurysmal disease may be associated with systemic dilation diathesis. ", "Informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of the case details and images.", "\n\nCase report {#sec1}\n===========\n\nA 46-year-old man presented at our institution with a growing pulsatile mass in his right knee. ", "The mass had rapidly expanded during a 2-week period, causing extreme discomfort because of tension of the overlying skin. ", "Computed tomography angiography (CTA) revealed multiple aneurysms in the thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, bilateral common femoral arteries, and right popliteal artery ([Fig 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The patient\\'s medical history included asymptomatic left popliteal artery occlusion and cerebral infarction. ", "The patient had no hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or any other systemic inflammatory diseases. ", "The multiple popliteal artery aneurysms (PAAs) were successfully excised. ", "A reversed segment of the ipsilateral GSV was implanted for reconstruction through a medial approach. ", "Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and the ankle-brachial index was 0.9 after the operation. ", "The patient was lost to follow-up.", "Fig 1Computed tomography angiography (CTA) revealed formation of multiple aneurysms in thoracic aorta (**A** and **B**; maximum diameter, 45 mm), abdominal aorta (**A** and **B**; maximum diameter, 32 mm), bilateral common femoral artery (**B**; maximum diameter, 15 mm), and right popliteal artery (**C**; maximum diameter, 60 mm).", "\n\nThree years after the first intervention, the patient developed a rapidly expanding pulsatile painless mass in the right popliteal fossa region. ", "Repeated CTA demonstrated a saphenous vein graft aneurysm ([Fig 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Infection was ruled out, as the patient had no fever, and the serum white blood cell count and procalcitonin concentration were within normal ranges. ", "The serum C-reactive protein concentration was 6.10 mg/L (normal range, 0-5 mg/L). ", "Two days after admission, the patient developed rest pain, and the dorsalis pedis artery pulse was impalpable at that time. ", "Emergency angiography through the contralateral common femoral artery showed distal embolization of the graft aneurysm but not of the infrapopliteal runoff ([Fig 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We planned to reconstruct the popliteal artery using a covered stent but were unable to recanalize the occlusion. ", "The patient then underwent resection of the initial vein graft, using a posterior approach to perform the reconstruction with a reversed segment of the contralateral GSV. ", "Resection and repair were exceedingly difficult as the aneurysm was adherent to the adjacent tissues and ruptured during the operative process. ", "Histopathologic examination of a segment of the aneurysmal vein graft revealed intimal thickening without atherosclerotic change and medial thinning. ", "Postoperative recovery was uneventful, without infection or hematoma development. ", "Repeated CTA performed 1 year after the second intervention showed a generally patent graft with mild proximal anastomotic stenosis ([Fig 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, the left femoral artery was newly occluded, which might have been related to the previous puncture and compression. ", "As the patient was asymptomatic and the ankle-brachial index was 0.7, no further intervention was conducted. ", "The patient\\'s history of multiple aneurysms prompted us to search for potential genetic factors. ", "However, subsequent whole-exome sequencing identified no relevant mutations.", "Fig 2Computed tomography angiography (CTA) showing saphenous vein graft aneurysm formation (maximum diameter, 56 mm).Fig 3Angiography showing saphenous vein graft aneurysm formation with distal embolization.", "Fig 4Repeated computed tomography angiography (CTA) showing a generally patent graft with mild proximal anastomotic stenosis. ", "The proximal superficial femoral artery had newly found stenosis.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec2}\n==========\n\nAlthough true infrainguinal vein graft aneurysms are infrequently reported in the literature, a recent study suggested that the incidence may be as high as 8.8%.[@bib7] Dilations in venous bypass grafts may rupture, causing acute ischemia and hemorrhage that require urgent surgical treatment; however, treatment of dilated venous bypass grafts can be challenging because of the presence of extensive scar tissue and a high risk of infection. ", "Despite advancements in endovascular repair for initially untreated PAA, the use of an endoprosthesis to treat a dilation in a venous bypass graft has rarely been reported. ", "In 2009, van Vugt et al[@bib8] described two cases in which covered stents were used. ", "To the best of our knowledge, no similar reports have subsequently been published. ", "In this case, the rapidly emerging distal embolization ultimately resulted in unsuccessful endovascular treatment. ", "Prompt intervention through either an open or endovascular procedure is warranted for rapidly growing or symptomatic defects as well as for those resulting in distal malperfusion.[@bib9]\n\nAneurysmal disease is associated with several inherited connective tissue disorders, such as Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, and some cases of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.[@bib10] Marfan syndrome is caused by mutation of the *FBN1* gene, and \\>1500 mutations of this specific gene have been identified so far.[@bib11] However, subsequent whole-exome sequencing of this patient showed no relevant mutations of the *FBN1* gene, the *TGFBR1/2* gene for Loeys-Dietz syndrome, or the *COL3A1* gene for Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.[@bib10] Mutations in some novel genes, including *SMAD3*, *MYH11*, *ACTA2*, and *MYLK*, have recently been reported to be associated with familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections, which may help to define some patients with idiopathic aneurysms.[@bib12]\n\nEnlarged peripheral arteries are noted in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), and the incidence of AAA is increased in patients with PAA.[@bib13], [@bib14] This finding suggests a systemic dilation diathesis. ", "Patients with AAA also have an increased incidence of inguinal hernias, diastasis recti, and postoperative incisional hernias, implying defects in collagen and elastin metabolism.[@bib15], [@bib16], [@bib17] Aneurysmal degeneration is related to a proportional decrease in the elastin concentration.[@bib18] The abdominal aorta is an elastic artery, whereas the popliteal artery is muscular. ", "It is difficult to explain why the popliteal artery is the second most common site for aneurysm formation (after the aorta) in accordance with the discrimination of arterial types. ", "However, the popliteal artery reportedly manifests some of the same behaviors as a central elastic artery[@bib19]; the stiffness, diameter, and intima-media thickness of the popliteal artery increase with age, whereas the cross-sectional artery wall compliance coefficient and distensibility coefficient decrease with age.[@bib19] These similarities provide further evidence for a systemic dilation diathesis.", "\n\nTrue aneurysmal graft dilation is rare, and its etiology remains speculative. ", "Some genetic factors were excluded in this case, which suggests that the pathogenesis may be systemic dilation diathesis. ", "Such patients require lifelong graft surveillance as early diagnosis and intervention can prevent the progression of dilation and minimize potential complications.", "\n\nThis study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. ", "81600602).", "\n\nAuthor conflict of interest: none.", "\n\nThe editors and reviewers of this article have no relevant financial relationships to disclose per the Journal policy that requires reviewers to decline review of any manuscript for which they may have a conflict of interest.", "\n" ]

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[ "Siem Reap is the most fascinating attractive region of Cambodia, also the gateway to discover magnificent Angkor Wat – the world’s most renowned heritage. ", "Siem Reap has much more to be explored such as colonial architecture in the Old French Quarter, museums, traditional Apsara performances, unique Cambodian Phare Circus, Cambodian cultural village, souvenir and handicraft shops, silk farms, rice-paddies of the countryside, fishing villages and bird sanctuary, waterfalls and the floating villages of Tonle Sap Lake.", "\n\nThese are our private, tailor-made trips for travelers who want to experience the insightful Angkor Complex & the rest of best Siem Reap attraction and the trip offers plenty of flexibility, 100% free hassle to make sure that you satisfy with the journey while going on our private journey. ", "It doesn’t matter you wish to skip any sites in your itinerary in the last minute or add on (subject to discuss), this an ideal trip does the most possible you want to see Siem Reap. ", "You will have your own private tour guide and driver who will be looking after you, they are well trained, licensed and they will NOT push you to do things you don’t want. ", "All tour services are definitely offered as we mentioned in the itinerary and there is no hidden cost at all." ]

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[ "Whether in \"The Terminator\" or \"The Matrix,\" the idea of a robot revolution has established a place in the cultural lexicon for decades.", "\n\nAccording to Ron Shaich, founder and CEO of Panera Bread, a tech revolution is coming, and it will be bad news for many workers.", "\n\n\"Labor is going to go down,\" Shaich said Wednesday in a quarterly earnings call. \"", "And as digital utilization goes up — like the sun comes up in the morning — it is going to continue to go up. ", "Digital utilization. ", "You are seeing it happen in Panera today.", "\n\n\"As it happens, it's going to benefit larger organizations like Panera, who already have the technology in place.\"", "\n\nShaich's company, Panera Bread, is in the middle of the rollout for Panera 2.0, which includes installing touch-screen ordering stations for customers at tables and the to-go line.", "\n\nWhile rising labor costs were not the explicit impetus for the change, Shaich recognizes it is a side benefit and \"one of the reasons\" for the rollout.", "\n\n\"When we think about 2.0 — we think about digital utilization,\" Shaich said according to a transcript of the call. \"", "We did our digital capabilities to give a better guest experience. ", "It was never about labor.\"", "\n\nAccording to Panera's earnings release, costs associated with labor accounted for just over $190 million in the third quarter, or 32.6% of store-related expenses. ", "This is up from just over $170 million, 0r 31.2% of expenses, in the third quarter of 2014.", "\n\nPanera Bread founder and CEO Ron Shaich. ", "Stephen Lovekin/Getty Images\n\nThe way Shaich sees it, labor is a commodity. ", "And as commodity prices increase, businesses have to look to alternatives.", "\n\n\"All of us in the industry essentially view this as inflationary, just like if there was a broad-based increase in any commodity,\" he said. \"", "And labor is a commodity in that sense. ", "It's going to affect all of us, and we are all going to have to take price. ", "That's the reality of it, and I think it's going to affect us all.\"", "\n\nPanera's story isn't unique — companies such as McDonald's and the Cheesecake Factory have previously raised wages and described this sort of pressure. ", "Macro-level data such as the time it takes to fill a job and job openings also point to rising wage pressure.", "\n\nNor is the company's response unique. ", "McDonald's has installed similar ordering stations in some of its restaurants, and even Best Buy has begun to install robot helpers to make shopping quicker.", "\n\nIn fact, some economists predict that half of all jobs now done by humans will be done by robots in the next 10 years.", "\n\nSo according to Shaich, the tech revolution is coming, at the very least to restaurant workers." ]

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[ "Archives\n\nCategory: Spring Framework\n\nHow can we implement OAuth2 with Spring Boot?", "\n\nThis blog post assumes that you know what is the OAuth2 protocol and how it works. ", "If you do not know, I advise you to do some research and come back later as you may not fully understand it from reading this blog post.", "\n\nThere are several examples online but most of them are using some sort of in memory database. ", "If your system is going to production you, most likely, do not want to use an in memory database to store the user tokens when you have multiple server instances. ", "You want some sort of a central location (or distributed with some level of consistency) where you’ll be storing the OAuth data for each user account. ", "The easiest is using a SQL database and this is going to be our example.", "\n\nFirst, it’s time to setup the database tables for the OAuth2, therefore we need the following tables:\n\noauth_client_details\n\noauth_client_token\n\noauth_access_token\n\noauth_refresh_token\n\noauth_code\n\noauth_approvals\n\nClientDetails\n\nAs we are using Spring Boot we can create a file named\nschema.sql in the resources folder with our schema definition. ", "On boot time, Spring Boot will detect the file and will run it against our selected database – quite handy isn’t it?", "\n\nWhen the database schema is all set, we need to populate the\noauth_client_details table. ", "Again, Spring Boot helps making our life easier. ", "To do so, we just need to create a file named\ndata.sql and, as with the\nschema.sql , Spring Boot on boot time will pick the file and run in against our database.", "\n\nAt this point we have everything related with the SQL database ready to go.", "\n\nNow, to the coding. ", "We need to add the\n@EnableResourceServer annotation to our Spring application, and we do it as easy as:\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n@EnableResourceServer\n\n@SpringBootApplication\n\npublicclassOauthExampleApplication{\n\npublicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){\n\nSpringApplication.run(OauthExampleApplication.class,args);\n\n}\n\n}\n\nThe next step is to configure our\nDataStore and our\nTokenStore . ", "To do so we create an\nAppConfig.class (wich is a configuration class) and define it there (you can define it somewhere else as long as you set the\n@Bean annotation to both methods).", "\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\n29\n\n30\n\n31\n\n32\n\n@Configuration\n\npublicclassAppConfig{\n\n@Value(\"${spring.datasource.url}\")\n\nprivateStringdatasourceUrl;\n\n@Value(\"${spring.database.driverClassName}\")\n\nprivateStringdbDriverClassName;\n\n@Value(\"${spring.datasource.username}\")\n\nprivateStringdbUsername;\n\n@Value(\"${spring.datasource.password}\")\n\nprivateStringdbPassword;\n\n@Bean\n\npublicDataSource dataSource(){\n\nfinalDriverManagerDataSource dataSource=newDriverManagerDataSource();\n\ndataSource.setDriverClassName(dbDriverClassName);\n\ndataSource.setUrl(datasourceUrl);\n\ndataSource.setUsername(dbUsername);\n\ndataSource.setPassword(dbPassword);\n\nreturndataSource;\n\n}\n\n@Bean\n\npublicTokenStore tokenStore(){\n\nreturnnewJdbcTokenStore(dataSource());\n\n}\n\n}\n\nAs we can see above, our\nTokenStore is defined by a\nJdbcTokenStore which extends\nTokenStore . ", "We also pass the\nDataSource to the\nJdbcTokenStore and therefore we let the application know we are using the specified\nDataSource to store all our OAuth2 data. ", "On the other hand, the\nDataSource specifies that we are using a SQL database. ", "See how it all interconnects here? ", "Perfect.", "\n\nBut this is not enough. ", "Now we need to wired everything up, the database – the authorization server – Spring Boot application. ", "The authorization server will be the bridge here. ", "So, lets start with it. ", "We create a class (\nAuthServerOAuth2Config) to extend\nAuthorizationServerConfigurerAdapter . ", "Then we need to override\nconfigure(ClientDetailsServiceConfigurer clients), configure(AuthorizationServerSecurityConfigurer security) and\nconfigure(AuthorizationServerEndpointsConfigurer endpoints) methods to wire everything up.", "\n\n.tokenStore(appConfig.tokenStore());// Persist the tokens in the database\n\n}\n\n}\n\nAnd now we have OAuth2 with JDBC implemented. ", "We can start generating some tokens by making POST requests to our server at /oauth/token with the Authorization type, headers and body (form data) properly set up.", "\n\nOptionally we may want to create an endpoint that will return all information for the user calling it. ", "To do so, we create the\nPrincipalResource.class as shown below" ]

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[ "Prof. Timothy Patitsas is Assistant Professor of Ethics at the Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology in Brookline, Mass. The last seven years he has been responsible also for the organization of the School’s Study Abroad Pilgrimage to Greece and Constantinople, a program designed to deepen the spiritual lives of Divinity students. ", "Prof. Patitsas’ research interests center around organic complexity and information theory, as applied to the liturgical, ethical, and social mission of Orthodox Christians. ", "He is currently writing a book on the role of compassion in human economies, which he hopes to complete in 2014.", "\n\nAbstract\n\nIn her The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy (2nd ed., ", "Cambridge University Press, 2013), renowned humanist scholar Martha Nussbaum identifies what may be the most significant fault line within the classical Greek tradition.", "\n\nFor Homer, the tragedians, and Aristotle, it was possible that things could happen to us – things beyond our control – that would determine our moral status. ", "In other words, our freedom and self-determination are to some extent circumscribed by circumstance. ", "We might suffer the ruin of our character simply due to events.", "\n\nFor Plato, however, and for the tradition that followed him, there could be no such “moral luck.” ", "No matter what life might throw at us, a properly informed person could choose the good and determine his moral state. ", "Thus, Plato establishes the human rational moral agency that accelerates a separation of the human being from circumstance and nature, and that sets the West on course for the epistemology of Descartes, the ethics of Kant, - and the adventure-movie psychology of American motivational speakers, in which sufficient willpower and awareness are always sufficient to overcome the drama of bad circumstance.", "\n\nBut even in a highly-motivated America dedicated to extreme sports, we run into the reality of moral tragedy, most commonly in two ways. ", "When we accept that addictions function more like a disease than a series of bad moral choices, we can understand that for reasons beyond a person’s control – their genes or upbringing – they may be liable to a condition that will erode their character over time.", "\n\nPost-traumatic stress disorders are another species of bad moral luck. ", "Simply because of what happened to a person, through no choice of their own, an addict’s ability to relate to others properly is compromised. ", "Even though both the addict and the trauma victim are in a deep sense innocent, still what has happened to them now impinges upon their character. ", "They live, in some sense, tragically.", "\n\nIn my paper I want to look at this central dilemma within Ethics, the question of how circumstance might limit human moral agency, from the standpoint of the mystical Ethics of the Christian Orthodox tradition. ", "Far from being of no concern to it, limitations on human moral agency – moral luck, both good and bad – are in some sense the central concern of that tradition.", "\n\nFor Christ, the blind man suffers not due to his sin or the sins of others, but “that the power of God might be revealed.” ", "For St. Paul, the mission of Christ is aimed precisely at those who “do the bad they would not do,” rather than, “the good they would do.” ", "And both of these ideas culminate, in the actual spiritual practice of the Church, as an awareness of both the “fragility of goodness,” and the necessity to “make firm your hearts” (James 5:8).", "\n\nHow exactly is the Church able to maintain a foot in both the Homeric and the Platonic camps? ", "What insights did Orthodox mystical life throw on this ancient dilemma? ", "And how does the Jesus Prayer, in particular, square the circle of moral luck and human agency, in the form of what even a figure like Elder Porphyrios (1906-1991) called, “the only philosophy you will ever need”?", "\n\nLastly, my paper will turn, briefly, to the compatibility of the Orthodox Christian management of this problem, with the challenges facing Americans who suffer from bad moral luck in an often unsupportive cultural environment. ", "It will give a few short thoughts on the philosophy of the Jesus Prayer and its relevance to addiction, trauma, and the contemporary American pressure to live a highly efficacious life.", "\n\nProfessor Evangelos Theodorou’s original research in Greek on deaconesses is now available!", "\n\nClick on the links below:\n\n\"Let us praise Catherine the radiant bride of Christ, guardian of Sinai, our helper and supporter. ", "By the power of the Spirit, she silenced the arrogance of the ungodly. ", "Crowned as a martyr, she now implores great mercy for all.\"" ]

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[ "Gender and the Eve-of-Wedding Prenup\n\nGender wars are alive and well in the blogsphere recently. ", "While it seems to me that more than enough cyber ink has been spilled over boobgate and the fracas over Above the Law, I do think that the role of gender in law and culture continues to be actually difficult and worth discussing. ", "I am teaching Family Law for the first time this semester and have noticed that my students often find ideals of formal sex equality extremely unsatisfying. ", "As an example, I offer the enforceability of the eve of wedding prenup.", "\n\nLet’s imagine a couple — Catherine and Fred. ", "Catherine is a 23 year old nurse and Fred is a 39 year old neurosurgeon. ", "On the night before their wedding, Fred’s lawyer presents Catherine with a prenup limiting her to support payments of $200 per week with a max of $25,000 should their wedded bliss end in divorce. ", "Catherine signs — without any legal advice. ", "Should this be enforceable?", "\n\nThis hypothetical is of course a case, Simeone v. Simeone, which was decided in 1990 by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. ", "The majority rejected the old rule that prenups would be enforced only if they made reasonable provisions for the other spouse or were entered into after full disclosure of finances and statutory rights. ", "The court’s new rule — that prenups should be treated like any old contract — ostensibly rested upon the invalidity of old stereotypes of women as homemakers and men as breadwinners. ", "The court also suggested that treating prenups differently than other contracts would be akin to finding that women were the weaker sex, uninformed, uneducated and subject to unfair advantage in marital agreements. ", "A paean to formal equality!", "\n\nThe concurrence mocks the majority’s assumptions about women’s “equality” in the real world. ", "Justice Papadakos writes: “Mr. Justice Flaherty believes that, with the hard-fought victory of the Equal Rights Amendment in Pennsylvania, all vestiges of inequality between the sexes have been erased and women are now treated equally under the law. ", "I fear my colleague does not live in the real world. ", "If I did not know him better I would think that his statements smack of male chauvinism, an attitude that ‘you women asked for it, now live with it.'”", "\n\nWould a legal rule that prenups should be treated differently than other contracts akin to the old rules that paternalistically protected women from both the stresses of society and themselves — like those that prevented women from tending bar? ", "We could of course fashion a gender neutral rule that had the intended effect: prenups are unenforceable unless both parties had legal advice. ", "Our reasoning might be that the parties are emotionally unable to engage in arms-length bargaining. ", "They are about to get married, after all, and are likely in the throngs of idealism. ", "Of course — someone is pushing the prenup in the first place so is obviously a bit more cold-eyed than the blissful image suggests. ", "Would my legal rule be a veiled attempt to protect women from themselves? ", "Perhaps — though it would have the effect of protecting men in some situations, too.", "\n\nLike my students, I find myself torn between legal rules that confirm gender differences and those that ignore them.", "\n\n9 Responses\n\nI don’t know what the right rule would be, but, following your remarks, “Our reasoning might be that the parties are emotionally unable to engage in arms-length bargaining. ", "They are about to get married, after all, and are likely in the throngs of idealism.”, ", "it doesn’t seem that we must choose between a rule that confirms gender differences or ignores them since, as you note, this rule is gender-neutral but also says that pre-nups are not like every other contract. (", "Is a contract between a parent and child treated just the same as any other? ", "I can’t recall.) ", "Not every situation is the same, so having the same rules for all will lead to problems. ", "We can’t make different rules for each case, of course, but we can perhaps pick out some likely ones and this might be one.", "\n\nHow about a gender neutral rule to the effect that prenups are unenforceable unless both parties had “family and marriage therapy” advice, i.e. counseling. ", "There have been advances in the social sciences and medical professions, especially in evolutionary psychology and family systems theory, that offer useful information to those about to enter what Joseph Campbell called “the ordeal” of marriage.", "\n\nHow about a gender-neutral per se rule that any and all antenuptials are voidable (not void) on unconscionability grounds?", "\n\nIn any case, one has to ask, “If not now, then when?” ", "Remedial benign discrimination that is declared to be “temporary” tends not to be. ", "See generally, Affirmative Action, the Voting Rights Act, and, most tellingly, Justice O’Connor’s opinion in Grutter v. Bollinger (“It has been 25 years since [Bakke] first approved the use of race to further an interest in student body diversity in the context of public higher education. … ", "We expect that 25 years from now, the use of racial preferences will no longer be necessary to further the interest approved today.”)", "\n\nYeah, right.", "\n\nOr, as William Rehnquist said (somewhere), “You have to take the bitter with the sweet.”", "\n\n“Our reasoning might be that the parties are emotionally unable to engage in arms-length bargaining. ", "They are about to get married, after all, and are likely in the throngs of idealism.” ", "Interesting — I’ve been referring in my contracts class to how ante-agreement parties are often like a couple entering a marriage, all hope and optimism. ", "But then things start to break down, and the vague promises they made in good faith at the ceremony are suddenly given very different spins by each party. ", "That’s my impression of where a lot of contracts cases come from, anyway, and it’s hastily formed at best. ", "But if even slightly accurate, it makes the pre-marriage contract just a more extreme version of the lack of fully arms-length bargaining in many business contexts. ", "Which is not to say it doesn’t cross some sort of important line.", "\n\nMaybe I’ve been out of law school too long, but I don’t see why we can’t treat them like any old contract. ", "That will tend to benefit the richer party, which in some cases will be male and others female. ", "If the pre-nups are really bad and really unfair, we have the good old contract law ways of voiding the contract on behalf of the unsophisticated party. ", "So it comes down to who the family law judges are. ", "Maybe we should have strict gender equity in who gets to become a family law judge.", "\n\nIf we were going to treat pre-nups like any old contract, where would duress fit in? ", "If the imminent wedding were of the more elaborate kind, with tens of thousands of dollars already spent or committed, and scores, often hundreds of guest invited (maybe in the air as the contract was proffered), the bride (in this case) certainly doesn’t have any reasonable alternative — if “reasonable” is given any real meaning.", "\n\nI guess the problem is that the only traditional requirement for duress isn’t satisfied — the wrongful threat. ", "The threat to back out at the last minute isn’t viewed as independently wrongful, although it doesn’t seem such a stretch in this situation.", "\n\nBut does it matter that the law has already intervened to tilt the playing field towards the offeror in the prenup case? ", "Plain ole contract law would permit damages for breach of an agreement to marry, and, since the subject matter is highly personal, might even allow emotional distress damages (not normally recoverable in contracts). ", "But due to a series of “heart balm” statutes, such recovery is not permissible in most states.", "\n\nSurely this ought to factor into the analysis of prenups, at least eleventh-hour prenups.", "\n\nCome on, Charlie! ", "How many brides are going to play hardball and threaten the pre-nup-offering groom with litigation for backing out of the wedding? ", "I can easily imagine the conversation:\n\nHim: “Honey, its not that I don’t love you. ", "I just need to know you love me for me and not for my millions.”", "\n\nHer: “But darling, of course I love you and not your money! ", "But a prenup? ", "It seems like you think we’ll get divorced!”", "\n\nHim: “No, never! ", "The agreement is simply an insurance policy for both of us. ", "All it says is that if the worst happens, you keep what was yours before our wedding and I keep what was mine? ", "What is unfair about that?”", "\n\nHer: “I can’t believe you are making me look at this the day before the wedding!”", "\n\nHim: “I am sorry, sweetheart, but if you can’t agree to sign the agreement, I don’t think I can marry you in the morning. ", "How can I really be sure you love me?” (", "a tear trickles down his cheek)\n\nHer (steely eyed): “I’m not signing. ", "And, you’re mistaken if you think you’ll get off scott free. ", "My lawyer says I have an action for breach of agreement to marry if you back out — I might even be able to recover distress damages.”", "\n\nOk — so I won’t give up my day job for screen writing. ", "But you get my point!", "\n\nNo one is “forced” to sign a pre-nup (I neglect the rare case of actual duress or incapacity, which we need no special rule to deal with). ", "Each party chooses to sign, because he or she thinks s/he will be happier married on such terms than not married at all. ", "In fact, written pre-nups evidence the parties’ agreement much better than later, possibly-conflicting stories about oral promises to one another.", "\n\n(It is slightly slimy of one party to demand a pre-nup from the other “right before the wedding.” ", "But should that void the pre-nup? ", "We don’t void mortgage contracts even when lenders demand extra fees and interest “right before escrow closes.” (", "Which they do almost every time, whereas pre-nup demands are pretty rare.))", "\n\nMore to the point, it would be bad public policy to weaken pre-nups. ", "Almost by definition, the party who proposes the pre-nup has thought carefully about the obligations which marriage will place on both parties. ", "Both parties then bargain to refine and particularize the terms of their marriage agreement. ", "If they cannot agree, they don’t marry.", "\n\nWe should encourage pre-nups, to minimize post-nuptial disagreement, rancor, and even attempts to obtain unjust enrichment. ", "It’s no objection that the party with more money commonly initiates the pre-nup bargaining–that party has more to lose by failing to reach a clear agreement, so has a stronger incentive to bargain diligently. (", "Also, the party with more money faces much more risk should the marriage fail, because courts routinely order more affluent divorced persons to pay money to their former spouses. ", "A party who contributes mainly personal services to a marriage does not take on any comparable risk, because courts pretty-much never order a divorced person to provide personal services to a former spouse.)", "\n\nIf we void pre-nups, or make them too easy for one party to void retrospectively, we remove an important tool for parties to discover each other’s real interests and reach a mutually-satisfactory bargain. ", "Parties barred by law from making enforceable pre-nup contracts may think the vague background law of marriage (or more likely, of marriage dissolution) will put them at more risk than they wish to accept. ", "They will then consider other means of reducing their risk, such as concealing their assets, demanding cohabitation without marriage, etc.", "\n\nMost of the risk-mitigating measures a party might choose in lieu of a pre-nup are less socially desirable; either they weaken the case for marriage, or they may involve deceit or intimidation. ", "Which is better for society: married partners with a pre-nup who still assume fundamental obligations toward one another (at least while they remain married), or unmarried partners with no clearly defined duties to one another (much less to 3rd parties)? ", "Note that marriage provides strangers with notice of the parties’ status, enabling such things as intestate succession to work smoothly. ", "If parties refuse to marry because they cannot allocate post-nup risks by pre-nup agreement, they also deprive everyone else of clear evidence about what those parties do wish to share.", "\n\nA point of contention with the assumption that pre-nups must be treated like any other contract isn’t necessarily a bad thing. ", "Most contract law provides for special consideration in cases where the legal bargaining power of one party greatly outweighs the bargaining power of the other party, especially when that bargaining power is used to advance the interests of the more powerful party.", "\n\nThat being said, prenups are different because one needs to take into account the initial combined holdings (and separate holdings) of each party as well as the end result. ", "Other factors that should be considered is the physical, spiritual, financial, and even emotional contributions of one party (male or female) to the other.", "\n\nThe truth is, these laws don’t just protect women. ", "Those that would assume so, are in fact, guilty of the same “sexism” or “chauvinism” as one who would assume the “you asked for it” mentality. ", "If we’re truly going to be modern, we should think about this from a standpoint of a male looking for a higher alimony from a female. ", "Or perhaps in the future we’ll look at it from a completely sexless point of view, taking into account the needs of same-sex partners who are seeking a legal divorce (presumably because they had a legal marriage). ", "In addition, many states\n\nAnother point of contention I didn’t see mentioned in this article is that of the position of a woman who lives in a culture (Islam, some Jewish, or Amish sects) that does not allow her to earn a living, or greatly discourages her from pursuing a career, yet still allows her to become the victim of divorce. ", "These women are most definitely modern women, unfortunately, for them, the unequal bargaining power of their husband, combined with his ability to access legal resources more easily sometimes renders them practically helpless when it comes to protecting themselves legally. ", "For each law, there is an exception. ", "For these reasons, and many that we can’t imagine I believe that marriage law should be a totally different category from typical contract law. ", "There is just too much at stake.", "\n\nThis always reminds me of racism in politics and law. ", "Its hard to know when to celebrate different cultures and heritages, and when to disregard a person’s race/religion/national origin for the sake of preserving justice. ", "Racism, like sexism still exists. ", "For that reason, laws that protect minorities and women…those that might become victims, without encroaching on the rights of the majority, are vital. ", "Maintaining the theory that women are somehow weakened as a result of special laws for marriage contracts and pre-nups only serves to take the focus off of the things that actually do make women weaker: ignorance, starvation, poverty, abuse, pornography, illiteracy, breast cancer, and insurance companies. ", "That’s right, I said insurance companies." ]

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[ "// Copyright 2017 Yahoo Holdings. ", "Licensed under the terms of the Apache 2.0 license. ", "See LICENSE in the project root.", "\n/**\n * Messages used internally within visitor implementation. ", "Sent from visitor\n * manager to visitor threads, to avoid any locking issues generated by calling\n * visitor threads directly.", "\n */\n\n#pragma once\n\n#include <vespa/storageapi/message/internal.h>\n#include <vespa/storage/visiting/config-stor-visitor.h>\n\nnamespace storage {\n\n/**\n * @class PropagateVisitorConfig\n * @ingroup visiting\n *\n * @brief Used to propagate visitor config to visitor threads.", "\n */\nclass PropagateVisitorConfig : public api::InternalCommand {\n vespa::config::content::core::StorVisitorConfig _config;\npublic:\n static const uint32_t ID = 3001;\n\n PropagateVisitorConfig(const vespa::config::content::core::StorVisitorConfig& config)\n : api::InternalCommand(ID),\n _config(config) {}\n\n std::unique_ptr<api::StorageReply> makeReply() override;\n const vespa::config::content::core::StorVisitorConfig& getConfig() const { return _config; }\n\n void print(std::ostream& out, bool verbose, const std::string& indent) const override {\n out << \"PropagateVisitorConfig()\";\n\n if (verbose) {\n out << \" : \";\n api::InternalCommand::print(out, true, indent);\n }\n }\n};\n\n/**\n * @class PropagateVisitorConfigReply\n * @ingroup visiting\n */\nclass PropagateVisitorConfigReply : public api::InternalReply {\npublic:\n static const int ID = 3002;\n\n PropagateVisitorConfigReply(const PropagateVisitorConfig& cmd)\n : api::InternalReply(ID, cmd)\n {}\n void print(std::ostream& out, bool verbose, const std::string& indent) const override {\n out << \"PropagateVisitorConfigReply()\";\n\n if (verbose) {\n out << \" : \";\n api::InternalReply::print(out, true, indent);\n }\n }\n};\n\ninline std::unique_ptr<api::StorageReply>\nPropagateVisitorConfig::makeReply()\n{\n return std::unique_ptr<api::StorageReply>(\n new PropagateVisitorConfigReply(*this));\n}\n\n} // storage\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I keep the original :focus element with CSS?", "\n\nSo, I have an <input> element that has the :focus attribute from CSS on it. ", "\nCSS\n#my_input {\nborder: 1px solid black;\n}\n\n#my_input:focus {\nborder: 1px solid green;\n}\n\nThis input is for a login form. ", "If a user gets something wrong for a form, like entering less then the min characters, then the input form has a border of red. ", "Once the error is fixed, I want the border to go back to normal. ", "The border is turned back to normal, but now the :focus element from CSS doesn't work. ", "\nOnce the user fixes the errors\nJS\n$(\"#my_input\").css(\"border\", \"1px solid black\");\n\nHow do you fix this problem? ", "\n\nA:\n\nBy using $(\"#my_input\").css(\"border\", \"1px solid black\");, you're overwriting the CSS as you're adding that style directly to the element. ", "Instead, use $(\"#my_input\").css(\"border\", \"\"); which will then force #my_input to use your original CSS styling.", "\nAs a quick tip, it would instead be better to do the following:\nCSS\n#my_input {\n border: 1px solid black;\n}\n\n#my_input:focus {\n border-color: green;\n}\n\n#my_input.error {\n border-color: red;\n}\n\nThen in your JS, to highlight the error:\n$(\"#my_input\").addClass('error');\n\nAnd then to remove the error highlight:\n$(\"#my_input\").removeClass('error');\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Preventive cardiology in the elderly.", "\nCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death world-wide in populations older than 65 years of age. ", "The variation in cardiovascular mortality rates in this population indicates a substantial potential for effective coronary prevention. ", "The highest risk for development of coronary heart disease is in individuals older than 65 years of age; many of the risk factors for coronary disease are modifiable, such that an older population may benefit substantially from a preventive program aimed at reducing coronary heart disease. ", "The promotion of cardiovascular health at elderly age requires emphasis on the adoption of healthy lifestyles and the use of pharmacologic intervention when appropriate." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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